{"work":{"slug":"karamazov","title":{"source":"Братья Карамазовы","translated":"The Brothers Karamazov"},"author":"Fyodor Dostoevsky","language":"Russian","languageCode":"ru","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov"},"unit":{"kind":"chapter","number":null,"id":"b9-c5","title":{"source":"V. Третье мытарство","translated":"The Third Ordeal"},"section":"Book IX — The Preliminary Investigation","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b9-c5","lines":252},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b9-c4","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b9-c6","license":"Source text: public domain (Fyodor Dostoevsky, d. 1881; Russian from the Nauka academic edition via ru.wikisource). English translation: original, © 1732 Studios (2026); rendered freshly from the public-domain Russian, not derived from any prior English translation. Sentence-aligned by 1732 Studios.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"b9-c5-s1","source":"Митя хоть и заговорил сурово, но видимо еще более стал стараться не забыть и не упустить ни одной черточки из передаваемого.","translation":"Though Mitya had begun to speak gruffly, he was visibly trying all the harder not to forget or let slip a single small detail of what he was recounting.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"хоть и заговорил… но","title":"Concessive «хоть и… но»","body":"«хоть (и) … но» is a concessive frame, 'though … (yet)'. The prefix «за-» on «заговорил» is inceptive — 'began to speak / spoke up' — a perfective marking the onset of an action rather than its completion."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ни одной черточки","title":"Genitive of negation after «не упустить»","body":"After the negated infinitive «не забыть и не упустить», the object «ни одной черточки» stands in the genitive, not the accusative — the genitive of negation, reinforced by «ни» ('not a single')."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"черточки","title":"«черточка» — a tiny detail","body":"A diminutive of «черта» ('feature, line, trait'), so literally 'a little stroke' but idiomatically 'a fine detail.' The «-очк-» suffix here carries the sense of smallness that makes 'not the smallest detail' so emphatic."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"из передаваемого","title":"Substantivized present passive participle","body":"«передаваемого» is the present passive participle of «передавать» ('to relate, convey'), used as a neuter noun in the genitive after «из»: 'of what was being recounted.' This nominalized participle is a hallmark of bookish narration."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заговорил","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заговорил","gloss":"although"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies заговорил","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"заговорил","lemma":"заговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began to speak"},{"surface":"сурово","lemma":"сурово","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заговорил","gloss":"gruffly"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"видимо","lemma":"видимо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стал","gloss":"visibly"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies более","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стал","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with заговорил","gloss":"began (to)"},{"surface":"стараться","lemma":"стараться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"to try"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies забыть","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"забыть","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of стараться","gloss":"forget"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies упустить","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"упустить","lemma":"упустить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with забыть","gloss":"let slip"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies одной","gloss":"not even"},{"surface":"одной","lemma":"одной","morphology":"numeral, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies черточки","gloss":"a single"},{"surface":"черточки","lemma":"чёрточка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of упустить","gloss":"detail"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking передаваемого","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"передаваемого","lemma":"передаваемый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies черточки","gloss":"what he was recounting"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"b9-c5-s2","source":"Он рассказал, как он перескочил через забор в сад отца, как шел до окна и обо всем, наконец, что было под окном.","translation":"He told how he had scrambled over the fence into his father's garden, how he had walked up to the window, and at last about everything that had happened beneath it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как он перескочил… как шел","title":"Aspect contrast: «перескочил» vs «шел»","body":"The perfective «перескочил» ('vaulted over') names a single completed act, while the imperfective «шел» ('was walking, made his way') paints the process of approaching the window. The pairing lets the narration move between event and ongoing motion."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что было под окном","title":"Prepositional «под окном» of location","body":"«под окном» uses «под» + the instrumental «окном» to express location ('beneath the window'); with the accusative «под окно» it would mean motion toward, 'to under the window.' This two-case split is the heart of «под»'s meaning."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of рассказал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"рассказал","lemma":"рассказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"modifies перескочил","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of перескочил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"перескочил","lemma":"перескочить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of рассказал","gloss":"had climbed over"},{"surface":"через","lemma":"через","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking забор","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"забор","lemma":"забор","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of перескочил","gloss":"the fence"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сад","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"сад","lemma":"сад","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of перескочил","gloss":"the garden"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сад","gloss":"his father's"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of шел","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"шел","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on перескочил","gloss":"he walked"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking окна","gloss":"up to"},{"surface":"окна","lemma":"окно","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of шел","gloss":"the window"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"обо","lemma":"обо","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всем","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"всем","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"object of рассказал, parallel to как-clauses","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies всем (parenthetical 'at last')","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"introduces the clause of окном","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to окном","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking окном","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"окном","lemma":"окно","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"the window"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"b9-c5-s3","source":"Ясно, точно, как бы отчеканивая, передал он о чувствах, волновавших его в те мгновения в саду, когда ему так ужасно хотелось узнать: у отца ли Грушенька или нет?","translation":"Clearly, precisely, as if stamping each word out, he conveyed the feelings that had stirred him in those moments in the garden, when he so terribly longed to learn whether Grushenka was at his father's or not.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы отчеканивая","title":"Gerund «отчеканивая» — 'as if stamping out'","body":"«отчеканивая» is an imperfective present gerund («деепричастие») from «отчеканивать» ('to mint, stamp out coin'), describing the simultaneous manner of his speech. «как бы» ('as if') softens it into a vivid simile — words struck out like coins."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"волновавших его","title":"Past active participle «волновавших»","body":"«волновавших» is the past active participle of imperfective «волновать» ('to stir, agitate'), agreeing with «чувствах»/«чувства» and standing for a «который»-clause: 'the feelings that had been stirring him.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ему так ужасно хотелось узнать","title":"Dative-subject «ему хотелось»","body":"An impersonal construction: the experiencer «ему» is in the dative, the verb «хотелось» is reflexive and neuter-impersonal — literally 'to him it so terribly wanted itself to learn.' This dative-first framing of inner compulsion is everywhere in Dostoevsky."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"у отца ли Грушенька или нет","title":"Embedded question with «ли»","body":"«ли» turns the embedded clause into an indirect yes/no question, 'whether Grushenka was at his father's': the focused phrase «у отца» is fronted, then «ли» follows. «у отца» is «у» + genitive, 'at father's place.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Ясно","lemma":"ясный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"modifies передал","gloss":"Clearly"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies передал","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отчеканивая","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"(conditional particle)"},{"surface":"отчеканивая","lemma":"отчеканивать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on передал","gloss":"stamping each word out"},{"surface":"передал","lemma":"передать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he conveyed"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of передал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чувствах","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"чувствах","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of передал","gloss":"the feelings"},{"surface":"волновавших","lemma":"волновать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, locative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying чувствах","gloss":"that had stirred"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of волновавших","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мгновения","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"те","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of мгновения","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"мгновения","lemma":"мгновение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of волновавших","gloss":"moments"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking саду","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"саду","lemma":"сад","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мгновения","gloss":"the garden"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of хотелось","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"ему","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of хотелось","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ужасно","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хотелось","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"хотелось","lemma":"хотеться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on волновавших","gloss":"he longed"},{"surface":"узнать","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотелось","gloss":"to learn"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отца","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"parallel clause to узнать (opens the whether-clause)","gloss":"his father's"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"in apposition to отца","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of the implied была","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinated with отца","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"b9-c5-s4","source":"Но странно это: и прокурор, и следователь слушали на этот раз как-то ужасно сдержанно, смотрели сухо, вопросов делали гораздо меньше.","translation":"But this was strange: both the prosecutor and the investigator listened this time with a peculiar, terrible reserve, watched him drily, and asked far fewer questions.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"и прокурор, и следователь","title":"Correlative «и… и…» — 'both… and…'","body":"Repeated «и … и …» means 'both … and …', not simple 'and.' It coordinates the two officials as a paired subject for the plural verbs «слушали… смотрели… делали»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вопросов делали гораздо меньше","title":"Genitive «вопросов» after «меньше»","body":"Quantity words like «меньше» ('fewer/less') govern the genitive, so «вопросов» is genitive plural: 'asked far fewer questions.' «гораздо» intensifies the comparative «меньше»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"следователь","title":"«следователь» — examining magistrate","body":"In the Russian judicial system after the 1864 reforms, the «следователь» was the investigating magistrate who conducted the pre-trial inquiry («следствие»), distinct from the «прокурор» (prosecutor). Nikolai Parfenovich holds this office."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"странно","lemma":"странный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of это","gloss":"strange"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of странно","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"прокурор","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of слушали","gloss":"the prosecutor"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"следователь","lemma":"следователь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of слушали","gloss":"the investigator"},{"surface":"слушали","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"listened"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of раз","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of слушали","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ужасно","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ужасно","gloss":"(part of как-то)"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сдержанно","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"сдержанно","lemma":"сдержанно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies слушали","gloss":"with reserve"},{"surface":"смотрели","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with слушали","gloss":"watched"},{"surface":"сухо","lemma":"сухо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смотрели","gloss":"drily"},{"surface":"вопросов","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of делали","gloss":"questions"},{"surface":"делали","lemma":"делать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with слушали","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"гораздо","lemma":"гораздо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies меньше","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"меньше","lemma":"меньше","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"modifies делали","gloss":"fewer"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"b9-c5-s5","source":"Митя ничего не мог заключить по их лицам.","translation":"Mitya could conclude nothing from their faces.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ничего не мог заключить","title":"Negative concord «ничего… не»","body":"«ничего» ('nothing') still requires the verbal negator «не»: «ничего не мог заключить» = 'could conclude nothing.' Russian's obligatory double negation. «ничего» is the genitive form of «ничто», standard as the object of a negated verb."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"заключить","lemma":"заключить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"conclude"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лицам","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of лицам","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"лицам","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of заключить","gloss":"faces"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"b9-c5-s6","source":"«Рассердились и обиделись, — подумал он, — ну и черт!»","translation":"\"They've taken offense and turned sour,\" he thought, \"well, the devil with them!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ну и черт","title":"«ну и черт!» — 'the devil with it!'","body":"A dismissive exclamation, roughly 'well, to hell with it!' «черт» ('devil') recurs as Mitya's go-to oath throughout the interrogation, and the devil is a charged motif across the whole novel."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Рассердились и обиделись","title":"Subjectless perfective verbs","body":"Both verbs are perfective past plural with the pronoun «они» dropped — the ending «-и» carries person and number. «обиделись» is the reflexive «обидеться» ('to take offense'), where «-ся» makes the verb a change of inner state."}],"words":[{"surface":"Рассердились","lemma":"рассердиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"They've taken offense"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"обиделись","lemma":"обидеться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with Рассердились","gloss":"turned sour"},{"surface":"подумал","lemma":"подумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Рассердились","gloss":"he thought"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подумал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links ну and черт","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"черт","lemma":"чёрт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of exclamation ну и черт","gloss":"the devil"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"b9-c5-s7","source":"Когда же рассказал, как он решился наконец дать отцу ''знак'', что пришла Грушенька и чтобы тот отворил окно, то прокурор и следователь совсем не обратили внимание на слово «знак», как бы не поняв вовсе, какое значение имеет тут это слово, так что Митя это даже заметил.","translation":"When he came to telling how he had at last resolved to give his father a \"sign\" that Grushenka had come, so that the old man would open the window, the prosecutor and the investigator paid no attention at all to the word \"sign,\" as though they had failed entirely to grasp what significance the word carried here — so much so that Mitya even noticed it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Когда же рассказал","title":"Insistent particle «же»","body":"Here «же» after «когда» does not contrast but adds narrative insistence and continuity — 'and when he then told…'. This emphatic «же» is one of the small particles that give Dostoevsky's prose its spoken texture."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы тот отворил окно","title":"Purpose clause «чтобы» + past","body":"«чтобы» introduces a willed/intended outcome and obligatorily takes the past-tense form «отворил» (the irrealis built into «чтобы»): 'so that the old man would open the window.' «тот» ('that one') points to the father as a tracked topic."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы не поняв вовсе","title":"Perfective past gerund «не поняв»","body":"«поняв» is the perfective past gerund of «понять», naming a prior/anterior state: 'as though having failed to grasp.' Negated and softened with «как бы», it describes the officials' feigned incomprehension as attendant circumstance."}],"words":[{"surface":"Когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of рассказал","gloss":"When"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Когда","gloss":"(emphatic particle)"},{"surface":"рассказал","lemma":"рассказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on обратили","gloss":"he told"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies решился","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of решился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"решился","lemma":"решиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of рассказал","gloss":"had resolved"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дать","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"дать","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of решился","gloss":"to give"},{"surface":"отцу","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of дать","gloss":"his father"},{"surface":"знак","lemma":"знак","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of дать","gloss":"a sign"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пришла","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"пришла","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of рассказал","gloss":"had come"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of пришла","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of отворил","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отворил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"отворил","lemma":"отворить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пришла","gloss":"would open"},{"surface":"окно","lemma":"окно","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of отворил","gloss":"the window"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of обратили","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"прокурор","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of обратили","gloss":"the prosecutor"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"следователь","lemma":"следователь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with прокурор","gloss":"the investigator"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не обратили внимание","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies обратили","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"обратили","lemma":"обратить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"paid attention"},{"surface":"внимание","lemma":"внимание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of обратили","gloss":"attention"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking слово","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"слово","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies внимание","gloss":"the word"},{"surface":"знак","lemma":"знак","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to слово","gloss":"\"sign\""},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поняв","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"(conditional particle)"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поняв","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"поняв","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on обратили","gloss":"having understood"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поняв","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"какое","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of значение","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"значение","lemma":"значение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of поняв (understood clause)","gloss":"significance"},{"surface":"имеет","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on значение","gloss":"carried"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies имеет","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of слово","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"слово","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of имеет","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of заметил","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заметил","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of заметил","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies заметил","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"заметил","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of так что (result clause)","gloss":"noticed"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"b9-c5-s8","source":"Дойдя наконец до того мгновения, когда, увидев высунувшегося из окна отца, он вскипел ненавистью и выхватил из кармана пестик, он вдруг как бы нарочно остановился.","translation":"Coming at last to the moment when, seeing his father lean out of the window, he had boiled over with hatred and snatched the pestle from his pocket, he suddenly stopped, as if on purpose.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Дойдя наконец до того мгновения","title":"Perfective gerund «дойдя»","body":"«дойдя» is the perfective past gerund of the prefixed motion verb «дойти» ('to reach, arrive at'), here figuratively 'reaching [in his account] that moment.' The prefix «до-» supplies the sense of completion up to a point."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"увидев высунувшегося из окна отца","title":"Stacked participle + gerund","body":"«увидев» is a perfective gerund ('having seen'), and its object «высунувшегося … отца» carries the past active participle «высунувшегося» (reflexive «высунуться», 'to lean/poke out'), genitive-accusative because «отец» is animate. Two non-finite verb forms packed into one phrase — dense literary syntax."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пестик","title":"«пестик» — the brass pestle","body":"The «пестик», a heavy brass pestle Mitya snatched up earlier, is the central physical object of the murder mystery. The diminutive «-ик» of «пест» is lexicalized (the ordinary word for a pestle), not affectionate here."}],"words":[{"surface":"Дойдя","lemma":"дойти","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on остановился","gloss":"Coming"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Дойдя","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мгновения","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of мгновения","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"мгновения","lemma":"мгновение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of Дойдя","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вскипел","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"увидев","lemma":"увидеть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on вскипел","gloss":"seeing"},{"surface":"высунувшегося","lemma":"высунуться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, perfective","role":"clause modifying отца","gloss":"leaning out"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking окна","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"окна","lemma":"окно","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of высунувшегося","gloss":"the window"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of увидев","gloss":"his father"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вскипел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вскипел","lemma":"вскипеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on Дойдя","gloss":"boiled over"},{"surface":"ненавистью","lemma":"ненависть","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вскипел","gloss":"with hatred"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"выхватил","lemma":"выхватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вскипел","gloss":"snatched"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кармана","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"кармана","lemma":"карман","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выхватил","gloss":"his pocket"},{"surface":"пестик","lemma":"пестик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of выхватил","gloss":"the pestle"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of остановился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies остановился","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нарочно","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"(conditional particle)"},{"surface":"нарочно","lemma":"нарочно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies остановился","gloss":"on purpose"},{"surface":"остановился","lemma":"остановиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stopped"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"b9-c5-s9","source":"Он сидел и глядел в стену и знал, что те так и впились в него глазами.","translation":"He sat staring at the wall, knowing that the two of them had fastened their eyes on him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"те так и впились в него глазами","title":"Demonstrative «те» as 'those two'","body":"«те» (nominative plural of «тот») stands alone as a pronoun, 'those two / the others' — the magistrate and prosecutor, tracked at a distance. «впились… глазами» uses the instrumental «глазами» as the means: 'fastened onto him with their eyes.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"так и впились","title":"Intensive «так и»","body":"«так и» before a perfective verb is an emphatic idiom conveying that the action happened readily, fully, or vigorously: 'positively fastened their eyes on him.' Untranslatable except by stress."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сидел","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"сидел","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sat"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"глядел","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сидел","gloss":"stared"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стену","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"стену","lemma":"стена","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of глядел","gloss":"the wall"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сидел","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of впились","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"те","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"subject of впились","gloss":"the two of them"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies впились","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"впились","lemma":"впиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of знал","gloss":"had fastened"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"него","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of впились","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"глазами","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of впились","gloss":"their eyes"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"b9-c5-s10","source":"— Ну-с, — сказал следователь, — вы выхватили оружие и… и что же произошло затем?","translation":"\"Well, sir,\" said the investigator, \"you snatched out the weapon, and... and what happened next?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Ну-с","title":"«-с» — the deferential particle","body":"The clipped «-с» appended to «ну» ('well') is the «словоер», a shortened «сударь» ('sir') tacked onto words to signal deference or, often ironically, mock-politeness. The investigator's «Ну-с» is smooth officialese; it pervades 19th-c. speech."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что же произошло затем","title":"Particle «же» in a question","body":"«что же» — 'what then / what on earth' — uses «же» to press the question forward with mild insistence. «произошло» is the perfective past of «произойти» ('to happen, occur'), naming a single completed event."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker with -с (part of Ну-с)","gloss":"Well"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle (deferential с)","role":"part of the phrase Ну-с","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to выхватили","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"следователь","lemma":"следователь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"the investigator"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of выхватили","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"выхватили","lemma":"выхватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"snatched out"},{"surface":"оружие","lemma":"оружие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of выхватили","gloss":"the weapon"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of произошло","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"(emphatic particle)"},{"surface":"произошло","lemma":"произойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with выхватили","gloss":"happened"},{"surface":"затем","lemma":"затем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies произошло","gloss":"next"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"b9-c5-s11","source":"— Затем? А затем убил… хватил его в темя и раскроил ему череп… Ведь так, по-вашему, так! — засверкал он вдруг глазами.","translation":"\"Next? Why, next I killed him... struck him on the crown and split his skull open... Isn't that so, the way you'd have it, isn't it!\" — his eyes suddenly flashed.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"хватил его в темя и раскроил ему череп","title":"Violent perfectives «хватил… раскроил»","body":"«хватить» here is colloquial 'to strike a blow' (distinct from «хватать» 'to seize'); «раскроить» literally 'to cut out/cleave' (as a tailor cuts cloth), so 'split his skull.' «в темя» = 'on the crown of the head'; the dative «ему» marks the affected possessor: 'split the skull on him.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ведь так, по-вашему","title":"Appealing particle «ведь»","body":"«ведь» appeals to shared knowledge — 'That's it, isn't it, the way you'd have it?' — daring the officials to confirm what he sarcastically attributes to them. «по-вашему» ('in your way / as you see it') is the «по-» + possessive adverbial."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"засверкал он вдруг глазами","title":"Inceptive «за-» + instrumental «глазами»","body":"«засверкал» is «сверкать» ('to flash, glitter') with inceptive «за-», 'his eyes began to flash.' The instrumental «глазами» names the body part through which the flashing happens, with «он» as grammatical subject."}],"words":[{"surface":"Затем","lemma":"затем","morphology":"adverb","role":"elliptical question, head of the phrase","gloss":"Next"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"Why"},{"surface":"затем","lemma":"затем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies убил","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I killed him"},{"surface":"хватил","lemma":"хватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with убил","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of хватил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking темя","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"темя","lemma":"темя","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of хватил","gloss":"the crown of the head"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"раскроил","lemma":"раскроить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with хватил","gloss":"split"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"ему","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of раскроил","gloss":"for him"},{"surface":"череп","lemma":"череп","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of раскроил","gloss":"his skull"},{"surface":"Ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"isn't it"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase, first так","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to так","gloss":"the way"},{"surface":"вашему","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to так","gloss":"you'd have it"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"second так, echoing the first","gloss":"isn't it"},{"surface":"засверкал","lemma":"засверкать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"flashed"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of засверкал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies засверкал","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"глазами","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of засверкал","gloss":"his eyes"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"b9-c5-s12","source":"Весь потухший было гнев его вдруг поднялся в его душе с необычайною силой.","translation":"All his anger, which had nearly died down, suddenly rose up again in his soul with extraordinary force.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Весь потухший было гнев","title":"Particle «было» — the cancelled action","body":"«было» after the participle «потухший» ('extinguished') marks an action begun or nearly complete but then reversed: the anger 'had nearly died down' but flared again. This special «было» signals a started-then-undone event."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с необычайною силой","title":"Archaic instrumental ending «-ою»","body":"«необычайною силой» shows the older feminine instrumental ending «-ою» (modern «-ой»), a bookish 19th-century variant frequent in Dostoevsky for rhythm and elevation. «с» + instrumental conveys manner: 'with extraordinary force.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of потухший","gloss":"All"},{"surface":"потухший","lemma":"потухнуть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"coordinated with было (predicate: had nearly died down)","gloss":"died down"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to потухший","gloss":"had nearly"},{"surface":"гнев","lemma":"гнев","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поднялся","gloss":"his anger"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of гнев","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поднялся","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"поднялся","lemma":"подняться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rose up again"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking душе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of душе","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"душе","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поднялся","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking силой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"необычайною","lemma":"необычайный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies силой","gloss":"extraordinary"},{"surface":"силой","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поднялся","gloss":"force"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"b9-c5-s13","source":"— По-нашему, — переговорил Николай Парфенович, — ну, а по-вашему?","translation":"\"The way we'd have it,\" Nikolai Parfenovich rejoined, \"well, and the way you'd have it?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"По-нашему… по-вашему","title":"«по-нашему / по-вашему» — 'our way / your way'","body":"The adverbial pattern «по-» + possessive ('in our/your way, as we/you see it') drives this whole exchange, with Mitya's «по-моему» to follow. It frames the deadlock as competing versions of the same scene."}],"words":[{"surface":"По","lemma":"по","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to переговорил","gloss":"The way"},{"surface":"нашему","lemma":"наш","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to переговорил","gloss":"we'd have it"},{"surface":"переговорил","lemma":"переговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rejoined"},{"surface":"Николай","lemma":"николай","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of переговорил","gloss":"Nikolai"},{"surface":"Парфенович","lemma":"парфёнович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Николай","gloss":"Parfenovich"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to переговорил","gloss":"the way"},{"surface":"вашему","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies переговорил","gloss":"you'd have it"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"b9-c5-s14","source":"Митя опустил глаза и долго молчал.","translation":"Mitya lowered his eyes and was silent for a long time.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"опустил глаза и долго молчал","title":"Perfective + imperfective sequence","body":"«опустил» (perfective, 'lowered') marks the single act; «молчал» (imperfective, 'was silent') describes the drawn-out state that follows, reinforced by «долго» ('for a long time'). Aspect carries the shift from event to duration."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of опустил","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"опустил","lemma":"опустить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lowered"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of опустил","gloss":"his eyes"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"долго","lemma":"долго","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies молчал","gloss":"for a long time"},{"surface":"молчал","lemma":"молчать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with опустил","gloss":"was silent"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"b9-c5-s15","source":"— По-моему, господа, по-моему, вот как было, — тихо заговорил он, — слезы ли чьи, мать ли моя умолила бога, дух ли светлый облобызал меня в то мгновение — не знаю, но черт был побежден.","translation":"\"The way I'd have it, gentlemen, the way I'd have it, here is how it was,\" he began softly. \"Whether it was someone's tears, or my mother praying to God for me, or a spirit of light that kissed me in that instant — I don't know, but the devil was overcome.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"слезы ли чьи, мать ли моя… дух ли светлый","title":"Disjunctive «ли… ли… ли»","body":"Repeated «ли» strings together alternatives — 'whether someone's tears, or my mother…, or a bright spirit…'. Each fronted noun phrase is followed by «ли», building a solemn list of possible causes of his deliverance."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"умолила бога","title":"Perfective «умолить» + accusative","body":"«умолила» (perfective of «умолить», 'to win over by entreaty, prevail upon by prayer') governs the animate accusative «бога», 'prevailed upon God.' The «у-» prefix gives the sense of achieving the end of the pleading."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"облобызал","title":"«облобызал» — Church-Slavonic 'kissed'","body":"«облобызать» is a solemn, Church-Slavonic-flavored verb for 'to kiss' (root «лобзать»), far loftier than ordinary «поцеловать». Its sacred register suits 'a spirit of light kissed me,' lifting the line into religious vision."}],"words":[{"surface":"По","lemma":"по","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to было","gloss":"The way"},{"surface":"моему","lemma":"мой","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to было","gloss":"I'd have it"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies было","gloss":"the way"},{"surface":"моему","lemma":"мой","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to было","gloss":"I'd have it"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"preposition marking было","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"it was"},{"surface":"тихо","lemma":"тихо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заговорил","gloss":"softly"},{"surface":"заговорил","lemma":"заговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to было","gloss":"he began speaking"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заговорил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"слезы","lemma":"слеза","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of the elided была, coordinated with мать and дух","gloss":"tears"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies слезы","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"чьи","lemma":"чей","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"subject of слезы","gloss":"someone's"},{"surface":"мать","lemma":"мать","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of умолила","gloss":"mother"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мать","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"моя","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of мать","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"умолила","lemma":"умолить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on чьи","gloss":"prayed"},{"surface":"бога","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of умолила","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"дух","lemma":"дух","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of облобызал","gloss":"a spirit"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дух","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"светлый","lemma":"светлый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дух","gloss":"of light"},{"surface":"облобызал","lemma":"облобызать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on бога","gloss":"kissed"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"меня","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of облобызал","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мгновение","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of мгновение","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"мгновение","lemma":"мгновение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of облобызал","gloss":"instant"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to заговорил","gloss":"I don't know"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"черт","lemma":"чёрт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of passive побежден","gloss":"the devil"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of побежден","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"побежден","lemma":"победить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with знаю (main clause: но черт был побежден)","gloss":"overcome"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"b9-c5-s16","source":"Я бросился от окна и побежал к забору…","translation":"I flung myself away from the window and ran toward the fence...","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"бросился… побежал к забору","title":"Reflexive «бросился» + directional «по-»","body":"«бросился» is reflexive «броситься» ('to throw oneself, rush'); «побежал» is «бежать» with inceptive/directional «по-», 'set off running.' «к забору» = «к» + dative, motion toward the fence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of бросился","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"бросился","lemma":"броситься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"flung myself"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking окна","gloss":"away from"},{"surface":"окна","lemma":"окно","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of бросился","gloss":"the window"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"побежал","lemma":"побежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with бросился","gloss":"ran"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking забору","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"забору","lemma":"забор","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of побежал","gloss":"the fence"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"b9-c5-s17","source":"Отец испугался и в первый раз тут меня рассмотрел, вскрикнул и отскочил от окна — я это очень помню.","translation":"My father took fright and, catching sight of me there for the first time, cried out and sprang back from the window — I remember that very well.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"в первый раз тут меня рассмотрел","title":"Perfective «рассмотрел» — 'made out, caught sight of'","body":"«рассмотреть» (perfective) means 'to discern, make out by looking closely,' stronger than plain 'see' — the father at last 'made me out.' The chain of perfectives «испугался… рассмотрел… вскрикнул… отскочил» drives the scene event by event."}],"words":[{"surface":"Отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of испугался","gloss":"My father"},{"surface":"испугался","lemma":"испугаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"took fright"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"первый","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"the first"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of рассмотрел","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рассмотрел","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"меня","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of рассмотрел","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"рассмотрел","lemma":"рассмотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with испугался","gloss":"caught sight of"},{"surface":"вскрикнул","lemma":"вскрикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with испугался","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"отскочил","lemma":"отскочить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with испугался","gloss":"sprang back"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking окна","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"окна","lemma":"окно","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of отскочил","gloss":"the window"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of помню","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of помню","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies помню","gloss":"very well"},{"surface":"помню","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with испугался (I remember it well)","gloss":"remember"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"b9-c5-s18","source":"А я через сад к забору… вот тут-то и настиг меня Григорий, когда уже я сидел на заборе…","translation":"And I went through the garden toward the fence... and it was right there that Grigory caught up with me, just as I was already astride the fence...\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вот тут-то и настиг меня Григорий","title":"Emphatic «тут-то и» + inversion","body":"The clitic «-то» fastens onto «тут» to spotlight the place ('right there'), and «и» before the verb adds 'it was precisely there that…'. The verb «настиг» precedes its subject «Григорий» — inversion that throws the new information to the end."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"настиг","title":"«настиг» — overtook, caught up with","body":"«настигнуть/настичь» is a somewhat literary perfective, 'to overtake, catch up with (in pursuit),' with the bare athematic past «настиг» (no «-л» on the masculine). Grigory the old servant is the witness whose blow Mitya must answer for."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of the elided бросился (I went)","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"через","lemma":"через","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сад","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"сад","lemma":"сад","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of the elided verb","gloss":"the garden"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking забору","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"забору","lemma":"забор","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of the elided verb","gloss":"the fence"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тут","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase вот тут-то","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies настиг","gloss":"(emphatic particle -то)"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies настиг","gloss":"(emphatic particle и)"},{"surface":"настиг","lemma":"настигнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"caught up with"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"меня","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of настиг","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"Григорий","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of настиг","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сидел","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сидел","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сидел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сидел","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on настиг","gloss":"was sitting"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking заборе","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"заборе","lemma":"забор","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сидел","gloss":"the fence"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"b9-c5-s19","source":"Тут он поднял наконец глаза на слушателей.","translation":"Here at last he raised his eyes to his listeners.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"поднял наконец глаза на слушателей","title":"Agent noun «слушателей»","body":"«слушатели» ('listeners') is an agent noun in -тель (имя деятеля), formed from the verb stem of «слушать» like писатель, учитель, читатель — morphologically distinct from a participle (a present active participle would be «слушающий»). Here it is animate accusative plural after «на». «поднял глаза на…» is the set phrase 'raised his eyes to.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поднял","gloss":"Here"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поднял","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"поднял","lemma":"поднять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"raised"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поднял","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of поднял","gloss":"his eyes"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking слушателей","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"слушателей","lemma":"слушатель","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of поднял","gloss":"his listeners"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"b9-c5-s20","source":"Те, казалось, с совершенно безмятежным вниманием глядели на него.","translation":"They, it seemed, were watching him with perfectly untroubled attention.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Те, казалось, … глядели на него","title":"Parenthetical «казалось»","body":"«казалось» ('it seemed') is dropped in as an impersonal parenthetical, set off by commas, hedging the narrator's report. «Те» again means 'those two,' the officials tracked as a unit."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"безмятежным","title":"«безмятежный» — untroubled, serene","body":"«безмятежный» ('serene, untroubled,' literally 'without storm/turmoil,' from «мятеж» 'turmoil, mutiny') is a bookish, elevated adjective. Its calm is deliberately at odds with the «судорога негодования» that immediately seizes Mitya."}],"words":[{"surface":"Те","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"subject of глядели","gloss":"They"},{"surface":"казалось","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause modifying глядели","gloss":"it seemed"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вниманием","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"совершенно","lemma":"совершенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies безмятежным","gloss":"perfectly"},{"surface":"безмятежным","lemma":"безмятежный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies вниманием","gloss":"untroubled"},{"surface":"вниманием","lemma":"внимание","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of глядели","gloss":"attention"},{"surface":"глядели","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"were watching"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of глядели","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"b9-c5-s21","source":"Какая-то судорога негодования прошла в душе Мити.","translation":"Some spasm of indignation passed through Mitya's soul.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Какая-то судорога негодования","title":"Indefinite «какая-то» + genitive of content","body":"«какая-то» ('some sort of') is the «-то» indefinite, a specific-but-unnamed spasm. «негодования» is genitive, 'a spasm of indignation' — the genitive of content specifying what the spasm consists in."}],"words":[{"surface":"Какая","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"first part of какая-то, determiner of судорога","gloss":"some","note":"«Какая-то» is one indefinite pronoun ('some kind of') split here into two tokens by the tagger."},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"second part of какая-то, determiner of судорога","gloss":"or other"},{"surface":"судорога","lemma":"судорога","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of прошла","gloss":"spasm"},{"surface":"негодования","lemma":"негодование","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies судорога","gloss":"of indignation"},{"surface":"прошла","lemma":"пройти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"passed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking душе","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"душе","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прошла","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"Мити","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to душе","gloss":"Mitya's"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"b9-c5-s22","source":"— А ведь вы, господа, в эту минуту надо мной насмехаетесь! — прервал он вдруг.","translation":"\"You know, gentlemen, at this very minute you are laughing at me!\" he suddenly broke off.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А ведь вы, господа, … надо мной насмехаетесь","title":"«ведь» + reflexive «насмехаетесь»","body":"«ведь» appeals to a shared truth he is forcing into the open: 'you know, you are laughing at me.' «насмехаться» (only in the «-ся» form) governs «над» + instrumental «надо мной», 'to mock at someone.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"discourse particle opening the utterance","gloss":"Why"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies насмехаетесь","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of насмехаетесь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to вы","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуту","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies насмехаетесь, adverbial of time","gloss":"very minute"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мной","gloss":"at","note":"«надо мной» ('over me') is the idiom governed by насмехаться — 'to mock at me.'"},{"surface":"мной","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of насмехаетесь (object of надо)","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"насмехаетесь","lemma":"насмехаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"are laughing"},{"surface":"прервал","lemma":"прервать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the framing clause","gloss":"broke off"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прервал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прервал","gloss":"suddenly"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"b9-c5-s23","source":"— Почему вы так заключаете? — заметил Николай Парфенович.","translation":"\"What makes you conclude that?\" remarked Nikolai Parfenovich.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Почему вы так заключаете","title":"Imperfective «заключаете» — general fact","body":"The imperfective present «заключаете» ('do you conclude / draw that inference') states it as a general activity, not one finished act. «так» here = 'thus, that' — 'what makes you conclude so?'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заключаете","gloss":"Why"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of заключаете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заключаете","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"заключаете","lemma":"заключать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"conclude"},{"surface":"заметил","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the framing clause","gloss":"remarked"},{"surface":"Николай","lemma":"Николай","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заметил","gloss":"Nikolai"},{"surface":"Парфенович","lemma":"Парфёнович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Николай","gloss":"Parfenovich"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"b9-c5-s24","source":"— Ни одному слову не верите, вот почему!","translation":"\"You don't believe a single word, that's what!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ни одному слову не верите","title":"«верить» + dative under negation","body":"«верить» governs the dative ('to believe someone/something'), so «ни одному слову» is dative singular, intensified by «ни» ('not a single'), with obligatory «не» on the verb: 'you believe not one word.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies одному, part of ни...не negation","gloss":"Not"},{"surface":"одному","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, dative, neuter, singular","role":"quantifies слову","gloss":"a single"},{"surface":"слову","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of верите","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies верите","gloss":"do not"},{"surface":"верите","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies почему","gloss":"that's"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of вот почему phrase","gloss":"why"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"b9-c5-s25","source":"Ведь понимаю же я, что до главной точки дошел: старик теперь там лежит с проломленною головой, а я — трагически описав, как хотел убить и как уже пестик выхватил, я вдруг от окна убегаю…","translation":"Why, I understand that I've reached the crucial point: the old man is lying there now with his skull broken in, and I — having described in tragic terms how I wanted to kill him and how I'd already snatched out the pestle — I suddenly run away from the window...","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ведь понимаю же я","title":"Double particle «ведь… же»","body":"Mitya piles up two particles: «ведь» appeals to the obvious and «же» insists — 'why, I do understand, you know.' Such clustering of modal particles is the very sound of his agitated speech."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"трагически описав, как хотел убить","title":"Perfective gerund «описав»","body":"«описав» is the perfective past gerund of «описать» ('to describe'): 'having described [in tragic terms]…'. It frames the prior action against the main clause «я вдруг… убегаю» — a sudden flight given in the vivid historical present."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с проломленною головой","title":"Passive participle «проломленною»","body":"«проломленною» is the past passive participle of «проломить» ('to break/stave in'), in the archaic instrumental «-ою»: 'with his skull broken in.' The «-нн-» passive participle states the result of the blow."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я вдруг от окна убегаю","title":"Historical present «убегаю»","body":"Mitya switches to the imperfective present «убегаю» ('I run away') to narrate a past event vividly, as if it unfolds before us — the 'historical present,' a stock device of agitated, dramatized storytelling."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies понимаю","gloss":"Why"},{"surface":"понимаю","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I understand"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies понимаю","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of понимаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of дошел","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking точки","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"главной","lemma":"главный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies точки","gloss":"crucial"},{"surface":"точки","lemma":"точка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of дошел","gloss":"point"},{"surface":"дошел","lemma":"дойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of понимаю","gloss":"I've reached"},{"surface":"старик","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of лежит","gloss":"the old man"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лежит","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лежит","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"лежит","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the new clause after the colon","gloss":"is lying"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking головой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"проломленною","lemma":"проломленный","morphology":"adjective (participle), instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies головой","gloss":"broken-in"},{"surface":"головой","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of лежит","gloss":"skull"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of убегаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"трагически","lemma":"трагически","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies описав","gloss":"in tragic terms"},{"surface":"описав","lemma":"описать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on убегаю","gloss":"having described"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хотел","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"хотел","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of описав","gloss":"I wanted"},{"surface":"убить","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотел","gloss":"to kill"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выхватил","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выхватил","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"пестик","lemma":"пестик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of выхватил","gloss":"the pestle"},{"surface":"выхватил","lemma":"выхватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of описав, coordinated with хотел убить","gloss":"I'd snatched out"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of убегаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies убегаю","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking окна","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"окна","lemma":"окно","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of убегаю","gloss":"the window"},{"surface":"убегаю","lemma":"убегать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the а я... clause","gloss":"run away"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"b9-c5-s26","source":"Поэма! В стихах!","translation":"A poem! In verse!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Поэма! В стихах!","title":"«поэма» — a narrative poem","body":"A «поэма» is specifically a long narrative or epic poem (Pushkin's, Gogol's «Мёртвые души» is subtitled one), not a short lyric «стихотворение». Mitya sneers that the prosecutors have turned his confession into a fanciful epic 'in verse.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Поэма","lemma":"поэма","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"A poem"},{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стихах","gloss":"In"},{"surface":"стихах","lemma":"стих","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"verse"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"b9-c5-s27","source":"Можно поверить на слово молодцу! Ха-ха!","translation":"One can take the fine fellow at his word! Ha-ha!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"молодцу","title":"«молодец» — fine fellow (here ironic)","body":"«молодец» normally praises a 'fine, capable fellow,' but Mitya turns it bitterly on himself — 'one can take the brave lad at his word!' In the dative «молодцу» as the one trusted. The word also carries a folk-tale ring («добрый молодец»)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"One can"},{"surface":"поверить","lemma":"поверить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on Можно","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking слово, idiom поверить на слово","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"слово","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of поверить","gloss":"his word"},{"surface":"молодцу","lemma":"молодец","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of поверить","gloss":"the fine fellow"},{"surface":"Ха","lemma":"ха","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Ha"},{"surface":"ха","lemma":"ха","morphology":"interjection","role":"coordinated with Ха","gloss":"ha"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"b9-c5-s28","source":"Насмешники вы, господа!","translation":"You're mockers, gentlemen!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Насмешники вы, господа","title":"Predicate-first inversion","body":"The predicate noun «насмешники» ('mockers') is thrown to the front, ahead of the subject «вы», for accusatory emphasis: 'Mockers, that's what you are, gentlemen!' In the zero-copula present both stand in the nominative."}],"words":[{"surface":"Насмешники","lemma":"насмешник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"predicate complement of вы","gloss":"Mockers"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of the sentence","gloss":"you are"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to вы","gloss":"gentlemen"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"b9-c5-s29","source":"И он всем корпусом повернулся на стуле, так что стул затрещал.","translation":"And he turned his whole body on the chair, so that the chair creaked.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"всем корпусом повернулся","title":"Instrumental of manner «всем корпусом»","body":"«всем корпусом» (instrumental, 'with his whole trunk/body') tells how he turned — bodily, all at once. «повернулся» is reflexive «повернуться» ('to turn oneself'), the intransitive middle."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"так что стул затрещал","title":"Result clause «так что» + inceptive «за-»","body":"«так что» introduces a clause of result, 'so that…'. «затрещал» is «трещать» ('to crack, creak') with inceptive «за-», 'began to creak' — the chair gives out a sudden crack under his violent motion."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of повернулся","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of корпусом","gloss":"his whole"},{"surface":"корпусом","lemma":"корпус","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of повернулся","gloss":"body"},{"surface":"повернулся","lemma":"повернуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стуле","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"стуле","lemma":"стул","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of повернулся","gloss":"the chair"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of затрещал, part of так что","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"стул","lemma":"стул","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of затрещал","gloss":"the chair"},{"surface":"затрещал","lemma":"затрещать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial result clause on повернулся","gloss":"creaked"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"b9-c5-s30","source":"— А не заметили ли вы, — начал вдруг прокурор, как будто и внимания не обратив на волнение Мити, — не заметили ли вы, когда отбегали от окна: была ли дверь в сад, находящаяся в другом конце флигеля, отперта или нет?","translation":"\"And did you not notice,\" the prosecutor suddenly began, as though paying no attention at all to Mitya's agitation, \"did you not notice, when you were running from the window, whether the door into the garden — the one at the far end of the lodge — was open or not?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А не заметили ли вы","title":"Polite «не… ли» question","body":"Fronting the negated verb with «ли» — «не заметили ли вы» — makes a softened, tentative yes/no question ('did you not perhaps notice?'), more courteous and bookish than plain intonation. The prosecutor doubles it for insinuating effect."