{"work":{"slug":"karamazov","title":{"source":"Братья Карамазовы","translated":"The Brothers Karamazov"},"author":"Fyodor Dostoevsky","language":"Russian","languageCode":"ru","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov"},"unit":{"kind":"chapter","number":null,"id":"b9-c8","title":{"source":"VIII. Показание свидетелей, дитё","translated":"The Evidences of the Witnesses. The Babe"},"section":"Book IX — The Preliminary Investigation","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b9-c8","lines":163},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b9-c7","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b9-c9","license":"Source text: public domain (Fyodor Dostoevsky, d. 1881; Russian from the Nauka academic edition via ru.wikisource). English translation: original, © 1732 Studios (2026); rendered freshly from the public-domain Russian, not derived from any prior English translation. Sentence-aligned by 1732 Studios.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"b9-c8-s1","source":"Допрос свидетелей начался.","translation":"The questioning of the witnesses began.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"начался","title":"Reflexive «-ся» for an intransitive 'began'","body":"«начаться» is the reflexive (middle) partner of transitive «начать»: «допрос начался» = 'the questioning began' — the inquiry starts of itself, with no agent named. The «-ся» here is the change-of-state middle, not a true reflexive, and the past form agrees in masculine singular with «допрос»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Допрос","title":"«Допрос» — legal interrogation","body":"«Допрос» is the formal questioning of a witness or suspect by the authorities, a sharper word than ordinary «вопросы». In s5 the verb «допрашивавших» ('of the interrogators') and in s8 «допрашивающими» build on the same root, framing the whole chapter as a judicial examination."}],"words":[{"surface":"Допрос","lemma":"допрос","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of начался","gloss":"the questioning"},{"surface":"свидетелей","lemma":"свидетель","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies Допрос","gloss":"of the witnesses"},{"surface":"начался","lemma":"начаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"b9-c8-s2","source":"Но мы уже не станем продолжать наш рассказ в такой подробности, в какой вели его до сих пор.","translation":"But we shall no longer carry on our account in the same detail in which we have conducted it up to now.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не станем продолжать","title":"«стать» + infinitive as a future of refusal","body":"«не станем продолжать» is literally 'we shall not take to continuing'. Perfective «стать» with an imperfective infinitive is a common bookish way to form the future of an action — here negated, so it reads 'we will no longer go on'. The first-person plural is the narrator's editorial 'we'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в такой подробности, в какой вели его","title":"Correlative «такой… какой» across cases","body":"The correlative pair «в такой… в какой…» ('in such [detail]… in which…') links the two clauses, and both members sit in the prepositional after «в». «какой» is the relative here, agreeing with «подробность» in gender and number but taking the case its own clause demands."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of станем","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies станем","gloss":"any longer"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies станем","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"станем","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shall"},{"surface":"продолжать","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of станем","gloss":"carry on"},{"surface":"наш","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of рассказ","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"рассказ","lemma":"рассказ","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of продолжать","gloss":"account"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking подробности","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of подробности","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"подробности","lemma":"подробность","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of продолжать","gloss":"detail"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking какой","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вели","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"вели","lemma":"вести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"relative clause on подробности","gloss":"have conducted"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of вели","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пор","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"сих","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"part of the phrase до сих пор","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"пор","lemma":"пора","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"part of the phrase до сих пор","gloss":"now"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"b9-c8-s3","source":"А потому и опустим о том, как Николай Парфенович внушал каждому призываемому свидетелю, что тот должен показывать по правде и совести и что впоследствии должен будет повторить это показание свое под присягой.","translation":"And so we shall pass over how Nikolai Parfenovich impressed upon each witness as he was summoned that he must testify truthfully and in good conscience, and that afterwards he would have to repeat this testimony of his under oath.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"опустим","title":"Perfective present-form as future: «опустим»","body":"«опустим» ('we shall pass over') is a perfective verb conjugated with present-tense endings, which in the perfective always yields a single completed future act. The narrator promises to omit something once and for all, not as ongoing practice."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"каждому призываемому свидетелю","title":"Present passive participle «призываемому»","body":"«призываемому» is a present passive participle from «призывать» ('to summon'), the rare bookish type in -емый/-имый, here in the dative agreeing with «свидетелю»: 'to each witness as he was summoned'. It packs a whole subordinate clause into one declined modifier."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что тот должен показывать… и что впоследствии должен будет повторить","title":"Two «что»-clauses of reported content","body":"Two parallel «что»-clauses report the substance of the warning: 'that he must testify… and that he would have to repeat'. «что» here introduces plain reported fact (contrast «чтобы», which would carry a willed or hypothetical sense). «должен будет» is the compound future of obligation."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"по правде и совести","title":"«по правде и совести» — the witness's oath-formula","body":"A fixed phrase, 'in truth and conscience', the standard language of testifying honestly. «по» + dative governs both nouns. It belongs to the courtroom register Dostoevsky reproduces faithfully throughout the inquiry."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies опустим","gloss":"therefore"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase потому и","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"опустим","lemma":"опустить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shall pass over"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of опустим","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of внушал","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"Николай","lemma":"николай","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of внушал","gloss":"Nikolai"},{"surface":"Парфенович","lemma":"парфёнович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Николай","gloss":"Parfenovich"},{"surface":"внушал","lemma":"внушать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying том","gloss":"impressed upon"},{"surface":"каждому","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of свидетелю","gloss":"each"},{"surface":"призываемому","lemma":"призываемый","morphology":"participle, present, passive, dative, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"modifies свидетелю","gloss":"summoned"},{"surface":"свидетелю","lemma":"свидетель","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of внушал","gloss":"witness"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of должен","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of должен","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"должен","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of внушал","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"показывать","lemma":"показывать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of должен","gloss":"testify"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking правде","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"правде","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of показывать","gloss":"truth"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"совести","lemma":"совесть","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with правде","gloss":"conscience"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the second clause of должен","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"впоследствии","lemma":"впоследствии","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies должен","gloss":"afterwards"},{"surface":"должен","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with должен","gloss":"would have"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of должен","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"повторить","lemma":"повторить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of должен","gloss":"repeat"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of показание","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"показание","lemma":"показание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of повторить","gloss":"testimony"},{"surface":"свое","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of показание","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking присягой","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"присягой","lemma":"присяга","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of повторить","gloss":"oath"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"b9-c8-s4","source":"Как, наконец, от каждого свидетеля требовалось, чтоб он подписал протокол своих показаний, и проч., и проч.","translation":"And how, finally, each witness was required to sign the record of his testimony, and so on, and so on.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"от каждого свидетеля требовалось, чтоб он подписал","title":"Impersonal «требовалось» + «чтоб»-clause","body":"«требовалось» is an impersonal reflexive ('it was required'), with no nominative subject; what is required is spelled out in the «чтоб(ы)» clause whose verb stands in the irrealis past form «подписал». «чтоб» is the colloquially clipped «чтобы», governing the past-form subjunctive of demand."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"и проч., и проч.","title":"«и прочее» — 'and so forth'","body":"«проч.» abbreviates «прочее» ('the rest, et cetera'); doubled, 'and so on, and so on'. The narrator uses it to wave away the dull procedural machinery he has just declined to narrate."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"протокол","title":"«Протокол» — the official record","body":"A «протокол» is the formal written minute or record of a deposition, which the witness then signs. The word returns repeatedly (s25, s50, s53, s54): 'enter it in the протокол' becomes Mitya's running battle with the proceedings."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of требовалось","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies требовалось","gloss":"finally"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking свидетеля","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"каждого","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of свидетеля","gloss":"each"},{"surface":"свидетеля","lemma":"свидетель","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of требовалось","gloss":"witness"},{"surface":"требовалось","lemma":"требоваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was required"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of подписал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подписал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"подписал","lemma":"подписать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of требовалось","gloss":"sign"},{"surface":"протокол","lemma":"протокол","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of подписал","gloss":"the record"},{"surface":"своих","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of показаний","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"показаний","lemma":"показание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"modifies протокол","gloss":"testimony"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"проч","lemma":"прочее","morphology":"abbreviation","role":"idiomatic tag: \"and so on\"","gloss":"so on"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"проч","lemma":"прочее","morphology":"abbreviation","role":"idiomatic tag: \"and so on\"","gloss":"so on"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"b9-c8-s5","source":"Отметим лишь одно, что главнейший пункт, на который обращалось всё внимание допрашивавших, преимущественно был всё тот же самый вопрос о трех тысячах, то есть было ли их три или полторы в первый раз, то есть в первый кутеж Дмитрия Федоровича здесь в Мокром, месяц назад, и было ли их три или полторы тысячи вчера, во второй кутеж Дмитрия Федоровича.","translation":"We shall note only one thing: that the chief point, on which all the attention of the interrogators was fixed, was preeminently still that same question of the three thousand — that is, whether it had been three or fifteen hundred the first time, in Dmitri Fyodorovich's first spree here at Mokroe a month ago, and whether it had been three or fifteen hundred yesterday, in Dmitri Fyodorovich's second spree.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"на который обращалось всё внимание допрашивавших","title":"Relative «который» + reflexive passive","body":"The relative «который» ('on which') agrees with «пункт» but takes the accusative after «на»; the verb «обращалось» is a reflexive used passively ('all attention was directed'). «допрашивавших» is itself a past active participle, 'of the questioners', used as a noun."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"было ли их три или полторы","title":"Embedded yes/no question with «ли»","body":"The enclitic «ли» turns each clause into an indirect 'whether' question: «было ли их три» = 'whether there had been three of them'. The focused word «было» is fronted and «ли» leans on it — a markedly literary alternative to bare intonation."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"кутеж","title":"«Кутёж» — a wild spree","body":"«кутёж» is a riotous drinking-and-spending binge, exactly the kind of money-flinging revel Mitya twice staged at Mokroe. The whole financial question — three thousand or fifteen hundred — turns on how much vanished in these sprees."}],"words":[{"surface":"Отметим","lemma":"отметить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"we shall note"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies одно","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"одно","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of Отметим","gloss":"one thing"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of был","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"главнейший","lemma":"главный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular, superlative","role":"modifies пункт","gloss":"the chief"},{"surface":"пункт","lemma":"пункт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"point"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking который","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"который","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обращалось","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"обращалось","lemma":"обращаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, passive, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on пункт","gloss":"was fixed"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of внимание","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"внимание","lemma":"внимание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of обращалось","gloss":"attention"},{"surface":"допрашивавших","lemma":"допрашивать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, genitive, imperfective","role":"modifies внимание","gloss":"of the interrogators"},{"surface":"преимущественно","lemma":"преимущественно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies был","gloss":"chiefly"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of Отметим","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тот","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of вопрос","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тот","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"самый","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies тот","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"вопрос","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"question"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тысячах","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"трех","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, locative","role":"quantifies тысячах","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысячах","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"modifies вопрос","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase то есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the phrase то есть","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of вопрос","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of три","gloss":"of them"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"subject of было","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"полторы","lemma":"полтора","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"coordinated with три","gloss":"one and a half"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"первый","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase то есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the phrase то есть","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кутеж","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"первый","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies кутеж","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"кутеж","lemma":"кутёж","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to раз","gloss":"spree"},{"surface":"Дмитрия","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies кутеж","gloss":"Dmitri's"},{"surface":"Федоровича","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрия","gloss":"Fyodorovich's"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies кутеж","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Мокром","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Мокром","lemma":"Мокрое","morphology":"proper noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"object of the preposition в","gloss":"Mokroe"},{"surface":"месяц","lemma":"месяц","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies кутеж","gloss":"a month"},{"surface":"назад","lemma":"назад","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies месяц","gloss":"ago"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with было (w25)","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of три","gloss":"of them"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"subject of было","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"полторы","lemma":"полтора","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"coordinated with три","gloss":"one and a half"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"counted noun with три and полторы","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"вчера","lemma":"вчера","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies было","gloss":"yesterday"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кутеж","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"второй","lemma":"второй","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies кутеж","gloss":"second"},{"surface":"кутеж","lemma":"кутёж","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to тысячи","gloss":"spree"},{"surface":"Дмитрия","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies кутеж","gloss":"Dmitri's"},{"surface":"Федоровича","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрия","gloss":"Fyodorovich's"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"b9-c8-s6","source":"Увы, все свидетельства, все до единого, оказались против Мити, и ни одного в его пользу, а иные из свидетельств так даже внесли новые, почти ошеломляющие факты в опровержение показаний его.","translation":"Alas, all the testimony, every last word of it, turned out to be against Mitya, and not a single piece of it in his favor, and some of the witnesses even introduced new, almost staggering facts in refutation of his account.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ни одного в его пользу","title":"Negation with «ни»: 'not a single one'","body":"«ни одного» intensifies the negation to 'not a single [piece]'; «одного» is genitive (the object of an implied negated 'there was'). It pairs with «все до единого» ('every last one') just before — the sentence swings from total against to total absence in favor."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ошеломляющие","title":"«Ошеломляющий» — stunning, stupefying","body":"From «ошеломить», 'to stun/dumbfound' (originally of a blow to the helmeted head, «шелом»). As a present active participle it modifies «факты»: facts so staggering they leave one reeling — a strong, vivid word for the new evidence against Mitya."}],"words":[{"surface":"Увы","lemma":"увы","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection framing the sentence","gloss":"alas"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of свидетельства","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"свидетельства","lemma":"свидетельство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of оказались","gloss":"the testimony"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"in apposition to свидетельства","gloss":"every one"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking единого","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"единого","lemma":"единый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies все","gloss":"the last"},{"surface":"оказались","lemma":"оказаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"turned out"},{"surface":"против","lemma":"против","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Мити","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"Мити","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of оказались","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies одного","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"одного","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with свидетельства","gloss":"not one"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пользу","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of пользу","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"пользу","lemma":"польза","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies одного","gloss":"favor"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"иные","lemma":"иной","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"subject of внесли","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking свидетельств","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"свидетельств","lemma":"свидетельство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"modifies иные","gloss":"the testimonies"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies внесли","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так даже","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"внесли","lemma":"внести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with оказались","gloss":"introduced"},{"surface":"новые","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies факты","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ошеломляющие","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"ошеломляющие","lemma":"ошеломляющий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"coordinated with новые","gloss":"staggering"},{"surface":"факты","lemma":"факт","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of внесли","gloss":"facts"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking опровержение","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"опровержение","lemma":"опровержение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies факты","gloss":"refutation"},{"surface":"показаний","lemma":"показание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"modifies опровержение","gloss":"of the testimony"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies показаний","gloss":"his"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"b9-c8-s7","source":"Первым спрошенным был Трифон Борисыч.","translation":"The first to be questioned was Trifon Borisych.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Первым спрошенным был Трифон Борисыч","title":"Predicate instrumental «первым спрошенным»","body":"After «был», the predicate complement stands in the instrumental: «первым спрошенным был…» = 'the first to be questioned was…'. «спрошенным» is a past passive participle used substantivally, and «первым» agrees with it — both instrumental, naming a temporary role."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Борисыч","title":"Contracted patronymic «Борисыч»","body":"«Борисыч» is the colloquial contraction of «Борисович» (son of Boris); cf. «Митрий Федорыч» below for «Дмитрий Фёдорович». The clipped form marks the relaxed, peasant-inflected speech of the innkeeper Trifon and the muzhiks."}],"words":[{"surface":"Первым","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies спрошенным","gloss":"the first"},{"surface":"спрошенным","lemma":"спрошенный","morphology":"participle, past, passive, instrumental, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"questioned"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to спрошенным","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"Трифон","lemma":"трифон","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"Trifon"},{"surface":"Борисыч","lemma":"борисович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Трифон","gloss":"Borisych"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"b9-c8-s8","source":"Он предстал пред допрашивающими без малейшего страха, напротив, с видом строгого и сурового негодования против обвиняемого и тем несомненно придал себе вид чрезвычайной правдивости и собственного достоинства.","translation":"He came before his interrogators without the least fear; on the contrary, with an air of stern and severe indignation against the accused, and by this he undeniably lent himself the look of extraordinary truthfulness and personal dignity.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"с видом строгого и сурового негодования","title":"Instrumental of manner after «с»","body":"«с видом… негодования» ('with an air of indignation') uses «с» + instrumental «видом» to describe manner; the dependent genitives «строгого и сурового негодования» specify the air. Russian builds such manner adverbials from a noun-of-bearing plus its qualifiers."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"придал себе вид","title":"Reflexive pronoun «себе»: 'lent himself'","body":"«придал себе вид» = 'gave himself the look of'. «себе» is the dative of the reflexive pronoun «себя», pointing back to the clause subject (Trifon); it has no nominative and serves here as the indirect object — he confers the air on his own person."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"негодования","title":"«Негодование» — righteous indignation","body":"«негодование» is high-toned moral outrage, not mere anger. Trifon performs it «против обвиняемого» ('against the accused') to lend himself an air of truthfulness — the narrator gently exposes the pose as theatre."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of предстал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"предстал","lemma":"предстать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came before"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking допрашивающими","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"допрашивающими","lemma":"допрашивающий","morphology":"participle, present, active, instrumental, plural, imperfective","role":"object of the preposition пред","gloss":"the interrogators"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking страха","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"малейшего","lemma":"малый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies страха","gloss":"the least"},{"surface":"страха","lemma":"страх","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of предстал","gloss":"fear"},{"surface":"напротив","lemma":"напротив","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, contrasts with без страха","gloss":"on the contrary"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking видом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"видом","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of предстал","gloss":"an air"},{"surface":"строгого","lemma":"строгий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies негодования","gloss":"stern"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сурового","lemma":"суровый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with строгого","gloss":"severe"},{"surface":"негодования","lemma":"негодование","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies видом","gloss":"indignation"},{"surface":"против","lemma":"против","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обвиняемого","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"обвиняемого","lemma":"обвиняемый","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies негодования","gloss":"the accused"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of придал","gloss":"by this"},{"surface":"несомненно","lemma":"несомненно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies придал","gloss":"undeniably"},{"surface":"придал","lemma":"придать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with предстал","gloss":"lent"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of придал","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"вид","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of придал","gloss":"the look"},{"surface":"чрезвычайной","lemma":"чрезвычайный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies правдивости","gloss":"extraordinary"},{"surface":"правдивости","lemma":"правдивость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies вид","gloss":"truthfulness"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"собственного","lemma":"собственный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies достоинства","gloss":"personal"},{"surface":"достоинства","lemma":"достоинство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with правдивости","gloss":"dignity"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"b9-c8-s9","source":"Говорил мало, сдержанно, ждал вопросов, отвечал точно и обдуманно.","translation":"He spoke little, with restraint, waited for the questions, and answered precisely and deliberately.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Говорил мало, сдержанно, ждал… отвечал","title":"Subject-drop and imperfective string","body":"The subject (он = Trifon) is dropped entirely; the verb endings carry it. The chain «говорил… ждал… отвечал» is all imperfective past, painting habitual, characterizing behaviour rather than single events — how he conducted himself, not what happened once."}],"words":[{"surface":"Говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"мало","lemma":"мало","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Говорил","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"сдержанно","lemma":"сдержанно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Говорил","gloss":"with restraint"},{"surface":"ждал","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Говорил","gloss":"waited for"},{"surface":"вопросов","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of ждал","gloss":"questions"},{"surface":"отвечал","lemma":"отвечать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with ждал","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отвечал","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"обдуманно","lemma":"обдуманно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with точно","gloss":"deliberately"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"b9-c8-s10","source":"Твердо и не обинуясь показал, что месяц назад не могло быть истрачено менее трех тысяч, что здесь все мужики покажут, что слышали о трех тысячах от самого «Митрий Федорыча»: «Одним цыганкам сколько денег перебросали.","translation":"Firmly and without hesitation he testified that a month ago no less than three thousand could have been spent, that all the peasants here would confirm it, that they had heard of the three thousand from \"Mitri Fyodorych\" himself: \"To the gypsy girls alone how much money they flung away.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не обинуясь","title":"Archaic gerund «не обинуясь» — 'without hesitating'","body":"«обинуясь» is the present gerund («деепричастие») of the now-archaic «обиноваться» ('to hesitate, equivocate'), negated: 'without hesitation'. As an adverbial participle it shares the main subject and colours the verb «показал». The fossilized phrase is bookish and period-flavoured; it recurs in s28."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не могло быть истрачено менее трех тысяч","title":"Impersonal passive + genitive of negation","body":"«не могло быть истрачено» is an impersonal, neuter passive ('could not have been spent'), with «истрачено» a short passive participle; «менее трех тысяч» stands in the genitive both as the negated subject and as the quantity after «менее»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мужики","title":"«Мужики» — the peasant men","body":"«мужик» is a peasant (male), the common country folk Trifon offers as corroborating witnesses. The word carries the social texture of post-emancipation rural Russia; here their collective testimony is what damns Mitya on the question of the money."}],"words":[{"surface":"Твердо","lemma":"твердо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies показал","gloss":"Firmly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies обинуясь","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"обинуясь","lemma":"обиноваться","morphology":"verb, present, converb, imperfective, reflexive","role":"adverbial clause on показал","gloss":"hesitating","note":"\"обинуясь\" is the imperfective converb of \"обиноваться\" (archaic, reflexive: to speak evasively/hedge), not of a nonexistent verb \"обинуться\". \"Не обинуясь\" = without hedging/plainly."},{"surface":"показал","lemma":"показать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"testified"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of могло","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"месяц","lemma":"месяц","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies могло (temporal adverbial, with назад)","gloss":"a month"},{"surface":"назад","lemma":"назад","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies месяц (forms \"месяц назад\")","gloss":"ago"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могло","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могло","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of показал","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of истрачено, complement of могло","gloss":"have been"},{"surface":"истрачено","lemma":"истратить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"complement of могло","gloss":"spent"},{"surface":"менее","lemma":"менее","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies тысяч (менее трех тысяч)","gloss":"less than"},{"surface":"трех","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies тысяч","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысяч","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"subject of истрачено (genitive triggered by the comparative менее \"less than\", not by negation)","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of покажут","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies покажут","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of мужики","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"мужики","lemma":"мужик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of покажут","gloss":"the peasants"},{"surface":"покажут","lemma":"показать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of показал","gloss":"will confirm"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of слышали","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"слышали","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of покажут","gloss":"heard"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тысячах","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"трех","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, locative","role":"quantifies тысячах","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысячах","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of слышали","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Митрий","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Митрий","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"Митрий","lemma":"митрий","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of от","gloss":"Mitri"},{"surface":"Федорыча","lemma":"федорыч","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Митрий","gloss":"Fyodorych","note":"Colloquial/dialectal contraction of the patronymic \"Fyodorovich.