{"work":{"slug":"karamazov","title":{"source":"Братья Карамазовы","translated":"The Brothers Karamazov"},"author":"Fyodor Dostoevsky","language":"Russian","languageCode":"ru","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov"},"unit":{"kind":"chapter","number":null,"id":"b9-c6","title":{"source":"VI. Прокурор поймал Митю","translated":"The Prosecutor Catches Mitya"},"section":"Book IX — The Preliminary Investigation","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b9-c6","lines":151},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b9-c5","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b9-c7","license":"Source text: public domain (Fyodor Dostoevsky, d. 1881; Russian from the Nauka academic edition via ru.wikisource). English translation: original, © 1732 Studios (2026); rendered freshly from the public-domain Russian, not derived from any prior English translation. Sentence-aligned by 1732 Studios.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"b9-c6-s1","source":"Началось нечто совсем для Мити неожиданное и удивительное.","translation":"Something began now that was wholly unexpected and astonishing to Mitya.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Началось нечто","title":"Reflexive «-ся» as middle voice","body":"«Началось» («начаться» — to begin, intransitive) takes the clitic «-ся» to make the verb middle: the something begins of itself, with no agent doing the beginning. The transitive «начать» (to begin X) and its «-ся» partner «начаться» (X begins) are a classic pair where «-ся» turns the action inward."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"для Мити неожиданное","title":"Topic-comment word order","body":"The neutral order would buried the long predicate noun «нечто… неожиданное и удивительное» at the end; here the verb «Началось» is fronted and the heavy, new information — the unexpected thing — flows out after it. The case endings, not position, fix the grammar, so the inversion only weights the surprise."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"нечто","title":"«нечто» — an indefinite 'something'","body":"«Нечто» is a bookish, slightly elevated indefinite pronoun, 'a certain something.' Unlike colloquial «что-то» it is largely frozen in the nominative/accusative and lends a faintly literary, abstract air — fitting for the ominous 'something' that is about to descend on Mitya."}],"words":[{"surface":"Началось","lemma":"начаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"нечто","lemma":"нечто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of Началось","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies неожиданное","gloss":"wholly"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Мити","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Мити","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies неожиданное","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"неожиданное","lemma":"неожиданный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies нечто","gloss":"unexpected"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"удивительное","lemma":"удивительный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with неожиданное","gloss":"astonishing"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"b9-c6-s2","source":"Он ни за что бы не мог прежде, даже за минуту пред сим, предположить, чтобы так мог кто-нибудь обойтись с ним, с Митей Карамазовым!","translation":"Not for anything could he have imagined beforehand — even a minute before this — that anyone could ever treat him so, treat Mitya Karamazov so!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ни за что бы не мог","title":"Conditional «бы» with negation","body":"«Не мог бы… предположить» is the irrealis: past-tense «мог» plus the particle «бы» yields 'could (not) have imagined.' The «бы» has migrated forward to lean on the emphatic «ни за что» ('not for anything'), a typical mobile placement — it attaches to the first stressed element, not to the verb."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ни за что","title":"Negative concord: «ни… не»","body":"«Ни за что… не мог» shows Russian's obligatory double negation: the intensifier «ни» ('not for anything, not on any account') still requires «не» on the verb. Two negatives, one emphatic meaning."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы так мог кто-нибудь обойтись","title":"«чтобы» after a verb of supposing","body":"After «предположить» ('to suppose') the content clause is opened by «чтобы» plus a past-form-style verb, framing the supposed event as something contrary to expectation rather than plain reported fact. This is the willed/hypothetical «чтобы», distinct from factual «что»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom ни за что","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of мог","gloss":"anything","note":"'ни за что' = 'not for anything'"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks мог as conditional","gloss":"(conditional)"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"beforehand"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies минуту","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies прежде, temporal complement","gloss":"a minute"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сим","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"сим","lemma":"сей","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular (archaic)","role":"object of preposition пред","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"предположить","lemma":"предположить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with мог, complement of мог","gloss":"have imagined"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of мог","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of предположить","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of мог, part of pronoun кто-нибудь","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"indefinite particle","role":"part of pronoun кто-нибудь","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"обойтись","lemma":"обойтись","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"treat"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обойтись","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Митей","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Митей","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to ним","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"Карамазовым","lemma":"Карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Митей","gloss":"Karamazov"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"b9-c6-s3","source":"Главное, явилось нечто унизительное, а с их стороны «высокомерное и к нему презрительное».","translation":"Above all, there appeared in it something humiliating, and on their part \"something haughty and contemptuous toward him.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"явилось нечто унизительное","title":"Neuter agreement with «нечто»","body":"«Нечто» counts as neuter singular, so the verb «явилось» and the adjective «унизительное» both take neuter -о endings. The same neuter governs «высокомерное и… презрительное» in the quoted half."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"к нему презрительное","title":"Coordinating «а» of contrast","body":"«А с их стороны…» uses «а», the mild contrastive 'and/but,' to pivot from what Mitya feels (something humiliating) to what they project (something haughty). It marks a shift of perspective rather than flat opposition — the untranslatable Russian hinge."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"высокомерное и… презрительное","title":"The quoted free indirect voice","body":"The quotation marks set off «высокомерное и к нему презрительное» as Mitya's own indignant phrasing, lifted into the narration — Dostoevsky's characteristic free-indirect blend. «Высокомерный» (haughty, supercilious) and «презрительный» (contemptuous) are the charged words of a man feeling his honour insulted."}],"words":[{"surface":"Главное","lemma":"главное","morphology":"adverb (parenthetical)","role":"parenthetical, modifies явилось","gloss":"above all"},{"surface":"явилось","lemma":"явиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there appeared"},{"surface":"нечто","lemma":"нечто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of явилось","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"унизительное","lemma":"унизительный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies нечто","gloss":"humiliating"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стороны","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of стороны","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"стороны","lemma":"сторона","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies явилось (elided second нечто)","gloss":"part"},{"surface":"высокомерное","lemma":"высокомерный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with унизительное, modifies elided нечто","gloss":"haughty"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of презрительное","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"презрительное","lemma":"презрительный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with высокомерное","gloss":"contemptuous"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"b9-c6-s4","source":"Еще ничего бы снять сюртук, но его попросили раздеться и далее.","translation":"To take off his frock-coat would have been nothing, but they asked him to undress further still.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Еще ничего бы снять сюртук","title":"Conditional «бы» with an infinitive","body":"«Ничего бы снять сюртук» is an elliptical irrealis: 'to take off the coat would (have) be(en) nothing.' The «бы» plus the bare infinitive «снять» frames a hypothetical — that step alone would not have mattered — setting up the «но» that follows."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"его попросили раздеться","title":"Subjectless «они»-form","body":"«Попросили» (they asked) has no expressed subject — the third-person plural alone conveys an unspecified 'they,' the officials. Russian uses this indefinite-personal construction constantly where English needs a vague 'they' or a passive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ничего","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"predicate complement (subject clause снять сюртук)","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks the clause as conditional","gloss":"(conditional)"},{"surface":"снять","lemma":"снять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"subject clause of ничего","gloss":"to take off"},{"surface":"сюртук","lemma":"сюртук","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of снять","gloss":"his frock coat"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of попросили","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"попросили","lemma":"попросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"раздеться","lemma":"раздеться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of попросили","gloss":"to undress"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies далее","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"далее","lemma":"далее","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раздеться","gloss":"further still"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"b9-c6-s5","source":"И не то что попросили, а, в сущности, приказали; он это отлично понял.","translation":"And it was not so much that they asked as that, in essence, they ordered; he understood this perfectly well.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не то что попросили, а… приказали","title":"Contrastive «не то что… а»","body":"The frame «не то что X, а Y» ('not so much X as Y, rather Y') corrects one verb with a stronger one: not 'asked' but 'in essence ordered.' The pivot «а» carries the corrective force."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"он это отлично понял","title":"Perfective «понял» — a completed grasp","body":"«Понял» (perfective «понять») presents the understanding as a single accomplished event — he grasped it, fully and at once — against the imperfective «понимал» which would mean 'was understanding / used to understand.' The perfective sharpens Mitya's instant, total comprehension."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the two clauses of the sentence","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"correlative pronoun anticipating the что-clause (не то что... а)","gloss":"it","note":"не то что... а = 'not so much that... as' — a correlative construction."},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of попросили","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"попросили","lemma":"попросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"verb of the не то что clause (impersonal 'they')","gloss":"they asked"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the correlative alternative","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сущности","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"сущности","lemma":"сущность","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"parenthetical phrase modifying приказали","gloss":"essence"},{"surface":"приказали","lemma":"приказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with попросили (correlative alternative)","gloss":"they ordered"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of понял","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of понял","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"отлично","lemma":"отлично","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies понял","gloss":"perfectly"},{"surface":"понял","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"understood"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"b9-c6-s6","source":"Из гордости и презрения он подчинился вполне, без слов.","translation":"Out of pride and contempt he submitted completely, without a word.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Из гордости и презрения","title":"«из» + genitive of motive","body":"«Из гордости и презрения» ('out of pride and contempt') uses «из» with the genitive to name the inner motive of an action — a standard causal pattern (из любви, из страха). The preposition «из» always governs the genitive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"подчинился","title":"Reflexive «подчиниться» — to submit","body":"«Подчинился» («подчиниться» — to submit, obey) is a «-ся» verb of change-of-state with no separate object; the person submitted-to would stand in the dative. Here the bare verb, modified by «вполне, без слов» (completely, without a word), conveys a proud, silent capitulation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гордости","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"гордости","lemma":"гордость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подчинился","gloss":"pride"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"презрения","lemma":"презрение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with гордости","gloss":"contempt"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подчинился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"подчинился","lemma":"подчиниться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"submitted"},{"surface":"вполне","lemma":"вполне","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подчинился","gloss":"completely"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking слов","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"слов","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of подчинился (with без)","gloss":"a word"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"b9-c6-s7","source":"За занавеску вошли, кроме Николая Парфеновича, и прокурор, присутствовали и несколько мужиков, «конечно, для силы, — подумал Митя, — а может, и еще для чего-нибудь».","translation":"Behind the curtain came, besides Nikolai Parfenovich, the prosecutor as well, and several peasants were present too, \"to keep me in hand, of course,\" thought Mitya, \"and maybe for something else besides.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"За занавеску вошли","title":"«за» + accusative for motion behind","body":"«За занавеску вошли» ('went behind the curtain') uses «за» with the accusative because it expresses motion to a position behind something. The same «за» with the instrumental («за занавеской» in s19) would mean static location 'behind the curtain' — a meaning split typical of «за»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"для силы… для чего-нибудь","title":"Indefinite «-нибудь» — 'anything at all'","body":"«Для чего-нибудь» ('for something or other') uses the suffix «-нибудь», marking a non-specific, open referent — Mitya does not know what the further purpose might be. Contrast the specific-but-unknown «-то» of «что-то» elsewhere."}],"words":[{"surface":"За","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking занавеску","gloss":"behind"},{"surface":"занавеску","lemma":"занавеска","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вошли","gloss":"the curtain"},{"surface":"вошли","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"кроме","lemma":"кроме","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Николая","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"Николая","lemma":"николай","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of кроме (exception phrase)","gloss":"Nikolai"},{"surface":"Парфеновича","lemma":"парфёнович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Николая","gloss":"Parfenovich"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прокурор","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"прокурор","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вошли","gloss":"the prosecutor"},{"surface":"присутствовали","lemma":"присутствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with вошли","gloss":"were present"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies несколько","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on мужиков","gloss":"several"},{"surface":"мужиков","lemma":"мужик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"subject of присутствовали","gloss":"peasants"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies для силы","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking силы","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"силы","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"object of для, in Mitya's elliptical thought","gloss":"show of force"},{"surface":"подумал","lemma":"подумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"reporting verb introducing Mitya's thought","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подумал","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"может","morphology":"particle","role":"parenthetical, 'perhaps' in Mitya's thought","gloss":"maybe"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies еще","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies для чего-нибудь","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чего","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"object of для (with нибудь)","gloss":"something","note":"чего-нибудь = 'something/anything' — an indefinite pronoun split into two tokens."},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"attaches to чего to form the indefinite pronoun","gloss":"-ever/some-"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"b9-c6-s8","source":"— Что ж, неужели и рубашку снимать? — резко спросил было он, но Николай Парфенович ему не ответил: он вместе с прокурором был углублен в рассматривание сюртука, панталон, жилета и фуражки, и видно было, что оба они очень заинтересовались осмотром: «Совсем не церемонятся, — мелькнуло у Мити, — даже вежливости необходимой не наблюдают».","translation":"\"Well, am I really to take off my shirt as well?\" he asked sharply, but Nikolai Parfenovich did not answer him: together with the prosecutor he was absorbed in examining the frock-coat, the trousers, the waistcoat, and the cap, and it was plain that they had both grown very interested in the inspection — \"They don't stand on ceremony at all,\" it flashed through Mitya, \"they don't even observe the courtesy that's owed me.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"неужели и рубашку снимать?","title":"Incredulous particle «неужели»","body":"«Неужели» opens a question of astonished disbelief — 'surely not…? am I really…?' It colours the whole utterance with Mitya's indignant incredulity, exactly the kind of attitudinal particle English must render with intonation or 'really.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"спросил было он","title":"The frustrative particle «было»","body":"«Спросил было» uses the special particle «было», which marks an action begun or attempted but then cut off or reversed — he started to ask, but got no answer. It is a uniquely Russian aspectual nuance: the deed almost happened and then didn't carry through."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"был углублен в рассматривание","title":"Short passive participle «углублён»","body":"«Был углублён» is the periphrastic passive: the short-form past passive participle «углублён» (absorbed, deepened) joins «был» to state a resulting state — he was deep in / absorbed in the examination. The short participle predicates and agrees only in gender and number."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"не церемонятся","title":"«церемониться» — to stand on ceremony","body":"«Церемониться» means to be punctilious, to treat someone with formal courtesy; «совсем не церемонятся» = 'they don't stand on ceremony at all.' The reflexive verb, borrowed from «церемония», is the exact word for the social niceties Mitya feels are being withheld."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"opens the exclamation 'что ж'","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"ж","lemma":"ж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Что (idiom 'что ж' = well then)","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"неужели","lemma":"неужели","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies снимать","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies рубашку","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"рубашку","lemma":"рубашка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of снимать","gloss":"my shirt"},{"surface":"снимать","lemma":"снимать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main predicate of the elliptical question","gloss":"take off"},{"surface":"резко","lemma":"резко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спросил","gloss":"sharply"},{"surface":"спросил","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"particle","role":"marks the спросил-было interrupted-action construction","gloss":"started to (but...)","note":"a past-tense verb + было signals an action begun or attempted, then checked by what follows."},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спросил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Николай","lemma":"николай","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ответил","gloss":"Nikolai"},{"surface":"Парфенович","lemma":"парфёнович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Николай","gloss":"Parfenovich"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of ответил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ответил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ответил","lemma":"ответить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with спросил","gloss":"answer"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of углублен","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вместе","lemma":"вместе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies углублен","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking прокурором","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"прокурором","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вместе","gloss":"the prosecutor"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of углублен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"углублен","lemma":"углубить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main predicate after the colon, explaining ответил","gloss":"was absorbed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рассматривание","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"рассматривание","lemma":"рассматривание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of углублен","gloss":"examining"},{"surface":"сюртука","lemma":"сюртук","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies рассматривание","gloss":"the frock-coat"},{"surface":"панталон","lemma":"панталоны","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"coordinated with сюртука","gloss":"the trousers"},{"surface":"жилета","lemma":"жилет","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with сюртука","gloss":"the waistcoat"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"фуражки","lemma":"фуражка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with сюртука","gloss":"the cap"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"видно","lemma":"видно","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of a new coordinated clause","gloss":"it was plain"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to видно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of заинтересовались","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"оба","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine","role":"depends on они","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of заинтересовались","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заинтересовались","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"заинтересовались","lemma":"заинтересоваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of видно","gloss":"had grown interested"},{"surface":"осмотром","lemma":"осмотр","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заинтересовались","gloss":"the inspection"},{"surface":"Совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не церемонятся","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies церемонятся","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"церемонятся","lemma":"церемониться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of Mitya's quoted thought","gloss":"stand on ceremony"},{"surface":"мелькнуло","lemma":"мелькнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"reporting verb introducing Mitya's thought","gloss":"flashed"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Мити","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"Мити","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of мелькнуло","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вежливости","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"вежливости","lemma":"вежливость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of наблюдают","gloss":"courtesy"},{"surface":"необходимой","lemma":"необходимый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies вежливости","gloss":"due"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies наблюдают","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"наблюдают","lemma":"наблюдать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with церемонятся","gloss":"observe"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"b9-c6-s9","source":"— Я вас спрашиваю во второй раз: надо или нет снимать рубашку? — проговорил он еще резче и раздражительнее.","translation":"\"I am asking you a second time: must I take off my shirt or not?\" he brought out still more sharply and irritably.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"надо или нет снимать рубашку","title":"Impersonal «надо» + infinitive","body":"«Надо… снимать» ('must one take off') is an impersonal necessity construction: the invariable predicate «надо» plus an infinitive, with no nominative subject and the experiencer left in the dative if named. Such subjectless 'must / ought' frames are everywhere in Russian."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"резче и раздражительнее","title":"Comparative adverbs in «-е/-ее»","body":"«Резче» (more sharply, from «резкий») and «раздражительнее» (more irritably) are predicative comparatives — invariable forms in «-е» and «-ее». «Резче» also shows the stem-final consonant mutation к→ч (резк- → резч-), with the «з» retained — typical of «-е» comparatives."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of спрашиваю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of спрашиваю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"спрашиваю","lemma":"спрашивать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"am asking"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"for the"},{"surface":"второй","lemma":"второй","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"second"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of спрашиваю","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of the quoted question clause","gloss":"must I"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinated with надо (negative alternative)","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"снимать","lemma":"снимать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"take off"},{"surface":"рубашку","lemma":"рубашка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of снимать","gloss":"the shirt"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"reporting verb of the sentence","gloss":"brought out"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies резче","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"резче","lemma":"резко","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies проговорил","gloss":"more sharply"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"раздражительнее","lemma":"раздражительно","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"coordinated with резче","gloss":"more irritably"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"b9-c6-s10","source":"— Не беспокойтесь, мы вас уведомим, — как-то начальственно даже ответил Николай Парфенович.","translation":"\"Don't trouble yourself, we shall let you know,\" Nikolai Parfenovich answered, even somewhat masterfully.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не беспокойтесь","title":"Polite reflexive imperative","body":"«Не беспокойтесь» ('don't trouble yourself') is the negated imperative of the reflexive «беспокоиться», with the polite/plural «-те» ending and the post-vocalic reflexive form «-сь». A stock courteous reassurance — here delivered with a faintly superior air."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"начальственно","title":"«начальственно» — in a bossy, superior way","body":"The adverb «начальственно» (from «начальство», 'the authorities/the bosses') means 'in the manner of a superior, masterfully, with the air of one in charge.' It captures exactly the petty official's assumption of command that so galls the proud Mitya."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies беспокойтесь","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"беспокойтесь","lemma":"беспокоиться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"trouble yourself"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of уведомим","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of уведомим","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"уведомим","lemma":"уведомить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with беспокойтесь","gloss":"will let you know"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как-то","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the indefinite adverb как-то, modifies ответил","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"как-то","morphology":"particle","role":"attaches to как to form the indefinite adverb как-то","gloss":"somehow","note":"как-то = 'somehow, in a way' — an indefinite adverb, not the pronoun 'то'."},{"surface":"начальственно","lemma":"начальственно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ответил","gloss":"masterfully"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ответил","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"ответил","lemma":"ответить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"Николай","lemma":"николай","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ответил","gloss":"Nikolai"},{"surface":"Парфенович","lemma":"парфёнович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Николай","gloss":"Parfenovich"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"b9-c6-s11","source":"По крайней мере Мите так показалось.","translation":"At least so it seemed to Mitya.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Мите так показалось","title":"Dative experiencer with «показалось»","body":"«Мите… показалось» ('it seemed to Mitya') is a textbook impersonal: the experiencer «Мите» stands in the dative, the verb «показалось» is fixed in neuter, and there is no nominative subject. This dative-of-the-one-affected is the engine of Dostoevsky's inner monologue."}],"words":[{"surface":"По","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мере (idiom по крайней мере)","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"крайней","lemma":"крайний","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мере","gloss":"the least"},{"surface":"мере","lemma":"мера","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"object of По, idiom 'at least'","gloss":"extent","note":"по крайней мере = 'at least' — a fixed phrase."},{"surface":"Мите","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"experiencer subject of показалось","gloss":"to Mitya"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies показалось","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"показалось","lemma":"показаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"it seemed"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"b9-c6-s12","source":"Между следователем и прокурором шло между тем заботливое совещание вполголоса.","translation":"Meanwhile a careful conference in undertones was going on between the examining magistrate and the prosecutor.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"шло… заботливое совещание","title":"Imperfective «шло» — an action in progress","body":"«Шло совещание» ('a conference was going on') uses the imperfective past of «идти» idiomatically for an event in progress — 'a conference was proceeding.' The imperfective paints standing background, here reinforced by «между тем» ('meanwhile')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking следователем","gloss":"between"},{"surface":"следователем","lemma":"следователь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of шло","gloss":"the examining magistrate"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"прокурором","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with следователем","gloss":"the prosecutor"},{"surface":"шло","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was going on"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между тем","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom между тем, modifies шло","gloss":"between"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"между тем","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of idiom между тем, modifies шло","gloss":"that","note":"между тем = 'meanwhile' — a fixed adverbial phrase."},{"surface":"заботливое","lemma":"заботливый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies совещание","gloss":"careful"},{"surface":"совещание","lemma":"совещание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of шло","gloss":"conference"},{"surface":"вполголоса","lemma":"вполголоса","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies совещание","gloss":"in undertones"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"b9-c6-s13","source":"Оказались на сюртуке, особенно на левой поле, сзади, огромные пятна крови, засохшие, заскорузлые и не очень еще размятые.","translation":"On the frock-coat, especially on the left skirt, at the back, there turned out to be huge stains of blood, dried, stiffened, and not yet much rubbed.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Оказались… огромные пятна крови","title":"«пятна крови» — genitive of substance","body":"«Пятна крови» ('stains of blood') puts «крови» in the genitive to express the substance the stains are made of — the all-purpose 'of'-genitive. The verb «оказались» ('turned out to be') is again reflexive «-ся» with middle, evidential sense."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"засохшие, заскорузлые… размятые","title":"A chain of participles on the bloodstains","body":"The stains are described by three adjective-participles: «засохшие» (dried out, past active participle of «засохнуть»), «заскорузлые» (stiffened, crusted), and the passive «размятые» (kneaded soft, rubbed). «Заскорузлый» is an expressive, slightly coarse word for crusted-stiff — the clotted, days-old texture of dried blood."}],"words":[{"surface":"Оказались","lemma":"оказаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there turned out to be"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сюртуке","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"сюртуке","lemma":"сюртук","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Оказались","gloss":"the frock-coat"},{"surface":"особенно","lemma":"особенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поле","gloss":"especially"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking поле","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"левой","lemma":"левый","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies поле","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"поле","lemma":"пола","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with сюртуке, oblique complement of Оказались","gloss":"the skirt (of the coat)"},{"surface":"сзади","lemma":"сзади","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поле","gloss":"at the back"},{"surface":"огромные","lemma":"огромный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies пятна","gloss":"huge"},{"surface":"пятна","lemma":"пятно","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of Оказались","gloss":"stains"},{"surface":"крови","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies пятна","gloss":"of blood"},{"surface":"засохшие","lemma":"засохнуть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, nominative, perfective","role":"modifies пятна, coordinated with заскорузлые и размятые","gloss":"dried"},{"surface":"заскорузлые","lemma":"заскорузлый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"coordinated with засохшие","gloss":"stiffened"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies очень","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies размятые","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies размятые","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"размятые","lemma":"размять","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, nominative, perfective","role":"coordinated with засохшие и заскорузлые, modifies пятна","gloss":"rubbed away"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"b9-c6-s14","source":"На панталонах тоже.","translation":"On the trousers as well.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"На панталонах тоже.","title":"Elliptical sentence: «на… тоже»","body":"A verbless fragment — 'On the trousers as well [there turned out to be the same].' Russian freely drops a recoverable verb and even subject, leaving only the prepositional phrase «на панталонах» (location, prepositional case after «на») and «тоже». Telegraphic, like a note jotted in evidence."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking панталонах","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"панталонах","lemma":"панталоны","morphology":"noun, locative, plural","role":"head of the elliptical phrase","gloss":"the trousers"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the elided verb (было пятна)","gloss":"as well"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"b9-c6-s15","source":"Николай Парфенович, кроме того, собственноручно, в присутствии понятых, прошел пальцами по воротнику, по обшлагам и по всем швам сюртука и панталон, очевидно чего-то отыскивая, — конечно, денег.","translation":"Nikolai Parfenovich, moreover, with his own hands and in the presence of the witnesses, ran his fingers along the collar, along the cuffs, and along all the seams of the frock-coat and the trousers, evidently searching for something — money, of course.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"очевидно чего-то отыскивая","title":"Gerund «отыскивая» — attendant action","body":"«Отыскивая» is an imperfective present gerund («деепричастие»): 'searching, while searching.' It pins a simultaneous secondary action onto the main verb «прошёл пальцами» and must share its subject (Nikolai Parfenovich). The negated-style object «чего-то» sits in the genitive, as objects of 'seeking/searching for' regularly do."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"по воротнику, по обшлагам и по всем швам","title":"«по» + dative — along the surfaces","body":"The repeated «по» governs the dative to mean 'along, over' each surface — «по воротнику» (along the collar), «по обшлагам» (cuffs), «по швам» (seams). The drumbeat of «по + dative» traces the magistrate's fingers methodically working the cloth."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"собственноручно","title":"«собственноручно» — with his own hands","body":"A compound bookish adverb, 'with one's own hand' («собственный» + «рука»), the very word used on documents signed in person. Its officialese flavour underlines that the magistrate himself, not a subordinate, performed the search — a small mark of how seriously they take it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Николай","lemma":"николай","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прошел","gloss":"Nikolai"},{"surface":"Парфенович","lemma":"парфёнович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Николай","gloss":"Parfenovich"},{"surface":"кроме","lemma":"кроме того","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того, idiom 'moreover'","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"кроме того","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"part of idiom кроме того, modifies прошел","gloss":"that","note":"кроме того = 'besides that, moreover' — a fixed transitional phrase."},{"surface":"собственноручно","lemma":"собственноручно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прошел","gloss":"with his own hand"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking присутствии","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"присутствии","lemma":"присутствие","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of прошел","gloss":"the presence"},{"surface":"понятых","lemma":"понятой","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies присутствии","gloss":"the witnesses"},{"surface":"прошел","lemma":"пройти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ran"},{"surface":"пальцами","lemma":"палец","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of прошел","gloss":"with his fingers"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking воротнику","gloss":"along"},{"surface":"воротнику","lemma":"воротник","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прошел","gloss":"the collar"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обшлагам","gloss":"along"},{"surface":"обшлагам","lemma":"обшлаг","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with воротнику","gloss":"the cuffs"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking швам","gloss":"along"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"determiner of швам","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"швам","lemma":"шов","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with воротнику","gloss":"the seams"},{"surface":"сюртука","lemma":"сюртук","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies швам","gloss":"of the frock-coat"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"панталон","lemma":"панталоны","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"coordinated with сюртука","gloss":"the trousers"},{"surface":"очевидно","lemma":"очевидно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отыскивая","gloss":"evidently"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"part of indefinite pronoun чего-то, object of отыскивая","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"particle","role":"attaches to чего to form the indefinite pronoun","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"отыскивая","lemma":"отыскивать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on прошел","gloss":"searching for"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, clarifies чего-то","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"денег","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"parenthetical, in apposition to чего-то","gloss":"money"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"b9-c6-s16","source":"Главное, не скрывали от Мити подозрений, что он мог и способен был зашить деньги в платье.","translation":"And above all, they did not conceal from Mitya their suspicion that he both could have and was capable of having sewn money into his clothes.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не скрывали от Мити подозрений","title":"Genitive of negation: «подозрений»","body":"Under the negated verb «не скрывали» the object shifts to the genitive: «подозрений» (genitive plural of «подозрение»), not accusative «подозрения». A negated transitive verb regularly pulls its object into the genitive, especially with abstract nouns."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"мог и способен был зашить","title":"Past conditional sense without «бы»","body":"«Мог… зашить» ('could have sewn') and «способен был» ('was capable of') both govern the perfective infinitive «зашить» (to sew up, completed). The doubling — он both *could have* and *was capable of* — is the suspicious officials' careful, redundant phrasing, which the free indirect narration mimics."}],"words":[{"surface":"Главное","lemma":"главное","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies скрывали","gloss":"above all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies скрывали","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"скрывали","lemma":"скрывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"concealed"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Мити","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Мити","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of скрывали","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"подозрений","lemma":"подозрение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of скрывали","gloss":"suspicions"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of мог","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the что-clause, coordinated with способен был","gloss":"could have"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"способен","lemma":"способный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with мог","gloss":"capable"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to способен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"зашить","lemma":"зашить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of способен","gloss":"to sew"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of зашить","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking платье","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"платье","lemma":"платье","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of зашить","gloss":"his clothes"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"b9-c6-s17","source":"«Это уж прямо как с вором, а не как с офицером», — проворчал он про себя.","translation":"\"This is simply how you'd treat a thief, not an officer,\" he muttered to himself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как с вором, а не как с офицером","title":"«как с» + instrumental — 'as with'","body":"«С вором» and «с офицером» put «вор» and «офицер» in the instrumental after «с» ('with'), and «как с» means 'as one would with.' The contrast — treated as with a thief, not as with an officer — is built on the instrumental of accompaniment."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"проворчал он про себя","title":"Reflexive «про себя» — to oneself","body":"«Про себя» ('to oneself, inwardly') uses the reflexive pronoun «себя» after «про» (+ accusative) to mean muttering silently, not aloud. «Себя» refers back to the clause's subject and has no nominative."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the elided copula, compared to вором","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прямо","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the comparison как с вором","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison with вором","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вором","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"вором","lemma":"вор","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"object of comparison как с вором","gloss":"a thief"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies как с офицером","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison with офицером","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking офицером","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"офицером","lemma":"офицер","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with вором","gloss":"an officer"},{"surface":"проворчал","lemma":"проворчать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"reporting verb introducing the quoted thought","gloss":"muttered"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проворчал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of проворчал","gloss":"himself"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"b9-c6-s18","source":"Сообщали же друг другу мысли свои при нем до странности откровенно.","translation":"And they exchanged their thoughts with one another, in front of him, with a frankness that was strange.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Сообщали же друг другу","title":"Particle «же» of mild emphasis","body":"The «же» in «Сообщали же» adds a faint insistent, resumptive emphasis — 'and they did exchange…, mind you.' One of Russia's tiny modal particles, it gives the narration the texture of an aside without translating to any single English word."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"друг другу","title":"The reciprocal «друг друга»","body":"«Друг другу» ('to one another') is the fixed reciprocal expression: the first «друг» stays frozen while the second declines for the needed case — here dative «другу» as the indirect object of «сообщали». It marks mutual, two-way action."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"мысли свои","title":"Reflexive possessive «свой»","body":"«Мысли свои» ('their own thoughts') uses «свой», which always points back to the clause's subject — the magistrate and prosecutor — rather than «их», which could mean someone else's thoughts. The post-posed order «мысли свои» (instead of «свои мысли») gives a faintly literary, weighted rhythm."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сообщали","lemma":"сообщать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"exchanged"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Сообщали","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"друг","lemma":"друг друга","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"part of the reciprocal phrase друг другу","gloss":"each"},{"surface":"другу","lemma":"друг друга","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"oblique complement of Сообщали, idiom 'each other'","gloss":"other","note":"друг другу = 'each other' — a fixed reciprocal phrase, not two independent words."},{"surface":"мысли","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of Сообщали","gloss":"thoughts"},{"surface":"свои","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of мысли","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"in front of"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Сообщали","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до странности","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking странности, idiom 'to a strange degree'","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"странности","lemma":"до странности","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"object of до, modifies откровенно","gloss":"a strange degree","note":"до странности = 'to a strange/odd degree' — a fixed intensifying phrase."},{"surface":"откровенно","lemma":"откровенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Сообщали","gloss":"frankly"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"b9-c6-s19","source":"Например, письмоводитель, очутившийся тоже за занавеской, суетившийся и прислуживавший, обратил внимание Николая Парфеновича на фуражку, которую тоже ощупали: «Помните Гриденку-писаря-с, — заметил письмоводитель, — летом жалованье ездил получать на всю канцелярию, а вернувшись, заявил, что потерял в пьяном виде, — так где же нашли?","translation":"For instance, the clerk, who had also found his way behind the curtain, fussing about and making himself useful, drew Nikolai Parfenovich's attention to the cap, which they likewise felt over: \"Remember Gridenko the copying-clerk, sir,\" the clerk observed, \"in the summer he went to draw the salary for the whole office, and on coming back he declared he'd lost it while drunk — and where did they find it, then?