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"дверь… находящаяся в другом конце флигеля","title":"Present active participle «находящаяся»","body":"«находящаяся» is the present active participle of «находиться» ('to be located'), agreeing with «дверь» and compressing 'the door which is located at the far end' into one modifier — measured legal phrasing."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"была ли дверь… отперта или нет","title":"Embedded «whether… or not» with short participle","body":"The indirect question «была ли… отперта или нет» again uses «ли» for 'whether.' «отперта» is the short-form past passive participle of «отпереть» ('to unlock'), a predicate stating the door's state — 'whether the door was open or not.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies заметили","gloss":"did not"},{"surface":"заметили","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"notice"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies заметили, marks the question","gloss":"question particle"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of заметили","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the framing clause","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начал","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"прокурор","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of начал","gloss":"the prosecutor"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of обратив, part of как будто","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies обратив, emphatic","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"внимания","lemma":"внимание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of обратив","gloss":"attention"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies обратив","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"обратив","lemma":"обратить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on начал","gloss":"paying"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking волнение","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"волнение","lemma":"волнение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of обратив","gloss":"the agitation"},{"surface":"Мити","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies волнение","gloss":"Mitya's"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies заметили","gloss":"did not"},{"surface":"заметили","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"repeats the main verb of the question","gloss":"notice"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies заметили, marks the question","gloss":"question particle"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of заметили","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of отбегали","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"отбегали","lemma":"отбегать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on заметили","gloss":"were running"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking окна","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"окна","lemma":"окно","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of отбегали","gloss":"the window"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of отперта","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отперта, marks the embedded question","gloss":"question particle"},{"surface":"дверь","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of отперта (with была)","gloss":"the door"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сад","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"сад","lemma":"сад","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дверь (via в)","gloss":"the garden"},{"surface":"находящаяся","lemma":"находиться","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, feminine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying дверь","gloss":"situated"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking конце","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"другом","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies конце","gloss":"the far"},{"surface":"конце","lemma":"конец","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of находящаяся","gloss":"end"},{"surface":"флигеля","lemma":"флигель","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies конце","gloss":"of the lodge"},{"surface":"отперта","lemma":"отпереть","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of дверь (with была)","gloss":"open"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinated with отперта","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"b9-c5-s31","source":"— Нет, не была отперта.","translation":"\"No, it wasn't open.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Нет, не была отперта","title":"Negated short participle predicate","body":"«не была отперта» negates the short passive participle: 'was not open(ed).' The feminine «была … отперта» agrees with «дверь»; «не» before the auxiliary «была» denies the resultant state."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"No"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отперта","gloss":"was not"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of отперта","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"отперта","lemma":"отпереть","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"open"}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"b9-c5-s32","source":"— Не была?","translation":"\"It wasn't?\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies была","gloss":"Was not"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"it"}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"b9-c5-s33","source":"— Была заперта, напротив, и кто ж мог ее отворить?","translation":"\"On the contrary, it was locked, and who could have opened it?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Была заперта, напротив","title":"Short participle «заперта»","body":"«заперта» is the short past passive participle of «запереть» ('to lock'), distinct from «отперта» ('unlocked'): 'it was locked, on the contrary.' Russian's «за-/от-» antonym pair on the same root nicely opposes locked vs unlocked."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"кто ж мог ее отворить","title":"«кто ж» — indignant interrogative","body":"«ж» (reduced «же») after «кто» voices indignant rhetorical force: 'and who then could have opened it?' «мог отворить» pairs the past of «мочь» with the perfective infinitive 'to open' — a single potential act."}],"words":[{"surface":"Была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of заперта","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"заперта","lemma":"запереть","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"locked"},{"surface":"напротив","lemma":"напротив","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заперта","gloss":"on the contrary"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"ж","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кто, emphatic","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with заперта","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of отворить","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"отворить","lemma":"отворить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"have opened"}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"b9-c5-s34","source":"Ба, дверь, постойте! — как бы опомнился он вдруг и чуть не вздрогнул, — а разве вы нашли дверь отпертою?","translation":"Wait — the door, hold on!\" he seemed suddenly to come to himself, and nearly gave a start. \"Why, did you find the door open?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Ба","title":"«Ба!» — exclamation of surprise","body":"«Ба!» is a colloquial interjection of sudden recognition or surprise, roughly 'Hah! / Well I never!' Here it marks the jolt as Mitya grasps the import of the open door."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"разве вы нашли дверь отпертою","title":"Question particle «разве»","body":"«разве» introduces an incredulous question — 'you don't mean you found the door open?' — expressing surprise that contradicts his assumption. «отпертою» is the long-form instrumental participle as a depictive: 'found the door [being] open.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы опомнился он вдруг","title":"Reflexive «опомниться» — to come to oneself","body":"«опомниться» (perfective, only in «-ся») means 'to come to one's senses, recollect oneself.' «как бы» ('as if') turns the narrator's observation into a hedge: 'he seemed suddenly to come to himself.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Ба","lemma":"ба","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation opening the utterance","gloss":"Ah"},{"surface":"дверь","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"exclaimed noun, no verb governs it","gloss":"the door"},{"surface":"постойте","lemma":"постоять","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wait"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies опомнился, part of как бы","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"опомнился","lemma":"опомниться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the framing clause","gloss":"came to himself"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of опомнился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies опомнился","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"чуть","lemma":"чуть","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вздрогнул, part of чуть не","gloss":"nearly"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of чуть не idiom","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"вздрогнул","lemma":"вздрогнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with опомнился","gloss":"gave a start"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"разве","lemma":"разве","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нашли","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of нашли","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"нашли","lemma":"найти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"find"},{"surface":"дверь","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of нашли","gloss":"the door"},{"surface":"отпертою","lemma":"отпертый","morphology":"adjective (participle), instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of дверь (object of нашли)","gloss":"open"}]},{"number":35,"label":"35","id":"b9-c5-s35","source":"— Отпертою.","translation":"\"Open.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Отпертою","title":"One-word instrumental answer","body":"The prosecutor answers with the single instrumental long-form participle «отпертою», echoing «нашли дверь отпертою» — 'open,' i.e. 'we found it open.' The instrumental marks the resultant state the door was found in."}],"words":[{"surface":"Отпертою","lemma":"отпертый","morphology":"adjective (participle), instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Open"}]},{"number":36,"label":"36","id":"b9-c5-s36","source":"— Так кто ж ее мог отворить, если не сами вы ее отворили? — страшно удивился вдруг Митя.","translation":"\"Then who could have opened it, if you yourselves did not?\" Mitya was suddenly seized with astonishment.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"если не сами вы ее отворили","title":"Intensive «сами вы»","body":"«сами» ('yourselves,' the intensifier «сам» agreeing with «вы') sharpens the accusation: 'if you yourselves did not open it.' Word order puts «сами вы» before the verb for stress."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"страшно удивился вдруг Митя","title":"Reflexive «удивился» + adverb «страшно»","body":"«удивиться» (reflexive, 'to be astonished') takes the intensifying adverb «страшно» ('terribly') — colloquially 'awfully surprised.' The verb-before-subject order («удивился… Митя») foregrounds the reaction."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"Then"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"ж","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кто, emphatic","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of отворить","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"отворить","lemma":"отворить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"have opened"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of отворили","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отворили","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun (intensive), nominative, plural","role":"modifies вы","gloss":"yourselves"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of отворили","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of отворили","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"отворили","lemma":"отворить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the если-clause","gloss":"opened"},{"surface":"страшно","lemma":"страшно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies удивился","gloss":"was terribly"},{"surface":"удивился","lemma":"удивиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the framing clause","gloss":"astonished"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies удивился","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of удивился","gloss":"Mitya"}]},{"number":37,"label":"37","id":"b9-c5-s37","source":"— Дверь стояла отпертою, и убийца вашего родителя несомненно вошел в эту дверь и, совершив убийство, этою же дверью и вышел, — как бы отчеканивая, медленно и раздельно произнес прокурор. — Это нам совершенно ясно.","translation":"\"The door stood open, and the murderer of your parent undoubtedly went in by that door and, having committed the murder, went out again by that same door,\" the prosecutor pronounced slowly and distinctly, as if stamping out each word. \"This is perfectly clear to us.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"совершив убийство","title":"Perfective gerund «совершив»","body":"«совершив» is the perfective past gerund of «совершить» ('to commit, accomplish'): 'having committed the murder.' It marks the prior act before «вышел» ('went out') — the prosecutor reconstructs the sequence in measured order."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"этою же дверью и вышел","title":"Instrumental of route «этою же дверью»","body":"«дверью» (instrumental) marks the route of motion — 'went out by that same door.' «этою же» combines the archaic instrumental «-ою» with the identity particle «же» ('the very same'); «и» before the verb means 'precisely.'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вашего родителя","title":"«родитель» — formal 'parent'","body":"«родитель» ('parent, begetter') is a stiff, formal word for one's father, far more official than «отец». The prosecutor's choice — 'the murderer of your parent' — gives the sentence its cold, legalistic weight."}],"words":[{"surface":"Дверь","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of стояла","gloss":"The door"},{"surface":"стояла","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"отпертою","lemma":"отпертый","morphology":"adjective (participle), instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of Дверь (with стояла)","gloss":"open"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"убийца","lemma":"убийца","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вошел","gloss":"the murderer"},{"surface":"вашего","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of родителя","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"родителя","lemma":"родитель","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"genitive complement of убийца","gloss":"parent's"},{"surface":"несомненно","lemma":"несомненно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вошел","gloss":"undoubtedly"},{"surface":"вошел","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with стояла","gloss":"went in"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дверь","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of дверь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"дверь","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вошел","gloss":"door"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"совершив","lemma":"совершить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on вышел","gloss":"having committed"},{"surface":"убийство","lemma":"убийство","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of совершив","gloss":"the murder"},{"surface":"этою","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of дверью","gloss":"that same"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies этою, emphatic","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"дверью","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вышел","gloss":"door"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вышел, emphatic","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"вышел","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with стояла","gloss":"went out"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отчеканивая, part of как бы","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"отчеканивая","lemma":"отчеканивать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on произнес","gloss":"stamping out"},{"surface":"медленно","lemma":"медленно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies произнес","gloss":"slowly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"раздельно","lemma":"раздельно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with медленно","gloss":"distinctly"},{"surface":"произнес","lemma":"произнести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the framing clause","gloss":"pronounced"},{"surface":"прокурор","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of произнес","gloss":"the prosecutor"},{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of ясно","gloss":"This"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of ясно","gloss":"to us"},{"surface":"совершенно","lemma":"совершенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ясно","gloss":"perfectly"},{"surface":"ясно","lemma":"ясный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"clear"}]},{"number":38,"label":"38","id":"b9-c5-s38","source":"Убийство произошло, очевидно, в комнате, ''а не через окно'', что положительно ясно из произведенного акта осмотра, из положения тела и по всему.","translation":"The murder took place, evidently, in the room, and not through the window — which is plainly clear from the report of the inspection, from the position of the body, and from everything.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"из произведенного акта осмотра","title":"Passive participle «произведенного»","body":"«произведенного» is the past passive participle of «произвести» ('to carry out, conduct'), genitive after «из», modifying «акта осмотра»: 'from the inspection report that was drawn up.' Chained genitives («акта осмотра») are dense officialese."}],"words":[{"surface":"Убийство","lemma":"убийство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of произошло","gloss":"The murder"},{"surface":"произошло","lemma":"произойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"took place"},{"surface":"очевидно","lemma":"очевидно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies произошло","gloss":"evidently"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнате","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"комнате","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of произошло","gloss":"the room"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies окно","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"через","lemma":"через","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking окно","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"окно","lemma":"окно","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with комнате","gloss":"the window"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of ясно, refers back to the preceding clause","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"положительно","lemma":"положительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ясно","gloss":"plainly"},{"surface":"ясно","lemma":"ясный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"main verb-like predicate of что-clause","gloss":"clear"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking акта","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"произведенного","lemma":"произведённый","morphology":"adjective (participle), genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies акта","gloss":"conducted"},{"surface":"акта","lemma":"акт","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ясно","gloss":"report"},{"surface":"осмотра","lemma":"осмотр","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies акта","gloss":"of the inspection"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking положения","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"положения","lemma":"положение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of ясно","gloss":"the position"},{"surface":"тела","lemma":"тело","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies положения","gloss":"of the body"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всему","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"всему","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with положения","gloss":"everything"}]},{"number":39,"label":"39","id":"b9-c5-s39","source":"Сомнений в этом обстоятельстве не может быть никаких.","translation":"There can be no doubt whatever on this point.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Сомнений… не может быть никаких","title":"Genitive of negation + «никаких»","body":"Under the negated existential «не может быть», the subject «сомнений» ('doubts') goes obligatorily into the genitive, with «никаких» ('none whatever') agreeing and adding negative concord: 'there can be no doubt whatever.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Сомнений","lemma":"сомнение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"subject of может","gloss":"doubts"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обстоятельстве","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of обстоятельстве","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"обстоятельстве","lemma":"обстоятельство","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies Сомнений","gloss":"point"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies может","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there can be"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"copula linking to никаких","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"никаких","lemma":"никакой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"complement of может","gloss":"none whatever"}]},{"number":40,"label":"40","id":"b9-c5-s40","source":"Митя был страшно поражен.","translation":"Mitya was utterly thunderstruck.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"был страшно поражен","title":"Short passive participle «поражен»","body":"«поражен» is the short past passive participle of «поразить» ('to strike, stun'), joined to «был» to state Mitya's condition: 'was utterly thunderstruck.' «страшно» ('terribly') intensifies it colloquially."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поражен","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of поражен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"страшно","lemma":"страшно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поражен","gloss":"utterly"},{"surface":"поражен","lemma":"поразить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thunderstruck"}]},{"number":41,"label":"41","id":"b9-c5-s41","source":"— Да это же невозможно, господа! — вскричал он совершенно потерявшись, — я… я не входил… я положительно, я с точностью вам говорю, что дверь была заперта всё время, пока я был в саду и когда я убегал из сада.","translation":"\"But that's impossible, gentlemen!\" he cried, completely at a loss. \"I... I didn't go in... I tell you positively, I tell you with certainty, that the door was locked the whole time I was in the garden and when I ran out of it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да это же невозможно","title":"Affirmative «да» + emphatic «же»","body":"Here «да» is not 'yes' but an intensifying opener ('but, why'), and «же» adds protest: 'but that's just impossible!' The two particles together convey Mitya's flabbergasted indignation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вскричал он совершенно потерявшись","title":"Perfective gerund «потерявшись»","body":"«потерявшись» is the perfective past gerund of reflexive «потеряться» ('to lose oneself, be at a loss'): 'completely at a loss as he cried out.' The «-ся» gerund describes his inner state accompanying the outburst."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"дверь была заперта всё время","title":"Short participle for a lasting state","body":"«была заперта» (short past passive participle + «была») states the door's condition throughout — 'was locked the whole time.' The imperfective auxiliary «была» plus «всё время» stretches the resultant state across the period he describes."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the exclamation","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of невозможно","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies это","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"невозможно","lemma":"невозможный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular, predicative","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"impossible"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural, vocative use","role":"address, depends on невозможно","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"вскричал","lemma":"вскричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cried"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вскричал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"совершенно","lemma":"совершенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies потерявшись","gloss":"completely"},{"surface":"потерявшись","lemma":"потеряться","morphology":"verb, gerund, past, reflexive, perfective","role":"adverbial gerund modifying вскричал","gloss":"at a loss"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of an interrupted, unfinished clause","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of входил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies входил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"входил","lemma":"входить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went in"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говорю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"положительно","lemma":"положительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорю","gloss":"positively"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говорю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking точностью","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"точностью","lemma":"точность","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорю","gloss":"certainty"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of говорю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the object clause of говорю","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"дверь","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of passive заперта","gloss":"door"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of заперта","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"заперта","lemma":"запереть","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of дверь, clausal complement of говорю","gloss":"locked"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"adverbial of duration on заперта","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"пока","lemma":"пока","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of был","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to саду","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking саду","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"саду","lemma":"сад","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of был, adverbial clause on заперта","gloss":"the garden"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of убегал","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of убегал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"убегал","lemma":"убегать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with был, parallel clause on заперта","gloss":"ran out"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сада","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"сада","lemma":"сад","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of убегал","gloss":"the garden"}]},{"number":42,"label":"42","id":"b9-c5-s42","source":"Я только под окном стоял и в окно его видел, и только, только… До последней минуты помню.","translation":"I only stood beneath the window and saw him through the window, that's all, that's all... I remember it to the very last minute.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"под окном стоял… в окно его видел","title":"«под» + instrumental vs «в» + accusative","body":"Two contrasting prepositional uses: «под окном стоял» (instrumental, static location, 'stood beneath the window') and «в окно… видел» (accusative, directed action, 'saw through the window'). Case choice tracks rest versus directed perception."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of стоял","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стоял","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking окном","gloss":"beneath"},{"surface":"окном","lemma":"окно","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of стоял","gloss":"the window"},{"surface":"стоял","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking окно","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"окно","lemma":"окно","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of видел","gloss":"the window"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of видел","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"видел","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with стоял","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"elliptical predicate, coordinated with видел","gloss":"that's all"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"repeats the elliptical predicate for emphasis","gloss":"that's all"},{"surface":"До","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуты","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"последней","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies минуты","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"минуты","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of помню","gloss":"minute"},{"surface":"помню","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remember"}]},{"number":43,"label":"43","id":"b9-c5-s43","source":"Да хоть бы и не помнил, то всё равно знаю, потому что ''знаки'' только и известны были что мне да Смердякову, да ему, покойнику, а он, без знаков, никому бы в мире не отворил!","translation":"And even if I didn't remember, I'd know it all the same, because the signs were known only to me and to Smerdyakov, and to him, the dead man — and without the signs he'd not have opened the door to a soul in all the world!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да хоть бы и не помнил, то всё равно знаю","title":"Concessive conditional «хоть бы… то»","body":"«хоть бы и не помнил» is a concessive conditional with the irrealis «бы» on the past form: 'even if I didn't remember.' The correlative «то» ('then') opens the main clause, «всё равно знаю» — 'I'd know all the same.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"только и известны были что мне да Смердякову","title":"Restrictive «только и… что»","body":"The frame «только и … что» means 'only, none but': 'were known to none but me and Smerdyakov.' «известны» is a short adjective taking the dative of the knower («мне», «Смердякову»), and «да» is the folksy coordinator 'and.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"никому бы в мире не отворил","title":"Conditional «бы» + negative concord","body":"«не отворил бы» is the conditional ('would not have opened'), and «никому» ('to no one,' dative) adds negative concord with «не»: 'he'd not have opened to a soul.' «в мире» ('in the world') heightens the absolute."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies помнил","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"conditional marker with помнил","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies помнил","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies помнил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"помнил","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"conditional clause on знаю","gloss":"remembered"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the main clause знаю","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase всё равно","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"равно","lemma":"равно","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase всё равно, modifies знаю","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of известны","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"знаки","lemma":"знак","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of известны","gloss":"the signs"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies известны","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies известны, intensifies только","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"известны","lemma":"известный","morphology":"adjective, short form, plural, predicative","role":"predicate of знаки, clause introduced by потому что","gloss":"known"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking to известны","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the exceptive complement (only ... but) of известны","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"complement of известны","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links мне and Смердякову","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Смердякову","lemma":"Смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with мне","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with мне","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"покойнику","lemma":"покойник","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to ему","gloss":"the dead man"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отворил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking знаков","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"знаков","lemma":"знак","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of отворил","gloss":"the signs"},{"surface":"никому","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of отворил","gloss":"to no one"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"conditional marker with отворил","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мире","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"мире","lemma":"мир","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отворил","gloss":"the world"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отворил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"отворил","lemma":"отворить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the final clause, coordinated with знаю","gloss":"opened"}]},{"number":44,"label":"44","id":"b9-c5-s44","source":"— Знаки? Какие же это знаки? — с жадным, почти истерическим любопытством проговорил прокурор и вмиг потерял всю сдержанную свою осанку.","translation":"\"Signs? What sort of signs are these?\" said the prosecutor with greedy, almost hysterical curiosity, instantly losing all his reserved bearing.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Какие же это знаки","title":"«какие же» — pressing interrogative","body":"«какой» ('what sort of') agrees with «знаки» (nom. pl.), and «же» presses eagerly — 'what sort of signs, then?' The particle betrays the prosecutor's sudden hunger for the new fact."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вмиг потерял всю сдержанную свою осанку","title":"Reflexive possessive «свою»","body":"«свою» ('his own') refers back to the clause subject (the prosecutor), correctly «свой» rather than «его»: 'lost all his own reserved bearing.' «вмиг» ('in an instant') and the perfective «потерял» snap the change into a single moment."}],"words":[{"surface":"Знаки","lemma":"знак","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Signs"},{"surface":"Какие","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of знаки","gloss":"what sort of"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Какие","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject, linked to знаки","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"знаки","lemma":"знак","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"predicate noun with это","gloss":"signs"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жадным","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"жадным","lemma":"жадный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies любопытством","gloss":"greedy"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies истерическим","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"истерическим","lemma":"истерический","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies любопытством","gloss":"hysterical"},{"surface":"любопытством","lemma":"любопытство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of проговорил","gloss":"curiosity"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"прокурор","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"the prosecutor"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вмиг","lemma":"вмиг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies потерял","gloss":"instantly"},{"surface":"потерял","lemma":"потерять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with проговорил","gloss":"lost"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of осанку","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"сдержанную","lemma":"сдержанный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies осанку","gloss":"reserved"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of осанку","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"осанку","lemma":"осанка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of потерял","gloss":"bearing"}]},{"number":45,"label":"45","id":"b9-c5-s45","source":"Он спросил, как бы робко подползая.","translation":"He asked it as though creeping up timidly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы робко подползая","title":"Imperfective gerund «подползая»","body":"«подползая» is the imperfective present gerund of the prefixed motion verb «подползать» ('to creep up to'), describing the manner of his asking: 'as though timidly creeping up.' «как бы» frames it as the narrator's simile."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спросил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"спросил","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of phrase как бы, modifies подползая","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of phrase как бы","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"робко","lemma":"робко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подползая","gloss":"timidly"},{"surface":"подползая","lemma":"подползать","morphology":"verb, gerund, present, active, imperfective","role":"adverbial gerund modifying спросил","gloss":"creeping up"}]},{"number":46,"label":"46","id":"b9-c5-s46","source":"Он почуял важный факт, ему еще не известный, и тотчас же почувствовал величайший страх, что Митя, может быть, не захочет открыть его в полноте.","translation":"He had scented an important fact, one still unknown to him, and at once felt a tremendous dread that Mitya might be unwilling to disclose it fully.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"факт, ему еще не известный","title":"Long adjective «известный» + dative","body":"«не известный» (here long-form, predicative-attributive) with dative «ему» means 'not yet known to him.' The phrase, set off by commas, postmodifies «факт» like a reduced relative clause: 'a fact still unknown to him.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"почувствовал величайший страх, что","title":"Superlative «величайший»","body":"«величайший» is the bookish suffixal superlative of «великий» (suffix «-айший»), 'the very greatest.' Followed by «что Митя… не захочет», it heads a «что»-clause naming the content of his dread."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of почуял","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"почуял","lemma":"почуять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had scented"},{"surface":"важный","lemma":"важный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies факт","gloss":"important"},{"surface":"факт","lemma":"факт","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of почуял","gloss":"fact"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of известный","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies известный","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies известный","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"известный","lemma":"известный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"relative clause modifying факт","gloss":"unknown"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies почувствовал","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"почувствовал","lemma":"почувствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with почуял","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"величайший","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular, superlative","role":"modifies страх","gloss":"tremendous"},{"surface":"страх","lemma":"страх","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of почувствовал","gloss":"dread"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of захочет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of захочет","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical (может быть), modifies захочет","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"part of parenthetical может быть","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies захочет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"захочет","lemma":"захотеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of the clause introduced by что","gloss":"be willing"},{"surface":"открыть","lemma":"открыть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of захочет","gloss":"disclose"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of открыть","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking полноте","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"полноте","lemma":"полнота","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial complement of открыть","gloss":"fully"}]},{"number":47,"label":"47","id":"b9-c5-s47","source":"— А вы и не знали! — подмигнул ему Митя, насмешливо и злобно улыбнувшись. — А что, коль не скажу?","translation":"\"So you didn't even know!\" Mitya winked at him, smiling mockingly and spitefully. \"And what if I don't tell you?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"насмешливо и злобно улыбнувшись","title":"Perfective gerund «улыбнувшись»","body":"«улыбнувшись» is the perfective past gerund of reflexive «улыбнуться» ('to smile'): 'having smiled mockingly and spitefully,' an action just preceding his wink. The two adverbs «насмешливо» and «злобно» colour the smile."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"А что, коль не скажу","title":"Colloquial conditional «коль»","body":"«коль» (short for «коли») is a folksy, archaic 'if': 'and what if I don't tell?' «скажу» is the perfective future ('I will/shall not tell'), conjugated like a present but pointing to a completed future act."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of знали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знали","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знали","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знали","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"подмигнул","lemma":"подмигнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"winked"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of подмигнул","gloss":"at him"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подмигнул","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"насмешливо","lemma":"насмешливо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies улыбнувшись","gloss":"mockingly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"злобно","lemma":"злобно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies улыбнувшись","gloss":"spitefully"},{"surface":"улыбнувшись","lemma":"улыбнуться","morphology":"verb, gerund, past, reflexive, perfective","role":"adverbial gerund modifying подмигнул","gloss":"smiling"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"introduces the rhetorical question","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"коль","lemma":"коль","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of скажу","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies скажу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"скажу","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"tell"}]},{"number":48,"label":"48","id":"b9-c5-s48","source":"От кого тогда узнать?","translation":"From whom would you learn it then?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"От кого тогда узнать","title":"Infinitive of deliberation «узнать»","body":"A bare infinitive «узнать» with no subject poses a deliberative/modal question — 'from whom is one to learn it then?' Such subjectless infinitive questions ('what to do?', 'where to go?') are idiomatic Russian. «от кого» = «от» + genitive."}],"words":[{"surface":"От","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кого","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"кого","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"oblique complement of узнать","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies узнать","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"узнать","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"learn"}]},{"number":49,"label":"49","id":"b9-c5-s49","source":"Знали ведь о знаках-то покойник, я да Смердяков, вот и все, да еще небо знало, да оно ведь вам не скажет.","translation":"Why, the only ones who knew about the signs were the dead man, myself, and Smerdyakov — that's all, and heaven besides, but heaven won't tell you.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Знали ведь о знаках-то","title":"Topic clitic «-то» + «ведь»","body":"The clitic «-то» on «знаках» flags the signs as the known topic under discussion ('the signs, you know'), while «ведь» appeals to shared knowledge. «о знаках» is «о» + prepositional, the case of the thing spoken about."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"да оно ведь вам не скажет","title":"«да… ведь» + perfective future","body":"«да» here adds 'but,' «ведь» appeals to the obvious, and «не скажет» is the negated perfective future ('won't tell'). Mitya personifies «небо» ('heaven') with the neuter pronoun «оно»: 'but it won't tell you, you know.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Знали","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Знали","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking знаках","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"знаках","lemma":"знак","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of Знали","gloss":"the signs"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle, emphatic enclitic","role":"emphatic particle attached to знаках","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"покойник","lemma":"покойник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Знали (list item)","gloss":"the dead man"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Знали (list item)","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links я and Смердяков","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"Смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with я","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"part of phrase вот и всё, modifies все","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of phrase вот и всё","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"summarizes the subject list","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies небо","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"небо","lemma":"небо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of знало","gloss":"heaven"},{"surface":"знало","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Знали","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"оно","lemma":"оно","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of скажет","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies скажет","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of скажет","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies скажет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"скажет","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Знали","gloss":"will tell"}]},{"number":50,"label":"50","id":"b9-c5-s50","source":"А фактик-то любопытный, черт знает что на нем можно соорудить, ха-ха!","translation":"But it's a curious little fact — the devil knows what one could build on it, ha-ha!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"фактик-то","title":"«фактик» — a 'curious little fact'","body":"«фактик» is the diminutive of «факт», here ironic-affectionate — a teasing 'little fact' Mitya dangles before them, sharpened by the topic clitic «-то». The diminutive belittles even as it tempts."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"черт знает что… можно соорудить","title":"Impersonal «можно» + «соорудить»","body":"«можно» ('one can / it is possible') is an impersonal predicative governing the perfective infinitive «соорудить» ('to construct, rig up'), with no nominative subject — 'the devil knows what one could build on it.' «черт знает что» is a set idiom, 'goodness knows what.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"фактик","lemma":"фактик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the predicate любопытный","gloss":"little fact"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle, emphatic enclitic","role":"emphatic particle attached to фактик","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"любопытный","lemma":"любопытный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of фактик","gloss":"curious"},{"surface":"черт","lemma":"чёрт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знает","gloss":"the devil"},{"surface":"знает","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"introduces the clause (object of знает), direct object of соорудить","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of можно","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb","role":"clausal complement of знает","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"соорудить","lemma":"соорудить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on можно","gloss":"build"},{"surface":"ха","lemma":"ха","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection of laughter","gloss":"ha"},{"surface":"ха","lemma":"ха","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection of laughter","gloss":"ha"}]},{"number":51,"label":"51","id":"b9-c5-s51","source":"Утешьтесь, господа, открою, глупости у вас на уме.","translation":"Set your minds at rest, gentlemen, I'll tell you — you've got nonsense in your heads.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Утешьтесь, господа, открою","title":"Reflexive imperative «утешьтесь»","body":"«утешьтесь» is the polite/plural imperative of reflexive «утешиться» ('to console oneself'): 'set your minds at rest.' «открою» is the perfective future ('I'll disclose [it]'), conjugated like a present but completive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"глупости у вас на уме","title":"«у вас на уме» — 'on your minds'","body":"Idiomatic «у вас на уме» ('in your heads / on your minds') uses «у» + genitive for the possessor and «на уме» (prepositional) for the locus of thought. «глупости» is the nominative plural subject: 'nonsense is on your minds.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Утешьтесь","lemma":"утешиться","morphology":"verb, imperative, reflexive, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"set your minds at rest"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural, vocative use","role":"address, coordinated with Утешьтесь","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"открою","lemma":"открыть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Утешьтесь","gloss":"I'll tell you"},{"surface":"глупости","lemma":"глупость","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of the clause (nonsense is on your mind)","gloss":"nonsense"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"possessor, with на уме","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking уме","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"уме","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate location for глупости","gloss":"mind"}]},{"number":52,"label":"52","id":"b9-c5-s52","source":"Не знаете вы, с кем имеете дело!","translation":"You don't know whom you're dealing with!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"с кем имеете дело","title":"«иметь дело с» + instrumental","body":"The idiom «иметь дело с» ('to deal with') governs «с» + instrumental, here the interrogative «кем»: 'whom you're dealing with.' «кто» declines for case but has no number — «кем» is its instrumental."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаете","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знаете","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of знаете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кем","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"кем","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"oblique complement of имеете","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"имеете","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"verb of the subordinate clause, object of знаете","gloss":"are dealing"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of имеете","gloss":"dealings"}]},{"number":53,"label":"53","id":"b9-c5-s53","source":"Вы имеете дело с таким подсудимым, который сам на себя показывает, во вред себе показывает!","translation":"You're dealing with a defendant who testifies against himself, who gives evidence to his own harm!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"с таким подсудимым, который сам на себя показывает","title":"Relative «который» + reflexive «себя»","body":"«который» opens a relative clause agreeing with «подсудимым» (masc.) but taking nominative in its own clause as subject. «на себя показывает» uses the reflexive pronoun «себя» ('against himself'): 'a defendant who testifies against himself.'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"показывает","title":"«показывать» — to give testimony","body":"Beyond 'to show,' «показывать/показать» is a legal term for giving evidence or deposing — «показания» are 'depositions.' Mitya plays on it: he 'shows / testifies against himself,' «во вред себе» ('to his own harm')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of имеете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"имеете","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are dealing"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of имеете","gloss":"dealings"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking подсудимым","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"таким","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of подсудимым","gloss":"such a"},{"surface":"подсудимым","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of имеете, modifies дело","gloss":"defendant"},{"surface":"который","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of показывает","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular, intensive","role":"emphasizes который","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of показывает","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"показывает","lemma":"показывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on подсудимым","gloss":"testifies"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вред","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"вред","lemma":"вред","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of показывает","gloss":"harm"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of показывает","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"показывает","lemma":"показывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with the first показывает","gloss":"gives evidence"}]},{"number":54,"label":"54","id":"b9-c5-s54","source":"Да-с, ибо я рыцарь чести, а вы — нет!","translation":"Yes, sir, for I am a knight of honor, and you — are not!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Да-с, ибо я рыцарь чести","title":"«ибо» — bookish 'for'","body":"«ибо» ('for, because') is a markedly archaic, literary causal conjunction, lifting the line to mock-solemn height. With «Да-с» (the deferential «-с») and «рыцарь чести» ('knight of honor'), Mitya strikes a self-dramatizing, chivalric pose."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, archaic polite suffix","role":"attached to Да, deferential marker","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause я рыцарь чести","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of the predicate рыцарь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"рыцарь","lemma":"рыцарь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun (I am a knight)","gloss":"a knight"},{"surface":"чести","lemma":"честь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies рыцарь","gloss":"of honor"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of нет","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"elliptical predicate (you are not)","gloss":"are not"}]},{"number":55,"label":"55","id":"b9-c5-s55","source":"Прокурор скушал все пилюли, он лишь дрожал от нетерпения узнать про новый факт.","translation":"The prosecutor swallowed all these pills; he was simply quivering with impatience to learn the new fact.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"скушал все пилюли","title":"«проглотить/скушать пилюлю» — to swallow the pill","body":"«скушать пилюли» plays on the idiom 'to swallow a (bitter) pill' — to take an insult without retort. The childish, polite verb «скушать» ('to eat up,' from «кушать») adds a wry note: the prosecutor meekly downs Mitya's jibes."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"дрожал от нетерпения узнать","title":"«от нетерпения» — genitive of cause","body":"«от» + genitive «нетерпения» gives the cause of the trembling — 'quivered from impatience.' The dependent infinitive «узнать» ('to learn') names what he is impatient for."}],"words":[{"surface":"Прокурор","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of скушал","gloss":"the prosecutor"},{"surface":"скушал","lemma":"скушать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"swallowed"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of пилюли","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"пилюли","lemma":"пилюля","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of скушал","gloss":"these pills"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of дрожал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дрожал","gloss":"simply"},{"surface":"дрожал","lemma":"дрожать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with скушал","gloss":"quivered"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нетерпения","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"нетерпения","lemma":"нетерпение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of дрожал","gloss":"impatience"},{"surface":"узнать","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"infinitive of purpose modifying нетерпения","gloss":"to learn"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking факт","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"новый","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies факт","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"факт","lemma":"факт","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of про, oblique complement of узнать","gloss":"fact"}]},{"number":56,"label":"56","id":"b9-c5-s56","source":"Митя точно и пространно изложил им всё, что касалось знаков, изобретенных Федором Павловичем для Смердякова, рассказал, что именно означал каждый стук в окно, простучал даже эти знаки по столу и на вопрос Николая Парфеновича: что, стало быть, и он, Митя, когда стучал старику в окно, то простучал именно тот знак, который означал: «Грушенька пришла», — ответил с точностью, что именно точно так и простучал, что, дескать, «Грушенька пришла».","translation":"Mitya laid out for them precisely and at length everything that concerned the signs Fyodor Pavlovich had devised for Smerdyakov, told them just what each knock at the window meant, even tapped out the signs on the table, and to Nikolai Parfenovich's question — whether, then, when he, Mitya, had knocked at the old man's window, he had tapped out exactly the sign meaning \"Grushenka has come\" — he answered with precision that he had tapped out exactly that, namely \"Grushenka has come.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"знаков, изобретенных Федором Павловичем","title":"Passive participle + instrumental agent","body":"«изобретенных» is the past passive participle of «изобрести» ('to invent, devise'), agreeing with «знаков» (gen. pl.), and the agent «Федором Павловичем» stands in the instrumental — the standard way Russian marks the doer of a passive: 'the signs devised by Fyodor Pavlovich.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что, стало быть, и он, Митя, когда стучал… то простучал","title":"Embedded «что»-clause with «стало быть»","body":"A long indirect statement: «что… простучал» reports the content of the question, with the parenthetical «стало быть» ('so then, that is to say') and the imperfective «стучал» (the act of knocking) set against the perfective «простучал» (the completed tapping-out of the sign)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"дескать","title":"«дескать» — reportative particle","body":"«дескать» (and «мол», «де») flags reported speech with a shade of distance or quotation — 'so to say, [he means].' Here it tags the relayed sign «Грушенька пришла» as Mitya's own reported words."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of изложил","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies изложил","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пространно","lemma":"пространно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with точно","gloss":"at length"},{"surface":"изложил","lemma":"изложить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"laid out"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"им","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of изложил","gloss":"to them"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of изложил","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of касалось","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"касалось","lemma":"касаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on всё","gloss":"concerned"},{"surface":"знаков","lemma":"знак","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"genitive complement of касалось","gloss":"the signs"},{"surface":"изобретенных","lemma":"изобрести","morphology":"participle, past, passive, genitive, plural, perfective","role":"clause modifying знаков","gloss":"devised"},{"surface":"Федором","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"agent of изобретенных","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павловичем","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федором","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Смердякова","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"Смердякова","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of для","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"рассказал","lemma":"рассказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to изложил","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of означал","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies означал","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"означал","lemma":"означать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of рассказал","gloss":"meant"},{"surface":"каждый","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of стук","gloss":"each"},{"surface":"стук","lemma":"стук","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of означал","gloss":"knock"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking окно","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"окно","lemma":"окно","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies стук","gloss":"the window"},{"surface":"простучал","lemma":"простучать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to изложил","gloss":"tapped out"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаки","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of знаки","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"знаки","lemma":"знак","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of простучал","gloss":"signs"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking столу","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"столу","lemma":"стол","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of простучал","gloss":"the table"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вопрос","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"вопрос","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ответил","gloss":"the question"},{"surface":"Николая","lemma":"николай","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вопрос","gloss":"Nikolai"},{"surface":"Парфеновича","lemma":"парфёнович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Николая","gloss":"Parfenovich's"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of простучал","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"part of the idiom стало быть","gloss":"that is"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стало","gloss":"to say"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies он","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стучал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to он","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of стучал","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"стучал","lemma":"стучать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on простучал","gloss":"knocked"},{"surface":"старику","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of стучал","gloss":"the old man"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking окно","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"окно","lemma":"окно","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of стучал","gloss":"the window"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of простучал","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"простучал","lemma":"простучать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the embedded clause","gloss":"tapped out"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тот","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of знак","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"знак","lemma":"знак","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of простучал","gloss":"sign"},{"surface":"который","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of означал","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"означал","lemma":"означать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on знак","gloss":"meant"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of пришла","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"пришла","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"quoted clausal complement of означал","gloss":"has come"},{"surface":"ответил","lemma":"ответить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to изложил","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking точностью","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"точностью","lemma":"точность","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ответил","gloss":"precision"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of простучал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies точно","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies так","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies простучал","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"простучал","lemma":"простучать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause introduced by что","gloss":"he had tapped"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the quoted clause of пришла","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"дескать","lemma":"дескать","morphology":"particle","role":"marks the quotation, modifies пришла","gloss":"so to speak"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of пришла","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"пришла","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of the quoted clause","gloss":"has come"}]},{"number":57,"label":"57","id":"b9-c5-s57","source":"— Вот вам, теперь сооружайте башню! — оборвал Митя и с презрением опять от них отвернулся.","translation":"\"There you are, now build your tower!\" Mitya cut himself off and turned away from them again in contempt.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"теперь сооружайте башню","title":"Imperfective imperative «сооружайте»","body":"«сооружайте» is the imperfective imperative ('go ahead and build / get on with building'), inviting the process with sarcasm, where the perfective «соорудите» would urge a single completed result. «башню» (accusative) — 'build your tower [of theory].'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"от них отвернулся","title":"Reflexive «отвернулся» + «от» genitive","body":"«отвернуться» (reflexive, 'to turn away') governs «от» + genitive «них»: 'turned away from them.' The prefixed «от-» and the «-ся» together give the intransitive sense of turning oneself aside."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вам","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вам","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of сооружайте","gloss":"for you"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сооружайте","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"сооружайте","lemma":"сооружать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"build"},{"surface":"башню","lemma":"башня","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of сооружайте","gloss":"a tower"},{"surface":"оборвал","lemma":"оборвать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to сооружайте","gloss":"cut off"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of оборвал","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking презрением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"презрением","lemma":"презрение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of отвернулся","gloss":"contempt"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отвернулся","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of отвернулся","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"отвернулся","lemma":"отвернуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with оборвал","gloss":"turned away"}]},{"number":58,"label":"58","id":"b9-c5-s58","source":"— И знали про эти знаки только покойный родитель ваш, вы и слуга Смердяков? И никто более? — еще раз осведомился Николай Парфенович.","translation":"\"And these signs were known only to your late parent, to you, and to the servant Smerdyakov? And to no one else?