\""},{"surface":"Одним","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"modifies цыганкам (alone)","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"цыганкам","lemma":"цыганка","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, plural","role":"indirect object of перебросали","gloss":"gypsy girls"},{"surface":"сколько","lemma":"сколько","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"quantifies денег","gloss":"how much"},{"surface":"денег","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"direct object of перебросали","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"перебросали","lemma":"перебросать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"parallel clause to слышали","gloss":"flung away"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"b9-c8-s11","source":"Им одним небось за тысячу перевалило».","translation":"To them alone, I dare say, it came to more than a thousand.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"небось","title":"«Небось» — 'I dare say, no doubt'","body":"«небось» (originally «не бойся», 'fear not') is a colloquial modal word meaning 'probably, I'll be bound, no doubt'. It flavours Trifon's estimate with folksy, confident supposition — a marker of his peasant-innkeeper voice."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"перевалило","title":"«Перевалить за…» — 'to top, exceed'","body":"Impersonal «за тысячу перевалило» = 'it came to more than a thousand', literally 'it rolled over past a thousand'. The prefixed perfective «перевалить» (от «валить») vividly figures the sum cresting a threshold."}],"words":[{"surface":"Им","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of перевалило","gloss":"to them"},{"surface":"одним","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"modifies Им (alone)","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"небось","lemma":"небось","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies перевалило","gloss":"no doubt"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тысячу","gloss":"past"},{"surface":"тысячу","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of перевалило","gloss":"a thousand"},{"surface":"перевалило","lemma":"перевалить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came to more than"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"b9-c8-s12","source":"— И пятисот, может, не дал, — мрачно заметил на это Митя, — вот только не считал тогда, пьян был, а жаль…","translation":"\"I didn't give them five hundred, maybe,\" Mitya remarked gloomily at this, \"only I wasn't counting then, I was drunk — a pity…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"И пятисот, может, не дал","title":"Genitive of negation: «пятисот не дал»","body":"Under the negated verb «не дал», the object «пятисот» ('five hundred') stands in the genitive rather than accusative — the classic genitive of negation. Fronting it ('Even five hundred I didn't give') throws the emphasis onto the disputed sum."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пьян был","title":"Short adjective «пьян» as predicate","body":"«пьян» is the short (predicative) form of «пьяный»: 'I was drunk'. Short adjectives occur only as predicates and often mark a state at a particular moment — fitting here, where Mitya pleads the temporary condition that clouded his counting."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мрачно","title":"«Мрачно» — gloomily","body":"«мрачно» ('gloomily, darkly') and its adjective «мрачный» tag Mitya's mood through this scene (cf. «слушал мрачно» in s13). The repeated word builds the picture of a man sunk in fatalistic dejection."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пятисот (even)","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"пятисот","lemma":"пятьсот","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"direct object of дал (genitive of negation)","gloss":"five hundred"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical modifying дал","gloss":"maybe"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"дал","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"gave"},{"surface":"мрачно","lemma":"мрачно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заметил","gloss":"gloomily"},{"surface":"заметил","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb introducing the quote","gloss":"remarked"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking это","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of заметил","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заметил","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase \"вот только\"","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies считал","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies считал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"считал","lemma":"считать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"was counting"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies считал","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"пьян","lemma":"пьяный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate with был","gloss":"drunk"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to пьян","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"жаль","lemma":"жаль","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of the final clause","gloss":"a pity"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"b9-c8-s13","source":"Митя сидел на этот раз сбоку, спиной к занавескам, слушал мрачно, имел вид грустный и усталый, как бы говоривший: «Э, показывайте что хотите, теперь всё равно!»","translation":"Mitya sat this time off to one side, with his back to the curtains, listening gloomily, with a sad and weary look, as though to say: \"Eh, testify to whatever you like, it's all the same now!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы говоривший","title":"Past active participle «говоривший» + «как бы»","body":"«говоривший» is a past active participle ('who was saying'), agreeing with the implied «вид»; «как бы» ('as though') softens it to a feigned or apparent utterance: 'a look as though it said…'. The participle compresses a whole «который»-clause into a single modifier."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"показывайте что хотите","title":"Imperative «показывайте» + free-relative «что хотите»","body":"«показывайте» is the plural/polite imperative of imperfective «показывать» ('testify, give evidence'); «что хотите» is a free relative, 'whatever you like'. Mitya's weary command waves the witnesses on to say anything they please."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"всё равно","title":"«Всё равно» — 'it makes no difference'","body":"The idiom «всё равно» means 'it's all the same, never mind, anyway'. Here it carries Mitya's resignation: 'it's all one now'. The phrase is a fixed adverbial, not a literal 'all equal'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сидел","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"сидел","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sat"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз (idiom \"на этот раз\")","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of раз","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of на, modifies сидел (\"this time\")","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"сбоку","lemma":"сбоку","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сидел","gloss":"off to one side"},{"surface":"спиной","lemma":"спина","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial modifier of сидел","gloss":"with (his) back"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking занавескам","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"занавескам","lemma":"занавеска","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of спиной","gloss":"the curtains"},{"surface":"слушал","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сидел","gloss":"listened"},{"surface":"мрачно","lemma":"мрачно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies слушал","gloss":"gloomily"},{"surface":"имел","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сидел","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"вид","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of имел","gloss":"a look"},{"surface":"грустный","lemma":"грустный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вид","gloss":"sad"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"усталый","lemma":"усталый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with грустный","gloss":"weary"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase \"как бы\"","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase \"как бы\"","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"говоривший","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying вид","gloss":"seeming to say"},{"surface":"Э","lemma":"э","morphology":"interjection","role":"introduces the quoted speech","gloss":"Eh"},{"surface":"показывайте","lemma":"показывать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted imperative clause","gloss":"show"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of хотите","gloss":"whatever"},{"surface":"хотите","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"complement of показывайте","gloss":"you like"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the idiom \"всё равно\"","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom \"всё равно\"","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"равно","lemma":"равный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"predicate, forms idiom \"всё равно\" (it's all the same)","gloss":"the same"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"b9-c8-s14","source":"— Больше тысячи пошло на них, Митрий Федорович, — твердо опроверг Трифон Борисович, — бросали зря, а они подымали.","translation":"\"More than a thousand went on them, Mitri Fyodorovich,\" Trifon Borisovich firmly contradicted him, \"you threw it away for nothing, and they picked it up.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Больше тысячи пошло на них","title":"Genitive after «больше» + impersonal «пошло»","body":"«больше тысячи» governs the genitive «тысячи» ('more than a thousand'); the verb is the impersonal neuter «пошло на них» ('went on them'), with no nominative subject — the sum is conceived as an amount, not a countable thing."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"бросали зря","title":"«Зря» — 'for nothing, in vain'","body":"«зря» is a colloquial adverb, 'to no purpose, recklessly': «бросали зря» = 'you threw it away for nothing'. It sharpens Trifon's picture of Mitya scattering money while the gypsies scrambled to «подымали» ('pick it up')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on тысячи","gloss":"more than"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"subject of пошло","gloss":"a thousand"},{"surface":"пошло","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of пошло","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"Митрий","lemma":"митрий","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Mitri"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Митрий (vocative apposition)","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"твердо","lemma":"твердо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies опроверг","gloss":"firmly"},{"surface":"опроверг","lemma":"опровергнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"contradicted"},{"surface":"Трифон","lemma":"трифон","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of опроверг","gloss":"Trifon"},{"surface":"Борисович","lemma":"борисович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Трифон","gloss":"Borisovich"},{"surface":"бросали","lemma":"бросать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause, coordinated with подымали","gloss":"you threw away"},{"surface":"зря","lemma":"зря","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бросали","gloss":"for nothing"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of подымали","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"подымали","lemma":"подымать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with бросали","gloss":"picked up"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"b9-c8-s15","source":"Народ-то ведь этот вор и мошенник, конокрады они, угнали их отселева, а то они сами, может, показали бы, скольким от вас поживились.","translation":"That lot, you know, they're thieves and swindlers, horse-stealers they are; we drove them off from here, or else they'd have told themselves, perhaps, how much they profited off you.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Народ-то ведь этот вор и мошенник","title":"Particles «-то» and «ведь» in peasant speech","body":"Two modal particles pile up: the clitic «-то» on «народ» flags it as the known topic ('that lot, now'), and «ведь» appeals to shared knowledge ('you know, after all'). Together they give Trifon's line its buttonholing, confiding tone. Note the singular «вор и мошенник» predicated of collective «народ»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"а то они сами… показали бы","title":"Conditional «бы»: the unrealized 'would have'","body":"«показали бы» is the irrealis: past-tense verb + particle «бы», 'they would have told'. «а то» ('or else') sets up the counterfactual — had the gypsies not been driven off, they would themselves have revealed the takings."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"конокрады… отселева","title":"«Конокрады» and dialect «отселева»","body":"«конокрад» is a horse-thief (от «конь» + «красть»), among the most despised criminals in peasant Russia. «отселева» is a dialectal/archaic «отсюда» ('from here') — both colour Trifon's earthy testimony with rural speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"Народ","lemma":"народ","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of predicate вор/мошенник","gloss":"that lot"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic clitic attached to Народ","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies the whole clause","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вор","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"вор","lemma":"вор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate nominal describing Народ","gloss":"thief"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мошенник","lemma":"мошенник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with вор","gloss":"swindler"},{"surface":"конокрады","lemma":"конокрад","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"predicate nominal, coordinated with вор","gloss":"horse-thieves"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"resumptive subject of конокрады, resuming Народ","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"угнали","lemma":"угнать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (implied subject \"we\")","gloss":"drove off"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of угнали","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"отселева","lemma":"отселева","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies угнали","gloss":"from here"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase \"а то\" (or else)","gloss":"else"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of показали","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"modifies они","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical modifying показали","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"показали","lemma":"показать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"would have shown"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"conditional auxiliary of показали","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"скольким","lemma":"сколько","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"instrumental complement of поживились (degree)","gloss":"by how much"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of от","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"поживились","lemma":"поживиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of показали","gloss":"they profited"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"b9-c8-s16","source":"Сам я в руках у вас тогда сумму видел — считать не считал, вы мне не давали, это справедливо, а на глаз, помню, многим больше было, чем полторы тысячи… Куды полторы!","translation":"I myself saw the sum in your hands then — count it I did not, you didn't let me, that's the truth — but by eye, I remember, it was a good deal more than fifteen hundred… Fifteen hundred, indeed!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"считать не считал","title":"Tautological infinitive: «считать не считал»","body":"A vivid colloquial pattern: the bare infinitive «считать» is fronted before its own negated finite verb, 'count it I did not'. This infinitive-plus-verb echo concedes a point emphatically — yes, as for counting, no, I didn't."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"многим больше было, чем полторы тысячи","title":"Instrumental of measure «многим» with a comparative","body":"«многим больше» = 'much more', where «многим» is the instrumental of measure used to quantify a comparative («больше»). Russian regularly marks the extent of difference with the instrumental (cf. «годом раньше', 'a year earlier')."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Куды полторы!","title":"Dialect «куды» + dismissive exclamation","body":"«куды» is the substandard/dialectal form of «куда»; the exclamation «Куды полторы!» means roughly 'Fifteen hundred, my foot!' — «куда» in such scornful retorts dismisses an underestimate. Pure peasant idiom from Trifon."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies я","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of видел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руках","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"руках","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of видел","gloss":"(your) hands"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас (possessive)","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of у","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies видел","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"сумму","lemma":"сумма","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of видел","gloss":"the sum"},{"surface":"видел","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"считать","lemma":"считать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"fronted emphatic double of считал","gloss":"count"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies считал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"считал","lemma":"считать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause, emphasized by считать","gloss":"did (I) count"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of давали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of давали","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies давали","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"давали","lemma":"давать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of справедливо","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"справедливо","lemma":"справедливый","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"predicate, coordinated with давали","gloss":"is true"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глаз (idiom \"на глаз\")","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"глаз","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial phrase modifying было (\"by eye\")","gloss":"eye"},{"surface":"помню","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"I remember"},{"surface":"многим","lemma":"много","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental (degree modifier)","role":"modifies больше","gloss":"a good deal"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies было","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison with тысячи","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"полторы","lemma":"полтора","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"modifies тысячи","gloss":"one and a half"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"object of чем (comparison)","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"Куды","lemma":"куда","morphology":"adverb (dialectal)","role":"exclamatory, modifies полторы (dismissive)","gloss":"as if","note":"Dialectal \"куды\" for \"куда\"; here it's a dismissive exclamation, not literally \"where.\""},{"surface":"полторы","lemma":"полтора","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"head of the elliptical exclamatory phrase","gloss":"fifteen hundred"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"b9-c8-s17","source":"Видывали и мы деньги, могим судить…","translation":"We too have seen money in our day; we can judge…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Видывали","title":"Iterative «видывали» — 'we've seen in our time'","body":"«видывать» is the iterative (frequentative) of «видеть», an old form meaning 'to have seen repeatedly, in one's day'. «Видывали и мы деньги» = 'we too have seen money in our time' — Trifon's worldly boast that he knows a large sum when he sees one."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"могим","title":"Dialect «могим» for «можем»","body":"«могим» is a nonstandard, dialectal form of «можем» ('we can'). The deformed verb caps Trifon's peasant register: «могим судить» — 'we can judge [the amount]', spoken with rough self-assurance."}],"words":[{"surface":"Видывали","lemma":"видывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have seen"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мы (too)","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of Видывали","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of Видывали","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"могим","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective (dialectal)","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"we can","note":"Dialectal \"могим\" for standard \"можем.\""},{"surface":"судить","lemma":"судить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of могим","gloss":"judge"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"b9-c8-s18","source":"Насчет вчерашней же суммы Трифон Борисович прямо показал, что Дмитрий Федорович сам ему, только что встал с лошадей, объявил, что привез три тысячи.","translation":"As for yesterday's sum, Trifon Borisovich testified outright that Dmitri Fyodorovich himself, the moment he had gotten down off his horses, had announced to him that he had brought three thousand.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"только что встал с лошадей","title":"«только что» + perfective: 'the moment he had…'","body":"«только что встал» pairs the adverb «только что' ('just now, the moment') with a perfective past «встал», fixing a single completed point in time: 'the instant he had got down'. «с лошадей» — from the horses — is genitive after «с»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"объявил, что привез три тысячи","title":"Reported speech with «что»","body":"«объявил, что привёз три тысячи» = 'announced that he had brought three thousand'. The «что»-clause reports content as fact; Russian keeps the original tense («привёз», past) where English shifts to a pluperfect 'had brought'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Насчет","lemma":"насчёт","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking суммы","gloss":"as for"},{"surface":"вчерашней","lemma":"вчерашний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies суммы","gloss":"yesterday's"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вчерашней","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"суммы","lemma":"сумма","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of показал","gloss":"sum"},{"surface":"Трифон","lemma":"трифон","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of показал","gloss":"Trifon"},{"surface":"Борисович","lemma":"борисович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Трифон","gloss":"Borisovich"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies показал","gloss":"outright"},{"surface":"показал","lemma":"показать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"testified"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of объявил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of объявил","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрий","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Дмитрий","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of объявил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase \"только что\"","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase \"только что\"","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"встал","lemma":"встать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on объявил (temporal)","gloss":"got down"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лошадей","gloss":"off"},{"surface":"лошадей","lemma":"лошадь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of встал","gloss":"the horses"},{"surface":"объявил","lemma":"объявить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the subordinate clause introduced by что","gloss":"announced"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of привез","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"привез","lemma":"привезти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of объявил","gloss":"had brought"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on тысячи","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of привез","gloss":"thousand"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"b9-c8-s19","source":"— Полно, так ли, Трифон Борисыч, — возразил было Митя, — неужто так-таки положительно объявил, что привез три тысячи?","translation":"\"Come now, is that so, Trifon Borisych,\" Mitya tried to object, \"did I really declare so positively that I'd brought three thousand?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"возразил было","title":"The particle «было» — an action begun but checked","body":"Set beside a past-tense verb, «было» signals that an action was started or attempted but then interrupted or undone: «возразил было» = 'began to object (but…)'. It recurs several times in this chapter («стал было заявлять» s49, «заметил было» s56, «легли было» s42). English has no single word for it; we render it with context — here 'tried to object' — or simply let it fall away."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"неужто так-таки положительно объявил","title":"Incredulous particles «неужто» and «так-таки»","body":"«неужто» (colloquial «неужели») is the particle of astonished disbelief, 'can it really be that…?'; «так-таки» reinforces it, 'so very, really and truly'. Stacked, they voice Mitya's incredulity that he could have declared the sum so flatly."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Полно","title":"«Полно!» — 'Come now, enough of that'","body":"«полно» (literally 'full / enough') is an interjection used to check or remonstrate: 'come now, stop, surely not'. Mitya opens his objection with it, half-protesting, half-coaxing the innkeeper to reconsider."}],"words":[{"surface":"Полно","lemma":"полно","morphology":"interjection","role":"introduces the quoted objection","gloss":"come now"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase \"так ли\"","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так (question particle)","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"Трифон","lemma":"трифон","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Trifon"},{"surface":"Борисыч","lemma":"борисович","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Трифон (vocative apposition)","gloss":"Borisych"},{"surface":"возразил","lemma":"возразить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"objected"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies возразил (indicates an interrupted/attempted action)","gloss":"tried to"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of возразил","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"неужто","lemma":"неужто","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies объявил (interrogative)","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase \"так-таки\"","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase \"так-таки\"","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"положительно","lemma":"положительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies объявил","gloss":"positively"},{"surface":"объявил","lemma":"объявить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"declare"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of привез","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"привез","lemma":"привезти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of объявил","gloss":"brought"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on тысячи","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of привез","gloss":"thousand"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"b9-c8-s20","source":"— Говорили, Митрий Федорович.","translation":"\"You said it, Mitri Fyodorovich.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Говорили","title":"Bare imperfective «говорили» as a flat assertion","body":"A one-word reply, subject dropped: 'You said it.' The imperfective «говорили» states the bare fact that the saying occurred, with no interest in completion — Trifon simply affirms that the words were spoken. The plural is the respectful 'you' addressing Mitya."}],"words":[{"surface":"Говорили","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you said it"},{"surface":"Митрий","lemma":"митрий","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Mitri"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Митрий (vocative apposition)","gloss":"Fyodorovich"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"b9-c8-s21","source":"При Андрее говорили.","translation":"You said it in front of Andrei.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"При Андрее","title":"«при» + prepositional: 'in the presence of'","body":"«при Андрее» = 'in front of / in the presence of Andrei'. The preposition «при» governs the prepositional case and here means 'in the presence of, witnessed by' — Trifon names a witness to clinch the point."}],"words":[{"surface":"При","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Андрее","gloss":"in front of"},{"surface":"Андрее","lemma":"андрей","morphology":"proper noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорили","gloss":"Andrei"},{"surface":"говорили","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you said it"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"b9-c8-s22","source":"Вот он тут сам Андрей, еще не уехал, призовите его.","translation":"There he is, Andrei himself, he hasn't left yet — summon him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вот он тут сам Андрей","title":"Deictic «вот» and intensive «сам»","body":"«вот… тут» points him out on the spot ('there he is, right here'), and «сам» intensifies, 'Andrei himself, in person'. The piled deictics give the line its triumphant, gesturing immediacy."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"призовите его","title":"Imperative «призовите» — 'summon him'","body":"«призовите» is the polite/plural imperative of perfective «призвать» ('to call in, summon'). The perfective imperative urges a single, decisive act: call Andrei in and settle it now."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"presentative, modifies он","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the presentative construction","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies он","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Андрей","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"Андрей","lemma":"андрей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to он","gloss":"Andrei"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уехал","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies уехал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"уехал","lemma":"уехать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"призовите","lemma":"призвать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the third clause","gloss":"summon"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of призовите","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"b9-c8-s23","source":"А там в зале, когда хор потчевали, так прямо закричали, что шестую тысячу здесь оставляете, — с прежними то есть, оно так понимать надо.","translation":"And there in the hall, when you were treating the chorus, you shouted right out that you were leaving your sixth thousand here — with the earlier ones, that is, that's how it's to be understood.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"оно так понимать надо","title":"Impersonal «надо» + infinitive","body":"«так понимать надо» is an impersonal construction of necessity: «надо» plus the infinitive «понимать», 'that's how it must be understood'. There is no nominative subject; «оно» here is a vague filler 'it', not a true subject."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"потчевали","title":"«Потчевать» — to treat, regale","body":"«потчевать» is to ply guests with food and drink, to regale or treat them — slightly old-fashioned and hospitable in tone. «когда хор потчевали» = 'when you were treating the chorus', i.e. standing the gypsy singers drinks."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies закричали","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking зале","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"зале","lemma":"зал","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of там/закричали","gloss":"the hall"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of потчевали","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"хор","lemma":"хор","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of потчевали","gloss":"the chorus"},{"surface":"потчевали","lemma":"потчевать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on закричали","gloss":"were treating"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies закричали","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies закричали","gloss":"outright"},{"surface":"закричали","lemma":"закричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shouted"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of оставляете","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"шестую","lemma":"шестой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies тысячу","gloss":"sixth"},{"surface":"тысячу","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of оставляете","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оставляете","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"оставляете","lemma":"оставлять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of закричали","gloss":"you are leaving"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking прежними","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"прежними","lemma":"прежний","morphology":"adjective (substantivized), instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of с","gloss":"the earlier ones"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase \"то есть\"","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the phrase \"то есть\" (that is)","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"оно","lemma":"оно","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of понимать/надо","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies понимать","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"понимать","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb (predicate)","role":"main predicate of the final clause","gloss":"is to be"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"b9-c8-s24","source":"Степан да Семен слышали, да Петр Фомич Калганов с вами тогда рядом стоял, может, и они тоже запомнили…","translation":"Stepan and Semyon heard it, and Pyotr Fomich Kalganov was standing right beside you then; maybe they remember it too…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Степан да Семен слышали, да Петр Фомич","title":"Folksy connective «да» for «и»","body":"«да» here is the colloquial, additive coordinating conjunction, equivalent to «и» ('and'): 'Stepan and Semyon… and Pyotr Fomich'. This «да» belongs to peasant and folk speech, lending Trifon's roll-call of witnesses a homely cadence."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"запомнили","title":"«Запомнить» — to fix in memory","body":"«запомнить» (perfective, от «помнить») means 'to commit to memory, to retain', not merely 'remember' as a state: 'maybe they too caught and kept it'. The «за-» prefix marks the completed act of registering something."