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"очутившийся… суетившийся и прислуживавший","title":"A chain of past active participles","body":"Three participles modify «письмоводитель»: «очутившийся» (who had found himself), «суетившийся» (fussing about), «прислуживавший» (making himself useful). These «-вший» past active participles each replace a «который»-clause and agree with the clerk in gender, number, and case — dense participial layering is a hallmark of the literary style."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"фуражку, которую тоже ощупали","title":"Relative «который» in the accusative","body":"«Которую» agrees with its antecedent «фуражка» in feminine gender and singular number, but takes the accusative because it is the object of «ощупали» (felt over) inside the relative clause. Case follows the role in the clause; gender/number follow the antecedent."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"а вернувшись, заявил","title":"Perfective gerund «вернувшись»","body":"«Вернувшись» is a perfective past gerund («-вши»): 'having returned.' It marks a completed prior action whose subject is the same as the main verb «заявил» — he came back and then declared. This is the gerund's other face, sequencing rather than overlapping events."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"письмоводитель… писаря","title":"Petty clerical ranks","body":"A «письмоводитель» is a head clerk or office secretary; a «писарь» is a humble copying-clerk. The clerk's deferential «-с» (writeup in s20) and his anecdote about «Гриденку-писаря» place him firmly at the bottom of the chancery ladder, eager to be useful to his superiors."}],"words":[{"surface":"Например","lemma":"например","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, introduces the example","gloss":"for instance"},{"surface":"письмоводитель","lemma":"письмоводитель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of обратил","gloss":"the clerk"},{"surface":"очутившийся","lemma":"очутиться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying письмоводитель","gloss":"who had found himself"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies очутившийся","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking занавеской","gloss":"behind"},{"surface":"занавеской","lemma":"занавеска","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of очутившийся","gloss":"the curtain"},{"surface":"суетившийся","lemma":"суетиться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying письмоводитель, coordinated with очутившийся","gloss":"fussing about"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"прислуживавший","lemma":"прислуживать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"coordinated with суетившийся","gloss":"waiting on them"},{"surface":"обратил","lemma":"обратить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"drew"},{"surface":"внимание","lemma":"внимание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of обратил","gloss":"attention"},{"surface":"Николая","lemma":"николай","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies внимание","gloss":"Nikolai's"},{"surface":"Парфеновича","lemma":"парфёнович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Николая","gloss":"Parfenovich's"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking фуражку","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"фуражку","lemma":"фуражка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обратил (внимание на)","gloss":"the cap"},{"surface":"которую","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of ощупали","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ощупали","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"ощупали","lemma":"ощупать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"relative clause on фуражку","gloss":"felt over"},{"surface":"Помните","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb opening the quoted remark","gloss":"remember"},{"surface":"Гриденку","lemma":"гриденко","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Помните","gloss":"Gridenko"},{"surface":"писаря","lemma":"писарь","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Гриденку","gloss":"the copying clerk"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle","role":"deferential suffix attaching to писаря","gloss":"sir","note":"-с (short for сударь) is an archaic deferential particle used by lower-status speakers, not a separate word."},{"surface":"заметил","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"reporting verb of the quoted remark","gloss":"observed"},{"surface":"письмоводитель","lemma":"письмоводитель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заметил","gloss":"the clerk"},{"surface":"летом","lemma":"лето","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of ездил","gloss":"in the summer"},{"surface":"жалованье","lemma":"жалованье","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of получать","gloss":"the salary"},{"surface":"ездил","lemma":"ездить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with обратил","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"получать","lemma":"получать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of ездил","gloss":"to draw"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking канцелярию","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of канцелярию","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"канцелярию","lemma":"канцелярия","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of получать","gloss":"the office"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вернувшись","lemma":"вернуться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on заявил","gloss":"on returning"},{"surface":"заявил","lemma":"заявить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with обратил","gloss":"declared"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of потерял","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"потерял","lemma":"потерять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of заявил","gloss":"he had lost it"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking виде","gloss":"in a"},{"surface":"пьяном","lemma":"пьяный","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies виде","gloss":"drunken"},{"surface":"виде","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of потерял","gloss":"state"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нашли","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нашли","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies где","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"нашли","lemma":"найти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the rhetorical question","gloss":"did they find it"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"b9-c6-s20","source":"Вот в этих самых кантиках, в фуражке-с, сторублевые были свернуты трубочками-с и в кантики зашиты».","translation":"Why, right here, in these very pipings, in the cap, sir: hundred-rouble notes were rolled into little tubes, sir, and sewn into the pipings.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"-с","title":"The deferential particle «-с»","body":"The clerk's speech is peppered with «-с» (писаря-с, фуражке-с, трубочками-с). This is the old slovoyer particle, a contraction of «сударь» ('sir'), tacked onto words to signal extreme deference to a social superior. It marks the speaker as a low-ranking subordinate; English has no equivalent — we render it loosely with an interjected 'sir,' which catches the obsequious tone if not the grammar."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сторублевые были свернуты… и… зашиты","title":"Short passive participles: «свёрнуты… зашиты»","body":"«Были свёрнуты… и зашиты» is a compound periphrastic passive: «были» plus the short past passive participles «свёрнуты» (rolled up) and «зашиты» (sewn in), both agreeing as plural with «сторублёвые». The short participle is the standard way to state a completed passive result."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"трубочками","title":"Diminutive «трубочки» and «кантики»","body":"«Трубочки» ('little tubes,' from «труба») and «кантики» ('little pipings,' from «кант', the cord trim on a cap) are diminutives in «-очк-»/«-ик-». They lend the clerk's tale a cosy, anecdotal vividness — the rolled banknotes tucked into the cap's piping."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the statement","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кантиках","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этих","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of кантиках","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"самых","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"modifies кантиках","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"кантиках","lemma":"кантик","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of свернуты","gloss":"pipings"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking фуражке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"фуражке","lemma":"фуражка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with кантиках","gloss":"the cap"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle","role":"deferential suffix attaching to фуражке","gloss":"sir","note":"-с (short for сударь) is an archaic deferential particle, not a separate word."},{"surface":"сторублевые","lemma":"сторублёвый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"subject of свернуты","gloss":"the hundred-rouble notes"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of свернуты","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"свернуты","lemma":"свернуть","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rolled"},{"surface":"трубочками","lemma":"трубочка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of свернуты","gloss":"into little tubes"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle","role":"deferential suffix attaching to трубочками","gloss":"sir","note":"-с (short for сударь) is an archaic deferential particle, not a separate word."},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кантики","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"кантики","lemma":"кантик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of зашиты","gloss":"the pipings"},{"surface":"зашиты","lemma":"зашить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with свернуты","gloss":"sewn"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"b9-c6-s21","source":"Факт с Гриденкой очень помнили и следователь, и прокурор, а потому и Митину фуражку отложили и решили, что всё это надо будет потом пересмотреть серьезно, да и всё платье.","translation":"Both the magistrate and the prosecutor remembered the affair of Gridenko very well, and so they set Mitya's cap aside too and decided that all of this would have to be gone over seriously afterward — and all the clothes besides.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"и следователь, и прокурор","title":"Correlative «и… и» — 'both… and'","body":"The repeated «и… и» («и следователь, и прокурор») is the 'both… and' construction, coordinating two subjects emphatically. Distinct from a single «и» joining them, the doubled form stresses that *each* of the two remembered the affair."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"надо будет потом пересмотреть","title":"Compound future of necessity","body":"«Надо будет… пересмотреть» combines the impersonal «надо» with the future «будет» plus a perfective infinitive: 'it will be necessary to go over.' The future of the impersonal predicate is carried by «будет», while «надо» itself stays invariable."}],"words":[{"surface":"Факт","lemma":"факт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of помнили","gloss":"the affair"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Гриденкой","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Гриденкой","lemma":"Гриденко","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Факт","gloss":"Gridenko"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies помнили","gloss":"very well"},{"surface":"помнили","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remembered"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"correlative with и прокурор (both...and)","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"следователь","lemma":"следователь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of помнили","gloss":"the magistrate"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"прокурор","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with следователь","gloss":"the prosecutor"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and so"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отложили (потому и = and so, too)","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"Митину","lemma":"митин","morphology":"possessive adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies фуражку","gloss":"Mitya's"},{"surface":"фуражку","lemma":"фуражка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of отложили","gloss":"cap"},{"surface":"отложили","lemma":"отложить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with помнили","gloss":"set aside"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"решили","lemma":"решить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with помнили","gloss":"decided"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clausal complement of решили","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of это","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"topic of надо","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb, predicative","role":"predicate of the clausal complement of решили","gloss":"would need"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"future auxiliary with надо","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пересмотреть","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"пересмотреть","lemma":"пересмотреть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"go over"},{"surface":"серьезно","lemma":"серьезно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пересмотреть","gloss":"seriously"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase да","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of платье","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"платье","lemma":"платье","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"elliptical second object of пересмотреть, coordinated with это","gloss":"the clothes"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"b9-c6-s22","source":"— Позвольте, — вскрикнул вдруг Николай Парфенович, заметив ввернутый внутрь правый обшлаг правого рукава рубашки Мити, весь залитый кровью, — позвольте-с, это как же, кровь?","translation":"\"Allow me,\" Nikolai Parfenovich suddenly exclaimed, having noticed the right cuff of the right sleeve of Mitya's shirt, turned inward and soaked through with blood — \"allow me, sir, what is this — blood?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"заметив ввернутый внутрь… обшлаг","title":"Perfective gerund + passive participle","body":"«Заметив» is a perfective gerund ('having noticed'); its object «ввёрнутый внутрь… обшлаг» contains the past passive participle «ввёрнутый» (turned inward), used attributively before the noun. Two non-finite verb forms stack to compress the action into one breath."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"правый обшлаг правого рукава рубашки Мити","title":"A chain of genitives","body":"«Обшлаг правого рукава рубашки Мити» strings four nested genitives — the cuff *of* the sleeve *of* the shirt *of* Mitya. Russian builds such possessive chains by simple genitive stacking, with no preposition, each noun specifying the last."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Позвольте","title":"«позвольте» — 'allow me / wait a moment'","body":"«Позвольте» is literally the polite imperative 'permit (me),' but as an exclamation it functions like 'hold on — wait a moment — what's this?' Nikolai Parfenovich's sudden «Позвольте-с» (with the deferential «-с») marks the abrupt, charged moment of spotting the blood."}],"words":[{"surface":"Позвольте","lemma":"позволить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"quoted direct speech before вскрикнул","gloss":"allow me"},{"surface":"вскрикнул","lemma":"вскрикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"exclaimed"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вскрикнул","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"Николай","lemma":"николай","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вскрикнул","gloss":"Nikolai"},{"surface":"Парфенович","lemma":"парфёнович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Николай","gloss":"Parfenovich"},{"surface":"заметив","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on вскрикнул","gloss":"having noticed"},{"surface":"ввернутый","lemma":"ввернуть","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, accusative, perfective","role":"clause modifying обшлаг","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"внутрь","lemma":"внутрь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ввернутый","gloss":"inward"},{"surface":"правый","lemma":"правый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies обшлаг","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"обшлаг","lemma":"обшлаг","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of заметив","gloss":"cuff"},{"surface":"правого","lemma":"правый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies рукава","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"рукава","lemma":"рукав","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies обшлаг","gloss":"sleeve"},{"surface":"рубашки","lemma":"рубашка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies рукава","gloss":"shirt"},{"surface":"Мити","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"possessive modifier of рубашки","gloss":"Mitya's"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies залитый, agrees with обшлаг","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"залитый","lemma":"залить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, accusative, perfective","role":"clause modifying обшлаг","gloss":"soaked"},{"surface":"кровью","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of залитый","gloss":"with blood"},{"surface":"позвольте","lemma":"позволить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"repeated quoted speech, parallel to Позвольте","gloss":"allow me"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, archaic polite suffix","role":"polite suffix attached to позвольте","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the question","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies это, part of как же idiom","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies как","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"кровь","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"exclamatory tag, in apposition to это","gloss":"blood"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"b9-c6-s23","source":"— Кровь, — отрезал Митя.","translation":"\"Blood,\" Mitya snapped.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"отрезал","title":"«отрезать» — to snap (a reply)","body":"Literally 'to cut off,' «отрезал» is the standard verb for a curt, clipped retort — to 'snap' or bite off a one-word answer. Mitya's whole reply is the single word «Кровь», and «отрезал» makes its sharpness audible."}],"words":[{"surface":"Кровь","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the quoted phrase","gloss":"blood"},{"surface":"отрезал","lemma":"отрезать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"snapped"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отрезал","gloss":"Mitya"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"b9-c6-s24","source":"— То есть это какая же-с… и почему ввернуто внутрь рукава?","translation":"\"That is — what sort of blood, sir… and why is it turned inside the sleeve?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"То есть это какая же-с…","title":"Particle «же» + deferential «-с» in one breath","body":"«Какая же-с» packs two particles: «же» pressing the question ('what *sort* exactly?') and the servile «-с» softening it with deference. The clipped «То есть…» ('that is…') and the trailing dots render the magistrate fishing delicately for an admission."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"почему ввернуто внутрь","title":"Impersonal short passive «ввёрнуто»","body":"«Ввёрнуто» is a neuter short passive participle used impersonally — 'why has [it] been turned inward,' with no expressed subject. The bare neuter participle predicating a state is a compact, faintly official way to ask about a result."}],"words":[{"surface":"То","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, nominative, part of idiom","role":"part of the idiom то есть (that is)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the idiom то есть","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the question","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"какая","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate modifier, agrees with the implied word кровь","gloss":"what kind of"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies какая","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, archaic polite suffix","role":"polite suffix attached to же","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ввернуто","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"ввернуто","lemma":"ввернуть","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, short form, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main predicate of the second clause","gloss":"is turned"},{"surface":"внутрь","lemma":"внутрь","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рукава","gloss":"inside"},{"surface":"рукава","lemma":"рукав","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ввернуто","gloss":"the sleeve"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"b9-c6-s25","source":"Митя рассказал, как он запачкал обшлаг, возясь с Григорием, и ввернул его внутрь еще у Перхотина, когда мыл у него руки.","translation":"Mitya told how he had stained the cuff while struggling with Grigory, and had turned it inward while still at Perkhotin's, when he washed his hands there.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"возясь с Григорием","title":"Imperfective gerund «возясь»","body":"«Возясь» is an imperfective present gerund of the «-ся» verb «возиться» (to fuss, struggle, tussle with): 'while struggling with Grigory.' It names the simultaneous circumstance under which he stained the cuff. The reflexive «-сь» rides along on the gerund."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как он запачкал… и ввернул","title":"Perfective pair of completed events","body":"Inside the reported clause two perfectives chain the events: «запачкал» (stained) then «ввернул» (turned inward), each a single completed act moving the little narrative forward — the perfective's job against imperfective background."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of рассказал","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"рассказал","lemma":"рассказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clausal complement of рассказал","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of запачкал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"запачкал","lemma":"запачкать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of рассказал","gloss":"stained"},{"surface":"обшлаг","lemma":"обшлаг","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of запачкал","gloss":"the cuff"},{"surface":"возясь","lemma":"возиться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on запачкал","gloss":"struggling"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Григорием","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Григорием","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of возясь","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ввернул","lemma":"ввернуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with запачкал","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of ввернул","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"внутрь","lemma":"внутрь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ввернул","gloss":"inward"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies у Перхотина","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Перхотина","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Перхотина","lemma":"перхотин","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ввернул","gloss":"Perkhotin's"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of мыл","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"мыл","lemma":"мыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on ввернул","gloss":"he washed"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of мыл (у него = there)","gloss":"his place"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of мыл","gloss":"his hands"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"b9-c6-s26","source":"— Рубашку вашу тоже придется взять, это очень важно… для вещественных доказательств.","translation":"\"We shall have to take your shirt too; this is very important… for the material evidence.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Рубашку вашу тоже придется взять","title":"Object fronting for emphasis","body":"The accusative object «рубашку вашу» is moved to the front of the clause, ahead of «придётся взять», to make 'your shirt' the topic under discussion. Free word order lets the new demand — the shirt — lead."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"придется взять","title":"Impersonal «придётся» — 'one will have to'","body":"«Придётся» (from «прийтись») is an impersonal, subjectless verb of unavoidable necessity, 'it will fall to one to, one will have to,' governing the perfective infinitive «взять». The person obliged, if named, stands in the dative."}],"words":[{"surface":"Рубашку","lemma":"рубашка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of взять","gloss":"shirt"},{"surface":"вашу","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Рубашку","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies придется","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"придется","lemma":"прийтись","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will have to"},{"surface":"взять","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on придется","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of важно","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies важно","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"важно","lemma":"важный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"main predicate of the second clause","gloss":"important"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking доказательств","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"вещественных","lemma":"вещественный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies доказательств","gloss":"material"},{"surface":"доказательств","lemma":"доказательство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"evidence"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"b9-c6-s27","source":"— Митя покраснел и рассвирепел.","translation":"Mitya flushed and flew into a rage.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"покраснел и рассвирепел","title":"Inceptive perfectives in «по-»/«рас-»","body":"Both verbs are perfectives of sudden onset: «покраснел» (flushed, went red) and «рассвирепел» (flew into a fury, from «свирепый» — ferocious). The prefixes «по-» and «рас-» mark the abrupt entry into a state — he reddened and erupted in one motion."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of покраснел","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"покраснел","lemma":"покраснеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"flushed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"рассвирепел","lemma":"рассвирепеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with покраснел","gloss":"flew into a rage"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"b9-c6-s28","source":"— Что ж, мне голым оставаться? — крикнул он.","translation":"\"What then, am I to be left naked?\" he shouted.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"мне голым оставаться?","title":"Dative subject + instrumental predicate","body":"«Мне… оставаться голым» fuses two patterns: the dative «мне» as the one obliged (with the infinitive 'am I to remain'), and the instrumental «голым» as the predicate complement of «оставаться» ('to remain [in the state of] naked'). Verbs like «оставаться/стать/быть» put their predicate adjective or noun in the instrumental."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"interrogative topic of the clause","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ж","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Что","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"dative subject of оставаться","gloss":"am I"},{"surface":"голым","lemma":"голый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of оставаться","gloss":"naked"},{"surface":"оставаться","lemma":"оставаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"to remain"},{"surface":"крикнул","lemma":"крикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"shouted"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of крикнул","gloss":"he"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"b9-c6-s29","source":"— Не беспокойтесь… Мы как-нибудь поправим это, а пока потрудитесь снять и носки.","translation":"\"Don't trouble yourself… We'll set that right somehow, but for now be so good as to take off your socks too.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Мы как-нибудь поправим это","title":"Perfective future «поправим»","body":"«Поправим» (perfective «поправить», conjugated with present-tense endings) carries simple future meaning — 'we'll set [it] right.' A perfective verb has no present; its conjugated form is future, here promising a single completed remedy."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"потрудитесь снять","title":"«потрудитесь» — 'be so good as to'","body":"«Потрудитесь» (imperative of «потрудиться», lit. 'take the trouble') is a stiffly polite, faintly imperious way of issuing an order, 'be so good as to / kindly.' Coming from the magistrate to a man being stripped, its surface courtesy is itself a small humiliation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies беспокойтесь","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"беспокойтесь","lemma":"беспокоиться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"trouble yourself"},{"surface":"Мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of поправим","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of как-нибудь, modifies поправим","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"part of как-нибудь, modifies поправим","gloss":"or other"},{"surface":"поправим","lemma":"поправить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"we'll set right"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of поправим","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"пока","lemma":"пока","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies потрудитесь","gloss":"for now"},{"surface":"потрудитесь","lemma":"потрудиться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with поправим","gloss":"be so good as"},{"surface":"снять","lemma":"снять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on потрудитесь","gloss":"to take off"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies носки (also/too)","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"носки","lemma":"носок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of снять","gloss":"your socks"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"b9-c6-s30","source":"— Вы не шутите? Это действительно так необходимо? — сверкнул глазами Митя.","translation":"\"You aren't joking? Is this really so necessary?\" Mitya's eyes flashed.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вы не шутите?","title":"Negated verb as incredulous question","body":"«Вы не шутите?» literally 'you're not joking?' uses simple «не» negation as a question of disbelief — Russian phrases astonishment by negating the doubtful proposition. «Вы» is the polite second person, which Mitya keeps even while bristling."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сверкнул глазами Митя","title":"Instrumental of means: «глазами»","body":"«Сверкнул глазами» ('flashed with his eyes') puts «глазами» in the instrumental as the means/organ of the action — a fixed idiom for flashing one's eyes. The verb-first order «сверкнул… Митя» tucks the dialogue tag behind the action."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of шутите","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies шутите","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"шутите","lemma":"шутить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"joking"},{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of необходимо","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"действительно","lemma":"действительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies так","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies необходимо","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"необходимо","lemma":"необходимый","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"necessary"},{"surface":"сверкнул","lemma":"сверкнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"flashed"},{"surface":"глазами","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of сверкнул","gloss":"his eyes"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сверкнул","gloss":"Mitya"}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"b9-c6-s31","source":"— Нам не до шуток, — строго отпарировал Николай Парфенович.","translation":"\"We are in no mood for jokes,\" Nikolai Parfenovich parried sternly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"не до шуток","title":"The idiom «не до» + genitive","body":"The construction «нам не до шуток» literally reads 'to us [there is] not up to jokes,' i.e. 'we have no time/inclination for jokes.' The pattern «мне не до + genitive» ('I can't be bothered with X / I'm in no state for X') is very common: «мне не до сна», «ему не до смеха». The logical subject goes in the dative."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"отпарировал","title":"«отпарировать» — to parry (a remark)","body":"A fencing metaphor: «отпарировать» means to parry, to ward off a thrust — here applied to a verbal riposte. The choice paints the exchange as a duel, the magistrate coolly deflecting Mitya's sally with «Нам не до шуток»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"dative experiencer subject of до шуток","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies до","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking шуток","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"шуток","lemma":"шутка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"jokes"},{"surface":"строго","lemma":"строго","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отпарировал","gloss":"sternly"},{"surface":"отпарировал","lemma":"отпарировать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"parried"},{"surface":"Николай","lemma":"николай","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отпарировал","gloss":"Nikolai"},{"surface":"Парфенович","lemma":"парфёнович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Николай","gloss":"Parfenovich"}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"b9-c6-s32","source":"— Что ж, если надо… я… — забормотал Митя и, сев на кровать, начал снимать носки.","translation":"\"Well, if it must be done… I…\" Mitya mumbled, and, sitting down on the bed, began to take off his socks.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сев на кровать, начал снимать","title":"Gerund «сев» + imperfective infinitive","body":"«Сев» is a perfective gerund ('having sat down') marking the prior action; then «начал снимать» pairs the phasal verb «начать» with the imperfective infinitive «снимать» — phasal verbs (begin, continue, finish) always take the imperfective, viewing the undressing as an unfolding process."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"забормотал","title":"Inceptive «забормотать» — to start mumbling","body":"«Забормотал» = «за-» (inceptive prefix) + «бормотать» (to mumble, mutter): 'began to mumble.' The «за-» prefix marks the abrupt onset of the sound. Mitya's broken «Что ж, если надо… я…» mumble shows his proud resistance collapsing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the quoted phrase","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"ж","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Что","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of надо","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb, predicative","role":"predicate of the если clause","gloss":"it must be"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"trails off in the quoted speech","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"забормотал","lemma":"забормотать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"mumbled"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of забормотал","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сев","lemma":"сесть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on начал","gloss":"having sat down"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кровать","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"кровать","lemma":"кровать","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"complement of сев","gloss":"the bed"},{"surface":"начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with забормотал","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"снимать","lemma":"снимать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начал","gloss":"to take off"},{"surface":"носки","lemma":"носок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of снимать","gloss":"his socks"}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"b9-c6-s33","source":"Ему было нестерпимо конфузно: все одеты, а он раздет и, странно это, — раздетый, он как бы и сам почувствовал себя пред ними виноватым, и, главное, сам был почти согласен, что действительно вдруг стал всех их ниже и что теперь они уже имеют полное право его презирать.","translation":"He felt unbearably embarrassed: everyone was dressed, and he was undressed, and — strangely — undressed, it was as though he himself felt guilty before them, and, above all, he himself was almost ready to agree that he had indeed suddenly become lower than all of them, and that now they already had every right to despise him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ему было нестерпимо конфузно","title":"Dative experiencer of a feeling","body":"«Ему было… конфузно» ('to him it was… mortifying') is the core impersonal-emotion frame: dative «ему» for the one feeling, neuter «было», and an invariable predicate «конфузно». No nominative subject — the shame simply *is*, to him."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"все одеты, а он раздет","title":"Short adjectives «одеты / раздет»","body":"«Одеты» (dressed) and «раздет» (undressed) are short-form adjectives/participles, used predicatively to state a current state. Their pivot on the contrastive «а» — everyone clothed, but he stripped — is the heart of his shame, sharpened by the bookish short forms."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"почувствовал себя… виноватым","title":"«себя» + instrumental predicate","body":"«Почувствовал себя… виноватым» ('felt himself guilty') combines the reflexive object «себя» with the predicate instrumental «виноватым» — after «чувствовать себя» the predicate adjective stands in the instrumental, the case of an assumed or transient role."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"стал всех их ниже","title":"Comparative «ниже» with genitive of comparison","body":"«Ниже» is the predicative comparative of «низкий» (low); «всех их ниже» means 'lower than all of them,' with «всех их» in the genitive — the genitive of comparison, where Russian can express 'than X' simply by putting X in the genitive after the comparative."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"dative experiencer subject of конфузно","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to конфузно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"нестерпимо","lemma":"нестерпимо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies конфузно","gloss":"unbearably"},{"surface":"конфузно","lemma":"конфузно","morphology":"adverb, predicative","role":"predicate complement of было","gloss":"embarrassing"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of одеты","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"одеты","lemma":"одеть","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, short form, plural, perfective","role":"predicate, coordinated clause after the colon","gloss":"were dressed"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of раздет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"раздет","lemma":"раздеть","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, short form, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with одеты","gloss":"was undressed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"странно","lemma":"странный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular, predicative","role":"parenthetical predicate, subject это","gloss":"strange"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of странно","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"раздетый","lemma":"раздеть","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"in apposition, repeating он раздет","gloss":"undressed"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of почувствовал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of как бы idiom, modifies почувствовал","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of как бы idiom","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сам","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, emphatic, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphatic modifier of он, subject of почувствовал","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"почувствовал","lemma":"почувствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of this clause","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"direct object of почувствовал","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ними","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"ними","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of почувствовал","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"виноватым","lemma":"виноватый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of почувствовал себя","gloss":"guilty"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"главное","lemma":"главный","morphology":"adverb, parenthetical","role":"parenthetical, modifies согласен clause","gloss":"above all"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, emphatic, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphatic modifier, subject of был согласен","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to согласен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies согласен","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"согласен","lemma":"согласный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"main predicate of this clause","gloss":"ready to agree"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of стал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"действительно","lemma":"действительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вдруг","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стал","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of согласен","gloss":"had become"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of их","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"genitive of comparison with ниже","gloss":"of them"},{"surface":"ниже","lemma":"низкий","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"lower"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of имеют","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies имеют","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of имеют","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies имеют","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"имеют","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with стал","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"полное","lemma":"полный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies право","gloss":"full"},{"surface":"право","lemma":"право","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of имеют","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of презирать","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"презирать","lemma":"презирать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"modifies право","gloss":"to despise"}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"b9-c6-s34","source":"«Коли все раздеты, так не стыдно, а один раздет, а все смотрят — позор! — мелькало опять и опять у него в уме. — Точно во сне, я во сне иногда такие позоры над собою видывал».","translation":"\"When everyone's undressed it's no shame, but when one man's undressed and all the rest are looking — what a disgrace!\" flashed again and again through his mind. \"Just as in a dream — sometimes in dreams I've known disgraces like this fall on me.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Коли все раздеты, так не стыдно","title":"Folk conditional «коли… так»","body":"«Коли… так» is a colloquial, folk-flavoured 'if… then,' where standard Russian would use «если… то». «Коли» belongs to Mitya's heated, plain-spoken inner voice. The apodosis «не стыдно» is again an impersonal, subjectless 'it's no shame.'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"видывал","title":"Iterative «видывал» — 'used to see now and then'","body":"«Видывал» is a rare iterative/frequentative past of «видеть», formed with the «-ыва-» suffix and carrying a sense of 'used to see (repeatedly), have had occasion to see.' It lends an old-fashioned, reflective colour — such disgraces he has known in dreams before."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"позор","title":"«позор» — disgrace, public shame","body":"«Позор» is shame in its public, dishonouring sense — disgrace, ignominy, a spectacle of degradation — stronger than private «стыд». For Mitya the officer, to be naked under their eyes is precisely «позор», a stain on his honour like the shaming dreams he recalls."}],"words":[{"surface":"Коли","lemma":"коли","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of раздеты","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of раздеты","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"раздеты","lemma":"раздеть","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, short form, plural, perfective","role":"predicate of the коли clause","gloss":"undressed"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стыдно","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стыдно","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"стыдно","lemma":"стыдно","morphology":"adverb, predicative","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"shameful"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of раздет","gloss":"one person"},{"surface":"раздет","lemma":"раздеть","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, short form, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with стыдно","gloss":"is undressed"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of смотрят","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"смотрят","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with раздет","gloss":"watching"},{"surface":"позор","lemma":"позор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"exclamatory predicate","gloss":"what a disgrace"},{"surface":"мелькало","lemma":"мелькать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"flashed"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мелькало","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мелькало (opyat' i opyat')","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of мелькало","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking уме","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"уме","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of мелькало","gloss":"mind"},{"surface":"Точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the comparison во сне","gloss":"just as"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сне","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"сне","lemma":"сон","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement, comparison with видывал","gloss":"a dream"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of видывал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сне","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"сне","lemma":"сон","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of видывал","gloss":"dreams"},{"surface":"иногда","lemma":"иногда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies видывал","gloss":"sometimes"},{"surface":"такие","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of позоры","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"позоры","lemma":"позор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of видывал","gloss":"disgraces"},{"surface":"над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking собою","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"собою","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, reflexive","role":"oblique complement of видывал","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"видывал","lemma":"видывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second sentence","gloss":"have seen"}]},{"number":35,"label":"35","id":"b9-c6-s35","source":"Но снять носки ему было даже мучительно: они были очень не чисты, да и нижнее белье тоже, и теперь это все увидали.","translation":"But to take off his socks was positively agonizing to him: they were very dirty, and so was his underwear, and now everyone had seen it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"снять носки ему было даже мучительно","title":"Dative subject with infinitive topic","body":"The infinitive phrase «снять носки» ('to take off his socks') is the logical subject, the predicate is the impersonal «было… мучительно» ('was agonizing'), and «ему» is the dative experiencer. Russian routinely makes an infinitive the theme of a dative-experiencer judgment."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"очень не чисты, да и… тоже","title":"Short adjective + folksy «да и»","body":"«Не чисты» is a short-form adjective ('were unclean'), predicative; «да и… тоже» ('and… too') is a colloquial additive connective tacking on the underwear. The short adjective gives a flat, factual verdict on the state of the socks."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"снять","lemma":"снять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"subject-clause complement of мучительно","gloss":"to take off"},{"surface":"носки","lemma":"носок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of снять","gloss":"his socks"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of мучительно","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to мучительно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мучительно","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"мучительно","lemma":"мучительный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular, predicative","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"agonizing"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of чисты","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking to чисты","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies чисты","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies чисты","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"чисты","lemma":"чистый","morphology":"adjective, short form, plural","role":"predicate, coordinated with мучительно clause","gloss":"clean"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase да","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"нижнее","lemma":"нижний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies белье","gloss":"under-"},{"surface":"белье","lemma":"бельё","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of elided predicate, parallel to они","gloss":"underwear"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies белье clause","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies увидали","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of увидали","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of увидали","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"увидали","lemma":"увидать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"had seen"}]},{"number":36,"label":"36","id":"b9-c6-s36","source":"А главное, он сам не любил свои ноги, почему-то всю жизнь находил свои большие пальцы на обеих ногах уродливыми, особенно один грубый, плоский, как-то загнувшийся вниз ноготь на правой ноге, и вот теперь все они увидят.","translation":"And, above all, he himself disliked his own feet; for some reason he had thought the big toes of both feet hideous all his life, especially one coarse, flat toenail on the right foot that had somehow curled downward, and now they would all see it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"находил свои большие пальцы… уродливыми","title":"Object + instrumental predicate","body":"«Находил… пальцы… уродливыми» ('found his toes hideous') is the 'consider X to be Y' pattern: the accusative object «пальцы» and the predicate adjective «уродливыми» in the instrumental. Verbs of considering/finding put the predicate complement in the instrumental."