\" Nikolai Parfenovich inquired once more.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"знали про эти знаки только покойный родитель ваш, вы и слуга","title":"«про» + accusative; compound subject","body":"«про» + accusative «эти знаки» ('about these signs') is a colloquial alternative to «о» + prepositional. The plural «знали» agrees with the three-part subject «родитель… вы… Смердяков». «покойный» ('late, deceased') marks the dead father."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"осведомился","title":"Reflexive «осведомиться» — to inquire","body":"«осведомиться» (perfective, only in «-ся») is a formal 'to inquire, make inquiry,' fitting the magistrate's careful re-questioning. The «-ся» here is lexical: the verb simply does not exist without it."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"знали","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking знаки","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of знаки","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"знаки","lemma":"знак","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of знали","gloss":"signs"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies покойный","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"покойный","lemma":"покойный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies родитель","gloss":"the late"},{"surface":"родитель","lemma":"родитель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знали","gloss":"parent"},{"surface":"ваш","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of родитель","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"coordinated with родитель","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"слуга","lemma":"слуга","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with родитель","gloss":"the servant"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to слуга","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"никто","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of более","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"else"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of осведомился","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"осведомился","lemma":"осведомиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"inquired"},{"surface":"Николай","lemma":"николай","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of осведомился","gloss":"Nikolai"},{"surface":"Парфенович","lemma":"парфёнович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Николай","gloss":"Parfenovich"}]},{"number":59,"label":"59","id":"b9-c5-s59","source":"— Да, слуга Смердяков и еще небо.","translation":"\"Yes, the servant Smerdyakov, and heaven too.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"affirmative opener of the sentence","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"слуга","lemma":"слуга","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"the servant"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to слуга","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies небо","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"небо","lemma":"небо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with слуга","gloss":"heaven"}]},{"number":60,"label":"60","id":"b9-c5-s60","source":"Запишите и про небо; это будет не лишним записать.","translation":"Write down 'heaven' as well; it won't be amiss to record it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Запишите и про небо","title":"Imperative «запишите» + additive «и»","body":"«запишите» is the polite/plural perfective imperative of «записать» ('to write down, record'), urging a single completed act. The «и» before «про небо» is additive: 'write down heaven too.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"это будет не лишним записать","title":"Predicate instrumental «не лишним»","body":"After «будет» the predicate adjective «лишним» ('superfluous') takes the instrumental, not the nominative — the regular pattern for «быть» in the future: 'it won't be amiss to record.' The infinitive «записать» is the logical subject."}],"words":[{"surface":"Запишите","lemma":"записать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"write down"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies небо","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking небо","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"небо","lemma":"небо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of Запишите","gloss":"heaven"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of будет","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of лишним","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies лишним","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"лишним","lemma":"лишний","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of будет","gloss":"amiss"},{"surface":"записать","lemma":"записать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on лишним","gloss":"to record"}]},{"number":61,"label":"61","id":"b9-c5-s61","source":"Да и вам самим бог понадобится.","translation":"And you yourselves will have need of God too.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вам самим","title":"Dative experiencer: 'you yourselves will need'","body":"Russian frames need impersonally: «бог понадобится вам» literally 'God will become-needed to you', with the person who needs in the dative «вам». «самим» is the intensive «сам» ('yourselves') agreeing in the dative plural."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"понадобится","title":"Perfective future of a -ся verb","body":"«понадобится» is a perfective verb conjugated like a present but meaning a single completed future event — 'will come to be needed'. The reflexive «-ся» here marks the middle voice ('become needed'), not a true reflexive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase Да","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of понадобится","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"самим","lemma":"сам","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"modifies вам","gloss":"yourselves"},{"surface":"бог","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of понадобится","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"понадобится","lemma":"понадобиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will be needed"}]},{"number":62,"label":"62","id":"b9-c5-s62","source":"И уж конечно стали записывать, но когда записывали, то прокурор вдруг, как бы совсем внезапно наткнувшись на новую мысль, проговорил:","translation":"And of course they began to write it down, but as they were writing, the prosecutor suddenly, as though he had quite unexpectedly stumbled on a new idea, said:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы совсем внезапно наткнувшись на новую мысль","title":"Perfective past gerund: 'as though having stumbled on'","body":"«наткнувшись» is a деепричастие (adverbial participle) in «-вшись» from perfective «наткнуться», naming an action prior to and motivating the main verb: the prosecutor spoke 'as though having stumbled' on a new thought. The hedging «как бы» ('as though, sort of') is a hallmark of Dostoevsky's tentative narration."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"стали записывать","title":"Phasal verb + imperfective infinitive","body":"«стать» ('to begin') governs an imperfective infinitive «записывать» — Russian forms 'began to do' with «стать/начать» plus the imperfective, viewing the writing as an unfolding process rather than a single act."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies конечно","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стали","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"стали","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"записывать","lemma":"записывать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стали","gloss":"to write it down"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of записывали","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"записывали","lemma":"записывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on проговорил","gloss":"they were writing"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of проговорил","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"прокурор","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"the prosecutor"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies наткнувшись","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies внезапно","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"внезапно","lemma":"внезапно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies наткнувшись","gloss":"unexpectedly"},{"surface":"наткнувшись","lemma":"наткнуться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on проговорил","gloss":"having stumbled"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мысль","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"новую","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мысль","gloss":"a new"},{"surface":"мысль","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of наткнувшись","gloss":"idea"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with стали","gloss":"said"}]},{"number":63,"label":"63","id":"b9-c5-s63","source":"— А ведь если знал про эти знаки и Смердяков, а вы радикально отвергаете всякое на себя обвинение в смерти вашего родителя, то вот не он ли, простучав условленные знаки, заставил вашего отца отпереть себе, а затем и… совершил преступление?","translation":"\"But if Smerdyakov also knew about these signs, and you radically reject any accusation against yourself in the death of your parent, then might it not have been he who, tapping out the agreed-upon signs, made your father open up for him, and then... committed the crime?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А ведь","title":"Particles «а» + «ведь»: 'but after all'","body":"The contrastive «а» pivots the topic while «ведь» appeals to shared knowledge — 'but you know / after all'. Together they open the prosecutor's insinuating gambit with a tone English can only render through stress."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не он ли … заставил","title":"Particle «ли» in a rhetorical yes/no question","body":"The enclitic «ли» follows the fronted, focused «не он» to form a tentative yes/no question — 'might it not have been he who…'. This «не … ли» frame is the bookish, insinuating way of floating a hypothesis."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"простучав условленные знаки","title":"Perfective gerund: 'having tapped out'","body":"«простучав» is a perfective past gerund (in «-в») from «простучать», expressing the completed prior action — Smerdyakov tapped the signals, and then made the father open up. «условленные» is a past passive participle, 'agreed-upon'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"заставил вашего отца отпереть себе","title":"«себе» — reflexive pointing to the unstated agent","body":"«отпереть себе» means 'unlock for himself', where the reflexive «себе» refers to Smerdyakov, the implied subject of the infinitive — not to the father. «себя/себе» always points to the clause's own subject, here the one doing the opening."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies он","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of знал","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on он","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking знаки","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of знаки","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"знаки","lemma":"знак","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of знал","gloss":"signs"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Смердяков","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of отвергаете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"радикально","lemma":"радикально","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отвергаете","gloss":"radically"},{"surface":"отвергаете","lemma":"отвергать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with знал","gloss":"reject"},{"surface":"всякое","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of обвинение","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of обвинение","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"обвинение","lemma":"обвинение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of отвергаете","gloss":"accusation"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking смерти","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"смерти","lemma":"смерть","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies обвинение","gloss":"the death"},{"surface":"вашего","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of родителя","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"родителя","lemma":"родитель","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies смерти","gloss":"parent's"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of он","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies он","gloss":"might it be"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies он","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заставил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies он","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"простучав","lemma":"простучать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on заставил","gloss":"having tapped out"},{"surface":"условленные","lemma":"условленный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies знаки","gloss":"the agreed-upon"},{"surface":"знаки","lemma":"знак","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of простучав","gloss":"signs"},{"surface":"заставил","lemma":"заставить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"вашего","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of отца","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of заставил","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"отпереть","lemma":"отпереть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of заставил","gloss":"open up"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of отпереть","gloss":"for him"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"затем","lemma":"затем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies совершил","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies совершил","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"совершил","lemma":"совершить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to заставил","gloss":"committed"},{"surface":"преступление","lemma":"преступление","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of совершил","gloss":"the crime"}]},{"number":64,"label":"64","id":"b9-c5-s64","source":"Митя глубоко насмешливым, но в то же время и страшно ненавистным взглядом посмотрел на него.","translation":"Mitya looked at him with a deeply mocking, yet at the same time terribly hateful, gaze.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"глубоко насмешливым, но … страшно ненавистным взглядом","title":"Instrumental of means: 'with a gaze'","body":"«взглядом» is instrumental — the means by which Mitya looked — and the two adjectives «насмешливым … ненавистным» agree with it in the instrumental. Russian routinely says 'looked with a mocking gaze' where English may prefer an adverb."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of посмотрел","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"глубоко","lemma":"глубоко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies насмешливым","gloss":"deeply"},{"surface":"насмешливым","lemma":"насмешливый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies взглядом","gloss":"mocking"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking время","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"object of в","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"страшно","lemma":"страшно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ненавистным","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"ненавистным","lemma":"ненавистный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies взглядом","gloss":"hateful"},{"surface":"взглядом","lemma":"взгляд","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of посмотрел","gloss":"gaze"},{"surface":"посмотрел","lemma":"посмотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of посмотрел","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":65,"label":"65","id":"b9-c5-s65","source":"Он смотрел долго и молча, так что у прокурора глаза замигали.","translation":"He looked long and in silence, until the prosecutor's eyes began to blink.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"так что у прокурора глаза замигали","title":"Result clause «так что» + inalienable possession with «у»","body":"«так что» ('so that, with the result that') opens a consequence clause. Note «у прокурора глаза замигали» — Russian expresses 'the prosecutor's eyes' as 'by the prosecutor, the eyes [began to blink]', the «у»+genitive possessor construction. The prefix «за-» on «замигали» marks the sudden onset of blinking."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of смотрел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"смотрел","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"долго","lemma":"долго","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смотрел","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"молча","lemma":"молча","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with долго","gloss":"in silence"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"correlates with что","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking прокурора","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"прокурора","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of замигали","gloss":"the prosecutor"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of замигали","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"замигали","lemma":"замигать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"result clause on смотрел","gloss":"began to blink"}]},{"number":66,"label":"66","id":"b9-c5-s66","source":"— Опять поймали лисицу! — проговорил наконец Митя, — прищемили мерзавку за хвост, хе-хе!","translation":"\"You've caught the fox again!\" Mitya said at last. \"Pinched the wretch by the tail, heh-heh!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"прищемили мерзавку за хвост","title":"Idiom: catching the fox by the tail","body":"Поймать лисицу / прищемить за хвост literally 'to catch the vixen / pinch the wretch by the tail' is an image for trapping someone with a sly trick. Mitya means the prosecutor is trying to lure him into blurting out an accusation against Smerdyakov."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мерзавку","title":"Feminine «мерзавка» — the fox as 'wretch'","body":"«мерзавка» is the feminine of «мерзавец» ('scoundrel, villain'); the feminine is chosen because «лисица» (vixen) is feminine, so the fox-image and the insult agree. The «-ка» here is the feminine-agent suffix, not a diminutive."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"хе-хе","title":"«хе-хе» — a dry, mirthless laugh","body":"«хе-хе» renders a sardonic, sneering chuckle, distinct from the open «ха-ха». In Dostoevsky it usually colours a character's bitter or contemptuous triumph, exactly Mitya's tone here."}],"words":[{"surface":"Опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поймали","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"поймали","lemma":"поймать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"caught"},{"surface":"лисицу","lemma":"лисица","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of поймали","gloss":"the fox"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to поймали","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорил","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"прищемили","lemma":"прищемить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with поймали","gloss":"pinched"},{"surface":"мерзавку","lemma":"мерзавка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of прищемили","gloss":"the wretch"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking хвост","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"хвост","lemma":"хвост","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прищемили","gloss":"the tail"},{"surface":"хе","lemma":"хе","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation","gloss":"heh"},{"surface":"хе","lemma":"хе","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation","gloss":"heh"}]},{"number":67,"label":"67","id":"b9-c5-s67","source":"Я вижу вас насквозь, прокурор!","translation":"I see right through you, prosecutor!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вижу вас насквозь","title":"Idiom: «видеть насквозь» — to see right through","body":"«видеть кого-то насквозь» means to read someone completely, to see through their pretences. The adverb «насквозь» ('all the way through') gives the phrase its vivid X-ray force."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of вижу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вижу","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of вижу","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"насквозь","lemma":"насквозь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вижу","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"прокурор","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"prosecutor"}]},{"number":68,"label":"68","id":"b9-c5-s68","source":"Вы ведь так и думали, что я сейчас вскочу, уцеплюсь за то, что вы мне подсказываете, и закричу во всё горло: «Ай, это Смердяков, вот убийца!»","translation":"You thought, didn't you, that I'd jump up at once, grab hold of what you're prompting me with, and bawl at the top of my lungs: 'Aha, it's Smerdyakov, there's the murderer!'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вы ведь так и думали","title":"Particle «ведь» + «так и»: 'you did think, didn't you'","body":"«ведь» appeals to what both already know ('you did think, after all'), and «так и» reinforces that the expectation was exactly fulfilled — 'that's just how you thought'. These tiny particles carry Mitya's accusing, knowing tone."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вскочу, уцеплюсь … и закричу","title":"A chain of perfective futures","body":"Three perfective verbs in a row — «вскочу» (I'd jump up), «уцеплюсь» (I'd grab hold), «закричу» (I'd start shouting) — each conjugated like a present but meaning a single completed future act. The prefix «за-» on «закричу» marks the sudden onset of the cry."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"во всё горло","title":"Idiom: «во всё горло» — at the top of one's lungs","body":"«кричать во всё горло» literally 'to shout into the whole throat' means to bawl as loudly as possible. The phrase intensifies Mitya's mockery of the scene the prosecutor supposedly imagined."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of думали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies думали","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"думали","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вскочу","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of вскочу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вскочу","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"вскочу","lemma":"вскочить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of думали","gloss":"would jump up"},{"surface":"уцеплюсь","lemma":"уцепиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вскочу","gloss":"would grab hold"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking то","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of уцеплюсь","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of подсказываете","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of подсказываете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of подсказываете","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"подсказываете","lemma":"подсказывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"clause modifying то","gloss":"are prompting"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"закричу","lemma":"закричать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вскочу","gloss":"would shout"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking горло","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of горло","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"горло","lemma":"горло","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of закричу","gloss":"throat"},{"surface":"Ай","lemma":"ай","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation","gloss":"aha"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject, predicate is Смердяков","gloss":"it's"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of это","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies убийца","gloss":"there's"},{"surface":"убийца","lemma":"убийца","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Смердяков","gloss":"the murderer"}]},{"number":69,"label":"69","id":"b9-c5-s69","source":"Признайтесь, что вы это думали, признайтесь, тогда буду продолжать.","translation":"Admit that you thought it — admit it, and then I'll go on.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Признайтесь","title":"Imperative of a -ся verb","body":"«признайтесь» is the plural/polite imperative of reflexive «признаться» ('to confess, admit'): present stem + «-й» + «-те», with the clitic shifting to «-сь» after the vowel. Mitya's repetition «признайтесь, … признайтесь» drives the command home."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"буду продолжать","title":"Compound (imperfective) future with «буду»","body":"«буду продолжать» is the analytic imperfective future: «буду» plus the imperfective infinitive — 'I will go on'. It views the continuing as an open, ongoing process, where a perfective would name a single bounded act."}],"words":[{"surface":"Признайтесь","lemma":"признаться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"admit"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of думали","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of думали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of думали","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"думали","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of Признайтесь","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"признайтесь","lemma":"признаться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with Признайтесь","gloss":"admit it"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies продолжать","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of продолжать","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"продолжать","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on буду","gloss":"continue"}]},{"number":70,"label":"70","id":"b9-c5-s70","source":"Но прокурор не признался.","translation":"But the prosecutor did not admit it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Но прокурор не признался","title":"Negation «не» + perfective past","body":"«не признался» negates the perfective past — 'did not (end up) confessing'. With «не» before a perfective, the natural reading is that the completed act simply did not occur, sealing the standoff that the following one-line sentences dramatize."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"прокурор","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of признался","gloss":"the prosecutor"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies признался","gloss":"did not"},{"surface":"признался","lemma":"признаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"admit"}]},{"number":71,"label":"71","id":"b9-c5-s71","source":"Он молчал и ждал.","translation":"He kept silent and waited.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Он молчал и ждал","title":"Imperfective past for a held state","body":"Both «молчал» and «ждал» are imperfective pasts, viewing silence and waiting as durative, ongoing states rather than events — the background against which Mitya's outbursts move the action."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of молчал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"молчал","lemma":"молчать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"kept silent"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ждал","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with молчал","gloss":"waited"}]},{"number":72,"label":"72","id":"b9-c5-s72","source":"— Ошиблись, не закричу на Смердякова! — сказал Митя.","translation":"\"You were mistaken, I won't cry out against Smerdyakov!\" said Mitya.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не закричу на Смердякова","title":"Aspect contrast: «ошиблись» vs «не закричу»","body":"«Ошиблись» is perfective past ('you (have) erred'), a closed result; «не закричу» is negated perfective future ('I will not cry out'). The preposition «на» + accusative «на Смердякова» here means 'against / at' the target of the shouting."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ошиблись","lemma":"ошибиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you were mistaken"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies закричу","gloss":"won't"},{"surface":"закричу","lemma":"закричать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Ошиблись","gloss":"cry out"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Смердякова","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"Смердякова","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of закричу","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Ошиблись","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"Mitya"}]},{"number":73,"label":"73","id":"b9-c5-s73","source":"— И даже не подозреваете его вовсе?","translation":"\"And you don't even suspect him at all?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не подозреваете его вовсе","title":"Genitive vs accusative under negation","body":"The object «его» (animate) is the accusative/genitive form of «он» — for animate masculine the accusative coincides with the genitive (the nominative is «он») — so any genitive-of-negation is invisible on the pronoun; «вовсе» ('not at all') reinforces the «не». Negated «подозревать» typically keeps an accusative/genitive object referring to a specific person."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies подозреваете","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies подозреваете","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"подозреваете","lemma":"подозревать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"suspect"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of подозреваете","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подозреваете","gloss":"at all"}]},{"number":74,"label":"74","id":"b9-c5-s74","source":"— А вы подозреваете?","translation":"\"And do you suspect him?\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of подозреваете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"подозреваете","lemma":"подозревать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do suspect"}]},{"number":75,"label":"75","id":"b9-c5-s75","source":"— Подозревали и его.","translation":"\"We have suspected him too.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Подозревали и его","title":"Additive «и» + topic-comment word order","body":"Here «и» is not 'and' but the additive particle 'too / also' — 'we have suspected him as well'. With the subject pronoun dropped (the verb's plural already implies 'we') and «его» placed last, the new, weighted information is 'him too'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Подозревали","lemma":"подозревать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"We have suspected"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies его","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Подозревали","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":76,"label":"76","id":"b9-c5-s76","source":"Митя уткнулся глазами в пол.","translation":"Mitya fixed his eyes on the floor.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"уткнулся глазами в пол","title":"«уткнуться» — to bury / fix one's eyes","body":"«уткнуться» (perfective, reflexive) means to bury or thrust one's face/gaze into something. «уткнулся глазами в пол» — 'fixed his eyes on the floor' — uses the instrumental «глазами» as the means, vividly conveying Mitya's downcast withdrawal."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of уткнулся","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"уткнулся","lemma":"уткнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fixed"},{"surface":"глазами","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of уткнулся","gloss":"his eyes"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пол","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"пол","lemma":"пол","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of уткнулся","gloss":"the floor"}]},{"number":77,"label":"77","id":"b9-c5-s77","source":"— Шутки в сторону, — проговорил он мрачно, — слушайте: с самого начала, вот почти еще тогда, когда я выбежал к вам давеча из-за этой занавески, у меня мелькнула уж эта мысль: «Смердяков!»","translation":"\"Joking aside,\" he said gloomily. \"Listen: from the very beginning, almost from the moment I burst out to you a while ago from behind that curtain, this thought already flickered through my mind: 'Smerdyakov!'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Шутки в сторону","title":"Idiom: «шутки в сторону» — joking aside","body":"A set phrase, literally 'jokes to the side', meaning 'all joking aside, let's be serious'. It marks Mitya's abrupt shift from his sneering 'heh-heh' to earnest confession."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"давеча","title":"«давеча» — colloquial 'a while ago'","body":"«давеча» is a folksy, now-archaic adverb meaning 'earlier today, a little while ago'. It flavours Mitya's speech with everyday 19th-century colour and is exactly the kind of word a modern speaker would replace with «недавно»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"у меня мелькнула уж эта мысль","title":"«у меня» possession + «мелькнула»","body":"'A thought flickered through my mind' is built as «у меня мелькнула … мысль» — 'by me there flickered the thought'. The «у»+genitive «у меня» locates the experience in the person; «уж» (= «уже») adds 'already'. «мелькнуть» is a momentary perfective: a single flash."}],"words":[{"surface":"Шутки","lemma":"шутка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Joking","note":"«Шутки в сторону» is an idiom meaning \"joking aside.\""},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сторону","gloss":"to the"},{"surface":"сторону","lemma":"сторона","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Шутки","gloss":"side"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"мрачно","lemma":"мрачно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорил","gloss":"gloomily"},{"surface":"слушайте","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to проговорил","gloss":"listen"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking начала","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies начала","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"начала","lemma":"начало","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of мелькнула","gloss":"beginning"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies почти","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies еще","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies тогда","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мелькнула","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of выбежал","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of выбежал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"выбежал","lemma":"выбежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on тогда","gloss":"ran out"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вам","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"oblique complement of выбежал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"давеча","lemma":"давеча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выбежал","gloss":"a while ago"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking занавески","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking занавески","gloss":"behind"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of занавески","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"занавески","lemma":"занавеска","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выбежал","gloss":"curtain"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of мелькнула","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"мелькнула","lemma":"мелькнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of слушайте","gloss":"flickered through"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мелькнула","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of мысль","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"мысль","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of мелькнула","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"Смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"parallel clause to мысль","gloss":"Smerdyakov"}]},{"number":78,"label":"78","id":"b9-c5-s78","source":"Здесь я сидел за столом и кричал, что не повинен в крови, а сам всё думаю: «Смердяков!»","translation":"Here I sat at the table and shouted that I was innocent of the blood, yet all the while I kept thinking: 'Smerdyakov!'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"кричал … а сам всё думаю","title":"Contrastive «а» + historic present","body":"«а сам» ('yet I myself') sets the inner thought against the outward shout. Mitya slips from past «кричал» into vivid present «думаю» ('I keep thinking') — a dramatic historic present that makes the obsessive thought feel live and ongoing."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"не повинен в крови","title":"«повинен» — short adjective, 'guilty of'","body":"«повинен» is a short-form predicate adjective meaning 'guilty, to blame' (governing «в» + prepositional: «в крови» = 'in / of the blood[shed]'). The bookish, almost biblical phrasing 'innocent of the blood' suits Mitya's heightened, confessional register."}],"words":[{"surface":"Здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сидел","gloss":"Here"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сидел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сидел","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sat"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking столом","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"столом","lemma":"стол","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сидел","gloss":"the table"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"кричал","lemma":"кричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сидел","gloss":"shouted"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of повинен","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies повинен","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"повинен","lemma":"повинный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of кричал","gloss":"guilty"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking крови","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"крови","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of повинен","gloss":"the blood"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies думаю","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies думаю","gloss":"all the while"},{"surface":"думаю","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with кричал","gloss":"kept thinking"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"Смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"parallel clause to думаю","gloss":"Smerdyakov"}]},{"number":79,"label":"79","id":"b9-c5-s79","source":"И не отставал Смердяков от души.","translation":"And Smerdyakov would not leave my mind.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"И не отставал Смердяков от души","title":"Verb-first inversion + «от» + genitive","body":"Fronting the negated verb «не отставал» before the subject «Смердяков» gives the line a rhythmic, narrative push. «отставать от» ('to fall away from, leave') governs «от» + genitive «от души» — literally 'would not fall away from my soul', i.e. would not leave Mitya's mind."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отставал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"отставал","lemma":"отставать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"leave"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"Смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отставал","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking души","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"души","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отставал","gloss":"my mind"}]},{"number":80,"label":"80","id":"b9-c5-s80","source":"Наконец теперь подумал вдруг то же: «Смердяков», но лишь на секунду: тотчас же рядом подумал: «Нет, не Смердяков!»","translation":"Even now, at last, I suddenly thought the same thing: 'Smerdyakov' — but only for a second: at once, alongside it, I thought: 'No, not Smerdyakov!'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"тотчас же рядом подумал","title":"Particle «же» as emphasis on immediacy","body":"Here «же» glues onto «тотчас» ('at once') to intensify it — 'that very instant'. It is the emphatic, not contrastive, «же», sharpening how fast the counter-thought 'No, not Smerdyakov!' arrived."}],"words":[{"surface":"Наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подумал","gloss":"At last"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подумал","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"подумал","lemma":"подумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подумал","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of подумал","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"Смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"parallel clause to подумал","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies секунду","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking секунду","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"секунду","lemma":"секунда","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подумал","gloss":"a second"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подумал","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"рядом","lemma":"рядом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подумал","gloss":"alongside"},{"surface":"подумал","lemma":"подумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with подумал","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to подумал","gloss":"No"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Смердяков","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"Смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"parallel clause to подумал","gloss":"Smerdyakov"}]},{"number":81,"label":"81","id":"b9-c5-s81","source":"Не его это дело, господа!","translation":"This is not his doing, gentlemen!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не его это дело","title":"Zero-copula negation + emphatic fronting","body":"'This is not his doing' is built with no verb 'to be' — «не его … дело» — the negated possessive «его» ('his') fronted for stress before «это дело» ('this affair'). The word order throws the weight onto 'not his'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дело","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of дело","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of дело","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"doing"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"gentlemen"}]},{"number":82,"label":"82","id":"b9-c5-s82","source":"— Не подозреваете ли вы в таком случае и еще какое другое лицо? — осторожно спросил было Николай Парфенович.","translation":"\"In that case, do you not suspect some other person?\" Nikolai Parfenovich asked cautiously.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не подозреваете ли вы … и еще какое другое лицо","title":"«не … ли» softened question","body":"The «не … ли» frame turns the question into a tentative, deferential probe — 'do you not perhaps suspect…'. «ли» follows the fronted negated verb, and the whole construction matches Nikolai Parfenovich's cautious manner."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"лицо","title":"«лицо» — 'person' (not 'face')","body":"Besides 'face', «лицо» means 'person, individual' in formal and legal register (cf. «должностное лицо», an official). «какое другое лицо» = 'some other person', a fittingly bureaucratic touch in the magistrate's mouth."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"спросил было","title":"The «было» particle of the abandoned action","body":"«спросил было» uses the unusual particle «было», which marks an action begun or about to happen but then interrupted or undone — 'started to ask'. It is a vivid, untranslatable 19th-century device signalling that the question barely got out."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies подозреваете","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"подозреваете","lemma":"подозревать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"suspect"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies подозреваете","gloss":"do","note":"Question particle; «не...ли» forms \"do you not...\"."},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of подозреваете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking случае","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"таком","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of случае","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"случае","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подозреваете","gloss":"case"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies какое","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"какое","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of лицо","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"другое","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies лицо","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of подозреваете","gloss":"person"},{"surface":"осторожно","lemma":"осторожно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спросил","gloss":"cautiously"},{"surface":"спросил","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies спросил","gloss":"began to","note":"«спросил было» marks an action begun (and, implicitly, interrupted)."},{"surface":"Николай","lemma":"Николай","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спросил","gloss":"Nikolai"},{"surface":"Парфенович","lemma":"Парфёнович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Николай","gloss":"Parfenovich"}]},{"number":83,"label":"83","id":"b9-c5-s83","source":"— Не знаю, кто или какое лицо, рука небес или сатана, но… не Смердяков! — решительно отрезал Митя.","translation":"\"I don't know who, or what person — the hand of heaven or Satan — but... not Smerdyakov!\" Mitya cut in decisively.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"рука небес","title":"«рука небес» — the hand of heaven","body":"An elevated, almost scriptural phrase, 'the hand of the heavens', set against «сатана» (Satan). The genitive plural «небес» (from «небеса») belongs to the high register; everyday Russian would say «небо». Mitya reaches for cosmic, not human, agency."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"решительно отрезал","title":"«отрезать» — to 'cut off' a remark","body":"Figuratively «отрезать» ('to cut off') means to say something curtly and with finality, ending discussion — 'cut in decisively'. The image of a clean knife-stroke matches Mitya's blunt certainty."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"clausal complement of знаю","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"какое","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of лицо","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with кто","gloss":"person"},{"surface":"рука","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with кто","gloss":"the hand"},{"surface":"небес","lemma":"небо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"modifies рука","gloss":"of heaven"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"сатана","lemma":"сатана","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with рука","gloss":"Satan"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Смердяков","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"Смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"решительно","lemma":"решительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отрезал","gloss":"decisively"},{"surface":"отрезал","lemma":"отрезать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cut in"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отрезал","gloss":"Mitya"}]},{"number":84,"label":"84","id":"b9-c5-s84","source":"— Но почему же вы так твердо и с такою настойчивостью утверждаете, что не он?","translation":"\"But why do you assert so firmly and so insistently that it was not he?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"так твердо и с такою настойчивостью","title":"Archaic instrumental «такою» + instrumental of manner","body":"«с такою настойчивостью» ('with such insistence') is the instrumental of manner after «с». «такою» is the older, bookish feminine instrumental ending «-ою» (modern «-ой»), common in 19th-century prose and lending a formal cadence to the magistrate's question."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"почему же","title":"Particle «же» pressing the question","body":"«почему же» — 'but why on earth / why exactly' — uses «же» to add insistence and a touch of challenge to the interrogative, pushing Mitya to justify his certainty."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies утверждаете","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies почему","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of утверждаете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies твердо","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"твердо","lemma":"твёрдо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies утверждаете","gloss":"firmly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking настойчивостью","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"такою","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of настойчивостью","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"настойчивостью","lemma":"настойчивость","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of утверждаете","gloss":"insistence"},{"surface":"утверждаете","lemma":"утверждать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"assert"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of он","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies он","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of утверждаете","gloss":"he"}]},{"number":85,"label":"85","id":"b9-c5-s85","source":"— По убеждению. По впечатлению.","translation":"\"From conviction. From the impression I have.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"По убеждению. По впечатлению.","title":"«по» + dative: 'on the grounds of'","body":"Both terse answers use «по» + dative to express the basis or cause — 'from conviction', 'from impression'. The clipped, verbless replies («убеждению», «впечатлению» in the dative) give Mitya's certainty a stark, aphoristic force."}],"words":[{"surface":"По","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking убеждению","gloss":"From"},{"surface":"убеждению","lemma":"убеждение","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"conviction"},{"surface":"По","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking впечатлению","gloss":"From"},{"surface":"впечатлению","lemma":"впечатление","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"impression"}]},{"number":86,"label":"86","id":"b9-c5-s86","source":"Потому что Смердяков человек нижайшей натуры и трус.","translation":"Because Smerdyakov is a man of the basest nature, and a coward.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"человек нижайшей натуры","title":"Superlative «нижайший» + genitive of quality","body":"«нижайшей» is the bookish suffixal superlative of «низкий» ('base, low'), in «-айший». «нижайшей натуры» is a genitive of description — 'a man of the basest nature' — the genitive attributing a quality to «человек»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of человек","gloss":"Because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase Потому","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"Смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of человек","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"нижайшей","lemma":"низкий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular, superlative","role":"modifies натуры","gloss":"the basest"},{"surface":"натуры","lemma":"натура","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"nature"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"трус","lemma":"трус","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with человек","gloss":"a coward"}]},{"number":87,"label":"87","id":"b9-c5-s87","source":"Это не трус, это совокупление всех трусостей в мире вместе взятых, ходящее на двух ногах.","translation":"He's not a coward — he's the sum of all the cowardice in the world rolled into one, walking about on two legs.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"всех трусостей в мире вместе взятых","title":"Genitive plural after «совокупление»","body":"«совокупление всех трусостей» ('the sum of all the cowardices') governs the genitive plural «трусостей» — the abstract «трусость» pluralized for rhetorical excess. «вместе взятых» ('taken together'), a past passive participle in the genitive, agrees with «трусостей»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ходящее на двух ногах","title":"Present active participle: 'walking on two legs'","body":"«ходящее» is a present active participle from «ходить», neuter to agree with «совокупление» — 'a sum of cowardice walking about on two legs'. The participle compresses a whole relative clause into one vivid grotesque image."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of трус","gloss":"This"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies трус","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"трус","lemma":"трус","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"a coward"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of совокупление","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"совокупление","lemma":"совокупление","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with трус","gloss":"the sum"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of трусостей","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"трусостей","lemma":"трусость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies совокупление","gloss":"cowardice"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мире","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"мире","lemma":"мир","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies трусостей","gloss":"the world"},{"surface":"вместе","lemma":"вместе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies взятых","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"взятых","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, genitive, perfective","role":"modifies совокупление","gloss":"rolled into one"},{"surface":"ходящее","lemma":"ходить","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, neuter, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying совокупление","gloss":"walking"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ногах","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"двух","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, locative","role":"quantifies ногах","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"ногах","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of ходящее","gloss":"legs"}]},{"number":88,"label":"88","id":"b9-c5-s88","source":"Он родился от курицы.","translation":"He was born of a hen.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"родился от курицы","title":"«от» + genitive of origin","body":"«родиться от» + genitive names the parent one is born of — «от курицы» 'of a hen'. Mitya's contemptuous metaphor (Smerdyakov hatched from a chicken) extends his running 'курица'/coward imagery; cf. his mother's nickname elsewhere in the novel."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of родился","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"родился","lemma":"родиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was born"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking курицы","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"курицы","lemma":"курица","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of родился","gloss":"a hen"}]},{"number":89,"label":"89","id":"b9-c5-s89","source":"Говоря со мной, он трепетал каждый раз, чтоб я не убил его, тогда как я и руки не подымал.","translation":"Whenever he talked with me, he trembled every time lest I should kill him, though I never so much as raised a hand.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"трепетал … чтоб я не убил его","title":"«чтоб(ы)» of feared outcome + irrealis past","body":"After verbs of fear, «чтоб(ы)» + a negated past-form verb expresses the dreaded event — «трепетал, чтоб я не убил его», 'trembled lest I should kill him'. The past form «убил» here is irrealis, governed by «чтобы», not a real past."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"тогда как я и руки не подымал","title":"Concessive «тогда как» + «и … не»","body":"«тогда как» means 'whereas, while in fact'. «и руки не подымал» uses «и» as 'even' inside a negation — 'I didn't even raise a hand'. «подымал» is a colloquial/older variant of «поднимал»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Говоря","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on трепетал","gloss":"Talking"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"со","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мной","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"мной","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of Говоря","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of трепетал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"трепетал","lemma":"трепетать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"trembled"},{"surface":"каждый","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of раз","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of трепетал","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of убил","gloss":"lest"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of убил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies убил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on трепетал","gloss":"kill"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of убил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of подымал","gloss":"whereas"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase тогда","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of подымал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies подымал","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of подымал","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies подымал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"подымал","lemma":"подымать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on трепетал","gloss":"raised"}]},{"number":90,"label":"90","id":"b9-c5-s90","source":"Он падал мне в ноги и плакал, он целовал мне вот эти самые сапоги, буквально, умоляя, чтоб я его «не пугал».","translation":"He'd fall at my feet and weep, he'd kiss these very boots, literally, imploring me not to 'frighten' him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"падал мне в ноги","title":"Dative «мне» of the affected person","body":"«падать кому-то в ноги» ('to fall at someone's feet') puts the person before whom one grovels in the dative «мне». The gesture of «падать в ноги» is a charged image of abject supplication, traditional in Russian pleading."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"умоляя, чтоб я его «не пугал»","title":"Imperfective present gerund «умоляя»","body":"«умоляя» is a present (imperfective) деепричастие from «умолять», expressing the simultaneous attendant action — 'imploring (all the while)'. It shares Smerdyakov's subject and runs parallel to the weeping and kissing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of падал","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"падал","lemma":"падать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fell"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of падал","gloss":"at my"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ноги","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ноги","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of падал","gloss":"feet"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"плакал","lemma":"плакать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with падал","gloss":"wept"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of целовал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"целовал","lemma":"целовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with падал","gloss":"kissed"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of целовал","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies эти","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of сапоги","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"самые","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies сапоги","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"сапоги","lemma":"сапог","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of целовал","gloss":"boots"},{"surface":"буквально","lemma":"буквально","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies целовал","gloss":"literally"},{"surface":"умоляя","lemma":"умолять","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on целовал","gloss":"imploring"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пугал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of пугал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of пугал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пугал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"пугал","lemma":"пугать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of умоляя","gloss":"frighten"}]},{"number":91,"label":"91","id":"b9-c5-s91","source":"Слышите: «Не пугал» — что это за слово такое?","translation":"Do you hear: 'not frighten' — what kind of a word is that?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что это за слово такое","title":"Exclamatory «что за»: 'what kind of'","body":"«что это за слово такое?» is the idiomatic «что за» construction — 'what kind of a word is that!'. Crucially «за» here does not govern a case; the noun «слово» stays nominative. «такое» adds wondering emphasis."}],"words":[{"surface":"Слышите","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Hear"},{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пугал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"пугал","lemma":"пугать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to Слышите","gloss":"frighten"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies слово","gloss":"what kind of","note":"«что за X» is an idiom meaning \"what kind of X.\""},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of слово","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase что","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"слово","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"такое","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of слово","gloss":"sort of"}]},{"number":92,"label":"92","id":"b9-c5-s92","source":"А я его даже дарил.","translation":"And I even used to give him presents.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А я его даже дарил","title":"Imperfective «дарил» for repeated giving","body":"«дарил» is imperfective past — 'used to give presents, would give', the iterative reading that English marks with 'used to'. The contrastive «а» and «даже» ('even') heighten the irony: Mitya not only spared but indulged the man he despises."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of дарил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of дарил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дарил","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"дарил","lemma":"дарить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gave gifts to"}]},{"number":93,"label":"93","id":"b9-c5-s93","source":"Это болезненная курица в падучей болезни, со слабым умом и которую прибьет восьмилетний мальчишка.","translation":"He's a sickly hen with the falling sickness, a feeble mind, the sort an eight-year-old boy could thrash.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"которую прибьет восьмилетний мальчишка","title":"Relative «которую» + perfective potential future","body":"The relative «которую» (feminine accusative, agreeing with «курица») heads a clause whose verb «прибьёт» is a perfective 'future' used for a general potential — 'that an eight-year-old boy could thrash'. «мальчишка» carries the slightly belittling «-ишк-» colouring."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of курица","gloss":"He's"},{"surface":"болезненная","lemma":"болезненный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies курица","gloss":"sickly"},{"surface":"курица","lemma":"курица","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"a hen"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking болезни","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"падучей","lemma":"падучий","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies болезни","gloss":"falling"},{"surface":"болезни","lemma":"болезнь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies курица","gloss":"sickness"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"со","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking умом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"слабым","lemma":"слабый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies умом","gloss":"feeble"},{"surface":"умом","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with болезни","gloss":"mind"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"которую","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of прибьет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"прибьет","lemma":"прибить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with курица","gloss":"could thrash"},{"surface":"восьмилетний","lemma":"восьмилетний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мальчишка","gloss":"eight-year-old"},{"surface":"мальчишка","lemma":"мальчишка","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прибьет","gloss":"a boy"}]},{"number":94,"label":"94","id":"b9-c5-s94","source":"Разве это натура?","translation":"Is that a man of any character?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Разве это натура?","title":"Particle «разве» in an incredulous question","body":"«разве» introduces a rhetorical question expressing disbelief — 'is that really a character / a man at all?'. It presumes a negative answer, and our rendering 'Is that a man of any character?' captures Mitya's scorn."}],"words":[{"surface":"Разве","lemma":"разве","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies натура","gloss":"Is"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of натура","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"натура","lemma":"натура","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"character"}]},{"number":95,"label":"95","id":"b9-c5-s95","source":"Не Смердяков, господа, да и денег не любит, подарков от меня вовсе не брал…","translation":"Not Smerdyakov, gentlemen — besides, he doesn't even love money, he never took my presents at all...","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"денег не любит","title":"Genitive of negation: «денег»","body":"Under negation the object of «любить» shifts from accusative «деньги» to genitive «денег» — 'doesn't love money'. The genitive of negation is especially natural with a general, non-specific object like 'money'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"подарков … вовсе не брал","title":"Genitive of negation reinforced by «вовсе»","body":"Likewise «подарков … не брал» — 'never took (my) presents at all' — puts the object «подарки» into the genitive «подарков» under «не». «вовсе» ('at all, utterly') stiffens the denial."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Смердяков","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"Смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of брал","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase да","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"денег","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"direct object of любит","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies любит","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"любит","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with брал","gloss":"loves"},{"surface":"подарков","lemma":"подарок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of брал","gloss":"presents"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of брал","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies брал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"брал","lemma":"брать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"took"}]},{"number":96,"label":"96","id":"b9-c5-s96","source":"Да и за что ему убивать старика?","translation":"And why on earth would he kill the old man?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да и за что ему убивать старика?","title":"Dative «ему» + infinitive of motive; «за что»","body":"'Why would he kill?' is framed impersonally: dative «ему» ('for him') plus the infinitive «убивать» — 'what is there for him to kill for?'. «за что» ('for what reason, what for') asks the motive, and «да и» opens the line with 'and besides'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"Besides"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of убивать","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"logical subject of убивать","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"убивать","lemma":"убивать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"kill"},{"surface":"старика","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of убивать","gloss":"the old man"}]},{"number":97,"label":"97","id":"b9-c5-s97","source":"Ведь он, может быть, сын его, побочный сын, знаете вы это?","translation":"Why, he may be his son, his natural son — did you know that?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ведь он, может быть, сын его","title":"Particle «ведь» introducing a revelation","body":"«ведь» ('why, after all') flags the following as something the listener may not have weighed — 'why, he may be his son'. It softens the bombshell that Smerdyakov is old Karamazov's child into a shared, reasoning aside."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сын","gloss":"Why"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сын","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to сын","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"сын","lemma":"сын","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сын","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"побочный","lemma":"побочный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сын","gloss":"natural"},{"surface":"сын","lemma":"сын","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to сын","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"знаете","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to сын","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of знаете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of знаете","gloss":"that"}]},{"number":98,"label":"98","id":"b9-c5-s98","source":"— Мы слышали эту легенду. Но ведь вот и вы же сын отца вашего, а ведь говорили же всем сами же вы, что хотели убить его.","translation":"\"We have heard that legend. But then you too are your father's son, and yet you yourself told everyone that you wanted to kill him.