}],"words":[{"surface":"Степан","lemma":"степан","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of слышали","gloss":"Stepan"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links Степан and Семен","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Семен","lemma":"семён","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Степан, subject of слышали","gloss":"Semyon"},{"surface":"слышали","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"heard it"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Петр","lemma":"пётр","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стоял","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Фомич","lemma":"фомич","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Петр","gloss":"Fomich"},{"surface":"Калганов","lemma":"калганов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Петр","gloss":"Kalganov"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вами","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"вами","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of стоял (via с рядом)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стоял","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"рядом","lemma":"рядом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стоял","gloss":"right beside"},{"surface":"стоял","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with слышали","gloss":"was standing"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical modifying запомнили","gloss":"maybe"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of запомнили","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies запомнили","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"запомнили","lemma":"запомнить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with слышали","gloss":"remember it"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"b9-c8-s25","source":"Показание о шестой тысяче принято было с необыкновенным впечатлением допрашивающими.","translation":"The testimony about the sixth thousand was received by the interrogators with extraordinary effect.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Показание… принято было… допрашивающими","title":"Periphrastic passive with instrumental agent","body":"«принято было… допрашивающими» is the classic passive: short past participle «принято» + «было» (here inverted), with the agent in the instrumental, «допрашивающими» ('by the interrogators', itself a present active participle used as a noun). 'The testimony was received by the interrogators.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Показание","lemma":"показание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive принято","gloss":"The testimony"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тысяче","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"шестой","lemma":"шестой","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies тысяче","gloss":"sixth"},{"surface":"тысяче","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Показание","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"принято","lemma":"принять","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was received"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of принято","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking впечатлением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"необыкновенным","lemma":"необыкновенный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies впечатлением","gloss":"extraordinary"},{"surface":"впечатлением","lemma":"впечатление","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of принято","gloss":"effect"},{"surface":"допрашивающими","lemma":"допрашивающий","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle (substantivized), plural, instrumental, imperfective","role":"agent of passive принято","gloss":"by the interrogators"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"b9-c8-s26","source":"Понравилась новая редакция: три да три, значит, шесть, стало быть, три тысячи тогда да три тысячи теперь, вот они и все шесть, выходило ясно.","translation":"The new version pleased them: three and three makes six, which meant three thousand then and three thousand now — there were all six, it came out plainly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Понравилась новая редакция","title":"Dative-experiencer verb «понравиться» with inverted order","body":"«нравиться/понравиться» works dative-first: the thing that pleases is the grammatical subject («редакция»), the one pleased stands in the dative (here unexpressed but understood, 'them'). Fronting the verb — «Понравилась новая редакция» — foregrounds the reaction before naming what caused it."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"редакция… стало быть","title":"«Редакция» and the connective «стало быть»","body":"«редакция» here means a 'version, wording' of the story (not an editorial office). «стало быть» is a discourse marker, 'consequently, therefore, that is to say', stitching the eager arithmetic together — 'three and three makes six, ergo…'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Понравилась","lemma":"понравиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"pleased them"},{"surface":"новая","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies редакция","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"редакция","lemma":"редакция","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of Понравилась","gloss":"version"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"coordinated with три (w6)","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links три (w4) and три (w6)","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"coordinated with три (w4)","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"значит","lemma":"значить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"that means"},{"surface":"шесть","lemma":"шесть","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"complement of значит","gloss":"six"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"part of idiom стало быть (= that is to say)","gloss":"that means","note":"стало быть is a fixed idiom meaning 'that is to say/consequently'."},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стало (idiom стало быть)","gloss":"to say"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"modifies тысячи (w12)","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"quantified by три (w11)","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies тысячи (w12) phrase","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links три тысячи тогда and три тысячи теперь","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"modifies тысячи (w16)","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"quantified by три (w15), parallel to тысячи (w12)","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies тысячи (w16) phrase","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces они (there-they-are)","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of implied вот-clause (there they are)","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies все","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of шесть","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"шесть","lemma":"шесть","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"in apposition to они","gloss":"six"},{"surface":"выходило","lemma":"выходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the final clause (impersonal 'it')","gloss":"it came out"},{"surface":"ясно","lemma":"ясно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выходило","gloss":"clearly"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"b9-c8-s27","source":"Опросили всех указанных Трифоном Борисовичем мужиков, Степана и Семена, ямщика Андрея и Петра Фомича Калганова.","translation":"They questioned all the peasants named by Trifon Borisovich — Stepan and Semyon, Andrei the coachman, and Pyotr Fomich Kalganov.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"всех указанных Трифоном Борисовичем мужиков","title":"Past passive participle phrase «указанных… Трифоном»","body":"«указанных» is a past passive participle ('pointed out, named'), modifying «мужиков» in the accusative plural, with its agent «Трифоном Борисовичем» in the instrumental: 'all the peasants named by Trifon'. A whole relative clause is folded into one declined participle."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ямщика","title":"«Ямщик» — the coachman/post-driver","body":"«ямщик» is a driver of a hired or post carriage, the old Russian institution of the «ям» (post-relay). Andrei the ямщик drove Mitya through the night to Mokroe, which is why his memory of their roadside talk (s29) carries such weight."}],"words":[{"surface":"Опросили","lemma":"опросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they questioned"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of мужиков","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"указанных","lemma":"указать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, genitive, perfective","role":"clause modifying мужиков","gloss":"named"},{"surface":"Трифоном","lemma":"трифон","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"agent of указанных","gloss":"Trifon"},{"surface":"Борисовичем","lemma":"борисович","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Трифоном","gloss":"Borisovich"},{"surface":"мужиков","lemma":"мужик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of Опросили","gloss":"peasants"},{"surface":"Степана","lemma":"степан","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with мужиков","gloss":"Stepan"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Семена","lemma":"семён","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with мужиков","gloss":"Semyon"},{"surface":"ямщика","lemma":"ямщик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with мужиков","gloss":"the coachman"},{"surface":"Андрея","lemma":"андрей","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on ямщика","gloss":"Andrei"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Петра","lemma":"пётр","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with мужиков","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Фомича","lemma":"фомич","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Петра","gloss":"Fomich"},{"surface":"Калганова","lemma":"калганов","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Петра","gloss":"Kalganov"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"b9-c8-s28","source":"Мужики и ямщик не обинуясь подтвердили показание Трифона Борисыча.","translation":"The peasants and the coachman confirmed Trifon Borisych's testimony without hesitation.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не обинуясь подтвердили","title":"Gerund «не обинуясь» again, with a perfective main verb","body":"The archaic gerund «обинуясь» ('hesitating') returns, negated: 'without hesitation they confirmed'. The adverbial participle modifies the perfective «подтвердили», whose single completed act it accompanies — the muzhiks back Trifon promptly and without wavering."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мужики","lemma":"мужик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of подтвердили","gloss":"the peasants"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ямщик","lemma":"ямщик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Мужики","gloss":"the coachman"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies обинуясь","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"обинуясь","lemma":"обинуться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on подтвердили","gloss":"hesitating","note":"'не обинуясь' is an archaic fixed phrase meaning 'without evasion/hesitation'."},{"surface":"подтвердили","lemma":"подтвердить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"confirmed"},{"surface":"показание","lemma":"показание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of подтвердили","gloss":"testimony"},{"surface":"Трифона","lemma":"трифон","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies показание","gloss":"Trifon's"},{"surface":"Борисыча","lemma":"борисович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Трифона","gloss":"Borisych's"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"b9-c8-s29","source":"Кроме того, особенно записали, со слов Андрея, о разговоре его с Митей дорогой насчет того, «куда, дескать, я, Дмитрий Федорович, попаду: на небо аль в ад, и простят ли мне на том свете аль нет?»","translation":"Besides this, they took down with particular care, from Andrei's words, an account of his conversation with Mitya on the road about \"where, say, I'm going to end up, Dmitri Fyodorovich — to heaven or to hell, and whether they'll forgive me in the next world or not?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"со слов Андрея","title":"Idiom «со слов» + genitive: 'from the words of'","body":"«со слов Андрея» = 'from Andrei's account', a fixed phrase with «с(о)» + genitive meaning 'on the testimony / report of'. It frames the recorded passage as Andrei's reported speech rather than the narrator's."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"куда… попаду… простят ли мне","title":"Perfective future and «ли» in Mitya's question","body":"«попаду» is the perfective simple future ('where will I end up'); «простят ли мне» embeds a yes/no question with «ли», 'whether they will forgive me'. The dative «мне» is the one to whom forgiveness is granted."}],"words":[{"surface":"Кроме","lemma":"кроме","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"part of idiom кроме того (besides this)","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"особенно","lemma":"особенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies записали","gloss":"with particular care"},{"surface":"записали","lemma":"записать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they wrote down"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking слов","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"слов","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of записали","gloss":"the words"},{"surface":"Андрея","lemma":"андрей","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies слов","gloss":"Andrei's"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking разговоре","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"разговоре","lemma":"разговор","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of записали","gloss":"conversation"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies разговоре","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Митей","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Митей","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies разговоре","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"дорогой","lemma":"дорога","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies разговоре","gloss":"along the way"},{"surface":"насчет","lemma":"насчёт","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom насчёт того (regarding)","gloss":"regarding"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"introduces the куда-clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"куда","lemma":"куда","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the quoted clause","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"дескать","lemma":"дескать","morphology":"particle","role":"reported-speech marker in the quoted clause","gloss":"so he says","note":"дескать is a quotative particle flagging reported/quoted speech, not a verb."},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of попаду","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to я","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрий","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"попаду","lemma":"попасть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"will end up"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking небо","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"небо","lemma":"небо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of попаду","gloss":"heaven"},{"surface":"аль","lemma":"аль","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates небо and ад","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ад","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ад","lemma":"ад","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with небо","gloss":"hell"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"простят","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with попаду","gloss":"will they forgive"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies простят","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of простят","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking свете","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of свете","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"свете","lemma":"свет","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of простят","gloss":"world"},{"surface":"аль","lemma":"аль","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates простят and нет","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"elliptical coordinate of простят (or not)","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"b9-c8-s30","source":"«Психолог» Ипполит Кириллович выслушал всё это с тонкою улыбкой и кончил тем, что и это показание о том, куда Дмитрий Федорович попадет, порекомендовал «приобщить к делу».","translation":"The \"psychologist\" Ippolit Kirillovich heard all this out with a subtle smile and ended by recommending that this testimony too, about where Dmitri Fyodorovich would end up, be \"entered in the file.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"кончил тем, что… порекомендовал","title":"Correlative «кончил тем, что…»","body":"«кончить тем, что…» ('to end by [doing]') uses the instrumental correlative «тем» pointing forward to a «что»-clause: 'ended with the fact that he recommended'. A common bookish frame for narrating how an action concluded."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Психолог","title":"«Психолог» — the ironic epithet","body":"The narrator dubs the prosecutor Ippolit Kirillovich «„психолог“» in scare-quotes, mocking his pretension to read souls. The label recurs through the trial books as a running jab at his over-clever, theory-driven reading of Mitya."}],"words":[{"surface":"Психолог","lemma":"психолог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выслушал","gloss":"the 'psychologist'"},{"surface":"Ипполит","lemma":"ипполит","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Психолог","gloss":"Ippolit"},{"surface":"Кириллович","lemma":"кириллович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Ипполит","gloss":"Kirillovich"},{"surface":"выслушал","lemma":"выслушать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"heard out"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of это","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of выслушал","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking улыбкой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"тонкою","lemma":"тонкий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies улыбкой","gloss":"subtle"},{"surface":"улыбкой","lemma":"улыбка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выслушал","gloss":"smile"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"кончил","lemma":"кончить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with выслушал","gloss":"ended"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of кончил","gloss":"with this"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of порекомендовал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies это","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of показание","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"показание","lemma":"показание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"topic/logical object of приобщить, fronted","gloss":"testimony"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies показание","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"куда","lemma":"куда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies попадет","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of попадет","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрий","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"попадет","lemma":"попасть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying том","gloss":"would end up"},{"surface":"порекомендовал","lemma":"порекомендовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the что-clause (complement of тем)","gloss":"recommended"},{"surface":"приобщить","lemma":"приобщить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of порекомендовал","gloss":"be entered"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking делу","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"делу","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of приобщить","gloss":"the file"}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"b9-c8-s31","source":"Спрошенный Калганов вошел нехотя, хмурый, капризный, и разговаривал с прокурором и с Николаем Парфеновичем так, как бы в первый раз увидел их в жизни, тогда как был давний и ежедневный их знакомый.","translation":"When Kalganov was summoned he came in reluctantly, sullen and peevish, and talked with the prosecutor and Nikolai Parfenovich as though he were seeing them for the first time in his life, when in fact he had long been their daily acquaintance.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Спрошенный Калганов вошел","title":"Past passive participle as attribute: «спрошенный Калганов»","body":"«спрошенный» ('[when] questioned, summoned') is a past passive participle placed attributively before the noun: 'Kalganov, on being summoned, came in'. The participle absorbs a whole temporal clause into a single adjectival word."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"так, как бы в первый раз увидел их","title":"«как бы» + past: feigned circumstance","body":"«как бы… увидел» ('as though he were seeing them for the first time') uses «как бы» with a past-form verb to mark a pretended or merely apparent situation. «тогда как» then introduces the flat contradiction: 'whereas in fact…'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"нехотя, хмурый, капризный","title":"Kalganov's mood: «нехотя… капризный»","body":"«нехотя» is an adverb 'reluctantly, unwillingly' (от «не хотеть»); «хмурый» 'sullen, frowning'; «капризный» 'peevish, petulant'. The triad sketches the spoilt young man's resentful manner — the indignation that frames his whole reluctant testimony."}],"words":[{"surface":"Спрошенный","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Калганов","gloss":"summoned"},{"surface":"Калганов","lemma":"калганов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вошел","gloss":"Kalganov"},{"surface":"вошел","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came in"},{"surface":"нехотя","lemma":"нехотя","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вошел","gloss":"reluctantly"},{"surface":"хмурый","lemma":"хмурый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"secondary predicate on Калганов","gloss":"sullen"},{"surface":"капризный","lemma":"капризный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with хмурый","gloss":"peevish"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"разговаривал","lemma":"разговаривать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with вошел","gloss":"talked"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking прокурором","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"прокурором","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of разговаривал","gloss":"the prosecutor"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Николаем","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Николаем","lemma":"николай","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with прокурором","gloss":"Nikolai"},{"surface":"Парфеновичем","lemma":"парфёнович","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Николаем","gloss":"Parfenovich"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies разговаривал","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of idiom как бы (as if)","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom как бы (as if)","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"первый","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of увидел","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"увидел","lemma":"увидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the как бы comparison clause","gloss":"were seeing"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of увидел","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизни","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"жизни","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of увидел","gloss":"his life"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of idiom тогда как (whereas)","gloss":"whereas"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of idiom тогда как (whereas)","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the тогда как clause","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"давний","lemma":"давний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies знакомый","gloss":"long-standing"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ежедневный","lemma":"ежедневный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with давний","gloss":"daily"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies знакомый","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"знакомый","lemma":"знакомый","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"acquaintance"}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"b9-c8-s32","source":"Он начал с того, что «ничего этого не знает и знать не хочет».","translation":"He began by saying that he \"knew nothing of all this and didn't wish to know.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ничего этого не знает и знать не хочет","title":"Genitive of negation: «ничего этого не знает»","body":"The negative pronoun «ничего» plus negated «не знает» shows negative concord, and the object «этого» stands in the genitive under negation: 'knows nothing of this'. The fronted infinitive in «знать не хочет» ('won't even know') echoes the s16 pattern of emphatic refusal."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of начал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of начал (idiom начал с того, что)","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of знает","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"subject of знает","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies ничего (partitive)","gloss":"of this"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знает","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знает","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying того","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"знать","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хочет","gloss":"to know"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хочет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хочет","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with знает","gloss":"wants"}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"b9-c8-s33","source":"Но о шестой тысяче, оказалось, слышал и он, признался, что в ту минуту подле стоял.","translation":"But it turned out that he too had heard about the sixth thousand, and he admitted that at that moment he had been standing nearby.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"оказалось, слышал и он","title":"Parenthetical «оказалось» + emphatic «и он»","body":"«оказалось» ('it turned out') is dropped in parenthetically; the particle «и» before «он» means 'he too', conceding that even reluctant Kalganov had heard. The construction reverses his earlier denial without a formal subordinator."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тысяче","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"шестой","lemma":"шестой","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies тысяче","gloss":"sixth"},{"surface":"тысяче","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of слышал","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"оказалось","lemma":"оказаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb, governs the слышал clause","gloss":"it turned out"},{"surface":"слышал","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal subject of оказалось","gloss":"had heard"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies он","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of слышал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"признался","lemma":"признаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with слышал","gloss":"admitted"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of стоял","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ту","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуту","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стоял","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"подле","lemma":"подле","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стоял","gloss":"nearby"},{"surface":"стоял","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of признался","gloss":"had been standing"}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"b9-c8-s34","source":"На его взгляд, денег было у Мити в руках «не знаю сколько».","translation":"In his estimation, the money in Mitya's hands had been \"I don't know how much.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"денег было у Мити в руках","title":"Genitive subject with «было»: «денег было»","body":"«денег было» = 'there was [some] money'; under the existential «было», the quantified subject «деньги» goes into the genitive («денег»). The whole frame is impersonal — money is present in Mitya's hands, but framed as an indefinite amount, leading to «„не знаю сколько“»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"На его взгляд","title":"«На его взгляд» — 'in his view'","body":"A set phrase, «на (чей-то) взгляд» = 'in someone's estimation/opinion', literally 'to his eye'. It tags the following claim as Kalganov's personal impression rather than established fact."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking взгляд","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of взгляд","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"взгляд","lemma":"взгляд","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"part of idiom на его взгляд (in his view)","gloss":"view"},{"surface":"денег","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"subject of было","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (existential)","gloss":"there was"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Мити","gloss":"at","note":"у + genitive (Мити) marks possession ('at Mitya's / in Mitya's possession'); 'in' duplicates the sense already carried by 'в руках' and misleads on what у itself means."},{"surface":"Мити","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"Mitya's"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руках","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"руках","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"modifies Мити","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of quoted clause","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"сколько","lemma":"сколько","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"direct object of знаю","gloss":"how much"}]},{"number":35,"label":"35","id":"b9-c8-s35","source":"Насчет того, что поляки в картах передернули, показал утвердительно.","translation":"As to the Poles having cheated at cards, he testified in the affirmative.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что поляки в картах передернули, показал утвердительно","title":"Fronted «что»-clause before the main verb","body":"The reported content «что поляки… передёрнули» is fronted before its governing verb «показал», a literary inversion that throws the accusation forward. «передёрнуть (в картах)» is the precise verb for cheating by sleight of hand with the cards."}],"words":[{"surface":"Насчет","lemma":"насчёт","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"as to"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of показал","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of передернули","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"поляки","lemma":"поляк","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of передернули","gloss":"the Poles"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking картах","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"картах","lemma":"карта","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"modifies поляки","gloss":"cards"},{"surface":"передернули","lemma":"передёрнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"clause modifying того","gloss":"cheated"},{"surface":"показал","lemma":"показать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"testified"},{"surface":"утвердительно","lemma":"утвердительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies показал","gloss":"affirmatively"}]},{"number":36,"label":"36","id":"b9-c8-s36","source":"Объяснил тоже, на повторенные расспросы, что по изгнании поляков действительно дела Мити у Аграфены Александровны поправились и что она сама сказала, что его любит.","translation":"He also explained, in answer to repeated questions, that after the Poles were driven out Mitya's affairs with Agrafena Alexandrovna had indeed taken a turn for the better, and that she herself had said she loved him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"по изгнании поляков","title":"Bookish «по» + prepositional: 'after the expulsion'","body":"«по изгнании поляков» = 'after the Poles were driven out'. In the high register, «по» + the prepositional of a verbal noun («изгнание» → «изгнании») means 'after, upon' the event — a compact, official-sounding way to date the change."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"дела Мити… поправились","title":"Reflexive «поправиться»: things 'mended themselves'","body":"«поправились» is the «-ся» middle of «поправить»: «дела поправились» = 'matters took a turn for the better, improved' — the affairs mend of their own accord, with no agent. A standard idiom for fortunes mending."}],"words":[{"surface":"Объяснил","lemma":"объяснить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"explained"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Объяснил","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking расспросы","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"повторенные","lemma":"повторить","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies расспросы","gloss":"repeated"},{"surface":"расспросы","lemma":"расспрос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of Объяснил","gloss":"questions"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of поправились","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking изгнании","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"изгнании","lemma":"изгнание","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of поправились","gloss":"expulsion"},{"surface":"поляков","lemma":"поляк","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies изгнании","gloss":"of the Poles"},{"surface":"действительно","lemma":"действительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поправились","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"дела","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of поправились","gloss":"affairs"},{"surface":"Мити","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дела","gloss":"Mitya's"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Аграфены","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Аграфены","lemma":"аграфена","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поправились","gloss":"Agrafena's"},{"surface":"Александровны","lemma":"александровна","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Аграфены","gloss":"Alexandrovna's"},{"surface":"поправились","lemma":"поправиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of Объяснил","gloss":"had improved"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сказала","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of сказала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"сама","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies она","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"сказала","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with поправились","gloss":"had said"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of любит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of любит","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"любит","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of сказала","gloss":"loves"}]},{"number":37,"label":"37","id":"b9-c8-s37","source":"Об Аграфене Александровне изъяснялся сдержанно и почтительно, как будто она была самого лучшего общества барыня, и даже ни разу не позволил себе назвать ее «Грушенькой».","translation":"Of Agrafena Alexandrovna he spoke with reserve and respect, as though she were a lady of the very best society, and he did not once permit himself to call her \"Grushenka.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как будто она была самого лучшего общества барыня","title":"«как будто» + genitive of quality «самого лучшего общества»","body":"«как будто» ('as if') opens a feigned comparison. «самого лучшего общества» is a genitive of quality, 'a lady of the very best society', where «самого лучшего» is the superlative «самый» declined with the adjective in the genitive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ни разу не позволил себе назвать ее","title":"«ни разу… не» — emphatic 'not once'","body":"«ни разу… не позволил» uses «ни» + «не» negative concord to mean 'not a single time did he allow himself'. «себе» is the dative reflexive ('permit himself'), and «назвать» the perfective infinitive of the act he refrained from."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"барыня","title":"«Барыня» — a lady of the gentry","body":"«барыня» is the mistress of a gentry household, a lady of the upper class (feminine of «барин»). Treating Grushenka — a kept woman of murky origins — «как… барыня» is precisely the elevation Kalganov insists on, and the narrator marks it as telling."