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вот теперь все они увидят","title":"Perfective future «увидят»","body":"«Увидят» (perfective «увидеть») is the simple future: 'they will [now] see' — a single, completed, dreaded act of seeing. The imperfective «видели» would mean ongoing or habitual seeing; the perfective fixes it as the one mortifying moment about to arrive."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"большие пальцы на… ногах","title":"«большой палец» — toe (lit. 'big finger')","body":"Russian has no separate word for 'toe': the «большой палец на ноге» is literally the 'big finger on the foot.' «Палец» covers both fingers and toes, disambiguated by «на руке» / «на ноге» — a small but characteristic gap between the two languages' anatomy of the hand and foot."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"главное","lemma":"главное","morphology":"adverb (parenthetical)","role":"parenthetical, sets off the main point","gloss":"above all"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of любил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphasizes он","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates любил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"любил","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"disliked"},{"surface":"свои","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of ноги","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"ноги","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of любил","gloss":"feet"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему-то","morphology":"adverb (part of почему-то)","role":"modifies находил","gloss":"for some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"почему-то","morphology":"particle (part of почему-то)","role":"modifies почему","gloss":"reason"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"his whole"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial accusative of duration with находил","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"находил","lemma":"находить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with любил","gloss":"had thought"},{"surface":"свои","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of пальцы","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"большие","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies пальцы","gloss":"big"},{"surface":"пальцы","lemma":"палец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of находил","gloss":"toes"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ногах","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"обеих","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, locative, feminine","role":"quantifies ногах","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"ногах","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of находил","gloss":"feet"},{"surface":"уродливыми","lemma":"уродливый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"complement of находил, modifies пальцы","gloss":"hideous"},{"surface":"особенно","lemma":"особенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies один","gloss":"especially"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies грубый","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"грубый","lemma":"грубый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ноготь","gloss":"coarse"},{"surface":"плоский","lemma":"плоский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with грубый","gloss":"flat"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как-то","morphology":"adverb (part of как-то)","role":"modifies загнувшийся","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"как-то","morphology":"particle (part of как-то)","role":"modifies как","gloss":"-"},{"surface":"загнувшийся","lemma":"загнуться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"coordinated with грубый, modifies ноготь","gloss":"curled"},{"surface":"вниз","lemma":"вниз","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies загнувшийся","gloss":"downward"},{"surface":"ноготь","lemma":"ноготь","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of находил, coordinated with пальцы (уродливым)","gloss":"toenail"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ноге","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"правой","lemma":"правый","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ноге","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"ноге","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ноготь","gloss":"foot"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies теперь","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies увидят","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of они","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of увидят","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"увидят","lemma":"увидеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with находил","gloss":"would see"}]},{"number":37,"label":"37","id":"b9-c6-s37","source":"От нестерпимого стыда он вдруг стал еще более и уже нарочно груб.","translation":"From unbearable shame he suddenly became still more, and now deliberately, rude.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"От нестерпимого стыда","title":"«от» + genitive of cause","body":"«От… стыда» ('from shame') uses «от» with the genitive to name the cause of an involuntary reaction — a standard causal frame for feelings that overcome one (от страха, от радости). «От» always governs the genitive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"стал еще более и… груб","title":"Short adjective «груб» as the new state","body":"«Стал… груб» ('became rude') links the verb of becoming «стать» to the short adjective «груб», stating the state he passed into. «Ещё более… и… нарочно» piles intensifiers — more, and now deliberately, rude. The short form fits the predicative 'became X' frame."}],"words":[{"surface":"От","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стыда","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"нестерпимого","lemma":"нестерпимый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies стыда","gloss":"unbearable"},{"surface":"стыда","lemma":"стыд","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стал","gloss":"shame"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стал","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"became"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies более","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies груб","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нарочно","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"нарочно","lemma":"нарочно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies груб","gloss":"deliberately"},{"surface":"груб","lemma":"грубый","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"rude"}]},{"number":38,"label":"38","id":"b9-c6-s38","source":"Он сам сорвал с себя рубашку.","translation":"He tore off his shirt himself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сорвал с себя рубашку","title":"«с себя» — reflexive 'off himself'","body":"«Сорвал с себя рубашку» ('tore the shirt off himself') uses «с» + the genitive of the reflexive «себя» to mark the source of removal — off his own body. The reflexive «себя» points back to the subject Mitya; «сам» reinforces that he did it himself, pre-empting them."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сорвал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphasizes он","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"сорвал","lemma":"сорвать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tore off"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"off"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"oblique complement of сорвал","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"рубашку","lemma":"рубашка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of сорвал","gloss":"shirt"}]},{"number":39,"label":"39","id":"b9-c6-s39","source":"— Не хотите ли и еще где поискать, если вам не стыдно?","translation":"\"Wouldn't you care to search somewhere else too, if you've no shame?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не хотите ли… поискать","title":"Particle «ли» + «не» as ironic invitation","body":"«Не хотите ли… поискать?» pairs the interrogative particle «ли» with negated «не хотите» to form a politely-shaped offer — 'wouldn't you care to…?' Mitya turns this courteous formula bitterly ironic: would you care to search me somewhere else, if you've no shame?"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"если вам не стыдно","title":"Dative «вам» of impersonal shame","body":"«Вам не стыдно» ('[if] you feel no shame') is the impersonal shame-frame again: dative «вам» for the one who would feel it, the invariable «стыдно», no subject. Mitya throws the very construction of his own humiliation back at his interrogators."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates хотите","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"хотите","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you want"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"marks the yes/no question with хотите","gloss":"[question]"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links где to the question","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies где","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поискать","gloss":"somewhere"},{"surface":"поискать","lemma":"поискать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотите","gloss":"to search"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of стыдно","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of стыдно","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates стыдно","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"стыдно","lemma":"стыдно","morphology":"adverb (predicative)","role":"predicate of the conditional clause","gloss":"ashamed"}]},{"number":40,"label":"40","id":"b9-c6-s40","source":"— Нет-с, пока не надо.","translation":"\"No, sir, that won't be necessary for now.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Нет-с, пока не надо.","title":"Deferential «-с» on the negative","body":"«Нет-с» tacks the servile «-с» onto the bare 'no,' and «пока не надо» ('for now it's not necessary') is the impersonal «надо» negated. The clerkly «-с» keeps even this curt refusal swaddled in deference."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"response particle","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle (deferential suffix)","role":"attaches deferentially to Нет","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"пока","lemma":"пока","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"for now"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates надо","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb (predicative)","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"necessary"}]},{"number":41,"label":"41","id":"b9-c6-s41","source":"— Что ж, мне так и оставаться голым? — свирепо прибавил он.","translation":"\"What then, am I to stay like this, naked?\" he added savagely.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"мне так и оставаться голым?","title":"Dative + instrumental, with insistent «так и»","body":"A near-repeat of s28: dative «мне» of obligation, infinitive «оставаться», predicate instrumental «голым». The added «так и» ('just… like this, then') heightens the indignant insistence — am I really to be left just so, naked?"}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the exclamatory phrase","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ж","lemma":"ж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Что","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of оставаться","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оставаться","gloss":"like this"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так и","gloss":"[emphatic]"},{"surface":"оставаться","lemma":"оставаться","morphology":"verb, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stay"},{"surface":"голым","lemma":"голый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of оставаться","gloss":"naked"},{"surface":"свирепо","lemma":"свирепо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прибавил","gloss":"savagely"},{"surface":"прибавил","lemma":"прибавить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"added"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прибавил","gloss":"he"}]},{"number":42,"label":"42","id":"b9-c6-s42","source":"— Да, это пока необходимо… Потрудитесь пока здесь присесть, можете взять с кровати одеяло и завернуться, а я… я это всё улажу.","translation":"\"Yes, for the moment it's necessary… Be so good as to sit here for a while; you may take the blanket from the bed and wrap yourself up, and I… I'll arrange all this.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"можете взять… и завернуться","title":"Modal «мочь» + perfective infinitives","body":"«Можете взять… и завернуться» ('you may take… and wrap yourself') governs two perfective infinitives, the second the reflexive «завернуться» (to wrap oneself up), its «-ся» making the wrapping reflexive. The pairing offers a single permitted action, not an ongoing one."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"это пока необходимо","title":"Predicate «необходимо» — impersonal necessity","body":"«Это пока необходимо» ('this is for now necessary') uses the neuter predicative «необходимо» impersonally to state a present obligation. «Пока» ('for now, for the time being') keeps it provisional — a small sop of reassurance."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"affirms the statement","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of необходимо","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"пока","lemma":"пока","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies необходимо","gloss":"for the moment"},{"surface":"необходимо","lemma":"необходимый","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"necessary"},{"surface":"Потрудитесь","lemma":"потрудиться","morphology":"verb, imperative, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"be so good as"},{"surface":"пока","lemma":"пока","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies присесть","gloss":"for a while"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies присесть","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"присесть","lemma":"присесть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of Потрудитесь","gloss":"to sit"},{"surface":"можете","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Потрудитесь","gloss":"you may"},{"surface":"взять","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of можете","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кровати","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"кровати","lemma":"кровать","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of взять","gloss":"bed"},{"surface":"одеяло","lemma":"одеяло","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of взять","gloss":"blanket"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"завернуться","lemma":"завернуться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with взять","gloss":"wrap yourself up"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"interjected subject, resumed by я улажу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of улажу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of всё","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of улажу","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"улажу","lemma":"уладить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will arrange"}]},{"number":43,"label":"43","id":"b9-c6-s43","source":"Все вещи показали понятым, составили акт осмотра, и наконец Николай Парфенович вышел, а платье вынесли за ним.","translation":"All the things were shown to the witnesses, a record of the inspection was drawn up, and at last Nikolai Parfenovich went out, and the clothes were carried out after him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"показали… составили… вышел… вынесли","title":"A chain of perfectives advancing the action","body":"Four perfectives drive the paragraph forward event by event: «показали» (showed), «составили» (drew up), «вышел» (went out), «вынесли» (carried out). Each is a single completed step, the perfective's narrative pulse — the search is concluded and the clothes removed."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"платье вынесли за ним","title":"Subjectless «они»-form for the passive sense","body":"«Платье вынесли» ('they carried the clothes out / the clothes were carried out') again uses the bare third-plural with no stated subject, where English prefers a passive. The object «платье» (a neuter inanimate, accusative = nominative) is fronted as the topic."}],"words":[{"surface":"Все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of вещи","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"вещи","lemma":"вещь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of показали","gloss":"things"},{"surface":"показали","lemma":"показать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"were shown"},{"surface":"понятым","lemma":"понятой","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"indirect object of показали","gloss":"to the witnesses"},{"surface":"составили","lemma":"составить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with показали","gloss":"drew up"},{"surface":"акт","lemma":"акт","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of составили","gloss":"record"},{"surface":"осмотра","lemma":"осмотр","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies акт","gloss":"of the inspection"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вышел","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"Николай","lemma":"Николай","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вышел","gloss":"Nikolai"},{"surface":"Парфенович","lemma":"Парфенович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Николай","gloss":"Parfenovich"},{"surface":"вышел","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with показали","gloss":"went out"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"платье","lemma":"платье","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of вынесли","gloss":"clothes"},{"surface":"вынесли","lemma":"вынести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with показали","gloss":"were carried out"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вынесли","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":44,"label":"44","id":"b9-c6-s44","source":"Ипполит Кириллович тоже вышел.","translation":"Ippolit Kirillovich went out too.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ипполит","lemma":"Ипполит","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вышел","gloss":"Ippolit"},{"surface":"Кириллович","lemma":"Кириллович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Ипполит","gloss":"Kirillovich"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вышел","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"вышел","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went out"}]},{"number":45,"label":"45","id":"b9-c6-s45","source":"Остались с Митей одни мужики и стояли молча, не спуская с него глаз.","translation":"Only the peasants were left with Mitya, and they stood in silence, not taking their eyes off him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Остались с Митей одни мужики","title":"«одни» — 'only / alone'","body":"«Одни мужики» here means not 'one peasant' but 'only the peasants, the peasants alone' — «один» in the plural takes the sense 'only, nothing but.' Verb-first «Остались…» fronts the action, leaving the lingering peasants as the new, ominous information."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не спуская с него глаз","title":"Negated gerund «не спуская» + genitive object","body":"«Не спуская с него глаз» ('not taking their eyes off him') is an imperfective gerund of attendant circumstance, negated; the idiom «не спускать глаз с кого-то» governs «глаз» (genitive under negation) and «с него» (off him). The whole frozen phrase means to watch unwaveringly."}],"words":[{"surface":"Остались","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"were left"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Митей","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Митей","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Остались","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"одни","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"modifies мужики","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"мужики","lemma":"мужик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of Остались","gloss":"peasants"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"стояли","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Остались","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"молча","lemma":"молча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стояли","gloss":"in silence"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates спуская","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"спуская","lemma":"спускать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on стояли","gloss":"taking off"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"off"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of спуская","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"глаз","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of спуская","gloss":"eyes"}]},{"number":46,"label":"46","id":"b9-c6-s46","source":"Митя завернулся в одеяло, ему стало холодно.","translation":"Mitya wrapped himself in the blanket; he had begun to feel cold.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ему стало холодно","title":"Dative + inceptive «стало холодно»","body":"«Ему стало холодно» ('he began to feel cold') is the impersonal sensation frame with an inceptive twist: dative «ему», the inchoative «стало» ('became'), and the invariable «холодно». «Стать» + such a predicate marks the onset of a state — the cold creeping in."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"завернулся в одеяло","title":"Reflexive «завернуться» of self-action","body":"«Завернулся» («завернуться» — to wrap oneself up) is a true reflexive «-ся» verb: Mitya wraps himself. «В одеяло» takes the accusative after «в» for motion into / enveloping in the blanket."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of завернулся","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"завернулся","lemma":"завернуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wrapped himself"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking одеяло","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"одеяло","lemma":"одеяло","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of завернулся","gloss":"the blanket"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of стало","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with завернулся","gloss":"had begun to feel"},{"surface":"холодно","lemma":"холодно","morphology":"adverb (predicative)","role":"complement of стало","gloss":"cold"}]},{"number":47,"label":"47","id":"b9-c6-s47","source":"Голые ноги его торчали наружу, и он всё никак не мог так напялить на них одеяло, чтоб их закрыть.","translation":"His bare feet stuck out, and try as he might he could not draw the blanket over them so as to cover them.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"всё никак не мог… напялить","title":"Negative concord with «никак»","body":"«Никак не мог» ('could in no way / try as he might could not') pairs the ни-adverb «никак» with the obligatory «не» on «мог» — negative concord again. «Всё» ('all the while, keep…') stresses his repeated, futile efforts to cover his feet."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтоб их закрыть","title":"Purpose «чтоб» + perfective infinitive","body":"«Чтоб их закрыть» ('so as to cover them') is the purpose clause «чтобы» (here clipped to «чтоб») with the perfective infinitive «закрыть» — since the subject is the same as the main clause, «чтобы» governs an infinitive rather than a past-form verb."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"напялить","title":"«напялить» — to yank/pull on (clumsily)","body":"«Напялить» is a colloquial, slightly comic-pejorative verb for pulling clothing on awkwardly or with effort — to 'drag / yank on.' Applied to tugging a blanket over his bare feet, it captures the undignified, fumbling struggle, in keeping with Mitya's mortification."}],"words":[{"surface":"Голые","lemma":"голый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies ноги","gloss":"bare"},{"surface":"ноги","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of торчали","gloss":"feet"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ноги","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"торчали","lemma":"торчать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stuck out"},{"surface":"наружу","lemma":"наружу","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies торчали","gloss":"out"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies никак","gloss":"try as he might"},{"surface":"никак","lemma":"никак","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"no way"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with торчали","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies напялить","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"напялить","lemma":"напялить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"draw"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of напялить","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"одеяло","lemma":"одеяло","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of напялить","gloss":"the blanket"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of закрыть","gloss":"so as to"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of закрыть","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"закрыть","lemma":"закрыть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on напялить","gloss":"cover"}]},{"number":48,"label":"48","id":"b9-c6-s48","source":"Николай Парфенович что-то долго не возвращался, «истязательно долго», «за щенка меня почитает», скрежетал зубами Митя.","translation":"Nikolai Parfenovich was a long time about not coming back — \"a tormentingly long time,\" \"he takes me for a puppy,\" Mitya ground his teeth.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"долго не возвращался","title":"Imperfective «не возвращался» of a drawn-out non-event","body":"«Долго не возвращался» ('was a long time not coming back') uses the imperfective «возвращался» to dwell on the prolonged, ongoing absence rather than a single act — the perfective «не вернулся' would simply state he didn't return. The imperfective stretches the tormenting wait."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"за щенка меня почитает","title":"«за» + accusative — 'takes me for'","body":"«За щенка… почитает» ('takes me for a puppy') uses «почитать за + accusative» in the sense 'to regard as, take for.' «За щенка» is accusative; «меня» the object. The construction frames Mitya's bitter sense of being treated as a contemptible nobody."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"истязательно","title":"«истязательно» — torturously","body":"«Истязательно» is a strong, rare adverb from «истязать» (to torture, torment): 'in a tormenting, torturous way.' Mitya's hyperbolic «истязательно долго» (in quotation marks, his own phrasing) shows the wait magnified by wounded pride into something like deliberate cruelty."}],"words":[{"surface":"Николай","lemma":"Николай","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of возвращался","gloss":"Nikolai"},{"surface":"Парфенович","lemma":"Парфенович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Николай","gloss":"Parfenovich"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun (part of что-то)","role":"modifies долго, adverbial","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"particle (part of что-то)","role":"modifies что","gloss":"-"},{"surface":"долго","lemma":"долго","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies возвращался","gloss":"a long time"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates возвращался","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"возвращался","lemma":"возвращаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"coming back"},{"surface":"истязательно","lemma":"истязательно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies долго","gloss":"tormentingly"},{"surface":"долго","lemma":"долго","morphology":"adverb","role":"in apposition, restates долго возвращался","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking щенка","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"щенка","lemma":"щенок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of почитает","gloss":"a puppy"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of почитает","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"почитает","lemma":"почитать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of quoted thought","gloss":"takes"},{"surface":"скрежетал","lemma":"скрежетать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ground"},{"surface":"зубами","lemma":"зуб","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of скрежетал","gloss":"his teeth"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of скрежетал","gloss":"Mitya"}]},{"number":49,"label":"49","id":"b9-c6-s49","source":"«Эта дрянь прокурор тоже ушел, верно из презрения, гадко стало смотреть на голого».","translation":"\"That wretch of a prosecutor went off too, out of contempt no doubt — it sickened him to look at a naked man.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"гадко стало смотреть на голого","title":"Impersonal «гадко стало» + infinitive","body":"«Гадко стало смотреть» ('it became sickening to look') is an impersonal-emotion frame with an infinitive subject: «гадко» (loathsome, disgusting) as the predicate, inceptive «стало», and «смотреть» supplying what was sickening. The substantivized adjective «на голого» ('at a naked [man]') is accusative."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Эта дрянь прокурор","title":"«дрянь» — trash, a worthless wretch","body":"«Дрянь» literally means rubbish, trash, and as an insult 'a contemptible wretch, a piece of trash.' The appositive «эта дрянь прокурор» ('that trash of a prosecutor') is pure Mitya — venomous, dismissive, the voice of a man lashing out from humiliation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of дрянь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"дрянь","lemma":"дрянь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to прокурор","gloss":"wretch"},{"surface":"прокурор","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ушел","gloss":"prosecutor"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ушел","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"ушел","lemma":"уйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went off"},{"surface":"верно","lemma":"верно","morphology":"adverb (parenthetical)","role":"modifies the whole clause","gloss":"no doubt"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking презрения","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"презрения","lemma":"презрение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of ушел","gloss":"contempt"},{"surface":"гадко","lemma":"гадко","morphology":"adverb (predicative)","role":"complement of стало","gloss":"sickening"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to ушел","gloss":"it became"},{"surface":"смотреть","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стало","gloss":"to look"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking голого","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"голого","lemma":"голый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular (substantivized)","role":"oblique complement of смотреть","gloss":"a naked man"}]},{"number":50,"label":"50","id":"b9-c6-s50","source":"Митя все-таки полагал, что платье его там где-то осмотрят и принесут обратно.","translation":"Mitya still supposed that his clothes would be examined somewhere out there and brought back.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"осмотрят и принесут обратно","title":"Perfective future in reported thought","body":"Inside Mitya's supposition the verbs are perfective futures — «осмотрят» (will examine) and «принесут» (will bring back) — the bare third-plural again standing for an indefinite 'they.' He expects two single completed acts: a look-over, then return of his clothes."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"полагал","title":"«полагать» — to suppose, reckon","body":"«Полагал» («полагать») is a slightly bookish verb for 'to suppose, assume, be of the opinion,' more formal than «думал». It frames Mitya's mistaken expectation — he reckoned his own clothes would come back — setting up the indignant surprise of the next sentence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of полагал","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"adverb (part of всё-таки)","role":"modifies полагал","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle (part of всё-таки)","role":"modifies все","gloss":"-"},{"surface":"полагал","lemma":"полагать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"supposed"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of осмотрят","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"платье","lemma":"платье","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of осмотрят","gloss":"his clothes"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of платье","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies осмотрят","gloss":"out there"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где-то","morphology":"adverb (part of где-то)","role":"modifies там","gloss":"somewhere"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"где-то","morphology":"particle (part of где-то)","role":"modifies где","gloss":"-"},{"surface":"осмотрят","lemma":"осмотреть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of полагал","gloss":"would be examined"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"принесут","lemma":"принести","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with осмотрят","gloss":"brought"},{"surface":"обратно","lemma":"обратно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies принесут","gloss":"back"}]},{"number":51,"label":"51","id":"b9-c6-s51","source":"Но каково же было его негодование, когда Николай Парфенович вдруг воротился совсем с другим платьем, которое нес за ним мужик.","translation":"But what was his indignation when Nikolai Parfenovich suddenly returned with quite different clothes, carried in behind him by a peasant.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"каково же было его негодование, когда…","title":"Exclamatory «каково же было…»","body":"«Каково же было его негодование!» is a rhetorical exclamatory frame — 'what (great) was his indignation!' — using the neuter interrogative «каково» plus emphatic «же» to set up a 'imagine how X he was when…' construction. A stock device of dramatic narration."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"платьем, которое нёс за ним мужик","title":"Relative «которое» in the accusative","body":"«Которое» agrees with «платье» (neuter singular) but is the accusative object of «нёс» inside its clause — 'clothes which a peasant carried.' The imperfective «нёс» (was carrying) holds the bringing-in as an ongoing image behind the magistrate's return."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"воротился","title":"«воротиться» — an old/folk 'to return'","body":"«Воротился» is a colloquial, slightly archaic-folk variant of «вернулся» (returned), common in 19th-century prose and peasant speech. Dostoevsky's narration mixes such homely forms freely with bookish ones, giving the prose its characteristic range of registers."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"каково","lemma":"каков","morphology":"pronoun (predicative), neuter, singular","role":"predicate of негодование","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes каково","gloss":"[emphatic]"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to каково","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of негодование","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"негодование","lemma":"негодование","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of каково","gloss":"indignation"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of воротился","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"Николай","lemma":"Николай","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воротился","gloss":"Nikolai"},{"surface":"Парфенович","lemma":"Парфенович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Николай","gloss":"Parfenovich"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies воротился","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"воротился","lemma":"воротиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on негодование","gloss":"returned"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies другим","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking платьем","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"другим","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies платьем","gloss":"different"},{"surface":"платьем","lemma":"платье","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of воротился","gloss":"clothes"},{"surface":"которое","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of нес","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"нес","lemma":"нести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on платьем","gloss":"carried"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"behind"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of нес","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"мужик","lemma":"мужик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of нес","gloss":"a peasant"}]},{"number":52,"label":"52","id":"b9-c6-s52","source":"— Ну, вот вам и платье, — развязно проговорил он, по-видимому очень довольный успехом своего хождения.","translation":"\"Well, here are some clothes for you,\" he said breezily, evidently very pleased with the success of his errand.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"по-видимому очень довольный успехом","title":"Long adjective «довольный» + instrumental","body":"«Довольный успехом» — the adjective «доволен/довольный» ('pleased') governs its cause in the instrumental, «успехом» (with the success). This fixed government (доволен чем) is why the source of his pleasure stands in the instrumental, not the genitive."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"развязно","title":"«развязно» — breezily, with too-easy familiarity","body":"«Развязно» (from «развязный») means in an over-familiar, unbuttoned, cheekily casual manner — a faint pejorative for someone too pleased with himself and lacking proper reserve. The magistrate's «развязно» tone, after the grim search, is itself a needle to Mitya's pride."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"хождения","title":"«хождение» — a going, an errand","body":"«Хождение» is a bookish verbal noun from «ходить» (to go about), here 'his going / errand' — the trip to fetch clothes. The «-ение» abstract noun lends a mock-solemn weight, as if his small errand were an undertaking, matching his self-satisfaction."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the utterance","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вам и платье","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of вот","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes платье","gloss":"[emphatic]"},{"surface":"платье","lemma":"платье","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the presentative вот","gloss":"clothes"},{"surface":"развязно","lemma":"развязно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорил","gloss":"breezily"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по-видимому","morphology":"adverb (part of по-видимому)","role":"modifies довольный","gloss":"evidently"},{"surface":"видимому","lemma":"по-видимому","morphology":"adverb (part of по-видимому)","role":"modifies по","gloss":"-"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies довольный","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"довольный","lemma":"довольный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies он, appositive","gloss":"pleased"},{"surface":"успехом","lemma":"успех","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of довольный","gloss":"with the success"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of хождения","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"хождения","lemma":"хождение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies успехом","gloss":"errand"}]},{"number":53,"label":"53","id":"b9-c6-s53","source":"— Это господин Калганов жертвует на сей любопытный случай, равно как и чистую вам рубашку.","translation":"\"It's Mr. Kalganov who donates them for this curious occasion, and a clean shirt for you as well.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"на сей любопытный случай","title":"Archaic demonstrative «сей»","body":"«Сей» ('this') is the bookish, archaic demonstrative of 19th-century literary Russian, where everyday speech uses «этот». «На сей… случай» ('for this occasion') gives the magistrate's pronouncement a touch of mock-official solemnity — period-elevated, not wrong."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"равно как и чистую… рубашку","title":"Bookish connective «равно как и»","body":"«Равно как и» ('as well as, equally with') is a formal, literary additive conjunction, stiffer than a plain «и». It coordinates «чистую… рубашку» with the donated clothes, lending the sentence the flavour of officialese."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"introduces the identifying clause","gloss":"it's"},{"surface":"господин","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of жертвует","gloss":"Mr."},{"surface":"Калганов","lemma":"Калганов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to господин","gloss":"Kalganov"},{"surface":"жертвует","lemma":"жертвовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"donates"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking случай","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"сей","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of случай","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"любопытный","lemma":"любопытный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies случай","gloss":"curious"},{"surface":"случай","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of жертвует","gloss":"occasion"},{"surface":"равно","lemma":"равно как","morphology":"adverb (part of равно как)","role":"introduces the comparison","gloss":"as well as"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"равно как","morphology":"conjunction (part of равно как)","role":"introduces the comparison","gloss":"-"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes чистую рубашку","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"чистую","lemma":"чистый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies рубашку","gloss":"clean"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of жертвует","gloss":"for you"},{"surface":"рубашку","lemma":"рубашка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with случай, direct object of жертвует","gloss":"shirt"}]},{"number":54,"label":"54","id":"b9-c6-s54","source":"С ним всё это, к счастию, как раз оказалось в чемодане.","translation":"Luckily, he happened to have all of it with him in his trunk.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"к счастию, как раз оказалось","title":"Archaic «к счастию» + middle «оказалось»","body":"«К счастию» is the old-spelling/bookish form of «к счастью» ('luckily'), a frozen «к» + dative parenthetical. «Оказалось» ('it turned out') is the reflexive «-ся» verb used impersonally, a middle of fortuitous discovery — it happened to be in his trunk."}],"words":[{"surface":"С","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of оказалось","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of это","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of оказалось","gloss":"of it"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking счастию","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"счастию","lemma":"счастие","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"parenthetical adverbial","gloss":"luckily"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как раз","morphology":"adverb (part of как раз)","role":"modifies оказалось","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"как раз","morphology":"noun (part of как раз)","role":"modifies как","gloss":"-"},{"surface":"оказалось","lemma":"оказаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"happened to be"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чемодане","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"чемодане","lemma":"чемодан","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of оказалось","gloss":"the trunk"}]},{"number":55,"label":"55","id":"b9-c6-s55","source":"Нижнее белье и носки можете сохранить свои.","translation":"Your underwear and socks you may keep.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Нижнее белье и носки можете сохранить свои","title":"Fronted objects + reflexive «свои»","body":"The objects «нижнее бельё и носки» are fronted as the topic, and «свои» ('your own,' reflexive possessive referring to the subject 'you') is post-posed after the verb «сохранить» for emphasis — 'your underwear and socks, those you may keep — your own.' The scattered word order foregrounds the small concession."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нижнее","lemma":"нижний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies белье","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"белье","lemma":"бельё","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of можете","gloss":"underwear"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"носки","lemma":"носок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with белье","gloss":"socks"},{"surface":"можете","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you may"},{"surface":"сохранить","lemma":"сохранить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of можете","gloss":"keep"},{"surface":"свои","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"modifies белье и носки","gloss":"your own"}]},{"number":56,"label":"56","id":"b9-c6-s56","source":"Митя страшно вскипел.","translation":"Mitya flared up terribly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вскипел","title":"«вскипеть» — to boil over (with rage)","body":"«Вскипел» («вскипеть») literally means 'to come to the boil'; figuratively, to flare up, boil over with sudden anger. The inceptive «вс-» prefix marks the abrupt surge. «Страшно вскипел» ('flared up terribly') is the perfective burst of Mitya's temper at the offer of charity clothes."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вскипел","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"страшно","lemma":"страшно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вскипел","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"вскипел","lemma":"вскипеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"flared up"}]},{"number":57,"label":"57","id":"b9-c6-s57","source":"— Не хочу чужого платья! — грозно закричал он, — давайте мое!","translation":"\"I don't want another man's clothes!\" he shouted menacingly. \"Give me my own!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не хочу чужого платья!","title":"Genitive of negation: «чужого платья»","body":"«Не хочу чужого платья» ('I don't want another man's clothes') puts the object «платья» in the genitive under the negated «не хочу». Negated «хотеть» especially favours the genitive object, marking the thing wanted as non-specific and refused."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"давайте мое!","title":"Imperative «давайте» — 'give / let's'","body":"«Давайте» is the plural/polite imperative of «давать» (to give): here a blunt 'give (me) [it]!' The same form, plus an infinitive or future, also makes the 'let's…' exhortative — but here it is the literal command, hurled with «моё!» ('mine!')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates хочу","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"чужого","lemma":"чужой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies платья","gloss":"another man's"},{"surface":"платья","lemma":"платье","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of хочу","gloss":"clothes"},{"surface":"грозно","lemma":"грозно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies закричал","gloss":"menacingly"},{"surface":"закричал","lemma":"закричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shouted"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of закричал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"давайте","lemma":"давать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to закричал","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"мое","lemma":"мой","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of давайте","gloss":"my own"}]},{"number":58,"label":"58","id":"b9-c6-s58","source":"— Невозможно.","translation":"\"That's impossible.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Невозможно.","title":"One-word impersonal predicate","body":"«Невозможно» ('[it is] impossible') is a complete utterance — a bare impersonal predicate with no subject or copula, the present tense leaving 'is' unexpressed. Russian readily makes such neuter predicatives stand alone as a flat verdict."}],"words":[{"surface":"Невозможно","lemma":"невозможный","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular (predicative)","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"impossible"}]},{"number":59,"label":"59","id":"b9-c6-s59","source":"— Давайте мое, к черту Калганова, и его платье, и его самого!","translation":"\"Give me my own — to the devil with Kalganov, and his clothes, and himself too!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"к черту Калганова, и его платье, и его самого","title":"«к чёрту» + accusative; intensive «сам»","body":"«К чёрту Калганова… и его самого» ('to the devil with Kalganov… and himself too') takes the objects of consignment in the accusative (animate «Калганова», «его самого»). «Самого» is the intensifier «сам» ('himself, the very man') in the accusative, piling Kalganov-the-person onto the curse."}],"words":[{"surface":"Давайте","lemma":"давать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"мое","lemma":"мой","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of Давайте","gloss":"my own"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking черту","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"черту","lemma":"чёрт","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition к, idiom «к черту» (to the devil with)","gloss":"the devil","note":"«к черту» is an idiomatic curse, 'to the devil / to hell with'."},{"surface":"Калганова","lemma":"Калганов","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies черту (target of the curse)","gloss":"Kalganov"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of платье","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"платье","lemma":"платье","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with Калганова (target of the curse)","gloss":"clothes"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Калганова (target of the curse)","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies его","gloss":"himself"}]},{"number":60,"label":"60","id":"b9-c6-s60","source":"Его долго уговаривали.","translation":"They spent a long time talking him round.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Его долго уговаривали.","title":"Imperfective «уговаривали» — a drawn-out effort","body":"«Долго уговаривали» ('they spent a long time talking [him] round') uses the imperfective «уговаривать» to stress the protracted, repeated effort of persuasion — not «уговорили» (succeeded in persuading), but the wearing process. The subjectless third-plural again means an indefinite 'they.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of уговаривали","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"долго","lemma":"долго","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уговаривали","gloss":"for a long time"},{"surface":"уговаривали","lemma":"уговаривать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"were persuading"}]},{"number":61,"label":"61","id":"b9-c6-s61","source":"Кое-как, однако, успокоили.","translation":"Somehow, however, they calmed him down.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Кое-как","title":"«кое-как» — somehow, after a fashion","body":"«Кое-как» means 'somehow', 'any old how', often with a tinge of effort, sloppiness, or barely managing. Here it underscores that calming Mitya took some doing; the same word reappears in s63 («Митя кое-как… понял»), a small narrative echo of his frayed state."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"успокоили","title":"Subjectless «успокоили» — 'they calmed him'","body":"The verb is third-person plural with no stated subject — a standard Russian way to say 'people / they' impersonally, leaving the actors vague (the officials). The perfective «успокоили» frames it as a single accomplished result: they got him calmed."