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вот и вы же сын отца вашего, а ведь говорили же всем сами же вы","title":"Stacked particles «и … же … ведь … же … сами же»","body":"The magistrate piles on emphatic particles to press the parallel home: «вот и» ('here too'), repeated «же» ('precisely'), «ведь» ('after all'), and the intensive «сами же вы» ('you yourself, of all people'). This dense particle-texture is pure spoken Dostoevsky, untranslatable except by stress."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сын отца вашего","title":"Possessive «вашего» after its noun","body":"«отца вашего» places the possessive «вашего» after «отца» (genitive 'of your father'), a bookish, weighty inversion versus the neutral «вашего отца». The genitive «отца» depends on «сын» — 'son of your father'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of слышали","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"слышали","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have heard"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of легенду","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"легенду","lemma":"легенда","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of слышали","gloss":"legend"},{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сын (emphatic, then)","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вы (emphatic)","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вы","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of сын (predicate noun)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вы","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"сын","lemma":"сын","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun of вы","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сын","gloss":"father's"},{"surface":"вашего","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies отца","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and yet"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говорили","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"говорили","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause, coordinated with the вы-сын clause","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говорили","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of говорили","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"modifies вы (intensifier)","gloss":"yourselves"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сами","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of говорили","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of хотели","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"хотели","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of говорили","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"убить","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотели","gloss":"to kill"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of убить","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":99,"label":"99","id":"b9-c5-s99","source":"— Камень в огород! И камень низкий, скверный! Не боюсь!","translation":"\"A stone into my garden! And a low, vile stone at that! I'm not afraid!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"камень в огород","title":"Idiom: a stone into someone's garden","body":"Бросить камень в чей-то огород ('to throw a stone into someone's vegetable garden') means to aim a veiled jibe or pointed reproach at a person — we render it 'a stone into my garden.' Mitya feels the lawyers have turned his own past words against him."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"И камень низкий, скверный!","title":"Verbless exclamation, adjectives postposed","body":"No copula is needed: «камень низкий, скверный» — '[it's] a low, vile stone'. The long-form adjectives follow the noun for emphatic, almost spat-out effect, and «низкий» ('low, base') carries the same moral sense as «нижайший» earlier."}],"words":[{"surface":"Камень","lemma":"камень","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase (elliptical exclamation)","gloss":"a stone","note":"\"Камень в огород\" is an idiom for a barb or dig aimed at someone."},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking огород","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"огород","lemma":"огород","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition в","gloss":"garden"},{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"камень","lemma":"камень","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of низкий (elliptical predication)","gloss":"a stone"},{"surface":"низкий","lemma":"низкий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective of камень","gloss":"low"},{"surface":"скверный","lemma":"скверный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with низкий","gloss":"vile"},{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies боюсь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"боюсь","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"am afraid"}]},{"number":100,"label":"100","id":"b9-c5-s100","source":"О господа, может быть, вам слишком подло мне же в глаза говорить это!","translation":"Oh, gentlemen, perhaps it is too base of you to say this to my very face!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вам слишком подло … говорить это","title":"Dative «вам» + short adjective «подло»","body":"An impersonal evaluation: dative «вам» ('for you') plus the neuter short adjective «подло» ('it is base') plus the infinitive — 'it is too base of you to say this'. This dative-subject + predicative-adverb frame is everywhere in the novel's moral arguments."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мне же в глаза","title":"Idiom: «в глаза» — to one's face","body":"«говорить в глаза» means to say something straight to a person's face. The added «мне же» ('to me, of all people') with emphatic «же» sharpens Mitya's sense of insult."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation introducing господа","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of parenthetical 'может быть' (perhaps), modifies подло","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может, forms 'может быть'","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"dative experiencer of подло","gloss":"of you"},{"surface":"слишком","lemma":"слишком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подло","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"подло","lemma":"подло","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of the impersonal construction","gloss":"base"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"dative marking whose глаза (my face)","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мне (emphatic)","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глаза","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"object of preposition в, adverbial 'to my face'","gloss":"face","note":"\"В глаза\" is an idiom meaning right to someone's face."},{"surface":"говорить","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of подло","gloss":"to say"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of говорить","gloss":"this"}]},{"number":101,"label":"101","id":"b9-c5-s101","source":"Потому подло, что я это сам говорил вам.","translation":"Base, because it was I myself who told you of it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я это сам говорил вам","title":"Intensive «сам»: 'I myself'","body":"«сам» ('myself, of my own') agrees with the subject «я» and stresses that Mitya was the very source of the damning words. Combined with the imperfective «говорил» (the repeated 'told'), it underscores the self-incrimination he now regrets."}],"words":[{"surface":"Потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"correlative adverb paired with что, modifies подло","gloss":"for this"},{"surface":"подло","lemma":"подло","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of the sentence","gloss":"base"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of говорил, completes потому...что (because)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of говорил","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies я (intensifier)","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of подло","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of говорил","gloss":"you"}]},{"number":102,"label":"102","id":"b9-c5-s102","source":"Не только хотел, но и мог убить, да еще на себя добровольно натащил, что чуть не убил!","translation":"Not only did I want to, I could have killed him, and on top of that I took it upon myself, of my own accord, to confess that I almost did!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не только хотел, но и мог убить","title":"Correlative «не только … но и»","body":"«не только … но и» ('not only … but also') links the two confessions — wanting and being able. Here «не только» negates only the first member, not the verb's truth; both 'wanted' and 'could' are affirmed."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"на себя добровольно натащил","title":"«натащить на себя» — to bring upon oneself","body":"«натащить на себя» (lit. 'to drag onto oneself') means to take a burden or charge upon oneself voluntarily. With «себя» pointing back to Mitya and «добровольно» ('of my own accord'), he stresses that he confessed unprompted that he 'almost did it'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of 'не только...но и' correlative, modifies хотел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of 'не только' correlative","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"хотел","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wanted","note":"Убить elliptically completes both хотел and мог."},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of 'но и' correlative, modifies мог","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with хотел","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"убить","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"kill"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies натащил","gloss":"moreover"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of натащил","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"добровольно","lemma":"добровольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies натащил","gloss":"voluntarily"},{"surface":"натащил","lemma":"натащить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with хотел/мог","gloss":"heaped on"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of убил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"чуть","lemma":"чуть","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies убил","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies убил, part of чуть не (almost)","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of натащил","gloss":"killed"}]},{"number":103,"label":"103","id":"b9-c5-s103","source":"Но ведь не убил же его, ведь спас же меня ангел-хранитель мой — вот этого-то вы и не взяли в соображение…","translation":"But I didn't kill him, did I — my guardian angel saved me — and that's the very thing you've not taken into account...","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Но ведь не убил же его, ведь спас же меня ангел-хранитель","title":"Particles «ведь … же» across both clauses","body":"Each clause is bracketed by «ведь» ('but surely') and «же» (emphatic): 'but I did NOT kill him, my guardian angel DID save me'. The piled particles convey Mitya's pleading insistence on the one fact that matters."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вот этого-то вы и не взяли в соображение","title":"Emphatic clitic «-то» + «вот … и»","body":"The clitic «-то» on «этого» topicalizes and stresses the known point — 'that very thing'. The «вот … и» frame ('that's just what…') singles it out as precisely the thing the investigators overlooked."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies убил","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies убил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"killed"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies убил","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of убил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the explanatory clause of спас","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"спас","lemma":"спасти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"explanatory clause","gloss":"saved"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies спас","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of спас","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ангел","lemma":"ангел","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спас","gloss":"angel"},{"surface":"хранитель","lemma":"хранитель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in compound with ангел (ангел-хранитель)","gloss":"guardian"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ангел-хранитель","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies этого","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of взяли (genitive under negation)","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic enclitic attached to этого","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of взяли","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies взяли","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies взяли","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"взяли","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"taken"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking соображение","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"соображение","lemma":"соображение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of взяли","gloss":"account"}]},{"number":104,"label":"104","id":"b9-c5-s104","source":"А потому вам и подло, подло!","translation":"And that is why it's base of you, base!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А потому вам и подло, подло!","title":"«потому» causal + dative «вам» evaluation","body":"«а потому» ('and therefore') draws the conclusion; «вам … подло» repeats the impersonal dative-subject judgment — 'it is base of you'. The doubled «подло, подло» is Dostoevsky's signature emotive repetition."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подло","gloss":"that's why"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"dative experiencer of подло","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies подло (emphatic)","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"подло","lemma":"подло","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of the sentence","gloss":"base"},{"surface":"подло","lemma":"подло","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with подло (repeated for emphasis)","gloss":"base"}]},{"number":105,"label":"105","id":"b9-c5-s105","source":"Потому что я не убил, не убил, не убил!","translation":"Because I did not kill him, did not kill him, did not kill him!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не убил, не убил, не убил","title":"Negation «не» + perfective past, tripled","body":"The triple «не убил» ('I did not kill', perfective) hammers the single completed non-event. The threefold repetition is a deliberate rhetorical and almost incantatory device, central to Mitya's anguished self-defence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of 'потому что' (because), introduces the reason clause","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase Потому","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of убил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies убил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the reason clause","gloss":"killed"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies убил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"repeated for emphasis, coordinated with убил","gloss":"killed"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies убил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"repeated for emphasis, coordinated with убил","gloss":"killed"}]},{"number":106,"label":"106","id":"b9-c5-s106","source":"Слышите, прокурор: не убил!","translation":"Do you hear, prosecutor: I did not kill him!\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Слышите","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do you hear"},{"surface":"прокурор","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"prosecutor"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies убил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"quoted clause following Слышите","gloss":"killed"}]},{"number":107,"label":"107","id":"b9-c5-s107","source":"Он чуть не задохся.","translation":"He nearly choked.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"чуть не задохся","title":"«чуть не» + «задохнуться» — nearly choked","body":"«чуть не» ('almost, very nearly') plus a perfective past names an event that almost happened but did not — 'he nearly choked'. «задохся» is a colloquial/older past of «задохнуться» (modern «задохнулся»), 'to suffocate, gasp', conveying Mitya's breathless agitation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of задохся","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"чуть","lemma":"чуть","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of 'чуть не' (almost), modifies задохся","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies задохся, part of чуть не","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"задохся","lemma":"задохнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"choked"}]},{"number":108,"label":"108","id":"b9-c5-s108","source":"Во всё время допроса он еще ни разу не был в таком волнении.","translation":"In all the time of the interrogation he had not once been in such agitation.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"еще ни разу не был в таком волнении","title":"Negative concord: «ни разу … не»","body":"«ни разу … не был» — 'had not once been' — shows negative concord: the «ни»-phrase «ни разу» ('not a single time') co-occurs with the verbal «не», two negatives expressing one. «в таком волнении» (prepositional) names the state he was in."}],"words":[{"surface":"Во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking время","gloss":"during"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition во, adverbial of time modifying был","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"допроса","lemma":"допрос","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies время","gloss":"interrogation"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies разу","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies разу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"разу","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial modifying был (ни разу = not once)","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies был","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, masculine, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking волнении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"таком","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of волнении","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"волнении","lemma":"волнение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition в, predicate complement of был","gloss":"agitation"}]},{"number":109,"label":"109","id":"b9-c5-s109","source":"— А что он вам сказал, господа, Смердяков-то? — заключил он вдруг, помолчав. — Могу я про это спросить у вас?","translation":"\"And what did he tell you, gentlemen, Smerdyakov?\" he concluded suddenly, after a pause. \"May I ask you about that?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Смердяков-то","title":"Topic-marking clitic «-то»","body":"The clitic «-то» tacks onto «Смердяков» to flag him as the known topic just resumed — 'Smerdyakov, you know, that one'. It is the emphatic, topic-tracking «-то», distinct from the indefinite «-то» of «кто-то»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"заключил он вдруг, помолчав","title":"Perfective gerund «помолчав»","body":"«помолчав» is a perfective past gerund from «помолчать» ('to be silent a while'), naming the completed pause that preceded the speech — 'after a pause, having fallen silent'. The «по-» prefix gives the verb its bounded 'for a while' sense."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сказал","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of сказал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"Смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to он (clarifies who he is)","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic enclitic attached to Смердяков","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"заключил","lemma":"заключить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"reporting verb (quotative), governs the quoted question","gloss":"concluded"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заключил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заключил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"помолчав","lemma":"помолчать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on заключил","gloss":"after pausing"},{"surface":"Могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the new quoted sentence","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Могу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking это","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of спросить","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"спросить","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of Могу","gloss":"ask"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of спросить","gloss":"you"}]},{"number":110,"label":"110","id":"b9-c5-s110","source":"— Вы обо всем нас можете спрашивать, — с холодным и строгим видом ответил прокурор, — обо всем, что касается фактической стороны дела, а мы, повторяю это, даже обязаны удовлетворять вас на каждый вопрос.","translation":"\"You may ask us about anything,\" the prosecutor answered with a cold and severe air, \"about anything that concerns the factual side of the case, and we, I repeat, are even obliged to satisfy you on every question.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"с холодным и строгим видом","title":"Instrumental of manner: «с … видом»","body":"«с холодным и строгим видом» ('with a cold and severe air') is the instrumental after «с», describing the manner of answering; the adjectives «холодным», «строгим» agree in the instrumental. It is the standard way Russian attaches a demeanour to a speech verb."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"даже обязаны удовлетворять вас","title":"Short adjective «обязаны» + infinitive","body":"«обязаны» is the short-form predicate adjective 'obliged, bound', agreeing in the plural with the implied 'we', and taking an infinitive «удовлетворять» ('to satisfy'). Short forms like «обязан/обязана/обязаны» are the normal way to say 'must, am obliged'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of можете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"обо","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всем","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of спрашивать","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of спрашивать","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"можете","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"спрашивать","lemma":"спрашивать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of можете","gloss":"ask"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking видом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"холодным","lemma":"холодный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies видом","gloss":"cold"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"строгим","lemma":"строгий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with холодным","gloss":"severe"},{"surface":"видом","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ответил","gloss":"air"},{"surface":"ответил","lemma":"ответить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"reporting verb of the sentence","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"прокурор","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ответил","gloss":"prosecutor"},{"surface":"обо","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всем","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of спрашивать (quote resumed)","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of касается","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"касается","lemma":"касаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on всем","gloss":"concerns"},{"surface":"фактической","lemma":"фактический","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies стороны","gloss":"factual"},{"surface":"стороны","lemma":"сторона","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of касается","gloss":"side"},{"surface":"дела","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies стороны","gloss":"case"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of обязаны","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"повторяю","lemma":"повторять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause (I repeat), subject я elided","gloss":"I repeat"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of повторяю","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies обязаны","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"обязаны","lemma":"обязанный","morphology":"adjective, plural (short form)","role":"main predicate of the мы-clause, coordinated via а","gloss":"obliged"},{"surface":"удовлетворять","lemma":"удовлетворять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of обязаны","gloss":"satisfy"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of удовлетворять","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вопрос","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"каждый","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of вопрос","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"вопрос","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of удовлетворять","gloss":"question"}]},{"number":111,"label":"111","id":"b9-c5-s111","source":"Мы нашли слугу Смердякова, о котором вы спрашиваете, лежащим без памяти на своей постеле в чрезвычайно сильном, может быть, в десятый раз сряду повторявшемся припадке падучей болезни.","translation":"We found the servant Smerdyakov, about whom you ask, lying unconscious on his bed in an exceedingly violent fit of the falling sickness — perhaps the tenth in a row.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"о котором вы спрашиваете","title":"Relative «о котором» in the prepositional","body":"The relative «который» here takes the prepositional case after «о» ('about whom you ask'), agreeing with «слугу Смердякова» in gender/number but taking the case its own clause demands — a textbook «который» relative."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"лежащим без памяти","title":"Present active participle in the instrumental","body":"«нашли … лежащим» — 'found him lying' — uses the present active participle «лежащий» in the instrumental to predicate a state of the object after «найти». «повторявшемся» (a past active participle, 'recurring') likewise agrees with «припадке». Such participial layering is the bookish texture of the prosecutor's report."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"без памяти … припадок падучей болезни","title":"«без памяти», «припадок», «падучая»","body":"«без памяти» = 'unconscious' (lit. 'without memory'); «припадок» = 'a fit, seizure'; «падучая болезнь» = the falling sickness (epilepsy). On «постеле» note the older locative «-е» of «постель» (modern «постели»). Together they sketch Smerdyakov's clinical collapse in period medical terms."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of нашли","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"нашли","lemma":"найти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"слугу","lemma":"слуга","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of нашли","gloss":"servant"},{"surface":"Смердякова","lemma":"Смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies слугу","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking котором","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"котором","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of спрашиваете","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of спрашиваете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"спрашиваете","lemma":"спрашивать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"relative clause on слугу","gloss":"ask"},{"surface":"лежащим","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, instrumental, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of нашли","gloss":"lying"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking памяти","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"памяти","lemma":"память","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of лежащим","gloss":"consciousness"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking постеле","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of постеле","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"постеле","lemma":"постель","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of лежащим","gloss":"bed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сильном","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"чрезвычайно","lemma":"чрезвычайно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сильном","gloss":"exceedingly"},{"surface":"сильном","lemma":"сильный","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies припадке","gloss":"violent"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical 'может быть' (perhaps)","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз, adverbial of iteration","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"десятый","lemma":"десятый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"tenth"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of повторявшемся","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"сряду","lemma":"сряду","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies повторявшемся","gloss":"in a row"},{"surface":"повторявшемся","lemma":"повторяться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, locative, imperfective","role":"modifies припадке","gloss":"recurring"},{"surface":"припадке","lemma":"припадок","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition в, adverbial complement of лежащим","gloss":"fit"},{"surface":"падучей","lemma":"падучая","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies болезни","gloss":"falling"},{"surface":"болезни","lemma":"болезнь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"genitive complement of припадке","gloss":"sickness"}]},{"number":112,"label":"112","id":"b9-c5-s112","source":"Медик, бывший с нами, освидетельствовав больного, сказал даже нам, что он не доживет, может быть, и до утра.","translation":"The physician who was with us, having examined the patient, even told us that he might not live till morning.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"освидетельствовав больного","title":"Perfective gerund + substantivized adjective","body":"«освидетельствовав» is a perfective past gerund ('having examined') sharing the doctor's subject. Its object «больного» is a substantivized adjective — 'the sick one, the patient' — declined like an animate accusative."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Медик","title":"«медик» — the medical man","body":"«медик» is a slightly informal/period word for a doctor or medical practitioner (alongside «врач», «доктор»). It suits the on-the-spot, makeshift examination at the crime scene."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не доживёт … и до утра","title":"Perfective future + «до» + genitive","body":"«не доживёт до утра» — 'will not live until morning' — uses the perfective future «доживёт» (prefix «до-» 'up to a limit') with «до» + genitive «утра». The «и» is 'even' — 'might not even live till morning'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Медик","lemma":"медик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"physician"},{"surface":"бывший","lemma":"бывший","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"clause modifying Медик","gloss":"who was"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"нами","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of бывший","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"освидетельствовав","lemma":"освидетельствовать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on сказал","gloss":"having examined"},{"surface":"больного","lemma":"больной","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of освидетельствовав","gloss":"the patient"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нам","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of сказал","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of доживет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of доживет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies доживет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"доживет","lemma":"дожить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of сказал","gloss":"would live"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical 'может быть' (perhaps), modifies доживет","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies до утра (emphatic)","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking утра","gloss":"till"},{"surface":"утра","lemma":"утро","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of доживет","gloss":"morning"}]},{"number":113,"label":"113","id":"b9-c5-s113","source":"— Ну, в таком случае отца черт убил! — сорвалось вдруг у Мити, как будто он даже до сей минуты спрашивал всё себя: «Смердяков или не Смердяков?»","translation":"\"Well, in that case the devil killed my father!\" the words suddenly burst from Mitya, as though even up to this minute he had still been asking himself: 'Smerdyakov or not Smerdyakov?'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сорвалось вдруг у Мити","title":"Impersonal «сорвалось у Мити»: the words burst out","body":"'The words burst from Mitya' is framed as «сорвалось … у Мити» — the neuter «-ся» verb «сорваться» ('to break loose, slip out') with «у» + genitive «у Мити» locating the involuntary utterance in him. The construction makes the outburst happen *to* Mitya rather than by his will."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"до сей минуты","title":"Archaic «сей» — 'this very'","body":"«сей» is the bookish, archaic demonstrative 'this' (here feminine genitive «сей минуты», 'this minute'). It survives in fixed phrases like «до сих пор» and «сию минуту» and lends the narration a period-elevated, almost legal cadence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse particle introducing the sentence","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking случае","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"таком","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of случае","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"случае","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of убил","gloss":"case"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of убил","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"черт","lemma":"чёрт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of убил","gloss":"devil"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted sentence","gloss":"killed"},{"surface":"сорвалось","lemma":"сорваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"burst out"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сорвалось","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Мити","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Мити","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сорвалось","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparative clause, part of 'как будто'","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спрашивал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies минуты","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуты","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"сей","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуты","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"минуты","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of спрашивал","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"спрашивал","lemma":"спрашивать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"comparative clause introduced by как будто","gloss":"had been asking"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спрашивал","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of спрашивал","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"Смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"quoted alternative question (first option)","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Смердяков","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"Смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Смердяков (second option)","gloss":"Smerdyakov"}]},{"number":114,"label":"114","id":"b9-c5-s114","source":"— Мы еще к этому факту воротимся, — порешил Николай Парфенович, — теперь же не пожелаете ли вы продолжать ваше показание далее.","translation":"\"We shall return to this fact later,\" Nikolai Parfenovich decided. \"For now, would you not care to continue your testimony further.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не пожелаете ли вы продолжать","title":"Polite «не … ли» offer","body":"«не пожелаете ли вы…» is the courteous, deferential question frame — 'would you not care to…'. The «не … ли» softens a request into an invitation, fitting Nikolai Parfenovich's punctilious manner, and governs the imperfective infinitive «продолжать»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"к этому факту воротимся","title":"«воротиться» + «к» + dative","body":"«воротимся» is the older/folksier perfective future of «воротиться» ('to return', modern «вернёмся»), governing «к» + dative «к … факту» ('to this fact'). Both the verb form and the construction are period-flavoured legal speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of воротимся","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies воротимся","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking факту","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"этому","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of факту","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"факту","lemma":"факт","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of воротимся","gloss":"fact"},{"surface":"воротимся","lemma":"воротиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shall return"},{"surface":"порешил","lemma":"порешить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"reporting verb (quotative)","gloss":"decided"},{"surface":"Николай","lemma":"Николай","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of порешил","gloss":"Nikolai"},{"surface":"Парфенович","lemma":"Парфёнович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Николай (patronymic)","gloss":"Parfenovich"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пожелаете","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies теперь","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пожелаете","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"пожелаете","lemma":"пожелать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the new quoted sentence","gloss":"would you care"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пожелаете (interrogative)","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of пожелаете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"продолжать","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of пожелаете","gloss":"continue"},{"surface":"ваше","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of показание","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"показание","lemma":"показание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of продолжать","gloss":"testimony"},{"surface":"далее","lemma":"далее","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies продолжать","gloss":"further"}]},{"number":115,"label":"115","id":"b9-c5-s115","source":"Митя попросил отдохнуть.","translation":"Mitya asked to rest.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"попросил отдохнуть","title":"Verb + bare infinitive of request","body":"«попросил отдохнуть» — 'asked to rest' — links perfective «попросить» directly to the perfective infinitive «отдохнуть» with no «чтобы», the normal pattern when the asker is also the would-be doer."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of попросил","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"попросил","lemma":"попросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"отдохнуть","lemma":"отдохнуть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of попросил","gloss":"to rest"}]},{"number":116,"label":"116","id":"b9-c5-s116","source":"Ему вежливо позволили.","translation":"He was courteously permitted to.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ему вежливо позволили","title":"Dative «ему» + impersonal 3rd-plural 'they permitted'","body":"'He was permitted' is rendered with the dative «ему» (the one allowed) and an agentless 3rd-person-plural verb «позволили» ('they permitted') — Russian's common way of saying 'one permitted him / he was permitted' without naming a subject."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of позволили","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"вежливо","lemma":"вежливо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies позволили","gloss":"politely"},{"surface":"позволили","lemma":"позволить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"allowed"}]},{"number":117,"label":"117","id":"b9-c5-s117","source":"Отдохнув, он стал продолжать.","translation":"Having rested, he began to go on.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Отдохнув, он стал продолжать","title":"Perfective gerund «отдохнув» + «стать» + imperfective","body":"«Отдохнув» is a perfective gerund ('having rested'), naming the prior completed action before «стал продолжать» ('began to go on'). «стать» + imperfective infinitive marks the onset of an ongoing activity."}],"words":[{"surface":"Отдохнув","lemma":"отдохнуть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on стал","gloss":"having rested"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"продолжать","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"to continue"}]},{"number":118,"label":"118","id":"b9-c5-s118","source":"Но было ему видимо тяжело.","translation":"But it was visibly hard for him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"было ему видимо тяжело","title":"Dative subject + predicative «тяжело»","body":"An impersonal construction: dative «ему» ('to him') plus the neuter predicative «тяжело» ('hard, heavy'), with past «было» supplying the tense — 'it was hard for him'. «видимо» ('evidently, visibly') modifies the whole. This experiencer-in-the-dative frame is the very grammar of Dostoevskian inner suffering."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, neuter, imperfective","role":"copula linking to тяжело","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"dative experiencer of тяжело","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"видимо","lemma":"видимо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies тяжело","gloss":"visibly"},{"surface":"тяжело","lemma":"тяжёлый","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"predicate adjective (impersonal)","gloss":"hard"}]},{"number":119,"label":"119","id":"b9-c5-s119","source":"Он был измучен, оскорблен и потрясен нравственно.","translation":"He was exhausted, affronted, and morally shaken.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"был измучен, оскорблён и потрясён нравственно","title":"Short passive participles forming a passive","body":"«измучен», «оскорблён», «потрясён» are short-form past passive participles joined to «был» to state Mitya's resulting condition — 'was exhausted, affronted, shaken'. «нравственно» ('morally') qualifies «потрясён», locating the shock in the moral sphere."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of passive измучен","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of измучен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"измучен","lemma":"измучить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"exhausted"},{"surface":"оскорблен","lemma":"оскорбить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with измучен","gloss":"affronted"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"потрясен","lemma":"потрясти","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with измучен","gloss":"shaken"},{"surface":"нравственно","lemma":"нравственно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies потрясен","gloss":"morally"}]},{"number":120,"label":"120","id":"b9-c5-s120","source":"К тому же прокурор, теперь уже точно нарочно, стал поминутно раздражать его прицепкой к «мелочам».","translation":"On top of that the prosecutor, now plainly on purpose, began to irritate him at every minute by carping at \"trifles.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"стал поминутно раздражать его прицепкой к «мелочам»","title":"Instrumental of means «прицепкой»","body":"«раздражать … прицепкой» uses the instrumental «прицепкой» ('by carping/nit-picking') as the means of the irritation — 'began to irritate him by carping'. «прицепка к мелочам» is 'fault-finding over trifles', «к» + dative «мелочам» naming what he latched onto."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"поминутно","title":"«поминутно» — every minute, incessantly","body":"«поминутно» (from «по» + «минута») means 'every minute, at every moment, incessantly'. It conveys how relentlessly the prosecutor needled Mitya, building the chapter's sense of grinding pressure."}],"words":[{"surface":"К","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom к тому же (\"on top of that\")","gloss":"on top of"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom к тому же","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom к тому же","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"прокурор","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стал","gloss":"the prosecutor"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нарочно","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies точно","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нарочно","gloss":"plainly"},{"surface":"нарочно","lemma":"нарочно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раздражать","gloss":"on purpose"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"поминутно","lemma":"поминутно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раздражать","gloss":"every minute"},{"surface":"раздражать","lemma":"раздражать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"irritate"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of раздражать","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"прицепкой","lemma":"прицепка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of раздражать","gloss":"by carping"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мелочам","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"мелочам","lemma":"мелочь","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of раздражать","gloss":"trifles"}]},{"number":121,"label":"121","id":"b9-c5-s121","source":"Едва только Митя описал, как он, сидя верхом на заборе, ударил по голове пестиком вцепившегося в его левую ногу Григория и затем тотчас же соскочил к поверженному, как прокурор остановил его и попросил описать подробнее, как он сидел на заборе.","translation":"Mitya had scarcely begun describing how, sitting astride the fence, he had struck Grigory — who had seized his left leg — over the head with the pestle, and then at once leapt down to the fallen man, when the prosecutor stopped him and asked him to describe in more detail how he had been sitting on the fence.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Едва только Митя описал… как прокурор остановил его","title":"«едва… как» — no sooner than","body":"The correlative «едва только… как» means 'scarcely had X happened when Y'. Both verbs are perfective («описал», «остановил»), staging two completed events in tight succession — the signature way Russian narrates a sudden interruption."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сидя верхом на заборе","title":"Imperfective gerund «сидя»","body":"«сидя» is a present (imperfective) деепричастие, 'sitting / while sitting', describing a state simultaneous with the main verb «ударил». It must share the main subject (Mitya), and it opens the long subordinate chain that the prosecutor will pick apart."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вцепившегося в его левую ногу Григория","title":"Past active participle modifying Grigory","body":"«вцепившегося» is a past active participle (from «вцепиться», to dig/clutch into) in the animate accusative, agreeing with «Григория»: 'Grigory, who had seized into his left leg'. The participle precedes its noun in dense bookish word order, compressing a whole который-clause into one modifier."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пестиком","title":"«пестик» — the pestle","body":"The brass «пестик» (pestle) is the murder weapon Mitya snatched up; the instrumental ending «-ом» here marks it as the instrument of the blow. It recurs as a near-talismanic object in the trial."}],"words":[{"surface":"Едва","lemma":"едва","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the clause of описал","gloss":"Scarcely"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase Едва","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of описал","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"описал","lemma":"описать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"described"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ударил","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ударил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"сидя","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on ударил","gloss":"sitting"},{"surface":"верхом","lemma":"верхом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сидя","gloss":"astride"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking заборе","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"заборе","lemma":"забор","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сидя","gloss":"the fence"},{"surface":"ударил","lemma":"ударить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of описал","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking голове","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"голове","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ударил","gloss":"the head"},{"surface":"пестиком","lemma":"пестик","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of ударил","gloss":"with the pestle"},{"surface":"вцепившегося","lemma":"вцепиться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, perfective","role":"clause modifying Григория","gloss":"who had seized"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ногу","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ногу","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"левую","lemma":"левый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ногу","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"ногу","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вцепившегося","gloss":"leg"},{"surface":"Григория","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of ударил","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"затем","lemma":"затем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies соскочил","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies соскочил","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"соскочил","lemma":"соскочить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with ударил","gloss":"leapt down"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking поверженному","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"поверженному","lemma":"поверженный","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, dative, singular, perfective, used substantively","role":"oblique complement of соскочил","gloss":"the fallen man"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of остановил","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"прокурор","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of остановил","gloss":"the prosecutor"},{"surface":"остановил","lemma":"остановить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of соскочил","gloss":"stopped"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of остановил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"попросил","lemma":"попросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with остановил","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"описать","lemma":"описать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of попросил","gloss":"to describe"},{"surface":"подробнее","lemma":"подробно","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies описать","gloss":"in more detail"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сидел","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сидел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"сидел","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of описать","gloss":"had been sitting"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking заборе","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"заборе","lemma":"забор","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сидел","gloss":"the fence"}]},{"number":122,"label":"122","id":"b9-c5-s122","source":"Митя удивился.","translation":"Mitya was surprised.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"удивился","title":"Reflexive «-ся» as change of state","body":"«удивиться» (perfective) carries the bound particle «-ся»: not 'surprised himself' but the middle/intransitive 'became surprised'. A vast class of Russian emotion verbs works this way (обрадоваться, рассердиться, испугаться)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of удивился","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"удивился","lemma":"удивиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was surprised"}]},{"number":123,"label":"123","id":"b9-c5-s123","source":"— Ну, вот так сидел, верхом сидел, одна нога там, другая тут…","translation":"\"Well, I sat like this, astride, one leg there, the other here…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"одна нога там, другая тут","title":"Zero copula in the present","body":"'One leg there, the other here' has no verb at all — Russian supplies no 'is' in the present, so the nominative subjects stand bare. The clipped, verbless phrasing mimics Mitya gesturing as he speaks."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"Well"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сидел","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"сидел","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I sat"},{"surface":"верхом","lemma":"верхом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сидел (second)","gloss":"astride"},{"surface":"сидел","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сидел (first), restates it","gloss":"sat"},{"surface":"одна","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies нога","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"нога","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with сидел","gloss":"leg"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нога","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"другая","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with нога","gloss":"the other"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies другая","gloss":"here"}]},{"number":124,"label":"124","id":"b9-c5-s124","source":"— А пестик?","translation":"\"And the pestle?\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"пестик","lemma":"пестик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"the pestle"}]},{"number":125,"label":"125","id":"b9-c5-s125","source":"— Пестик в руках.","translation":"\"The pestle was in my hand.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Пестик в руках","title":"Verbless locative answer","body":"'The pestle [was] in [my] hands' again drops the copula; «в руках» is the prepositional case after «в» marking location. The whole curt exchange (s124–s125) runs on these zero-verb fragments."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пестик","lemma":"пестик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"The pestle"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руках","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"руках","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"modifies Пестик","gloss":"my hands"}]},{"number":126,"label":"126","id":"b9-c5-s126","source":"— Не в кармане? Вы это так подробно помните? Что ж, вы сильно размахнулись рукой?","translation":"\"Not in your pocket? You remember it as precisely as that? Well then, did you swing your arm hard?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что ж, вы сильно размахнулись рукой?","title":"Particle «ж» (же) softening the turn","body":"«Что ж» is «что же» reduced: the particle «же» here marks a conversational pivot, 'well then…', easing into the next pointed question. Such particles carry the tone English would render with intonation alone."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"размахнулись рукой","title":"Instrumental of the body part","body":"«рукой» is instrumental — you swing 'with the arm' as the means of the motion. Russian routinely puts the limb doing the action in the instrumental (кивнуть головой, топнуть ногой)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кармане","gloss":"Not"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кармане","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"кармане","lemma":"карман","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"your pocket"},{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of помните","gloss":"You"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of помните","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подробно","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"подробно","lemma":"подробно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies помните","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"помните","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remember"},{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom Что ж (\"well then\")","gloss":"Well"},{"surface":"ж","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom Что ж","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of размахнулись","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сильно","lemma":"сильно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies размахнулись","gloss":"hard"},{"surface":"размахнулись","lemma":"размахнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did you swing"},{"surface":"рукой","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of размахнулись","gloss":"your arm"}]},{"number":127,"label":"127","id":"b9-c5-s127","source":"— Должно быть, что сильно, а вам это зачем?","translation":"\"Hard, I suppose — but why do you need to know that?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Должно быть, что сильно","title":"«должно быть» — impersonal supposition","body":"«Должно быть» ('it must be', 'probably') is a frozen impersonal modal phrase with neuter «должно» and no subject — a hallmark of Russia's subjectless, experiencer-leaning syntax."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"а вам это зачем?","title":"Contrastive «а» plus dative «вам»","body":"«а» is the mild contrastive 'and/but' swinging the topic back at the questioner, and «вам» is a dative experiencer: literally 'but to-you what's this for?' — i.e. 'why do you need this?'. The dative-of-the-affected-person is the natural Russian frame here."}],"words":[{"surface":"Должно","lemma":"должно","morphology":"predicative, impersonal","role":"part of the idiom должно быть (\"presumably\")","gloss":"Must"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of Должно","gloss":"have been"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause сильно","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"сильно","lemma":"сильно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the elided verb (ударили), clausal complement of Должно","gloss":"hard"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"experiencer of зачем","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of зачем","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"why"}]},{"number":128,"label":"128","id":"b9-c5-s128","source":"— Если б вы сели на стул точно так, как тогда на заборе, и представили бы нам наглядно, для уяснения, как и куда размахнулись, в какую сторону?","translation":"\"Would you mind sitting down on a chair exactly the way you sat then on the fence, and showing us plainly, so we understand, how and in which direction you swung — toward what side?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Если б вы сели на стул… и представили бы нам","title":"Conditional «бы» as polite request","body":"Past-tense verbs «сели… представили» plus the particle «бы» (here clipped to «б») build the irrealis: not a real condition but a softened, deferential request, 'would you mind sitting…'. The hypothetical mood is the prosecutor's smooth courtroom courtesy."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"наглядно, для уяснения","title":"«наглядно» / «уяснение» — bureaucratic register","body":"'Visually/plainly' and '(for) clarification' are dry, almost official words — the cool procedural diction of the magistrate, set against Mitya's hot colloquial outbursts."}],"words":[{"surface":"Если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сели","gloss":"If"},{"surface":"б","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"conditional marker of сели","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of сели","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сели","lemma":"сесть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sat down"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стул","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"стул","lemma":"стул","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сели","gloss":"a chair"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies так","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сели","gloss":"the way"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сидел","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сидел","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking заборе","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"заборе","lemma":"забор","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сидел (elided)","gloss":"the fence"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"представили","lemma":"представить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with сели","gloss":"showed"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"conditional marker of представили","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of представили","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"наглядно","lemma":"наглядно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies представили","gloss":"plainly"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking уяснения","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"уяснения","lemma":"уяснение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of представили","gloss":"understanding"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of размахнулись","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"куда","lemma":"куда","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with как","gloss":"in which direction"},{"surface":"размахнулись","lemma":"размахнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, second, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of уяснения","gloss":"you swung"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сторону","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"какую","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of сторону","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"сторону","lemma":"сторона","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of размахнулись","gloss":"side"}]},{"number":129,"label":"129","id":"b9-c5-s129","source":"— Да уж вы не насмехаетесь ли надо мной? — спросил Митя, высокомерно глянув на допросчика, но тот не мигнул даже глазом.","translation":"\"Are you mocking me, by any chance?\" Mitya asked, glancing haughtily at his interrogator; but the man did not so much as blink an eye.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да уж вы не насмехаетесь ли надо мной?","title":"«не… ли» — incredulous yes/no question","body":"The frame «не… ли» fronts the doubted verb and tags it with the interrogative particle «ли»: 'you're not mocking me, are you?'. Stacked with «да уж», it conveys Mitya's suspicious, half-affronted tone."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"высокомерно глянув на допросчика","title":"Perfective gerund «глянув»","body":"«глянув» is a perfective past gerund (from «глянуть», to glance), 'having glanced / with a glance', expressing a brief action attendant on «спросил». The perfective gerund typically marks a prior or punctual side-action."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"не мигнул даже глазом","title":"Idiom: «не мигнуть глазом»","body":"'Did not so much as blink an eye' — a set idiom for perfect, unruffled composure. «глазом» is instrumental ('with an eye'), and «даже» heightens it: the magistrate stays utterly impassive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom да уж (\"by any chance\")","gloss":"Well"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom да уж","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of насмехаетесь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies насмехаетесь, forms yes/no question with ли","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"насмехаетесь","lemma":"насмехаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are mocking"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"question particle on насмехаетесь","gloss":"(question)"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мной","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"мной","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of насмехаетесь","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"спросил","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to насмехаетесь","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спросил","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"высокомерно","lemma":"высокомерно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies глянув","gloss":"haughtily"},{"surface":"глянув","lemma":"глянуть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on спросил","gloss":"glancing"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking допросчика","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"допросчика","lemma":"допросчик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of глянув","gloss":"his interrogator"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мигнул","gloss":"the man"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мигнул","gloss":"did not"},{"surface":"мигнул","lemma":"мигнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with спросил","gloss":"blink"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies глазом","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"глазом","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of мигнул","gloss":"an eye"}]},{"number":130,"label":"130","id":"b9-c5-s130","source":"Митя судорожно повернулся, сел верхом на стул и размахнулся рукой:","translation":"Mitya turned convulsively, sat astride the chair, and swung his arm:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"повернулся, сел верхом на стул и размахнулся","title":"Chain of perfectives moving the action","body":"Three perfective past verbs in a row — «повернулся… сел… размахнулся» — march the narrative forward as discrete completed acts, the foreground rhythm of event-by-event storytelling. Two carry «-ся» as middle/change-of-state markers."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"судорожно","title":"«судорожно» — convulsively","body":"From «судорога» (a cramp, spasm), the adverb paints Mitya's jerky, almost spasmodic movement — a recurring physical key to his frayed, overwrought state in this scene."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of повернулся","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"судорожно","lemma":"судорожно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies повернулся","gloss":"convulsively"},{"surface":"повернулся","lemma":"повернуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"сел","lemma":"сесть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with повернулся","gloss":"sat"},{"surface":"верхом","lemma":"верхом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сел","gloss":"astride"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стул","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"стул","lemma":"стул","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сел","gloss":"the chair"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"размахнулся","lemma":"размахнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with повернулся","gloss":"swung"},{"surface":"рукой","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of размахнулся","gloss":"his arm"}]},{"number":131,"label":"131","id":"b9-c5-s131","source":"— Вот как ударил! Вот как убил! Чего вам еще?","translation":"\"There — that's how I struck him! That's how I killed him! What more do you want?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вот как ударил! Вот как убил!","title":"«вот как» + perfective for vivid demonstration","body":"«Вот как» ('here's how / this is how') with the perfective past stages the blow as a single demonstrated act. The parallel exclamations, subject dropped, let the gesture carry the meaning — speech fused to action."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Чего вам еще?","title":"Genitive «чего» in an impatient question","body":"'What more [do you want] of you?' — «чего» is the genitive of «что» governed by an unspoken 'want/need', and «вам» is dative. The verbless ellipsis makes the retort snap."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies как","gloss":"There"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ударил","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"ударил","lemma":"ударить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I struck him"},{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies как (second)","gloss":"that's"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies убил","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I killed him"},{"surface":"Чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of the idiom чего...еще","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"experiencer of the idiom","gloss":"do you"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"want more"}]},{"number":132,"label":"132","id":"b9-c5-s132","source":"— Благодарю вас. Не потрудитесь ли вы теперь объяснить: для чего, собственно, соскочили вниз, с какою целью и что, собственно, имея в виду?","translation":"\"Thank you. Now would you take the trouble to explain: for what reason, exactly, did you jump down, with what aim, and what, exactly, did you have in mind?