}],"words":[{"surface":"Об","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Аграфене","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Аграфене","lemma":"аграфена","morphology":"proper noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of изъяснялся","gloss":"Agrafena"},{"surface":"Александровне","lemma":"александровна","morphology":"proper noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Аграфене","gloss":"Alexandrovna"},{"surface":"изъяснялся","lemma":"изъясняться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"сдержанно","lemma":"сдержанно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies изъяснялся","gloss":"with reserve"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"почтительно","lemma":"почтительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with сдержанно","gloss":"respectfully"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of idiom как будто (as though)","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom как будто (as though)","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of была","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking она to барыня","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies лучшего","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"лучшего","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies общества","gloss":"best"},{"surface":"общества","lemma":"общество","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies барыня","gloss":"society"},{"surface":"барыня","lemma":"барыня","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of была","gloss":"a lady"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies позволил","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom ни разу (not once)","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"разу","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of позволил","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies позволил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"позволил","lemma":"позволить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with изъяснялся","gloss":"did permit"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of позволил","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"назвать","lemma":"назвать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of позволил","gloss":"to call"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of назвать","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"Грушенькой","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"complement of назвать","gloss":"'Grushenka'"}]},{"number":38,"label":"38","id":"b9-c8-s38","source":"Несмотря на видимое отвращение молодого человека показывать, Ипполит Кириллович расспрашивал его долго и лишь от него узнал все подробности того, что составляло, так сказать, «роман» Мити в эту ночь.","translation":"Despite the young man's evident reluctance to testify, Ippolit Kirillovich questioned him at length, and only from him learned all the particulars of what made up, so to speak, Mitya's \"romance\" that night.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Несмотря на видимое отвращение… показывать","title":"«несмотря на» + accusative concessive","body":"«несмотря на» ('despite, notwithstanding') governs the accusative «отвращение»; the infinitive «показывать» complements it ('reluctance to testify'). The whole phrase concedes Kalganov's unwillingness before the main clause overrides it."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"лишь от него узнал","title":"Restrictive «лишь» + «от» of source","body":"«лишь» ('only') restricts the source: «лишь от него узнал» = 'learned only from him'. «от него» (genitive after «от») marks the person from whom the knowledge came — Kalganov alone supplied the particulars."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"«роман»","title":"«Роман» — both 'novel' and 'love affair'","body":"«роман» in scare-quotes plays on its double sense: a 'novel' and a 'romance/love-affair'. Ippolit Kirillovich, the literary 'psychologist', reconstructs Mitya's night as a «роман» — a plotted story of passion — and the quotes flag the narrator's irony at the conceit."}],"words":[{"surface":"Несмотря","lemma":"несмотря","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of idiom несмотря на (despite)","gloss":"despite"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отвращение (idiom несмотря на)","gloss":"despite"},{"surface":"видимое","lemma":"видимый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies отвращение","gloss":"evident"},{"surface":"отвращение","lemma":"отвращение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of Несмотря на","gloss":"reluctance"},{"surface":"молодого","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человека","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"possessor of отвращение","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"показывать","lemma":"показывать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"infinitive complement of отвращение","gloss":"to show"},{"surface":"Ипполит","lemma":"ипполит","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of расспрашивал","gloss":"Ippolit"},{"surface":"Кириллович","lemma":"кириллович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Ипполит","gloss":"Kirillovich"},{"surface":"расспрашивал","lemma":"расспрашивать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"questioned"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of расспрашивал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"долго","lemma":"долго","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies расспрашивал","gloss":"at length"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies от него","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of узнал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"узнал","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with расспрашивал","gloss":"learned"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of подробности","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"подробности","lemma":"подробность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of узнал","gloss":"particulars"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies подробности","gloss":"of what"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of составляло","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"составляло","lemma":"составлять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying того","gloss":"made up"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of idiom так сказать (so to speak)","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"part of idiom так сказать (so to speak)","gloss":"to speak"},{"surface":"роман","lemma":"роман","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of составляло","gloss":"the 'romance'"},{"surface":"Мити","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on роман","gloss":"Mitya's"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ночь","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ночь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ночь","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of составляло","gloss":"night"}]},{"number":39,"label":"39","id":"b9-c8-s39","source":"Митя ни разу не остановил Калганова.","translation":"Mitya did not once stop Kalganov.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Митя ни разу не остановил Калганова","title":"«ни разу… не» with a perfective verb","body":"Again «ни разу… не» ('not once'), here with perfective «остановил' ('stopped/interrupted'). The negated perfective denies that even one such completed act occurred — Mitya let Kalganov speak entirely unchecked."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of остановил","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom ни разу (not once)","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"разу","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of остановил","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies остановил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"остановил","lemma":"остановить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stop"},{"surface":"Калганова","lemma":"калганов","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of остановил","gloss":"Kalganov"}]},{"number":40,"label":"40","id":"b9-c8-s40","source":"Наконец юношу отпустили, и он удалился с нескрываемым негодованием.","translation":"At last the young man was released, and he withdrew with undisguised indignation.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"юношу отпустили","title":"Subjectless 3rd-plural: «отпустили»","body":"«отпустили» is an indefinite-personal construction — a bare 3rd-person plural with no stated subject, meaning 'they released [him]' / 'he was released'. Russian uses this for actions by unnamed authorities, much as English uses the passive. «юношу» is the animate accusative object."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"удалился с нескрываемым негодованием","title":"«Удалиться» and «нескрываемый»","body":"«удалиться» (reflexive) is a dignified 'to withdraw, retire'. «нескрываемый» ('undisguised, unconcealed') is a negated present passive participle in -емый — the bookish formation noted earlier — capturing Kalganov's open, sulking indignation as he leaves."}],"words":[{"surface":"Наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отпустили","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"юношу","lemma":"юноша","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of отпустили","gloss":"the young man"},{"surface":"отпустили","lemma":"отпустить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was released"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of удалился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"удалился","lemma":"удалиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with отпустили","gloss":"withdrew"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking негодованием","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"нескрываемым","lemma":"нескрываемый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies негодованием","gloss":"undisguised"},{"surface":"негодованием","lemma":"негодование","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of удалился","gloss":"indignation"}]},{"number":41,"label":"41","id":"b9-c8-s41","source":"Допросили и поляков.","translation":"They questioned the Poles as well.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Допросили и поляков","title":"Indefinite 3rd-plural + additive «и»","body":"Another subjectless 3rd-plural, «допросили» ('they questioned'), with «и» meaning 'as well / too': 'the Poles were questioned too'. «поляков» is animate accusative plural (borrowing the genitive form)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Допросили","lemma":"допросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they questioned"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поляков","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"поляков","lemma":"поляк","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of Допросили","gloss":"the Poles"}]},{"number":42,"label":"42","id":"b9-c8-s42","source":"Они в своей комнатке хоть и легли было спать, но во всю ночь не заснули, а с прибытием властей поскорей оделись и прибрались, сами понимая, что их непременно потребуют.","translation":"In their little room they had indeed lain down to sleep, but they had not slept a wink all night, and on the arrival of the authorities they had hastily dressed and tidied themselves, understanding of their own accord that they would certainly be sent for.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"хоть и легли было спать","title":"Concessive «хоть и» + «было»","body":"«хоть и… но» ('though… yet') frames the concession; «легли было спать» again uses the particle «было» for an action begun but undone — 'they had lain down to sleep [but]…'. The pairing sets up the contrast with «во всю ночь не заснули'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сами понимая, что их непременно потребуют","title":"Present gerund «понимая» + future «потребуют»","body":"«понимая» is an imperfective present gerund ('understanding'), sharing the subject (the Poles) and running simultaneous with the main verbs. Its «что»-clause holds the indefinite 3rd-plural future «потребуют» ('they would be sent for'). «сами' adds 'of their own accord'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"комнатке","title":"Diminutive «комнатка»","body":"«комнатка» is the diminutive of «комната» ('room'), here conveying a small, cramped chamber — perhaps with a faint slighting tint suited to the down-at-heel Poles' lodging. The narrator uses it again in s55 («в той комнатке»)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of легли","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнатке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of комнатке","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"комнатке","lemma":"комнатка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of легли","gloss":"little room"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause on легли","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase хоть","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"легли","lemma":"лечь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had lain down"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"particle, past, imperfective","role":"auxiliary particle modifying легли","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"спать","lemma":"спать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of легли","gloss":"to sleep"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ночь","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ночь","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"ночь","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заснули","gloss":"night"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies заснули","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"заснули","lemma":"заснуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with легли","gloss":"fell asleep"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking прибытием","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"прибытием","lemma":"прибытие","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of оделись","gloss":"arrival"},{"surface":"властей","lemma":"власть","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies прибытием","gloss":"of the authorities"},{"surface":"поскорей","lemma":"поскорей","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies оделись","gloss":"hastily"},{"surface":"оделись","lemma":"одеться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with заснули","gloss":"dressed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"прибрались","lemma":"прибраться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with оделись","gloss":"tidied themselves"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"emphasizes the subject of понимая","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"понимая","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on оделись","gloss":"understanding"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of потребуют","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of потребуют","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies потребуют","gloss":"certainly"},{"surface":"потребуют","lemma":"потребовать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of понимая","gloss":"would be sent for"}]},{"number":43,"label":"43","id":"b9-c8-s43","source":"Явились они с достоинством, хотя и не без некоторого страху.","translation":"They presented themselves with dignity, though not without a certain fright.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не без некоторого страху","title":"Litotes «не без» + old genitive «страху»","body":"«не без» ('not without') is a double-negative understatement, 'with a certain'. «страху» is the old partitive genitive in -у (beside modern «страха»), still frequent in 19th-century prose with mass nouns — a period flavour."}],"words":[{"surface":"Явились","lemma":"явиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"presented themselves"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of Явились","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking достоинством","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"достоинством","lemma":"достоинство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of Явились","gloss":"dignity"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause on Явились","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase хотя","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies без","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking страху","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"некоторого","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of страху","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"страху","lemma":"страх","morphology":"noun, genitive (partitive), masculine, singular","role":"object of без","gloss":"fright"}]},{"number":44,"label":"44","id":"b9-c8-s44","source":"Главный, то есть маленький пан, оказался чиновником двенадцатого класса в отставке, служил в Сибири ветеринаром, по фамилии же был пан Муссялович.","translation":"The chief one, that is the little Pole, turned out to be a retired civil servant of the twelfth class, who had served in Siberia as a veterinarian; his surname was Pan Mussyalovich.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"оказался чиновником двенадцатого класса","title":"Instrumental predicate after «оказаться»","body":"«оказаться» ('to turn out to be') takes its predicate in the instrumental: «оказался чиновником…» = 'turned out to be a civil servant…'. The instrumental frames the identity as a discovered role; the same pattern recurs in s45 («оказался… дантистом»)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пан","title":"«Пан» — the Polish 'sir'","body":"«пан» is the Polish title of address, 'mister/sir/lord', which Dostoevsky keeps on the two Poles to mark their nationality and their faded pretension. «маленький пан» = 'the little Pole'; the word itself signals their foreignness in the Russian courtroom."}],"words":[{"surface":"Главный","lemma":"главный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of оказался","gloss":"the chief one"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase то есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the phrase то есть","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"маленький","lemma":"маленький","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пан","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"пан","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Главный","gloss":"Pan"},{"surface":"оказался","lemma":"оказаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"turned out"},{"surface":"чиновником","lemma":"чиновник","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of оказался","gloss":"a civil servant"},{"surface":"двенадцатого","lemma":"двенадцатый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies класса","gloss":"twelfth"},{"surface":"класса","lemma":"класс","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies чиновником","gloss":"class"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отставке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"отставке","lemma":"отставка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of оказался","gloss":"retirement"},{"surface":"служил","lemma":"служить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with оказался","gloss":"had served"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Сибири","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Сибири","lemma":"Сибирь","morphology":"proper noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of служил","gloss":"Siberia"},{"surface":"ветеринаром","lemma":"ветеринар","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of служил","gloss":"as a veterinarian"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase по фамилии","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"фамилии","lemma":"фамилия","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of был","gloss":"surname"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies фамилии","gloss":"as for"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"пан","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"Pan"},{"surface":"Муссялович","lemma":"Муссялович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on пан","gloss":"Mussyalovich"}]},{"number":45,"label":"45","id":"b9-c8-s45","source":"Пан же Врублевский оказался вольнопрактикующим дантистом, по-русски зубным врачом.","translation":"Pan Vrublevsky turned out to be a freelance dentist, in Russian a tooth-doctor.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"оказался вольнопрактикующим дантистом","title":"Instrumental predicate + participial adjective","body":"Parallel to s44: «оказался… дантистом» (instrumental after «оказаться»). «вольнопрактикующим» is a present-participle-based adjective, 'freelance / privately practising', agreeing in the instrumental — bookish compounding typical of the register."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"дантистом, по-русски зубным врачом","title":"«Дантист» glossed as «зубной врач»","body":"The narrator pointedly translates the fancy foreign «дантист» into plain Russian «зубной врач» ('tooth-doctor'). The little gloss «по-русски» ('in Russian') quietly mocks Pan Vrublevsky's pretentious foreign label for an ordinary trade."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пан","lemma":"пан","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of оказался","gloss":"Pan"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Пан","gloss":"for his part"},{"surface":"Врублевский","lemma":"Врублевский","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Пан","gloss":"Vrublevsky"},{"surface":"оказался","lemma":"оказаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"turned out"},{"surface":"вольнопрактикующим","lemma":"вольнопрактикующий","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, instrumental, imperfective","role":"modifies дантистом","gloss":"freelance"},{"surface":"дантистом","lemma":"дантист","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of оказался","gloss":"a dentist"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase по-русски","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"русски","lemma":"русски","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase по-русски","gloss":"Russian"},{"surface":"зубным","lemma":"зубной","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies врачом","gloss":"tooth"},{"surface":"врачом","lemma":"врач","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to дантистом","gloss":"doctor"}]},{"number":46,"label":"46","id":"b9-c8-s46","source":"Оба они как вошли в комнату, так тотчас же, несмотря на вопросы Николая Парфеновича, стали обращаться с ответами к стоявшему в стороне Михаилу Макаровичу, принимая его, по неведению, за главный чин и начальствующее здесь лицо и называя его с каждым словом: «пане пулковнику».","translation":"The moment the two of them entered the room, despite Nikolai Parfenovich's questions they at once began directing their answers to Mikhail Makarovich, who was standing off to one side, taking him, in their ignorance, for the chief official and the presiding authority here, and addressing him with every word as \"pane pulkovniku\" — \"sir colonel.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как вошли… так тотчас же стали обращаться","title":"Correlative «как… так» of immediate sequence","body":"«как… так тотчас же…» links two clauses as 'no sooner… than': 'the moment they entered, they at once began…'. «стали обращаться» is «стать» + imperfective infinitive marking the inception of an ongoing action."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"принимая его… за главный чин","title":"Gerund «принимая… за»: 'taking him for'","body":"«принимая… за» is a present gerund of «принимать за» ('to take/mistake X for Y'), with «его» accusative and «за главный чин» the role mistaken. The gerund runs simultaneous with the main verb and shares its subject (the Poles)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пане пулковнику","title":"Polish vocative «pane pułkowniku»","body":"The Poles address Mikhail Makarovich «пане пулковнику» — Polish for 'sir colonel', complete with the Polish vocative endings (-e, -u) that Russian itself has lost. The comic blunder (he is no colonel) flags both their foreignness and their fawning deference to the wrong man."}],"words":[{"surface":"Оба","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine","role":"depends on они","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of вошли","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вошли","gloss":"as soon as"},{"surface":"вошли","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the temporal clause","gloss":"entered"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнату","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"комнату","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вошли","gloss":"room"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"correlates with как, modifies тотчас","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стали","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"несмотря","lemma":"несмотря","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вопросы","gloss":"despite"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase несмотря","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"вопросы","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of несмотря","gloss":"questions"},{"surface":"Николая","lemma":"Николай","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вопросы","gloss":"Nikolai's"},{"surface":"Парфеновича","lemma":"Парфёнович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Николая","gloss":"Parfenovich's"},{"surface":"стали","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"обращаться","lemma":"обращаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стали","gloss":"to address themselves"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ответами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ответами","lemma":"ответ","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of обращаться","gloss":"answers"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Михаилу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"стоявшему","lemma":"стоявший","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, dative, imperfective","role":"modifies Михаилу","gloss":"standing"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стороне","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"стороне","lemma":"сторона","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стоявшему","gloss":"one side"},{"surface":"Михаилу","lemma":"Михаил","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"object of к","gloss":"Mikhail"},{"surface":"Макаровичу","lemma":"Макарович","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Михаилу","gloss":"Makarovich"},{"surface":"принимая","lemma":"принимать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on обращаться","gloss":"taking"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of принимая","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking неведению","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"неведению","lemma":"неведение","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of принимая","gloss":"ignorance"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чин","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"главный","lemma":"главный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies чин","gloss":"chief"},{"surface":"чин","lemma":"чин","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of принимая","gloss":"official"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"начальствующее","lemma":"начальствующий","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, neuter, singular, accusative, imperfective","role":"modifies лицо","gloss":"presiding"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начальствующее","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with чин","gloss":"authority"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"называя","lemma":"называть","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with принимая","gloss":"calling"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of называя","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking словом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"каждым","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of словом","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"словом","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of называя","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"пане","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to словом","gloss":"sir","note":"Polish-accented vocative form of \"пан,\" mimicking the Poles' accent — the quoted address means \"sir colonel.\""},{"surface":"пулковнику","lemma":"полковник","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on пане","gloss":"colonel"}]},{"number":47,"label":"47","id":"b9-c8-s47","source":"И только после нескольких разов и наставления самого Михаила Макаровича догадались, что надобно обращаться с ответами лишь к Николаю Парфеновичу.","translation":"Only after several attempts and a directive from Mikhail Makarovich himself did they realize that they were to address their answers solely to Nikolai Parfenovich.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"догадались, что надобно обращаться","title":"Archaic «надобно» + infinitive of necessity","body":"«надобно» is the bookish/archaic equivalent of «надо/нужно» ('it is necessary'), governing the infinitive «обращаться» in an impersonal construction. The «что»-clause reports what the Poles realized: that they must address Nikolai Parfenovich alone."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"после нескольких разов и наставления","title":"Genitive after «после» and «несколько»","body":"«после» governs the genitive («наставления»), and the quantifier «несколько» ('several') itself takes a genitive plural «разов». Note the colloquial «разов» beside standard «раз» as genitive plural of «раз»."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies после","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking разов","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"нескольких","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies разов","gloss":"several"},{"surface":"разов","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of после","gloss":"attempts"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"наставления","lemma":"наставление","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with разов","gloss":"a directive"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"сам","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Михаила","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"Михаила","lemma":"Михаил","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies наставления","gloss":"Mikhail"},{"surface":"Макаровича","lemma":"Макарович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Михаила","gloss":"Makarovich"},{"surface":"догадались","lemma":"догадаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"realized"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of надобно","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"надобно","lemma":"надобно","morphology":"predicative, neuter","role":"clausal complement of догадались","gloss":"it was necessary"},{"surface":"обращаться","lemma":"обращаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on надобно","gloss":"to address themselves"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ответами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ответами","lemma":"ответ","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of обращаться","gloss":"answers"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Николаю","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Николаю","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Николаю","lemma":"Николай","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обращаться","gloss":"Nikolai"},{"surface":"Парфеновичу","lemma":"Парфёнович","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Николаю","gloss":"Parfenovich"}]},{"number":48,"label":"48","id":"b9-c8-s48","source":"Оказалось, что по-русски они умели даже весьма и весьма правильно говорить, кроме разве выговора иных слов.","translation":"It turned out that they could speak Russian very, very correctly indeed, save perhaps for the pronunciation of certain words.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"по-русски они умели… говорить, кроме разве выговора","title":"Hedging «кроме разве» + genitive","body":"«кроме разве» ('save perhaps') hedges the claim; «кроме» governs the genitive «выговора иных слов» ('the pronunciation of certain words'). «разве» here is the particle of tentative exception. The doubled «весьма и весьма» ('very, very') is intensifying repetition."}],"words":[{"surface":"Оказалось","lemma":"оказаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"it turned out"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of умели","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase по-русски","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"русски","lemma":"русски","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase по-русски","gloss":"Russian"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of умели","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"умели","lemma":"уметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of Оказалось","gloss":"were able"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies весьма","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"весьма","lemma":"весьма","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорить","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"весьма","lemma":"весьма","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies правильно","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"правильно","lemma":"правильно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with весьма","gloss":"correctly"},{"surface":"говорить","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of умели","gloss":"speak"},{"surface":"кроме","lemma":"кроме","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking выговора","gloss":"except"},{"surface":"разве","lemma":"разве","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase кроме","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"выговора","lemma":"выговор","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of кроме","gloss":"pronunciation"},{"surface":"иных","lemma":"иной","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies слов","gloss":"certain"},{"surface":"слов","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"modifies выговора","gloss":"words"}]},{"number":49,"label":"49","id":"b9-c8-s49","source":"Об отношениях своих к Грушеньке, прежних и теперешних, пан Муссялович стал было заявлять горячо и гордо, так что Митя сразу вышел из себя и закричал, что не позволит «подлецу» при себе так говорить.","translation":"About his relations with Grushenka, past and present, Pan Mussyalovich began to declare himself hotly and proudly, so that Mitya at once flew into a rage and shouted that he would not allow \"the scoundrel\" to speak so in his presence.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"стал было заявлять горячо и гордо","title":"«стал было» — inception checked by «было»","body":"«стал было заявлять» stacks two markers: «стать» + infinitive for the onset of an action, and the particle «было» showing it was begun but cut short (Mitya's outburst interrupts). 'He began to declare himself… (but)'. The adverbs «горячо и гордо» ('hotly and proudly') colour the manner."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что не позволит «подлецу»… так говорить","title":"Perfective future «не позволит» + dative «подлецу»","body":"«не позволит» is the perfective simple future ('will not allow'), and «подлецу» is the dative — «позволить кому» ('to permit someone'). The infinitive «говорить» names what he forbids the scoundrel to do «при себе» ('in his presence')."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вышел из себя","title":"Idiom «выйти из себя» — to lose one's temper","body":"«выйти из себя» means 'to fly into a rage, lose all self-control', literally 'to come out of oneself'. The «из» + genitive «себя» (reflexive pronoun) makes the idiom; it captures the suddenness of Mitya's eruption at Mussyalovich."