}],"words":[{"surface":"Кое","lemma":"кое-как","morphology":"adverb (first part of compound)","role":"modifies успокоили","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"кое-как","morphology":"adverb (second part of compound)","role":"modifies успокоили","gloss":"somehow","note":"«кое-как» is a single adverb, 'somehow, anyhow'."},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies успокоили","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"успокоили","lemma":"успокоить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"calmed him down"}]},{"number":62,"label":"62","id":"b9-c6-s62","source":"Ему внушили, что платье его, как запачканное кровью, должно «примкнуть к собранию вещественных доказательств», оставить же его на нем они теперь «не имеют даже и права… в видах того, чем может окончиться дело».","translation":"They impressed on him that his clothes, being stained with blood, must \"be joined to the body of material evidence,\" and that to leave them on him they now \"had not even the right… in view of how the case might end.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ему внушили","title":"Dative «ему» + the 'they' verb","body":"«Внушить» ('to impress upon, instil') takes a dative person: «ему внушили» = 'they impressed upon him'. Paired again with the subjectless third-person-plural verb, the sentence keeps the bureaucratic 'they' faceless while Mitya stands as the dative recipient of their instruction."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как запачканное кровью","title":"«как запачканное кровью» — a past passive participle","body":"«Запачканное» is a past passive participle ('soiled, stained') agreeing with neuter «платье»; «кровью» is the instrumental of means ('with blood'). The «как» here reads 'inasmuch as / being', giving the clause a causal-legalistic ring fitting the officials' jargon."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вещественных доказательств","title":"«вещественные доказательства» — material evidence","body":"A fixed legal term: 'material (physical) evidence', the tangible objects entered into a case. «Примкнуть к собранию вещественных доказательств» ('be joined to the body of material evidence') is deliberately stiff officialese — Dostoevsky lets the investigators' bureaucratic register clash with Mitya's anguish."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"оставить же его на нем","title":"Particle «же» marking the contrast","body":"Here «же» is not 'but' lexically; it is a modal particle pinning a contrast — 'as for leaving them on him, that they have no right to'. It picks the infinitive «оставить» up as a new topic and weights the turn in the argument."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не имеют даже и права","title":"Genitive of negation: «не имеют… права»","body":"Under the negation «не имеют», the object «право» shifts to the genitive «права» ('have not even the right'). This case shift after a negated verb is one of Russian's most pervasive habits."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of внушили","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"внушили","lemma":"внушить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"impressed on him"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of должно","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"платье","lemma":"платье","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of должно","gloss":"clothes"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies платье","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of запачканное","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"запачканное","lemma":"запачкать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"modifies платье","gloss":"stained"},{"surface":"кровью","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of запачканное","gloss":"with blood"},{"surface":"должно","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of the что-clause (subject: платье)","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"примкнуть","lemma":"примкнуть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of должно","gloss":"be joined"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking собранию","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"собранию","lemma":"собрание","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of примкнуть","gloss":"the collection"},{"surface":"вещественных","lemma":"вещественный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies доказательств","gloss":"material"},{"surface":"доказательств","lemma":"доказательство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"modifies собранию","gloss":"of evidence"},{"surface":"оставить","lemma":"оставить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"infinitival complement of права (right to leave)","gloss":"to leave"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies оставить (marks topic shift)","gloss":"as for"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of оставить","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of оставить","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of имеют","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies имеют","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies имеют","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"имеют","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with должно (second complement of внушили)","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies права","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies права (part of emphatic «даже и»)","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"права","lemma":"право","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of имеют","gloss":"the right"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking видах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"видах","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of имеют, idiom «в видах» (in view of)","gloss":"view","note":"«в видах того, чем...» is an idiom meaning 'in view of / considering how...'."},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies видах","gloss":"of that"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"introduces the clause of может","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying того","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"окончиться","lemma":"окончиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"end"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of окончиться","gloss":"the case"}]},{"number":63,"label":"63","id":"b9-c6-s63","source":"Митя кое-как наконец это понял.","translation":"Mitya somehow understood this at last.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"наконец это понял","title":"Perfective «понял» — the penny finally drops","body":"«Понял» is the perfective past of «понимать/понять»: not 'was understanding' but the single moment of grasping. With «кое-как наконец» ('somehow at last') it captures comprehension arriving as one belated event."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of понял","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"кое","lemma":"кое-как","morphology":"adverb (first part of compound)","role":"modifies понял","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"кое-как","morphology":"adverb (second part of compound)","role":"modifies понял","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies понял","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of понял","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"понял","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understood"}]},{"number":64,"label":"64","id":"b9-c6-s64","source":"Он мрачно замолчал и стал спеша одеваться.","translation":"He fell gloomily silent and began hurriedly to dress.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"стал спеша одеваться","title":"«спеша» — an imperfective gerund","body":"«Спеша» ('hurrying') is the present (imperfective) adverbial participle, a деепричастие, describing the manner of the main verb: he began to dress, hurrying. It shares Mitya's subject and folds a whole 'as he hurried' into one word — a hallmark of literary narration."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"стал… одеваться","title":"«стал» + infinitive — inception, and the -ся of «одеваться»","body":"«Стал» ('began') plus the imperfective infinitive marks the onset of an activity. The infinitive «одеваться» carries the reflexive clitic -ся ('to dress oneself'), the true reflexive use where the action turns back on the doer."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of замолчал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"мрачно","lemma":"мрачно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies замолчал","gloss":"gloomily"},{"surface":"замолчал","lemma":"замолчать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fell silent"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with замолчал","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"спеша","lemma":"спешить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on одеваться","gloss":"hurriedly"},{"surface":"одеваться","lemma":"одеваться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"to dress"}]},{"number":65,"label":"65","id":"b9-c6-s65","source":"Заметил только, надевая платье, что оно богаче его старого платья и что он бы не хотел «пользоваться».","translation":"He only remarked, as he put on the clothes, that they were finer than his own old clothes, and that he would rather not \"profit by it.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Заметил только, надевая платье","title":"Subject-drop + the gerund «надевая»","body":"The subject 'he' is dropped — the -л verb «заметил» already shows masculine singular. «Надевая» is again an imperfective gerund ('as he put on'), simultaneous with the remarking. Note «надевать» (put on oneself) versus «одевать» (dress someone) — a famous pair Russians police carefully."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"богаче его старого платья","title":"Comparative «богаче» + genitive of comparison","body":"«Богаче» is the predicative comparative of «богатый» ('richer, finer'). The thing compared against stands in the genitive, «его старого платья» ('than his old clothes') — Russian's bare-genitive comparison, an alternative to «чем»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"он бы не хотел","title":"Conditional «бы» — 'he would rather not'","body":"Past-tense «хотел» plus the particle «бы» builds the irrealis: 'he would not want / would rather not'. It softens the statement into a delicate refusal, fitting Mitya's flash of scruple about wearing another man's finery."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пользоваться","title":"«пользоваться» — to make use of, profit by","body":"«Пользоваться» (+ instrumental) means 'to use / avail oneself of'. In quotation marks here it carries a moral charge — Mitya recoils from 'profiting' off Kalganov's clothes, the verb hinting at unearned advantage rather than mere wearing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Заметил","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he remarked"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Заметил","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"надевая","lemma":"надевать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on Заметил","gloss":"putting on"},{"surface":"платье","lemma":"платье","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of надевая","gloss":"the clothes"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of богаче","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"оно","lemma":"оно","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of богаче","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"богаче","lemma":"богатый","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"clausal complement of Заметил","gloss":"finer"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of платья","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"старого","lemma":"старый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies платья","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"платья","lemma":"платье","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of богаче (than-phrase)","gloss":"clothes"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of хотел","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of хотел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"modifies хотел","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хотел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хотел","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with богаче (clausal complement of Заметил)","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"пользоваться","lemma":"пользоваться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хотел","gloss":"to profit by it"}]},{"number":66,"label":"66","id":"b9-c6-s66","source":"Кроме того, «унизительно узко.","translation":"Besides, they were \"humiliatingly tight.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"унизительно узко","title":"Short adjective «узко» as predicate","body":"«Узко» is the neuter short form of «узкий» ('tight, narrow'), used predicatively of «платье» — 'it is tight'. «Унизительно» ('humiliatingly') is an adverb modifying it. Short adjectives in the predicate carry a clipped, emphatic, bookish flavor very common in this prose."}],"words":[{"surface":"Кроме","lemma":"кроме","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of Кроме, idiom «кроме того» (besides that)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"унизительно","lemma":"унизительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies узко","gloss":"humiliatingly"},{"surface":"узко","lemma":"узкий","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"tight"}]},{"number":67,"label":"67","id":"b9-c6-s67","source":"Шута, что ли, я горохового должен в нем разыгрывать… к вашему наслаждению!»","translation":"Am I to play the pea-clown in them, then… for your delight!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Шута… должен… разыгрывать","title":"Animate accusative «шута» + «должен» of obligation","body":"«Шута» is the accusative of animate masculine «шут», borrowing the genitive form (the object of «разыгрывать», 'to play the part of'). «Должен» ('must, am obliged') governs the infinitive — Mitya bitterly asks whether he is obliged to play the buffoon."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что ли","title":"«что ли» — a needling rhetorical tag","body":"«Что ли» (built on the interrogative particle «ли») tacks doubt or sarcasm onto a question: 'Am I supposed to…, then?'. It is colloquial and indignant, voicing Mitya's outraged incredulity."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"к вашему наслаждению","title":"«к вашему наслаждению» — dative governed by «к»","body":"The preposition «к» governs the dative, here 'for your delight / enjoyment'. The bitterly polite «вашему» throws the sarcasm at the investigators directly."}],"words":[{"surface":"Шута","lemma":"шут","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of разыгрывать","gloss":"clown"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse particle with ли, idiom «что ли» (or something)","gloss":"or something","note":"«что ли» is a colloquial tag, 'or something / or what'."},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что (part of «что ли»)","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of должен","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"горохового","lemma":"гороховый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Шута","gloss":"pea-","note":"«гороховый шут» ('pea-clown') is a stock buffoon figure in old Russian comedy."},{"surface":"должен","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of разыгрывать","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"разыгрывать","lemma":"разыгрывать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of должен","gloss":"play the part of"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking наслаждению","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"вашему","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, dative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of наслаждению","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"наслаждению","lemma":"наслаждение","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of разыгрывать","gloss":"delight"}]},{"number":68,"label":"68","id":"b9-c6-s68","source":"Ему опять внушили, что он и тут преувеличивает, что господин Калганов, хоть и выше его ростом, но лишь немного, и разве только вот панталоны выйдут длинноваты.","translation":"Again they impressed on him that here too he was exaggerating, that Mr. Kalganov, though taller than he, was so only by a little, and that perhaps only the trousers would come out somewhat long.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ему опять внушили, что","title":"«внушить, что…» — reported reassurance","body":"Again the dative «ему» plus subjectless «внушили» plus a «что»-clause: 'they impressed on him that…'. The subordinating «что» reports plain fact, and the repetition of this exact frame (cf. s62) marks the officials' patient, wearing insistence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хоть и выше его ростом, но лишь немного","title":"Comparative «выше» + instrumental «ростом»","body":"«Выше» is the comparative 'taller'; «его» is the genitive of comparison ('than he'); «ростом» is the instrumental of respect — 'taller in stature'. The «хоть… но» pair ('though… yet') concedes the point only to shrink it: taller, but only by a little."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"длинноваты","title":"«длинноваты» — 'a touch too long'","body":"The suffix -оват- softens an adjective to 'somewhat, a bit', and «длинноваты» is its short plural form: the trousers are 'a little on the long side'. This hedging suffix lets the officials minimize the misfit Mitya is complaining about."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of внушили","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies внушили","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"внушили","lemma":"внушить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"told him"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of преувеличивает","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of преувеличивает","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тут","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies преувеличивает","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"преувеличивает","lemma":"преувеличивать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of внушили","gloss":"is exaggerating"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces second clause, coordinated complement of внушили","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"господин","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выше (title)","gloss":"Mr."},{"surface":"Калганов","lemma":"Калганов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to господин","gloss":"Kalganov"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of выше","gloss":"although"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies выше","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"выше","lemma":"высокий","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicate of the хоть-clause (subject: господин Калганов)","gloss":"taller"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выше (genitive of comparison: than him)","gloss":"than him"},{"surface":"ростом","lemma":"рост","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выше","gloss":"in height"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies немного","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"немного","lemma":"немного","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with выше","gloss":"a little"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"разве","lemma":"разве","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вот","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вот","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies панталоны","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"панталоны","lemma":"панталоны","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of выйдут","gloss":"the trousers"},{"surface":"выйдут","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of coordinate clause (parallel to выше-clause)","gloss":"would come out"},{"surface":"длинноваты","lemma":"длинноватый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"predicate complement of выйдут","gloss":"a bit long"}]},{"number":69,"label":"69","id":"b9-c6-s69","source":"Но сюртук оказался действительно узок в плечах.","translation":"But the frock-coat did indeed prove tight across the shoulders.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сюртук","title":"«сюртук» — a frock-coat","body":"A «сюртук» is the long, fitted men's frock-coat standard for respectable 19th-century dress. Wearing Kalganov's instead of his own is part of Mitya's degradation — a borrowed gentleman's coat that pinches."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"оказался действительно узок","title":"«оказался» + short adjective «узок»","body":"«Оказаться» ('to turn out to be') here links to the masculine short adjective «узок» ('tight'). Short-form predicates after such linking verbs are the bookish norm; «действительно» ('indeed') concedes that Mitya's complaint was, this time, justified."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"сюртук","lemma":"сюртук","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of оказался","gloss":"the frock-coat"},{"surface":"оказался","lemma":"оказаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"turned out"},{"surface":"действительно","lemma":"действительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies узок","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"узок","lemma":"узкий","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"complement of оказался","gloss":"tight"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking плечах","gloss":"across"},{"surface":"плечах","lemma":"плечо","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of узок","gloss":"the shoulders"}]},{"number":70,"label":"70","id":"b9-c6-s70","source":"— Черт возьми, и застегнуться трудно, — заворчал снова Митя, — сделайте одолжение, извольте от меня сей же час передать господину Калганову, что не я просил у него его платья и что меня самого перерядили в шута.","translation":"\"Devil take it, it's even hard to button up,\" Mitya grumbled again. \"Do me the favor, be so kind as to inform Mr. Kalganov this very instant on my behalf that I did not ask him for his clothes, and that I have been dressed up as a clown.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Черт возьми","title":"«Чёрт возьми» — 'devil take it'","body":"A common oath, literally 'may the devil take [it]', the perfective «возьми» being an optative-imperative. Mild but coarse; it sets Mitya's grumbling, profane register against the officials' polished speech."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"извольте… передать","title":"«извольте» — frostily formal 'be so kind'","body":"«Извольте» (+ infinitive) is a stiff, old-fashioned polite imperative, 'be so good as to…'. Mitya wields it sarcastically: the exaggerated courtesy («сделайте одолжение… извольте… сей же час») mocks the very formality being shown to him."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сей же час","title":"«сей же час» — this very instant","body":"An archaic, bookish phrase using the old demonstrative «сей» ('this') with intensifying «же»: 'this very hour / instant'. The elevated «сей» belongs to the 19th-century literary register and adds mock-grandeur to Mitya's command."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"меня самого перерядили в шута","title":"Subjectless «перерядили» + «в шута»","body":"Another faceless third-plural verb, 'they dressed me up'. «Перерядить в шута» ('rig out as a clown') uses «в» + accusative to mark the role one is turned into. «Самого» (intensive 'me myself') sharpens Mitya's sense of personal humiliation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Черт","lemma":"чёрт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative addressee of возьми, idiom «черт возьми» (devil take it)","gloss":"devil"},{"surface":"возьми","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"take it"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies трудно","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"застегнуться","lemma":"застегнуться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"infinitival subject of трудно","gloss":"to button up"},{"surface":"трудно","lemma":"трудный","morphology":"adverb","role":"main predicate of second clause","gloss":"hard"},{"surface":"заворчал","lemma":"заворчать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"grumbled"},{"surface":"снова","lemma":"снова","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заворчал","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заворчал","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"сделайте","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of imperative clause","gloss":"do me"},{"surface":"одолжение","lemma":"одолжение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сделайте","gloss":"a favor"},{"surface":"извольте","lemma":"изволить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with сделайте","gloss":"please"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of извольте","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"сей","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of час","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сей","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"час","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial accusative of time, modifies передать","gloss":"instant"},{"surface":"передать","lemma":"передать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of извольте","gloss":"convey"},{"surface":"господину","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of передать","gloss":"Mr."},{"surface":"Калганову","lemma":"Калганов","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to господину","gloss":"Kalganov"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of просил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies я (contrastive negation)","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of просил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"просил","lemma":"просить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of передать","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of просил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of платья","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"платья","lemma":"платье","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of просил","gloss":"clothes"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of перерядили","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of перерядили","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies меня","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"перерядили","lemma":"перерядить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with просил","gloss":"dressed up"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking шута","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"шута","lemma":"шут","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of перерядили","gloss":"a clown"}]},{"number":71,"label":"71","id":"b9-c6-s71","source":"— Он это очень хорошо понимает и сожалеет… то есть не о платье своем сожалеет, а, собственно, обо всем этом случае… — промямлил было Николай Парфенович.","translation":"\"He understands that very well and regrets it… that is, it is not his clothes he regrets, but, properly speaking, this whole affair…\" Nikolai Parfenovich began to mumble.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"промямлил было","title":"«промямлить» + the particle «было»","body":"«Промямлить» is to mumble/mutter indistinctly; we render it 'began to mumble'. The particle «было» after a perfective marks an action begun but interrupted or undone — Nikolai Parfenovich starts to mumble an excuse and is cut off, which is exactly what happens in the next line."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не о платье своем сожалеет","title":"Reflexive possessive «своём» + «о» + prepositional","body":"«Сожалеть о» governs the prepositional, «о платье» ('regrets the clothes'). «Своём» is the reflexive possessive 'his own', pointing back to the subject (Kalganov) — he regrets his own clothes, the self-referring «свой» being chosen over «его»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"собственно","title":"«собственно» — 'properly speaking'","body":"Here «собственно» is a discourse hedge, 'strictly / properly speaking', used to correct and refine what was just said. It mirrors the speaker's flustered self-correction ('not the clothes… but, properly, the whole affair')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of понимает","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of понимает","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хорошо","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"хорошо","lemma":"хорошо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies понимает","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"понимает","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understands"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сожалеет","lemma":"сожалеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with понимает","gloss":"regrets"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то есть","morphology":"conjunction (part of idiom)","role":"part of idiom «то есть» (that is)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"то есть","morphology":"conjunction (part of idiom)","role":"part of idiom «то есть» (that is)","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сожалеет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking платье","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"платье","lemma":"платье","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сожалеет","gloss":"his clothes"},{"surface":"своем","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of платье","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"сожалеет","lemma":"сожалеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of subordinate clause","gloss":"regrets"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"собственно","lemma":"собственно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to случае","gloss":"properly speaking"},{"surface":"обо","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking случае","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of случае","gloss":"this whole"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of случае","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"случае","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сожалеет (elided verb)","gloss":"affair"},{"surface":"промямлил","lemma":"промямлить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"mumbled"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies промямлил (idiom: action begun/interrupted)","gloss":"started to","note":"«было» after a past-tense verb marks an action begun and then broken off."},{"surface":"Николай","lemma":"Николай","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of промямлил","gloss":"Nikolai"},{"surface":"Парфенович","lemma":"Парфёнович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Николай","gloss":"Parfenovich"}]},{"number":72,"label":"72","id":"b9-c6-s72","source":"— Наплевать на его сожаление! Ну, куда теперь? Или всё здесь сидеть?","translation":"\"To hell with his regret! Well, where to now? Or am I to go on sitting here?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Наплевать на его сожаление","title":"«наплевать на» — to spit on / not care a bit","body":"«Наплевать на (что-л.)» literally 'to spit on' is a coarse idiom of contempt: 'to hell with it, I couldn't care less'. Mitya's gutter-blunt phrase answers the official's delicate condolence with open scorn."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Или всё здесь сидеть?","title":"Bare infinitive «сидеть» as exasperated question","body":"An infinitive with no subject and no modal, framing a vexed deliberative question: 'Or [am I] to go on sitting here?'. Russian uses such bare infinitives for impersonal 'what is to be done?' musings; «всё» here means 'still, the whole time'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Наплевать","lemma":"наплевать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"to hell with"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сожаление","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of сожаление","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"сожаление","lemma":"сожаление","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of Наплевать","gloss":"regret"},{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"куда","lemma":"куда","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the question (куда теперь)","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies куда","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"Или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сидеть","gloss":"keep on"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сидеть","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"сидеть","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sit"}]},{"number":73,"label":"73","id":"b9-c6-s73","source":"Его попросили выйти опять в «ту комнату».","translation":"They asked him to step out again into \"that room.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Его попросили выйти","title":"Animate accusative «его» + subjectless «попросили»","body":"Once more the faceless 'they': «его попросили» = 'they asked him', with «его» the accusative of the personal pronoun. «Попросить (кого) + infinitive» ('ask someone to do') governs the perfective «выйти» ('step out')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of попросили","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"попросили","lemma":"попросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"выйти","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of попросили","gloss":"to step out"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выйти","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнату","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"ту","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of комнату","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"комнату","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выйти","gloss":"room"}]},{"number":74,"label":"74","id":"b9-c6-s74","source":"Митя вышел хмурый от злобы и стараясь ни на кого не глядеть.","translation":"Mitya went out scowling with spite and trying not to look at anyone.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"хмурый от злобы и стараясь ни на кого не глядеть","title":"Gerund «стараясь» + negative concord «ни на кого… не»","body":"«Стараясь» is an imperfective gerund ('trying'), sharing Mitya's subject. Inside it sits negative concord: «ни на кого… не глядеть» pairs the ни-pronoun «ни на кого» ('at no one') with the verb's «не» — two negatives, one meaning, 'trying not to look at anyone'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вышел","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"вышел","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went out"},{"surface":"хмурый","lemma":"хмурый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"secondary predicate, modifies Митя","gloss":"scowling"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking злобы","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"злобы","lemma":"злоба","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies хмурый","gloss":"spite"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"стараясь","lemma":"стараться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on вышел","gloss":"trying"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кого","gloss":"not...any"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кого","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"кого","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of глядеть","gloss":"anyone"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies глядеть","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"глядеть","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стараясь","gloss":"to look"}]},{"number":75,"label":"75","id":"b9-c6-s75","source":"В чужом платье он чувствовал себя совсем опозоренным, даже пред этими мужиками и Трифоном Борисовичем, лицо которого вдруг зачем-то мелькнуло в дверях и исчезло.","translation":"In another man's clothes he felt utterly disgraced, even before these peasants and before Trifon Borisovich, whose face suddenly flickered for some reason in the doorway and vanished.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"чувствовал себя совсем опозоренным","title":"«чувствовать себя» + instrumental participle «опозоренным»","body":"«Чувствовать себя» ('to feel oneself [to be]') takes a predicate in the instrumental: «опозоренным», the instrumental of the past passive participle 'disgraced'. The reflexive «себя» supplies the object, and the instrumental frames the state he feels himself to be in."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"лицо которого вдруг… мелькнуло","title":"Relative «которого» across a clause","body":"«Которого» is the relative pronoun in the genitive ('whose'): «лицо которого» = 'whose face'. It agrees in gender/number with its antecedent Trifon but takes the genitive its own role (possessor) demands — a textbook of «который» case-flexibility."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking платье","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"чужом","lemma":"чужой","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies платье","gloss":"another man's"},{"surface":"платье","lemma":"платье","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of чувствовал","gloss":"clothes"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of чувствовал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"чувствовал","lemma":"чувствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of чувствовал","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies опозоренным","gloss":"utterly"},{"surface":"опозоренным","lemma":"опозоренный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of чувствовал","gloss":"disgraced"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пред","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мужиками","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"этими","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"determiner of мужиками","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"мужиками","lemma":"мужик","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of опозоренным","gloss":"peasants"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Трифоном","lemma":"Трифон","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with мужиками","gloss":"Trifon"},{"surface":"Борисовичем","lemma":"Борисович","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Трифоном","gloss":"Borisovich"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of мелькнуло","gloss":"the face"},{"surface":"которого","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies лицо (whose)","gloss":"whose"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мелькнуло","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"зачем","lemma":"зачем-то","morphology":"adverb (first part of compound)","role":"modifies мелькнуло","gloss":"for some reason"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"зачем-то","morphology":"adverb (second part of compound)","role":"modifies мелькнуло","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"мелькнуло","lemma":"мелькнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of relative clause (subject: лицо)","gloss":"flickered"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дверях","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"дверях","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of мелькнуло","gloss":"the doorway"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"исчезло","lemma":"исчезнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with мелькнуло","gloss":"vanished"}]},{"number":76,"label":"76","id":"b9-c6-s76","source":"«На ряженого заглянуть приходил», — подумал Митя.","translation":"\"He came to gawk at the man in fancy dress,\" thought Mitya.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"На ряженого заглянуть приходил","title":"«ряженый» — a mummer, one in fancy dress","body":"«Ряженый» (a substantivized participle, 'one dressed up') evokes the costumed mummers of Christmas-time folk revels — a figure to be gawked at. Mitya bitterly casts himself as the comic spectacle the innkeeper came to ogle. «Заглянуть» here is 'to peep / drop a look in'."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ряженого","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ряженого","lemma":"ряженый","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заглянуть","gloss":"the man in costume"},{"surface":"заглянуть","lemma":"заглянуть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of приходил","gloss":"to peek"},{"surface":"приходил","lemma":"приходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"подумал","lemma":"подумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подумал","gloss":"Mitya"}]},{"number":77,"label":"77","id":"b9-c6-s77","source":"Он уселся на своем прежнем стуле.","translation":"He sat down on his former chair.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"уселся на своем прежнем стуле","title":"Reflexive «усесться» + «своём» + prepositional of location","body":"«Усесться» (perfective, -ся middle verb 'to settle oneself down') describes a change of position. «На своём прежнем стуле» uses «на» + prepositional for location, with reflexive «своём» = 'his own former chair'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of уселся","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"уселся","lemma":"усесться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sat down"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стуле","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"своем","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of стуле","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"прежнем","lemma":"прежний","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies стуле","gloss":"former"},{"surface":"стуле","lemma":"стул","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of уселся","gloss":"chair"}]},{"number":78,"label":"78","id":"b9-c6-s78","source":"Мерещилось ему что-то кошмарное и нелепое, казалось ему, что он не в своем уме.","translation":"Something nightmarish and absurd kept rising before him; it seemed to him that he was out of his mind.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Мерещилось ему что-то кошмарное","title":"Impersonal «мерещилось ему» — dative experiencer","body":"«Мерещиться» ('to seem to appear, loom hazily') is used impersonally with a dative experiencer: «мерещилось ему» = 'something kept rising/looming before him'. The grammatical subject is the indefinite «что-то», while Mitya, in the dative, is the one to whom it appears — the dative-experiencer pattern that pervades Dostoevsky's inner life."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что-то кошмарное","title":"Indefinite «что-то» — 'something' specific but unnamed","body":"The particle «-то» on «что» makes it a specific-but-unidentified 'something' — a real thing Mitya can't name — as against «что-нибудь» 'anything at all'. The neuter adjectives «кошмарное и нелепое» agree with it."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"не в своем уме","title":"«не в своём уме» — out of one's mind","body":"A set idiom, literally 'not in one's [own] mind', i.e. mad, not in one's right senses. The reflexive «своём» again binds the mind to its owner. Mitya feels himself slipping toward unreason."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мерещилось","lemma":"мерещиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"loomed"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of Мерещилось","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun (first part of compound)","role":"subject of Мерещилось","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun (second part of compound)","role":"subject of Мерещилось","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"кошмарное","lemma":"кошмарный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies что-то","gloss":"nightmarish"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"нелепое","lemma":"нелепый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with кошмарное","gloss":"absurd"},{"surface":"казалось","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Мерещилось","gloss":"seemed"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of казалось","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of уме","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the clause","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies уме (negates the predicate)","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking уме","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"своем","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of уме","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"уме","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement, clausal complement of казалось","gloss":"mind","note":"«не в своем уме» is an idiom, 'not in one's right mind'."}]},{"number":79,"label":"79","id":"b9-c6-s79","source":"— Ну что ж теперь, пороть розгами, что ли, меня начнете, ведь больше-то ничего не осталось, — заскрежетал он, обращаясь к прокурору.","translation":"\"Well, what now — are you going to start flogging me with birch-rods, or something? After all, there's nothing left,\" he ground out, turning to the prosecutor.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ведь больше-то ничего не осталось","title":"Particles «ведь» and «-то» + double negation","body":"«Ведь» appeals to shared knowledge ('after all'), and the emphatic clitic «-то» on «больше» stresses the topic ('there's nothing more, you see, left'). «Ничего не осталось» is negative concord — ни-pronoun plus «не». These tiny particles carry the bitter, knowing tone English can only suggest by intonation."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"заскрежетал","title":"«заскрежетать» — to grind out / gnash","body":"From «скрежет» (a grating, gnashing sound), «заскрежетал» means he ground the words out as through clenched, gnashing teeth — the «за-» prefix marking the onset. A vivid, physical speech-verb conveying barely-contained fury."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase (что ж теперь)","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ж","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies что","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"пороть","lemma":"пороть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начнете","gloss":"to flog"},{"surface":"розгами","lemma":"розга","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of пороть","gloss":"with birch-rods"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse particle with ли, idiom «что ли» (or something)","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что (part of «что ли»)","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of пороть","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"начнете","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will you start"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies осталось","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies осталось","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies больше (emphatic)","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"subject of осталось","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies осталось","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"осталось","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of parenthetical clause introduced by ведь","gloss":"is left"},{"surface":"заскрежетал","lemma":"заскрежетать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ground out"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заскрежетал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"обращаясь","lemma":"обращаться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on заскрежетал","gloss":"turning"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking прокурору","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"прокурору","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обращаясь","gloss":"the prosecutor"}]},{"number":80,"label":"80","id":"b9-c6-s80","source":"К Николаю Парфеновичу он и повернуться уже не хотел, как бы и говорить с ним не удостоивая.","translation":"Toward Nikolai Parfenovich he no longer wished even to turn, as though not deigning to speak with him at all.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"повернуться уже не хотел","title":"«к… повернуться» — fronted topic + reflexive verb","body":"The phrase «к Николаю Парфеновичу» is fronted for emphasis ('toward N.P. he no longer even wished to turn'), a topic-comment reordering Russian's free word order permits. «Повернуться» is a -ся middle verb ('to turn oneself'); «к» governs the dative."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы… не удостоивая","title":"«как бы» + gerund «не удостоивая»","body":"«Как бы» ('as if, as though') colors the clause as a seeming, and «удостоивая» is an imperfective gerund ('deigning'), here negated: 'as though not deigning to speak with him'. The «как бы + gerund» construction lets the narrator render Mitya's disdainful pose without committing to it as fact."}],"words":[{"surface":"К","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Николаю","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"Николаю","lemma":"николай","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of хотел (via К)","gloss":"Nikolai"},{"surface":"Парфеновичу","lemma":"парфёнович","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Николаю","gloss":"Parfenovich"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of хотел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies повернуться","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"повернуться","lemma":"повернуться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотел","gloss":"to turn"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хотел","gloss":"any longer"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хотел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хотел","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wished"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говорить","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"говорить","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of удостоивая","gloss":"speak"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорить","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies удостоивая","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"удостоивая","lemma":"удостоивать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on хотел","gloss":"deigning"}]},{"number":81,"label":"81","id":"b9-c6-s81","source":"«Слишком уж пристально мои носки осматривал, да еще велел, подлец, выворотить, это он нарочно, чтобы выставить всем, какое у меня грязное белье!»","translation":"\"He examined my socks far too intently, and what's more, the scoundrel ordered them turned inside out — he did it on purpose, to show everyone what filthy underclothes I have!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"подлец","title":"«подлец» — scoundrel, villain","body":"«Подлец» is a strong term of abuse: a low, base, contemptible man. Hurled here at Nikolai Parfenovich in Mitya's inner monologue, it shows his thoughts running far hotter than his outward speech."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"велел… выворотить, это он нарочно","title":"«велел» + infinitive; topic-fronted «это»","body":"«Велеть» ('to order') governs the bare infinitive «выворотить» ('to turn inside out'). The follow-up «это он нарочно» ('he did it on purpose') fronts «это» as topic before the new, accusatory comment «нарочно» — Russian word order spotlighting the deliberateness Mitya imputes."