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не потрудитесь ли вы теперь объяснить","title":"«не… ли» as elaborate politeness","body":"The negated verb plus «ли» («не потрудитесь ли») is an ornate, deferential request: 'would you not take the trouble to…'. The same interrogative-particle frame that voiced Mitya's suspicion in s129 here voices the prosecutor's icy courtesy."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с какою целью и что… имея в виду","title":"Archaic «какою» and the gerund «имея»","body":"«какою» is the older bookish instrumental of «какая» (modern «какой»), 'with what aim'; «имея в виду» is the imperfective gerund of the idiom «иметь в виду» ('to have in mind/in view'). Together they give the question a measured, written-out formality."}],"words":[{"surface":"Благодарю","lemma":"благодарить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Thank"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of Благодарю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies потрудитесь, part of polite request","gloss":"Would"},{"surface":"потрудитесь","lemma":"потрудиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"take the trouble"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"question particle on потрудитесь","gloss":"(question)"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of потрудитесь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies объяснить","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"объяснить","lemma":"объяснить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of потрудитесь","gloss":"to explain"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чего","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of соскочили","gloss":"what reason"},{"surface":"собственно","lemma":"собственно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies чего","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"соскочили","lemma":"соскочить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of объяснить","gloss":"did you jump down"},{"surface":"вниз","lemma":"вниз","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies соскочили","gloss":"down"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking целью","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"какою","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of целью","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"целью","lemma":"цель","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of соскочили","gloss":"aim"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of имея","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"собственно","lemma":"собственно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"имея","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with соскочили","gloss":"having"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom иметь в виду (\"have in mind\")","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"виду","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the idiom иметь в виду","gloss":"mind"}]},{"number":133,"label":"133","id":"b9-c5-s133","source":"— Ну, черт… к поверженному соскочил… Не знаю для чего!","translation":"\"Well — the devil… I jumped down to the fallen man… I don't know what for!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Ну, черт…","title":"«черт» — the devil as outburst","body":"'The devil' as an exasperated interjection. The motif of the «черт» is loaded in this novel — it will return literally in s172 and famously in Ivan's hallucination — so Mitya's casual curse quietly sounds a major theme."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"к поверженному соскочил","title":"Substantivized participle «поверженный»","body":"«поверженный» ('struck/cast down') is a past passive participle used as a noun, 'the fallen one', in the dative after «к». «соскочил» is a prefixed perfective of motion (со- 'down off') — he leapt down off the fence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"Well"},{"surface":"черт","lemma":"чёрт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"the devil"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking поверженному","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"поверженному","lemma":"поверженный","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, dative, singular, perfective, used substantively","role":"oblique complement of соскочил","gloss":"the fallen man"},{"surface":"соскочил","lemma":"соскочить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I jumped down"},{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чего","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of знаю","gloss":"what"}]},{"number":134,"label":"134","id":"b9-c5-s134","source":"— Бывши в таком волнении? И убегая?","translation":"\"In such a state of agitation? And while fleeing?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Бывши в таком волнении? И убегая?","title":"Archaic gerund «бывши» beside «убегая»","body":"«бывши» is an old past gerund of «быть» ('being / having been'), a markedly bookish form; «убегая» is the ordinary imperfective gerund 'while fleeing'. The verbless, gerund-only questions let the magistrate needle Mitya in clipped, suggestive fragments."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"волнении","title":"«волнение» — agitation","body":"From «волна» (wave), «волнение» is inner turmoil, a surge of feeling. The prosecutor keeps the word in scare-mode, building the picture of a man too 'agitated' to act with the cold calculation he will nonetheless impute to him."}],"words":[{"surface":"Бывши","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on убегая","gloss":"Being"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking волнении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"таком","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of волнении","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"волнении","lemma":"волнение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of Бывши","gloss":"agitation"},{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"убегая","lemma":"убегать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fleeing"}]},{"number":135,"label":"135","id":"b9-c5-s135","source":"— Да, в волнении и убегая.","translation":"\"Yes, agitated and fleeing.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да, в волнении и убегая.","title":"Echo answer with «да»","body":"Mitya simply repeats the magistrate's prepositional phrase «в волнении» and gerund «убегая», a verbless echo of the question — the trap of agreeing with the leading framing without noticing it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"Yes"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking волнении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"волнении","lemma":"волнение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"agitation"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"убегая","lemma":"убегать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with волнении","gloss":"fleeing"}]},{"number":136,"label":"136","id":"b9-c5-s136","source":"— Помочь ему хотели?","translation":"\"You wanted to help him?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Помочь ему хотели?","title":"Marked word order: infinitive fronted","body":"Neutral order would be «Вы хотели помочь ему?». Fronting the infinitive «помочь» and dropping «вы» throws the focus onto the very act of helping — the point the magistrate is fishing for. «ему» is dative, the one helped."}],"words":[{"surface":"Помочь","lemma":"помочь","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотели","gloss":"To help"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of Помочь","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"хотели","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did you want"}]},{"number":137,"label":"137","id":"b9-c5-s137","source":"— Какое помочь… Да, может, и помочь, не помню.","translation":"\"Help, indeed… Yes, perhaps to help, I don't remember.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Какое помочь…","title":"Dismissive «какое + infinitive»","body":"«Какое помочь» is an idiomatic brush-off: 'Help? Hardly!' — the interrogative «какое» thrown at an infinitive to reject the premise. Then «может» (= 'maybe') and «не помню» retract the denial, catching Mitya's wavering."}],"words":[{"surface":"Какое","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular, exclamatory","role":"part of the idiom какое помочь (sarcastic \"help, indeed\")","gloss":"What kind of"},{"surface":"помочь","lemma":"помочь","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"head of the exclamation","gloss":"help"},{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"Yes"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, modifies помочь","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"помочь","lemma":"помочь","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with the first помочь","gloss":"to help"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies помню","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"помню","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remember"}]},{"number":138,"label":"138","id":"b9-c5-s138","source":"— Не помнили себя? То есть были даже в некотором беспамятстве?","translation":"\"You weren't yourself? That is, you were even in something of a daze?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не помнили себя?","title":"Reflexive «себя» — 'beside oneself'","body":"«не помнить себя» (lit. 'not to remember oneself') is the idiom for being beside oneself, out of one's senses. «себя» is the reflexive pronoun pointing back to the subject; it has no nominative and serves here as the verb's object."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"беспамятстве","title":"«беспамятство» — a daze, blackout","body":"Built from без- ('without') + «память» ('memory'), 'unconsciousness / a daze'. The prosecutor offers Mitya the excuse of memory-loss — which Mitya, fatally for himself, will refuse in the next line."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies помнили","gloss":"didn't"},{"surface":"помнили","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remember"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of помнили","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"То","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom то есть (\"that is\")","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the idiom то есть","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking to беспамятстве","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies беспамятстве","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking беспамятстве","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"некотором","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of беспамятстве","gloss":"a kind of"},{"surface":"беспамятстве","lemma":"беспамятство","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"daze"}]},{"number":139,"label":"139","id":"b9-c5-s139","source":"— О нет, совсем не в беспамятстве, всё помню. Всё до нитки. Соскочил поглядеть и платком кровь ему обтирал.","translation":"\"Oh no, not in a daze at all, I remember everything. Every last thread of it. I jumped down to take a look and wiped the blood off him with my handkerchief.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Всё до нитки.","title":"Idiom «всё до нитки»","body":"Literally 'everything down to the thread', i.e. every last detail. «нитки» is genitive after «до». The vivid folk idiom, in Mitya's mouth, is exactly the candor that will be turned against him."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Соскочил поглядеть и платком кровь ему обтирал.","title":"Aspect contrast: «соскочил» vs «обтирал»","body":"Perfective «соскочил» ('jumped down', one completed act) sets the scene; imperfective «обтирал» ('was wiping') then renders the lingering, durative tending of the wound. «платком» is instrumental ('with a handkerchief'), «ему» dative."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation before нет","gloss":"Oh"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle, negative","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies беспамятстве","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking беспамятстве","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"беспамятстве","lemma":"беспамятство","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with нет","gloss":"a daze"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of помню","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"помню","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with нет","gloss":"I remember"},{"surface":"Всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Every"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нитки","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нитки","lemma":"нитка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Всё","gloss":"the last thread"},{"surface":"Соскочил","lemma":"соскочить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I jumped down"},{"surface":"поглядеть","lemma":"поглядеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of Соскочил","gloss":"to look"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"платком","lemma":"платок","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of обтирал","gloss":"with my handkerchief"},{"surface":"кровь","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of обтирал","gloss":"the blood"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обтирал","gloss":"off him"},{"surface":"обтирал","lemma":"обтирать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Соскочил","gloss":"wiped"}]},{"number":140,"label":"140","id":"b9-c5-s140","source":"— Мы видели ваш платок. Надеялись возвратить поверженного вами к жизни?","translation":"\"We have seen your handkerchief. You hoped to bring the man you had struck down back to life?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Надеялись возвратить поверженного вами к жизни?","title":"Instrumental of agent «вами»","body":"«поверженного вами» — 'the man struck down by you' — uses the past passive participle «поверженного» with the agent in the instrumental «вами», the standard passive-agent construction. The prosecutor's phrasing quietly fixes Mitya as the one who felled him."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of видели","gloss":"We"},{"surface":"видели","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have seen"},{"surface":"ваш","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of платок","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"платок","lemma":"платок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of видели","gloss":"handkerchief"},{"surface":"Надеялись","lemma":"надеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"You hoped"},{"surface":"возвратить","lemma":"возвратить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of Надеялись","gloss":"to bring back"},{"surface":"поверженного","lemma":"поверженный","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, accusative, singular, perfective, used substantively","role":"direct object of возвратить","gloss":"the man you struck down"},{"surface":"вами","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"agent of поверженного","gloss":"by you"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизни","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"жизни","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of возвратить","gloss":"life"}]},{"number":141,"label":"141","id":"b9-c5-s141","source":"— Не знаю, надеялся ли? Просто убедиться хотел, жив или нет.","translation":"\"I don't know whether I hoped that. I simply wanted to make sure whether he was alive or not.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не знаю, надеялся ли?","title":"«ли» as embedded 'whether'","body":"Inside the clause after «не знаю», «надеялся ли» means 'whether I hoped'. Here «ли» is the subordinating 'whether', not a direct question — the same particle doing a quieter, embedded job."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"убедиться хотел, жив или нет","title":"Short adjective «жив»","body":"«жив» is the short (predicative) form of «живой», 'alive'. Short adjectives appear only as predicates and often denote a momentary state — exactly 'whether he was [right then] alive or not'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"надеялся","lemma":"надеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of знаю","gloss":"whether I hoped"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"question particle on надеялся","gloss":"(question)"},{"surface":"Просто","lemma":"просто","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies убедиться","gloss":"simply"},{"surface":"убедиться","lemma":"убедиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотел","gloss":"to make sure"},{"surface":"хотел","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I wanted"},{"surface":"жив","lemma":"живой","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of убедиться","gloss":"alive"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle, negative","role":"coordinated with жив","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":142,"label":"142","id":"b9-c5-s142","source":"— А, так хотели убедиться? Ну и что ж?","translation":"\"Ah, so you wanted to make sure? Well, and what then?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ну и что ж?","title":"«ну и что ж» — 'well, and so?'","body":"A clustered set of particles: «ну» (well), «и» (and), «ж» (= «же», insistent). The phrase prods Mitya to go on, the particle texture conveying the prosecutor's prompting tone."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"Ah"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хотели","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"хотели","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did you want"},{"surface":"убедиться","lemma":"убедиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотели","gloss":"to make sure"},{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"Well"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ж","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"then"}]},{"number":143,"label":"143","id":"b9-c5-s143","source":"— Я не медик, решить не мог. Убежал, думая, что убил, а вот он очнулся.","translation":"\"I'm no doctor, I couldn't decide. I ran off thinking I'd killed him — and there he is, he came round.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Убежал, думая, что убил, а вот он очнулся.","title":"Gerund «думая» + contrastive «а»","body":"Imperfective gerund «думая» ('thinking') frames Mitya's belief at the moment he ran; the contrastive «а вот» then pivots sharply to the reality, 'but here he is, he came round'. The «а» marks the gap between what he thought and what was true."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"очнулся","title":"«очнуться» — to come to","body":"Perfective 'to regain consciousness, come round'. That Grigory «очнулся» is the providential turn that proves Mitya did not, in fact, kill the old servant — a fact the prosecutor will reframe as mere luck."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of медик","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies медик","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"медик","lemma":"медик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of Я","gloss":"doctor"},{"surface":"решить","lemma":"решить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"to decide"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of second clause","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"Убежал","lemma":"убежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I ran off"},{"surface":"думая","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on Убежал","gloss":"thinking"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of убил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of думая","gloss":"I'd killed him"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies он","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of очнулся","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"очнулся","lemma":"очнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of clause introduced by а","gloss":"came round"}]},{"number":144,"label":"144","id":"b9-c5-s144","source":"— Прекрасно-с, — закончил прокурор. — Благодарю вас. Мне только и нужно было. Потрудитесь продолжать далее.","translation":"\"Splendid, sir,\" the prosecutor concluded. \"Thank you. That is all I needed. Kindly go on further.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Прекрасно-с","title":"The deferential particle «-с»","body":"The clitic «-с» (a shrunken «сударь», 'sir') tacked onto «прекрасно» adds an obsequious, old-fashioned politeness — 'splendid, sir'. By the 1870s it already sounded servile or ironic, and on the prosecutor's lips it has a faintly mocking gloss."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Потрудитесь продолжать далее.","title":"Polite imperative «потрудитесь»","body":"«Потрудитесь» is a 2nd-person plural imperative ('be so good as to', lit. 'take the trouble') with «-ся»; the «-те» marks the polite/plural form. It is courtly officialese for 'please go on'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Прекрасно","lemma":"прекрасно","morphology":"adverb (predicative)","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Splendid"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle (archaic polite suffix)","role":"polite particle attached to Прекрасно","gloss":"sir","note":"Archaic deferential suffix ('-с', short for сударь), attached to show politeness."},{"surface":"закончил","lemma":"закончить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"concluded"},{"surface":"прокурор","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of закончил","gloss":"the prosecutor"},{"surface":"Благодарю","lemma":"благодарить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I thank"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of Благодарю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of нужно","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нужно","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нужно","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"нужно","lemma":"нужный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular, predicative","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"needed"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to нужно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"Потрудитесь","lemma":"потрудиться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"kindly"},{"surface":"продолжать","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of Потрудитесь","gloss":"go on"},{"surface":"далее","lemma":"далее","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies продолжать","gloss":"further"}]},{"number":145,"label":"145","id":"b9-c5-s145","source":"Увы, Мите и в голову не пришло рассказать, хотя он и помнил это, что соскочил он из жалости и, став над убитым, произнес даже несколько жалких слов: «Попался старик, нечего делать, ну и лежи».","translation":"Alas, it never even entered Mitya's head to tell them — though he remembered it — that he had jumped down out of pity and, standing over the stricken man, had even spoken a few pitying words: \"You're done for, old man, nothing to be done, lie there, then.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Мите и в голову не пришло рассказать","title":"Dative subject «Мите» in an impersonal idiom","body":"«не пришло в голову» ('it didn't enter [his] head') is impersonal: the experiencer «Мите» stands in the dative with no nominative subject. The «и» intensifies — 'it never even occurred to Mitya'. A quintessential Dostoevskian inner-life construction."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"став над убитым, произнес даже несколько жалких слов","title":"Perfective gerund «став» + genitive after a numeral phrase","body":"«став» ('having stood, taking up a stance') is the perfective gerund of «стать», a prior action to «произнес». «несколько жалких слов» takes the genitive plural «слов» after the quantifier «несколько», the regular case-after-quantity rule."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Попался старик, нечего делать, ну и лежи","title":"Mitya's pitying folk speech","body":"«Попался» ('you're caught / done for'), «нечего делать» ('nothing to be done', genitive-of-negation idiom), and the imperative «лежи» ('lie there') are plain, rough-tender peasant idiom. The very humanity of these words — which Mitya fails to report — is what would have softened his case."}],"words":[{"surface":"Увы","lemma":"увы","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Alas"},{"surface":"Мите","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of пришло","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle modifying пришло","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking голову","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"голову","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"part of idiom прийти в голову, complement of пришло","gloss":"mind","note":"Idiom прийти в голову = 'to occur to (someone)'."},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пришло","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"пришло","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"occurred"},{"surface":"рассказать","lemma":"рассказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on пришло","gloss":"to tell"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of помнил","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of помнил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies помнил","gloss":"did"},{"surface":"помнил","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"concessive clause modifying пришло","gloss":"remember it"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of помнил","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of соскочил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"соскочил","lemma":"соскочить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of рассказать","gloss":"he had jumped down"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of соскочил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жалости","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"жалости","lemma":"жалость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of соскочил","gloss":"pity"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"став","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on произнес","gloss":"standing"},{"surface":"над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking убитым","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"убитым","lemma":"убитый","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle (substantivized), masculine, singular, instrumental, perfective","role":"object of preposition над","gloss":"the stricken man"},{"surface":"произнес","lemma":"произнести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with соскочил","gloss":"had spoken"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies несколько","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on слов","gloss":"a few"},{"surface":"жалких","lemma":"жалкий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies слов","gloss":"pitying"},{"surface":"слов","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of произнес","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"Попался","lemma":"попасться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of quoted speech","gloss":"You're done for"},{"surface":"старик","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"old man"},{"surface":"нечего","lemma":"нечего","morphology":"pronoun (negative predicative)","role":"predicate licensing делать","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"делать","lemma":"делать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on нечего","gloss":"to be done"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies лежи","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"лежи","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, imperative, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Попался","gloss":"lie there"}]},{"number":146,"label":"146","id":"b9-c5-s146","source":"Прокурор же вывел лишь одно заключение, что соскакивал человек, «в такой момент и в таком волнении», лишь для того только, чтобы наверное убедиться: жив или нет ''единственный'' свидетель его преступления.","translation":"The prosecutor, however, drew only one conclusion: that the man had jumped down, \"at such a moment and in such agitation,\" solely in order to make certain whether the one witness to his crime was alive or not.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Прокурор же вывел лишь одно заключение","title":"Particle «же» marking the contrastive subject","body":"Here «же» follows «прокурор» to set him in pointed contrast to Mitya of the previous sentence: 'the prosecutor, for his part…'. Placed after a noun like this, «же» is a topic-contrast marker, not an emphasizer of a verb."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"соскакивал человек… лишь для того только, чтобы… убедиться","title":"Imperfective «соскакивал» + purpose «чтобы»","body":"Note the shift to imperfective «соскакивал» (vs Mitya's perfective «соскочил»): the prosecutor reframes the leap as characteristic, deliberate behavior. «чтобы убедиться» is the purpose clause, 'in order to make sure'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"жив или нет единственный свидетель","title":"Short adjective «жив» with nominative subject","body":"The embedded question 'whether the sole witness was alive or not' again uses the short predicative «жив», with «единственный свидетель» (the one and only witness) in the nominative. Calling Grigory the «единственный свидетель» is the prosecutor's whole theory in two words."}],"words":[{"surface":"Прокурор","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вывел","gloss":"the prosecutor"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Прокурор","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"вывел","lemma":"вывести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"drew"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies одно","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"одно","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"quantifies заключение","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"заключение","lemma":"заключение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of вывел","gloss":"conclusion"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of соскакивал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"соскакивал","lemma":"соскакивать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying заключение","gloss":"had jumped down"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of соскакивал","gloss":"the man"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking момент","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of момент","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"момент","lemma":"момент","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of соскакивал","gloss":"a moment"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking волнении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"таком","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of волнении","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"волнении","lemma":"волнение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with момент","gloss":"agitation"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies того","gloss":"solely"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition для, part of idiom для того чтобы","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies того","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of убедиться","gloss":"so as to"},{"surface":"наверное","lemma":"наверное","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies убедиться","gloss":"for certain"},{"surface":"убедиться","lemma":"убедиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on того","gloss":"make certain"},{"surface":"жив","lemma":"живой","morphology":"adjective (short form), masculine, singular","role":"predicate of indirect question, complement of убедиться","gloss":"alive"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinated with жив","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"единственный","lemma":"единственный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies свидетель","gloss":"the one"},{"surface":"свидетель","lemma":"свидетель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of жив","gloss":"witness"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of преступления","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"преступления","lemma":"преступление","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies свидетель","gloss":"crime"}]},{"number":147,"label":"147","id":"b9-c5-s147","source":"И что, стало быть, какова же была сила, решимость, хладнокровие и расчетливость человека даже в такой момент… и проч., и проч.","translation":"And that this, accordingly, showed what strength, resolve, cold-bloodedness, and calculation the man possessed even at such a moment… and so on, and so forth.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"какова же была сила, решимость, хладнокровие и расчетливость","title":"Short adjective «какова» + rhetorical «же»","body":"«какова» is the short feminine form of «каков» ('what … was like'), agreeing with «сила» and heading the exclamatory list. «же» heightens the rhetoric: 'what strength, then, …!'. The piled-up abstract nouns mimic the prosecutor's inflating logic."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"и проч., и проч.","title":"«и прочее» — 'and so forth'","body":"«проч.» abbreviates «прочее» ('the rest'); the doubled «и проч., и проч.» is the narrator's dry shorthand for the prosecutor's self-satisfied rhetoric trailing on — a flick of authorial irony."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical, part of idiom стало быть","gloss":"accordingly"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стало","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"какова","lemma":"каков","morphology":"adjective (short form), feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement, head of exclamative clause","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies какова","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to какова","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"сила","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of какова","gloss":"strength"},{"surface":"решимость","lemma":"решимость","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with сила","gloss":"resolve"},{"surface":"хладнокровие","lemma":"хладнокровие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with сила","gloss":"cold-bloodedness"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"расчетливость","lemma":"расчётливость","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with сила","gloss":"calculation"},{"surface":"человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies расчетливость (and coordinates)","gloss":"the man's"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies момент","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking момент","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of момент","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"момент","lemma":"момент","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of какова","gloss":"a moment"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"проч","lemma":"прочее","morphology":"noun (abbreviated), neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"so on"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"проч","lemma":"прочее","morphology":"noun (abbreviated), neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"so forth"}]},{"number":148,"label":"148","id":"b9-c5-s148","source":"Прокурор был доволен: «Раздражил-де болезненного человека „мелочами“, он и проговорился».","translation":"The prosecutor was pleased: \"I needled the sickly fellow with 'trifles,' and he let it slip.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Раздражил-де болезненного человека","title":"Reportative particle «-де»","body":"The clitic «-де» flags reported, second-hand speech — 'he supposedly… / [as he thought to himself]'. It frames the line as the prosecutor's own smug inner words, quoted at a sceptical distance by the narrator."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"он и проговорился","title":"Reflexive «проговориться» — to let slip","body":"«проговориться» (perfective, with «-ся») means to blurt out, give oneself away — distinct from plain «проговорить» (to utter). The «-ся» turns the act inward and accidental: he betrayed himself. «и» here = 'and so / and sure enough'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"болезненного человека","title":"«болезненный» — sickly, morbid","body":"Not merely 'ill' but constitutionally sickly, nervous, morbid. The prosecutor's clinical label for Mitya feeds the trial's pseudo-medical psychology — the era's fashionable talk of pathology and temperament."}],"words":[{"surface":"Прокурор","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of доволен","gloss":"the prosecutor"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to доволен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"доволен","lemma":"довольный","morphology":"adjective (short form), masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"pleased"},{"surface":"Раздражил","lemma":"раздражить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of quoted clause","gloss":"I needled"},{"surface":"де","lemma":"де","morphology":"particle (reportative)","role":"modifies Раздражил","gloss":"(he says)","note":"Archaic reportative particle 'де' marks the words as someone else's supposed claim, like 'so he says'."},{"surface":"болезненного","lemma":"болезненный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человека","gloss":"sickly"},{"surface":"человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Раздражил","gloss":"the fellow"},{"surface":"мелочами","lemma":"мелочь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"instrumental complement of Раздражил","gloss":"with trifles"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies проговорился","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"проговорился","lemma":"проговориться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Раздражил","gloss":"let it slip"}]},{"number":149,"label":"149","id":"b9-c5-s149","source":"Митя с мучением продолжал далее.","translation":"With anguish Mitya continued on.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Митя с мучением продолжал далее.","title":"Imperfective «продолжал» of resumed narration","body":"«продолжал» is imperfective, viewing the going-on as an ongoing process; «с мучением» ('with torment', instrumental of manner after «с») colors the whole resumption. The line is narrative connective tissue between two interrogation bursts."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of продолжал","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мучением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"мучением","lemma":"мучение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies продолжал","gloss":"anguish"},{"surface":"продолжал","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"continued"},{"surface":"далее","lemma":"далее","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies продолжал","gloss":"on"}]},{"number":150,"label":"150","id":"b9-c5-s150","source":"Но тотчас же остановил его опять уже Николай Парфенович:","translation":"But at once he was stopped again, this time by Nikolai Parfenovich:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Но тотчас же остановил его опять уже Николай Парфенович","title":"End-weight word order: subject last","body":"The new agent «Николай Парфенович» is held to the very end of the clause — the comment/new-information slot — so the reader feels the interruption before learning who made it. Russian's free order is exploited for exactly this suspense."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies остановил","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"[emphatic]"},{"surface":"остановил","lemma":"остановить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stopped"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of остановил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies остановил","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies остановил","gloss":"this time"},{"surface":"Николай","lemma":"николай","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of остановил","gloss":"Nikolai"},{"surface":"Парфенович","lemma":"парфёнович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Николай","gloss":"Parfenovich"}]},{"number":151,"label":"151","id":"b9-c5-s151","source":"— Каким же образом могли вы вбежать к служанке Федосье Марковой, имея столь окровавленные руки и, как оказалось потом, лицо?","translation":"\"In what manner were you able to run in to the servant girl Fedosya Markova with your hands so bloodied — and, as it later turned out, your face as well?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Каким же образом могли вы вбежать","title":"Instrumental idiom «каким образом»","body":"«каким образом» ('in what manner', lit. 'by what means') is a fixed instrumental phrase; the inserted «же» sharpens it to 'however did you…?'. «вбежать» is a prefixed perfective of motion (в- 'into')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"имея столь окровавленные руки","title":"Gerund «имея» + archaic «столь»","body":"The imperfective gerund «имея» ('having', i.e. 'with') sets the attendant circumstance; «столь» is the bookish 'so' (vs colloquial «так»), and «окровавленные» is a past passive participle, 'bloodied'. The elevated «столь» belongs to the magistrate's careful register."}],"words":[{"surface":"Каким","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of образом","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Каким","gloss":"[emphatic]"},{"surface":"образом","lemma":"образ","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of могли","gloss":"manner"},{"surface":"могли","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"were you able"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of могли","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"вбежать","lemma":"вбежать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могли","gloss":"to run in"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking служанке","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"служанке","lemma":"служанка","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вбежать","gloss":"the servant girl"},{"surface":"Федосье","lemma":"федосья","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to служанке","gloss":"Fedosya"},{"surface":"Марковой","lemma":"маркова","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Федосье","gloss":"Markova"},{"surface":"имея","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on вбежать","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies окровавленные","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"окровавленные","lemma":"окровавленный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies руки","gloss":"bloodied"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of имея","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of оказалось","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"оказалось","lemma":"оказаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with могли","gloss":"turned out"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оказалось","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of оказалось","gloss":"your face"}]},{"number":152,"label":"152","id":"b9-c5-s152","source":"— Да я вовсе тогда и не заметил, что я в крови! — ответил Митя.","translation":"\"Why, I didn't notice at all at the time that I was covered in blood!\" Mitya answered.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да я вовсе тогда и не заметил, что я в крови!","title":"Emphatic «да… и не» + reported clause","body":"Sentence-initial «да» here is an emphatic 'why, …!' (not 'yes'), and «вовсе… не» with «и» piles up the denial: 'I didn't notice at all'. «что я в крови» is a reported clause with «что» and a zero-copula 'I [was] in blood'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies заметил","gloss":"Why"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of заметил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заметил","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заметил","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies заметил","gloss":"[emphatic]"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies заметил","gloss":"didn't"},{"surface":"заметил","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"notice"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of крови","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of the clause","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking крови","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"крови","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition в, clausal complement of заметил","gloss":"blood"},{"surface":"ответил","lemma":"ответить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to заметил","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ответил","gloss":"Mitya"}]},{"number":153,"label":"153","id":"b9-c5-s153","source":"— Это они правдоподобно, это так и бывает, — переглянулся прокурор с Николаем Парфеновичем.","translation":"\"That is plausible enough, that's just how it happens,\" the prosecutor said, exchanging a glance with Nikolai Parfenovich.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это они правдоподобно, это так и бывает","title":"Imperfective «бывает» of habitual truth","body":"«бывает» (imperfective of «быть», 'happens to be / it tends to happen') states a general, recurring fact — exactly the imperfective's job. «так и бывает» = 'that's just how it happens'. The plural «они» loosely points to Mitya's words/people in general."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"переглянулся прокурор с Николаем Парфеновичем","title":"Reciprocal «-ся» + instrumental after «с»","body":"«переглянуться» ('to exchange glances') is reciprocal: the «-ся» encodes the mutual action, and the other party comes in the instrumental after «с» («с Николаем Парфеновичем»). The shared look is the two officials silently confirming their theory."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"expletive with правдоподобно","gloss":"That"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of правдоподобно","gloss":"[they say]"},{"surface":"правдоподобно","lemma":"правдоподобный","morphology":"adjective (short form), neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"is plausible"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of бывает","gloss":"that's"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бывает","gloss":"just how"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"[emphatic]"},{"surface":"бывает","lemma":"бывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with правдоподобно","gloss":"it happens"},{"surface":"переглянулся","lemma":"переглянуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narration","gloss":"exchanged a glance"},{"surface":"прокурор","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of переглянулся","gloss":"the prosecutor"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Николаем","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Николаем","lemma":"николай","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of переглянулся","gloss":"Nikolai"},{"surface":"Парфеновичем","lemma":"парфёнович","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Николаем","gloss":"Parfenovich"}]},{"number":154,"label":"154","id":"b9-c5-s154","source":"— Именно не заметил, это вы прекрасно, прокурор, — одобрил вдруг и Митя.","translation":"\"Precisely, I didn't notice — that's an excellent point of yours, prosecutor,\" Mitya suddenly agreed with him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"это вы прекрасно, прокурор","title":"Zero copula + direct address","body":"'That [is] excellent of you' has no verb; «прокурор» stands in bare address (a remnant vocative function of the nominative). Mitya's naive enthusiasm — praising the man building the case against him — is captured in the breathless verbless syntax."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"одобрил вдруг и Митя","title":"«одобрить» — to approve, with «вдруг»","body":"«одобрил» ('approved, endorsed') with «вдруг» ('suddenly') marks Mitya's abrupt, almost childlike swing into agreement — one of his characteristic impulsive reversals that so unnerve and so incriminate him."}],"words":[{"surface":"Именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies не","gloss":"Precisely"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies заметил","gloss":"didn't"},{"surface":"заметил","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"notice"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"expletive with прекрасно","gloss":"that's"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of прекрасно","gloss":"of yours"},{"surface":"прекрасно","lemma":"прекрасный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular (used adverbially)","role":"parallel clause to заметил","gloss":"an excellent point"},{"surface":"прокурор","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"prosecutor"},{"surface":"одобрил","lemma":"одобрить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"agreed"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies одобрил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Митя","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of одобрил","gloss":"Mitya"}]},{"number":155,"label":"155","id":"b9-c5-s155","source":"Но далее пошла история внезапного решения Мити «устраниться» и «пропустить счастливых мимо себя».","translation":"But then came the story of Mitya's sudden decision to \"step aside\" and \"let the happy ones pass by him.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"далее пошла история… Мити «устраниться»","title":"Genitive of the gerundless infinitive + name","body":"«история… Мити устраниться» links the genitive «Мити» (Mitya's [decision]) to the infinitive «устраниться» naming its content. «устраниться» ('to remove oneself, step aside') carries «-ся» as a true reflexive."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пропустить счастливых мимо себя","title":"«пропустить счастливых мимо себя»","body":"'To let the happy ones pass by'; «счастливых» is a substantivized adjective (the happy/lucky ones) in the accusative, «мимо себя» = 'past oneself' (genitive of the reflexive «себя» after «мимо»). The quoted phrase is Mitya's own romantic self-renunciation, set in quotation marks as his coinage."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"далее","lemma":"далее","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пошла","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"пошла","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"история","lemma":"история","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of пошла","gloss":"the story"},{"surface":"внезапного","lemma":"внезапный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies решения","gloss":"sudden"},{"surface":"решения","lemma":"решение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies история","gloss":"decision"},{"surface":"Мити","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies решения","gloss":"Mitya's"},{"surface":"устраниться","lemma":"устраниться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"in apposition to решения","gloss":"to step aside"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пропустить","lemma":"пропустить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with устраниться","gloss":"let pass"},{"surface":"счастливых","lemma":"счастливый","morphology":"adjective (substantivized), accusative, plural","role":"direct object of пропустить","gloss":"the happy ones"},{"surface":"мимо","lemma":"мимо","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"oblique complement of пропустить","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":156,"label":"156","id":"b9-c5-s156","source":"И он уже никак не мог, как давеча, решиться вновь разоблачать свое сердце и рассказывать про «царицу души своей».","translation":"And he could no longer bring himself, as he had earlier, to lay bare his heart afresh and speak of \"the queen of his soul.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"никак не мог… решиться вновь разоблачать","title":"Negative concord «никак не»","body":"«никак не мог» — 'could in no way' — is negative concord: the ни-word «никак» co-occurs with «не», one negation expressed twice. «решиться» (with «-ся») = 'bring oneself to'; «вновь» is the bookish 'anew, afresh'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"царицу души своей","title":"«царица души своей» — queen of his soul","body":"Mitya's rhapsodic name for Grushenka, 'the queen of his soul'. «своей» is the reflexive possessive (his own), and «царицу» is the accusative of «царица» (tsaritsa/empress). The exalted, almost liturgical register marks his romantic idealization — now too raw to voice before cold men."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies никак","gloss":"no longer"},{"surface":"никак","lemma":"никак","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не мог","gloss":"in no way"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparative phrase modifying мог","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"давеча","lemma":"давеча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies как (comparative)","gloss":"earlier"},{"surface":"решиться","lemma":"решиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"bring himself"},{"surface":"вновь","lemma":"вновь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies разоблачать","gloss":"afresh"},{"surface":"разоблачать","lemma":"разоблачать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of решиться","gloss":"to lay bare"},{"surface":"свое","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of сердце","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of разоблачать","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"рассказывать","lemma":"рассказывать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with разоблачать","gloss":"speak"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking царицу","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"царицу","lemma":"царица","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of рассказывать","gloss":"the queen"},{"surface":"души","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies царицу","gloss":"of the soul"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of души","gloss":"his"}]},{"number":157,"label":"157","id":"b9-c5-s157","source":"Ему претило пред этими холодными, «впивающимися в него, как клопы», людьми.","translation":"It sickened him before these cold men, who \"fastened on him like bedbugs.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ему претило пред этими холодными… людьми","title":"Dative subject «ему» with impersonal «претило»","body":"«претить» ('to be repugnant') is impersonal: the affected person «ему» is dative and the verb is fixed neuter, with no nominative subject — 'it sickened him'. «пред» is the archaic/bookish form of «перед» ('before'), governing the instrumental «этими… людьми»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"впивающимися в него, как клопы","title":"Simile: «как клопы» (like bedbugs)","body":"«впивающимися» is a present active participle in the instrumental ('fastening into'), agreeing with «людьми»; «как клопы» likens the interrogators to bloodsucking bedbugs. The grotesque, physical simile is pure Mitya — and pure Dostoevsky."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of претило","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"претило","lemma":"претить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sickened"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking людьми","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"этими","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"determiner of людьми","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"холодными","lemma":"холодный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies людьми","gloss":"cold"},{"surface":"впивающимися","lemma":"впиваться","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, plural, instrumental, imperfective","role":"modifies людьми","gloss":"who fastened"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition в","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparison, modifies впивающимися","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"клопы","lemma":"клоп","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"object of comparison как","gloss":"bedbugs"},{"surface":"людьми","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"object of preposition пред, head noun","gloss":"men"}]},{"number":158,"label":"158","id":"b9-c5-s158","source":"А потому на повторенные вопросы заявил кратко и резко:","translation":"And so to their repeated questions he answered curtly and sharply:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"на повторенные вопросы заявил кратко и резко","title":"Past passive participle «повторенные»","body":"«повторенные» ('repeated') is a past passive participle (from «повторить») used attributively, agreeing with «вопросы» in the accusative. «заявил» ('declared') is perfective; the curt adverbs «кратко и резко» set Mitya's hardened new tone."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заявил","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вопросы","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"повторенные","lemma":"повторить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, accusative, plural, perfective","role":"modifies вопросы","gloss":"repeated"},{"surface":"вопросы","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of заявил","gloss":"questions"},{"surface":"заявил","lemma":"заявить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he answered"},{"surface":"кратко","lemma":"кратко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заявил","gloss":"curtly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"резко","lemma":"резко","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with кратко","gloss":"sharply"}]},{"number":159,"label":"159","id":"b9-c5-s159","source":"— Ну и решился убить себя. Зачем было оставаться жить: это само собой в вопрос вскакивало.","translation":"\"Well, so I resolved to kill myself. What was there to go on living for? — the question leaped up of its own accord.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Зачем было оставаться жить","title":"Impersonal «было» + infinitive","body":"'What was there to go on living for?' is impersonal: neuter «было» plus the infinitives «оставаться жить», no nominative subject. The implied dative experiencer (for me) is left unspoken — a bleak, weary rhetorical question."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"это само собой в вопрос вскакивало","title":"Idiom «само собой» + imperfective «вскакивало»","body":"«само собой» ('of its own accord', instrumental of the reflexive «себя») plus imperfective «вскакивало» ('kept leaping up') renders the question as recurring, involuntary. The choice of imperfective makes the despairing thought habitual rather than a one-off."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"Well"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies решился","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"решился","lemma":"решиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I resolved"},{"surface":"убить","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of решился","gloss":"to kill"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of убить","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"Зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оставаться","gloss":"what for"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of оставаться","gloss":"was there"},{"surface":"оставаться","lemma":"оставаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"to go on"},{"surface":"жить","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of оставаться","gloss":"living"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of вскакивало","gloss":"the question"},{"surface":"само","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies собой","gloss":"of its own"},{"surface":"собой","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"part of idiom само собой, modifies вскакивало","gloss":"accord"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вопрос","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"вопрос","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вскакивало","gloss":"a question"},{"surface":"вскакивало","lemma":"вскакивать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"leaped up"}]},{"number":160,"label":"160","id":"b9-c5-s160","source":"Явился ее прежний, бесспорный, ее обидчик, но прискакавший с любовью после пяти лет завершить законным браком обиду.","translation":"\"Her old, indisputable lover had appeared — the very man who had wronged her — but galloping back now with love, after five years, to crown the wrong with lawful marriage.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Явился ее прежний, бесспорный, ее обидчик","title":"Verb-first presentational order","body":"Putting «Явился» ('there appeared') first, ahead of its subject «обидчик», is presentational word order — introducing a new participant onto the stage, like English 'there appeared…'. «явиться» carries «-ся» as a verb existing only in that form."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"прискакавший с любовью… завершить законным браком обиду","title":"Past active participle «прискакавший» + instrumental «браком»","body":"«прискакавший» ('who had galloped up', from prefixed «прискакать') is a past active participle modifying «обидчик». «завершить законным браком обиду» — 'to crown the wrong with lawful marriage' — uses the instrumental «браком» as the means."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"обидчик","title":"«обидчик» — the wrong-doer","body":"From «обида» (an injury, wrong, slight), «обидчик» is the one who wronged her — the Polish officer who seduced and abandoned Grushenka years before. «обида» is a key Dostoevskian word for a nursed grievance, and it sounds twice in this very sentence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Явился","lemma":"явиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had appeared"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"modifies обидчик","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"прежний","lemma":"прежний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies обидчик","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"бесспорный","lemma":"бесспорный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies обидчик","gloss":"indisputable"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"modifies обидчик","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"обидчик","lemma":"обидчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Явился","gloss":"wrongdoer"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"прискакавший","lemma":"прискакать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"modifies обидчик","gloss":"galloping back"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking любовью","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"любовью","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прискакавший","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лет","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"пяти","lemma":"пять","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies лет","gloss":"five"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"object of preposition после","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"завершить","lemma":"завершить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of прискакавший","gloss":"to crown"},{"surface":"законным","lemma":"законный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies браком","gloss":"lawful"},{"surface":"браком","lemma":"брак","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of завершить","gloss":"marriage"},{"surface":"обиду","lemma":"обида","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of завершить","gloss":"the wrong"}]},{"number":161,"label":"161","id":"b9-c5-s161","source":"Ну и понял, что всё для меня пропало…","translation":"\"Well, so I understood that everything was lost for me…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"всё для меня пропало","title":"«для меня» — genitive of the affected party","body":"«для меня» ('for me') takes the genitive after «для»; «пропало» is perfective neuter agreeing with «всё». The phrasing makes the ruin total and personal — 'everything was lost for me' — a flat finality in three words."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"Well"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies понял","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"понял","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I understood"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пропало","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of пропало","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"object of preposition для","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"пропало","lemma":"пропасть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of понял","gloss":"was lost"}]},{"number":162,"label":"162","id":"b9-c5-s162","source":"А сзади позор, и вот эта кровь, кровь Григория… Зачем же жить?","translation":"\"And behind me disgrace, and there was that blood — Grigory's blood… What was there to live for?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А сзади позор, и вот эта кровь, кровь Григория","title":"Verbless naming + genitive «Григория»","body":"No verb: just nouns thrown down — «позор» (disgrace), «кровь» — in the present's zero-copula style. «кровь Григория» is the possessive genitive, 'Grigory's blood'. The bare nominatives hammer like the things themselves crowding in on Mitya."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"позор","title":"«позор» — shame, public disgrace","body":"Not private guilt but public dishonor, the shame that can be seen. The blood and the «позор» together are what make life unbearable to Mitya — a coupling of the moral and the social that drives the whole confession."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сзади","lemma":"сзади","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies позор","gloss":"behind"},{"surface":"позор","lemma":"позор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"disgrace"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies эта","gloss":"there's"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of кровь","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"кровь","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with позор","gloss":"blood"},{"surface":"кровь","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to кровь (w7)","gloss":"blood"},{"surface":"Григория","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies кровь","gloss":"Grigory's"},{"surface":"Зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Зачем","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"жить","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on Зачем","gloss":"to live"}]},{"number":163,"label":"163","id":"b9-c5-s163","source":"Ну и пошел выкупать заложенные пистолеты, чтобы зарядить и к рассвету себе пулю в башку всадить…","translation":"\"So I went to redeem the pawned pistols, to load them and at daybreak put a bullet through my own skull…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пошел выкупать… чтобы зарядить и… пулю в башку всадить","title":"Purpose «чтобы» + perfective infinitives","body":"«пошел выкупать» (went to redeem) is followed by the purpose clause «чтобы зарядить… всадить» — 'in order to load and put a bullet…'. After «чтобы» the perfective infinitives name the willed, completed aims; this is the conjunction's core job."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пулю в башку всадить","title":"«в башку всадить» — coarse 'put a bullet in his head'","body":"«башка» is slangy, crude for 'head' (vs neutral «голова»), and «всадить» ('to drive/plant in') is brutally physical. Mitya describes his own planned suicide in deliberately rough, self-lacerating words."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies пошел","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пошел","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"выкупать","lemma":"выкупать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of пошел","gloss":"to redeem"},{"surface":"заложенные","lemma":"заложенный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies пистолеты","gloss":"pawned"},{"surface":"пистолеты","lemma":"пистолет","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of выкупать","gloss":"pistols"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of зарядить","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"зарядить","lemma":"зарядить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on выкупать","gloss":"to load"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рассвету","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"рассвету","lemma":"рассвет","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of всадить","gloss":"daybreak"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of всадить","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"пулю","lemma":"пуля","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of всадить","gloss":"a bullet"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking башку","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"башку","lemma":"башка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of всадить","gloss":"skull"},{"surface":"всадить","lemma":"всадить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with зарядить","gloss":"put"}]},{"number":164,"label":"164","id":"b9-c5-s164","source":"— А ночью пир горой?","translation":"\"And by night a feast in full swing?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"А ночью пир горой?","title":"Idiom «пир горой»","body":"Literally 'a feast [piled] mountain-high', i.e. a lavish, riotous banquet. «горой» is instrumental of «гора» used adverbially. The prosecutor's curt verbless jab juxtaposes the planned suicide with the wild revelry at Mokroye."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ночью","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies пир","gloss":"by night"},{"surface":"пир","lemma":"пир","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"a feast"},{"surface":"горой","lemma":"гора","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies пир","gloss":"in full swing","note":"пир горой is an idiom meaning a feast in full swing, roughly \"a mountain of a feast\"."}]},{"number":165,"label":"165","id":"b9-c5-s165","source":"— Ночью пир горой. Э, черт, господа, кончайте скорей.","translation":"\"By night a feast in full swing. Eh, the devil, gentlemen, finish it quickly.