}],"words":[{"surface":"Об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отношениях","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"отношениях","lemma":"отношение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of стал","gloss":"relations"},{"surface":"своих","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of отношениях","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Грушеньке","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Грушеньке","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies отношениях","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"прежних","lemma":"прежний","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies отношениях","gloss":"past"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"теперешних","lemma":"теперешний","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"coordinated with прежних","gloss":"present"},{"surface":"пан","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стал","gloss":"Pan"},{"surface":"Муссялович","lemma":"Муссялович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to пан","gloss":"Mussyalovich"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"particle, past, imperfective","role":"auxiliary particle modifying стал","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"заявлять","lemma":"заявлять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"to declare himself"},{"surface":"горячо","lemma":"горячо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заявлять","gloss":"hotly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"гордо","lemma":"гордо","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with горячо","gloss":"proudly"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase так что","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вышел","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вышел","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"сразу","lemma":"сразу","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вышел","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"вышел","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with закричал","gloss":"flew"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"oblique complement of вышел","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"закричал","lemma":"закричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вышел","gloss":"shouted"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of позволит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies позволит","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"позволит","lemma":"позволить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of закричал","gloss":"would allow"},{"surface":"подлецу","lemma":"подлец","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of позволит","gloss":"the scoundrel"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, locative","role":"oblique complement of говорить","gloss":"his presence"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорить","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"говорить","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of позволит","gloss":"speak"}]},{"number":50,"label":"50","id":"b9-c8-s50","source":"Пан Муссялович тотчас же обратил внимание на слово «подлец» и попросил внести в протокол.","translation":"Pan Mussyalovich instantly seized on the word \"scoundrel\" and asked that it be entered in the record.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"попросил внести в протокол","title":"«попросить» + infinitive of request","body":"«попросил внести» = 'asked that it be entered', with «попросить» governing a bare perfective infinitive «внести» ('to enter into the record'). Russian often expresses an indirect request this way rather than with a «чтобы»-clause when the agent is left general."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"обратил внимание на слово","title":"Idiom «обратить внимание на» — to seize upon","body":"«обратить внимание на (что)» ('to turn one's attention to, to note') governs the accusative «слово». Here it shades into 'pounced on, fastened on' the insult «подлец» — Pan Mussyalovich legalistically picks up the offensive word to have it minuted."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пан","lemma":"пан","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of обратил","gloss":"Pan"},{"surface":"Муссялович","lemma":"Муссялович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Пан","gloss":"Mussyalovich"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обратил","gloss":"instantly"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"обратил","lemma":"обратить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"drew"},{"surface":"внимание","lemma":"внимание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of обратил","gloss":"attention"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking слово","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"слово","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies внимание","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"подлец","lemma":"подлец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to слово","gloss":"scoundrel"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"попросил","lemma":"попросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with обратил","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"внести","lemma":"внести","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of попросил","gloss":"to enter"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking протокол","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"протокол","lemma":"протокол","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of внести","gloss":"the record"}]},{"number":51,"label":"51","id":"b9-c8-s51","source":"Митя закипел от ярости.","translation":"Mitya boiled over with fury.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"закипел от ярости","title":"Inceptive «за-» + «от» of cause","body":"The prefix «за-» on «закипеть' marks the sudden onset, 'boiled up / began to boil'. «от ярости» ('from fury') is the genitive of cause after «от» — Russian's standard way of naming the emotion that triggers a reaction."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"закипел","title":"«Закипеть» — to boil over (with feeling)","body":"Literally 'to come to the boil', «закипеть» is a vivid metaphor for a surge of rage. The kitchen image — Mitya seething like a pot — matches his volcanic, impulsive temperament throughout the scene."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of закипел","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"закипел","lemma":"закипеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"boiled over"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ярости","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ярости","lemma":"ярость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of закипел","gloss":"fury"}]},{"number":52,"label":"52","id":"b9-c8-s52","source":"— И подлец, подлец!","translation":"\"A scoundrel, yes, a scoundrel!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"подлец","title":"«Подлец» — scoundrel, base wretch","body":"«подлец» is a strong term of contempt — a vile, dishonourable wretch, far heavier than 'rascal'. Mitya's hurling and repeating it («И подлец, подлец!») is the very word Mussyalovich has had entered in the record, and Mitya defiantly redoubles it."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"emphasizes подлец","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"подлец","lemma":"подлец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"scoundrel"},{"surface":"подлец","lemma":"подлец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with подлец","gloss":"scoundrel"}]},{"number":53,"label":"53","id":"b9-c8-s53","source":"Внесите это и внесите тоже, что несмотря на протокол, я все-таки кричу, что подлец! — прокричал он.","translation":"Enter that, and enter too that, record or no record, I still cry that he's a scoundrel!\" he shouted.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Внесите это и внесите тоже, что…","title":"Imperative «внесите» + reported «что»-clause","body":"«внесите» is the polite/plural imperative of perfective «внести' ('enter [in the record]'), repeated for insistence. The second governs a «что»-clause reporting Mitya's defiant declaration that, record or no record, he still cries «подлец»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"несмотря на протокол… все-таки кричу","title":"Concessive «несмотря на» + emphatic «все-таки»","body":"«несмотря на протокол» ('record or no record') concedes the official act; «все-таки» ('all the same, nonetheless') then asserts defiance against it. The pair stages Mitya's reckless refusal to be cowed by the proceedings."}],"words":[{"surface":"Внесите","lemma":"внести","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"enter"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of Внесите","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"внесите","lemma":"внести","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with Внесите","gloss":"enter"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies внесите","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the direct-object clause of внесите","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"несмотря","lemma":"несмотря","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking протокол","gloss":"regardless"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase несмотря","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"протокол","lemma":"протокол","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of несмотря","gloss":"the record"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of кричу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase все-таки","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase все-таки","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"кричу","lemma":"кричать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of внесите","gloss":"cry"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of подлец","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"подлец","lemma":"подлец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of кричу","gloss":"he's a scoundrel"},{"surface":"прокричал","lemma":"прокричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Внесите","gloss":"shouted"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прокричал","gloss":"he"}]},{"number":54,"label":"54","id":"b9-c8-s54","source":"Николай Парфенович хоть и внес в протокол, но проявил при сем неприятном случае самую похвальную деловитость и умение распорядиться: после строгого внушения Мите он сам тотчас же прекратил все дальнейшие расспросы касательно романической стороны дела и поскорее перешел к существенному.","translation":"Nikolai Parfenovich, though he did enter it in the record, showed on this disagreeable occasion the most praiseworthy efficiency and skill in handling matters: after a stern admonition to Mitya he himself at once broke off all further questioning touching on the romantic side of the affair and hurried on to what was essential.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"хоть и внес… но проявил","title":"Concessive «хоть и… но»","body":"«хоть и внёс… но проявил» ('though he did enter it… yet he showed') is the concessive pair seen at s42: a granted point followed by a countering one. It balances Nikolai Parfenovich's compliance against his deft handling of the awkward moment."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"при сем неприятном случае","title":"Archaic demonstrative «сей»: «при сем случае»","body":"«сем» is the prepositional of the bookish demonstrative «сей» ('this'), almost wholly displaced in speech by «этот» but alive in 19th-century literary and official style. «при сём… случае» = 'on this occasion' — a deliberately formal touch."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"деловитость… касательно","title":"«Деловитость» and the bookish «касательно»","body":"«деловитость» is brisk, businesslike efficiency. «касательно» ('concerning, touching on') is a formal, archaic preposition governing the genitive («касательно романической стороны») — both words give the sentence its dry, administrative register, fitting the cool magistrate."}],"words":[{"surface":"Николай","lemma":"Николай","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of внес","gloss":"Nikolai"},{"surface":"Парфенович","lemma":"Парфёнович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Николай","gloss":"Parfenovich"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause on проявил","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase хоть","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"внес","lemma":"внести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the concessive clause","gloss":"entered it"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking протокол","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"протокол","lemma":"протокол","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of внес","gloss":"the record"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"проявил","lemma":"проявить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"showed"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking случае","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"сем","lemma":"сей","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies случае","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"неприятном","lemma":"неприятный","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies случае","gloss":"disagreeable"},{"surface":"случае","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of проявил","gloss":"occasion"},{"surface":"самую","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies похвальную","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"похвальную","lemma":"похвальный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies деловитость","gloss":"praiseworthy"},{"surface":"деловитость","lemma":"деловитость","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of проявил","gloss":"efficiency"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"умение","lemma":"умение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with деловитость","gloss":"skill"},{"surface":"распорядиться","lemma":"распорядиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"modifies умение","gloss":"to manage matters"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking внушения","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"строгого","lemma":"строгий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies внушения","gloss":"stern"},{"surface":"внушения","lemma":"внушение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of прекратил","gloss":"admonition"},{"surface":"Мите","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies внушения","gloss":"to Mitya"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прекратил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphasizes он","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прекратил","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"прекратил","lemma":"прекратить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to проявил","gloss":"broke off"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of расспросы","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"дальнейшие","lemma":"дальнейший","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies расспросы","gloss":"further"},{"surface":"расспросы","lemma":"расспрос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of прекратил","gloss":"questioning"},{"surface":"касательно","lemma":"касательно","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стороны","gloss":"touching on"},{"surface":"романической","lemma":"романический","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies стороны","gloss":"romantic"},{"surface":"стороны","lemma":"сторона","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies расспросы","gloss":"side"},{"surface":"дела","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies стороны","gloss":"of the affair"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"поскорее","lemma":"поскорее","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies перешел","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"перешел","lemma":"перейти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with прекратил","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking существенному","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"существенному","lemma":"существенный","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of перешел","gloss":"what was essential"}]},{"number":55,"label":"55","id":"b9-c8-s55","source":"В существенном же явилось одно показание панов, возбудившее необыкновенное любопытство следователей: это именно о том, как подкупал Митя, в той комнатке, пана Муссяловича и предлагал ему три тысячи отступного с тем, что семьсот рублей в руки, а остальные две тысячи триста «завтра же утром в городе», причем клялся честным словом, объявляя, что здесь, в Мокром, с ним и нет пока таких денег, а что деньги а городе.","translation":"Now in the essential matter one piece of the Poles' testimony came up that aroused extraordinary curiosity in the investigators: namely, how Mitya, in that little room, had tried to bribe Pan Mussyalovich, offering him three thousand to step aside — seven hundred roubles down, and the remaining two thousand three hundred \"tomorrow morning in town\" — swearing on his word of honor and declaring that he did not yet have such money with him here at Mokroe, but that the money was in town.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"явилось одно показание… возбудившее необыкновенное любопытство","title":"Past active participle «возбудившее»","body":"«возбудившее» is a past active participle from perfective «возбудить' ('to arouse'), agreeing with neuter «показание»: 'a piece of testimony that aroused…'. It folds a «который»-clause into one declined modifier — characteristic of Dostoevsky's dense narration."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"о том, как подкупал Митя… и предлагал","title":"Correlative «о том, как…» + imperfective verbs","body":"«о том, как…» ('about how…') uses the prepositional correlative «том» pointing to the «как»-clause. The imperfective «подкупал… предлагал» present the bribing and offering as an attempted, ongoing process — Mitya was in the act of trying to buy the Pole off."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"отступного","title":"«Отступное» — money to step aside","body":"«отступное» (substantivized adjective, from «отступить», 'to step back/withdraw') is a sum paid to make someone give up a claim — here, cash to buy off his rival's claim on Grushenka. «три тысячи отступного» = 'three thousand to step aside'."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking существенном","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"существенном","lemma":"существенный","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of явилось","gloss":"the essential matter"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies существенном","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"явилось","lemma":"явиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came up"},{"surface":"одно","lemma":"одно","morphology":"numeral, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"quantifies показание","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"показание","lemma":"показание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of явилось","gloss":"piece of testimony"},{"surface":"панов","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies показание","gloss":"of the Poles'"},{"surface":"возбудившее","lemma":"возбудить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, neuter, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying показание","gloss":"that aroused"},{"surface":"необыкновенное","lemma":"необыкновенный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies любопытство","gloss":"extraordinary"},{"surface":"любопытство","lemma":"любопытство","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of возбудившее","gloss":"curiosity"},{"surface":"следователей","lemma":"следователь","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies любопытство","gloss":"of the investigators"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"resumes показание, subject of implied verb","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes о том","gloss":"namely"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of о, explicated by как-clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подкупал","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"подкупал","lemma":"подкупать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"content clause explaining том","gloss":"tried to bribe"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подкупал","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнатке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"той","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of комнатке","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"комнатке","lemma":"комнатка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подкупал","gloss":"little room"},{"surface":"пана","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of подкупал","gloss":"Pan"},{"surface":"Муссяловича","lemma":"Муссялович","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to пана","gloss":"Mussyalovich"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"предлагал","lemma":"предлагать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with подкупал","gloss":"offered"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of предлагал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"quantifies тысячи","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of предлагал","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"отступного","lemma":"отступное","morphology":"noun (substantivized adjective), genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies тысячи","gloss":"to step aside","note":"отступное = money paid to induce someone to withdraw a claim; the tagger mistook it for a verbal participle."},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тем","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of предлагал, introducing the condition clause","gloss":"the condition"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause explaining тем","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"семьсот","lemma":"семьсот","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies рублей","gloss":"seven hundred"},{"surface":"рублей","lemma":"рубль","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"head of elliptical clause (seven hundred roubles down)","gloss":"roubles"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руки","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of the elided verb","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"остальные","lemma":"остальной","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies тысячи","gloss":"the remaining"},{"surface":"две","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, nominative, feminine","role":"depends on тысячи","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"depends on триста","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"триста","lemma":"триста","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with рублей","gloss":"three hundred"},{"surface":"завтра","lemma":"завтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies утром","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies завтра","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"утром","lemma":"утро","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"adverbial complement paired with завтра","gloss":"morning"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking городе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"городе","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of the elided verb, paired with завтра/утром","gloss":"town"},{"surface":"причем","lemma":"причём","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"клялся","lemma":"клясться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with предлагал","gloss":"swore"},{"surface":"честным","lemma":"честной","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies словом","gloss":"honest"},{"surface":"словом","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of клялся","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"объявляя","lemma":"объявлять","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on клялся","gloss":"declaring"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of нет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нет","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Мокром","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Мокром","lemma":"Мокрое","morphology":"proper noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"in apposition to здесь","gloss":"Mokroe"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of нет","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"verb (negative existential), present, third, singular","role":"predicate of что-clause (w52), clausal complement of объявляя","gloss":"isn't"},{"surface":"пока","lemma":"пока","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нет","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"таких","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of денег","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"денег","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"subject of нет","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces coordinate что-clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of elided verb (были)","gloss":"the money"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links городе to деньги","gloss":"and","note":"Likely a transmission slip for «в» (в городе); glossed by sense to match the translation ('the money was in town')."},{"surface":"городе","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of elided verb, coordinate with деньги","gloss":"town"}]},{"number":56,"label":"56","id":"b9-c8-s56","source":"Митя заметил было сгоряча, что не говорил, что наверно отдаст завтра в городе, но пан Врублевский подтвердил показание, да и сам Митя, подумав с минуту, нахмуренно согласился, что, должно быть, так и было, как паны говорят, что он был тогда разгорячен, а потому действительно мог так сказать.","translation":"Mitya tried to remark in the heat of the moment that he had not said he would certainly hand it over tomorrow in town, but Pan Vrublevsky confirmed the testimony, and Mitya himself, after a minute's thought, conceded with a frown that it must have been so, just as the Poles said, that he had been excited at the time and so might indeed have said as much.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"заметил было сгоряча","title":"«было» yet again: a remark begun and overridden","body":"«заметил было» — Mitya 'started to remark', the particle «было» signalling that the objection was at once overtaken (the Pole confirms, and Mitya himself concedes). «сгоряча» is an adverb, 'in the heat of the moment, rashly'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"подумав с минуту, нахмуренно согласился","title":"Perfective gerund «подумав»: prior action","body":"«подумав» is a perfective past gerund in -в ('having thought'), expressing an action completed before the main verb «согласился» — first he reflected, then he agreed. It shares the subject (Mitya) and is a hallmark of literary narration."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"должно быть, так и было, как паны говорят","title":"Modal «должно быть» + emphatic «так и»","body":"«должно быть» ('it must be, probably') is a parenthetical of inference; «так и было» ('it was indeed so') uses the emphatic particle «и» to affirm. The comparative «как паны говорят» ('as the Poles say') aligns his concession with their testimony."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заметил","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"заметил","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remarked"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, marking an attempted/incomplete action","role":"auxiliary of заметил (attempted-action idiom)","gloss":"tried to"},{"surface":"сгоряча","lemma":"сгоряча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заметил","gloss":"in the heat of the moment"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of говорил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говорил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of заметил","gloss":"had said"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of отдаст","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"наверно","lemma":"наверно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отдаст","gloss":"certainly"},{"surface":"отдаст","lemma":"отдать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of говорил","gloss":"would hand over"},{"surface":"завтра","lemma":"завтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отдаст","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking городе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"городе","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отдаст","gloss":"town"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"пан","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подтвердил","gloss":"Pan"},{"surface":"Врублевский","lemma":"Врублевский","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to пан","gloss":"Vrublevsky"},{"surface":"подтвердил","lemma":"подтвердить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with заметил","gloss":"confirmed"},{"surface":"показание","lemma":"показание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of подтвердил","gloss":"the testimony"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase да и","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Митя","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of согласился","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"подумав","lemma":"подумать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on согласился","gloss":"having thought"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подумав","gloss":"a minute"},{"surface":"нахмуренно","lemma":"нахмуренно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies согласился","gloss":"with a frown"},{"surface":"согласился","lemma":"согласиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with заметил","gloss":"conceded"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of было","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"должно","lemma":"должно быть","morphology":"adverbial phrase (idiom), modifies было","role":"part of the phrase должно быть","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of должно","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies было","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так и, emphatic","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of согласился","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of говорят","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"паны","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of говорят","gloss":"the Poles"},{"surface":"говорят","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"comparative clause modifying было","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"coordinated with что(w28)-clause, complement of согласился","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of passive разгорячен","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of разгорячен","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies разгорячен","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"разгорячен","lemma":"разгорячённый","morphology":"adjective (short-form passive participle), masculine, singular","role":"predicate of что-clause (w37)","gloss":"excited"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"действительно","lemma":"действительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with разгорячен","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказать","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"have said"}]},{"number":57,"label":"57","id":"b9-c8-s57","source":"Прокурор так и впился в показание: оказывалось для следствия ясным (как и впрямь потом вывели), что половина или часть трех тысяч, доставшихся в руки Мите, действительно могла оставаться где-нибудь припрятанною в городе, а пожалуй так даже где-нибудь и тут в Мокром, так что выяснялось таким образом и то щекотливое для следствия обстоятельство, что у Мити нашли в руках всего только восемьсот рублей — обстоятельство, бывшее до сих пор хотя единственным и довольно ничтожным, но всё же некоторым свидетельством в пользу Мити.","translation":"The prosecutor fairly fastened on this testimony: it became clear to the investigation (as indeed they later deduced) that half, or part, of the three thousand that had come into Mitya's hands might really still be lying hidden somewhere in town, or even, perhaps, somewhere here at Mokroe — and so there came to light that circumstance ticklish for the investigation, that on Mitya they had found only eight hundred roubles in all, a circumstance that until now had been the one, and rather trifling, but still some bit of evidence in Mitya's favor.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"половина… трех тысяч, доставшихся в руки Мите… могла оставаться припрятанною","title":"Past active participle «доставшихся» + instrumental predicate «припрятанною»","body":"«доставшихся» is a past active participle (от «достаться»), genitive plural agreeing with «трёх тысяч»: 'of the three thousand that had come into Mitya's hands'. «оставаться припрятанною» puts the predicate participle in the instrumental after «оставаться' ('to remain hidden'). Note the old feminine instrumental -ою for -ой."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"обстоятельство, бывшее… единственным… но… свидетельством","title":"Participle «бывшее» + instrumental predicates","body":"«бывшее» is the past active participle of «быть' ('having been'), modifying «обстоятельство»; its predicate nouns «единственным… свидетельством» stand in the instrumental, the regular case for the complement of «быть». A dense, multiply-embedded clause typical of the chapter's legal-analytic prose."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"впился… щекотливое","title":"«Впиться» and «щекотливый»","body":"«впиться в (что)» is to fasten on, dig into, like teeth or claws — «прокурор впился в показание» = 'the prosecutor fastened on the testimony'. «щекотливый» (от «щекотать', to tickle) means 'ticklish, delicate, awkward' — the embarrassing fact that only 800 roubles were found on Mitya."}],"words":[{"surface":"Прокурор","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of впился","gloss":"the prosecutor"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies впился","gloss":"fairly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так и","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"впился","lemma":"впиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fastened"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking показание","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"показание","lemma":"показание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of впился","gloss":"the testimony"},{"surface":"оказывалось","lemma":"оказываться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to впился","gloss":"it turned out"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking следствия","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"следствия","lemma":"следствие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of оказывалось","gloss":"the investigation"},{"surface":"ясным","lemma":"ясный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"complement of оказывалось","gloss":"clear"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the parenthetical clause of вывели","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies впрямь","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"впрямь","lemma":"впрямь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вывели","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вывели","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"вывели","lemma":"вывести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"parallel clause to ясным","gloss":"they deduced"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of могла","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"половина","lemma":"половина","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of могла","gloss":"half"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"часть","lemma":"часть","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with половина","gloss":"part"},{"surface":"трех","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies тысяч","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысяч","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies часть","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"доставшихся","lemma":"достаться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, genitive, perfective","role":"clause modifying тысяч","gloss":"that had come"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руки","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of доставшихся","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"Мите","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of доставшихся, possessor of руки","gloss":"Mitya's"},{"surface":"действительно","lemma":"действительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies могла","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"могла","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of оказывалось","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"оставаться","lemma":"оставаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of могла","gloss":"remain"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где-нибудь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оставаться","gloss":"somewhere"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"где-нибудь","morphology":"adverb (indefinite particle)","role":"part of the phrase где-нибудь","gloss":"(indef.)","note":"где-нибудь is a single indefinite adverb, 'somewhere'; split across two tokens by the tagger."},{"surface":"припрятанною","lemma":"припрятанный","morphology":"verb, past passive participle, instrumental, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"predicate complement of оставаться","gloss":"hidden away"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking городе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"городе","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of оставаться","gloss":"town"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"пожалуй","lemma":"пожалуй","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies где(w38), expressing possibility","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так даже","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где-нибудь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оставаться (second disjunct)","gloss":"somewhere"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"где-нибудь","morphology":"adverb (indefinite particle)","role":"part of the phrase где-нибудь","gloss":"(indef.)","note":"где-нибудь is a single indefinite adverb, 'somewhere'; split across two tokens by the tagger."