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы выставить всем, какое у меня грязное белье","title":"Purpose clause «чтобы» + infinitive","body":"«Чтобы» + infinitive expresses purpose ('in order to show everyone…'). The embedded «какое у меня грязное бельё» is an exclamatory indirect question ('what filthy underclothes I have'), with «у меня» the genitive-of-having construction. «Чтобы» is the fused «что» + «бы»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Слишком","lemma":"слишком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пристально","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies Слишком","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"пристально","lemma":"пристально","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies осматривал","gloss":"intently"},{"surface":"мои","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of носки","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"носки","lemma":"носок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of осматривал","gloss":"socks"},{"surface":"осматривал","lemma":"осматривать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"examined"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies велел","gloss":"what's more"},{"surface":"велел","lemma":"велеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with осматривал","gloss":"ordered"},{"surface":"подлец","lemma":"подлец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to subject of велел","gloss":"the scoundrel"},{"surface":"выворотить","lemma":"выворотить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of велел","gloss":"turn them inside out"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"topic, resumed by он","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of understood verb (сделал)","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"нарочно","lemma":"нарочно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies understood verb (сделал)","gloss":"on purpose"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of выставить","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"выставить","lemma":"выставить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on нарочно","gloss":"show"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of выставить","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"какое","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of белье","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"complement of preposition у","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"грязное","lemma":"грязный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies белье","gloss":"dirty"},{"surface":"белье","lemma":"бельё","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of clause complement of выставить","gloss":"underclothes","note":"«у меня грязное белье» literally \"at me [there is] dirty underclothes,\" idiomatic for \"I have dirty underclothes.\""}]},{"number":82,"label":"82","id":"b9-c6-s82","source":"— Да вот придется теперь перейти к допросу свидетелей, — произнес Николай Парфенович, как бы в ответ на вопрос Дмитрия Федоровича.","translation":"\"Well, now we shall have to proceed to the examination of witnesses,\" Nikolai Parfenovich pronounced, as if in answer to Dmitri Fyodorovich's question.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"придется теперь перейти к допросу","title":"Impersonal «придётся» + dative-less obligation","body":"«Придётся» (perfective future of «прийтись», used impersonally) means 'it will be necessary / one will have to': 'we shall now have to proceed'. «Перейти к допросу» ('move on to the questioning') has «к» + dative «допросу». This subjectless 'it falls to one to…' is a core Russian way of stating necessity."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the utterance","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies придется","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"придется","lemma":"прийтись","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"we'll have to"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies перейти","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"перейти","lemma":"перейти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on придется","gloss":"proceed"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking допросу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"допросу","lemma":"допрос","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of перейти","gloss":"examination"},{"surface":"свидетелей","lemma":"свидетель","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies допросу","gloss":"of witnesses"},{"surface":"произнес","lemma":"произнести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to придется","gloss":"pronounced"},{"surface":"Николай","lemma":"николай","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of произнес","gloss":"Nikolai"},{"surface":"Парфенович","lemma":"парфёнович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Николай","gloss":"Parfenovich"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ответ","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ответ","lemma":"ответ","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of произнес","gloss":"answer"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вопрос","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"вопрос","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ответ","gloss":"question"},{"surface":"Дмитрия","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вопрос","gloss":"Dmitri's"},{"surface":"Федоровича","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрия","gloss":"Fyodorovich's"}]},{"number":83,"label":"83","id":"b9-c6-s83","source":"— Да-с, — вдумчиво проговорил прокурор, тоже как бы что-то соображая.","translation":"\"Yes, sir,\" the prosecutor said thoughtfully, also as though turning something over in his mind.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы что-то соображая","title":"«как бы» + gerund «соображая»","body":"Parallel to s80: «как бы» ('as though') plus the imperfective gerund «соображая» ('working something out') renders the prosecutor's manner of turning something over in his mind. The «как бы» keeps it a calculated appearance, not a stated fact."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"polite suffix attached to Да","gloss":"sir","note":"the enclitic «-с» is an old polite/deferential particle, not the preposition с."},{"surface":"вдумчиво","lemma":"вдумчиво","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорил","gloss":"thoughtfully"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Да","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"прокурор","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"the prosecutor"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies соображая","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of соображая","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"particle","role":"indefiniteness marker attached to что","gloss":"-"},{"surface":"соображая","lemma":"соображать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on проговорил","gloss":"turning over"}]},{"number":84,"label":"84","id":"b9-c6-s84","source":"— Мы, Дмитрий Федорович, сделали что могли в ваших же интересах, — продолжал Николай Парфенович, — но, получив столь радикальный с вашей стороны отказ разъяснить нам насчет происхождения находившейся при вас суммы, мы в данную минуту…","translation":"\"We, Dmitri Fyodorovich, have done what we could in your own interest,\" Nikolai Parfenovich went on, \"but, having met with so radical a refusal on your part to explain to us the origin of the sum that was found on you, we, at the present moment…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сделали что могли","title":"«сделали что могли» — perfective + relative «что»","body":"«Сделали» (perfective 'did, accomplished') plus «что могли» ('what we could'), where «что» functions as a relative 'what / that which'. The perfective frames a completed best effort, formally laid before Mitya."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"получив столь радикальный… отказ","title":"Perfective gerund «получив» — 'having received'","body":"«Получив» is the perfective past gerund ('having received'), marking a prior, completed circumstance before the main clause. The bookish «столь» ('so') for «такой» heightens the formal register of this official's sentence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"находившейся при вас суммы","title":"Past active participle «находившейся»","body":"«Находившейся» is the past active participle of «находиться» ('to be located'), declined into the genitive feminine to agree with «суммы» ('of the sum that was found on you'). Such participial phrases condense a whole «которая находилась» relative clause into one modifier — pure literary-bureaucratic compression."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of сделали","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрий","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"сделали","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have done"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"introduces the clause of могли","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"могли","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of сделали","gloss":"we could"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking интересах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ваших","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of интересах","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ваших","gloss":"own"},{"surface":"интересах","lemma":"интерес","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of сделали","gloss":"interests"},{"surface":"продолжал","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to сделали","gloss":"went on"},{"surface":"Николай","lemma":"николай","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of продолжал","gloss":"Nikolai"},{"surface":"Парфенович","lemma":"парфёнович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Николай","gloss":"Parfenovich"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"получив","lemma":"получить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on the trailing clause мы...минуту","gloss":"having met with"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies радикальный","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"радикальный","lemma":"радикальный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies отказ","gloss":"radical"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стороны","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"вашей","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of стороны","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"стороны","lemma":"сторона","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies отказ","gloss":"part"},{"surface":"отказ","lemma":"отказ","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of получив","gloss":"refusal"},{"surface":"разъяснить","lemma":"разъяснить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"modifies отказ","gloss":"to explain"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of разъяснить","gloss":"to us"},{"surface":"насчет","lemma":"насчёт","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking происхождения","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"происхождения","lemma":"происхождение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of разъяснить","gloss":"origin"},{"surface":"находившейся","lemma":"находиться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, genitive, imperfective","role":"participial clause modifying суммы","gloss":"that was found"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of находившейся","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"суммы","lemma":"сумма","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of происхождения","gloss":"of the sum"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of the unfinished trailing clause","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"данную","lemma":"данный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies минуту","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of мы (unfinished clause)","gloss":"moment","note":"the sentence trails off mid-clause, marked by the ellipsis."}]},{"number":85,"label":"85","id":"b9-c6-s85","source":"— Это из чего у вас перстень? — перебил вдруг Митя, как бы выходя из какой-то задумчивости и указывая пальцем на один из трех больших перстней, украшавших правую ручку Николая Парфеновича.","translation":"\"What is that ring of yours made of?\" Mitya suddenly interrupted, as if emerging from some reverie, and pointing his finger at one of the three large rings adorning Nikolai Parfenovich's right hand.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это из чего у вас перстень?","title":"«из чего» — 'made of what', genitive after «из»","body":"«Из» governs the genitive, and «из чего» asks 'out of what / made of what'. The abrupt, fronted «Это из чего…» captures Mitya's mind veering off mid-interrogation onto the prosecutor's ring."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы выходя… и указывая","title":"Two coordinated gerunds: «выходя… указывая»","body":"The narrator stacks two imperfective gerunds, «выходя» ('emerging') and «указывая» ('pointing'), both attendant on «перебил» and sharing Mitya's subject — a typical literary chain of деепричастия painting simultaneous action. «Как бы» again softens 'emerging from a reverie' to a seeming."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"перстень","title":"«перстень» — a (signet/jewelled) ring","body":"«Перстень» is a more elevated, old-fashioned word than the everyday «кольцо» — specifically a ring with a stone or seal, worn on the finger. The dandyish three rings on the examining magistrate's hand quietly characterize him."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject, referring forward to перстень","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чего","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of Это","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"complement of preposition у","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"перстень","lemma":"перстень","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun in apposition to Это","gloss":"ring"},{"surface":"перебил","lemma":"перебить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Это","gloss":"interrupted"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies перебил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of перебил","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"выходя","lemma":"выходить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on перебил","gloss":"emerging"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking задумчивости","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of задумчивости","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"particle","role":"indefiniteness marker attached to какой","gloss":"-"},{"surface":"задумчивости","lemma":"задумчивость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выходя","gloss":"reverie"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"указывая","lemma":"указывать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with выходя","gloss":"pointing"},{"surface":"пальцем","lemma":"палец","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"instrumental complement of указывая","gloss":"with his finger"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking один","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"oblique complement of указывая","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking перстней","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"трех","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies перстней","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"больших","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies перстней","gloss":"large"},{"surface":"перстней","lemma":"перстень","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies один","gloss":"rings"},{"surface":"украшавших","lemma":"украшать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, genitive, imperfective","role":"participial clause modifying перстней","gloss":"adorning"},{"surface":"правую","lemma":"правый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ручку","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"ручку","lemma":"ручка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of украшавших","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"Николая","lemma":"николай","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ручку","gloss":"Nikolai's"},{"surface":"Парфеновича","lemma":"парфёнович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Николая","gloss":"Parfenovich's"}]},{"number":86,"label":"86","id":"b9-c6-s86","source":"— Перстень? — переспросил с удивлением Николай Парфенович.","translation":"\"A ring?\" Nikolai Parfenovich queried in astonishment.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"переспросил с удивлением","title":"Prefix «пере-» in «переспросить»","body":"«Переспросить» = «пере-» (re-, over again) + «спросить»: to ask again, to query back for clarification. The prefix neatly conveys the magistrate echoing Mitya's word in surprise: 'A ring?'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Перстень","lemma":"перстень","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"ring"},{"surface":"переспросил","lemma":"переспросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Перстень","gloss":"queried"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking удивлением","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"удивлением","lemma":"удивление","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of переспросил","gloss":"astonishment"},{"surface":"Николай","lemma":"николай","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of переспросил","gloss":"Nikolai"},{"surface":"Парфенович","lemma":"парфёнович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Николай","gloss":"Parfenovich"}]},{"number":87,"label":"87","id":"b9-c6-s87","source":"— Да, вот этот… вот на среднем пальце, с жилочками, какой это камень? — как-то раздражительно, словно упрямый ребенок, настаивал Митя.","translation":"\"Yes, that one… there, on the middle finger, with the little veins — what stone is that?\" Mitya insisted, somehow irritably, like a stubborn child.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"с жилочками","title":"«жилочки» — 'little veins', a diminutive","body":"«Жилочки» is the diminutive of «жилы/жилки» ('veins, threads'), the suffix -очк- lending a small, intimate, almost tender note as Mitya peers at the stone's veining. The diminutive marks his oddly absorbed, childlike fixation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"словно упрямый ребенок","title":"«словно» — bookish 'as if / like'","body":"«Словно» ('as if, like') is a slightly literary comparative conjunction introducing the simile 'like a stubborn child'. The narrator uses it to frame Mitya's irritable insistence as childish — a recurring note in his characterization."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the utterance","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies этот","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"that one"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пальце","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пальце","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"среднем","lemma":"средний","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пальце","gloss":"middle"},{"surface":"пальце","lemma":"палец","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"finger"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жилочками","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"жилочками","lemma":"жилочка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with пальце","gloss":"little veins"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of камень","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of камень","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"камень","lemma":"камень","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"stone"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как-то","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies раздражительно","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"как-то","morphology":"particle","role":"indefiniteness marker attached to как","gloss":"-"},{"surface":"раздражительно","lemma":"раздражительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies настаивал","gloss":"irritably"},{"surface":"словно","lemma":"словно","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison modifying настаивал","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"упрямый","lemma":"упрямый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ребенок","gloss":"stubborn"},{"surface":"ребенок","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"object of comparison словно, modifying настаивал","gloss":"child"},{"surface":"настаивал","lemma":"настаивать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"insisted"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of настаивал","gloss":"Mitya"}]},{"number":88,"label":"88","id":"b9-c6-s88","source":"— Это дымчатый топаз, — улыбнулся Николай Парфенович, — хотите посмотреть, я сниму…","translation":"\"That's a smoky topaz,\" Nikolai Parfenovich smiled. \"Would you like to look — I'll take it off…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"дымчатый топаз","title":"«дымчатый топаз» — smoky topaz","body":"«Дымчатый» ('smoky', from «дым», smoke) plus «топаз» names the brownish-grey gem. The exact, almost connoisseurial naming continues the small portrait of the foppish magistrate and his three rings."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я сниму","title":"«сниму» — perfective future in present-looking form","body":"«Сниму» is the perfective «снять» ('take off') conjugated like a present, but with future meaning — 'I'll take it off'. Perfectives have no present tense; this conjugated form is the simple future, a constant trap and tool for the reader."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of топаз","gloss":"that's"},{"surface":"дымчатый","lemma":"дымчатый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies топаз","gloss":"smoky"},{"surface":"топаз","lemma":"топаз","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"topaz"},{"surface":"улыбнулся","lemma":"улыбнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to топаз","gloss":"smiled"},{"surface":"Николай","lemma":"николай","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of улыбнулся","gloss":"Nikolai"},{"surface":"Парфенович","lemma":"парфёнович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Николай","gloss":"Parfenovich"},{"surface":"хотите","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to топаз","gloss":"would you like"},{"surface":"посмотреть","lemma":"посмотреть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотите","gloss":"to look"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сниму","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сниму","lemma":"снять","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to хотите","gloss":"I'll take it off"}]},{"number":89,"label":"89","id":"b9-c6-s89","source":"— Нет, нет, не снимайте! — свирепо крикнул Митя, вдруг опомнившись и озлившись на себя самого, — не снимайте, не надо… Черт… Господа, вы огадили мою душу!","translation":"\"No, no, don't take it off!\" Mitya shouted savagely, suddenly coming to himself and growing furious with his own self. \"Don't take it off, never mind… Devil… Gentlemen, you have befouled my soul!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не снимайте","title":"Imperfective imperative «не снимайте» — 'don't take it off'","body":"Negated commands in Russian normally use the imperfective imperative: «не снимайте» ('don't be taking it off'). Where the bare perfective imperative would urge an act, the imperfective under «не» forbids one — the standard pairing."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"опомнившись и озлившись на себя самого","title":"Two perfective gerunds + reflexive «себя»","body":"«Опомнившись» ('having come to himself') and «озлившись» ('having grown furious') are perfective past gerunds, marking sudden prior changes of state. «На себя самого» ('at his own self') uses the reflexive pronoun «себя» intensified by «самого» — his fury turns back on himself."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"огадили мою душу","title":"«огадить» — to befoul, make loathsome","body":"«Огадить» (from «гадкий», loathsome/vile) is a strong, coarse-expressive verb: to make foul, to defile, to fill with disgust. 'You have befouled my soul' is a cry of spiritual violation — the interrogation has soiled something sacred in him."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"repeats Нет for emphasis","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies снимайте","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"снимайте","lemma":"снимать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Нет","gloss":"take it off"},{"surface":"свирепо","lemma":"свирепо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies крикнул","gloss":"savagely"},{"surface":"крикнул","lemma":"крикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shouted"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of крикнул","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies опомнившись","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"опомнившись","lemma":"опомниться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"coordinated with крикнул","gloss":"coming to himself"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"озлившись","lemma":"озлиться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"coordinated with опомнившись","gloss":"growing furious"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of озлившись","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"intensifies себя","gloss":"very own"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies снимайте","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"снимайте","lemma":"снимать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to крикнул","gloss":"take it off"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with снимайте","gloss":"mind"},{"surface":"Черт","lemma":"чёрт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"interjection","gloss":"Devil"},{"surface":"Господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Gentlemen"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of огадили","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"огадили","lemma":"огадить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have befouled"},{"surface":"мою","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of душу","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"душу","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of огадили","gloss":"soul"}]},{"number":90,"label":"90","id":"b9-c6-s90","source":"Неужели вы думаете, что я стал бы скрывать от вас, если бы в самом деле убил отца, вилять, лгать и прятаться?","translation":"Do you really suppose that I would hide it from you, if I had really killed my father — that I would dodge and lie and conceal myself?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я стал бы скрывать… если бы… убил","title":"Counterfactual conditional with «бы… если бы»","body":"A full irrealis conditional: the «если бы»-clause with past «убил» ('if I had killed') and the main clause «я стал бы скрывать» ('I would hide it'), both built on past form + «бы». It is grammatically tenseless — context alone makes it past-counterfactual: 'would I be hiding it, had I really killed my father?'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вилять","title":"«вилять» — to dodge, prevaricate","body":"Literally 'to wag (the tail), swerve', «вилять» figuratively means to be evasive, to wriggle and dodge rather than answer straight. Chained with «лгать» (lie) and «прятаться» (hide oneself), it paints the cringing guilt Mitya insists he could never stoop to."}],"words":[{"surface":"Неужели","lemma":"неужели","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies думаете","gloss":"do you really"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of думаете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"думаете","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"suppose"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of стал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of стал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of думаете","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"auxiliary of стал","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"скрывать","lemma":"скрывать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"hide"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of скрывать","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the если-clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"auxiliary of убил","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"самом","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies деле","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"деле","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of убил","gloss":"fact"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the если-clause, conditional on скрывать","gloss":"killed"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of убил","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"вилять","lemma":"вилять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with скрывать","gloss":"dodge"},{"surface":"лгать","lemma":"лгать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with скрывать","gloss":"lie"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"прятаться","lemma":"прятаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with скрывать","gloss":"conceal myself"}]},{"number":91,"label":"91","id":"b9-c6-s91","source":"Нет, не таков Дмитрий Карамазов, он бы этого не вынес, и если б я был виновен, клянусь, не ждал бы вашего сюда прибытия и восхода солнца, как намеревался сначала, а истребил бы себя еще прежде, еще не дожидаясь рассвета!","translation":"No, that is not what Dmitri Karamazov is like; he could not have borne it, and if I had been guilty, I swear, I would not have waited here for your arrival and for the rising of the sun, as I meant to at first, but would have destroyed myself sooner, before daybreak even came!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не таков Дмитрий Карамазов","title":"«таков» — short demonstrative predicate","body":"«Таков» is the short, predicative form of «такой» ('such, of that kind'), used only as a predicate: 'that is not what Dmitri Karamazov is [like]'. The fronting «не таков…» before the subject lends a ringing, rhetorical, almost heroic self-reference."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"если б я был виновен… истребил бы себя","title":"Conditional «если б… бы» + short adjective «виновен»","body":"Another counterfactual: «если б я был виновен» ('if I were guilty', with «б» the reduced «бы») governs «истребил бы себя» ('I would have destroyed myself'). «Виновен» is the short adjective 'guilty', the bookish predicate form. «Себя» is the reflexive object."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не ждал бы вашего сюда прибытия и восхода солнца","title":"Genitive objects after the negated conditional","body":"Under the negated «не ждал бы» the objects fall into the genitive: «вашего… прибытия» ('your arrival') and «восхода солнца» ('the rising of the sun', with «солнца» a possessive genitive). The genitive after a negated verb is at work even inside this hypothetical."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"истребил бы себя","title":"«истребить себя» — to destroy / make away with oneself","body":"«Истребить» is to exterminate, wipe out, destroy utterly; «истребить себя» is a forceful, elevated way of saying he would have killed himself. The heavy verb suits Mitya's grand, near-tragic register in this outburst."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies таков","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"таков","lemma":"таков","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of Дмитрий Карамазов","gloss":"like that"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of таков","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Карамазов","lemma":"карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрий","gloss":"Karamazov"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вынес","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"auxiliary of вынес","gloss":"could have"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of вынес","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вынес","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"вынес","lemma":"вынести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of clause он бы...вынес","gloss":"borne"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the если-clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"б","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"auxiliary of был (shortened бы)","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of виновен","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to виновен","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"виновен","lemma":"виновный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of был, in если-clause","gloss":"guilty"},{"surface":"клянусь","lemma":"клясться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"I swear"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ждал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ждал","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with вынес","gloss":"would have waited"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"auxiliary of ждал","gloss":"would have"},{"surface":"вашего","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of прибытия","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"сюда","lemma":"сюда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прибытия","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"прибытия","lemma":"прибытие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of ждал","gloss":"arrival"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"восхода","lemma":"восход","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with прибытия","gloss":"rising"},{"surface":"солнца","lemma":"солнце","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies восхода","gloss":"of the sun"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of намеревался","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"намеревался","lemma":"намереваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on ждал","gloss":"I had meant to"},{"surface":"сначала","lemma":"сначала","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies намеревался","gloss":"at first"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"истребил","lemma":"истребить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with ждал","gloss":"would have destroyed"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"auxiliary of истребил","gloss":"would have"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of истребил","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прежде","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies истребил","gloss":"sooner"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дожидаясь","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дожидаясь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"дожидаясь","lemma":"дожидаться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on истребил","gloss":"waiting for"},{"surface":"рассвета","lemma":"рассвет","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of дожидаясь","gloss":"daybreak"}]},{"number":92,"label":"92","id":"b9-c6-s92","source":"Я чувствую это теперь по себе.","translation":"I feel this now, from my own self.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"по себе","title":"«по себе» — 'from my own self'","body":"«По» + the reflexive «себе» (dative) gives 'by/from oneself, from one's own experience': 'I feel this now from my own self'. The reflexive pronoun has no nominative and here folds Mitya's inner certainty into a tight idiom."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of чувствую","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"чувствую","lemma":"чувствовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"feel"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of чувствую","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies чувствую","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"oblique complement of чувствую","gloss":"my own self"}]},{"number":93,"label":"93","id":"b9-c6-s93","source":"Я в двадцать лет жизни не научился бы столькому, сколько узнал в эту проклятую ночь!..","translation":"In twenty years of living I would not have learned so much as I have learned in this accursed night!..","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не научился бы столькому, сколько узнал","title":"Conditional «бы» + dative «столькому… сколько»","body":"«Научиться» ('to learn') takes a dative object, hence «столькому» ('so much') and the correlative «сколько» ('as much as'). The main clause «не научился бы» is conditional (past + «бы»): 'I would not have learned so much…'. The genitive-of-negation does not apply because «научиться» governs the dative, not the accusative."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"узнал в эту проклятую ночь","title":"Perfective «узнал» + accusative of time «в эту… ночь»","body":"«Узнал» is the perfective 'came to know, learned' — a completed, transformative event. «В эту… ночь» uses «в» + accusative for a span of time ('in / during this night'), with «проклятую» ('accursed') agreeing in accusative feminine."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of научился","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лет","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"двадцать","lemma":"двадцать","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on лет","gloss":"twenty"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of научился","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"жизни","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies лет","gloss":"of life"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies научился","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"научился","lemma":"научиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would have learned"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"auxiliary of научился","gloss":"would have"},{"surface":"столькому","lemma":"столько","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of научился","gloss":"so much"},{"surface":"сколько","lemma":"сколько","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"introduces the comparative clause of узнал","gloss":"as much as"},{"surface":"узнал","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"comparative clause modifying столькому","gloss":"learned"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ночь","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ночь","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"проклятую","lemma":"проклятый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ночь","gloss":"accursed"},{"surface":"ночь","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of узнал","gloss":"night"}]},{"number":94,"label":"94","id":"b9-c6-s94","source":"И таков ли, таков ли был бы я в эту ночь и в эту минуту теперь, сидя с вами, — так ли бы я говорил, так ли двигался, так ли бы смотрел на вас и на мир, если бы в самом деле был отцеубийцей, когда даже нечаянное это убийство Григория не давало мне покоя всю ночь, — не от страха, о! не от одного только страха вашего наказания!","translation":"And would I be such — would I be such — on this night and at this very minute now, sitting here with you — would I speak so, would I move so, would I look so upon you and upon the world, if I were truly a parricide, when even this accidental killing of Grigory gave me no peace all night long — and not out of fear, oh! not out of fear of your punishment alone!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"так ли бы я говорил, так ли двигался, так ли бы смотрел","title":"Anaphoric «так ли бы» — conditional question chain","body":"Mitya stacks parallel conditional questions: «так ли бы я говорил…» ('would I speak so… move so… look so?'). Each combines «так» ('thus'), the question particle «ли», and the conditional «бы» on a past-form verb. The repetition is rhetorical insistence — could a real parricide behave like this?"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"отцеубийцей","title":"«отцеубийца» — parricide","body":"«Отцеубийца» compounds «отец» (father) + «убийца» (killer): 'one who kills his father'. It stands in the instrumental «отцеубийцей» as the predicate after «был бы» ('if I were a parricide'). The word names the novel's central horror."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не давало мне покоя","title":"Genitive of negation: «не давало… покоя»","body":"«Не давало покоя» ('gave [me] no peace') puts the object «покой» into the genitive «покоя» under negation, with the dative «мне» as the one denied peace. A compact instance of two patterns at once: genitive of negation and dative experiencer."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"таков","lemma":"таков","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular, predicate","role":"predicate, repeated for emphasis","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies таков","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"таков","lemma":"таков","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular, predicate","role":"predicate, repeated for emphasis (parallel to w2)","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies таков","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking я and таков","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"conditional marker with был","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ночь","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ночь","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ночь","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"temporal complement of был","gloss":"night"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуту","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"temporal complement of был","gloss":"minute"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies был","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"сидя","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on был","gloss":"sitting"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"вами","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of сидя","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорил","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"conditional marker with говорил","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to был бы","gloss":"speak"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies двигался","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"двигался","lemma":"двигаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with говорил","gloss":"move"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смотрел","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"conditional marker with смотрел","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"смотрел","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with говорил","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of смотрел","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мир","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"мир","lemma":"мир","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотрел","gloss":"the world"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"conditional marker with был (w42)","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"самом","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies деле (idiom в самом деле)","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"деле","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies был (idiom в самом деле)","gloss":"truth","note":"в самом деле is a fixed idiom meaning 'truly, in fact'."},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to отцеубийцей","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"отцеубийцей","lemma":"отцеубийца","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"a parricide"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of давало","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нечаянное","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"нечаянное","lemma":"нечаянный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies убийство","gloss":"accidental"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of убийство","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"убийство","lemma":"убийство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of давало","gloss":"killing"},{"surface":"Григория","lemma":"Григорий","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies убийство","gloss":"Grigory's"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies давало","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"давало","lemma":"давать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the когда-clause","gloss":"gave"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of давало","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"покоя","lemma":"покой","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of давало (negated genitive)","gloss":"peace"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ночь","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"ночь","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"temporal complement of давало","gloss":"night"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies от страха","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking страха","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"страха","lemma":"страх","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"reason adjunct of давало","gloss":"fear"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"independent interjection","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies одного","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking страха (w64)","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"одного","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies страха","gloss":"alone","note":"не... одного только страха = 'not fear alone'."},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies страха","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"страха","lemma":"страх","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"reason adjunct of давало","gloss":"fear"},{"surface":"вашего","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of наказания","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"наказания","lemma":"наказание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies страха","gloss":"punishment"}]},{"number":95,"label":"95","id":"b9-c6-s95","source":"Позор!","translation":"The disgrace of it!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Позор","title":"«позор» — shame, disgrace, public dishonor","body":"«Позор» is not mere embarrassment but disgrace before others, public shame, dishonor. Standing alone as a one-word cry, it concentrates Mitya's whole sense of being degraded and exposed. (Note the deceptive Slavonic root «зор-», 'sight' — позор is shame seen.)"}],"words":[{"surface":"Позор","lemma":"позор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"disgrace"}]},{"number":96,"label":"96","id":"b9-c6-s96","source":"И вы хотите, чтоб я таким насмешникам, как вы, ничего не видящим и ничему не верящим, слепым кротам и насмешникам, стал открывать и рассказывать еще новую подлость мою, еще новый позор, хотя бы это и спасло меня от вашего обвинения?","translation":"And you want me to go laying open and recounting to mockers like you — who see nothing and believe in nothing, blind moles and mockers — yet another vileness of mine, yet another disgrace, even were it to save me from your accusation?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтоб я… стал открывать","title":"«хотите, чтоб…» — willed clause with «чтобы» + past form","body":"After a verb of wanting, «чтобы» (here clipped to «чтоб») takes a past-tense verb, not an infinitive, when the subjects differ: «вы хотите, чтоб я… стал открывать» ('you want that I should start laying open'). This is the irrealis «чтобы» of indirect command — willed, not factual."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ничего не видящим и ничему не верящим","title":"Present active participles in negative concord","body":"«Видящим» and «верящим» are present active participles ('seeing', 'believing') in the dative plural, agreeing with «насмешникам». Each is negated with full concord: «ничего не видящим» ('seeing nothing'), «ничему не верящим» ('believing in nothing' — «верить» takes the dative «ничему')."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"слепым кротам","title":"«слепые кроты» — blind moles","body":"A «крот» is a mole; «слепые кроты» ('blind moles') is Mitya's scornful epithet for the investigators who 'see nothing'. The image of the burrowing, sightless animal sharpens his contempt for their blindness to his inner truth."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хотя бы это и спасло меня","title":"«хотя бы… и» — concessive 'even if'","body":"«Хотя бы… и» plus a past-form verb («спасло») makes a concessive conditional: 'even were it to save me from your accusation'. The «бы» again does the irrealis work, conceding a hypothetical benefit only to reject it."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of хотите","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"хотите","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the complement clause of хотите","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of стал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"таким","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"determiner of насмешникам","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"насмешникам","lemma":"насмешник","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"indirect object of открывать","gloss":"mockers"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparison, modifies насмешникам","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"complement of как (comparison)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of видящим","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies видящим","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"видящим","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, dative, plural, imperfective","role":"participial modifier of вы","gloss":"seeing"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ничему","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"direct object of верящим","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies верящим","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"верящим","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, dative, plural, imperfective","role":"participial modifier of вы, coordinated with видящим","gloss":"believing"},{"surface":"слепым","lemma":"слепой","morphology":"adjective, dative, plural","role":"modifies кротам","gloss":"blind"},{"surface":"кротам","lemma":"крот","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to вы","gloss":"moles"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"насмешникам","lemma":"насмешник","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with кротам","gloss":"mockers"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of чтоб-clause, complement of хотите","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"открывать","lemma":"открывать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"lay open"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"рассказывать","lemma":"рассказывать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with открывать","gloss":"recount"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies новую","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"новую","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies подлость","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"подлость","lemma":"подлость","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of открывать","gloss":"vileness"},{"surface":"мою","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of подлость","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies новый","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"новый","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies позор","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"позор","lemma":"позор","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with подлость, direct object of рассказывать","gloss":"disgrace"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause","gloss":"even if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase хотя","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of спасло","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies спасло","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"спасло","lemma":"спасти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the concessive clause","gloss":"save"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of спасло","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обвинения","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"вашего","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of обвинения","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"обвинения","lemma":"обвинение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of спасло","gloss":"accusation"}]},{"number":97,"label":"97","id":"b9-c6-s97","source":"Да лучше в каторгу!","translation":"No, sooner to the penal mines!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да лучше в каторгу!","title":"«да» as intensifying interjection + «в» + accusative","body":"Here «да» is not 'yes' but an emphatic interjection, 'why, rather…!'. «В каторгу» uses «в» + accusative for motion-toward a destination/state ('off to the penal mines'). The elliptical exclamation ('sooner to katorga [than tell you]!') is pure spoken emphasis."