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Э, черт, господа, кончайте скорей.","title":"Imperative «кончайте» + comparative «скорей»","body":"«кончайте» is the imperfective plural imperative ('finish up, get it over with'); «скорей» is the predicative comparative of «скоро» ('faster, quicker'). The imperfective imperative here urges a general 'just get on with it'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ночью","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies пир","gloss":"by night"},{"surface":"пир","lemma":"пир","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"a feast"},{"surface":"горой","lemma":"гора","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies пир","gloss":"in full swing"},{"surface":"Э","lemma":"э","morphology":"interjection","role":"coordinated with черт","gloss":"eh"},{"surface":"черт","lemma":"чёрт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Э","gloss":"the devil"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"кончайте","lemma":"кончать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"finish"},{"surface":"скорей","lemma":"скорее","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies кончайте","gloss":"quickly"}]},{"number":166,"label":"166","id":"b9-c5-s166","source":"Застрелиться я хотел наверно, вот тут недалеко, за околицей, и распорядился бы с собою часов в пять утра, а в кармане бумажку приготовил, у Перхотина написал, когда пистолет зарядил.","translation":"\"I meant to shoot myself for certain, right here, not far off, beyond the edge of the village, and I'd have done away with myself toward five in the morning; and I'd a note ready in my pocket, written at Perkhotin's when I loaded the pistol.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"распорядился бы с собою часов в пять утра","title":"Conditional «бы» + reflexive «с собою»","body":"«распорядился бы» (past form + «бы») is the irrealis 'I would have done away with myself'. «с собою» is the instrumental of the reflexive «себя» after «с» — 'with oneself'. The «бы» signals the suicide as a thwarted intention, never carried out."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"часов в пять утра","title":"Approximate time by inversion: «часов в пять»","body":"Putting «часов» before «в пять» (instead of «в пять часов») signals approximation — 'around five o'clock'. This inversion-for-approximation is a neat, very Russian trick of word order."}],"words":[{"surface":"Застрелиться","lemma":"застрелиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотел","gloss":"to shoot myself"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хотел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"хотел","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"meant"},{"surface":"наверно","lemma":"наверно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хотел","gloss":"for certain"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тут","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies недалеко","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"недалеко","lemma":"недалеко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Застрелиться","gloss":"not far off"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking околицей","gloss":"beyond"},{"surface":"околицей","lemma":"околица","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of недалеко","gloss":"the edge of the village"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"распорядился","lemma":"распорядиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with хотел","gloss":"would have done away"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of распорядился","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking собою","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"собою","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"oblique complement of распорядился","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"часов","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"temporal modifier of распорядился","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пять","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"пять","lemma":"пять","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on утра","gloss":"five"},{"surface":"утра","lemma":"утро","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of распорядился","gloss":"in the morning"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кармане","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"кармане","lemma":"карман","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приготовил","gloss":"my pocket"},{"surface":"бумажку","lemma":"бумажка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of приготовил","gloss":"a note"},{"surface":"приготовил","lemma":"приготовить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with хотел","gloss":"had ready"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Перхотина","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Перхотина","lemma":"перхотин","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of написал","gloss":"Perkhotin's"},{"surface":"написал","lemma":"написать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with приготовил","gloss":"written"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of зарядил","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"пистолет","lemma":"пистолет","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of зарядил","gloss":"the pistol"},{"surface":"зарядил","lemma":"зарядить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on написал","gloss":"I loaded"}]},{"number":167,"label":"167","id":"b9-c5-s167","source":"Вот она бумажка, читайте. Не для вас рассказываю! — прибавил он вдруг презрительно.","translation":"\"Here's the note, read it. It isn't for you I'm telling all this!\" he suddenly added with contempt.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вот она бумажка, читайте.","title":"Presentational «вот она» + imperative","body":"«Вот она бумажка» is a presentational flourish — 'here it is, the note' — with «она» resuming «бумажка» before it is even named, pure spoken syntax. «читайте» is the polite/plural imperfective imperative, 'read [it]'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не для вас рассказываю!","title":"Fronted negation «не для вас» for focus","body":"Moving «не для вас» to the front negates and stresses the phrase 'not for you', putting it in the focus slot ahead of the verb: 'it isn't for YOU that I'm telling this'. Word order, not a special particle, does the emphatic work."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies она","gloss":"here's"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of бумажка","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"бумажка","lemma":"бумажка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"the note"},{"surface":"читайте","lemma":"читать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to Вот она бумажка","gloss":"read it"},{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies рассказываю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of рассказываю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"рассказываю","lemma":"рассказывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'm telling"},{"surface":"прибавил","lemma":"прибавить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to рассказываю","gloss":"added"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прибавил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прибавил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"презрительно","lemma":"презрительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прибавил","gloss":"with contempt"}]},{"number":168,"label":"168","id":"b9-c5-s168","source":"Он выбросил им на стол бумажку из жилетного своего кармана; следователи прочли с любопытством и, как водится, приобщили к делу.","translation":"He tossed onto the table a note from his waistcoat pocket; the investigators read it with curiosity and, as is the custom, entered it into the file.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"следователи прочли с любопытством и… приобщили к делу","title":"Pair of perfectives advancing the action","body":"«прочли» (read through) and «приобщили» (entered, attached) are both perfective, two completed acts in sequence. «к делу» is dative after «к» — to attach 'to the case/file'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выбросил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"выбросил","lemma":"выбросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tossed"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of выбросил","gloss":"for them"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стол","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"стол","lemma":"стол","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выбросил","gloss":"the table"},{"surface":"бумажку","lemma":"бумажка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of выбросил","gloss":"a note"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кармана","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"жилетного","lemma":"жилетный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies кармана","gloss":"waistcoat"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of кармана","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"кармана","lemma":"карман","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies бумажку","gloss":"pocket"},{"surface":"следователи","lemma":"следователь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of прочли","gloss":"the investigators"},{"surface":"прочли","lemma":"прочесть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with выбросил","gloss":"read it"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking любопытством","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"любопытством","lemma":"любопытство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of прочли","gloss":"curiosity"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of водится","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"водится","lemma":"водиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on приобщили","gloss":"is customary"},{"surface":"приобщили","lemma":"приобщить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with выбросил","gloss":"entered it"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking делу","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"делу","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of приобщили","gloss":"the file"}]},{"number":169,"label":"169","id":"b9-c5-s169","source":"— А руки всё еще не подумали вымыть, даже и входя к господину Перхотину? Не опасались, стало быть, подозрений?","translation":"\"And it still never occurred to you to wash your hands, even on going in to Mr. Perkhotin? You weren't afraid, then, of arousing suspicion?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"руки всё еще не подумали вымыть, даже и входя","title":"Negated «не подумали» + gerund «входя»","body":"«не подумали вымыть» ('didn't think to wash') governs «руки»; the imperfective gerund «входя» ('on going in / while entering') gives the attendant circumstance. «даже и» ('even') sharpens the magistrate's insinuating point."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не опасались, стало быть, подозрений?","title":"Genitive «подозрений» after «опасаться»","body":"«опасаться» ('to be afraid of') governs the genitive, hence «подозрений» (gen. pl. 'suspicions'). The verb also carries «-ся» as one of the fear-class verbs that exist only in that form. «стало быть» = 'so, then', a deductive aside."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of подумали","gloss":"your hands"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies подумали","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подумали","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies подумали","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"подумали","lemma":"подумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"вымыть","lemma":"вымыть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of подумали","gloss":"to wash"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies входя","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies входя","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"входя","lemma":"входить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on вымыть","gloss":"on going in"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking господину","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"господину","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of входя","gloss":"Mr."},{"surface":"Перхотину","lemma":"перхотин","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to господину","gloss":"Perkhotin"},{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies опасались","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"опасались","lemma":"опасаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"were afraid"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стало быть","morphology":"particle","role":"parenthetical modifying опасались","gloss":"then","note":"стало быть is a fixed idiom meaning \"so\" or \"that is to say\"."},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"стало быть","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase стало","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"подозрений","lemma":"подозрение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"genitive complement of опасались","gloss":"of suspicion"}]},{"number":170,"label":"170","id":"b9-c5-s170","source":"— Каких таких подозрений? Подозревай — хоть нет, всё равно, я бы сюда ускакал и в пять часов застрелился, и ничего бы не успели сделать.","translation":"\"Suspicion of what sort? Suspect me or not, it's all the same — I'd have galloped off here and shot myself at five o'clock, and you'd have had no time to do anything.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Подозревай — хоть нет, всё равно","title":"Imperative «подозревай» with concessive force","body":"A 2nd-person singular imperative «подозревай» ('suspect [me]') used concessively, 'suspect me or not' — the imperative thrown out hypothetically rather than as a real command, reinforced by «хоть нет» ('or not') and «всё равно» ('all the same')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я бы сюда ускакал и… застрелился","title":"Conditional «бы» of the counterfactual","body":"«я бы… ускакал… застрелился» (past forms + «бы») is the counterfactual: 'I would have galloped off and shot myself' — events that never happened. «ускакал» is a prefixed perfective of motion (у- 'away'), «застрелился» reflexive 'shot oneself'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Каких","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of подозрений","gloss":"what sort of"},{"surface":"таких","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of подозрений","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"подозрений","lemma":"подозрение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"suspicion"},{"surface":"Подозревай","lemma":"подозревать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with нет","gloss":"suspect me"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нет","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinated with Подозревай","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase всё равно","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"равно","lemma":"равно","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase всё","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of ускакал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of ускакал","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"сюда","lemma":"сюда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ускакал","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"ускакал","lemma":"ускакать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with нет","gloss":"would have galloped off"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking часов","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"пять","lemma":"пять","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on часов","gloss":"five"},{"surface":"часов","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of застрелился","gloss":"o'clock"},{"surface":"застрелился","lemma":"застрелиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with ускакал","gloss":"shot myself"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of сделать","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of успели","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies успели","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"успели","lemma":"успеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"parallel clause to ускакал","gloss":"had time"},{"surface":"сделать","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of успели","gloss":"to do"}]},{"number":171,"label":"171","id":"b9-c5-s171","source":"Ведь если бы не случаи с отцом, ведь вы бы ничего не узнали и сюда не прибыли.","translation":"\"Why, if it weren't for what happened with my father, you'd have learned nothing at all and never have come here.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ведь если бы не случаи с отцом, ведь вы бы ничего не узнали","title":"«ведь» + counterfactual «если бы не»","body":"Twice-repeated «ведь» appeals to shared obviousness — 'why, after all…'. «если бы не случаи» is the counterfactual 'if it weren't for what happened', and the main clause «вы бы… не узнали» mirrors it with «бы». The particle and the conditional together give Mitya's outburst its 'surely you see' insistence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ничего не узнали","title":"Negative concord «ничего не»","body":"«ничего не узнали» pairs the ни-word «ничего» (gen. of «ничто») with «не» — the obligatory double negative meaning 'learned nothing at all'. «ничего» is also in the genitive, the typical case for the object under negation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker introducing the sentence","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of случаи","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of случаи","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies случаи","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"случаи","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"adverbial clause on узнали","gloss":"what happened"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отцом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"отцом","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies случаи","gloss":"my father"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies узнали","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of узнали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of узнали","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of узнали","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies узнали","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"узнали","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would have learned"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сюда","lemma":"сюда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прибыли","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прибыли","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"прибыли","lemma":"прибыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with узнали","gloss":"come"}]},{"number":172,"label":"172","id":"b9-c5-s172","source":"О, это черт сделал, черт отца убил, через черта и вы так скоро узнали!","translation":"\"Oh, it was the devil who did it, the devil who killed my father, and it's through the devil that you found out so quickly!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"через черта и вы так скоро узнали","title":"«через» + accusative «черта»","body":"«через черта» ('through/by means of the devil') takes the accusative; since «черт» is animate masculine, the accusative «черта» borrows the genitive form (animacy at work). The repetition of «черт» three times hammers Mitya's near-superstitious refrain."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"introduces the sentence","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сделал","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"черт","lemma":"чёрт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сделал","gloss":"the devil"},{"surface":"сделал","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did"},{"surface":"черт","lemma":"чёрт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of убил","gloss":"the devil"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of убил","gloss":"my father"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with сделал","gloss":"killed"},{"surface":"через","lemma":"через","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking черта","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"черта","lemma":"чёрт","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of узнали","gloss":"the devil"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of узнали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies скоро","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"скоро","lemma":"скоро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies узнали","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"узнали","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with убил","gloss":"found out"}]},{"number":173,"label":"173","id":"b9-c5-s173","source":"Как сюда-то так скоро поспели? Диво, фантазия!","translation":"\"How did you get here so fast? It's a marvel, a fantasy!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Как сюда-то так скоро поспели?","title":"Emphatic clitic «-то»","body":"The hyphenated «-то» on «сюда» ('here') emphasizes the known topic — 'how did you get HERE so fast' — distinct from the indefinite «-то» of «кто-то». «поспели» (perfective, 'managed to get [here in time]') and «скоро» ('quickly') complete the marveling question."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Диво, фантазия!","title":"«диво» — a wonder","body":"«диво» is a folksy, somewhat archaic word for a marvel or wonder (related to «удивить», to astonish); paired with the bookish «фантазия», Mitya's two exclamations swing between peasant idiom and educated speech — the very mixture of his voice."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"modifies поспели","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"сюда","lemma":"сюда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поспели","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поспели","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies скоро","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"скоро","lemma":"скоро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поспели","gloss":"fast"},{"surface":"поспели","lemma":"поспеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did you get"},{"surface":"Диво","lemma":"диво","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with фантазия","gloss":"a marvel"},{"surface":"фантазия","lemma":"фантазия","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with Диво","gloss":"a fantasy"}]},{"number":174,"label":"174","id":"b9-c5-s174","source":"— Господин Перхотин передал нам, что вы, войдя к нему, держали в руках… в окровавленных руках… ваши деньги… большие деньги… пачку сторублевых бумажек, и что видел это и служивший ему мальчик!","translation":"\"Mr. Perkhotin told us that when you came in to him you were holding in your hands — in your bloodied hands — your money… a great deal of money… a wad of hundred-rouble notes, and that the boy who served him saw it too!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вы, войдя к нему, держали в руках","title":"Perfective gerund «войдя»","body":"«войдя» ('having entered / on entering') is the perfective past gerund of «войти», marking the prior moment to «держали». It sets the time-frame of the main verb cleanly: at the instant of coming in, he was holding the money."}],"words":[{"surface":"Господин","lemma":"господин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of передал","gloss":"Mr."},{"surface":"Перхотин","lemma":"перхотин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Господин","gloss":"Perkhotin"},{"surface":"передал","lemma":"передать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of передал","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of держали","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of держали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"войдя","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on держали","gloss":"on coming in"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of войдя","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"держали","lemma":"держать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of передал","gloss":"were holding"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руках","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"руках","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of держали","gloss":"your hands"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руках","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"окровавленных","lemma":"окровавленный","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies руках","gloss":"bloodied"},{"surface":"руках","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"in apposition to руках","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"ваши","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of деньги","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньга","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of держали","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"большие","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies деньги","gloss":"a great deal of"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньга","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"in apposition to деньги","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"пачку","lemma":"пачка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to деньги","gloss":"a wad"},{"surface":"сторублевых","lemma":"сторублёвый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies бумажек","gloss":"hundred-rouble"},{"surface":"бумажек","lemma":"бумажка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies пачку","gloss":"notes"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of видел","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"видел","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of передал","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of видел","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies мальчик","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"служивший","lemma":"служить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying мальчик","gloss":"who served"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of служивший","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"мальчик","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of видел","gloss":"the boy"}]},{"number":175,"label":"175","id":"b9-c5-s175","source":"— Так, господа, помнится, что так.","translation":"\"So it was, gentlemen, as I recall it; so it was.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"помнится, что так","title":"Impersonal reflexive «помнится»","body":"«помнится» ('it is recalled / as I recall', with «-ся») is an impersonal reflexive: the verb turns inward and subjectless, like «кажется» ('it seems'). It softens Mitya's assent to 'so it was, as I recall it'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"resumed by the second так","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"помнится","lemma":"помниться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I recall"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of так","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"clausal complement of помнится","gloss":"it was"}]},{"number":176,"label":"176","id":"b9-c5-s176","source":"— Теперь встречается один вопросик. Не можете ли вы сообщить, — чрезвычайно мягко начал Николай Парфенович, — откуда вы взяли вдруг столько денег, тогда как из дела оказывается по расчету времени даже, что вы не заходили домой?","translation":"\"Now a small question arises. Could you not tell us,\" Nikolai Parfenovich began with extreme gentleness, \"where you suddenly got so much money, when it appears from the case — by the very reckoning of the time — that you did not go home?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не можете ли вы сообщить… откуда вы взяли вдруг столько денег","title":"«не… ли» request + genitive «денег»","body":"The magistrate's silky «Не можете ли вы…» is again the «не… ли» polite request. «столько денег» ('so much money') takes the genitive plural «денег» after the quantifier «столько» — the regular quantity-governs-genitive rule."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"тогда как… вы не заходили домой","title":"Contrastive (adversative) «тогда как» + imperfective «заходили»","body":"«тогда как» ('whereas, when in fact') opens a contrastive subordinate clause. Imperfective «заходили» ('did not drop in / call by home') denies the action as a general fact, the natural aspect under flat negation."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вопросик","title":"Diminutive «вопросик»","body":"«вопросик» is the diminutive of «вопрос» ('question') — 'a little question'. The magistrate's coy minimizing of the most dangerous question in the inquiry is pure manipulation, the affectionate suffix doing insinuating work."}],"words":[{"surface":"Теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies встречается","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"встречается","lemma":"встречаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"arises"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies вопросик","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"вопросик","lemma":"вопросик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of встречается","gloss":"small question"},{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies можете","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"можете","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies можете","gloss":"[question]"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of можете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сообщить","lemma":"сообщить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of можете","gloss":"tell us"},{"surface":"чрезвычайно","lemma":"чрезвычайно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мягко","gloss":"extremely"},{"surface":"мягко","lemma":"мягко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начал","gloss":"gently"},{"surface":"начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to можете","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"Николай","lemma":"николай","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of начал","gloss":"Nikolai"},{"surface":"Парфенович","lemma":"парфёнович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Николай","gloss":"Parfenovich"},{"surface":"откуда","lemma":"откуда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies взяли","gloss":"where from"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of взяли","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"взяли","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of сообщить","gloss":"got"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies взяли","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"столько","lemma":"столько","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on денег","gloss":"so much"},{"surface":"денег","lemma":"деньга","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of взяли","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the compound conjunction тогда как","gloss":"whereas"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"тогда как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase тогда","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дела","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"дела","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of оказывается","gloss":"the case"},{"surface":"оказывается","lemma":"оказываться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on взяли","gloss":"it appears"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking расчету","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"расчету","lemma":"расчёт","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of оказывается","gloss":"the reckoning"},{"surface":"времени","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies расчету","gloss":"of time"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies оказывается","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of заходили","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of заходили","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies заходили","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"заходили","lemma":"заходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of оказывается","gloss":"did go"},{"surface":"домой","lemma":"домой","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заходили","gloss":"home"}]},{"number":177,"label":"177","id":"b9-c5-s177","source":"Прокурор немножко поморщился от вопроса, поставленного так ребром, но не прервал Николая Парфеновича.","translation":"The prosecutor winced a little at the question being put so bluntly, but he did not interrupt Nikolai Parfenovich.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"поморщился от вопроса, поставленного так ребром","title":"Past passive participle «поставленного» + genitive after «от»","body":"«от вопроса» is genitive after «от» (the cause of his wincing); «поставленного» is a past passive participle agreeing with «вопроса», 'put/posed'. «поморщился» carries «-ся» as a change-of-state verb (his face wrinkled)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"поставленного так ребром","title":"Idiom «поставить ребром»","body":"«поставить вопрос ребром» (lit. 'to set the question on its edge') means to put it point-blank, bluntly, leaving no evasion. «ребром» is instrumental of «ребро» (edge, rib). The young magistrate's bluntness makes even his ally the prosecutor wince."}],"words":[{"surface":"Прокурор","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поморщился","gloss":"the prosecutor"},{"surface":"немножко","lemma":"немножко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поморщился","gloss":"a little"},{"surface":"поморщился","lemma":"поморщиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"winced"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вопроса","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"вопроса","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поморщился","gloss":"the question"},{"surface":"поставленного","lemma":"поставить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, perfective","role":"clause modifying вопроса","gloss":"put"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ребром","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ребром","lemma":"ребро","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of поставленного","gloss":"bluntly","note":"поставить вопрос ребром is an idiom meaning to put a question point-blank."},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прервал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"прервал","lemma":"прервать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with поморщился","gloss":"interrupt"},{"surface":"Николая","lemma":"николай","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of прервал","gloss":"Nikolai"},{"surface":"Парфеновича","lemma":"парфёнович","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Николая","gloss":"Parfenovich"}]},{"number":178,"label":"178","id":"b9-c5-s178","source":"— Нет, не заходил домой, — ответил Митя, по-видимому очень спокойно, но глядя в землю.","translation":"\"No, I didn't go home,\" Mitya answered, apparently quite calmly, but staring at the ground.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"по-видимому очень спокойно, но глядя в землю","title":"Adverb «спокойно» vs gerund «глядя»","body":"«спокойно» ('calmly') describes the manner of answering, while the imperfective gerund «глядя в землю» ('staring at the ground') adds a simultaneous, telltale action that belies the calm. «по-видимому» ('apparently') flags the narrator's reserve about that calm."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to заходил","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies заходил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"заходил","lemma":"заходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"домой","lemma":"домой","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заходил","gloss":"home"},{"surface":"ответил","lemma":"ответить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to заходил","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ответил","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по-видимому","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase по-видимому","gloss":"apparently"},{"surface":"видимому","lemma":"по-видимому","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase по-видимому","gloss":"apparently"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спокойно","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"спокойно","lemma":"спокойно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to ответил","gloss":"calmly"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"глядя","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with ответил","gloss":"staring"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking землю","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"землю","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of глядя","gloss":"the ground"}]},{"number":179,"label":"179","id":"b9-c5-s179","source":"— Позвольте же повторить вопрос в таком случае, — как-то подползая, продолжал Николай Парфенович. — Откуда же вы могли разом достать такую сумму, когда, по собственному признанию вашему, еще в пять часов того дня…","translation":"\"Allow me, then, to repeat the question in that case,\" Nikolai Parfenovich went on, somehow worming his way forward. \"Where could you have come by such a sum all at once, when, by your own admission, only at five o'clock that day…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Откуда же вы могли разом достать такую сумму","title":"Conditional-flavored «могли» + emphatic «же»","body":"«могли достать» ('could have come by') with «же» presses the impossibility — 'wherever could you…?'. «разом» ('all at once') and «такую сумму» (accusative, 'such a sum') sharpen the trap the magistrate is laying."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"как-то подползая","title":"«подползая» — 'worming his way'","body":"The imperfective gerund «подползая» (from «подползать», to creep/crawl up to) likens the magistrate's approach to a stealthy crawl — the narrator's vivid, faintly contemptuous image of his insinuating method. «по собственному признанию вашему» is the formal 'by your own admission'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Позвольте","lemma":"позволить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"allow"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle modifying Позвольте","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"повторить","lemma":"повторить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of Позвольте","gloss":"to repeat"},{"surface":"вопрос","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of повторить","gloss":"question"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking случае","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"таком","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of случае","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"случае","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of повторить","gloss":"case"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как-то","morphology":"adverb (first half of split compound)","role":"modifies подползая","gloss":"somehow","note":"«как-то» is one adverb ('somehow'); the tagger split it into two tokens."},{"surface":"то","lemma":"как-то","morphology":"enclitic (second half of split compound)","role":"modifies подползая","gloss":"-how","note":"Second half of the split adverb «как-то» ('somehow')."},{"surface":"подползая","lemma":"подползать","morphology":"verb, gerund (present), active, imperfective","role":"gerund clause of manner modifying продолжал","gloss":"worming forward"},{"surface":"продолжал","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of attribution introducing the quote","gloss":"went on"},{"surface":"Николай","lemma":"николай","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of продолжал","gloss":"Nikolai"},{"surface":"Парфенович","lemma":"парфёнович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Николай","gloss":"Parfenovich"},{"surface":"Откуда","lemma":"откуда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies могли","gloss":"where from"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle modifying Откуда","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of могли","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"могли","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"разом","lemma":"разом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies достать","gloss":"all at once"},{"surface":"достать","lemma":"достать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могли","gloss":"come by"},{"surface":"такую","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of сумму","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"сумму","lemma":"сумма","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of достать","gloss":"sum"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the trailing когда-clause","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking признанию","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"собственному","lemma":"собственный","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies признанию","gloss":"own"},{"surface":"признанию","lemma":"признание","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"object of по, adverbial phrase in the когда-clause","gloss":"admission"},{"surface":"вашему","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies признанию","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies в пять часов","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking часов","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"пять","lemma":"пять","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on часов","gloss":"five"},{"surface":"часов","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"time adverbial, object of в","gloss":"o'clock"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of дня","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"дня","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies часов","gloss":"day"}]},{"number":180,"label":"180","id":"b9-c5-s180","source":"— Нуждался в десяти рублях и заложил пистолеты у Перхотина, потом ходил к Хохлаковой за тремя тысячами, а та не дала, и проч., и всякая эта всячина, — резко прервал Митя, — да, вот, господа, нуждался, а тут вдруг тысячи появились, а?","translation":"\"I was short of ten roubles and pawned my pistols at Perkhotin's, then went to Madame Khokhlakov for three thousand, and she wouldn't give it, and so on, and all that rigmarole,\" Mitya cut in sharply. \"Yes, gentlemen, I was hard up — and then all at once the thousands turn up, eh?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Нуждался в десяти рублях","title":"«нуждаться в» + prepositional","body":"«нуждаться в» ('to be in need of') governs the prepositional case, hence «в десяти рублях». The numeral phrase «десяти рублях» is itself in the prepositional, the whole quantity re-declining as the preposition demands."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ходил к Хохлаковой за тремя тысячами","title":"Multidirectional «ходил» + «за» + instrumental","body":"«ходил» is the multidirectional motion verb — a completed there-and-back trip ('went to and came back'). «за тремя тысячами» uses «за» + instrumental for 'to fetch / after [the money]', and the numeral «тремя тысячами» is itself instrumental."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"всякая эта всячина","title":"«всякая всячина» — 'all that rigmarole'","body":"A reduplicative folk idiom, «всякая всячина», 'all sorts of odds and ends, this and that'. Mitya's dismissive «и проч., и всякая эта всячина» waves away the whole damning sequence of his money troubles with irritated colloquial flippancy."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нуждался","lemma":"нуждаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (subject я implied)","gloss":"I was short"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рублях","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"десяти","lemma":"десять","morphology":"numeral, locative","role":"quantifies рублях","gloss":"ten"},{"surface":"рублях","lemma":"рубль","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of Нуждался","gloss":"roubles"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"заложил","lemma":"заложить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Нуждался","gloss":"pawned"},{"surface":"пистолеты","lemma":"пистолет","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of заложил","gloss":"pistols"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Перхотина","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Перхотина","lemma":"перхотин","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заложил","gloss":"Perkhotin's"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ходил","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ходил","lemma":"ходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Нуждался","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Хохлаковой","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Хохлаковой","lemma":"хохлакова","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ходил","gloss":"Madame Khokhlakov"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тысячами","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"тремя","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, instrumental","role":"quantifies тысячами","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысячами","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of ходил","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"та","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of дала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дала","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"дала","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Нуждался","gloss":"gave"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"проч","lemma":"прочее","morphology":"noun (abbreviated), accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with Нуждался","gloss":"so on"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всякая","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies всячина","gloss":"all that"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of всячина","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"всячина","lemma":"всячина","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with Нуждался","gloss":"rigmarole"},{"surface":"резко","lemma":"резко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прервал","gloss":"sharply"},{"surface":"прервал","lemma":"прервать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of attribution introducing the quote","gloss":"cut in"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прервал","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse particle opening the next clause","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies господа","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural, vocative use","role":"addressee, vocative","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"нуждался","lemma":"нуждаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause (subject я implied)","gloss":"I was hard up"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies появились","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies появились","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of появились","gloss":"thousands"},{"surface":"появились","lemma":"появиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with Нуждался","gloss":"turn up"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence-final tag particle","gloss":"eh?"}]},{"number":181,"label":"181","id":"b9-c5-s181","source":"Знаете, господа, ведь вы оба теперь трусите: а что как не скажет, откуда взял?","translation":"\"You know, gentlemen, the two of you are quaking now: what if he won't tell us where he got it?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ведь вы оба теперь трусите","title":"The appeal-particle «ведь»","body":"«Ведь» does not translate as a word but as a tone: it appeals to what both sides already half-know — 'after all, you two are quaking now.' It is one of the modal particles that carry the conspiratorial intimacy of Dostoevsky's dialogue."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"трусите","title":"«трусить» — to funk, to lose nerve","body":"«Трусить» (here 2nd-pl. present «трусите») means to turn coward, to get cold feet — sharper and more taunting than 'to be afraid'. Mitya is needling the two officials with it."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"а что как не скажет","title":"Colloquial «а что как» = 'what if'","body":"«А что как…» is a 19th-century conversational frame for an anxious hypothetical, 'and what if…'. The perfective future «не скажет» ('won't tell') names the dreaded single outcome they fear from him."}],"words":[{"surface":"Знаете","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"matrix verb, addresses господа directly","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural, vocative use","role":"vocative addressee of Знаете","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle modifying трусите","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of трусите","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"оба","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine","role":"depends on вы","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies трусите","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"трусите","lemma":"трусить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"are quaking"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, part of idiom «а что как» ('what if')","role":"introduces the hypothetical clause","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction, part of idiom «а что как» ('what if')","role":"introduces the clause of скажет","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies скажет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"скажет","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of the что как-clause","gloss":"won't say"},{"surface":"откуда","lemma":"откуда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies взял","gloss":"where from"},{"surface":"взял","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on что","gloss":"he got it"}]},{"number":182,"label":"182","id":"b9-c5-s182","source":"Так и есть: не скажу, господа, угадали, не узнаете, — отчеканил вдруг Митя с чрезвычайною решимостью.","translation":"\"And so it is: I won't tell, gentlemen — you've guessed right, you'll not find out,\" Mitya rapped out suddenly with extraordinary resolve.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не скажу","title":"Perfective future as flat refusal","body":"«Скажу» is the conjugated perfective of «сказать», so it carries future, completed force: 'I will (not) tell.' Negated and unsoftened, «не скажу» becomes a blunt, final 'I won't tell.'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"отчеканил","title":"«отчеканить» — to rap out crisply","body":"Literally 'to mint/coin' (as of striking a die), «отчеканить» of speech means to bite off each word with hard, deliberate precision — exactly the 'rapped out' of the English."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с чрезвычайною решимостью","title":"Old instrumental ending «-ою»","body":"The bookish 19th-century instrumental «решимостью» governed by «с» appears here with the literary feminine ending «-ою» (чрезвычайн-ою), where modern Russian would write «-ой». It is a period flavour, not a different case."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies есть","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifying particle in idiom «так и есть»","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, invariant","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"it is"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies скажу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"скажу","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to есть","gloss":"I won't tell"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural, vocative use","role":"vocative addressee","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"угадали","lemma":"угадать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"parallel clause to скажу","gloss":"you've guessed right"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies узнаете","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"узнаете","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"parallel clause to скажу","gloss":"you'll find out"},{"surface":"отчеканил","lemma":"отчеканить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of attribution introducing the quote","gloss":"rapped out"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отчеканил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отчеканил","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking решимостью","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"чрезвычайною","lemma":"чрезвычайный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies решимостью","gloss":"extraordinary"},{"surface":"решимостью","lemma":"решимость","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отчеканил","gloss":"resolve"}]},{"number":183,"label":"183","id":"b9-c5-s183","source":"Следователи капельку помолчали.","translation":"The investigators fell silent a moment.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"капельку","title":"«капельку» — 'a tiny drop' of time","body":"A diminutive of «капля» ('drop') used adverbially to mean 'a wee bit, just a moment'. The expressive suffix softens and shrinks the pause — the investigators were silent only the smallest instant."}],"words":[{"surface":"Следователи","lemma":"следователь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of помолчали","gloss":"The investigators"},{"surface":"капельку","lemma":"капелька","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular, used adverbially","role":"adverbial modifier of extent on помолчали","gloss":"a moment"},{"surface":"помолчали","lemma":"помолчать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fell silent"}]},{"number":184,"label":"184","id":"b9-c5-s184","source":"— Поймите, господин Карамазов, что нам это знать существенно необходимо, — тихо и смиренно проговорил Николай Парфенович.","translation":"\"Understand, Mr. Karamazov, that it is essential — vitally necessary — for us to know this,\" Nikolai Parfenovich said softly and humbly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Поймите","title":"Polite/plural imperative «Поймите»","body":"Perfective imperative of «понять», with the polite-plural «-те»: 'do understand.' Built on the future stem «пойм-», it presses a single act of comprehension rather than ongoing effort."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"нам это знать существenно необходимо","title":"Dative experiencer of necessity","body":"No nominative subject: the people who need stand in the dative «нам», and the predicate «необходимо» is the impersonal neuter — 'for us it is necessary to know this.' This dative-first framing of need is pervasive in the novel's speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"Поймите","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"господин","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular, vocative use","role":"vocative addressee of Поймите","gloss":"Mister"},{"surface":"Карамазов","lemma":"карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to господин","gloss":"Karamazov"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of знать","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"dative subject-experiencer of знать","gloss":"for us"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of знать","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"знать","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on необходимо","gloss":"to know"},{"surface":"существенно","lemma":"существенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies необходимо","gloss":"essentially"},{"surface":"необходимо","lemma":"необходимый","morphology":"adjective (predicate), neuter, singular","role":"predicate of the что-clause","gloss":"necessary"},{"surface":"тихо","lemma":"тихо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорил","gloss":"softly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"смиренно","lemma":"смиренно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with тихо","gloss":"humbly"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of attribution introducing the quote","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Николай","lemma":"николай","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"Nikolai"},{"surface":"Парфенович","lemma":"парфёнович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Николай","gloss":"Parfenovich"}]},{"number":185,"label":"185","id":"b9-c5-s185","source":"— Понимаю, а все-таки не скажу.","translation":"\"I understand, and all the same I won't tell.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"а все-таки не скажу","title":"Concessive «а всё-таки»","body":"The contrastive «а» plus «всё-таки» ('and yet, all the same') sets Mitya's refusal squarely against his own admission «понимаю». The little hinge «а» marks the pivot from concession to defiance without any heavy 'but'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Понимаю","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I understand"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle (first half of split compound)","role":"modifies скажу","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle (second half of split compound)","role":"modifies скажу","gloss":"the same","note":"«всё-таки» ('all the same') was split into two tokens by the tagger."},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies скажу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"скажу","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Понимаю","gloss":"I'll tell"}]},{"number":186,"label":"186","id":"b9-c5-s186","source":"Ввязался и прокурор и опять напомнил, что допрашиваемый, конечно, может не отвечать на вопросы, если считает для себя это выгоднейшим и т. д., но в видах того, какой ущерб подозреваемый может сам нанести себе своим умолчанием и особенно ввиду вопросов такой важности, которая…","translation":"The prosecutor too broke in and reminded him again that the person under examination was of course free not to answer the questions if he thought it more to his advantage, and so forth — but that, in view of the harm a suspect might do himself by his silence, and especially given questions of such importance, which…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Ввязался","title":"«ввязаться» — to butt in","body":"Reflexive perfective 'to get oneself tangled into, to break in' — a faintly disapproving way to say the prosecutor inserted himself into the exchange. The «-ся» here marks the self-involving, middle sense."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"допрашиваемый","title":"«допрашиваемый» — 'the one being questioned'","body":"A rare present passive participle of «допрашивать» used as a legal noun: 'the person under examination.' The bookish «-емый» form belongs to officialese, fitting the prosecutor's stiff register."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"умолчанием","title":"«умолчание» — deliberate silence","body":"Not mere quiet but a chosen withholding — 'reticence, passing over in silence.' The legal point is the harm a suspect does himself by «умолчание», keeping back what he could say."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"которая…","title":"The relative «который», broken off","body":"The prosecutor's sentence trails away mid-clause on the relative «которая» ('which…'), agreeing in feminine singular with «важности». Dostoevsky lets the official's ponderous syntax collapse just as Mitya cuts him off."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ввязался","lemma":"ввязаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"broke in"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прокурор","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"прокурор","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Ввязался","gloss":"the prosecutor"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies напомнил","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"напомнил","lemma":"напомнить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Ввязался","gloss":"reminded"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of может","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"допрашиваемый","lemma":"допрашиваемый","morphology":"participle used as noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of может","gloss":"the one being examined"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies может","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of напомнил","gloss":"is free to"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отвечать","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"отвечать","lemma":"отвечать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"answer"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вопросы","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"вопросы","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of отвечать","gloss":"questions"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of считает","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"считает","lemma":"считать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on отвечать","gloss":"considers"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"oblique complement of считает","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of считает","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"выгоднейшим","lemma":"выгодный","morphology":"adjective, superlative, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"complement of считает","gloss":"most advantageous"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"т","lemma":"т.","morphology":"abbreviation, part of idiom «и т. д.»","role":"part of the «и т. д.» idiom","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"д.","lemma":"д.","morphology":"abbreviation, part of idiom «и т. д.»","role":"part of the «и т. д.» idiom","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking видах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"видах","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"object of preposition в, opening the adversative clause introduced by но (not coordinated with the abbreviation д. from the preceding и т. д.)","gloss":"view"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies видах, anticipates the following какой-clause","gloss":"of that"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ущерб","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ущерб","lemma":"ущерб","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of нанести","gloss":"harm"},{"surface":"подозреваемый","lemma":"подозреваемый","morphology":"participle used as noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of может","gloss":"the suspect"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the subordinate clause introduced by того... какой","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphatic modifier of the subject (подозреваемый)","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"нанести","lemma":"нанести","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"inflict"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of нанести","gloss":"on himself"},{"surface":"своим","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of умолчанием","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"умолчанием","lemma":"умолчание","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement (means) of нанести","gloss":"silence"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"особенно","lemma":"особенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вопросов","gloss":"especially"},{"surface":"ввиду","lemma":"ввиду","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вопросов","gloss":"in view of"},{"surface":"вопросов","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with видах","gloss":"questions"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of важности","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"важности","lemma":"важность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies вопросов","gloss":"importance"},{"surface":"которая","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"relative pronoun introducing a trailing, unfinished clause","gloss":"which"}]},{"number":187,"label":"187","id":"b9-c5-s187","source":"— И так далее, господа, и так далее! Довольно, слышал эту рацею и прежде! — опять оборвал Митя, — сам понимаю, какой важности дело и что тут самый существенный пункт, а все-таки не скажу.","translation":"\"And so on, gentlemen, and so on! Enough, I've heard this homily before too!\" Mitya broke in again. \"I understand for myself how important the case is and that this is the very crux of it, and all the same I won't tell.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"рацею","title":"«рацея» — a tiresome sermon","body":"An archaic, mocking word (from Latin oratio via Polish) for a long-winded moralising harangue — a 'homily, lecture.' Mitya throws it at the prosecutor's officialese with weary contempt."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"оборвал","title":"«оборвать» — to cut someone short","body":"Perfective 'to break off, snap off' — of speech, to interrupt someone abruptly. Repeated «опять оборвал» marks Mitya's habit of slicing through the officials' set phrases."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"какой важности дело","title":"Genitive of quality «какой важности»","body":"'A matter of what importance' uses the genitive «какой важности» to express a quality or degree — the genitive's job of saying 'of what kind/measure.' It compresses 'how important the case is' into two words."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase и так далее","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"далее","lemma":"далее","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase и так далее","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural, vocative use","role":"vocative addressee","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinated with the first и так далее","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase и так далее","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"далее","lemma":"далее","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase и так далее","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"Довольно","lemma":"довольно","morphology":"adverb (predicate use)","role":"parallel exclamation to слышал","gloss":"enough"},{"surface":"слышал","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (subject я implied)","gloss":"I've heard"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of рацею","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"рацею","lemma":"рацея","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of слышал","gloss":"homily"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прежде","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies слышал","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оборвал","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"оборвал","lemma":"оборвать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of attribution introducing the quote","gloss":"broke in"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of оборвал","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphatic modifier of the subject (я) of понимаю","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"понимаю","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to слышал","gloss":"I understand"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of важности","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"важности","lemma":"важность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement in the embedded clause","gloss":"importance"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the embedded clause (какой важности дело)","gloss":"the matter"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the second complement clause of понимаю","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пункт","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"самый","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies существенный","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"существенный","lemma":"существенный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пункт","gloss":"essential"},{"surface":"пункт","lemma":"пункт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of the что-clause, complement of понимаю","gloss":"point"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle (first half of split compound)","role":"modifies скажу","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle (second half of split compound)","role":"modifies скажу","gloss":"the same","note":"«всё-таки» ('all the same') was split into two tokens by the tagger."},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies скажу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"скажу","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with слышал","gloss":"I'll tell"}]},{"number":188,"label":"188","id":"b9-c5-s188","source":"— Ведь нам что-с, это ведь не наше дело, а ваше, сами себе повредите, — нервно заметил Николай Парфенович.","translation":"\"Why, what is it to us, sir — it isn't our affair after all, but yours; you'll do yourself harm,\" Nikolai Parfenovich remarked nervously.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"нам что-с","title":"The deferential clitic «-с»","body":"«Что-с» carries the servile «-с» (a worn-down «сударь», 'sir') tacked onto words to signal deference. Nervous Nikolai Parfenovich peppers his speech with it — a marker of class politeness pervasive in 19th-century talk."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ведь это не наше дело, а ваше","title":"Contrastive «а» pairing 'ours / yours'","body":"The zero-copula present ('it is not our affair') needs no verb 'to be', and «а» pivots cleanly from «не наше» to «ваше» — the soft contrastive that opposes the two possessives without a heavy 'but'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сами себе повредите","title":"Reflexive «себе» + intensifier «сами»","body":"«Сами» ('yourselves, of your own doing') intensifies, while the dative reflexive «себе» points the harm back at the subject: 'you'll do harm to your own self.' The perfective future «повредите» makes it a warned-of single result."