},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тут","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"in apposition to где-нибудь, modifies Мокром","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Мокром","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Мокром","lemma":"Мокрое","morphology":"proper noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of оставаться (second disjunct)","gloss":"Mokroe"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так что","morphology":"conjunction (idiom), part of так что","role":"part of the phrase так что, introduces result clause","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"так что","morphology":"conjunction (idiom), part of так что","role":"part of the phrase так что","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"выяснялось","lemma":"выясняться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the result clause (так что)","gloss":"it became clear"},{"surface":"таким","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of образом","gloss":"in this"},{"surface":"образом","lemma":"образ","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выяснялось","gloss":"way"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies обстоятельство","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"щекотливое","lemma":"щекотливый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies обстоятельство","gloss":"delicate"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking следствия","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"следствия","lemma":"следствие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies щекотливое","gloss":"the investigation"},{"surface":"обстоятельство","lemma":"обстоятельство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of выяснялось","gloss":"circumstance"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of нашли, in apposition to обстоятельство","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Мити","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"Мити","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of нашли","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"нашли","lemma":"найти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"clause modifying обстоятельство","gloss":"they found"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руках","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"руках","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of нашли","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всего только","morphology":"particle (idiom), part of всего только","role":"part of the phrase всего только, modifies восемьсот","gloss":"in all"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"всего только","morphology":"particle (idiom), part of всего только","role":"part of the phrase всего только","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"восемьсот","lemma":"восемьсот","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies рублей","gloss":"eight hundred"},{"surface":"рублей","lemma":"рубль","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of нашли","gloss":"roubles"},{"surface":"обстоятельство","lemma":"обстоятельство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"in apposition to обстоятельство(w54)","gloss":"a circumstance"},{"surface":"бывшее","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, neuter, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying обстоятельство(w65)","gloss":"that had been"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до сих пор","morphology":"preposition, part of idiom до сих пор","role":"part of the phrase до сих пор, modifies бывшее","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"сих","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"part of the phrase до сих пор","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"пор","lemma":"пора","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"part of the phrase до сих пор","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction (concessive)","role":"modifies единственным, concessive","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"единственным","lemma":"единственный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies бывшее","gloss":"the only"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"довольно","lemma":"довольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ничтожным","gloss":"rather"},{"surface":"ничтожным","lemma":"ничтожный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with единственным","gloss":"trifling"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё же","morphology":"particle, part of the idiom всё же","role":"part of the phrase всё же, concessive adverbial","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"всё же","morphology":"particle, part of the idiom всё же","role":"part of the phrase всё же","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"некоторым","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of свидетельством","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"свидетельством","lemma":"свидетельство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with обстоятельство(w65)","gloss":"evidence"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пользу","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"пользу","lemma":"польза","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies свидетельством","gloss":"favor"},{"surface":"Мити","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пользу","gloss":"Mitya's"}]},{"number":58,"label":"58","id":"b9-c8-s58","source":"Теперь же и это единственное свидетельство в его пользу разрушалось.","translation":"Now even this single piece of evidence in his favor was being demolished.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"это единственное свидетельство… разрушалось","title":"Imperfective reflexive passive «разрушалось»","body":"«разрушалось» is the imperfective «-ся» passive ('was being demolished'), painting the destruction as an ongoing process rather than a finished result — the last shred of evidence in Mitya's favour is in the act of crumbling. The particle «же» adds 'now, however'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies разрушалось","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Теперь","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of свидетельство","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"единственное","lemma":"единственный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies свидетельство","gloss":"single"},{"surface":"свидетельство","lemma":"свидетельство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of разрушалось","gloss":"piece of evidence"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пользу","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of пользу","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"пользу","lemma":"польза","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of разрушалось","gloss":"favor"},{"surface":"разрушалось","lemma":"разрушаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was collapsing"}]},{"number":59,"label":"59","id":"b9-c8-s59","source":"На вопрос прокурора: где же бы он взял остальные две тысячи триста, чтоб отдать завтра пану, коли сам утверждает, что у него было всего только полторы тысячи, а между тем заверял пана своим честным словом, Митя твердо ответил, что хотел предложить «полячишке» назавтра не деньги, а формальный акт на права свои по имению Чермашне, те самые права, которые предлагал Самсонову и Хохлаковой.","translation":"To the prosecutor's question — where, then, would he have gotten the remaining two thousand three hundred to pay the Pole tomorrow, since he himself maintained that he had only fifteen hundred in all, and yet had assured the Pole on his word of honor — Mitya answered firmly that what he had meant to offer \"the little Pole\" the next day was not money but a formal deed to his rights in the Chermashnya estate, the very rights he had offered to Samsonov and Madame Khokhlakova.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"где же бы он взял… чтоб отдать завтра","title":"Conditional «бы» + «чтоб» of purpose","body":"«где же бы он взял» is the irrealis ('where would he have gotten'), past-form «взял» + «бы», with «же» sharpening the challenge. «чтоб отдать» ('in order to pay') is the clipped «чтобы» of purpose, here with an infinitive because the subject is the same."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"коли сам утверждает","title":"Folksy/archaic «коли» for «если»","body":"«коли» is a colloquial and archaic conjunction equal to «если» ('if, since'). Embedded in the prosecutor's reported question, it gives a slightly bookish-vernacular cast: 'since he himself maintains…'. «сам» intensifies — by his own account."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"полячишке","title":"Pejorative diminutive «полячишка»","body":"«полячишка» adds the contemptuous suffix -ишк- to «поляк», belittling the Pole: 'the wretched little Pole'. Mitya's scorn for his rival leaks through the very morphology — the dismissive suffix does the sneering for him."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вопрос","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"вопрос","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ответил (w38)","gloss":"the question"},{"surface":"прокурора","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вопрос","gloss":"the prosecutor's"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies взял","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies где","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of взял","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of взял","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"взял","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"content clause explaining вопрос","gloss":"have gotten"},{"surface":"остальные","lemma":"остальной","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies тысячи","gloss":"the remaining"},{"surface":"две","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine","role":"depends on тысячи","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"depends on триста","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"триста","lemma":"триста","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of взял","gloss":"three hundred"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of отдать","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"отдать","lemma":"отдать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on взял","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"завтра","lemma":"завтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отдать","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"пану","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of отдать","gloss":"the Pole"},{"surface":"коли","lemma":"коли","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of утверждает","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies implied subject of утверждает (he himself)","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"утверждает","lemma":"утверждать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"predicate of коли-clause (w17)","gloss":"claims"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of было","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of утверждает","gloss":"there was"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всего только","morphology":"particle (idiom), part of всего только","role":"part of the phrase всего только, modifies полторы","gloss":"in all"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"всего только","morphology":"particle (idiom), part of всего только","role":"part of the phrase всего только","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"полторы","lemma":"полтора","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on тысячи","gloss":"one and a half"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and yet"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между тем","morphology":"preposition, part of idiom между тем","role":"part of the phrase между тем","gloss":"at the same time"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"между тем","morphology":"pronoun, part of idiom между тем","role":"part of the phrase между тем, adverbial","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"заверял","lemma":"заверять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with утверждает","gloss":"assured"},{"surface":"пана","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of заверял","gloss":"the Pole"},{"surface":"своим","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of словом","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"честным","lemma":"честной","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies словом","gloss":"honest"},{"surface":"словом","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"instrumental complement of заверял (means)","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ответил","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"твердо","lemma":"твердо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ответил","gloss":"firmly"},{"surface":"ответил","lemma":"ответить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of хотел","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"хотел","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of ответил","gloss":"had wanted"},{"surface":"предложить","lemma":"предложить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотел","gloss":"to offer"},{"surface":"полячишке","lemma":"полячишка","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of предложить","gloss":"the little Pole"},{"surface":"назавтра","lemma":"назавтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies предложить","gloss":"the next day"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies деньги","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of предложить","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"формальный","lemma":"формальный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies акт","gloss":"formal"},{"surface":"акт","lemma":"акт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with деньги","gloss":"deed"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking права","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"права","lemma":"право","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"modifies акт","gloss":"rights"},{"surface":"свои","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"modifies права","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking имению","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"имению","lemma":"имение","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies права (w50) via по","gloss":"estate"},{"surface":"Чермашне","lemma":"Чермашня","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to имению","gloss":"Chermashnya"},{"surface":"те","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of права","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"самые","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies права","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"права","lemma":"право","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"in apposition to права (w50)","gloss":"rights"},{"surface":"которые","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of предлагал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"предлагал","lemma":"предлагать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on права","gloss":"had offered"},{"surface":"Самсонову","lemma":"Самсонов","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of предлагал","gloss":"Samsonov"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Хохлаковой","lemma":"Хохлакова","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with Самсонову","gloss":"Khokhlakova"}]},{"number":60,"label":"60","id":"b9-c8-s60","source":"Прокурор даже усмехнулся «невинности выверта».","translation":"The prosecutor even smiled at \"the ingenuousness of the dodge.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"усмехнулся «невинности выверта»","title":"Dative of object of emotion: «усмехнулся невинности»","body":"«усмехнуться (чему)» governs the dative — «усмехнулся… невинности выверта» = 'smiled at the ingenuousness of the dodge'. Russian regularly puts the thing one smiles, marvels, or rejoices at in the dative. «усмехнуться» is the reflexive perfective, a single sardonic smirk."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"выверта","title":"«Выверт» — a twist, a contrived dodge","body":"«выверт» (от «вывернуть», 'to twist out') is a far-fetched contortion or ingenious quibble. The prosecutor's quoted phrase «„невинности выверта“» — 'the ingenuousness of the dodge' — drips condescension at what he takes for Mitya's transparent, childish evasion."}],"words":[{"surface":"Прокурор","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of усмехнулся","gloss":"the prosecutor"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies усмехнулся","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"усмехнулся","lemma":"усмехнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"smiled"},{"surface":"невинности","lemma":"невинность","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of усмехнулся","gloss":"at the ingenuousness","note":"усмехнуться takes a dative complement ('smile at'); the genitive/dative forms of невинность are identical."},{"surface":"выверта","lemma":"выверт","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies невинности","gloss":"of the dodge"}]},{"number":61,"label":"61","id":"b9-c8-s61","source":"— И вы думаете, что он бы согласился взять эти «права» вместо наличных двух тысяч трехсот рублей?","translation":"\"And you think he would have agreed to take these 'rights' instead of two thousand three hundred roubles in cash?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"он бы согласился взять","title":"Conditional «бы» — the unrealized agreement","body":"«бы» plus the past-tense «согласился» builds the irrealis: 'he would have agreed [to take]'. There is no separate conditional tense — the past form carries it. Here the whole clause is a hypothesis about what Mussyalovich would have done."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вместо наличных двух тысяч трехсот рублей","title":"Genitive after «вместо» and inside the numeral phrase","body":"The preposition «вместо» ('instead of') governs the genitive, so the whole sum «двух тысяч трехсот рублей» stands in the genitive. Notice every part declines — «двух», «тысяч», «трехсот» — and «рублей» is genitive plural, as numbers from five up demand."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of думаете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"думаете","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of согласился","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of согласился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of согласился","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"согласился","lemma":"согласиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of думаете","gloss":"have agreed"},{"surface":"взять","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of согласился","gloss":"to take"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of права","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"права","lemma":"право","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of взять","gloss":"rights"},{"surface":"вместо","lemma":"вместо","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рублей","gloss":"instead of"},{"surface":"наличных","lemma":"наличный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies рублей","gloss":"cash"},{"surface":"двух","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies тысяч","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"тысяч","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"quantifies рублей","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"трехсот","lemma":"триста","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies рублей","gloss":"three hundred"},{"surface":"рублей","lemma":"рубль","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of взять","gloss":"roubles"}]},{"number":62,"label":"62","id":"b9-c8-s62","source":"— Непременно согласился бы, — горячо отрезал Митя. — Помилуйте, да тут не только две, тут четыре, тут шесть даже тысяч он мог бы на этом тяпнуть!","translation":"\"He'd certainly have agreed,\" Mitya snapped hotly. \"Good heavens, here he could have grabbed not just two thousand off it, but four, even six!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Непременно согласился бы","title":"«бы» fronted onto the emphatic adverb","body":"The particle «бы» is mobile: rather than sitting on the verb it can lean on the first stressed word. Mitya's reply echoes the question's conditional, with «Непременно» ('certainly') carrying the emphasis up front."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"отрезал","title":"«отрезать» — to snap (a retort)","body":"Literally 'to cut off', «отрезал» here means to snap out a sharp, curt reply, ending discussion. Paired with «горячо» ('hotly') it conveys Mitya's impulsive heat."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"тяпнуть","title":"«тяпнуть» — to grab / snatch off","body":"Coarse colloquial slang: to snatch, swipe, or knock back. Applied to money it means to grab a quick profit dishonestly — exactly the cynical scheming Mitya imputes to the Pole."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Помилуйте","title":"«Помилуйте!» — 'Good heavens!'","body":"Literally an imperative 'have mercy', «Помилуйте» has frozen into an exclamation of protest or astonishment, like 'Good heavens!' or 'Come now!'. It opens a vehement objection rather than asking for mercy."}],"words":[{"surface":"Непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies согласился","gloss":"certainly"},{"surface":"согласился","lemma":"согласиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would have agreed"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"conditional marker of согласился","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"горячо","lemma":"горячо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отрезал","gloss":"hotly"},{"surface":"отрезал","lemma":"отрезать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to согласился","gloss":"snapped"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отрезал","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"Помилуйте","lemma":"помиловать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"interjection introducing the sentence","gloss":"good heavens"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies тут","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies тяпнуть","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase не только","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase не только","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"две","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, nominative, feminine","role":"coordinated with четыре, депends on тысяч","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies четыре","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"четыре","lemma":"четыре","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"coordinated with две","gloss":"four"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"шесть","lemma":"шесть","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on тысяч","gloss":"six"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies шесть","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"тысяч","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of тяпнуть, quantified by две/четыре/шесть","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"conditional marker of мог","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of тяпнуть","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"тяпнуть","lemma":"тяпнуть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"grab"}]},{"number":63,"label":"63","id":"b9-c8-s63","source":"Он бы тотчас набрал своих адвокатишек, полячков да жидков, и не то что три тысячи, а всю бы Чермашню от старика оттягали.","translation":"He'd have rounded up his little lawyers in a flash, the Polacks and the Yids, and not just three thousand, no — they'd have wrung the whole of Chermashnya out of the old man.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"адвокатишек, полячков да жидков","title":"Belittling suffixes piled up","body":"Mitya stacks contemptuous diminutives: the pejorative «-ишк-» in «адвокатишек» ('wretched little lawyers') and dismissive «-к-» forms «полячков» (Polacks) and «жидков» (Yids). The suffixes do the sneering; English needs slurs and adjectives to match the scorn."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"всю бы Чермашню от старика оттягали","title":"«бы» again, split from its verb","body":"The conditional particle «бы» wedges in after «всю», far from its verb «оттягали» ('they'd have wrung out'). This scattering of «бы» across the clause is idiomatic; the perfective «оттягали» views the imagined extortion as a single completed coup."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of набрал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"conditional marker of набрал","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies набрал","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"набрал","lemma":"набрать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would have rounded up"},{"surface":"своих","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of адвокатишек","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"адвокатишек","lemma":"адвокатишка","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of набрал","gloss":"little lawyers"},{"surface":"полячков","lemma":"полячок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with адвокатишек","gloss":"Polacks"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"жидков","lemma":"жид","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with адвокатишек","gloss":"Yids"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom не то что","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom не то что","gloss":"just","note":"«не то что X, а Y» is an idiom meaning \"not just X, but Y.\""},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the idiom не то что","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on тысячи","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with Чермашню","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of Чермашню","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"conditional marker of оттягали","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"Чермашню","lemma":"чермашня","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of оттягали","gloss":"Chermashnya"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking старика","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"старика","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of оттягали","gloss":"the old man"},{"surface":"оттягали","lemma":"оттягать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with набрал","gloss":"would have wrung out"}]},{"number":64,"label":"64","id":"b9-c8-s64","source":"Разумеется, показание пана Муссяловича внесли в протокол в самой полной подробности.","translation":"Pan Mussyalovich's testimony was, of course, entered in the record in the fullest detail.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"показание... внесли в протокол","title":"Subjectless 'they' — the indefinite-personal plural","body":"«внесли» ('entered') is a bare third-person-plural verb with no stated subject — the clerks, 'they', anyone. Russian uses this impersonal plural where English reaches for the passive ('was entered'), as our translation does."}],"words":[{"surface":"Разумеется","lemma":"разуметься","morphology":"parenthetical adverb","role":"modifies внесли","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"показание","lemma":"показание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of внесли","gloss":"testimony"},{"surface":"пана","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies показание","gloss":"Pan"},{"surface":"Муссяловича","lemma":"муссялович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to пана","gloss":"Mussyalovich"},{"surface":"внесли","lemma":"внести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"entered"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking протокол","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"протокол","lemma":"протокол","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of внесли","gloss":"the record"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking подробности","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"самой","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies полной","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"полной","lemma":"полный","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies подробности","gloss":"fullest"},{"surface":"подробности","lemma":"подробность","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of внесли","gloss":"detail"}]},{"number":65,"label":"65","id":"b9-c8-s65","source":"На том панов и отпустили.","translation":"On that the Poles were dismissed.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"На том панов и отпустили","title":"Fronted «На том» and the focusing «и»","body":"The phrase opens with «На том» ('on that') for narrative closure, and «и» here is not 'and' but a focusing particle — 'and so they dismissed them'. «панов» is animate accusative (= genitive plural) as the object of «отпустили»."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of отпустили","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"панов","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of отпустили","gloss":"the Poles"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies отпустили","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"отпустили","lemma":"отпустить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"dismissed"}]},{"number":66,"label":"66","id":"b9-c8-s66","source":"О факте же передержки в картах почти и не упомянули; Николай Парфенович им слишком был и без того благодарен и пустяками не хотел беспокоить, тем более что всё это пустая ссора в пьяном виде за картами и более ничего.","translation":"Of the fact of the cheating at cards scarcely any mention was made; Nikolai Parfenovich was already too grateful to them as it was and had no wish to trouble them with trifles, the more so since the whole thing was an empty quarrel over cards while drunk, and nothing more.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"О факте же передержки в картах","title":"Topic-fronting with the particle «же»","body":"The sentence leads with the prepositional «О факте» ('Of the fact'), the topic, and «же» marks the shift to a new subject ('as for the cheating…'). «о» + prepositional is the standard way to say 'about/of' a topic."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"передержки в картах","title":"«передержка» — sharping at cards","body":"«передержка» is cheating at cards — palming or false dealing. The whole quarrel turned on the Poles being caught cheating, which the investigators tactfully chose not to pursue."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"слишком был и без того благодарен","title":"Short adjective «благодарен» as predicate","body":"«благодарен» is the short (predicative) form of «благодарный» ('grateful'), the form Russian uses after «был» to state a temporary state. The scattered «и без того» ('as it was anyway') softens it: he was already grateful enough."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking факте","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"факте","lemma":"факт","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of упомянули","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies факте","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"передержки","lemma":"передержка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies факте","gloss":"cheating"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking картах","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"картах","lemma":"карта","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"modifies передержки","gloss":"cards"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies упомянули","gloss":"scarcely"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies упомянули","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies упомянули","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"упомянули","lemma":"упомянуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was mentioned"},{"surface":"Николай","lemma":"николай","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"Nikolai"},{"surface":"Парфенович","lemma":"парфёнович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Николай","gloss":"Parfenovich"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"oblique complement of благодарен","gloss":"to them"},{"surface":"слишком","lemma":"слишком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies благодарен","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom и без того","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom и без того","gloss":"that","note":"«и без того» is an idiom meaning \"already, as it was.\""},{"surface":"благодарен","lemma":"благодарный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with был","gloss":"grateful"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пустяками","lemma":"пустяк","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of беспокоить","gloss":"with trifles"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хотел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хотел","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with был","gloss":"wished"},{"surface":"беспокоить","lemma":"беспокоить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хотел","gloss":"to trouble them"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom тем более что","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom тем более что","gloss":"more","note":"«тем более что» is an idiom meaning \"all the more since / especially as.\""},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ссора","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of это","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of ссора","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"пустая","lemma":"пустой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ссора","gloss":"empty"},{"surface":"ссора","lemma":"ссора","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate nominal of это","gloss":"quarrel"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking виде","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"пьяном","lemma":"пьяный","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies виде","gloss":"drunken"},{"surface":"виде","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ссора","gloss":"state"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking картами","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"картами","lemma":"карта","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"modifies виде","gloss":"cards"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ничего","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"coordinated with ссора","gloss":"nothing"}]},{"number":67,"label":"67","id":"b9-c8-s67","source":"Мало ли было кутежа и безобразий в ту ночь… Так что деньги, двести рублей, так и остались у панов в кармане.","translation":"There had been carousing and disorder enough that night… So that the money, the two hundred roubles, stayed right where it was, in the Poles' pockets.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Мало ли было кутежа и безобразий","title":"«мало ли» + genitive — 'plenty / no end of'","body":"«Мало ли...» is an idiom that, despite «мало» ('little'), means the opposite: 'there was no end of'. The nouns counted go in the genitive («кутежа», «безобразий») as a quantity expression demands."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"кутежа и безобразий","title":"«кутёж» and «безобразие» — revelry and disgrace","body":"«кутёж» is a wild drunken spree; «безобразие» (literally 'formlessness, ugliness') is outrageous, scandalous behavior. Together they paint the debauched night at Mokroe."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"так и остались у панов в кармане","title":"The lingering «так и» — 'just stayed put'","body":"«так и» before a perfective verb conveys that something happened and stuck — the money 'just stayed' in the Poles' pocket. «у панов в кармане» uses «у» + genitive for possession-location, literally 'in the Poles' pocket'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мало","lemma":"мало","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom мало ли","gloss":"plenty"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom мало ли","gloss":"indeed","note":"«мало ли было X» is a litotes idiom meaning \"there was no end of X.\""},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there was"},{"surface":"кутежа","lemma":"кутёж","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"carousing"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"безобразий","lemma":"безобразие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated with кутежа","gloss":"disorder"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ночь","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"ту","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ночь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ночь","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"night"},{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase так что","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase так что","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of остались","gloss":"the money"},{"surface":"двести","lemma":"двести","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on рублей","gloss":"two hundred"},{"surface":"рублей","lemma":"рубль","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to деньги","gloss":"roubles"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase так и","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так и","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"остались","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stayed"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking панов","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"панов","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of остались","gloss":"the Poles"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кармане","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"кармане","lemma":"карман","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of остались","gloss":"pocket"}]},{"number":68,"label":"68","id":"b9-c8-s68","source":"Призвали затем старичка Максимова.","translation":"Then they summoned the little old man Maximov.