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies лучше","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"лучше","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"sooner"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking каторгу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"каторгу","lemma":"каторга","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of лучше","gloss":"the mines"}]},{"number":98,"label":"98","id":"b9-c6-s98","source":"Тот, который отпер к отцу дверь и вошел этою дверью, тот и убил его, тот и обокрал.","translation":"The one who unlocked the door to my father and went in by that door — he is the one who killed him, he is the one who robbed him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Тот, который отпер… тот и убил","title":"Correlative «тот… тот» framing","body":"The demonstrative «тот» sets up a correlative structure: «Тот, который отпер… тот и убил» ('the one who unlocked… he is the very one who killed'). The resumptive «тот и» with emphatic «и» drives the point home — that one, no other. A solemn, almost biblical cadence."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"обокрал","title":"«обокрасть» — to rob (someone) clean","body":"«Обокрал» (perfective of «обокрасть») means to rob a person of their belongings, to thieve everything from them — the «об-» prefix conveying a thoroughness, 'cleaned him out'. Distinct from «украсть» (to steal a thing); here the victim, the father, is the object."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"left-dislocated topic, resumed by тот (w11)","gloss":"the one"},{"surface":"который","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отпер","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"отпер","lemma":"отпереть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on Тот","gloss":"unlocked"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отцу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"отцу","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отпер","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"дверь","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of отпер","gloss":"door"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вошел","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with отпер","gloss":"went in"},{"surface":"этою","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of дверью","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"дверью","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вошел","gloss":"door"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"resumptive subject of убил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies убил (emphatic)","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"killed"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of убил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"resumptive subject of обокрал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies обокрал (emphatic)","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"обокрал","lemma":"обокрасть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with убил","gloss":"robbed"}]},{"number":99,"label":"99","id":"b9-c6-s99","source":"Кто он — я теряюсь и мучаюсь, но это не Дмитрий Карамазов, знайте это, — и вот всё, что я могу вам сказать, и довольно, не приставайте… Ссылайте, казните, но не раздражайте меня больше.","translation":"Who he is — I am lost, I torment myself over it, but it is not Dmitri Karamazov, know that — and there is everything I can tell you, and enough of it, don't badger me… Exile me, execute me, but provoke me no further.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Кто он — я теряюсь и мучаюсь","title":"Reflexive verbs «теряюсь», «мучаюсь»","body":"Both verbs carry -ся: «теряться» ('to be at a loss, lose one's bearings') and «мучиться» ('to torment oneself, be in anguish'). These are middle/reflexive verbs where the state turns inward on the subject — Mitya is lost in and tortured by his own ignorance of the killer."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ссылайте, казните, но не раздражайте","title":"Imperatives, positive and negated","body":"Three imperatives: «ссылайте» ('exile [me]'), «казните» ('execute'), then the negated imperfective «не раздражайте» ('don't provoke'). The pattern is textbook — bare imperatives to urge action, but the imperfective under «не» to forbid one. «Раздражать» = to irritate, exasperate."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"не приставайте","title":"«приставать (к кому)» — to pester, badger","body":"«Приставать» means to keep at someone, to badger, nag, or cling; «не приставайте» = 'don't badger me, leave off'. A colloquial, irritated note that drops Mitya's grand register back to raw exhaustion."}],"words":[{"surface":"Кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"predicate complement of он (embedded question)","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Кто (embedded question)","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of теряюсь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"теряюсь","lemma":"теряться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb, independent clause","gloss":"am lost"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мучаюсь","lemma":"мучиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with теряюсь","gloss":"torment myself"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the clause (elided copula)","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Дмитрий","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"Дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of это","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Карамазов","lemma":"Карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрий","gloss":"Karamazov"},{"surface":"знайте","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of знайте","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies всё","gloss":"here is"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase (subject)","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"relative pronoun, direct object of сказать, modifies всё","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of могу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on всё","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of сказать","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могу","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"довольно","lemma":"довольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"independent exclamation","gloss":"enough"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies приставайте","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"приставайте","lemma":"приставать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of imperative clause","gloss":"badger me"},{"surface":"Ссылайте","lemma":"ссылать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"exile me"},{"surface":"казните","lemma":"казнить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with Ссылайте","gloss":"execute me"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies раздражайте","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"раздражайте","lemma":"раздражать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Ссылайте","gloss":"provoke"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of раздражайте","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раздражайте","gloss":"further"}]},{"number":100,"label":"100","id":"b9-c6-s100","source":"Я замолчал.","translation":"I have fallen silent.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я замолчал","title":"Perfective «замолчать» — onset, not state","body":"«Замолчал» (perfective, «за-» of inception) means 'I have fallen / have gone silent', the entering into silence as a completed act — not 'I am silent'. Mitya declares his silence as an accomplished decision: I have shut up, the matter is closed."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of замолчал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"замолчал","lemma":"замолчать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fell silent"}]},{"number":101,"label":"101","id":"b9-c6-s101","source":"Зовите ваших свидетелей!","translation":"Call in your witnesses!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Зовите ваших свидетелей","title":"Imperative «зовите» + animate accusative plural","body":"«Зовите» is the plural/polite imperative of «звать» ('call'). «Ваших свидетелей» is the accusative of an animate plural, which borrows the genitive ending («свидетелей») — animate nouns mark the accusative this way. A curt, challenging command closing his outburst."}],"words":[{"surface":"Зовите","lemma":"звать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"call"},{"surface":"ваших","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of свидетелей","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"свидетелей","lemma":"свидетель","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of Зовите","gloss":"witnesses"}]},{"number":102,"label":"102","id":"b9-c6-s102","source":"Митя проговорил свой внезапный монолог, как бы совсем уже решившись впредь окончательно замолчать.","translation":"Mitya delivered his sudden monologue as though now wholly resolved to keep silent from this point on for good.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы совсем уже решившись… замолчать","title":"«как бы» + perfective gerund «решившись»","body":"«Решившись» is the perfective past gerund of «решиться» ('having resolved', a -ся verb), modifying how Mitya delivered the monologue: 'as though now wholly resolved'. «Как бы» frames it as the narrator's reading of his manner. «Впредь… замолчать» = 'to keep silent henceforth'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"delivered"},{"surface":"свой","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of монолог","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"внезапный","lemma":"внезапный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies монолог","gloss":"sudden"},{"surface":"монолог","lemma":"монолог","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of проговорил","gloss":"monologue"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как бы (as though)","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уже","gloss":"wholly"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies решившись","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"решившись","lemma":"решиться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on проговорил","gloss":"having resolved"},{"surface":"впредь","lemma":"впредь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies замолчать","gloss":"henceforth"},{"surface":"окончательно","lemma":"окончательно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies замолчать","gloss":"for good"},{"surface":"замолчать","lemma":"замолчать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of решившись","gloss":"fall silent"}]},{"number":103,"label":"103","id":"b9-c6-s103","source":"Прокурор всё время следил за ним и, только что он замолчал, с самым холодным и с самым спокойным видом вдруг проговорил точно самую обыкновенную вещь:","translation":"The prosecutor had been watching him the whole time, and the moment he fell silent, with the coldest and calmest air, he suddenly pronounced, as though it were the most ordinary thing:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"следил за ним","title":"«следить за» + instrumental — to watch / keep an eye on","body":"«Следить за (кем)» governs the instrumental: «следил за ним» ('was watching him'). The imperfective «следил» gives the durative background — the prosecutor had been watching all along — against which the perfective «проговорил» lands as the sudden event."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с самым холодным и с самым спокойным видом","title":"Superlative «самый» + instrumental of manner","body":"«Самый» forms the superlative and declines with its adjective: «с самым холодным… видом» ('with the coldest… air'), the whole phrase in the instrumental of manner after «с». The icy calm is set deliberately against Mitya's just-spent frenzy."}],"words":[{"surface":"Прокурор","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of следил","gloss":"the prosecutor"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"temporal complement of следил","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"следил","lemma":"следить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had been watching"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"[watching] him"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of следил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase только что (as soon as)","gloss":"the moment"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase только","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of замолчал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"замолчал","lemma":"замолчать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the только что-clause","gloss":"fell silent"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking холодным","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"самым","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies холодным (superlative)","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"холодным","lemma":"холодный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of проговорил","gloss":"coldest"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking видом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"самым","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies спокойным (superlative)","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"спокойным","lemma":"спокойный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies видом","gloss":"calmest"},{"surface":"видом","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of проговорил","gloss":"air"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with следил","gloss":"pronounced"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies самую","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"самую","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies обыкновенную (intensifier)","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"обыкновенную","lemma":"обыкновенный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies вещь","gloss":"ordinary"},{"surface":"вещь","lemma":"вещь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of проговорил","gloss":"thing"}]},{"number":104,"label":"104","id":"b9-c6-s104","source":"— Вот именно по поводу этой отворенной двери, о которой вы сейчас упомянули, мы, и как раз кстати, можем сообщить вам, именно теперь, одно чрезвычайно любопытное и в высшей степени важное, для вас и для нас, показание раненного вами старика Григория Васильева.","translation":"\"With regard to precisely that open door you have just mentioned, we can — and, as it happens, very opportunely — inform you, right now, of one exceedingly curious and, in the highest degree, important piece of testimony, for you and for us, from old Grigory Vasilyev, the man you wounded.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"по поводу этой отворенной двери","title":"«по поводу» + genitive; participle «отворённой»","body":"«По поводу» ('with regard to, apropos of') governs the genitive: «этой отворённой двери». «Отворённой» is the past passive participle of «отворить» ('opened'), agreeing in genitive feminine. The bookish «по поводу» suits the prosecutor's measured legal speech."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"раненного вами старика","title":"Past passive participle «раненного вами» + instrumental agent","body":"«Раненного» is the past passive participle 'wounded', in the animate accusative agreeing with «старика». The agent is named in the instrumental: «вами» ('by you'). This 'wounded-by-you old man' is precisely the participial passive whose agent goes instrumental — and a pointed reminder that the witness is Mitya's own victim."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase вот именно","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies по поводу (precisely regarding)","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking поводу","gloss":"regarding"},{"surface":"поводу","lemma":"повод","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase по поводу","gloss":"regard"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of двери","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"отворенной","lemma":"отворенный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies двери","gloss":"open"},{"surface":"двери","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"door"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которой","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"которой","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of упомянули","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of упомянули","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies упомянули","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"упомянули","lemma":"упомянуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"relative clause on двери","gloss":"mentioned"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of можем","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как раз","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase как раз","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"кстати","lemma":"кстати","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies можем","gloss":"opportunely"},{"surface":"можем","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"сообщить","lemma":"сообщить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of можем","gloss":"inform"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of сообщить","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies теперь","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сообщить","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"одно","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of показание","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"чрезвычайно","lemma":"чрезвычайно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies любопытное","gloss":"exceedingly"},{"surface":"любопытное","lemma":"любопытный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies показание","gloss":"curious"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking степени","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"высшей","lemma":"высокий","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies степени","gloss":"highest"},{"surface":"степени","lemma":"степень","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of важное","gloss":"degree"},{"surface":"важное","lemma":"важный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with любопытное","gloss":"important"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"complement of для, modifies показание","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"coordinated with вас","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"показание","lemma":"показание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сообщить","gloss":"testimony"},{"surface":"раненного","lemma":"ранить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, genitive, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying старика","gloss":"wounded"},{"surface":"вами","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"agent of раненного","gloss":"by you"},{"surface":"старика","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies показание","gloss":"old man"},{"surface":"Григория","lemma":"Григорий","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to старика","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"Васильева","lemma":"Васильев","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Григория","gloss":"Vasilyev"}]},{"number":105,"label":"105","id":"b9-c6-s105","source":"Он ясно и настойчиво передал нам, очнувшись, на расспросы наши, что в то еще время когда, выйдя на крыльцо и заслышав в саду некоторый шум, он решился войти в сад чрез калитку, стоявшую отпертою, то, войдя в сад, еще прежде чем заметил вас в темноте убегающего, как вы сообщили уже нам, от отворенного окошка, в котором видели вашего родителя, он, Григорий, бросив взгляд налево и заметив действительно это отворенное окошко, заметил в то же время, гораздо ближе к себе, и настежь отворенную дверь, про которую вы заявили, что она всё время, как вы были в саду, оставалась запертою.","translation":"On coming round, in answer to our questions, he related to us clearly and insistently that at the very time when, having gone out onto the porch and caught the sound of some noise in the garden, he resolved to go into the garden through the wicket-gate, which stood open — then, on entering the garden, even before he noticed you fleeing in the darkness away from the open window in which you had seen your father, as you have already told us, he, Grigory, casting a glance to the left and indeed noticing this open window, noticed at the same moment, much nearer to himself, the door standing wide open as well — the door about which you declared that all the while you were in the garden it remained locked.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"очнувшись… выйдя… заслышав… войдя… бросив взгляд… заметив","title":"A chain of perfective gerunds","body":"This single, vast sentence is held together by a cascade of perfective past gerunds — «очнувшись» (having come round), «выйдя» (having gone out), «заслышав» (having caught the sound), «войдя» (on entering), «бросив взгляд» (casting a glance), «заметив» (having noticed). Each marks a prior, completed step sharing Grigory's subject. Such dense gerund-chains are the engine of Dostoevsky's long periodic sentences."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"калитку, стоявшую отпертою","title":"Past active participle «стоявшую» + long passive «отпертою»","body":"«Стоявшую» is the past active participle of «стоять» ('which was standing'), accusative feminine agreeing with «калитку». It governs «отпертою», the long-form (full) feminine instrumental passive participle 'open/unlocked' — 'the wicket-gate which stood open' (a long-form predicative instrumental, «стоять отпертою»). The -ою ending is the archaic variant of the long-form instrumental ending -ой (отпертая → отпертой/отпертою); short-form participles have no instrumental, and the short form here would be «отперта»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"калитку","title":"«калитка» — a wicket-gate","body":"A «калитка» is a small gate for people set into a fence or beside the larger driveway gate (the «ворота»). Whether this little garden gate stood open or locked is the physical crux of the prosecutor's case against Mitya."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вас… убегающего","title":"Present active participle «убегающего» predicatively","body":"«Убегающего» is the present active participle of «убегать» ('fleeing'), in the animate accusative agreeing with «вас» — 'noticed you fleeing'. Used as a secondary predicate after «заметил», it captures Mitya caught in the very act of running, exactly the image the testimony hangs on."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of передал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ясно","lemma":"ясно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies передал","gloss":"clearly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"настойчиво","lemma":"настойчиво","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies передал","gloss":"insistently"},{"surface":"передал","lemma":"передать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"related"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of передал","gloss":"to us"},{"surface":"очнувшись","lemma":"очнуться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"parallel clause to передал","gloss":"coming round"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking расспросы","gloss":"in answer to"},{"surface":"расспросы","lemma":"расспрос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of очнувшись","gloss":"questions"},{"surface":"наши","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of расспросы","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the complement clause of передал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking время","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"intensifies то время","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition в, temporal complement of решился","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of решился","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"выйдя","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on решился","gloss":"having gone out"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking крыльцо","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"крыльцо","lemma":"крыльцо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of выйдя","gloss":"the porch"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"заслышав","lemma":"заслышать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"coordinated with выйдя","gloss":"catching"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking саду","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"саду","lemma":"сад","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заслышав","gloss":"the garden"},{"surface":"некоторый","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of шум","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"шум","lemma":"шум","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of заслышав","gloss":"noise"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of решился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"решился","lemma":"решиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause (complement of передал)","gloss":"resolved"},{"surface":"войти","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of решился","gloss":"to go in"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сад","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"сад","lemma":"сад","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of войти","gloss":"the garden"},{"surface":"чрез","lemma":"чрез","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking калитку","gloss":"through","note":"чрез is an archaic/literary form of через ('through')."},{"surface":"калитку","lemma":"калитка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of войти","gloss":"the wicket-gate"},{"surface":"стоявшую","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, accusative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying калитку","gloss":"standing"},{"surface":"отпертою","lemma":"отпертый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular, short form","role":"predicate complement of стоявшую","gloss":"open","note":"archaic instrumental short-form adjective used predicatively after стоявшую."},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative particle","role":"resumes the то...когда clause, introduces заметил","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"войдя","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on заметил","gloss":"on entering"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сад","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"сад","lemma":"сад","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of войдя","gloss":"the garden"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прежде","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the прежде чем clause","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase прежде","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"заметил","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the прежде чем clause","gloss":"he noticed"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of заметил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking темноте","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"темноте","lemma":"темнота","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заметил","gloss":"the darkness"},{"surface":"убегающего","lemma":"убегать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, accusative, imperfective","role":"modifies вас","gloss":"fleeing"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сообщили","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of сообщили","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сообщили","lemma":"сообщить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"verb of как-clause modifying заметил","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сообщили","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of сообщили","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking окошка","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"отворенного","lemma":"отворенный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies окошка","gloss":"the open"},{"surface":"окошка","lemma":"окошко","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of убегающего","gloss":"window"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking котором","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"котором","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of видели","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"видели","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"relative clause on окошка","gloss":"you had seen"},{"surface":"вашего","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of родителя","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"родителя","lemma":"родитель","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of видели","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заметил (w71)","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"Григорий","lemma":"Григорий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to он","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"бросив","lemma":"бросить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on заметил (w71)","gloss":"casting"},{"surface":"взгляд","lemma":"взгляд","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of бросив","gloss":"a glance"},{"surface":"налево","lemma":"налево","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бросив","gloss":"to the left"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"заметив","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"coordinated with бросив","gloss":"noticing"},{"surface":"действительно","lemma":"действительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заметив","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of окошко","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"отворенное","lemma":"отворить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, accusative, perfective","role":"modifies окошко","gloss":"open"},{"surface":"окошко","lemma":"окошко","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of заметив","gloss":"window"},{"surface":"заметил","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of Grigory's clause, correlate of то (w35)","gloss":"noticed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking время","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of заметил","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"гораздо","lemma":"гораздо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ближе","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"ближе","lemma":"близкий","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"describes location of дверь, parallel to окошко","gloss":"nearer"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"oblique complement of ближе","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"настежь","lemma":"настежь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отворенную","gloss":"wide open"},{"surface":"отворенную","lemma":"отворенный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies дверь","gloss":"open"},{"surface":"дверь","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of заметил, coordinated with окошко","gloss":"door"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которую","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"которую","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заявили","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of заявили","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"заявили","lemma":"заявить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"relative clause on дверь","gloss":"declared"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of оставалась","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of оставалась","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"temporal complement of оставалась","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of были","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of были","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"copula verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking to саду","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking саду","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"саду","lemma":"сад","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of были","gloss":"the garden"},{"surface":"оставалась","lemma":"оставаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause (w88), describes дверь","gloss":"remained"},{"surface":"запертою","lemma":"запертый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular, short form","role":"predicate complement of оставалась","gloss":"locked","note":"archaic instrumental short-form adjective used predicatively after оставалась."}]},{"number":106,"label":"106","id":"b9-c6-s106","source":"Не скрою от вас, что сам Васильев твердо заключает и свидетельствует, что вы должны были выбежать из двери, хотя, конечно, он своими глазами и не видал, как вы выбегали, заприметив вас в первый момент уже в некотором от себя отдалении, среди сада, убегающего к стороне забора…","translation":"I will not conceal from you that Vasilyev himself firmly concludes and testifies that you must have run out of the door, although, of course, he did not see with his own eyes how you ran out, having caught sight of you at the first moment already at some distance from himself, in the middle of the garden, fleeing toward the side of the fence…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не скрою от вас","title":"Perfective future «не скрою» — 'I'll not hide'","body":"«Скрою» is the perfective «скрыть» conjugated as a simple future ('I will conceal'); negated, «не скрою от вас» = 'I will not conceal from you'. The perfective future projects a single, deliberate disclosure — the prosecutor's measured candor."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вы должны были выбежать","title":"«должны были» + perfective infinitive — inferred necessity","body":"«Должны были» ('must have, were bound to') plus the perfective infinitive «выбежать» ('to have run out') expresses an inference about a completed past act: 'you must have run out of the door'. This is the logical conclusion the testimony forces — the heart of the trap."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"заприметив вас… убегающего","title":"Perfective gerund «заприметив» + participle «убегающего»","body":"The sentence ends on another gerund, «заприметив» ('having caught sight of', the «за-» prefix lending a sudden noticing), governing «вас… убегающего» — 'you, fleeing'. Once more a present active participle pins Mitya in motion across the garden toward the fence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies скрою","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"скрою","lemma":"скрыть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will conceal"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of скрою","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of заключает","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Васильев","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"Васильев","lemma":"Васильев","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заключает","gloss":"Vasilyev"},{"surface":"твердо","lemma":"твёрдо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заключает","gloss":"firmly"},{"surface":"заключает","lemma":"заключать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of скрою","gloss":"concludes"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"свидетельствует","lemma":"свидетельствовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with заключает","gloss":"testifies"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of должны","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of должны","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"должны","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, plural, short form","role":"clausal complement of свидетельствует","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking to должны","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"выбежать","lemma":"выбежать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of должны были","gloss":"run out"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking двери","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"двери","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выбежать","gloss":"the door"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of видал","gloss":"although"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifying видал","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of видал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"своими","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"determiner of глазами","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"глазами","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of видал","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies видал","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies видал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"видал","lemma":"видать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the хотя-clause (concessive), parallel to заключает/свидетельствует","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of выбегали","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of выбегали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"выбегали","lemma":"выбегать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of видал","gloss":"ran out"},{"surface":"заприметив","lemma":"заприметить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on выбегали","gloss":"having caught sight of"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of заприметив","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking момент","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"первый","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies момент","gloss":"the first"},{"surface":"момент","lemma":"момент","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заприметив","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отдалении","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отдалении","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"некотором","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of отдалении","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"oblique complement of некотором отдалении","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"отдалении","lemma":"отдаление","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of заприметив","gloss":"distance"},{"surface":"среди","lemma":"среди","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сада","gloss":"in the middle of"},{"surface":"сада","lemma":"сад","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with отдалении","gloss":"the garden"},{"surface":"убегающего","lemma":"убегать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, imperfective","role":"modifies вас (displaced modifier, separated by среди сада — a garden cannot flee)","gloss":"fleeing"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стороне","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"стороне","lemma":"сторона","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of убегающего","gloss":"the side"},{"surface":"забора","lemma":"забор","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies стороне","gloss":"of the fence"}]},{"number":107,"label":"107","id":"b9-c6-s107","source":"Митя еще с половины речи вскочил со стула.","translation":"Mitya leapt up from his chair while the speech was still only half through.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"еще с половины речи вскочил","title":"«с половины речи» + perfective «вскочил»","body":"«С половины речи» ('from halfway through the speech', «с» + genitive) marks the point from which the action springs. «Вскочил» is the perfective 'leapt up' — a single sharp event, the «в(с)-» giving the sudden upward jerk out of the chair."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вскочил","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вскочил","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking половины","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"половины","lemma":"половина","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вскочил","gloss":"half"},{"surface":"речи","lemma":"речь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies половины","gloss":"of the speech"},{"surface":"вскочил","lemma":"вскочить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"leapt up"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стула","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"стула","lemma":"стул","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вскочил","gloss":"his chair"}]},{"number":108,"label":"108","id":"b9-c6-s108","source":"— Вздор! — завопил он вдруг в исступлении, — наглый обман! Он не мог видеть отворенную дверь, потому что она была тогда заперта… Он лжет!..","translation":"\"Nonsense!\" he suddenly howled in a frenzy. \"A barefaced lie! He couldn't have seen the open door, because it was locked then… He's lying!..\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Вздор","title":"«вздор» — nonsense, rubbish","body":"«Вздор» is nonsense, balderdash, utter rubbish — a curt dismissal flung at an assertion. Paired with «наглый обман» ('barefaced deceit'), it is Mitya's whole desperate refusal of the testimony in two words."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Он не мог видеть… потому что она была… заперта","title":"«потому что» + short passive «заперта»","body":"«Потому что» ('because') opens the causal clause. «Заперта» is the short-form past passive participle of «запереть» ('locked'), feminine, predicating of «дверь»: 'because it was [in a] locked [state]'. The short passive joined to «была» is the standard way to state a resulting condition."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"завопил… в исступлении","title":"«в исступлении» — in a frenzy","body":"«Исступление» is a state of frenzy, distraction, ecstatic or raging loss of self-control — a charged Dostoevskian word for souls pushed past their limit. «Завопил» ('howled out', «за-» onset) matches it: Mitya's denial bursts out as a cry, not speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вздор","lemma":"вздор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"exclamation, head of the phrase","gloss":"Nonsense"},{"surface":"завопил","lemma":"завопить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Вздор","gloss":"he howled"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of завопил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies завопил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking исступлении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"исступлении","lemma":"исступление","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of завопил","gloss":"a frenzy"},{"surface":"наглый","lemma":"наглый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies обман","gloss":"barefaced"},{"surface":"обман","lemma":"обман","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"exclamation, parallel to Вздор","gloss":"lie"},{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"видеть","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"отворенную","lemma":"отворенный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies дверь","gloss":"the open"},{"surface":"дверь","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of видеть","gloss":"door"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of заперта","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of заперта","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"copula verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to заперта","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заперта","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"заперта","lemma":"запертый","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular, short form","role":"predicate complement of была","gloss":"locked"},{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of лжет","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"лжет","lemma":"лгать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is lying"}]},{"number":109,"label":"109","id":"b9-c6-s109","source":"— Долгом считаю вам повторить, что показание его твердое.","translation":"\"I consider it my duty to repeat to you that his testimony is firm.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Долгом считаю вам повторить","title":"Instrumental predicate «долгом» + fronting","body":"«Считаю долгом» ('I deem it [my] duty') puts the predicate noun «долг» into the instrumental «долгом» after «считать», on the pattern of предикативный творительный. Fronting «Долгом» before the verb gives the statement formal, weighty emphasis — the prosecutor's correctness."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"показание его твердое","title":"Long adjective «твёрдое» as predicate","body":"«Твёрдое» ('firm') is the long-form adjective used predicatively of «показание» ('his testimony is firm'). The clipped sentences that follow (s110, s111) hammer the same point — the cold, declarative rhythm of a man certain of his evidence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Долгом","lemma":"долг","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of считаю","gloss":"my duty"},{"surface":"считаю","lemma":"считать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I consider"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of считаю","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"повторить","lemma":"повторить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of считаю","gloss":"to repeat"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of твердое","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"показание","lemma":"показание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of твердое","gloss":"testimony"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of показание","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"твердое","lemma":"твёрдый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"clausal complement of повторить","gloss":"firm"}]},{"number":110,"label":"110","id":"b9-c6-s110","source":"Он не колеблется.","translation":"He does not waver.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Он не колеблется","title":"Reflexive «колебаться» — to waver","body":"«Колебаться» (-ся, 'to waver, hesitate, vacillate') is a verb that exists only in the reflexive form. Negated and standing as a terse, complete sentence, «Он не колеблется» ('He does not waver') is part of the prosecutor's drumbeat of short, decisive clauses."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of колеблется","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies колеблется","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"колеблется","lemma":"колебаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"waver"}]},{"number":111,"label":"111","id":"b9-c6-s111","source":"Он стоит на нем.","translation":"He stands by it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Он стоит на нем","title":"«стоять на (своём)» — to stand by / insist","body":"«Стоять на (чём-л.)» idiomatically means to stand firm by a statement, to hold to one's position: «стоит на нём» = 'he stands by it'. The literal 'stands on it' becomes 'will not budge from it' — the witness is immovable."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стоит","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"стоит","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stands"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стоит","gloss":"it"}]},{"number":112,"label":"112","id":"b9-c6-s112","source":"Мы несколько раз его переспрашивали.","translation":"We questioned him over several times.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"несколько раз его переспрашивали","title":"Imperfective «переспрашивали» — repeated questioning","body":"«Переспрашивали» is the imperfective past of «переспрашивать» ('to re-question, ask over again'), and with «несколько раз» ('several times') the imperfective is right: it names a repeated action. The «пере-» here marks 'again/over', not a single completion."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of переспрашивали","gloss":"We"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on раз","gloss":"several"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of переспрашивали","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of переспрашивали","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"переспрашивали","lemma":"переспрашивать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"questioned"}]},{"number":113,"label":"113","id":"b9-c6-s113","source":"— Именно, я несколько раз переспрашивал! — с жаром подтвердил и Николай Парфенович.","translation":"\"Just so, I questioned him over several times!\" Nikolai Parfenovich confirmed with warmth.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Именно, я несколько раз переспрашивал!","title":"Emphatic «именно» + eager confirmation","body":"«Именно» ('precisely, just so') seizes on and confirms the prosecutor's words. Nikolai Parfenovich's «с жаром» ('with warmth/eagerness') and the exclamation show him echoing his senior almost too keenly — a touch of the younger official's deference to the prosecutor."}],"words":[{"surface":"Именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies переспрашивал","gloss":"Just so"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of переспрашивал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on раз","gloss":"several"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of переспрашивал","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"переспрашивал","lemma":"переспрашивать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"questioned"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жаром","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"жаром","lemma":"жар","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подтвердил","gloss":"warmth"},{"surface":"подтвердил","lemma":"подтвердить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"confirmed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies подтвердил","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"Николай","lemma":"Николай","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подтвердил","gloss":"Nikolai"},{"surface":"Парфенович","lemma":"Парфёнович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Николай","gloss":"Parfenovich"}]},{"number":114,"label":"114","id":"b9-c6-s114","source":"— Неправда, неправда! Это или клевета на меня, или галлюцинация сумасшедшего, — продолжал кричать Митя, — просто-запросто в бреду, в крови, от раны, ему померещилось, когда очнулся… Вот он и бредит.","translation":"\"It's untrue, untrue! This is either slander against me or the hallucination of a madman,\" Mitya went on shouting. \"It's simply that in his delirium, in his blood, from the wound, it seemed so to him when he came round… So he's raving.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"просто-запросто","title":"«просто-запросто» — plain and simple","body":"«Просто-запросто» is an emphatic colloquial reduplication of «просто», meaning 'quite simply, plainly and simply'. Mitya uses it to wave the testimony away as obviously explicable — mere delirium, nothing more."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ему померещилось","title":"Impersonal «померещилось» + dative «ему»","body":"Like «мерещилось» in s78, «померещиться» is used impersonally with a dative experiencer: «ему померещилось» = 'it seemed to him, he imagined it'. The perfective «по-» here frames it as a single bout of seeming. Mitya recasts Grigory's evidence as a dative-experiencer hallucination."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"бредит","title":"«бредить» — to rave, be delirious","body":"«Бредить» means to be in delirium, to rave; «бред» is feverish raving or, by extension, nonsense. Mitya pins everything on the wounded man having been «в бреду» ('in delirium') — his last defense against the testimony."