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle opening the sentence","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"dative experiencer, complement of что","gloss":"to us"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, interrogative, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of the rhetorical exclamation","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle (archaic polite suffix)","role":"attaches to что as a deferential marker","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of дело","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дело","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies наше","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"наше","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of дело","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate noun of это","gloss":"affair"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ваше","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate, complement of elided дело/copula","gloss":"yours"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"emphatic modifier of the subject (вы)","gloss":"yourselves"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of повредите","gloss":"yourselves"},{"surface":"повредите","lemma":"повредить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"you'll harm"},{"surface":"нервно","lemma":"нервно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заметил","gloss":"nervously"},{"surface":"заметил","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of attribution introducing the quote","gloss":"remarked"},{"surface":"Николай","lemma":"николай","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заметил","gloss":"Nikolai"},{"surface":"Парфенович","lemma":"парфёнович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Николай","gloss":"Parfenovich"}]},{"number":189,"label":"189","id":"b9-c5-s189","source":"— Видите, господа, шутки в сторону, — вскинулся глазами Митя и твердо посмотрел на них обоих. — Я с самого начала уже предчувствовал, что мы на этом пункте сшибемся лбами.","translation":"\"You see, gentlemen, joking aside,\" Mitya flashed his eyes and looked firmly at the two of them. \"From the very start I had a foreboding that we'd lock horns on this point.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"шутки в сторону","title":"Idiom: «шутки в сторону»","body":"Literally 'jokes to the side' — the fixed phrase 'joking aside, all kidding apart.' Mitya uses it to mark a turn into deadly seriousness."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сшибемся лбами","title":"Idiom: «сшибиться лбами»","body":"'To knock our foreheads together' — to clash head-on, lock horns. The vivid bodily image (perfective future «сшибёмся») foretells the deadlock over where the money came from."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"предчувствовал","title":"«предчувствовать» — to forebode","body":"Built on «чувствовать» ('to feel') with «пред-» ('fore-'), this is to feel beforehand, to have a presentiment. The imperfective past «предчувствовал» gives the sense of a dread that had been hanging over him all along."}],"words":[{"surface":"Видите","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"matrix clause addressing the listeners","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural, vocative use","role":"vocative addressee","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"шутки","lemma":"шутка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"part of idiom «шутки в сторону»","gloss":"joking"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сторону","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"сторону","lemma":"сторона","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies шутки, idiom «в сторону» = aside","gloss":"aside"},{"surface":"вскинулся","lemma":"вскинуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence, describing Mitya's action (not a verb of speech attribution — no quote follows it)","gloss":"flashed"},{"surface":"глазами","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement (means) of вскинулся","gloss":"his eyes"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вскинулся","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"твердо","lemma":"твердо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies посмотрел","gloss":"firmly"},{"surface":"посмотрел","lemma":"посмотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вскинулся","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of посмотрел","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"обоих","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"modifies них","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of предчувствовал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking начала","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective (emphatic), genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies начала","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"начала","lemma":"начало","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of предчувствовал","gloss":"beginning"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies предчувствовал","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"предчувствовал","lemma":"предчувствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had a foreboding"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the complement clause of предчувствовал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of сшибемся","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пункте","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of пункте","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"пункте","lemma":"пункт","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сшибемся","gloss":"point"},{"surface":"сшибемся","lemma":"сшибиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"would clash"},{"surface":"лбами","lemma":"лоб","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement (means) of сшибемся, idiom for 'lock horns'","gloss":"heads"}]},{"number":190,"label":"190","id":"b9-c5-s190","source":"Но вначале, когда я давеча начал показывать, всё это было в дальнейшем тумане, всё плавало, и я даже был так прост, что начал с предложения «взаимного между нами доверия».","translation":"\"But at the outset, when I began giving my testimony earlier, all this was still in a far-off haze, everything was afloat, and I was even so simple as to begin by proposing 'mutual trust between us.'\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"давеча","title":"«давеча» — 'a while ago, earlier today'","body":"A homely, slightly archaic adverb meaning 'a short while ago, earlier (today).' It belongs to colloquial 19th-century speech and dates the testimony to earlier the same scene."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"когда я давеча начал показывать","title":"Subordinating «когда» + ingressive «начал»","body":"«Когда» opens a time-clause set off by commas; «начал показывать» pairs the perfective «начал» ('began') with the imperfective infinitive «показывать» — aspect cooperating, since beginning is a point but the testifying is a process."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"показывать","title":"«показывать» — to give testimony","body":"Beyond 'to show', «показывать/показать» is the legal term 'to depose, give evidence'; the noun «показания» ('depositions') recurs through the chapter. Here it is Mitya's act of testifying before the magistrates."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вначале","lemma":"вначале","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies было (the тумане clause)","gloss":"at the outset"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of начал","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of начал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"давеча","lemma":"давеча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начал","gloss":"earlier"},{"surface":"начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the когда-clause","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"показывать","lemma":"показывать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начал","gloss":"giving my testimony"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of это","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to тумане","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тумане","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"дальнейшем","lemma":"дальнейший","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies тумане","gloss":"further"},{"surface":"тумане","lemma":"туман","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of было","gloss":"haze"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of плавало","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"плавало","lemma":"плавать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated main verb (second clause)","gloss":"was afloat"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of прост","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прост","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to прост","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прост","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"прост","lemma":"простой","morphology":"adjective (predicate, short form), masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective of был, coordinated with плавало","gloss":"naive"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of начал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of прост","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking предложения","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"предложения","lemma":"предложение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of начал","gloss":"the proposal"},{"surface":"взаимного","lemma":"взаимный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies доверия","gloss":"mutual"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нами","gloss":"between"},{"surface":"нами","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of между","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"доверия","lemma":"доверие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies предложения","gloss":"trust"}]},{"number":191,"label":"191","id":"b9-c5-s191","source":"Теперь сам вижу, что доверия этого и быть не могло, потому что всё же бы мы пришли к этому проклятому забору!","translation":"\"Now I see for myself that there could be no such trust, because we would have come all the same to this accursed fence!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"доверия этого и быть не могло","title":"Genitive of negation in non-existence","body":"With negated 'could not be', the absent thing goes into the genitive: «доверия… не могло (быть)» — 'of such trust there could be none.' Fronting «доверия этого» also topicalises it before the verb collapses the possibility."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"всё же бы мы пришли","title":"Conditional «бы» with detached particle","body":"«Бы» plus the past «пришли» makes the irrealis: 'we would have come' to the same wall regardless. Note how «бы» floats forward to lean on «всё же» rather than sitting by the verb — its typical mobility."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"проклятому забору","title":"«забор» as metaphor — the 'accursed fence'","body":"«Забор» is a plain wooden fence; «проклятый» ('accursed, damned') makes it the impassable barrier the conversation keeps running into. The dative «проклятому забору» follows «прийти к» ('to come up against')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вижу","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, emphatic, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphasizes subject of вижу","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"вижу","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I see"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of могло","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"доверия","lemma":"доверие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"subject of могло (genitive of negation)","gloss":"trust"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies доверия","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes быть","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of могло","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могло","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могло","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of вижу","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of пришли, part of потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"subject of пришли, part of всё же","gloss":"all the same"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies всё, part of всё же","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of пришли","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of пришли","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"пришли","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on могло","gloss":"would have come"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking забору","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"этому","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of забору","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"проклятому","lemma":"проклятый","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies забору","gloss":"accursed"},{"surface":"забору","lemma":"забор","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пришли","gloss":"fence"}]},{"number":192,"label":"192","id":"b9-c5-s192","source":"Ну, вот и пришли! Нельзя, и кончено!","translation":"\"Well, and so we've come to it! It can't be done, and that's the end of it!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Нельзя, и кончено!","title":"Impersonal «нельзя» + «кончено»","body":"«Нельзя» ('it can't / mustn't be done') is a subjectless modal taking no nominative; «кончено» ('it's finished, done') is the neuter short passive participle used as a verdict. Together: 'impossible, and that's that.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker introducing пришли","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пришли","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пришли","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"пришли","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"we've come"},{"surface":"Нельзя","lemma":"нельзя","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"it can't be done"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"кончено","lemma":"кончить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Нельзя","gloss":"finished"}]},{"number":193,"label":"193","id":"b9-c5-s193","source":"Впрочем, я ведь вас не виню, нельзя же и вам мне верить на слово, я ведь это понимаю!","translation":"\"Still, I don't blame you — you can't take me at my word either, I understand that!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"нельзя же и вам мне верить на слово","title":"«нельзя» with dative «вам» + emphatic «же»","body":"Another impersonal «нельзя», now with the dative experiencer «вам» ('it's not for you to…') and the insistent particle «же» softening it to 'after all, you can't be expected to.' «Верить» takes its object in the dative («мне»)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"верить на слово","title":"Idiom: «верить на слово»","body":"'To believe on (someone's) word' — to take a person at their word, trust without proof. Mitya concedes the magistrates cannot simply do this for him."}],"words":[{"surface":"Впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to виню","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of виню","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies виню","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of виню","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies виню","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"виню","lemma":"винить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"blame"},{"surface":"нельзя","lemma":"нельзя","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with виню","gloss":"you can't"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нельзя","gloss":"either"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нельзя, part of нельзя же и","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"logical subject of верить","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"dative object of верить","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"верить","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with виню","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking слово","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"слово","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of верить","gloss":"word","note":"Idiom «верить на слово» = to take someone at their word."},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of понимаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies понимаю","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of понимаю","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"понимаю","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with виню","gloss":"understand"}]},{"number":194,"label":"194","id":"b9-c5-s194","source":"Он мрачно замолчал.","translation":"He fell into a gloomy silence.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"замолчал","title":"Ingressive perfective «за-»","body":"The prefix «за-» on «молчать» gives «замолчать» — to fall silent, to begin keeping quiet. This 'inceptive' «за-» marks the onset of a state, here Mitya's gloomy lapse into silence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of замолчал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"мрачно","lemma":"мрачно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies замолчал","gloss":"gloomily"},{"surface":"замолчал","lemma":"замолчать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fell silent"}]},{"number":195,"label":"195","id":"b9-c5-s195","source":"— А не могли ли бы вы, не нарушая нисколько вашей решимости умолчать о главнейшем, не могли ли бы вы в то же время дать нам хоть малейший намек на то: какие именно столь сильные мотивы могли бы привести вас к умолчанию в столь опасный для вас момент настоящих показаний?","translation":"\"Could you not, without breaking in the least your resolve to keep silent about the main thing — could you not at the same time give us at least the faintest hint as to this: what motives, precisely, so powerful, could have led you to silence at a moment so dangerous to you, in the present depositions?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не могли ли бы вы","title":"Stacked politeness: «ли» + «бы» + negation","body":"A very deferential request piles three softeners together: negation «не», the question-particle «ли», and conditional «бы» — 'might you not be able…'. Nikolai Parfenovich even repeats the whole frame, the height of magistrate's tact."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не нарушая нисколько вашей решимости","title":"Gerund «нарушая» with negative concord","body":"«Нарушая» is the imperfective present gerund («деепричастие»), 'while breaking,' sharing the subject «вы»: 'without breaking your resolve in the least.' «Нисколько» ('not at all') joins the «не» in negative concord — the doubled negation strengthening, not cancelling."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"столь сильные мотивы","title":"Bookish «столь» = 'so'","body":"«Столь» ('so, to such a degree') is the elevated, literary equivalent of «так/такой», repeated here («столь сильные… столь опасный») to lend the magistrate's question a formal, rhetorical weight."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могли","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могли","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могли, marks the question","gloss":"question marker"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of могли","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of могли","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нарушая","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"нарушая","lemma":"нарушать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on могли","gloss":"breaking"},{"surface":"нисколько","lemma":"нисколько","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нарушая","gloss":"in the least"},{"surface":"вашей","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of решимости","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"решимости","lemma":"решимость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of нарушая","gloss":"resolve"},{"surface":"умолчать","lemma":"умолчать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of решимости","gloss":"to keep silent"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking главнейшем","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"главнейшем","lemma":"главный","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of умолчать","gloss":"the main thing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могли","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могли","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"repeats and continues the main verb могли","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могли, marks the question","gloss":"question marker"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of могли","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of могли","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking время","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время, part of в то же время","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то, part of в то же время","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of дать","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"дать","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могли","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of дать","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies малейший","gloss":"at least"},{"surface":"малейший","lemma":"малый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies намек","gloss":"the faintest"},{"surface":"намек","lemma":"намёк","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of дать","gloss":"hint"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking то","gloss":"as to"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies намек, points forward to the following clause","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"какие","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of мотивы","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies столь","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сильные","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"сильные","lemma":"сильный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies мотивы","gloss":"powerful"},{"surface":"мотивы","lemma":"мотив","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of могли","gloss":"motives"},{"surface":"могли","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the embedded clause какие... мотивы могли бы привести","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of могли","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"привести","lemma":"привести","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могли","gloss":"lead"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of привести","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking умолчанию","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"умолчанию","lemma":"умолчание","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of привести","gloss":"silence"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking момент","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies опасный","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"опасный","lemma":"опасный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies момент","gloss":"dangerous"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of опасный","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"момент","lemma":"момент","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"temporal adjunct of привести","gloss":"a moment"},{"surface":"настоящих","lemma":"настоящий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies показаний","gloss":"present"},{"surface":"показаний","lemma":"показание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"modifies момент","gloss":"depositions"}]},{"number":196,"label":"196","id":"b9-c5-s196","source":"Митя грустно и как-то задумчиво усмехнулся.","translation":"Mitya gave a sad and somehow pensive smile.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"усмехнулся","title":"Semelfactive «-ну-» in «усмехнуться»","body":"The «-ну-» suffix marks a single, instantaneous act: «усмехнуться» is to give one (faint, often wry) smile, not to keep smiling. The «-ся» is the lexicalised reflexive that this verb always carries."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"усмехнулся","title":"«усмехнуться» — a wry, knowing smile","body":"Distinct from «улыбнуться» (a warm smile), «усмехнуться» is a one-sided, ironic or bitter smirk. Paired with «грустно… задумчиво» it gives Mitya's sad, inward half-smile."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of усмехнулся","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"грустно","lemma":"грустно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies усмехнулся","gloss":"sadly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как-то","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies усмехнулся, part of как-то","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"как-то","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies усмехнулся, part of как-то","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"задумчиво","lemma":"задумчиво","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies усмехнулся","gloss":"pensively"},{"surface":"усмехнулся","lemma":"усмехнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"smiled"}]},{"number":197,"label":"197","id":"b9-c5-s197","source":"— Я гораздо добрее, чем вы думаете, господа, я вам сообщу почему, и дам этот намек, хотя вы того и не стоите.","translation":"\"I'm far kinder than you think, gentlemen, I'll tell you why, and give you this hint, though you're not worth it.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я гораздо добрее, чем вы думаете","title":"Comparative «добрее» + intensifier «гораздо»","body":"«Добрее» is the predicative comparative of «добрый» ('kinder'), and «гораздо» ('far, much') intensifies it. The comparison is drawn with «чем» plus a finite clause: 'far kinder than you think.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хотя вы того и не стоите","title":"Concessive «хотя» + genitive after «стоить»","body":"«Хотя» ('although') opens the concessive clause; «стоить» here ('to be worth, to deserve') governs the genitive «того» ('it'). The «и» before «не стоите» is the emphatic 'even' — 'though you don't even deserve it.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of добрее","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"гораздо","lemma":"гораздо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies добрее","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"добрее","lemma":"добрый","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicate of the sentence","gloss":"kinder"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of думаете","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of думаете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"думаете","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on добрее","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сообщу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of сообщу","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сообщу","lemma":"сообщить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with добрее","gloss":"I'll tell"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сообщу","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"дам","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with добрее","gloss":"I'll give"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of намек","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"намек","lemma":"намёк","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of дам","gloss":"hint"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of стоите","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of стоите","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"genitive object of стоите","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стоите","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стоите","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"стоите","lemma":"стоить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"concessive clause on дам","gloss":"are worth"}]},{"number":198,"label":"198","id":"b9-c5-s198","source":"Потому, господа, умалчиваю, что тут для меня позор.","translation":"\"I keep silent, gentlemen, because there is disgrace for me in this.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"умалчиваю","title":"«умалчивать» — to keep deliberately silent","body":"Imperfective partner of «умолчать»: to pass over in silence, withhold on purpose (cf. «умолчание» in s186). The present tense «умалчиваю» states his standing policy: 'I am keeping silent.'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"позор","title":"«позор» — disgrace, shame before others","body":"«Позор» is public shame, dishonour, ignominy — the eye of others upon one, stronger than private «стыд» ('shame'). It is the chapter's keyword: the unbearable thing Mitya guards behind his silence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"тут для меня позор","title":"Zero-copula 'there is' with «для меня»","body":"No verb 'to be': «тут… позор» states bare existence in the present, and «для меня» ('for me') localises the shame to him personally. Russian leaves the copula unspoken in such present-tense statements."}],"words":[{"surface":"Потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies умалчиваю","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"умалчиваю","lemma":"умалчивать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I keep silent"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of позор","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies позор","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of тут","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"позор","lemma":"позор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of умалчиваю","gloss":"disgrace"}]},{"number":199,"label":"199","id":"b9-c5-s199","source":"В ответе на вопрос: откуда взял эти деньги, заключен для меня такой позор, с которым не могло бы сравняться даже и убийство, и ограбление отца, если б я его убил и ограбил.","translation":"\"In the answer to the question — where I got that money — there is contained for me such a disgrace as could not be matched even by the murder and robbery of my father, had I killed and robbed him.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"заключен для меня такой позор","title":"Short passive participle «заключён»","body":"«Заключён» is the masculine short form of the past passive participle of «заключить» ('to contain, enclose') — 'is contained.' This predicative short form, joining an implied быть, states a result: in the answer 'is contained' such a disgrace."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с которым не могло бы сравняться даже и убийство","title":"Relative «который» (instrumental) + conditional","body":"«С которым» is the relative in the instrumental governed by «сравняться с» ('to be equal to'), agreeing with «позор». The conditional «не могло бы сравняться» frames the comparison as hypothetical: 'with which not even murder could compare.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"если б я его убил и ограбил","title":"Conditional «если б» with reduced «бы»","body":"«Если б» (clipped «если бы») plus the perfective past «убил и ограбил» builds the counterfactual: 'had I killed and robbed him.' The hypothetical murder of his father is voiced only as an unreal condition — a chilling near-miss."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ответе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ответе","lemma":"ответ","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заключен","gloss":"the answer"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вопрос","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"вопрос","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ответе","gloss":"question"},{"surface":"откуда","lemma":"откуда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies взял","gloss":"where from"},{"surface":"взял","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clause in apposition to вопрос","gloss":"I got"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of деньги","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of взял","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"заключен","lemma":"заключить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is contained"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of заключен","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of позор","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"позор","lemma":"позор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of passive заключен","gloss":"disgrace"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которым","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"которым","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сравняться","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могло","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могло","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the relative clause modifying позор","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of могло","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"сравняться","lemma":"сравняться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могло","gloss":"be matched"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies убийство, part of даже и","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies убийство, part of даже и","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"убийство","lemma":"убийство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of сравняться","gloss":"murder"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ограбление","lemma":"ограбление","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with убийство","gloss":"robbery"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ограбление","gloss":"of my father"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of убил","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"б","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"auxiliary of убил","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of убил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of убил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"conditional clause modifying могло","gloss":"had killed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ограбил","lemma":"ограбить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with убил","gloss":"robbed"}]},{"number":200,"label":"200","id":"b9-c5-s200","source":"Вот почему не могу говорить. От позора не могу.","translation":"\"That is why I cannot speak. For the disgrace I cannot.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"От позора не могу.","title":"Causal «от» + genitive, verb gapped","body":"«От» governs the genitive «позора» in a causal sense — 'because of / from the shame.' The verb «говорить» is gapped from the prior clause, leaving the stark fragment 'For the disgrace I cannot.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies почему","gloss":"that's"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I cannot"},{"surface":"говорить","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of могу","gloss":"speak"},{"surface":"От","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking позора","gloss":"because of"},{"surface":"позора","lemma":"позор","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of могу","gloss":"the disgrace"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I cannot"}]},{"number":201,"label":"201","id":"b9-c5-s201","source":"Что вы это, господа, записывать хотите?","translation":"\"What is this, gentlemen — you mean to write it down?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что вы это, господа, записывать хотите?","title":"Expostulatory «Что вы это»","body":"«Что вы это…?» is an idiomatic exclamation of surprised remonstrance — 'What's this you're…?, You don't mean to…?'. The aspectual contrast in «записывать хотите» (imperfective infinitive) frames the writing-down as an ongoing intention."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, interrogative","role":"exclamatory interjection","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of хотите","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of записывать","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"записывать","lemma":"записывать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on хотите","gloss":"write down"},{"surface":"хотите","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"mean to"}]},{"number":202,"label":"202","id":"b9-c5-s202","source":"— Да, мы запишем, — пролепетал Николай Парфенович.","translation":"\"Yes, we'll write it down,\" Nikolai Parfenovich mumbled.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пролепетал","title":"«пролепетать» — to mumble, falter out","body":"From «лепетать» ('to babble, prattle, as a child'), the perfective «пролепетать» is to bring out timidly and indistinctly. It paints the nervous, deferential Nikolai Parfenovich, who keeps faltering before Mitya."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"мы запишем","title":"Perfective future «запишем»","body":"«Запишем» is the conjugated perfective of «записать» — a completed future act, 'we will write it down (and have it down).' The «за-» prefix supplies the result-oriented sense of recording."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to запишем","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of запишем","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"запишем","lemma":"записать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will write it down"},{"surface":"пролепетал","lemma":"пролепетать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to запишем","gloss":"mumbled"},{"surface":"Николай","lemma":"николай","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пролепетал","gloss":"Nikolai"},{"surface":"Парфенович","lemma":"парфёнович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the name with Николай","gloss":"Parfenovich"}]},{"number":203,"label":"203","id":"b9-c5-s203","source":"— Вам бы не следовало это записывать, про «позор»-то.","translation":"\"You oughtn't to write that down — about the 'disgrace.'\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вам бы не следовало это записывать","title":"Dative «вам» + «бы» = gentle 'ought not'","body":"The impersonal «следовать» ('to behove') takes its experiencer in the dative «вам»; adding «бы» softens it to advice/reproach: 'you really oughtn't to.' A textbook dative-subject construction made conditional."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"про «позор»-то","title":"Topicalising clitic «-то»","body":"The hyphenated «-то» on «позор» singles it out as the known topic under discussion — 'that bit about the disgrace.' This is the emphatic «-то», distinct from the indefinite «-то» of «кто-то»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"logical subject of следовало","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of следовало","gloss":"ought"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies следовало","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"следовало","lemma":"следовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ought"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of записывать","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"записывать","lemma":"записывать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on следовало","gloss":"write down"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking позор»-то","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"позор»-то","lemma":"позор","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of записывать","gloss":"the 'disgrace'"}]},{"number":204,"label":"204","id":"b9-c5-s204","source":"Это я вам по доброте только души показал, а мог и не показывать, я вам, так сказать, подарил, а вы сейчас лыко в строку.","translation":"\"I revealed it to you only out of the goodness of my soul, and I needn't have revealed it; I made you a present of it, so to speak, and here you are turning it straight against me.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"по доброте только души показал","title":"Causal «по» + dative «доброте»","body":"«По доброте (души)» — 'out of (the) goodness (of soul)' — uses «по» with the dative to give motive. «Показал» here means 'revealed, disclosed,' the same testimonial verb as «показывать» (s190)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"а мог и не показывать","title":"Modal «мог» + «и не» imperfective","body":"«Мог (и) не показывать» — 'I needn't have revealed it' — pairs the past of «мочь» with a negated imperfective infinitive, where the imperfective fits the option of simply not doing it at all. The «и» adds 'might equally not have.'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"лыко в строку","title":"Idiom: «(ставить) лыко в строку»","body":"An earthy proverb from bast-weaving — 'to set every bast-strip into the row' — meaning to hold every slip or word against someone, to nitpick. Mitya accuses them of turning his confided shame straight into evidence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of показал","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of показал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of показал","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking доброте","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"доброте","lemma":"доброта","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of показал","gloss":"the goodness"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies души","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"души","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies доброте","gloss":"of my soul"},{"surface":"показал","lemma":"показать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"revealed"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with показал","gloss":"could have"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies показывать","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies показывать","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"показывать","lemma":"показывать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"reveal it"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of подарил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of подарил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказать, part of так сказать","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"parenthetical, part of так сказать modifying подарил","gloss":"to speak"},{"surface":"подарил","lemma":"подарить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with показал","gloss":"gifted"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of the implied verb (idiom лыко в строку)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the implied verb","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"лыко","lemma":"лыко","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of the implied verb (idiom лыко в строку)","gloss":"reproach","note":"Idiom «ставить лыко в строку» = to hold a past fault against someone."},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking строку","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"строку","lemma":"строка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of the implied verb","gloss":"account"}]},{"number":205,"label":"205","id":"b9-c5-s205","source":"Ну пишите, пишите что хотите, — презрительно и брезгливо заключил он, — не боюсь я вас и… горжусь пред вами.","translation":"\"Well, write away, write whatever you like,\" he concluded with contempt and disgust. \"I'm not afraid of you, and… I hold my head high before you.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пишите, пишите что хотите","title":"Imperfective imperative of dismissal","body":"«Пишите» is the imperfective imperative — for an open, unbounded 'write away, go on writing' — repeated for contemptuous insistence. Imperfective commands invite/permit an activity, where a perfective would demand one finished act."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не боюсь я вас","title":"«бояться» + genitive object, inverted","body":"The reflexive-only verb «бояться» ('to fear') governs its object in the genitive «вас». Word order puts the verb first («не боюсь я вас») for defiant emphasis — the comment 'I'm-not-afraid' thrust forward."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"брезгливо","title":"«брезгливо» — with squeamish disgust","body":"«Брезгливый/брезгливо» conveys fastidious revulsion, as at something dirty or beneath one. Paired with «презрительно» ('contemptuously'), it gives Mitya's loathing a physical, recoiling quality."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"пишите","lemma":"писать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"write"},{"surface":"пишите","lemma":"писать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"repeated imperative, parallel to first пишите","gloss":"write"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of хотите","gloss":"whatever"},{"surface":"хотите","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"complement of пишите","gloss":"you like"},{"surface":"презрительно","lemma":"презрительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заключил","gloss":"contemptuously"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"брезгливо","lemma":"брезгливо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заключил","gloss":"with disgust"},{"surface":"заключил","lemma":"заключить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to пишите","gloss":"concluded"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заключил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies боюсь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"боюсь","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with пишите","gloss":"I'm afraid"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of боюсь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of боюсь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"горжусь","lemma":"гордиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with пишите","gloss":"I hold my head high"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вами","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"вами","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of горжусь","gloss":"you"}]},{"number":206,"label":"206","id":"b9-c5-s206","source":"— А не скажете ли вы, какого бы рода этот позор? — пролепетал было Николай Парфенович.","translation":"\"And won't you tell us what sort of disgrace it would be?\" Nikolai Parfenovich began to mumble.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А не скажете ли вы","title":"Negated «ли» question = tentative invitation","body":"«Не скажете ли вы…?» — negation plus the question-particle «ли» — is a polite, hopeful 'won't you tell us…?'. The perfective future «скажете» asks for one act of disclosure, softened by the deferential frame."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"какого бы рода этот позор","title":"Genitive of quality «какого рода» + «бы»","body":"«Какого рода» ('of what sort') is a genitive-of-quality phrase, and the slipped-in «бы» makes the whole question tentative and hypothetical: 'what sort of disgrace it might be.' A doubly cautious magistrate's probe."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies скажете","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"скажете","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"won't you tell"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies скажете, marks the question","gloss":"question marker"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of скажете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"какого","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of рода","gloss":"what sort of"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase какого бы рода","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"рода","lemma":"род","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies позор","gloss":"sort"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of позор","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"позор","lemma":"позор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of скажете","gloss":"disgrace"},{"surface":"пролепетал","lemma":"пролепетать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to скажете","gloss":"began to mumble"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"particle, marks an interrupted or begun action","role":"modifies пролепетал","gloss":"began to"},{"surface":"Николай","lemma":"николай","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пролепетал","gloss":"Nikolai"},{"surface":"Парфенович","lemma":"парфёнович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the name with Николай","gloss":"Parfenovich"}]},{"number":207,"label":"207","id":"b9-c5-s207","source":"Прокурор ужасно наморщился.","translation":"The prosecutor frowned dreadfully.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"наморщился","title":"«наморщиться» — to knit one's brow","body":"Reflexive perfective 'to wrinkle up, screw up one's face/brow.' The «-ся» makes it the involuntary change of state — the prosecutor frowns of his own at his colleague's tactless question."}],"words":[{"surface":"Прокурор","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of наморщился","gloss":"the prosecutor"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies наморщился","gloss":"dreadfully"},{"surface":"наморщился","lemma":"наморщиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"frowned"}]},{"number":208,"label":"208","id":"b9-c5-s208","source":"— Ни-ни, c’est fini, не трудитесь.","translation":"\"No, no, c'est fini, don't trouble yourselves.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ни-ни","title":"Reduplicated «ни-ни» as flat refusal","body":"Doubling the intensifying negative particle «ни» gives the colloquial «ни-ни» — an absolute 'no, no, not a bit of it, out of the question.' It refuses even to entertain the magistrate's request."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не трудитесь","title":"Negated imperfective imperative «не трудитесь»","body":"«Трудитесь» is the imperative of reflexive «трудиться» ('to take pains'); negated, «не трудитесь» means 'don't bother, don't trouble yourselves.' Negative commands in Russian normally take the imperfective."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinated with the second ни, exclamatory","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinated with the first Ни, exclamatory","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"c’est","lemma":"c’est","morphology":"word (French)","role":"coordinated with ни-ни","gloss":"it's"},{"surface":"fini","lemma":"fini","morphology":"word (French)","role":"depends on c’est","gloss":"finished"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies трудитесь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"трудитесь","lemma":"трудиться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"trouble yourselves"}]},{"number":209,"label":"209","id":"b9-c5-s209","source":"Да и не стоит мараться. Уж и так об вас замарался.","translation":"\"And it's not worth soiling myself over. I've soiled myself enough on your account already.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мараться","title":"«мараться / замараться» — to soil oneself","body":"«Марать» is to soil, dirty, smear; reflexive «мараться/замараться» is to get oneself dirty — here morally, to demean oneself by contact. Mitya says it isn't worth dirtying himself, having already «замарался» on their account."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Уж и так об вас замарался.","title":"Emphatic «уж» + colloquial «об вас»","body":"The particle «уж» ('already, indeed') intensifies the rueful admission. Note the period-colloquial «об вас» for modern «о вас» — the older preposition form before a pronoun, governing the prepositional case."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase Да и, emphatic","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стоит","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"стоит","lemma":"стоить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"it's worth"},{"surface":"мараться","lemma":"мараться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on стоит","gloss":"to dirty myself"},{"surface":"Уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies замарался","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies замарался","gloss":"so much"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"on account of"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of замарался","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"замарался","lemma":"замараться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I've soiled myself"}]},{"number":210,"label":"210","id":"b9-c5-s210","source":"Не стоите вы, ни вы и никто… Довольно, господа, обрываю.","translation":"\"You're not worth it, neither you nor anyone… Enough, gentlemen, I break off.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ни вы и никто","title":"Negative concord with «ни… никто»","body":"«Не стоите вы, ни вы и никто» heaps negatives — «не», «ни», «никто» — all reinforcing one denial: 'you're not worth it, neither you nor anyone.' Russian's negative concord requires the negatives to agree, not cancel."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"обрываю","title":"«обрывать» — 'I break off'","body":"The same verb used of cutting someone short (s187) now turned on himself: «обрываю», present-tense 'I break off (here).' Mitya performatively ends the exchange with the word."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стоите","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"стоите","lemma":"стоить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are worth"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of стоите","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"neither"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"coordinated with вы","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"никто","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"coordinated with вы","gloss":"anyone"},{"surface":"Довольно","lemma":"довольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to обрываю","gloss":"enough"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"обрываю","lemma":"обрывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I break off"}]},{"number":211,"label":"211","id":"b9-c5-s211","source":"Проговорено было слишком решительно.","translation":"It was spoken too resolutely.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Проговорено было слишком решительно.","title":"Impersonal short passive «проговорено было»","body":"A subjectless passive: the neuter short participle «проговорено» plus «было» states 'it was spoken' with no named agent — the words simply stand uttered, too resolutely. This agentless passive is a favourite of narrative summary."}],"words":[{"surface":"Проговорено","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was spoken"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of Проговорено","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"слишком","lemma":"слишком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies решительно","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"решительно","lemma":"решительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Проговорено","gloss":"resolutely"}]},{"number":212,"label":"212","id":"b9-c5-s212","source":"Николай Парфенович перестал настаивать, но из взглядов Ипполита Кирилловича мигом успел усмотреть, что тот еще не теряет надежды.","translation":"Nikolai Parfenovich ceased to insist, but from Ippolit Kirillovich's looks he managed in an instant to perceive that the latter had not yet given up hope.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"из взглядов Ипполита Кирилловича… усмотреть, что тот еще не теряет надежды","title":"Correlative «тот» tracking the other man","body":"«Тот» ('the latter, that one') points across to Ippolit Kirillovich, neatly distinguishing him from the subject Nikolai Parfenovich — the demonstrative doing reference-tracking that free word order makes necessary. «Терять надежды» shows genitive of negation under «не теряет»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Николай","lemma":"николай","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of перестал","gloss":"Nikolai"},{"surface":"Парфенович","lemma":"парфёнович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Николай","gloss":"Parfenovich"},{"surface":"перестал","lemma":"перестать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ceased"},{"surface":"настаивать","lemma":"настаивать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of перестал","gloss":"to insist"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking взглядов","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"взглядов","lemma":"взгляд","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of успел","gloss":"the looks"},{"surface":"Ипполита","lemma":"ипполит","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies взглядов","gloss":"Ippolit's"},{"surface":"Кирилловича","lemma":"кириллович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Ипполита","gloss":"Kirillovich's"},{"surface":"мигом","lemma":"миг","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies успел (idiom: in an instant)","gloss":"in an instant"},{"surface":"успел","lemma":"успеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with перестал","gloss":"managed"},{"surface":"усмотреть","lemma":"усмотреть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of успел","gloss":"to perceive"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of теряет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of теряет","gloss":"the latter"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies теряет","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies теряет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"теряет","lemma":"терять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of усмотреть","gloss":"has given up","note":"Present tense in Russian; our translation renders it as pluperfect (\"had not yet given up\")."},{"surface":"надежды","lemma":"надежда","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of теряет","gloss":"hope"}]},{"number":213,"label":"213","id":"b9-c5-s213","source":"— Не можете ли по крайней мере объявить: какой величины была сумма в руках ваших, когда вы вошли с ней к господину Перхотину, то есть сколько именно рублей?","translation":"\"Could you not at least state how large the sum was that you held in your hands when you came in with it to Mr. Perkhotin — that is, exactly how many roubles?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не можете ли по крайней мере объявить","title":"Polite «не… ли» request again","body":"Once more the deferential 'can't you at least…?' frame: negation plus «ли». «По крайней мере» ('at least') lowers the ask, the magistrate retreating to a smaller question after the firm refusal."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"какой величины была сумма","title":"Genitive of measure «какой величины»","body":"'Of what size was the sum' uses the genitive «какой величины» to ask about magnitude — the genitive-of-quality construction applied to quantity. It is glossed immediately by the plainer «сколько именно рублей»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies можете","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"можете","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could you"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies можете","gloss":"[question]"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"forms the idiom по крайней мере (at least)","gloss":"at least"},{"surface":"крайней","lemma":"крайний","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the phrase по крайней мере","gloss":"extreme"},{"surface":"мере","lemma":"мера","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the phrase по крайней мере","gloss":"measure"},{"surface":"объявить","lemma":"объявить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of можете","gloss":"state"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of величины","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"величины","lemma":"величина","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of была, describing сумма","gloss":"size"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking сумма and величины","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"сумма","lemma":"сумма","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of была","gloss":"the sum"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руках","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"руках","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of была","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"ваших","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"modifies руках","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вошли","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of вошли","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"вошли","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on объявить","gloss":"came in"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вошли","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking господину","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"господину","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вошли","gloss":"Mr."},{"surface":"Перхотину","lemma":"перхотин","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to господину","gloss":"Perkhotin"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то есть","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase то есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"то есть","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase то есть (that is)","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"сколько","lemma":"сколько","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"quantifies рублей","gloss":"how many"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сколько","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"рублей","lemma":"рубль","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"complement of сколько","gloss":"roubles"}]},{"number":214,"label":"214","id":"b9-c5-s214","source":"— Не могу и этого объявить.","translation":"\"That too I cannot state.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не могу и этого объявить.","title":"Emphatic «и» = 'this too'","body":"The particle «и» before «этого» means 'even/too' — 'that too I cannot state' — extending the refusal to the new, smaller question. «Этого» is genitive object under the negated «не могу… объявить»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies этого","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of объявить","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"объявить","lemma":"объявить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могу","gloss":"state"}]},{"number":215,"label":"215","id":"b9-c5-s215","source":"— Господину Перхотину вы, кажется, заявляли о трех тысячах, будто бы полученных вами от госпожи Хохлаковой?","translation":"\"To Mr. Perkhotin you declared, it seems, that you had three thousand, supposedly received by you from Madame Khokhlakov?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"будто бы полученных вами","title":"Past passive participle + reportive «будто бы»","body":"«Полученных» is the past passive participle of «получить» ('received'), declined to agree with «трёх тысячах» and naming the money as the thing received; the agent stands in the instrumental «вами». «Будто бы» ('supposedly, as if') flags the claim as merely reported, not vouched for."}],"words":[{"surface":"Господину","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of заявляли","gloss":"Mr."},{"surface":"Перхотину","lemma":"перхотин","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Господину","gloss":"Perkhotin"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of заявляли","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, modifies заявляли","gloss":"it seems"},{"surface":"заявляли","lemma":"заявлять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"declared"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тысячах","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"трех","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, locative","role":"quantifies тысячах","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысячах","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of заявляли","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase будто бы, modifies полученных","gloss":"supposedly"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"будто бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase будто бы","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"полученных","lemma":"получить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, genitive, perfective","role":"clause modifying тысячах","gloss":"received"},{"surface":"вами","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"agent of полученных","gloss":"by you"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking госпожи","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"госпожи","lemma":"госпожа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of полученных","gloss":"Madame"},{"surface":"Хохлаковой","lemma":"хохлакова","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to госпожи","gloss":"Khokhlakov"}]},{"number":216,"label":"216","id":"b9-c5-s216","source":"— Может быть, и заявил. Довольно, господа, не скажу сколько.","translation":"\"Perhaps I did declare it. Enough, gentlemen, I won't say how much.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Может быть, и заявил.","title":"Concessive «и» = 'I may indeed have'","body":"«Может быть, и заявил» — 'perhaps I did declare it' — uses «и» to concede the point grudgingly. The perfective past «заявил» admits one past act while the following «не скажу» refuses the next."}],"words":[{"surface":"Может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the phrase может быть (perhaps)","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"part of the phrase может быть (perhaps)","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies заявил","gloss":"did"},{"surface":"заявил","lemma":"заявить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"declare it"},{"surface":"Довольно","lemma":"довольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"exclamatory, introduces the sentence","gloss":"enough"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies скажу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"скажу","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll say"},{"surface":"сколько","lemma":"сколько","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"direct object of скажу","gloss":"how much"}]},{"number":217,"label":"217","id":"b9-c5-s217","source":"— Потрудитесь в таком случае описать, как вы сюда поехали и всё, что вы сделали, сюда приехав?","translation":"\"Then would you take the trouble to describe how you traveled here and everything you did once you'd arrived?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Потрудитесь… описать","title":"«Потрудитесь» — formal 'be so good as to'","body":"The reflexive perfective imperative «потрудитесь» ('take the trouble, be so kind as to') is a stiff, officially polite way to issue a request. It governs the infinitive «описать», setting the magistrate's bureaucratic courtesy."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сюда приехав","title":"Perfective past gerund «приехав»","body":"«Приехав» is the perfective past «деепричастие» of «приехать», 'having arrived,' compressing a prior completed action into one adverbial form sharing the main subject: 'everything you did once (having) arrived.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Потрудитесь","lemma":"потрудиться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"please take the trouble"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking случае","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"таком","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of случае","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"случае","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Потрудитесь (idiom: в таком случае, then)","gloss":"case"},{"surface":"описать","lemma":"описать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of Потрудитесь","gloss":"to describe"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поехали","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of поехали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сюда","lemma":"сюда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поехали","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"поехали","lemma":"поехать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of описать","gloss":"traveled"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"second complement of описать, coordinated with как вы поехали","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сделали","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of сделали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сделали","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"relative clause on всё","gloss":"did"},{"surface":"сюда","lemma":"сюда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приехав","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"приехав","lemma":"приехать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on сделали","gloss":"having arrived"}]},{"number":218,"label":"218","id":"b9-c5-s218","source":"— Ох, об этом спросите всех здешних. А впрочем, пожалуй, и я расскажу.","translation":"\"Oh, ask everyone here about that. But there — very well, I'll tell it myself.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"спросите всех здешних","title":"Imperative + animate accusative=genitive «всех»","body":"«Спросите» is the polite-plural imperative ('ask'); its object «всех здешних» ('everyone hereabouts') takes the animate accusative, which for the plural borrows the genitive form «всех». «Здешний» means 'local, of this place.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"А впрочем, пожалуй, и я расскажу.","title":"Concessive «впрочем» + hedging «пожалуй»","body":"«Впрочем» ('however, on second thought') reverses his brush-off, and «пожалуй» ('very well, I suppose, I daresay') marks a half-willing concession. The perfective future «расскажу» promises one full telling."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ох","lemma":"ох","morphology":"interjection","role":"stands alone, opens the sentence","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of спросите","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"спросите","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ask"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of здешних","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"здешних","lemma":"здешний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of спросите","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies расскажу","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"пожалуй","lemma":"пожалуй","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies расскажу","gloss":"very well"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies я","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of расскажу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"расскажу","lemma":"рассказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll tell"}]},{"number":219,"label":"219","id":"b9-c5-s219","source":"Он рассказал, но мы уже приводить рассказа не будем.","translation":"He told it, but we will not reproduce the account here.