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"старичка","title":"«старичок» — the little old man","body":"The affectionate-pitying diminutive of «старик» ('old man'). Applied to Maximov it conveys the narrator's gentle, slightly comic tenderness toward the harmless old hanger-on. It declines here as animate accusative «старичка»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Призвали затем старичка","title":"Verb-first impersonal plural","body":"Again a subjectless third-plural «Призвали» ('they summoned'), with the verb fronted for narrative momentum and «старичка» in animate accusative. The doers — the investigators — are understood, not named."}],"words":[{"surface":"Призвали","lemma":"призвать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"summoned"},{"surface":"затем","lemma":"затем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Призвали","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"старичка","lemma":"старичок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Призвали","gloss":"the little old man"},{"surface":"Максимова","lemma":"максимов","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to старичка","gloss":"Maximov"}]},{"number":69,"label":"69","id":"b9-c8-s69","source":"Он явился робея, подошел мелкими шажками, вид имел растрепанный и очень грустный.","translation":"He came in timidly, approaching with little mincing steps, looking disheveled and very mournful.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Он явился робея","title":"Gerund «робея» — 'timidly, growing shy'","body":"«робея» is an imperfective gerund («деепричастие») from «робеть» ('to be shy/timid'), describing the manner attending «явился» ('appeared'): he came in while quailing. The gerund shares the main subject 'he'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мелкими шажками","title":"«шажками» — little mincing steps","body":"«шажки» is the diminutive of «шаги» ('steps'), in the instrumental of manner: 'with little steps'. The diminutive plus «мелкими» ('small') doubles the smallness, mimicking Maximov's timid shuffle."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вид имел растрепанный","title":"«иметь вид» + inverted accusative","body":"«вид имел растрепанный» ('he had a disheveled look') fronts the object «вид» before the verb «имел» for stylistic weight; «растрепанный» is the long-form participle-adjective agreeing in the accusative. Free word order lets the appearance lead the clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of явился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"явился","lemma":"явиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came in"},{"surface":"робея","lemma":"робеть","morphology":"verb, present, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on явился","gloss":"timidly"},{"surface":"подошел","lemma":"подойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with явился","gloss":"approached"},{"surface":"мелкими","lemma":"мелкий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies шажками","gloss":"small"},{"surface":"шажками","lemma":"шажок","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of подошел","gloss":"steps"},{"surface":"вид","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of имел","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"имел","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with явился","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"растрепанный","lemma":"растрёпанный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вид","gloss":"disheveled"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies грустный","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"грустный","lemma":"грустный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with растрепанный","gloss":"mournful"}]},{"number":70,"label":"70","id":"b9-c8-s70","source":"Всё время он ютился там внизу подле Грушеньки, сидел с нею молча и «нет-нет да и начнет над нею хныкать, а глаза утирает синим клетчатым платочком», как рассказывал потом Михаил Макарович.","translation":"All this while he had been huddling there downstairs beside Grushenka, sitting silently with her and \"every now and then breaking into a whimper over her, dabbing at his eyes with a blue checkered handkerchief,\" as Mikhail Makarovich told it afterwards.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ютился","title":"«ютиться» — to huddle / take cramped shelter","body":"A reflexive «-ся» verb meaning to nestle or huddle in a cramped, out-of-the-way spot. It pictures the old man tucked away downstairs, small and self-effacing, at Grushenka's side."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"нет-нет да и начнет над нею хныкать","title":"The idiom «нет-нет да и» — 'every now and then'","body":"«нет-нет да и» + a perfective verb («начнёт») is a fixed colloquial pattern for an action that keeps cropping up unpredictably: 'every so often he'd start whimpering'. The perfective present «начнёт» reads as an iterative habitual here, not a single future."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"синим клетчатым платочком","title":"«платочек» — a (dear little) handkerchief","body":"«платочек» is the diminutive of «платок» ('handkerchief'), here in the instrumental as the means of dabbing his eyes. The homely diminutive and the «синий клетчатый» ('blue checkered') detail give the weeping old man a pathetic, faintly comic concreteness."}],"words":[{"surface":"Всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of ютился","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ютился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ютился","lemma":"ютиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"huddled"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ютился","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"внизу","lemma":"внизу","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ютился","gloss":"downstairs"},{"surface":"подле","lemma":"подле","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Грушеньки","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"Грушеньки","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"complement of подле","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"сидел","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with ютился","gloss":"sat"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нею","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"нею","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сидел","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"молча","lemma":"молча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сидел","gloss":"silently"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom нет-нет да и","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom нет-нет да и","gloss":"now and then","note":"«нет-нет да и» is an idiom meaning \"every so often, once in a while.\""},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom нет-нет да и","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom нет-нет да и","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"начнет","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with ютился","gloss":"would break into"},{"surface":"над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нею","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"нею","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of хныкать","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"хныкать","lemma":"хныкать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начнет","gloss":"whimpering"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of утирает","gloss":"his eyes"},{"surface":"утирает","lemma":"утирать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with начнет","gloss":"dabs"},{"surface":"синим","lemma":"синий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies платочком","gloss":"blue"},{"surface":"клетчатым","lemma":"клетчатый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies платочком","gloss":"checkered"},{"surface":"платочком","lemma":"платочек","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of утирает","gloss":"handkerchief"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of рассказывал","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"рассказывал","lemma":"рассказывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to ютился","gloss":"told it"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рассказывал","gloss":"afterwards"},{"surface":"Михаил","lemma":"михаил","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of рассказывал","gloss":"Mikhail"},{"surface":"Макарович","lemma":"макарович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Михаил","gloss":"Makarovich"}]},{"number":71,"label":"71","id":"b9-c8-s71","source":"Так что она сама уже унимала и утешала его.","translation":"So that she herself was the one soothing and comforting him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"она сама уже унимала и утешала его","title":"Intensive «сама» and imperfective process","body":"«сама» ('herself') intensifies the subject — it was she, of all people, who ended up consoling him. The imperfective pair «унимала и утешала» ('soothing and comforting') presents this as an ongoing process, the role reversal lingering in view."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase так что","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase так что","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of унимала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"сама","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies она","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies унимала","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"унимала","lemma":"унимать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was soothing"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"утешала","lemma":"утешать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with унимала","gloss":"was comforting"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of утешала","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":72,"label":"72","id":"b9-c8-s72","source":"Старичок тотчас же и со слезами признался, что виноват, что взял у Дмитрия Федоровича взаймы «десять рублей-с, по моей бедности-с» и что готов возвратить…","translation":"The little old man at once and with tears confessed that he was guilty, that he had borrowed \"ten roubles, sir, on account of my poverty, sir,\" from Dmitri Fyodorovich, and that he was ready to repay it…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"признался, что виноват, что взял","title":"«что»-clauses reporting fact","body":"The subordinator «что» ('that') opens each reported clause after «признался» ('confessed'). «виноват» is a short adjective ('[he is] guilty') and «взял» a perfective past — the confession lays out a completed act of borrowing."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"по моей бедности-с","title":"«по» + dative — 'on account of'","body":"«по» here governs the dative «моей бедности» in a causal sense, 'because of / on account of my poverty'. The servile «-с» (clipped «сударь», 'sir') glued to the phrase marks Maximov's cringing low register."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"десять рублей-с","title":"«-с» the deferential clitic","body":"The little «-с» tacked on («рублей-с») is a contraction of «сударь» ('sir'). Old Maximov sticks it onto nearly every word to sound humble and submissive before his betters; in Russian it instantly marks his servile, lower social register."}],"words":[{"surface":"Старичок","lemma":"старичок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of признался","gloss":"the little old man"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies признался","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking слезами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"слезами","lemma":"слеза","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of признался","gloss":"tears"},{"surface":"признался","lemma":"признаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"confessed"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of виноват","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"виноват","lemma":"виноватый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of признался","gloss":"guilty"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of взял","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"взял","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of признался","gloss":"had borrowed"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Дмитрия","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Дмитрия","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of взял","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федоровича","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрия","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"взаймы","lemma":"взаймы","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies взял","gloss":"on loan"},{"surface":"десять","lemma":"десять","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on рублей","gloss":"ten"},{"surface":"рублей","lemma":"рубль","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of взял","gloss":"roubles"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, polite","role":"polite suffix on рублей","gloss":"sir","note":"«-с» is the archaic deferential speech particle (\"sir/ma'am\")."},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бедности","gloss":"on account of"},{"surface":"моей","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, dative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of бедности","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"бедности","lemma":"бедность","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"complement of по","gloss":"poverty"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, polite","role":"polite suffix on бедности","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of готов","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"готов","lemma":"готовый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with взял","gloss":"ready"},{"surface":"возвратить","lemma":"возвратить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of готов","gloss":"to repay"}]},{"number":73,"label":"73","id":"b9-c8-s73","source":"На прямой вопрос Николая Парфеновича: не заметил ли он, сколько же именно денег было в руках у Дмитрия Федоровича, так как он ближе всех мог видеть у него в руках деньги, когда получал от него взаймы, — Максимов самым решительным образом ответил, что денег было «двадцать тысяч-с».","translation":"To Nikolai Parfenovich's direct question — whether he had noticed just how much money Dmitri Fyodorovich had had in his hands, since he was closer than anyone and could have seen the money in his hands when he received the loan from him — Maximov answered in the most decisive manner that the money had been \"twenty thousand, sir.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не заметил ли он, сколько же именно денег было","title":"Embedded «ли» = 'whether'","body":"Inside the reported question, «не заметил ли он» means 'whether he had noticed' — the enclitic «ли» turns the clause into an indirect yes/no question. The intensive «же» in «сколько же» adds insistence: 'just how much exactly'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сколько... денег было","title":"Genitive of quantity «денег»","body":"After the quantity word «сколько» ('how much'), the noun «денег» stands in the genitive plural — a partitive/quantitative genitive. «было» is the impersonal neuter past, agreeing with no nominative subject."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"самым решительным образом","title":"Instrumental of manner «образом»","body":"«самым решительным образом» ('in the most decisive manner') is an instrumental-of-manner phrase, the standard Russian way to form an adverbial of manner from an adjective + «образом» ('way, manner'). All three words agree in the instrumental."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вопрос","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"прямой","lemma":"прямой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вопрос","gloss":"direct"},{"surface":"вопрос","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"question"},{"surface":"Николая","lemma":"николай","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вопрос","gloss":"Nikolai's"},{"surface":"Парфеновича","lemma":"парфёнович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Николая","gloss":"Parfenovich's"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies заметил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"заметил","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clarifies вопрос","gloss":"had noticed"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies заметил","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заметил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"сколько","lemma":"сколько","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"depends on денег","gloss":"how much"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сколько","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies денег","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"денег","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"subject of было","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"there was"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руках","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"руках","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Дмитрия","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Дмитрия","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies руках","gloss":"Dmitri's"},{"surface":"Федоровича","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрия","gloss":"Fyodorovich's"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase так как","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase так как","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ближе","lemma":"близкий","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"closer"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"complement of ближе","gloss":"than anyone"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on заметил","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"видеть","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"complement of у","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руках","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"руках","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of видеть","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of видеть","gloss":"the money"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of получал","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"получал","lemma":"получать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on видеть","gloss":"received"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"complement of от","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"взаймы","lemma":"взаймы","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies получал","gloss":"as a loan"},{"surface":"Максимов","lemma":"максимов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ответил","gloss":"Maximov"},{"surface":"самым","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies решительным","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"решительным","lemma":"решительный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies образом","gloss":"decisive"},{"surface":"образом","lemma":"образ","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ответил","gloss":"manner"},{"surface":"ответил","lemma":"ответить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of было","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"денег","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"subject of было","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of ответил","gloss":"there was"},{"surface":"двадцать","lemma":"двадцать","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on тысяч","gloss":"twenty"},{"surface":"тысяч","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"predicate complement of было","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, polite","role":"polite suffix on тысяч","gloss":"sir"}]},{"number":74,"label":"74","id":"b9-c8-s74","source":"— А вы видели когда-нибудь двадцать тысяч где-нибудь прежде? — спросил, улыбнувшись, Николай Парфенович.","translation":"\"And have you ever seen twenty thousand anywhere before?\" asked Nikolai Parfenovich, smiling.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"видели когда-нибудь","title":"«-нибудь» — 'ever, at all'","body":"«когда-нибудь» uses the non-specific indefinite clitic «-нибудь»: 'at any time, ever'. It asks whether such a thing happened even once, with no particular occasion in mind — contrast «когда-то», 'at some specific (unknown) time'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"спросил, улыбнувшись","title":"Past gerund «улыбнувшись» — 'with a smile'","body":"«улыбнувшись» is a perfective past gerund from «улыбнуться» ('to smile'), tucked between dashes: he asked, having broken into a smile. The gerund compresses a second action of the same subject into the manner of asking."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of видели","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"видели","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have you seen"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom когда-нибудь","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom когда-нибудь","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"двадцать","lemma":"двадцать","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on тысяч","gloss":"twenty"},{"surface":"тысяч","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of видели","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom где-нибудь","gloss":"anywhere"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom где-нибудь","gloss":"anywhere"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies видели","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"спросил","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to видели","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"улыбнувшись","lemma":"улыбнуться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on спросил","gloss":"smiling"},{"surface":"Николай","lemma":"николай","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спросил","gloss":"Nikolai"},{"surface":"Парфенович","lemma":"парфёнович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Николай","gloss":"Parfenovich"}]},{"number":75,"label":"75","id":"b9-c8-s75","source":"— Как же-с, видел-с, только не двадцать-с, а семь-с, когда супруга моя деревеньку мою заложила.","translation":"\"Why, yes, sir, I have seen it, sir, only not twenty, sir, but seven, sir, when my spouse mortgaged my little estate.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Как же-с, видел-с","title":"«Как же» — emphatic affirmation","body":"«Как же!» (here «Как же-с») is an emphatic 'Why, of course! Certainly!', with «же» insisting. Maximov coats even this with his deferential «-с», so the whole reply drips servility."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"деревеньку мою","title":"«деревенька» — my poor little estate","body":"The diminutive of «деревня» ('village/estate'). The «-еньк-» suffix makes it endearing and self-deprecating — 'my dear little place' — fitting Maximov's humble, slightly pitiful self-presentation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom как же","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom как же","gloss":"yes","note":"«как же» is an idiom of emphatic assent, \"why, yes.\""},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, polite","role":"polite suffix on же","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"видел","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I've seen it"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, polite","role":"polite suffix on видел","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies не","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies двадцать","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"двадцать","lemma":"двадцать","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"coordinated with семь","gloss":"twenty"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, polite","role":"polite suffix on двадцать","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"семь","lemma":"семь","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"coordinated with двадцать","gloss":"seven"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, polite","role":"polite suffix on семь","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of заложила","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"супруга","lemma":"супруга","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of заложила","gloss":"my wife"},{"surface":"моя","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of супруга","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"деревеньку","lemma":"деревенька","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of заложила","gloss":"little estate"},{"surface":"мою","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of деревеньку","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"заложила","lemma":"заложить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on видел","gloss":"mortgaged"}]},{"number":76,"label":"76","id":"b9-c8-s76","source":"Дала мне только издали поглядеть, похвалилась предо мной.","translation":"She only let me look at it from a distance, boasting of it before me.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Дала мне только издали поглядеть","title":"Dative «мне» + perfective infinitive of permission","body":"«Дала мне поглядеть» ('she let me have a look') uses «дать» + dative person + perfective infinitive to express letting/allowing. «издали» ('from afar') and «только» ('only') sharpen the stinginess of the glimpse."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"похвалилась предо мной","title":"Reflexive «-ся» + archaic «предо»","body":"«похвалилась» is the reflexive «похвалиться» ('to boast, show off'). The preposition «предо мной» ('before me') uses the older, bookish vowel-padded variant «предо» of «перед», a faintly elevated touch."}],"words":[{"surface":"Дала","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of Дала","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies издали","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"издали","lemma":"издали","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поглядеть","gloss":"from a distance"},{"surface":"поглядеть","lemma":"поглядеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of Дала","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"похвалилась","lemma":"похвалиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Дала","gloss":"boasted"},{"surface":"предо","lemma":"перед","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мной","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"мной","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"complement of предо","gloss":"me"}]},{"number":77,"label":"77","id":"b9-c8-s77","source":"Очень крупная была пачка-с, всё радужные.","translation":"It was a very thick bundle, sir, all rainbow notes.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Очень крупная была пачка-с","title":"Inversion for emphasis","body":"The adjective fronts the noun and the verb: «Очень крупная была пачка» ('a very thick bundle it was'), throwing the weight onto 'thick'. Russian's free word order lets the new, vivid information lead."}],"words":[{"surface":"Очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies крупная","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"крупная","lemma":"крупный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of пачка","gloss":"thick"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking пачка and крупная","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"пачка","lemma":"пачка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of была","gloss":"bundle"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, polite","role":"polite suffix on пачка","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies радужные","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"радужные","lemma":"радужный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"predicate adjective, parallel to крупная (describes the elided бумажки/notes, not крупная itself)","gloss":"rainbow"}]},{"number":78,"label":"78","id":"b9-c8-s78","source":"И у Дмитрия Федоровича были всё радужные…","translation":"And Dmitri Fyodorovich's were all rainbow notes too…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"И у Дмитрия Федоровича были всё радужные","title":"Possessive «у» + genitive, no verb 'to have'","body":"Russian expresses 'had' with «у» + genitive of the possessor: «у Дмитрия Федоровича были...» literally 'at Dmitri Fyodorovich's there were...'. The initial «И» links it to the previous boast: 'his were rainbow notes too'."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks possessor Дмитрия (у + genitive)","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Дмитрия","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition у (possessor)","gloss":"Dmitri's"},{"surface":"Федоровича","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрия","gloss":"Fyodorovich's"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (existential у + gen)","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of радужные","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"радужные","lemma":"радужный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"complement of были","gloss":"rainbow"}]},{"number":79,"label":"79","id":"b9-c8-s79","source":"Его скоро отпустили.","translation":"He was soon released.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Его скоро отпустили","title":"Animate accusative «Его» + impersonal plural","body":"«Его» is the accusative of «он», fronted as topic; «отпустили» is again the subjectless third-plural ('they released'). English renders the construction as a passive, 'he was released'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of отпустили","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"скоро","lemma":"скоро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отпустили","gloss":"soon"},{"surface":"отпустили","lemma":"отпустить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"released"}]},{"number":80,"label":"80","id":"b9-c8-s80","source":"Наконец дошла очередь и до Грушеньки.","translation":"At last it came Grushenka's turn as well.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"дошла очередь и до Грушеньки","title":"«дойти до» + genitive — 'the turn reached…'","body":"The idiom «дошла очередь до Грушеньки» literally 'the turn came down to Grushenka'. «до» governs the genitive «Грушеньки», and the focusing «и» ('also') marks that her turn has at last arrived too."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Грушеньки","title":"«Грушенька» — the affectionate name","body":"Grushenka is itself a diminutive (Agrafena → Grusha → Grushenka), the warm everyday name for the heroine Agrafena Alexandrovna. The narrator's use of it throughout the scene signals familiar intimacy, against the formal «Аграфена Александровна» others use to address her."}],"words":[{"surface":"Наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дошла","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"дошла","lemma":"дойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"очередь","lemma":"очередь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of дошла","gloss":"turn"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies до Грушеньки","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Грушеньки","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Грушеньки","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition до, oblique complement of дошла","gloss":"Grushenka"}]},{"number":81,"label":"81","id":"b9-c8-s81","source":"Следователи, видимо, опасались того впечатления, которое могло произвести ее появление на Дмитрия Федоровича, и Николай Парфенович пробормотал даже несколько слов ему в увещание, но Митя, в ответ ему, молча склонил голову, давая тем знать, что «беспорядка не произойдет».","translation":"The investigators were evidently apprehensive about the effect her appearance might have on Dmitri Fyodorovich, and Nikolai Parfenovich even muttered a few words of admonition to him, but Mitya, by way of answer, silently bowed his head, giving them to understand that \"there would be no disturbance.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"впечатления, которое могло произвести ее появление","title":"Relative «которое» with its own case","body":"«которое» agrees with «впечатление» in neuter singular but takes the accusative its role in the relative clause demands. Word order is inverted — object «впечатление» (referred to by «которое») before subject «появление» — a literary scrambling typical of Dostoevsky."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пробормотал... несколько слов ему в увещание","title":"Dative «ему» of the addressee","body":"«ему» is the dative for the person addressed ('to him'), and «в увещание» ('by way of admonition') uses «в» + accusative for purpose/role. Together: he muttered a few words to Mitya as an admonition."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"давая тем знать","title":"Gerund «давая» — 'giving (them) to understand'","body":"«давая знать» is the imperfective gerund of «давать» in the idiom 'to let know, give to understand', running simultaneously with «склонил голову» ('bowed his head'). «тем» (instrumental of «то») means 'by that, thereby'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Следователи","lemma":"следователь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of опасались","gloss":"the investigators"},{"surface":"видимо","lemma":"видимо","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies опасались","gloss":"evidently"},{"surface":"опасались","lemma":"опасаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"were apprehensive"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of впечатления","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"впечатления","lemma":"впечатление","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"genitive complement of опасались","gloss":"effect"},{"surface":"которое","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of могло","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"могло","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause modifying впечатления","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"произвести","lemma":"произвести","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могло","gloss":"produce"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of появление","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"появление","lemma":"появление","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of произвести","gloss":"appearance"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Дмитрия","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"Дмитрия","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition на","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федоровича","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрия","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Николай","lemma":"николай","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пробормотал","gloss":"Nikolai"},{"surface":"Парфенович","lemma":"парфёнович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Николай","gloss":"Parfenovich"},{"surface":"пробормотал","lemma":"пробормотать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with опасались","gloss":"muttered"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies несколько","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on слов","gloss":"a few"},{"surface":"слов","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of пробормотал","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of пробормотал","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking увещание","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"увещание","lemma":"увещание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of пробормотал","gloss":"admonition"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of склонил","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ответ","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ответ","lemma":"ответ","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of склонил","gloss":"reply"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of ответ","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"молча","lemma":"молча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies склонил","gloss":"silently"},{"surface":"склонил","lemma":"склонить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пробормотал","gloss":"bowed"},{"surface":"голову","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of склонил","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"давая","lemma":"давать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on склонил","gloss":"giving"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of знать","gloss":"thereby"},{"surface":"знать","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of давая","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of произойдет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"беспорядка","lemma":"беспорядок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"subject of произойдет (genitive under negation)","gloss":"disorder","note":"Genitive of negation: беспорядка не произойдет, \"no disorder would occur.