}],"words":[{"surface":"Неправда","lemma":"неправда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"exclamation, head of the phrase","gloss":"It's untrue"},{"surface":"неправда","lemma":"неправда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with Неправда","gloss":"untrue"},{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of клевета","gloss":"This"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"either"},{"surface":"клевета","lemma":"клевета","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of Это","gloss":"slander"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"modifies клевета","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"галлюцинация","lemma":"галлюцинация","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with клевета","gloss":"the hallucination"},{"surface":"сумасшедшего","lemma":"сумасшедший","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies галлюцинация","gloss":"of a madman"},{"surface":"продолжал","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"speech-tag verb, parallel to Это клевета","gloss":"went on"},{"surface":"кричать","lemma":"кричать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of продолжал","gloss":"shouting"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of продолжал","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"просто","lemma":"просто","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies померещилось, part of the phrase просто-запросто","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"запросто","lemma":"запросто","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies померещилось, part of the phrase просто-запросто","gloss":"simply"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бреду","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"бреду","lemma":"бред","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of померещилось","gloss":"his delirium"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking крови","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"крови","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with бреду","gloss":"his blood"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раны","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"раны","lemma":"рана","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with бреду","gloss":"the wound"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of померещилось","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"померещилось","lemma":"померещиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, neuter, singular, impersonal, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause explaining галлюцинация","gloss":"it seemed"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of очнулся","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"очнулся","lemma":"очнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on померещилось","gloss":"he came round"},{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies бредит","gloss":"So"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of бредит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies бредит","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"бредит","lemma":"бредить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is raving"}]},{"number":115,"label":"115","id":"b9-c6-s115","source":"— Да-с, но ведь заметил он отпертую дверь не когда очнулся от раны, а еще прежде того, когда только он входил в сад из флигеля.","translation":"\"Yes, sir, but, you see, he noticed the open door not when he came round from the wound, but earlier than that, when he was only just entering the garden from the lodge.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да-с, но ведь заметил он… не когда очнулся… а еще прежде","title":"«ведь» + «не… а» correction","body":"«Ведь» appeals to what they both know ('but you see…'), and the «не… а» frame corrects a false assumption: «не когда очнулся… а еще прежде» ('not when he came round… but earlier'). This precise 'not X but Y' is the pivot on which the prosecutor demolishes Mitya's delirium theory."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to заметил","gloss":"Yes"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle","role":"honorific suffix attached to Да","gloss":"sir","note":"the old deferential particle -с (roughly 'sir'), tacked onto a preceding word in polite speech."},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies заметил","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"заметил","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"noticed"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заметил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"отпертую","lemma":"отпертый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies дверь","gloss":"the open"},{"surface":"дверь","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of заметил","gloss":"door"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates когда очнулся, contrasted with а еще прежде","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of очнулся","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"очнулся","lemma":"очнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on заметил","gloss":"he came round"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раны","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"раны","lemma":"рана","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of очнулся","gloss":"the wound"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прежде","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies того","gloss":"earlier"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of прежде","gloss":"than that"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of входил","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies входил","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of входил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"входил","lemma":"входить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying того","gloss":"was entering"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сад","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"сад","lemma":"сад","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of входил","gloss":"garden"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking флигеля","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"флигеля","lemma":"флигель","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of входил","gloss":"the lodge"}]},{"number":116,"label":"116","id":"b9-c6-s116","source":"— Да неправда же, неправда, это не может быть! Это он со злобы на меня клевещет… Он не мог видеть… Я не выбегал из двери, — задыхался Митя.","translation":"\"But it's untrue, untrue, it can't be! He's slandering me out of spite… He couldn't have seen it… I didn't run out of the door,\" Mitya gasped.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да неправда же, неправда","title":"«да… же» — exasperated insistence","body":"The opening «да» (emphatic, not 'yes') plus the particle «же» on «неправда» drive home Mitya's frantic protest: 'But it's untrue, I tell you!'. «Же» insists against the listener; the repetition mounts the desperation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"со злобы на меня клевещет","title":"«со злобы» — genitive of cause after «с»","body":"«Со злобы» («с» + genitive «злоба») expresses cause/motive: 'out of spite, from malice'. «Клеветать на (кого)» governs «на» + accusative ('to slander someone'). Mitya now shifts his charge: not delirium but deliberate malice on Grigory's part."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я не выбегал из двери","title":"Imperfective «выбегал» under negation","body":"Mitya denies with the imperfective «выбегал» ('I did not run out'), and «из двери» is «из» + genitive ('out of the door'). The imperfective under «не» here denies the fact of the action altogether — not 'I didn't manage to run out' but 'no such running-out ever happened'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies неправда","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"неправда","lemma":"неправда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"exclamation, parallel to может","gloss":"it's untrue"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies неправда","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"неправда","lemma":"неправда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with неправда","gloss":"untrue"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of может","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies может","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"cleft subject, fronts он as focus of клевещет","gloss":"It's"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of клевещет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking злобы","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"злобы","lemma":"злоба","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of клевещет","gloss":"spite"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"modifies злобы","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"клевещет","lemma":"клеветать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is slandering"},{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"видеть","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of выбегал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies выбегал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"выбегал","lemma":"выбегать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"didn't run out"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking двери","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"двери","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выбегал","gloss":"the door"},{"surface":"задыхался","lemma":"задыхаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"speech-tag verb, parallel to выбегал","gloss":"gasped"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of задыхался","gloss":"Mitya"}]},{"number":117,"label":"117","id":"b9-c6-s117","source":"Прокурор повернулся к Николаю Парфеновичу и внушительно проговорил ему:","translation":"The prosecutor turned to Nikolai Parfenovich and said to him impressively:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"повернулся к Николаю Парфеновичу","title":"Reflexive «повернуться» + «к» + dative","body":"«Повернуться» (-ся middle, 'to turn [oneself]') takes «к» + dative for the person turned toward: «к Николаю Парфеновичу». Note the patronymic declines too — «Парфеновичу» in the dative. The cold, deliberate movement sets up the trap to come."}],"words":[{"surface":"Прокурор","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of повернулся","gloss":"the prosecutor"},{"surface":"повернулся","lemma":"повернуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Николаю","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Николаю","lemma":"николай","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of повернулся","gloss":"Nikolai"},{"surface":"Парфеновичу","lemma":"парфёнович","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Николаю","gloss":"Parfenovich"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"внушительно","lemma":"внушительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорил","gloss":"impressively"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with повернулся","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of проговорил","gloss":"to him"}]},{"number":118,"label":"118","id":"b9-c6-s118","source":"— Предъявите.","translation":"\"Produce it.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Предъявите","title":"«Предъявите» — a one-word legal imperative","body":"«Предъявить» ('to present, produce, exhibit [evidence]') is a legal term; «предъявите» is its plural/polite imperative. Standing alone, the curt command 'Produce it' is the prosecutor springing the trap — the bare imperative carries all the cold authority of the moment."}],"words":[{"surface":"Предъявите","lemma":"предъявить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"produce it"}]},{"number":119,"label":"119","id":"b9-c6-s119","source":"— Знаком вам этот предмет? — выложил вдруг Николай Парфенович на стол большой, из толстой бумаги, канцелярского размера конверт, на котором виднелись еще три сохранившиеся печати.","translation":"\"Is this object familiar to you?\" Nikolai Parfenovich suddenly laid on the table a large envelope of thick paper, of official size, on which three preserved seals were still visible.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Знаком вам этот предмет?","title":"Short adjective «знаком» + dative «вам»","body":"«Знаком» is the masculine short form of «знакомый» ('familiar'), predicating of «предмет», with the person to whom it is familiar in the dative: «знаком вам» = 'familiar to you'. Short adjective plus dative experiencer — a tidy, formal 'Is this object known to you?'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"три сохранившиеся печати","title":"Numeral «три» + genitive singular; participle «сохранившиеся»","body":"After «три» the counted noun would take the genitive singular, but the modifying participle «сохранившиеся» ('preserved, surviving', past active reflexive participle) appears in the nominative plural — the standard pattern with 2/3/4. It describes the seals 'still visible' on the envelope."}],"words":[{"surface":"Знаком","lemma":"знакомый","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate, agrees with предмет","gloss":"familiar","note":"Short-form predicate adjective agreeing with предмет, not the noun \"знак.\""},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"dative complement of Знаком","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of предмет","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"предмет","lemma":"предмет","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Знаком","gloss":"object"},{"surface":"выложил","lemma":"выложить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"laid out"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выложил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"Николай","lemma":"николай","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выложил","gloss":"Nikolai"},{"surface":"Парфенович","lemma":"парфёнович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Николай","gloss":"Parfenovich"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стол","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"стол","lemma":"стол","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выложил","gloss":"the table"},{"surface":"большой","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies конверт","gloss":"large"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бумаги, modifies конверт","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"толстой","lemma":"толстый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies бумаги","gloss":"thick"},{"surface":"бумаги","lemma":"бумага","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"complement of из, modifies конверт","gloss":"paper"},{"surface":"канцелярского","lemma":"канцелярский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies размера","gloss":"official"},{"surface":"размера","lemma":"размер","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"genitive modifying конверт","gloss":"size"},{"surface":"конверт","lemma":"конверт","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of выложил","gloss":"envelope"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking котором","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"котором","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of виднелись","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"виднелись","lemma":"виднеться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"relative clause on конверт","gloss":"were visible"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies три","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on печати","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"сохранившиеся","lemma":"сохраниться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, nominative, perfective","role":"modifies печати","gloss":"preserved"},{"surface":"печати","lemma":"печать","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"subject of виднелись","gloss":"seals"}]},{"number":120,"label":"120","id":"b9-c6-s120","source":"Самый же конверт был пуст и с одного бока разорван.","translation":"The envelope itself was empty and torn open along one side.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Самый же конверт был пуст","title":"«самый» as 'the very' + short adjective «пуст»","body":"Here «самый» means not 'most' but 'the very' — «самый конверт» = 'the envelope itself'; «же» marks the contrastive turn ('but the envelope itself…'). «Пуст» is the short masculine adjective 'empty', predicating of «конверт». The damning detail lands in clipped, weighted words."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с одного бока разорван","title":"Short passive participle «разорван» + «с» + genitive","body":"«Разорван» is the short-form past passive participle of «разорвать» ('torn open'), masculine, predicating of «конверт». «С одного бока» («с» + genitive «бок») locates the tear, 'along one side'. The short passive states the envelope's resulting condition — empty and torn, the money gone."}],"words":[{"surface":"Самый","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies конверт","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Самый","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"конверт","lemma":"конверт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пуст","gloss":"envelope"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to пуст","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"пуст","lemma":"пустой","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"empty"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бока","gloss":"along"},{"surface":"одного","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies бока","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"бока","lemma":"бок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of разорван","gloss":"side"},{"surface":"разорван","lemma":"разорвать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пуст","gloss":"torn"}]},{"number":121,"label":"121","id":"b9-c6-s121","source":"Митя выпучил на него глаза.","translation":"Mitya stared at him, his eyes bulging.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"выпучил… глаза","title":"«выпучить глаза» — to goggle","body":"The idiom «выпучить глаза» means to bulge or pop one's eyes wide — a coarse, physical expression of shock. The perfective «выпучил» catches the single, sudden start of the stare."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"выпучил на него глаза","title":"Perfective for a single jolt","body":"The perfective past «выпучил» frames the action as one completed event — the eyes snap wide in an instant — against the imperfective that would describe a continuing stare. Aspect here delivers the abruptness of Mitya's shock."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выпучил","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"выпучил","lemma":"выпучить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"bulged"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выпучил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of выпучил","gloss":"his eyes"}]},{"number":122,"label":"122","id":"b9-c6-s122","source":"— Это… это отцовский, стало быть, конверт, — пробормотал он, — тот самый, в котором лежали эти три тысячи… и, если надпись, позвольте: «цыпленочку»… вот: три тысячи, — вскричал он, — три тысячи, видите?","translation":"\"This… this is my father's envelope, then,\" he muttered, \"the very one that held those three thousand… and if there's writing on it, allow me: 'to my little chick'… here: three thousand,\" he cried out, \"three thousand, you see?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"стало быть","title":"«стало быть» — so, then","body":"A colloquial discourse marker meaning 'so', 'then', 'it follows that'. Frozen from «стать» + «быть», it threads through 19th-century speech as a verbal tic of working-through-aloud — exactly Mitya's halting reasoning here."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"цыпленочку","title":"Diminutive in the dative of address","body":"«цыплёночку» is the dative singular of the diminutive «цыплёночек» — 'to the little chick', the addressee of the inscription. The suffix «-очек» layers affection (or lechery) onto the bare «цыплёнок», a constant emotional dial in Russian."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в котором лежали эти три тысячи","title":"«в котором» — relative clause of place","body":"«который» joins the relative clause and agrees with «конверт» in masculine singular, but takes the prepositional case after «в» because it names the place where the money lay. The pronoun's case is set by its own clause, not its antecedent."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"позвольте","title":"«позвольте» — 'allow me'","body":"A polite imperative ('permit [me]'), here a parenthetical hesitation as Mitya peers at the writing — 'if there's an inscription, allow me [to look]…'. The «-те» marks the formal/plural address he keeps even in agitation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase (false start)","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject, predicate complement конверт","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"отцовский","lemma":"отцовский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies конверт","gloss":"father's"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical, forms стало быть","gloss":"that is"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стало","gloss":"to be"},{"surface":"конверт","lemma":"конверт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of это","gloss":"envelope"},{"surface":"пробормотал","lemma":"пробормотать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"reporting verb of the sentence","gloss":"muttered"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пробормотал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to конверт","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"самый","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies тот","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking котором","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"котором","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of лежали","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"лежали","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"relative clause on тот","gloss":"lay"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of три","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on тысячи","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"subject of лежали","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the если-clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"надпись","lemma":"надпись","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of the если-clause","gloss":"inscription"},{"surface":"позвольте","lemma":"позволить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"parenthetical imperative","gloss":"allow me"},{"surface":"цыпленочку","lemma":"цыпленочек","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"quoted inscription, complement of позвольте","gloss":"'to my little chick'"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on тысячи","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to вот","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"вскричал","lemma":"вскричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"reporting verb of the sentence","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вскричал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on тысячи","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"repeated for emphasis","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"видите","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"tag-question verb","gloss":"you see"}]},{"number":123,"label":"123","id":"b9-c6-s123","source":"— Как же-с, видим, но мы денег уже в нем не нашли, он был пустой и валялся на полу, у кровати, за ширмами.","translation":"\"Of course we see, but we found no money in it; it was empty and lay on the floor by the bed, behind the screens.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Как же-с","title":"«-с» — the deferential particle","body":"The clitic «-с» (from «сударь», 'sir') tacked onto «как же» lends a servile, punctilious politeness — the speech-marker of clerks and minor officials addressing a superior. Here the investigator's «Как же-с, видим» ('Of course we do, sir') carries a faintly mocking deference."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"денег уже в нем не нашли","title":"Genitive of negation","body":"Under the negated «не нашли» the object «деньги» appears in the genitive «денег» rather than the accusative — the standard genitive of negation, stressing the sheer absence of money: 'we found no money at all in it'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"валялся","title":"«валяться» — to lie about","body":"Not neutral 'to lie' («лежать») but «валяться» — to lie around discarded, in a heap, carelessly. The verb paints the empty envelope flung on the floor, an image of robbery's aftermath."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies видим","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Как","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle","role":"polite suffix attached to же","gloss":"(polite suffix)","note":"Archaic deferential particle -с (like sir), not the preposition с."},{"surface":"видим","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"we see"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of нашли","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"денег","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"direct object of нашли","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нашли","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of нашли","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нашли","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"нашли","lemma":"найти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to пустой","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"пустой","lemma":"пустой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"empty"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"валялся","lemma":"валяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with был","gloss":"lay"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking полу","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"полу","lemma":"пол","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of валялся","gloss":"the floor"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кровати","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"кровати","lemma":"кровать","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with полу","gloss":"the bed"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ширмами","gloss":"behind"},{"surface":"ширмами","lemma":"ширма","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with полу","gloss":"the screens"}]},{"number":124,"label":"124","id":"b9-c6-s124","source":"Несколько секунд Митя стоял как ошеломленный.","translation":"For several seconds Mitya stood as if stunned.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ошеломленный","title":"«ошеломлённый» — thunderstruck","body":"A strong past passive participle from «ошеломить», to stun or daze utterly — etymologically as if struck on the helmet («шелом»). Stronger than English 'stunned'; it conveys a blow that empties the mind."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"стоял как ошеломленный","title":"Imperfective for a held state","body":"The imperfective «стоял» holds the picture open for the «несколько секунд» — Mitya stands frozen, the duration itself the point. «как ошеломлённый» ('as if stunned') uses the participle predicatively to compare his stillness to a man dealt a blow."}],"words":[{"surface":"Несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on секунд","gloss":"a few"},{"surface":"секунд","lemma":"секунда","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of стоял","gloss":"seconds"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стоял","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"стоял","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ошеломленный","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"ошеломленный","lemma":"ошеломлённый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стоял","gloss":"stunned"}]},{"number":125,"label":"125","id":"b9-c6-s125","source":"— Господа, это Смердяков! — закричал он вдруг изо всей силы, — это он убил, он ограбил! Только он один и знал, где спрятан у старика конверт… Это он, теперь ясно!","translation":"\"Gentlemen, it was Smerdyakov!\" he suddenly shouted with all his strength, \"it was he who killed, he who robbed! He alone knew where the old man kept the envelope hidden… It was he, it's clear now!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"это он убил, он ограбил","title":"Emphatic «он» — topic-comment fronting","body":"Russian readily drops subject pronouns, so the repeated, retained «он» ('it was HE') is pure emphasis. Fronting «это он» before each verb throws all the weight onto the culprit's identity — Mitya's whole accusation rides on that pronoun."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"где спрятан у старика конверт","title":"Short passive participle «спрятан»","body":"«спрятан» is the short (predicative) form of the past passive participle «спрятанный» — 'is/was hidden'. The short form states a result, here in an embedded question: 'where the envelope was hidden'. The possessor «у старика» ('at the old man's') marks whose it was."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Только он один и знал","title":"«и» as intensifying particle","body":"Here «и» is not 'and' but an emphatic particle reinforcing «только он один» — 'he alone, and no one but he, knew'. Paired with «только… один», it slams the door on any other knower, a key plank of Mitya's argument."}],"words":[{"surface":"Господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Gentlemen"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun, complement of это","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"закричал","lemma":"закричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"reporting verb of the sentence","gloss":"shouted"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of закричал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies закричал","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"изо","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking силы","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"всей","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of силы","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"силы","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of закричал","gloss":"his strength"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"particle","role":"cleft marker before он убил","gloss":"it was"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of убил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of the cleft clause","gloss":"killed"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ограбил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ограбил","lemma":"ограбить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with убил","gloss":"robbed"},{"surface":"Только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies он","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to он","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle modifying знал","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спрятан","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"спрятан","lemma":"спрятать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of знал","gloss":"was hidden"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking старика","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"старика","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of спрятан","gloss":"the old man"},{"surface":"конверт","lemma":"конверт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of passive спрятан","gloss":"the envelope"},{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"cleft subject","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate, complement of Это","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ясно","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"ясно","lemma":"ясный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"predicate adjective, main clause","gloss":"clear"}]},{"number":126,"label":"126","id":"b9-c6-s126","source":"— Но ведь и вы же знали про конверт и о том, что он лежит под подушкой.","translation":"\"But you, too, knew about the envelope and that it lay under the pillow.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Но ведь и вы же знали","title":"Stacked particles «ведь… же»","body":"Three little words crowd the prosecutor's rebuttal: «ведь» appeals to what they both know ('but after all'), «и» means 'you too', and «же» insists. Together they press the contradiction home — 'but YOU yourself knew about the envelope too, didn't you'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"о том, что он лежит под подушкой","title":"«о том, что» — correlative + что-clause","body":"The correlative «о том» ('about that') props up the reported clause «что он лежит…» — literally 'about that, that it lay…'. The demonstrative «том» (prepositional after «о») anchors the subordinate fact that «что» then unpacks."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знали","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вы","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of знали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вы","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"знали","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking конверт","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"конверт","lemma":"конверт","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of знали","gloss":"the envelope"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with конверт","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of лежит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of лежит","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"лежит","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying том","gloss":"lay"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking подушкой","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"подушкой","lemma":"подушка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of лежит","gloss":"the pillow"}]},{"number":127,"label":"127","id":"b9-c6-s127","source":"— Никогда не знал: я и не видел никогда его вовсе, в первый раз теперь вижу, а прежде только от Смердякова слышал… Он один знал, где у старика спрятано, а я не знал… — совсем задыхался Митя.","translation":"\"I never knew it: I never even saw it at all, I'm seeing it now for the first time, and before I had only heard of it from Smerdyakov… He alone knew where the old man kept it hidden, but I didn't know…\" Mitya was completely gasping for breath.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я и не видел никогда его вовсе","title":"Negative concord piled high","body":"Russian requires every negative word to agree: «не видел… никогда… вовсе» stacks the verbal «не», the negative adverb «никогда» ('never'), and the reinforcer «вовсе» ('at all') without cancelling out. The pile-up is one emphatic denial: 'I never saw it at all'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"задыхался","title":"«задыхаться» — to gasp, choke","body":"The imperfective «задыхался» — 'was gasping for breath, suffocating' — conveys Mitya physically choking on his own agitation. The «совсем» ('completely') intensifies it; speech and breath fail him together."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"только от Смердякова слышал","title":"«от» + genitive: source","body":"«от Смердякова» puts the name in the genitive after «от», marking the source of hearsay — 'I'd only heard it FROM Smerdyakov'. The preposition «от» governs the genitive and frames where the knowledge came from."}],"words":[{"surface":"Никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знал","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of видел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies видел","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies видел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"видел","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to знал","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies видел","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of видел","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies видел","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"первый","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вижу","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вижу","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"вижу","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with видел","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies слышал","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase прежде","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Смердякова","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Смердякова","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of слышал","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"слышал","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with видел","gloss":"heard"},{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Он","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спрятано","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking старика","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"старика","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of спрятано","gloss":"the old man"},{"surface":"спрятано","lemma":"спрятать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of знал","gloss":"was hidden"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with знал","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies задыхался","gloss":"completely"},{"surface":"задыхался","lemma":"задыхаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"was gasping"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of задыхался","gloss":"Mitya"}]},{"number":128,"label":"128","id":"b9-c6-s128","source":"— И однако ж, вы сами показали нам давеча, что конверт лежал у покойного родителя под подушкой.","translation":"\"And yet you yourself told us a moment ago that the envelope lay under your late father's pillow.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"однако ж","title":"«однако ж» — 'and yet'","body":"«однако» means 'however, yet'; the tacked-on «ж» (reduced «же») sharpens the contrast — 'and yet'. A bookish, slightly old-fashioned adversative the prosecutor uses to turn Mitya's own earlier words against him."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"давеча","title":"«давеча» — 'a little while ago'","body":"A colloquial, now-archaic adverb meaning 'earlier today, just a moment ago'. It places the contradiction firmly in the recent past — Mitya said the opposite only minutes earlier — and flavours the dialogue with period speech."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вы сами показали","title":"Intensifier «сами» — 'you yourself'","body":"«сами» (the intensifier «сам» agreeing with formal «вы») underscores that the damning testimony came from Mitya's own mouth: 'you yourself gave evidence'. Note «показать» here in its legal sense, 'to testify, depose'."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies показали","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"ж","lemma":"ж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies однако","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of показали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"emphatic pronoun, modifies вы","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"показали","lemma":"показать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of показали","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"давеча","lemma":"давеча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies показали","gloss":"a while ago"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of лежал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"конверт","lemma":"конверт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of лежал","gloss":"the envelope"},{"surface":"лежал","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of показали","gloss":"lay"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking родителя","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"покойного","lemma":"покойный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies родителя","gloss":"late"},{"surface":"родителя","lemma":"родитель","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of лежал","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking подушкой","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"подушкой","lemma":"подушка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of лежал","gloss":"the pillow"}]},{"number":129,"label":"129","id":"b9-c6-s129","source":"Вы именно сказали, что под подушкой, стало быть, знали же, где лежал.","translation":"\"You said precisely that it was under the pillow, so you did know where it lay.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"стало быть, знали же","title":"«же» clinching the inference","body":"After «стало быть» ('therefore'), the «же» on «знали же» drives the logical noose tight — 'so you DID know, then'. The particle insists on a conclusion the speaker takes to be undeniable."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"знали же, где лежал","title":"Imperfective «лежал» for a standing state","body":"«лежал» (imperfective past of «лежать») describes the envelope's continuous resting position — where it 'lay', a stable state rather than an event. Russian uses the dedicated stative «лежать» (to lie) where English makes do with 'was'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of сказали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сказали","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"сказали","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the что-clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking подушкой","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"подушкой","lemma":"подушка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of the что-clause, complement of сказали","gloss":"the pillow"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical, forms стало быть","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стало","gloss":"to be"},{"surface":"знали","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb, understood subject вы","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знали","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лежал","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"лежал","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of знали","gloss":"lay"}]},{"number":130,"label":"130","id":"b9-c6-s130","source":"— Мы так и записали! — подтвердил Николай Парфенович.","translation":"\"That's just how we recorded it!\" Nikolai Parfenovich confirmed.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Мы так и записали","title":"«так и» — 'just so, exactly'","body":"The set phrase «так и» means 'exactly thus, precisely that way' — here 'that's just how we wrote it down'. The «и» is again the emphatic particle, confirming the record matches Mitya's earlier words to the letter."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of записали","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies записали","gloss":"just so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"записали","lemma":"записать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"recorded"},{"surface":"подтвердил","lemma":"подтвердить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"reporting verb of the sentence","gloss":"confirmed"},{"surface":"Николай","lemma":"николай","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подтвердил","gloss":"Nikolai"},{"surface":"Парфенович","lemma":"парфёнович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Николай","gloss":"Parfenovich"}]},{"number":131,"label":"131","id":"b9-c6-s131","source":"— Вздор, нелепость! Я совсем не знал, что под подушкой.","translation":"\"Nonsense, absurdity! I had no idea at all that it was under the pillow.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Вздор, нелепость","title":"«вздор», «нелепость» — nonsense, absurdity","body":"Two exclamations of dismissal: «вздор» is 'rubbish, twaddle' (bookish, contemptuous), «нелепость» 'an absurdity, a piece of nonsense'. Hurled bare, they show Mitya batting the magistrate's logic aside before he can think."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"совсем не знал","title":"«совсем не» — flat total denial","body":"«совсем» ('completely') stacked with «не» yields an absolute negation — 'I had no idea at all'. The intensifier insists there was zero knowledge, escalating from a simple «не знал»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вздор","lemma":"вздор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"exclamation, head of the phrase","gloss":"nonsense"},{"surface":"нелепость","lemma":"нелепость","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with Вздор","gloss":"absurdity"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of подушкой","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking подушкой","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"подушкой","lemma":"подушка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"clausal complement of знал","gloss":"the pillow"}]},{"number":132,"label":"132","id":"b9-c6-s132","source":"Да, может быть, вовсе и не под подушкой… Я наобум сказал, что под подушкой… Что Смердяков говорит?","translation":"\"Yes, maybe it wasn't under the pillow at all… I said at random that it was under the pillow… What does Smerdyakov say?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"наобум","title":"«наобум» — at random","body":"An adverb meaning 'haphazardly, off the top of one's head, without thinking'. Mitya pleads that he named the pillow «наобум» — blurted it blindly — a key (and self-incriminating) retraction."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"может быть, вовсе и не под подушкой","title":"«вовсе и не» — emphatic 'not at all'","body":"«вовсе… не» means 'not… at all', and the inserted «и» reinforces it — 'maybe not under the pillow at all'. The clustering of intensifying negators conveys Mitya frantically backpedalling from his own earlier claim."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что Смердяков говорит?","title":"Present «говорит» for current testimony","body":"The imperfective present «говорит» ('what does Smerdyakov say?') asks about his standing statement now — what his account is. Mitya, drowning, grasps at the absent witness who could clear him."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse particle","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, modifies the clause","gloss":"maybe"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies под подушкой","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies подушкой","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking подушкой","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"подушкой","lemma":"подушка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"the pillow"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"наобум","lemma":"наобум","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказал","gloss":"at random"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of подушкой","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking подушкой","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"подушкой","lemma":"подушка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"clausal complement of сказал","gloss":"the pillow"},{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of говорит","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорит","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"say"}]},{"number":133,"label":"133","id":"b9-c6-s133","source":"Вы его спрашивали, где лежал?","translation":"\"Did you ask him where it lay?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вы его спрашивали","title":"Imperfective «спрашивали» — 'did you ask?'","body":"The imperfective past «спрашивали» asks merely whether the action of questioning took place at all — a general fact, not a single completed result. Russian often prefers the imperfective for such 'did you (ever) do X?' inquiries."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of спрашивали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of спрашивали","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"спрашивали","lemma":"спрашивать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did you ask"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лежал","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"лежал","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of спрашивали","gloss":"it lay"}]},{"number":134,"label":"134","id":"b9-c6-s134","source":"Что Смердяков говорит?","translation":"\"What does Smerdyakov say?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что Смердяков говорит?","title":"Refrain by repetition","body":"The same question returns verbatim within seconds — a deliberate rhetorical repetition that dramatizes Mitya's fixation. Russian narration leaves the bare present «говорит» to do the work English would soften."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of говорит","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорит","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"say"}]},{"number":135,"label":"135","id":"b9-c6-s135","source":"Это главное… А я нарочно налгал на себя… Я вам соврал не думавши, что лежал под подушкой, а вы теперь… Ну знаете, сорвется с языка, и соврешь.","translation":"\"That's the main thing… And I deliberately told a lie against myself… I lied to you without thinking, saying it lay under the pillow, and now you… Well, you know how it is, the tongue slips and out comes a lie.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"нарочно","title":"«нарочно» — on purpose","body":"'Deliberately, intentionally'. Mitya's self-accusing «нарочно налгал на себя» — 'I deliberately lied against myself' — turns the adverb into a paradox: a lie told on purpose, yet (he insists) thoughtlessly."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"налгал на себя","title":"«налгать на» — to slander, lie against","body":"«налгать на (кого-то)» means to tell lies to someone's detriment, to bear false witness against. Here «на себя» — against himself: Mitya has slandered his own case. The verb «соврать» that follows is the plainer 'to fib, tell a lie'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"соврал не думавши","title":"Past gerund «не думавши»","body":"«думавши» is a past adverbial participle (деепричастие) of «думать», negated — 'without having thought'. The «-вши» ending and the negation give 'I lied thoughtlessly'; the form is bookish/folk-archaic, where modern Russian would say «не думая»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сорвется с языка, и соврешь","title":"Generic 'you' in the perfective future","body":"Both verbs are perfective conjugated forms with future meaning, but used gnomically for a general truth — 'something slips off the tongue and out you lie'. The 2nd-person «соврёшь» is impersonal 'one', a vivid Russian way to state a universal from inside experience."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of главное","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"главное","lemma":"главный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate, head of the phrase","gloss":"the main thing"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of налгал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"нарочно","lemma":"нарочно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies налгал","gloss":"deliberately"},{"surface":"налгал","lemma":"налгать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lied"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of налгал","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of соврал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of соврал","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"соврал","lemma":"соврать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lied"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies думавши","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"думавши","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, past gerund, active, imperfective","role":"adverbial modifier of соврал","gloss":"thinking","note":"Archaic past gerund: \"не думавши\" = \"without thinking.\""},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of лежал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"лежал","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of соврал","gloss":"it lay"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking подушкой","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"подушкой","lemma":"подушка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of лежал","gloss":"the pillow"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject (elliptical clause)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverb in the elliptical clause","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"знаете","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"сорвется","lemma":"сорваться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of знаете","gloss":"slips"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking языка","gloss":"off"},{"surface":"языка","lemma":"язык","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сорвется","gloss":"the tongue"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"соврешь","lemma":"соврать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with знаете","gloss":"out comes a lie"}]},{"number":136,"label":"136","id":"b9-c6-s136","source":"А знал один Смердяков, только один Смердяков, и никто больше!.. Он и мне не открыл, где лежит!","translation":"\"And the only one who knew was Smerdyakov, only Smerdyakov, and no one else!.. He didn't even reveal to me where it lay!