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"приводить рассказа не будем","title":"Compound future negative + genitive of negation","body":"«Не будем приводить» is the imperfective compound future of «приводить» ('to adduce, reproduce'), and under its negation the object slips into the genitive «рассказа» — 'we will not reproduce the account.' A neat pairing of compound future and genitive of negation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of рассказал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"рассказал","lemma":"рассказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"told it"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of приводить","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of уже не (no longer), modifies приводить","gloss":"no longer"},{"surface":"приводить","lemma":"приводить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of будем (forms the future tense)","gloss":"reproduce"},{"surface":"рассказа","lemma":"рассказ","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of приводить","gloss":"the account"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies приводить","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"будем","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of приводить (future tense)","gloss":"will"}]},{"number":220,"label":"220","id":"b9-c5-s220","source":"Рассказывал сухо, бегло.","translation":"He told it dryly, in a rush.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Рассказывал сухо, бегло.","title":"Imperfective «рассказывал» for manner","body":"The imperfective past «рассказывал» views the telling as a process whose manner is being described — 'he told it (in a) dry, hurried (way).' The aspect, not the lexicon, is what frames it as ongoing texture rather than a single completed act."}],"words":[{"surface":"Рассказывал","lemma":"рассказывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he told it"},{"surface":"сухо","lemma":"сухо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Рассказывал","gloss":"dryly"},{"surface":"бегло","lemma":"бегло","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with сухо, modifies Рассказывал","gloss":"hastily"}]},{"number":221,"label":"221","id":"b9-c5-s221","source":"О восторгах любви своей не говорил вовсе.","translation":"Of the raptures of his love he said nothing at all.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"О восторгах любви своей не говорил вовсе.","title":"Fronted topic «о восторгах» + reflexive «своей»","body":"The prepositional phrase «о восторгах любви своей» is moved to the front as the topic ('of the raptures of his love…'), the new information being the flat «не говорил вовсе». «Своей» ('his own') reflexively points back to the subject Mitya."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking восторгах","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"восторгах","lemma":"восторг","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of говорил","gloss":"raptures"},{"surface":"любви","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies восторгах","gloss":"of love"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of любви","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говорил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he spoke"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорил","gloss":"at all"}]},{"number":222,"label":"222","id":"b9-c5-s222","source":"Рассказал, однако, как решимость застрелиться в нем прошла, «ввиду новых фактов».","translation":"He told them, however, how his resolve to shoot himself had passed off, \"in view of new facts.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как решимость застрелиться в нем прошла","title":"Reflexive «застрелиться» + «как»-clause","body":"«Застрелиться» is reflexive 'to shoot oneself (dead)'; the «-ся» turns the act back on the agent. «Как… прошла» here means 'how (his resolve) passed off, faded,' the «как»-clause reporting the manner of its disappearance."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ввиду новых фактов","title":"«ввиду» + genitive — 'in view of'","body":"The compound preposition «ввиду» governs the genitive «новых фактов» to mean 'in view of, owing to.' Set in quotation marks, the phrase echoes Mitya's own self-justifying turn of speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"Рассказал","lemma":"рассказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he told"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies прошла","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of прошла","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"решимость","lemma":"решимость","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of прошла","gloss":"the resolve"},{"surface":"застрелиться","lemma":"застрелиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"modifies решимость","gloss":"to shoot himself"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прошла","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"прошла","lemma":"пройти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Рассказал","gloss":"had passed"},{"surface":"ввиду","lemma":"ввиду","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking фактов","gloss":"in view of"},{"surface":"новых","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies фактов","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"фактов","lemma":"факт","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of прошла","gloss":"facts"}]},{"number":223,"label":"223","id":"b9-c5-s223","source":"Он рассказывал, не мотивируя, не вдаваясь в подробности.","translation":"He recounted it without giving his motives, without entering into particulars.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не мотивируя, не вдаваясь в подробности","title":"Two negated present gerunds in chain","body":"«Мотивируя» and «вдаваясь» are imperfective present «деепричастия» ('giving motives,' 'entering into'), both negated and sharing the subject: 'without giving his motives, without going into particulars.' Stacked gerunds like these are a signature of literary narration."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of рассказывал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"рассказывал","lemma":"рассказывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"recounted it"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мотивируя","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"мотивируя","lemma":"мотивировать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on рассказывал","gloss":"giving reasons"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вдаваясь","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"вдаваясь","lemma":"вдаваться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on рассказывал, coordinated with мотивируя","gloss":"entering"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking подробности","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"подробности","lemma":"подробность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of вдаваясь","gloss":"particulars"}]},{"number":224,"label":"224","id":"b9-c5-s224","source":"Да и следователи не очень его на этот раз беспокоили: ясно было, что и для них не в том состоит теперь главный пункт.","translation":"Nor did the investigators trouble him much this time: it was clear that for them, too, the main point did not lie there now.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"и для них не в том состоит теperь главный пункт","title":"Emphatic «и для них» + «в том состоит»","body":"«И для них» ('for them too') adds the magistrates to the point, and «в том состоит» ('consists in that') is a bookish idiom of definition. The negation «не в том» says the crux does not lie 'there' — anticipating where it really does lie."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase да и (nor)","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"да и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase да и (nor)","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"следователи","lemma":"следователь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of беспокоили","gloss":"the investigators"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies очень","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies беспокоили","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of беспокоили","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of раз","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of беспокоили","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"беспокоили","lemma":"беспокоить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"troubled"},{"surface":"ясно","lemma":"ясный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"predicate adjective of the second clause","gloss":"clear"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to ясно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of состоит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies них","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of состоит","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies состоит","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of состоит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"состоит","lemma":"состоять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of ясно","gloss":"consists"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies состоит","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"главный","lemma":"главный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пункт","gloss":"main"},{"surface":"пункт","lemma":"пункт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of состоит","gloss":"point"}]},{"number":225,"label":"225","id":"b9-c5-s225","source":"— Мы это всё проверим, ко всему еще возвратимся при допросе свидетелей, который будет, конечно, происходить в вашем присутствии, — заключил допрос Николай Парфенович. — Теперь же позвольте обратиться к вам с просьбою выложить сюда на стол все ваши вещи, находящиеся при вас, а главное, все деньги, какие только теперь имеете.","translation":"\"We shall verify all this, we'll return to everything again at the examination of the witnesses, which will, of course, take place in your presence,\" Nikolai Parfenovich said, bringing the interrogation to a close. \"Now, however, allow me to turn to you with a request: lay out here on the table all your belongings on your person, and above all, all the money you have on you just now.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"который будет… происходить в вашем присутствии","title":"Relative «который» + compound future","body":"«Который» ('which') heads the relative clause about the «допрос свидетелей», agreeing in masculine singular with «допрос» but nominative as the clause's own subject. «Будет происходить» is the imperfective compound future — an event seen as taking place over time."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"позвольте обратиться к вам с просьбою","title":"«позвольте» + infinitive; old «-ою»","body":"The polite imperative «позвольте» ('allow [me]') plus the infinitive «обратиться» is a formal request-opener. Note again the literary instrumental «просьбою» (for «просьбой») governed by «с» — period flavour in the magistrate's courtesy."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"выложить сюда на стол все ваши вещи","title":"Perfective infinitive of request «выложить»","body":"«Выложить» (perfective, 'to lay out (all at once)') names the single completed act requested; with «на стол» in the accusative of motion-toward, the things are to be set out on the table. The «вы-» prefix gives the sense of producing everything out."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of проверим","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of проверим","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of проверим","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"проверим","lemma":"проверить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will verify"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"всему","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of возвратимся","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies возвратимся","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"возвратимся","lemma":"возвратиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, first, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with проверим","gloss":"we'll return"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking допросе","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"допросе","lemma":"допрос","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of возвратимся","gloss":"examination"},{"surface":"свидетелей","lemma":"свидетель","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies допросе","gloss":"of the witnesses"},{"surface":"который","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of происходить","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of происходить","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies происходить","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"происходить","lemma":"происходить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"relative clause on допросе","gloss":"take place"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking присутствии","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"вашем","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of присутствии","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"присутствии","lemma":"присутствие","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of происходить","gloss":"presence"},{"surface":"заключил","lemma":"заключить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"concluded"},{"surface":"допрос","lemma":"допрос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of заключил","gloss":"the interrogation"},{"surface":"Николай","lemma":"николай","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заключил","gloss":"Nikolai"},{"surface":"Парфенович","lemma":"парфёнович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Николай","gloss":"Parfenovich"},{"surface":"Теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies позвольте","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Теперь","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"позвольте","lemma":"позволить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"allow me"},{"surface":"обратиться","lemma":"обратиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of позвольте","gloss":"to turn"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вам","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"oblique complement of обратиться","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking просьбою","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"просьбою","lemma":"просьба","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обратиться","gloss":"a request"},{"surface":"выложить","lemma":"выложить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of просьбою (specifies the request)","gloss":"to lay out"},{"surface":"сюда","lemma":"сюда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выложить","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стол","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"стол","lemma":"стол","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выложить","gloss":"the table"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of вещи","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"ваши","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of вещи","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"вещи","lemma":"вещь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of выложить","gloss":"belongings"},{"surface":"находящиеся","lemma":"находиться","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, plural, accusative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying вещи","gloss":"that are"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of находящиеся","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"главное","lemma":"главный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"parenthetical, modifies деньги","gloss":"above all"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of деньги","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньга","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of выложить, coordinated with вещи","gloss":"the money"},{"surface":"какие","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of имеете","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies теперь","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies имеете","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"имеете","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"relative clause on деньги","gloss":"you have"}]},{"number":226,"label":"226","id":"b9-c5-s226","source":"— Деньги, господа? Извольте, понимаю, что надо. Удивляюсь даже, как раньше не полюбопытствовали.","translation":"\"Money, gentlemen? By all means, I understand it's necessary. I'm even surprised you didn't take an interest sooner.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Извольте","title":"«Извольте» — 'by all means, as you please'","body":"An archaic, ceremonious word of compliance (from «изволить», 'to deign/be pleased to'), «извольте» means 'certainly, here you are, if you please.' Mitya uses its old-fashioned politeness half-mockingly toward the officials."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как раньше не полюбопытствовали","title":"Exclamatory «как» + perfective «полюбопытствовали»","body":"«Как… не полюбопытствовали» is an exclamatory 'how is it you didn't take an interest!' The perfective «полюбопытствовать» (with inceptive «по-») marks the one act of getting curious that, surprisingly, hadn't happened sooner."}],"words":[{"surface":"Деньги","lemma":"деньга","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"Извольте","lemma":"изволить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"very well"},{"surface":"понимаю","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Извольте","gloss":"I understand"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of надо","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"clausal complement of понимаю","gloss":"it's necessary"},{"surface":"Удивляюсь","lemma":"удивляться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'm surprised"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Удивляюсь","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies полюбопытствовали","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"раньше","lemma":"рано","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies полюбопытствовали","gloss":"sooner"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies полюбопытствовали","gloss":"didn't"},{"surface":"полюбопытствовали","lemma":"полюбопытствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of Удивляюсь","gloss":"take an interest"}]},{"number":227,"label":"227","id":"b9-c5-s227","source":"Правда, никуда бы не ушел, на виду сижу. Ну, вот они, мои деньги, вот считайте, берите, все, кажется.","translation":"\"True, I couldn't have gone anywhere — I'm sitting in plain sight. Well, here it is, my money, here, count it, take it, that's all of it, I think.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"никуда бы не ушел","title":"Counterfactual «бы» with «никуда»","body":"«Никуда бы не ушёл» — 'I couldn't have gone anywhere' — joins the negative adverb «никуда» (negative concord with «не») to the conditional «бы» + past «ушёл». It reasons unreally: even had he wanted to flee, he could not."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вот считайте, берите","title":"Imperfective imperatives «считайте, берите»","body":"A string of imperfective plural imperatives ('count, take') invites the officials to set about the activity freely — the imperfective fitting an open, ongoing handling of the money. «Вот они, мои деньги» fronts the cash for display."}],"words":[{"surface":"Правда","lemma":"правда","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies ушел","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"никуда","lemma":"никуда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ушел","gloss":"nowhere"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of ушел","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ушел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ушел","lemma":"уйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have gone"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking виду","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"виду","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сижу (idiom: на виду, in plain sight)","gloss":"plain sight"},{"surface":"сижу","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with ушел","gloss":"I'm sitting"},{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies они","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of implied copula (here they are)","gloss":"they are"},{"surface":"мои","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of деньги","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньга","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"in apposition to они","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies считайте","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"считайте","lemma":"считать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"count it"},{"surface":"берите","lemma":"брать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with считайте","gloss":"take it"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of кажется","gloss":"all of it"},{"surface":"кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, modifies все","gloss":"I think"}]},{"number":228,"label":"228","id":"b9-c5-s228","source":"Он вынул всё из карманов, даже мелочь, два двугривенных вытащил из бокового жилетного кармана.","translation":"He emptied everything out of his pockets, even the small change, and pulled two twenty-kopeck pieces from the side pocket of his waistcoat.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мелочь","title":"«мелочь» — small change","body":"From «мелкий» ('fine, small'), «мелочь» is the loose small coin, 'odd change.' Here even the smallest coins are turned out of his pockets."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"жилетного кармана","title":"«жилет» — the gentleman's waistcoat","body":"«Жилет» is a waistcoat/vest; «жилетный карман» the small side pocket of it. The detail of fishing coins from his waistcoat pocket sharpens the picture of Mitya emptying himself out completely."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вынул","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вынул","lemma":"вынуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"emptied out"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of вынул","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking карманов","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"карманов","lemma":"карман","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of вынул","gloss":"his pockets"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мелочь","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"мелочь","lemma":"мелочь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of вынул, coordinated with всё","gloss":"the small change"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"depends on двугривенных","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"двугривенных","lemma":"двугривенный","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"direct object of вытащил (quantified by два)","gloss":"twenty-kopeck pieces"},{"surface":"вытащил","lemma":"вытащить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вынул","gloss":"pulled"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кармана","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"бокового","lemma":"боковой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies кармана","gloss":"side"},{"surface":"жилетного","lemma":"жилетный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies кармана","gloss":"waistcoat"},{"surface":"кармана","lemma":"карман","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вытащил","gloss":"pocket"}]},{"number":229,"label":"229","id":"b9-c5-s229","source":"Сосчитали деньги, оказалось восемьсот тридцать шесть рублей сорок копеек.","translation":"They counted the money; it came to eight hundred and thirty-six roubles and forty kopecks.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Сосчитали деньги, оказалось…","title":"Subjectless plural «сосчитали» + «оказалось»","body":"«Сосчитали» ('they counted'), a 3rd-plural with no stated subject, is the impersonal 'they/one' of narration; «оказалось» ('it turned out') is the impersonal neuter introducing the result. Russian narrates such bookkeeping without naming the counters."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"восемьсот тридцать шесть рублей сорок копеек","title":"Numerals governing «рублей» / «копеек»","body":"The compound numbers end in «шесть» and «сорок», so they pull the genitive plural «рублей» and «копеек» (5-and-up rule). Reading the case off the noun confirms 'roubles' and 'kopecks' are counted, not subjects."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сосчитали","lemma":"сосчитать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they counted"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньга","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of Сосчитали","gloss":"the money"},{"surface":"оказалось","lemma":"оказаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Сосчитали","gloss":"it came to"},{"surface":"восемьсот","lemma":"восемьсот","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"predicate complement of оказалось","gloss":"eight hundred"},{"surface":"тридцать","lemma":"тридцать","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on шесть","gloss":"thirty"},{"surface":"шесть","lemma":"шесть","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on рублей","gloss":"six"},{"surface":"рублей","lemma":"рубль","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"quantified by восемьсот тридцать шесть","gloss":"roubles"},{"surface":"сорок","lemma":"сорок","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on копеек","gloss":"forty"},{"surface":"копеек","lemma":"копейка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"quantified by сорок, coordinated with рублей","gloss":"kopecks"}]},{"number":230,"label":"230","id":"b9-c5-s230","source":"— И это всё? — спросил следователь.","translation":"\"And is that all?\" the investigator asked.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"И это всё?","title":"Bare elliptical question","body":"'And is that all?' — no verb at all, the zero-copula present leaving «это всё» to stand as a complete question by intonation. Russian dispenses with 'to be' in the present, so the bare phrase suffices."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of всё","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement, describes это","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"спросил","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"следователь","lemma":"следователь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спросил","gloss":"the investigator"}]},{"number":231,"label":"231","id":"b9-c5-s231","source":"— Всё.","translation":"\"That's all.\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate nominal (elliptical: это всё)","gloss":"that's all"}]},{"number":232,"label":"232","id":"b9-c5-s232","source":"— Вы изволили сказать сейчас, делая показания ваши, что в лавке Плотниковых оставили триста рублей, Перхотину дали десять, ямщику двадцать, здесь проиграли двести, потом…","translation":"\"You were pleased to say just now, in giving your testimony, that you left three hundred roubles at the Plotnikovs' shop, gave Perkhotin ten, the coachman twenty, lost two hundred gambling here, then…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вы изволили сказать","title":"«изволили сказать» — deferential past","body":"«Изволить» + infinitive ('to be pleased to do') forms a stiffly polite past, 'you were pleased to say.' The magistrate's officialese keeps reaching for these archaic courtesies even while pinning down hard facts."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в лавке Плотниковых оставили триста рублей, Перхотину дали десять, ямщику двадцать","title":"Dative recipients in an itemised list","body":"The list runs on datives of the recipient — «Перхотину» ('to Perkhotin'), «ямщику» ('to the coachman') — with the verb «дали» gapped after the first. The dative quietly marks 'to whom' across the whole tally."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of изволили","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"изволили","lemma":"изволить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"were pleased","note":"formal, deferential register — 'were so good as to'"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of изволили","gloss":"to say"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказать","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"делая","lemma":"делать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on сказать","gloss":"giving"},{"surface":"показания","lemma":"показание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of делая","gloss":"testimony"},{"surface":"ваши","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of показания","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of оставили","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лавке","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"лавке","lemma":"лавка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of оставили","gloss":"shop"},{"surface":"Плотниковых","lemma":"Плотниковы","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies лавке","gloss":"the Plotnikovs'"},{"surface":"оставили","lemma":"оставить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"триста","lemma":"триста","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"quantifies рублей","gloss":"three hundred"},{"surface":"рублей","lemma":"рубль","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of оставили","gloss":"roubles"},{"surface":"Перхотину","lemma":"Перхотин","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of дали","gloss":"Perkhotin"},{"surface":"дали","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with оставили","gloss":"gave"},{"surface":"десять","lemma":"десять","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"direct object of дали","gloss":"ten"},{"surface":"ямщику","lemma":"ямщик","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of дали (elided)","gloss":"the coachman"},{"surface":"двадцать","lemma":"двадцать","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"direct object of дали (elided)","gloss":"twenty"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проиграли","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"проиграли","lemma":"проиграть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with оставили","gloss":"lost gambling"},{"surface":"двести","lemma":"двести","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"direct object of проиграли","gloss":"two hundred"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проиграли","gloss":"then"}]},{"number":233,"label":"233","id":"b9-c5-s233","source":"Николай Парфенович пересчитал всё. Митя помог охотно.","translation":"Nikolai Parfenovich reckoned it all up. Mitya helped readily.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пересчитал","title":"«пересчитать» — to tally up, count over","body":"The prefix «пере-» here gives 'to count through, reckon up (item by item).' Nikolai Parfenovich totals the whole list; «помог охотно» ('helped readily') shows Mitya's odd, careless cooperation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Николай","lemma":"Николай","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пересчитал","gloss":"Nikolai"},{"surface":"Парфенович","lemma":"Парфёнович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Николай","gloss":"Parfenovich"},{"surface":"пересчитал","lemma":"пересчитать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"reckoned up"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of пересчитал","gloss":"it all"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of помог","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"помог","lemma":"помочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"helped"},{"surface":"охотно","lemma":"охотно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies помог","gloss":"readily"}]},{"number":234,"label":"234","id":"b9-c5-s234","source":"Припомнили и включили в счет всякую копейку.","translation":"They recalled and brought into the account every last kopeck.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Припомнили и включили в счет всякую копейку.","title":"Perfective pair driving the action forward","body":"Two perfective pasts «припомнили» ('recalled') and «включили» ('brought in') move the bookkeeping forward as discrete completed events. «Всякую копейку» ('every last kopeck'), accusative singular, makes the thoroughness vivid."}],"words":[{"surface":"Припомнили","lemma":"припомнить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they recalled"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"включили","lemma":"включить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with Припомнили","gloss":"brought in"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking счет","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"счет","lemma":"счёт","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition в","gloss":"the account"},{"surface":"всякую","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of копейку","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"копейку","lemma":"копейка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of включили","gloss":"kopeck"}]},{"number":235,"label":"235","id":"b9-c5-s235","source":"Николай Парфенович бегло свел итог.","translation":"Nikolai Parfenovich rapidly drew the total.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"свел итог","title":"Idiom: «свести итог»","body":"«Свести итог» is 'to strike/draw the total, sum up.' With «бегло» ('rapidly, fluently') it pictures the magistrate swiftly drawing the final figure."}],"words":[{"surface":"Николай","lemma":"Николай","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of свел","gloss":"Nikolai"},{"surface":"Парфенович","lemma":"Парфёнович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Николай","gloss":"Parfenovich"},{"surface":"бегло","lemma":"бегло","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies свел","gloss":"rapidly"},{"surface":"свел","lemma":"свести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"drew"},{"surface":"итог","lemma":"итог","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of свел","gloss":"the total"}]},{"number":236,"label":"236","id":"b9-c5-s236","source":"— С этими восьмьюстами было, стало быть, всего у вас первоначально около полутора тысяч?","translation":"\"So with these eight hundred, then, you had altogether at the start something like fifteen hundred?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"С этими восьмьюстами","title":"Instrumental of the numeral «восемьсот»","body":"After «с» ('with'), the whole numeral phrase re-declines into the instrumental: «восемьсот» becomes «восьмьюстами» — both parts inflected, a notorious bit of Russian numeral declension. It means 'with these eight hundred.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"стало быть","title":"«стало быть» — 'therefore, so then'","body":"A fossilised parenthetical ('it has come to be' → 'consequently, ergo'), «стало быть» draws an inference. The magistrate uses it to deduce the original sum was about fifteen hundred."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"около полутора тысяч","title":"«полтора» — 'one and a half'","body":"«Полтора» ('one and a half'), here in the genitive «полутора» after «около» ('about'), with «тысяч» in the genitive plural: 'about fifteen hundred.' This special numeral has its own irregular declension."}],"words":[{"surface":"С","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking восьмьюстами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"этими","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"determiner of восьмьюстами","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"восьмьюстами","lemma":"восемьсот","morphology":"numeral, instrumental","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"eight hundred"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular (neuter agreement), imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (existential 'there was')","gloss":"there was"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"part of idiom стало быть (parenthetical)","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"part of idiom стало быть, complement of стало","gloss":"be","note":"'быть' literally means 'to be'; 'to speak' is a copy-paste error (confused with 'так сказать' elsewhere). Together with 'стало' the idiom 'стало быть' means 'so/it follows', but the individual token does not mean 'to speak'."},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всего","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies было","gloss":"altogether"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of было, part of the у + genitive possessive construction ('у вас было' = 'you had')","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"первоначально","lemma":"первоначально","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies было","gloss":"initially"},{"surface":"около","lemma":"около","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тысяч","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"полутора","lemma":"полтора","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies тысяч","gloss":"one and a half"},{"surface":"тысяч","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"subject of было","gloss":"thousand"}]},{"number":237,"label":"237","id":"b9-c5-s237","source":"— Стало быть, — отрезал Митя.","translation":"\"So it would seem,\" Mitya snapped.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"отрезал","title":"«отрезать» — to snap, retort curtly","body":"Literally 'to cut off,' «отрезать» of speech means to answer sharply and finally, with no opening for reply. Mitya's clipped «Стало быть» echoing the magistrate's word, then 'snapped,' conveys his curt impatience."}],"words":[{"surface":"Стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"part of idiom Стало быть","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"part of idiom Стало быть, complement of Стало","gloss":"it would seem","note":"'Стало быть' is a fixed idiom meaning 'so/it follows'"},{"surface":"отрезал","lemma":"отрезать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"snapped"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отрезал","gloss":"Mitya"}]},{"number":238,"label":"238","id":"b9-c5-s238","source":"— Как же все утверждают, что было гораздо более?","translation":"\"How is it, then, that everyone maintains there was a great deal more?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Как же все утверждают, что было гораздо более?","title":"Challenging «как же» + comparative «более»","body":"«Как же…?» — 'how is it then…?' — with the insistent particle «же» presses the contradiction. «Гораздо более» ('a great deal more') is the bookish comparative «более» (vs colloquial «больше») intensified by «гораздо»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies утверждают","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Как","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of утверждают","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"утверждают","lemma":"утверждать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"maintains"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of более","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to более","gloss":"there was"},{"surface":"гораздо","lemma":"гораздо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies более","gloss":"a great deal"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"clausal complement of утверждают","gloss":"more"}]},{"number":239,"label":"239","id":"b9-c5-s239","source":"— Пусть утверждают.","translation":"\"Let them maintain it.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Пусть утверждают.","title":"Third-person imperative with «пусть»","body":"«Пусть» plus the 3rd-person present «утверждают» forms a let-imperative: 'let them maintain it.' It is Russia's way of commanding or conceding to a third party, here Mitya's contemptuous shrug."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пусть","lemma":"пусть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies утверждают","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"утверждают","lemma":"утверждать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"maintain it"}]},{"number":240,"label":"240","id":"b9-c5-s240","source":"— Да и вы сами утверждали.","translation":"\"And you yourself maintained it too.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да и вы сами утверждали.","title":"Additive «да и» + intensifier «сами»","body":"«Да и» ('and besides, and what's more') tacks on a clinching point, and «сами» ('yourself') throws Mitya's own earlier claim back at him: 'and you yourself maintained it too.' The imperfective «утверждали» views it as his standing assertion."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase Да","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of утверждали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"modifies вы","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"утверждали","lemma":"утверждать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"maintained"}]},{"number":241,"label":"241","id":"b9-c5-s241","source":"— И я сам утверждал.","translation":"“And I myself maintained the same.”","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"И я сам утверждал","title":"Emphatic «сам»","body":"«сам» ('myself') is the intensifier that stresses the subject in person: 'I, for my own part, also maintained it.' Distinct from the reflexive «себя», it underlines that the assertion came from Mitya himself."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"утверждал","title":"Imperfective past of a stance","body":"«утверждал» is imperfective past — Mitya was 'maintaining / asserting' it as a held position over time, not registering a single completed act. The imperfective fits a continuing claim he kept making."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of утверждал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies я","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"утверждал","lemma":"утверждать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"maintained the same"}]},{"number":242,"label":"242","id":"b9-c5-s242","source":"— Мы еще проверим всё это свидетельствами еще не спрошенных других лиц; о деньгах ваших не беспокойтесь, они сохранятся где следует и окажутся к вашим услугам по окончании всего… начавшегося… если окажется или, так сказать, докажется, что вы имеете на них неоспоримое право.","translation":"“We shall yet verify all of this through the testimony of other persons not yet questioned; as for your money, do not trouble yourself — it will be kept in its proper place and will be at your disposal once everything… that has been set in motion… is concluded, if it should turn out, or, so to speak, be proven, that you have an indisputable right to it.”","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"проверим","title":"Perfective future «проверим»","body":"A perfective verb conjugated like a present yields a completed future: «проверим» = 'we shall verify (and settle).' The first-person plural is the official, institutional 'we' of the examining magistrate."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"свидетельствами … не спрошенных других лиц","title":"Instrumental of means + past passive participle","body":"«свидетельствами» is instrumental — the 'means' by which they will verify ('through the testimony'). Nested inside, «не спрошенных» is a past passive participle ('not-yet-questioned'), declined in the genitive plural to agree with «лиц»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"о деньгах ваших не беспокойтесь","title":"Negated imperative of a -ся verb","body":"«не беспокойтесь» is the polite/plural imperative of reflexive «беспокоиться» ('to worry oneself'), negated by «не»: 'do not trouble yourself.' Note the bookish word order «деньгах ваших», with the possessive following the noun."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"они сохранятся где следует","title":"Middle -ся «сохранятся» + impersonal «следует»","body":"«сохранятся» is a -ся middle, intransitive future ('they will be kept / will keep'). «где следует» is a fixed impersonal idiom — literally 'where it follows/is proper' — i.e. 'in the proper place,' a bit of bureaucratic delicacy."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"если окажется или … докажется, что вы имеете на них неоспоримое право","title":"Conditional «если» + reflexive-passive «докажется»","body":"«если» opens a real conditional; both «окажется» ('it should turn out') and «докажется» ('it should be proven') are impersonal -ся forms with no named agent. «что …» then reports the content with the subordinator 'that.'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"так сказать","title":"«так сказать» — 'so to speak'","body":"A stock hedging phrase, 'so to speak / as it were.' Coupled with «или … докажется», it captures Nikolai Parfenovich's fussy, qualifying legal manner as he softens 'turn out' into 'be proven.'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"неоспоримое право","title":"«неоспоримое право» — indisputable right","body":"«неоспоримый» = 'incontestable, indisputable,' from «оспаривать» ('to contest'); here a juridical 'indisputable right' to the money. The elevated legalism marks the magistrate's official register."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of проверим","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проверим","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"проверим","lemma":"проверить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shall verify"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of это","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of проверим","gloss":"of this"},{"surface":"свидетельствами","lemma":"свидетельство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of проверим","gloss":"through the testimony"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спрошенных","gloss":"not yet"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies спрошенных","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"спрошенных","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, genitive, perfective","role":"modifies лиц","gloss":"questioned"},{"surface":"других","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies лиц","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"лиц","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"modifies свидетельствами","gloss":"persons"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деньгах","gloss":"as for"},{"surface":"деньгах","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, locative, plural","role":"oblique complement of беспокойтесь","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"ваших","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of деньгах","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies беспокойтесь","gloss":"do not"},{"surface":"беспокойтесь","lemma":"беспокоиться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of this clause","gloss":"trouble yourself"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of сохранятся","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"сохранятся","lemma":"сохраниться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of this clause","gloss":"will be kept"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies следует","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"следует","lemma":"следовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"oblique complement of сохранятся","gloss":"it should"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"окажутся","lemma":"оказаться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with сохранятся","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking услугам","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"вашим","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"determiner of услугам","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"услугам","lemma":"услуга","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of окажутся","gloss":"disposal"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking окончании","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"окончании","lemma":"окончание","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of окажутся","gloss":"conclusion"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies окончании","gloss":"of everything"},{"surface":"начавшегося","lemma":"начаться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, perfective","role":"modifies всего","gloss":"that has been set in motion"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of окажется","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"окажется","lemma":"оказаться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"conditional clause modifying окажутся, coordinated with докажется","gloss":"it should turn out"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of idiom так сказать, modifies докажется","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"part of idiom так сказать","gloss":"to speak","note":"'так сказать' = 'so to speak'"},{"surface":"докажется","lemma":"доказаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"conditional clause modifying окажутся, coordinated with окажется","gloss":"be proven"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of имеете","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of имеете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"имеете","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of окажется/докажется","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, locative, plural","role":"oblique complement of имеете","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"неоспоримое","lemma":"неоспоримый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies право","gloss":"indisputable"},{"surface":"право","lemma":"право","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of имеете","gloss":"right"}]},{"number":243,"label":"243","id":"b9-c5-s243","source":"Ну-с, а теперь…","translation":"“Well then, sir, and now…”","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Ну-с","title":"«-с» — the deferential clitic","body":"The «-с» tacked onto «Ну» is the «словоер», a shortened «сударь» ('sir') once added to show politeness or self-effacement. «Ну-с» means 'Well then, sir' — a verbal tic of obsequious or formal 19th-century speech that pervades the interrogation scene."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"well then"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle","role":"attached to Ну, deferential suffix","gloss":"sir","note":"the old deferential enclitic '-с' (from 'сударь'), attached to the preceding word"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with Ну-с via а","gloss":"now"}]},{"number":244,"label":"244","id":"b9-c5-s244","source":"Николай Парфенович вдруг встал и твердо объявил Мите, что «принужден и должен» учинить самый подробный и точнейший осмотр «как платья вашего, так и всего…»","translation":"Nikolai Parfenovich suddenly rose and firmly announced to Mitya that he was “compelled and obliged” to carry out the most thorough and most exact examination “of both your clothing and of everything else…”","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вдруг встал и твердо объявил","title":"Perfective chain of events","body":"Two perfective pasts in sequence — «встал» ('rose'), «объявил» ('announced') — move the narration forward as discrete completed acts. «вдруг» ('suddenly') and the adverb «твердо» ('firmly') sharpen the abruptness."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"принужден и должен","title":"Short adjectives as predicate","body":"«принужден» (short form of «принуждённый», 'compelled') and «должен» ('obliged') are short, predicate-only forms — the bookish, formal register the magistrate adopts. The quotation marks flag them as his own stiff phrasing."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"учинить … осмотр","title":"«учинить осмотр» — to carry out an examination","body":"«учинить» ('to carry out, effect') is an archaic, officialese verb, and «осмотр» the technical 'inspection / examination.' The pairing is deliberately chancery-stiff, the magistrate hiding behind procedure as he orders Mitya stripped."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как платья вашего, так и всего","title":"Correlative «как… так и…»","body":"The paired conjunction «как…, так и…» means 'both… and…'. Both «платья» and «всего» stand in the genitive governed by «осмотр» ('an examination of…'), and «платья вашего» again shows the bookish post-posed possessive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Николай","lemma":"Николай","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of встал","gloss":"Nikolai"},{"surface":"Парфенович","lemma":"Парфёнович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Николай","gloss":"Parfenovich"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies встал","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"встал","lemma":"встать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rose"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"твердо","lemma":"твёрдо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies объявил","gloss":"firmly"},{"surface":"объявил","lemma":"объявить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with встал","gloss":"announced"},{"surface":"Мите","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of объявил","gloss":"to Mitya"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of принужден","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"принужден","lemma":"принудить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of объявил","gloss":"compelled"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"должен","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with принужден","gloss":"obliged"},{"surface":"учинить","lemma":"учинить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of принужден/должен","gloss":"to carry out"},{"surface":"самый","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies подробный","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"подробный","lemma":"подробный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies осмотр","gloss":"thorough"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"точнейший","lemma":"точный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with подробный","gloss":"most exact"},{"surface":"осмотр","lemma":"осмотр","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of учинить","gloss":"examination"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"correlative conjunction","role":"correlative marker (как…так и…), introduces платья","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"платья","lemma":"платье","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"genitive complement of осмотр","gloss":"clothing"},{"surface":"вашего","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of платья","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"correlative conjunction","role":"correlative marker, coordinates with как","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так, reinforces correlative","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with платья, genitive complement of осмотр","gloss":"of everything"}]},{"number":245,"label":"245","id":"b9-c5-s245","source":"— Извольте, господа, все карманы выверну, если хотите.","translation":"“By all means, gentlemen, I’ll turn out every pocket, if you like.”","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Извольте","title":"«Извольте» — 'by all means / if you please'","body":"From «изволить» ('to deign, be pleased to'), «извольте» is a polite formula granting assent, 'by all means, kindly.' Here it carries Mitya's brusque, half-mocking compliance as he offers to be searched."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"все карманы выверну","title":"Perfective future «выверну»","body":"«выверну» (from «вывернуть», 'to turn inside out') is a perfective future — a single decisive act Mitya volunteers: 'I'll turn out every pocket.' The prefix «вы-» gives the sense of turning the lining out."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"если хотите","title":"Dropped pronoun in «если хотите»","body":"'If you like' — the subject «вы» is omitted because the second-person plural ending of «хотите» already carries it, the normal Russian default. The polite/plural «вы» addresses the «господа»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Извольте","lemma":"изволить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"discourse marker / main clause verb","gloss":"by all means"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural (vocative)","role":"vocative address","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of карманы","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"карманы","lemma":"карман","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of выверну","gloss":"pocket"},{"surface":"выверну","lemma":"вывернуть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll turn out"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of хотите","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"хотите","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on выверну","gloss":"you like"}]},{"number":246,"label":"246","id":"b9-c5-s246","source":"И он действительно принялся было вывертывать карманы.","translation":"And he did in fact begin to turn his pockets inside out.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"принялся было вывертывать","title":"The particle «было» — an abandoned start","body":"«было» after a perfective past marks an action begun but then interrupted or undone: 'he began to… (but stopped / it came to nothing).' «принялся вывертывать» = 'set about turning out,' the perfective «принялся» taking an imperfective infinitive for the ongoing process."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"действительно","title":"«действительно» — 'in fact, really'","body":"An adverb confirming that the action genuinely happened — 'and he did in fact begin.' Dostoevsky's narrator uses it to vouch for Mitya's impulsive sincerity in the moment."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of принялся","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"действительно","lemma":"действительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies принялся","gloss":"did in fact"},{"surface":"принялся","lemma":"приняться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies принялся (inceptive particle)","gloss":"(emphatic)","note":"'было' here is the particle marking an action begun, not the verb 'to be'"},{"surface":"вывертывать","lemma":"вывёртывать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of принялся","gloss":"to turn inside out"},{"surface":"карманы","lemma":"карман","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of вывертывать","gloss":"his pockets"}]},{"number":247,"label":"247","id":"b9-c5-s247","source":"— Необходимо будет даже снять одежду.","translation":"“It will even be necessary to remove your clothing.”","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Необходимо будет … снять одежду","title":"Impersonal necessity «необходимо будет»","body":"A subjectless construction: the neuter predicative «необходимо» ('it is necessary') plus future «будет» plus the infinitive «снять» — 'it will be necessary to remove.' No nominative subject; the obligation simply hangs over Mitya."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"даже","title":"Intensifying particle «даже»","body":"«даже» ('even') escalates the demand — not merely the pockets but 'even' the clothing itself. Placed before «снять одежду», it stresses how far the search must go, raising the humiliation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Необходимо","lemma":"необходимый","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of будет","gloss":"necessary"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to Необходимо","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies снять","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"снять","lemma":"снять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on Необходимо","gloss":"to remove"},{"surface":"одежду","lemma":"одежда","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of снять","gloss":"your clothing"}]},{"number":248,"label":"248","id":"b9-c5-s248","source":"— Как? Раздеться? Фу, черт! Да обыщите так! Нельзя ли так?","translation":"“What? Undress? Ugh, the devil! Just search me as I am! Can’t it be done that way?”","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Раздеться?","title":"Reflexive infinitive «раздеться»","body":"«раздеться» is the -ся verb 'to undress (oneself)' — the action turns back on the subject. Standing alone as an incredulous question, the bare infinitive captures Mitya's recoil: 'Undress?!'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Фу, черт!","title":"«Фу, черт!» — an oath of disgust","body":"«Фу» is an interjection of revulsion ('ugh, faugh'); «черт» ('the devil') is the everyday mild curse. Together they vent Mitya's exasperation — colloquial, vehement, utterly in his voice."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да обыщите так!","title":"Imperative «обыщите» + insistent «да»","body":"«обыщите» is the polite/plural imperative of perfective «обыскать» ('to search'), 'search me'; sentence-initial «да» here is not 'yes' but an urging particle, 'Why, just search me as I am!' «так» = 'thus, like this (clothed).'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Нельзя ли так?","title":"«нельзя ли» — a tentative request with «ли»","body":"The impersonal «нельзя» ('it is not possible / not allowed') softened by the interrogative enclitic «ли» makes a pleading 'Couldn't it be done that way?' The «ли» turns flat impossibility into an appeal for leave."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"Раздеться","lemma":"раздеться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"independent infinitive exclamation","gloss":"undress"},{"surface":"Фу","lemma":"фу","morphology":"interjection","role":"parallel clause to черт","gloss":"ugh"},{"surface":"черт","lemma":"чёрт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"the devil"},{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies обыщите","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"обыщите","lemma":"обыскать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"search me"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обыщите","gloss":"as I am"},{"surface":"Нельзя","lemma":"нельзя","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"can't"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Нельзя","gloss":"(question particle)"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Нельзя","gloss":"that way"}]},{"number":249,"label":"249","id":"b9-c5-s249","source":"— Ни за что нельзя, Дмитрий Федорович. Надо одежду снять.","translation":"“That is out of the question, Dmitri Fyodorovich. The clothing must be taken off.”","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ни за что нельзя","title":"«ни за что» — emphatic refusal","body":"«ни за что» literally 'for nothing / on no account,' built on intensifying «ни», means 'out of the question, not for anything.' With «нельзя» it is a flat impossibility — note the negative concord that «ни» governs."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Надо одежду снять","title":"Impersonal «надо» + accusative object","body":"«надо» ('one must') is another subjectless necessity word taking an infinitive; «одежду» is the accusative direct object of «снять». Curt and absolute — 'The clothing must be taken off' — leaving no room for Mitya's plea."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom ни за что","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of нельзя","gloss":"anything","note":"'ни за что' = 'out of the question'"},{"surface":"нельзя","lemma":"нельзя","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"is out of the question"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"Дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular (vocative)","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular (vocative)","role":"depends on Дмитрий","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"Надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"одежду","lemma":"одежда","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of снять","gloss":"the clothing"},{"surface":"снять","lemma":"снять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on Надо","gloss":"be taken off"}]},{"number":250,"label":"250","id":"b9-c5-s250","source":"— Как хотите, — мрачно подчинился Митя, — только, пожалуйста, не здесь, а за занавесками. Кто будет осматривать?","translation":"“As you wish,” Mitya submitted glumly, “only, please, not here, but behind the curtains. Who is going to do the examining?”","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Как хотите","title":"«Как хотите» — 'as you wish'","body":"Literally 'as you (pl./polite) want,' a resigned formula of yielding. The dropped subject and the second-person plural «хотите» make it a curt, deferential surrender — fitting Mitya's glum capitulation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"мрачно подчинился Митя","title":"Reflexive «подчинился» + inverted word order","body":"«подчиниться» ('to submit, yield') is a -ся verb taking a dative; here it is intransitive 'submitted.' The verb-before-subject order «подчинился Митя» is the ordinary Russian pattern for a speech/action tag inside dialogue."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не здесь, а за занавесками","title":"Contrastive «а» after negation","body":"The pattern «не X, а Y» ('not here, but behind the curtains') uses «а» as the corrective contrastive — replacing one option with another. «за занавесками» is «за» + instrumental for static location 'behind.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Кто будет осматривать?","title":"Compound imperfective future","body":"«будет осматривать» = «быть» future + imperfective infinitive, the analytic future for an ongoing/unbounded action: 'who is going to do the examining?' Mitya asks about the process, not a single completed act, hence the imperfective."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of хотите","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"хотите","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on подчинился","gloss":"you wish"},{"surface":"мрачно","lemma":"мрачно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подчинился","gloss":"glumly"},{"surface":"подчинился","lemma":"подчиниться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"submitted"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подчинился","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies здесь","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"пожалуйста","lemma":"пожалуйста","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"please"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies здесь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"elliptical clause, contrasted with за занавесками","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking занавесками","gloss":"behind"},{"surface":"занавесками","lemma":"занавеска","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"contrasted with здесь","gloss":"the curtains"},{"surface":"Кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of осматривать","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of осматривать","gloss":"is going to"},{"surface":"осматривать","lemma":"осматривать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do the examining"}]},{"number":251,"label":"251","id":"b9-c5-s251","source":"— Конечно, за занавесками, — в знак согласия наклонил голову Николай Парфенович.","translation":"“Behind the curtains, of course,” said Nikolai Parfenovich, inclining his head in token of assent.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"в знак согласия наклонил голову","title":"Inverted tag with «в знак согласия»","body":"'In token of assent he inclined his head' — the adverbial phrase «в знак согласия» (genitive «согласия» after «знак») precedes the perfective «наклонил», then the subject. The fronting weights the gesture before naming the actor."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в знак согласия","title":"«в знак согласия» — 'as a sign of assent'","body":"A set phrase, 'in token / as a sign of agreement.' «знак» is 'sign, token'; the whole governs the genitive of what is signified. A small formality that lends the magistrate's nod a ceremonious air."}],"words":[{"surface":"Конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies занавесками","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking занавесками","gloss":"behind"},{"surface":"занавесками","lemma":"занавеска","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"the curtains"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking знак","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"знак","lemma":"знак","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of наклонил","gloss":"token"},{"surface":"согласия","lemma":"согласие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies знак","gloss":"of assent"},{"surface":"наклонил","lemma":"наклонить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"inclined"},{"surface":"голову","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of наклонил","gloss":"his head"},{"surface":"Николай","lemma":"Николай","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of наклонил","gloss":"Nikolai"},{"surface":"Парфенович","lemma":"Парфёнович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Николай","gloss":"Parfenovich"}]},{"number":252,"label":"252","id":"b9-c5-s252","source":"Личико его изобразило особенную даже важность.","translation":"His little face had assumed an air of quite particular importance.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Личико","title":"Diminutive «личико»","body":"«личико» is the diminutive of «лицо» ('face') — 'little face.' Applied to the small, self-important magistrate, the suffix is faintly ironic, miniaturizing him just as he assumes 'an air of particular importance.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"изобразило особенную даже важность","title":"Perfective «изобразило» + intrusive «даже»","body":"«изобразило» (perfective past, neuter to agree with «личико») = 'depicted / assumed.' The particle «даже» ('even') is wedged between adjective and noun — «особенную даже важность» — a colloquial intensifying placement, 'an importance that was even special.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Личико","lemma":"личико","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of изобразило","gloss":"his little face"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Личико","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"изобразило","lemma":"изобразить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had assumed"},{"surface":"особенную","lemma":"особенный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies важность","gloss":"particular"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies важность","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"важность","lemma":"важность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of изобразило","gloss":"an air of importance"}]}]}