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"только один Смердяков, и никто больше","title":"Exclusivity by negative concord","body":"Mitya hammers exclusivity with «только… один… и никто больше» — 'only Smerdyakov, and no one else'. The negative «никто» (with the verb's negation implied/elided) seals off every alternative; the repetition is obsessive emphasis."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Он и мне не открыл","title":"«и мне» — 'even to me'","body":"The particle «и» before the dative «мне» means 'even to me': Smerdyakov didn't reveal the hiding place even to Mitya. «открыть» here is 'to disclose, reveal' (a secret), governing the dative of the person told."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate modifier of Смердяков (\"only\")","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies один","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Смердяков","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Смердяков (w4)","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"никто","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"coordinated with Смердяков, subject of the omitted знал","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies никто","gloss":"else"},{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of открыл","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies открыл (emphatic \"even\")","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"мне","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of открыл","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies открыл","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"открыл","lemma":"открыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"revealed"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лежит","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"лежит","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of открыл","gloss":"it lay"}]},{"number":137,"label":"137","id":"b9-c6-s137","source":"Но это он, это он; это несомненно он убил, это мне теперь ясно как свет, — восклицал всё более и более в исступлении Митя, бессвязно повторяясь, горячась и ожесточаясь.","translation":"\"But it was he, it was he; beyond all doubt it was he who killed, that is now as clear to me as daylight,\" Mitya kept exclaiming, ever more and more beside himself, repeating himself incoherently, growing heated and embittered.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ясно как свет","title":"«ясно как свет» — clear as daylight","body":"A set simile — 'as clear as the light [of day]', i.e. perfectly obvious. The compact «свет» ('light') stands for daylight; Mitya's certainty is rhetorical, not evidential, which is the tragic irony."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в исступлении","title":"«исступление» — frenzy, transport","body":"«исступление» denotes a state of frenzied passion or near-madness, being beside oneself. «всё более и более в исступлении» — 'ever more and more frenzied' — is a key Dostoevskian register for a soul boiling over."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"повторяясь, горячась и ожесточаясь","title":"A chain of present gerunds","body":"Three imperfective adverbial participles in «-ясь» («повторяясь», «горячась», «ожесточаясь») describe simultaneous attendant action: Mitya exclaims while repeating himself, growing heated, and hardening. Such gerund-chains are a hallmark of literary narration, packing several co-occurring motions into one breath."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"повторяясь, горячась и ожесточаясь","title":"Reflexive «-ся» across the chain","body":"Each gerund carries the reflexive «-сь»: «повторяться» (to repeat oneself), «горячиться» (to get worked up), «ожесточаться» (to grow embittered) — all middle/change-of-state verbs that exist mainly in their «-ся» form. The clitic turns each verb inward on its subject."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the clause, predicate он","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun of это","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the clause, predicate он","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with он (w3)","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"topic, resumed by он (w8) as subject of убил","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"несомненно","lemma":"несомненно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies убил","gloss":"undoubtedly"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of убил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"killed"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of ясно","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"мне","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of ясно","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ясно","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"ясно","lemma":"ясный","morphology":"adjective (short form), neuter, singular","role":"predicate of это (w10), parallel clause to убил","gloss":"clear"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparison свет","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"свет","lemma":"свет","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ясно","gloss":"daylight"},{"surface":"восклицал","lemma":"восклицать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the narration","gloss":"kept exclaiming"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies более (intensifier)","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies восклицал","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"coordinated with более (w18)","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking исступлении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"исступлении","lemma":"исступление","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of восклицал","gloss":"frenzy"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of восклицал","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"бессвязно","lemma":"бессвязно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies повторяясь","gloss":"incoherently"},{"surface":"повторяясь","lemma":"повторяться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on восклицал","gloss":"repeating himself"},{"surface":"горячась","lemma":"горячиться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with повторяясь","gloss":"growing heated"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ожесточаясь","lemma":"ожесточаться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with горячась","gloss":"growing embittered"}]},{"number":138,"label":"138","id":"b9-c6-s138","source":"— Поймите вы это и арестуйте его скорее, скорей… Он именно убил, когда я убежал и когда Григорий лежал без чувств, это теперь ясно… Он подал знаки, и отец ему отпер… Потому что только он один и знал знаки, а без знаков отец бы никому не отпер…","translation":"\"Understand this, and arrest him, quickly, quickly… He killed precisely then, when I had run off and Grigory lay senseless—that's clear now… He gave the signals, and my father opened to him… Because he alone knew the signals, and without the signals my father would have opened to no one…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Поймите вы это и арестуйте его","title":"Imperatives «поймите», «арестуйте»","body":"Two perfective plural/polite imperatives in «-ите» / «-уйте»: 'understand this and arrest him'. The added «вы» («поймите вы») is emphatic, almost imploring. The doubled «скорее, скорей» ('quickly, quickly') redoubles the urgency."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"без чувств","title":"«без чувств» — senseless, unconscious","body":"The fixed phrase «лежать без чувств» means to lie unconscious, 'out cold' (literally 'without senses/feelings'). Grigory, knocked down by Mitya in the garden, lay «без чувств» — the window through which Smerdyakov could have struck."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"а без знаков отец бы никому не отпер","title":"Conditional «бы» — the counterfactual","body":"«отпер бы… никому не» is the conditional: past-tense verb + the particle «бы» for an unreal situation — 'without the signals father would have opened to no one'. Negative concord («никому… не») runs through the hypothetical intact."}],"words":[{"surface":"Поймите","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of Поймите","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of Поймите","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"арестуйте","lemma":"арестовать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with Поймите","gloss":"arrest"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of арестуйте","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"скорее","lemma":"скорее","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies арестуйте","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"скорей","lemma":"скорее","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies арестуйте","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of убил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies убил","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"killed"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of убежал","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of убежал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"убежал","lemma":"убежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of убил","gloss":"ran off"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of лежал","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"Григорий","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of лежал","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"лежал","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with убежал","gloss":"lay"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чувств","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"чувств","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of лежал","gloss":"senses"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of ясно","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ясно","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"ясно","lemma":"ясный","morphology":"adjective (short form), neuter, singular","role":"predicate of это, parallel clause to убил","gloss":"clear"},{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"подал","lemma":"подать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gave"},{"surface":"знаки","lemma":"знак","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of подал","gloss":"the signals"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отпер","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of отпер","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"отпер","lemma":"отпереть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with подал","gloss":"opened"},{"surface":"Потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the compound conjunction потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the compound conjunction потому что, introduces the clause of знал","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies он","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies он (\"alone\")","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знал (emphatic)","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"знаки","lemma":"знак","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of знал","gloss":"the signals"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking знаков","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"знаков","lemma":"знак","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of отпер","gloss":"the signals"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отпер","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks conditional mood of отпер","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"никому","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of отпер","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отпер","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"отпер","lemma":"отпереть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"would have opened"}]},{"number":139,"label":"139","id":"b9-c6-s139","source":"— Но опять вы забываете то обстоятельство, — всё так же сдержанно, но как бы уже торжествуя, заметил прокурор, — что знаков и подавать было не надо, если дверь уже стояла отпертою, еще при вас, еще когда вы находились в саду…","translation":"\"But again you forget one circumstance,\" the prosecutor observed, still just as restrained, yet as if already triumphant, \"that there was no need to give any signals at all, if the door already stood open—open while you were there, while you were still in the garden…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"обстоятельство","title":"«обстоятельство» — circumstance","body":"A bookish abstract noun in «-ство», 'a circumstance, fact of the matter'. The prosecutor's measured «вы забываете то обстоятельство» ('you forget the circumstance that…') is the legalistic register against which Mitya's frenzy breaks."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы уже торжествуя","title":"«как бы» + gerund «торжествуя»","body":"«как бы» ('as if, as it were') softens the present gerund «торжествуя» ('triumphing') into a hedged observation by the narrator — the prosecutor 'as if already triumphant'. The gerund again names attendant manner: he remarks while inwardly exulting."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"знаков и подавать было не надо","title":"Impersonal «было не надо» + genitive","body":"An impersonal necessity construction: «не надо было» ('there was no need to'). The negated object «знаков» stands in the genitive (genitive of negation), and the emphatic «и» means 'there was no need to give signals at all'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"если дверь уже стояла отпертою","title":"Instrumental short(-ish) participle «отпертою»","body":"«стояла отпертою» — 'stood open' — pairs the verb «стоять» with the past passive participle «отпертый» in the feminine instrumental «-ою» (the bookish/old variant of «-ой»). The instrumental marks the resultant state the door 'stood in', an archaic-flavoured turn typical of the period."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies забываете","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of забываете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"забываете","lemma":"забывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"forget"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of обстоятельство","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"обстоятельство","lemma":"обстоятельство","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of забываете","gloss":"circumstance"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так (intensifier)","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сдержанно","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"сдержанно","lemma":"сдержанно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заметил","gloss":"restrained"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы (\"as if\")","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies торжествуя","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"торжествуя","lemma":"торжествовать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сдержанно, modifies заметил","gloss":"triumphing"},{"surface":"заметил","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narration","gloss":"observed"},{"surface":"прокурор","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заметил","gloss":"the prosecutor"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of надо","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"знаков","lemma":"знак","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of подавать","gloss":"signals"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies подавать (emphatic \"even\")","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"подавать","lemma":"подавать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to надо","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb (predicative)","role":"predicate of the что-clause","gloss":"needed"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of стояла","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"дверь","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of стояла","gloss":"the door"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стояла","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"стояла","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"отпертою","lemma":"отпертый","morphology":"adjective (short form), instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of стояла","gloss":"open"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стояла","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"in the presence of"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, locative, plural","role":"oblique complement of стояла","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies находились","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of находились","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of находились","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"находились","lemma":"находиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on стояла","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking саду","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"саду","lemma":"сад","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of находились","gloss":"the garden"}]},{"number":140,"label":"140","id":"b9-c6-s140","source":"— Дверь, дверь, — бормотал Митя и безмолвно уставился на прокурора, он в бессилии опустился опять на стул.","translation":"\"The door, the door,\" Mitya muttered and stared speechless at the prosecutor; powerless, he sank back onto the chair.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"уставился","title":"«уставиться» — to fix one's gaze","body":"The perfective reflexive «уставиться» means to stare fixedly, to fasten one's eyes on. «безмолвно уставился» — 'stared speechlessly' — captures the moment the prosecutor's logic strikes Mitya dumb."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в бессилии опустился опять на стул","title":"«в бессилии» — prepositional of state","body":"«в бессилии» ('in powerlessness') uses «в» + prepositional to name the state Mitya sinks back in. The reflexive perfective «опустился» ('sank down') frames the single collapse onto the chair — body following the defeat of his argument."}],"words":[{"surface":"Дверь","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the exclamation","gloss":"the door"},{"surface":"дверь","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with Дверь","gloss":"the door"},{"surface":"бормотал","lemma":"бормотать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"muttered"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of бормотал","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"безмолвно","lemma":"безмолвно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уставился","gloss":"silently"},{"surface":"уставился","lemma":"уставиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with бормотал","gloss":"stared"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking прокурора","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"прокурора","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of уставился","gloss":"the prosecutor"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of опустился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бессилии","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"бессилии","lemma":"бессилие","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of опустился","gloss":"helplessness"},{"surface":"опустился","lemma":"опуститься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"sank"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies опустился","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стул","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"стул","lemma":"стул","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of опустился","gloss":"the chair"}]},{"number":141,"label":"141","id":"b9-c6-s141","source":"Все замолчали.","translation":"Everyone fell silent.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Все замолчали","title":"Inceptive perfective «замолчать»","body":"The prefix «за-» on «молчать» (to be silent) yields «замолчать» — 'to fall silent', the onset of silence. The perfective «замолчали» marks the single moment everyone stops speaking: a charged narrative beat after the door is invoked."}],"words":[{"surface":"Все","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of замолчали","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"замолчали","lemma":"замолчать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fell silent"}]},{"number":142,"label":"142","id":"b9-c6-s142","source":"— Да, дверь!.. Это фантом! Бог против меня! — воскликнул он, совсем уже без мысли глядя пред собою.","translation":"\"Yes, the door!.. It's a phantom! God is against me!\" he exclaimed, gazing before him now utterly without a thought.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"без мысли глядя пред собою","title":"Present gerund «глядя» + archaic «пред»","body":"«глядя» is the imperfective present gerund of «глядеть» (to gaze), naming the manner in which Mitya exclaims — 'gazing before him'. The preposition «пред» (instead of modern «перед») and «пред собою» are elevated, period forms of 'before himself'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to дверь","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"дверь","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"the door"},{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of фантом","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"фантом","lemma":"фантом","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of Это","gloss":"a phantom"},{"surface":"Бог","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the clause","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"против","lemma":"против","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня, predicate of Бог","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"complement of против","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"воскликнул","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"exclaimed"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнул","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies без мысли (intensifier)","gloss":"utterly"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мысли","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мысли","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"мысли","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of глядя","gloss":"a thought"},{"surface":"глядя","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on воскликнул","gloss":"gazing"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking собою","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"собою","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, reflexive","role":"oblique complement of пред","gloss":"himself"}]},{"number":143,"label":"143","id":"b9-c6-s143","source":"— Вот видите, — важно проговорил прокурор, — и посудите теперь сами, Дмитрий Федорович: с одной стороны, это показание об отворенной двери, из которой вы выбежали, подавляющее вас и нас.","translation":"\"There, you see,\" the prosecutor pronounced gravely, \"and now judge for yourself, Dmitri Fyodorovich: on the one hand there is this testimony about the open door from which you fled, which crushes both you and us.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"посудите теперь сами","title":"Imperative «посудите» — 'judge for yourself'","body":"The perfective imperative «посудите» (from «судить», to judge) with «сами» invites Mitya to draw the conclusion himself. The prosecutor's rhetorical strategy is to make the accused weigh the evidence as if a neutral party."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"показание об отворенной двери, из которой вы выбежали","title":"Participle + relative clause stacked","body":"Two modifiers pile onto «дверь»: the past passive participle «отворённой» ('opened') as an attribute, then the relative «из которой вы выбежали» ('from which you ran out'). «который» takes the genitive after «из» for its own clause. Bookish density typical of legal narration."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"подавляющее вас и нас","title":"Present active participle «подавляющее»","body":"«подавляющее» is the present active participle of «подавлять» (to crush, overwhelm), agreeing with neuter «показание» — 'the testimony… that crushes both you and us'. The participle condenses a «которое» clause into one weighty adjective."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies видите","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"видите","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"важно","lemma":"важно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорил","gloss":"gravely"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the parenthetical clause","gloss":"pronounced"},{"surface":"прокурор","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"the prosecutor"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"посудите","lemma":"посудить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"judge"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies посудите","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"modifies посудите (\"yourself\")","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрий","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стороны","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"одной","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies стороны","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"стороны","lemma":"сторона","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"forms the adverbial phrase с одной стороны","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of показание","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"показание","lemma":"показание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the clause","gloss":"testimony"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking двери","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"отворенной","lemma":"отворённый","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies двери","gloss":"open"},{"surface":"двери","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies показание","gloss":"door"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которой","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"которой","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выбежали","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of выбежали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"выбежали","lemma":"выбежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"relative clause on двери","gloss":"fled"},{"surface":"подавляющее","lemma":"подавляющий","morphology":"adjective (participle), nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies показание","gloss":"overwhelming"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of подавляющее","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"coordinated with вас","gloss":"us"}]},{"number":144,"label":"144","id":"b9-c6-s144","source":"С другой стороны — непонятное, упорное и почти ожесточенное умолчание ваше насчет происхождения денег, вдруг появившихся в ваших руках, тогда как еще за три часа до этой суммы вы, по собственному показанию, заложили пистолеты ваши, чтобы получить только десять рублей!","translation":"On the other hand there is your inexplicable, stubborn, and almost embittered silence about the origin of the money that suddenly appeared in your hands, when only three hours before that sum you had, by your own testimony, pawned your pistols in order to get a mere ten rubles!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"умолчание","title":"«умолчание» — passing over in silence","body":"A bookish noun: deliberate silence, the suppression of something one could say. The prosecutor brands Mitya's «упорное и почти ожесточённое умолчание» about the money's source — his stubborn, near-bitter refusal to explain — as itself damning."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вдруг появившихся в ваших руках","title":"Past active participle «появившихся»","body":"«появившихся» is the past active participle of the reflexive «появиться» (to appear), genitive plural agreeing with «денег» — 'the money that had suddenly appeared in your hands'. A perfective stem gives the completed sense; the participle replaces a «которые появились» clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"тогда как еще за три часа до этой суммы","title":"«тогда как» — 'whereas'; «за… до» framing","body":"«тогда как» is the contrastive subordinator 'whereas, while'. «за три часа до этой суммы» means 'three hours before [coming by] this sum' — «за X до Y» frames an interval before an event, with «три часа» taking the genitive-singular «часа» after the numeral."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"по собственному показанию","title":"«по» + dative — 'according to'","body":"«по собственному показанию» ('by your own testimony') uses «по» governing the dative «показанию» in its sense 'according to, on the basis of'. The reflexive-possessive flavour of «собственному» ('one's own') turns Mitya's words back on him."}],"words":[{"surface":"С","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стороны","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies стороны","gloss":"the other"},{"surface":"стороны","lemma":"сторона","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"forms the adverbial phrase с другой стороны","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"непонятное","lemma":"непонятный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies умолчание","gloss":"incomprehensible"},{"surface":"упорное","lemma":"упорный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with непонятное","gloss":"stubborn"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ожесточенное","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"ожесточенное","lemma":"ожесточённый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with непонятное","gloss":"embittered"},{"surface":"умолчание","lemma":"умолчание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the clause","gloss":"silence"},{"surface":"ваше","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of умолчание","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"насчет","lemma":"насчёт","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking происхождения","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"происхождения","lemma":"происхождение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies умолчание","gloss":"the origin"},{"surface":"денег","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies происхождения","gloss":"the money"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies появившихся","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"появившихся","lemma":"появиться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, genitive, perfective","role":"clause modifying денег","gloss":"that appeared"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руках","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ваших","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of руках","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"руках","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of появившихся","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase тогда как (\"whereas\")","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase тогда как","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies часа","gloss":"as much as"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking часа (temporal, \"before\")","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on часа","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"часа","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заложили","gloss":"hours"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking суммы","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of суммы","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"суммы","lemma":"сумма","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies часа","gloss":"sum"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of заложили","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking показанию","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"собственному","lemma":"собственный","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies показанию","gloss":"own"},{"surface":"показанию","lemma":"показание","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of заложили","gloss":"testimony"},{"surface":"заложили","lemma":"заложить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"pawned"},{"surface":"пистолеты","lemma":"пистолет","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of заложили","gloss":"pistols"},{"surface":"ваши","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of пистолеты","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of получить","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"получить","lemma":"получить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on заложили","gloss":"get"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies десять","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"десять","lemma":"десять","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on рублей","gloss":"ten"},{"surface":"рублей","lemma":"рубль","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of получить","gloss":"rubles"}]},{"number":145,"label":"145","id":"b9-c6-s145","source":"Ввиду всего этого решите сами: чему же нам верить и на чем остановиться?","translation":"In view of all this, decide for yourself: what are we to believe, and where are we to settle?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Ввиду всего этого","title":"«ввиду» — in view of","body":"A bookish denominal preposition (from «в виду», 'in sight of') governing the genitive: «ввиду всего этого» — 'in view of all this'. Stiff, official phrasing fitting the prosecutor's summing-up."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чему же нам верить и на чем остановиться","title":"Dative «нам» + «же» in a deliberative question","body":"«чему же нам верить» frames a deliberative question impersonally: dative «нам» ('for us') plus infinitive 'what are we to believe?', the «же» pressing the dilemma. «верить» governs the dative «чему» ('believe what'); «остановиться на чём» means 'to settle on what'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ввиду","lemma":"ввиду","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всего этого","gloss":"in view of"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies этого","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of Ввиду","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"решите","lemma":"решить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"decide"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"modifies решите (\"yourself\")","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"чему","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"complement of верить","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies чему (emphatic)","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"logical subject of верить (infinitive construction)","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"верить","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main predicate of the question","gloss":"to believe"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чем","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of остановиться","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"остановиться","lemma":"остановиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with верить","gloss":"to settle"}]},{"number":146,"label":"146","id":"b9-c6-s146","source":"И не претендуйте на нас, что мы «холодные циники и насмешливые люди», которые не в состоянии верить благородным порывам вашей души… Вникните, напротив, и в наше положение…","translation":"And do not hold it against us that we are 'cold cynics and mocking men' incapable of believing in the noble impulses of your soul… On the contrary, enter into our position as well…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"не претендуйте на нас","title":"«претендовать на» — to hold a grievance","body":"Here «претендовать на (кого-то)» carries its older, colloquial sense 'to be aggrieved at, take offence at someone' — 'don't hold it against us'. The imperative «не претендуйте» softens the prosecutor's appeal to Mitya not to resent them."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вникните… в наше положение","title":"Imperative «вникните» — enter into","body":"«вникнуть в (что-то)» means to enter deeply into, to grasp from within; the perfective imperative «вникните» asks Mitya to put himself in the officials' place. «напротив» ('on the contrary') pivots from his reproach to their plea for understanding."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies претендуйте","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"претендуйте","lemma":"претендовать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hold it against"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of претендуйте","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of циники","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of циники","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"холодные","lemma":"холодный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies циники","gloss":"cold"},{"surface":"циники","lemma":"циник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"predicate noun, complement clause of претендуйте","gloss":"cynics"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"насмешливые","lemma":"насмешливый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies люди","gloss":"mocking"},{"surface":"люди","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with циники","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"которые","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of the relative clause","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies состоянии","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking состоянии","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"состоянии","lemma":"состояние","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"relative clause on люди","gloss":"able"},{"surface":"верить","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on состоянии","gloss":"to believe"},{"surface":"благородным","lemma":"благородный","morphology":"adjective, dative, plural","role":"modifies порывам","gloss":"noble"},{"surface":"порывам","lemma":"порыв","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"indirect object of верить","gloss":"impulses"},{"surface":"вашей","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of души","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"души","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies порывам","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"Вникните","lemma":"вникнуть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"enter into"},{"surface":"напротив","lemma":"напротив","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies Вникните","gloss":"on the contrary"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies положение (\"also, too\")","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking положение","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"наше","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of положение","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"положение","lemma":"положение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of Вникните","gloss":"position"}]},{"number":147,"label":"147","id":"b9-c6-s147","source":"Митя был в невообразимом волнении, он побледнел.","translation":"Mitya was in unimaginable agitation; he had turned pale.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в невообразимом волнении","title":"«невообразимое волнение» — unimaginable agitation","body":"«волнение» is emotional agitation, turmoil; «невообразимый» ('unimaginable') is a strong bookish intensifier. The «в» + prepositional construction names the state Mitya is engulfed in."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"он побледнел","title":"Inceptive perfective «побледнеть»","body":"«побледнел» (perfective of «бледнеть», to grow pale) marks the single change of state — he 'turned pale'. The prefix «по-» gives the onset of pallor, a completed event punctuating his agitation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to волнении","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking волнении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"невообразимом","lemma":"невообразимый","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies волнении","gloss":"unimaginable"},{"surface":"волнении","lemma":"волнение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"agitation"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of побледнел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"побледнел","lemma":"побледнеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"had turned pale"}]},{"number":148,"label":"148","id":"b9-c6-s148","source":"— Хорошо! — воскликнул он вдруг, — я открою вам мою тайну, открою, откуда взял деньги!.. Открою позор, чтобы не винить потом ни вас, ни себя…","translation":"\"Very well!\" he suddenly exclaimed, \"I will reveal my secret to you, I'll reveal where I got the money!.. I'll lay bare my disgrace, so as not to blame either you or myself afterward…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я открою вам мою тайну","title":"Perfective future «открою»","body":"«открою» is the perfective «открыть» conjugated for future meaning — 'I will reveal (and be done with it)'. Repeated thrice («открою… открою… Открою»), the completed-future verb stakes Mitya's resolve to disclose everything at once."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"позор","title":"«позор» — shame, disgrace","body":"«позор» is public shame, ignominy, a thing that dishonours one before others. Mitya vows to lay bare his «позор» — the humiliating truth about the money — making confession itself an act of self-exposure."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы не винить потом ни вас, ни себя","title":"«чтобы» + infinitive of purpose","body":"«чтобы не винить» states the purpose ('so as not to blame'); with a shared subject «чтобы» takes the infinitive rather than a past-form clause. The correlated «ни вас, ни себя» ('neither you nor myself') is negative concord — and «себя» the reflexive object pointing back to Mitya."}],"words":[{"surface":"Хорошо","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adverb (predicative use)","role":"head of the exclamation","gloss":"Very well"},{"surface":"воскликнул","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"exclaimed"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнул","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies воскликнул","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of открою","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"открою","lemma":"открыть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"will reveal"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of открою","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"мою","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of тайну","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"тайну","lemma":"тайна","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of открою","gloss":"secret"},{"surface":"открою","lemma":"открыть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"repeats открою, main verb of откуда-clause","gloss":"I'll reveal"},{"surface":"откуда","lemma":"откуда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies взял","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"взял","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of second открою","gloss":"I got"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of взял","gloss":"the money"},{"surface":"Открою","lemma":"открыть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the new sentence","gloss":"I'll lay bare"},{"surface":"позор","lemma":"позор","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Открою","gloss":"disgrace"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause of винить","gloss":"so as"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies винить","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"винить","lemma":"винить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"purpose clause on Открою","gloss":"to blame"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies винить","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"conjunction","role":"correlates with second ни (neither...nor)","gloss":"neither"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of винить","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"conjunction","role":"correlates with first ни (neither...nor)","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"coordinated with вас","gloss":"myself"}]},{"number":149,"label":"149","id":"b9-c6-s149","source":"— И поверьте, Дмитрий Федорович, — каким-то умиленно радостным голоском подхватил Николай Парфенович, — что всякое искреннее и полное сознание ваше, сделанное именно в теперешнюю минуту, может впоследствии повлиять к безмерному облегчению участи вашей и даже, кроме того…","translation":"\"And believe me, Dmitri Fyodorovich,\" Nikolai Parfenovich chimed in with a kind of tenderly joyful little voice, \"that any sincere and full confession of yours, made precisely at this present moment, may afterward work toward an immeasurable easing of your lot, and even, besides that…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"умиленно радостным голоском","title":"«голосок» + «умилённый» — saccharine tone","body":"The diminutive «голосок» ('little voice') and «умилённо» ('with tender emotion, meltingly') paint Nikolai Parfenovich's voice as cloyingly sweet — eager, ingratiating. The narrator's irony toward the over-warm young magistrate is carried by the suffix."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сделанное именно в теперешнюю минуту","title":"Past passive participle «сделанное»","body":"«сделанное» is the past passive participle of «сделать», neuter agreeing with «сознание» — 'a confession made precisely at this present moment'. The participle compresses 'which is made…' into one attribute; «теперешнюю» is the colloquial adjective 'present, current'."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"поверьте","lemma":"поверить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"Дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, vocative (nominative form), masculine, singular","role":"vocative address to поверьте","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, vocative (nominative form), masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрий","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"каким","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of голоском","gloss":"what kind of"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"indefinite particle (part of каким-то)","role":"part of the phrase каким-то","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"умиленно","lemma":"умилённо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies радостным","gloss":"tenderly"},{"surface":"радостным","lemma":"радостный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies голоском","gloss":"joyful"},{"surface":"голоском","lemma":"голосок","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подхватил","gloss":"little voice"},{"surface":"подхватил","lemma":"подхватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"chimed in"},{"surface":"Николай","lemma":"Николай","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подхватил","gloss":"Nikolai"},{"surface":"Парфенович","lemma":"Парфёнович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Николай","gloss":"Parfenovich"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of может","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"всякое","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of сознание","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"искреннее","lemma":"искренний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies сознание","gloss":"sincere"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"полное","lemma":"полный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with искреннее","gloss":"full"},{"surface":"сознание","lemma":"сознание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of может","gloss":"confession"},{"surface":"ваше","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of сознание","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"сделанное","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying сознание","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies минуту","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"теперешнюю","lemma":"теперешний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies минуту","gloss":"present"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сделанное","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the сознание clause","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"впоследствии","lemma":"впоследствии","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies повлиять","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"повлиять","lemma":"повлиять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"work toward"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking облегчению","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"безмерному","lemma":"безмерный","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies облегчению","gloss":"immeasurable"},{"surface":"облегчению","lemma":"облегчение","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of повлиять","gloss":"easing"},{"surface":"участи","lemma":"участь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies облегчению","gloss":"of the lot"},{"surface":"вашей","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of участи","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кроме того","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"кроме","lemma":"кроме","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of кроме","gloss":"that"}]},{"number":150,"label":"150","id":"b9-c6-s150","source":"Но прокурор слегка толкнул его под столом, и тот успел вовремя остановиться.","translation":"But the prosecutor gave him a slight nudge under the table, and he managed to stop himself in time.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"слегка толкнул его под столом","title":"Perfective «толкнул» — a single nudge","body":"«толкнул» (perfective of «толкать», to push) names one momentary shove — the prosecutor's warning kick under the table, captured as a single completed act. «слегка» ('slightly') keeps it covert."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"тот успел вовремя остановиться","title":"«тот» as anaphoric subject; «успеть» + infinitive","body":"«тот» ('the latter, that one') points back to Nikolai Parfenovich, switching reference cleanly from the prosecutor — a typical use of «тот» to track the non-nearest participant. «успел остановиться» ('managed to stop in time') pairs «успеть» with a perfective infinitive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"прокурор","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of толкнул","gloss":"the prosecutor"},{"surface":"слегка","lemma":"слегка","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies толкнул","gloss":"slightly"},{"surface":"толкнул","lemma":"толкнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"nudged"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of толкнул","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking столом","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"столом","lemma":"стол","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of толкнул","gloss":"the table"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of успел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"успел","lemma":"успеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with толкнул","gloss":"managed"},{"surface":"вовремя","lemma":"вовремя","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies остановиться","gloss":"in time"},{"surface":"остановиться","lemma":"остановиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of успел","gloss":"to stop himself"}]},{"number":151,"label":"151","id":"b9-c6-s151","source":"Митя, правда, его и не слушал.","translation":"Mitya, in truth, was not even listening to him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Митя, правда, его и не слушал","title":"«правда» as concessive; «и» emphatic","body":"Parenthetical «правда» here means 'in truth, admittedly' — a concession from the narrator. The «и» on «и не слушал» reinforces the negation — Mitya wasn't even listening — while the imperfective «слушал» describes the absent ongoing attention."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of слушал","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"правда","lemma":"правда","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies слушал","gloss":"in truth"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of слушал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies слушал","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies слушал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"слушал","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was listening"}]}]}