\""},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies произойдет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"произойдет","lemma":"произойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of знать","gloss":"will occur"}]},{"number":82,"label":"82","id":"b9-c8-s82","source":"Ввел Грушеньку сам Михаил Макарович.","translation":"Mikhail Makarovich himself brought Grushenka in.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ввел Грушеньку сам Михаил Макарович","title":"Verb-first, subject last for emphasis","body":"The clause runs verb–object–subject: «Ввёл Грушеньку сам Михаил Макарович» ('brought-in Grushenka himself Mikhail Makarovich'). Putting the subject last, with intensive «сам» ('himself'), stresses who did the honors. Cases keep roles clear despite the order."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ввел","lemma":"ввести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"brought in"},{"surface":"Грушеньку","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of Ввел","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Михаил","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"Михаил","lemma":"михаил","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Ввел","gloss":"Mikhail"},{"surface":"Макарович","lemma":"макарович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Михаил","gloss":"Makarovich"}]},{"number":83,"label":"83","id":"b9-c8-s83","source":"Она вошла со строгим и угрюмым лицом, с виду почти спокойным, и тихо села на указанный ей стул напротив Николая Парфеновича.","translation":"She came in with a stern and gloomy face, almost calm in appearance, and quietly sat down on the chair indicated to her, opposite Nikolai Parfenovich.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"со строгим и угрюмым лицом, с виду почти спокойным","title":"Instrumental of attendant feature after «с»","body":"«с» + instrumental describes the manner/appearance one enters with: «со строгим... лицом» ('with a stern face'). The string of agreeing instrumental adjectives builds her portrait without a single new verb."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"на указанный ей стул","title":"Passive participle «указанный» + dative agent-ish «ей»","body":"«указанный» is a past passive participle ('indicated, pointed out'), agreeing with «стул» in the accusative; «ей» is the dative 'to her'. The participle compresses 'the chair that had been shown to her' into one modifier — a bookish economy."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of вошла","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"вошла","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came in"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лицом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"строгим","lemma":"строгий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies лицом","gloss":"stern"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"угрюмым","lemma":"угрюмый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with строгим","gloss":"gloomy"},{"surface":"лицом","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of вошла","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking виду","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"виду","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"fixed phrase с виду, modifies спокойным","gloss":"appearance","note":"с виду is a fixed phrase meaning \"in appearance, apparently.\""},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спокойным","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"спокойным","lemma":"спокойный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies лицом","gloss":"calm"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тихо","lemma":"тихо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies села","gloss":"quietly"},{"surface":"села","lemma":"сесть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вошла","gloss":"sat down"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стул","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"указанный","lemma":"указать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, accusative, perfective","role":"clause modifying стул","gloss":"indicated"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of указанный","gloss":"to her"},{"surface":"стул","lemma":"стул","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of села","gloss":"chair"},{"surface":"напротив","lemma":"напротив","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Николая","gloss":"opposite"},{"surface":"Николая","lemma":"николай","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition напротив","gloss":"Nikolai"},{"surface":"Парфеновича","lemma":"парфёнович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Николая","gloss":"Parfenovich"}]},{"number":84,"label":"84","id":"b9-c8-s84","source":"Была она очень бледна, казалось, что ей холодно, и она плотно закутывалась в свою прекрасную черную шаль.","translation":"She was very pale, seemed to feel cold, and wrapped herself tightly in her splendid black shawl.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Была она очень бледна","title":"Short adjective «бледна» — pale (just now)","body":"«бледна» is the short predicative form of «бледный», stating a current state after «была». Short adjectives lean bookish and often signal a temporary condition — apt for the chill coming over her at this moment."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"казалось, что ей холодно","title":"Impersonal «казалось» + dative-subject «ей холодно»","body":"Two impersonal layers: «казалось» ('it seemed') with no subject, and the dative-experiencer «ей холодно» ('she felt cold' — literally 'to her [it is] cold'). The person who feels stands in the dative, the hallmark of Russian inner-state syntax."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"плотно закутывалась в свою прекрасную черную шаль","title":"Reflexive «закутывалась» + «свою»","body":"«закутывалась» is the reflexive «-ся» middle ('wrapped herself up'), imperfective for the ongoing gesture. «свою» is the reflexive possessive, marking the shawl as her own — «её» would have pointed to someone else's."}],"words":[{"surface":"Была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to бледна","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of бледна","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бледна","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"бледна","lemma":"бледный","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"complement of Была","gloss":"pale"},{"surface":"казалось","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to Была","gloss":"it seemed"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of холодно","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of холодно","gloss":"to her"},{"surface":"холодно","lemma":"холодно","morphology":"predicative adverb","role":"clausal complement of казалось","gloss":"cold"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of закутывалась","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"плотно","lemma":"плотно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies закутывалась","gloss":"tightly"},{"surface":"закутывалась","lemma":"закутываться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with казалось","gloss":"wrapped herself"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking шаль","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of шаль","gloss":"her own"},{"surface":"прекрасную","lemma":"прекрасный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies шаль","gloss":"splendid"},{"surface":"черную","lemma":"чёрный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies шаль","gloss":"black"},{"surface":"шаль","lemma":"шаль","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of закутывалась","gloss":"shawl"}]},{"number":85,"label":"85","id":"b9-c8-s85","source":"Действительно, с ней начинался тогда легкий лихорадочный озноб — начало длинной болезни, которую она потом с этой ночи перенесла.","translation":"In fact a slight feverish chill was coming over her just then — the beginning of the long illness she went through afterwards from that night on.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"с ней начинался тогда легкий лихорадочный озноб","title":"Reflexive «начинался» — an onset 'coming over' her","body":"«начинался» is the imperfective reflexive «начинаться» ('to begin', intransitive), viewing the chill as a process setting in. «с ней» ('with her') frames it as something happening to her rather than something she does."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"болезни, которую она потом... перенесла","title":"Relative «которую» — accusative object","body":"«которую» refers to «болезнь» (feminine), but takes the accusative as the object of «перенесла» ('went through, endured'). The perfective «перенесла» looks ahead past this night to the whole illness she would later survive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Действительно","lemma":"действительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies начинался","gloss":"in fact"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of начинался","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"начинался","lemma":"начинаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was coming on"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начинался","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"легкий","lemma":"лёгкий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies озноб","gloss":"slight"},{"surface":"лихорадочный","lemma":"лихорадочный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies озноб","gloss":"feverish"},{"surface":"озноб","lemma":"озноб","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of начинался","gloss":"chill"},{"surface":"начало","lemma":"начало","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"in apposition to озноб","gloss":"the beginning"},{"surface":"длинной","lemma":"длинный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies болезни","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"болезни","lemma":"болезнь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies начало","gloss":"illness"},{"surface":"которую","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of перенесла","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of перенесла","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies перенесла","gloss":"afterwards"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ночи","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ночи","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ночи","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of перенесла","gloss":"night"},{"surface":"перенесла","lemma":"перенести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on болезни","gloss":"went through"}]},{"number":86,"label":"86","id":"b9-c8-s86","source":"Строгий вид ее, прямой и серьезный взгляд и спокойная манера произвели весьма благоприятное впечатление на всех.","translation":"Her stern look, her direct and serious gaze, and her composed manner made a very favorable impression on everyone.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"произвели весьма благоприятное впечатление на всех","title":"«произвести впечатление на» + accusative","body":"The set phrase «произвести впечатление на кого» ('to make an impression on someone') takes «на» + accusative «всех» ('everyone'). The bookish intensifier «весьма» ('very, exceedingly') belongs to the elevated narratorial register."}],"words":[{"surface":"Строгий","lemma":"строгий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вид","gloss":"stern"},{"surface":"вид","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of произвели","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of вид","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"прямой","lemma":"прямой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies взгляд","gloss":"direct"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"серьезный","lemma":"серьёзный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with прямой","gloss":"serious"},{"surface":"взгляд","lemma":"взгляд","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with вид","gloss":"gaze"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"спокойная","lemma":"спокойный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies манера","gloss":"composed"},{"surface":"манера","lemma":"манера","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with взгляд","gloss":"manner"},{"surface":"произвели","lemma":"произвести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"весьма","lemma":"весьма","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies благоприятное","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"благоприятное","lemma":"благоприятный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies впечатление","gloss":"favorable"},{"surface":"впечатление","lemma":"впечатление","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of произвели","gloss":"impression"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всех","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"object of preposition на","gloss":"everyone"}]},{"number":87,"label":"87","id":"b9-c8-s87","source":"Николай Парфенович даже сразу несколько «увлекся».","translation":"Nikolai Parfenovich even grew somewhat \"taken\" with her at once.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"даже сразу несколько «увлекся»","title":"Reflexive «увлёкся» — was carried away","body":"«увлёкся» is the perfective reflexive «увлечься» ('to be carried away, become smitten'). The scare-quotes and «даже... несколько» ('even somewhat') flag the narrator's wink: the grave investigator was a touch taken with the witness."}],"words":[{"surface":"Николай","lemma":"николай","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of увлекся","gloss":"Nikolai"},{"surface":"Парфенович","lemma":"парфёнович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Николай","gloss":"Parfenovich"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сразу","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"сразу","lemma":"сразу","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies несколько","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies увлекся","gloss":"somewhat"},{"surface":"увлекся","lemma":"увлечься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"grew taken"}]},{"number":88,"label":"88","id":"b9-c8-s88","source":"Он признавался сам, рассказывая кое-где потом, что только с этого разу постиг, как эта женщина «хороша собой», а прежде хоть и видывал ее, но всегда считал чем-то вроде «уездной гетеры».","translation":"He admitted himself, telling of it here and there afterwards, that only from that occasion did he grasp how \"good-looking\" this woman was, for though he had seen her before, he had always taken her for something like a \"provincial courtesan.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"только с этого разу постиг","title":"«только с... разу» — 'only from that time'","body":"«с этого разу» ('from that occasion') uses «с» + genitive for a starting point in time, with the old genitive «разу». The perfective «постиг» ('grasped, comprehended') marks the single moment of realization."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хоть и видывал ее","title":"Iterative «видывал» — 'used to see now and then'","body":"«видывал» is an iterative/frequentative imperfective of «видеть», a bookish-folk form meaning 'had occasionally seen, used to catch sight of'. «хоть и» ('though') concedes the point: he had seen her before, yet never really noticed her."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"уездной гетеры","title":"«уездная гетера» — a provincial courtesan","body":"«гетера» (Greek hetaera) is a literary, ironic word for a high-class courtesan; «уездная» ('district, provincial') deflates it to small-town scale. The pairing is snobbish and dismissive — exactly the prejudice the narrator quotes and then upends."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of признавался","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"признавался","lemma":"признаваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"admitted"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Он","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"рассказывая","lemma":"рассказывать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on признавался","gloss":"telling"},{"surface":"кое","lemma":"кое-где","morphology":"particle (indefinite prefix)","role":"part of the phrase кое-где, modifies рассказывая","gloss":"here","note":"кое-где, split across two tokens, means \"here and there.\""},{"surface":"где","lemma":"кое-где","morphology":"adverb (part of кое-где)","role":"part of the phrase кое-где, modifies рассказывая","gloss":"and there"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рассказывая","gloss":"afterwards"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of постиг","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies этого","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этого разу","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"этот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of разу","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"разу","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of постиг","gloss":"occasion"},{"surface":"постиг","lemma":"постичь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of признавался","gloss":"grasped"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of хороша","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of женщина","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"женщина","lemma":"женщина","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of хороша","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"хороша","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"clausal complement of постиг","gloss":"good-looking"},{"surface":"собой","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"part of the phrase хороша собой","gloss":"in herself"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies видывал","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces concessive clause modifying видывал","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies видывал","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"видывал","lemma":"видывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the concessive clause, contrasts with считал","gloss":"had seen"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of видывал","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies считал","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"считал","lemma":"считать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with постиг","gloss":"took her for"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular (part of чем-то)","role":"part of the phrase чем-то, complement of считал","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"particle (part of чем-то)","role":"part of the phrase чем-то","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"вроде","lemma":"вроде","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гетеры","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"уездной","lemma":"уездный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies гетеры","gloss":"provincial"},{"surface":"гетеры","lemma":"гетера","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of считал","gloss":"courtesan"}]},{"number":89,"label":"89","id":"b9-c8-s89","source":"«У ней манеры как у самого высшего общества», — восторженно сболтнул он как-то в одном дамском кружке.","translation":"\"She has the manners of the very highest society,\" he once blurted out rapturously in some ladies' circle.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"У ней манеры как у самого высшего общества","title":"Possessive «у» twice + colloquial «ней»","body":"The comparison runs «у ней... как у... общества» ('she has... like the [highest] society has'), both halves built on «у» + genitive. «ней» (for «неё») is a colloquial-period variant, and «самого высшего» ('the very highest') stacks two superlative markers."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сболтнул","title":"«сболтнуть» — to blurt out","body":"A perfective colloquial verb: to let slip, blab out something one shouldn't. It paints Nikolai Parfenovich's praise as indiscreet and impulsive — the very gossip that earns him a scolding in the next line."}],"words":[{"surface":"У","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition у (possessor)","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"манеры","lemma":"манера","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"head of the phrase (subject, possessed)","gloss":"manners"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparative clause","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking общества","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies высшего","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"высшего","lemma":"высший","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies общества","gloss":"highest"},{"surface":"общества","lemma":"общество","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition у","gloss":"society"},{"surface":"восторженно","lemma":"восторженно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сболтнул","gloss":"rapturously"},{"surface":"сболтнул","lemma":"сболтнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"blurted out"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сболтнул","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как-то","morphology":"adverb (part of как-то)","role":"part of the phrase как-то, modifies сболтнул","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"как-то","morphology":"particle (part of как-то)","role":"part of the phrase как-то","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кружке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"одном","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, locative, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies кружке","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"дамском","lemma":"дамский","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies кружке","gloss":"ladies'"},{"surface":"кружке","lemma":"кружок","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сболтнул","gloss":"circle"}]},{"number":90,"label":"90","id":"b9-c8-s90","source":"Но его выслушали с самым полным негодованием и тотчас назвали за это «шалуном», чем он и остался очень доволен.","translation":"But he was heard out with the fullest indignation and was at once called \"a naughty boy\" for it, with which he remained quite content.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"его выслушали... назвали за это «шалуном»","title":"«назвать» + instrumental of the label","body":"After «назвать» ('to call [someone something]'), the name predicated goes in the instrumental: «назвали шалуном» ('called him a naughty boy'). Both verbs are again subjectless plurals ('they'). «за это» ('for this') gives the grounds."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"шалуном","title":"«шалун» — a naughty boy / mischief-maker","body":"«шалун» means a playful rogue or naughty child — a teasing, affectionate scolding here aimed at a grown official. That he «остался очень доволен» ('was quite pleased') with the label is the comic point."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of выслушали","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"выслушали","lemma":"выслушать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was heard out"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking негодованием","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"самым","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies полным","gloss":"the utmost"},{"surface":"полным","lemma":"полный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies негодованием","gloss":"full"},{"surface":"негодованием","lemma":"негодование","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of выслушали","gloss":"indignation"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies назвали","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"назвали","lemma":"назвать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with выслушали","gloss":"called"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking это","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of назвали","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"шалуном","lemma":"шалун","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of назвали","gloss":"a naughty boy"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"introduces the relative clause of остался","gloss":"with which"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of остался","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies остался","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"остался","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the relative clause introduced by чем","gloss":"remained"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies доволен","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"доволен","lemma":"довольный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"complement of остался","gloss":"content"}]},{"number":91,"label":"91","id":"b9-c8-s91","source":"Входя в комнату, Грушенька лишь как бы мельком глянула на Митю, в свою очередь с беспокойством на нее поглядевшего, но вид ее в ту же минуту и его успокоил.","translation":"As she entered the room, Grushenka only glanced fleetingly, as it were, at Mitya, who in his turn looked anxiously at her, but the sight of her at that very moment reassured him too.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Входя в комнату, Грушенька лишь как бы мельком глянула","title":"Gerund «входя» — 'as she entered'","body":"«входя» is the imperfective present gerund of «входить» ('entering'), the simultaneous backdrop to her glance. «как бы» ('as it were') and «лишь... мельком» ('only fleetingly') soften the look to a barely-there flicker."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с беспокойством на нее поглядевшего","title":"Past active participle «поглядевшего»","body":"«поглядевшего» is a past active participle ('who had looked'), agreeing with «Митю» in the animate accusative/genitive. It folds a whole который-clause ('who in turn had looked at her with anxiety') into one bookish modifier."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вид ее... и его успокоил","title":"Object «его» fronted, focusing «и»","body":"«вид её... и его успокоил» — 'the sight of her reassured him too'. The accusative «его» comes before its verb «успокоил», and «и» is the focusing 'also/too', not 'and': her calm soothed him as well."}],"words":[{"surface":"Входя","lemma":"входить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on глянула","gloss":"entering"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнату","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"комнату","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Входя","gloss":"the room"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of глянула","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мельком","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как бы","morphology":"particle (part of как бы)","role":"part of the phrase как бы, modifies мельком","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"как бы","morphology":"particle (part of как бы)","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"мельком","lemma":"мельком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies глянула","gloss":"fleetingly"},{"surface":"глянула","lemma":"глянуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"glanced"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Митю","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Митю","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition на","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking очередь","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of очередь","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"очередь","lemma":"очередь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"fixed phrase в свою очередь, modifies поглядевшего","gloss":"turn"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking беспокойством","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"беспокойством","lemma":"беспокойство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of поглядевшего","gloss":"anxiety"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition на","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"поглядевшего","lemma":"поглядеть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, accusative, perfective","role":"participial clause modifying Митю","gloss":"who had looked"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вид","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of успокоил","gloss":"the sight"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of вид","gloss":"of her"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ту","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуту","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ту","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of успокоил","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies успокоил","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of успокоил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"успокоил","lemma":"успокоить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with глянула","gloss":"reassured"}]},{"number":92,"label":"92","id":"b9-c8-s92","source":"После первых необходимых вопросов и увещаний Николай Парфенович, хоть и несколько запинаясь, но сохраняя самый вежливый, однако же, вид, спросил ее: «В каких отношениях состояла она к отставному поручику Дмитрию Федоровичу Карамазову?»","translation":"After the first necessary questions and admonitions Nikolai Parfenovich, though stammering a little, yet preserving the most courteous air, asked her: \"In what relation had she stood to the retired lieutenant Dmitri Fyodorovich Karamazov?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"хоть и несколько запинаясь, но сохраняя... вид","title":"Two contrasting gerunds, «хоть... но»","body":"A pair of imperfective gerunds frame his manner of asking: «запинаясь» ('stammering') and «сохраняя... вид» ('preserving an air'), bridged by the concessive «хоть... но» ('though... yet'). Both run simultaneously with the main verb «спросил»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"В каких отношениях состояла она","title":"«состоять в» + prepositional","body":"«состоять в отношениях» ('to stand in a relationship') governs «в» + prepositional «отношениях». The interrogative «каких» ('what kind of') agrees in the prepositional plural — a formal, lawyerly phrasing fitting the deposition."}],"words":[{"surface":"После","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вопросов","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"первых","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies вопросов","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"необходимых","lemma":"необходимый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies вопросов","gloss":"necessary"},{"surface":"вопросов","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"object of preposition После","gloss":"questions"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"увещаний","lemma":"увещание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated with вопросов","gloss":"admonitions"},{"surface":"Николай","lemma":"николай","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спросил","gloss":"Nikolai"},{"surface":"Парфенович","lemma":"парфёнович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Николай","gloss":"Parfenovich"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces concessive clause modifying спросил","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies несколько","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies запинаясь","gloss":"a little"},{"surface":"запинаясь","lemma":"запинаться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on спросил","gloss":"stammering"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"сохраняя","lemma":"сохранять","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with запинаясь","gloss":"preserving"},{"surface":"самый","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вежливый","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"вежливый","lemma":"вежливый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вид","gloss":"courteous"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies вид","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies однако","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"вид","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of сохраняя","gloss":"air"},{"surface":"спросил","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of спросил","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отношениях","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"каких","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of отношениях","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"отношениях","lemma":"отношение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of состояла","gloss":"relations"},{"surface":"состояла","lemma":"состоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"had stood"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of состояла","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking поручику","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"отставному","lemma":"отставной","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies поручику","gloss":"retired"},{"surface":"поручику","lemma":"поручик","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of состояла","gloss":"lieutenant"},{"surface":"Дмитрию","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to поручику","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федоровичу","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрию","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"Карамазову","lemma":"карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрию","gloss":"Karamazov"}]},{"number":93,"label":"93","id":"b9-c8-s93","source":"На что Грушенька тихо и твердо произнесла:","translation":"To which Grushenka quietly and firmly replied:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"произнесла","title":"«произнести» — to utter, pronounce","body":"A weightier, more deliberate verb than «сказать» ('to say'): to enunciate, to pronounce words with gravity. The narrator's choice, with «тихо и твердо» ('quietly and firmly'), lends Grushenka's reply a measured solemnity."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of произнесла","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of произнесла","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"тихо","lemma":"тихо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies произнесла","gloss":"quietly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"твердо","lemma":"твёрдо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies произнесла","gloss":"firmly"},{"surface":"произнесла","lemma":"произнести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"}]},{"number":94,"label":"94","id":"b9-c8-s94","source":"— Знакомый мой был, как знакомого его в последний месяц принимала.","translation":"\"He was an acquaintance of mine; as an acquaintance I received him this last month.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Знакомый мой был, как знакомого его... принимала","title":"Predicate noun without copula, then accusative","body":"«Знакомый мой был» ('he was an acquaintance of mine') keeps the predicate in the nominative «знакомый» even with past «был» — common with this animate noun. Then «как знакомого» is the animate accusative ('as an acquaintance I received [him]'), object of «принимала»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Знакомый","lemma":"знакомый","morphology":"noun (substantivized adjective), nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"an acquaintance"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Знакомый","gloss":"of mine"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula (subject omitted, understood he)","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparative clause","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"знакомого","lemma":"знакомый","morphology":"noun (substantivized adjective), accusative, masculine, singular","role":"predicative complement describing manner (как + accusative), modifies принимала","gloss":"an acquaintance"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of принимала","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking месяц","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"последний","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies месяц","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"месяц","lemma":"месяц","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of принимала","gloss":"month"},{"surface":"принимала","lemma":"принимать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"received"}]},{"number":95,"label":"95","id":"b9-c8-s95","source":"На дальнейшие любопытствующие вопросы прямо и с полною откровенностью заявила, что хотя он ей «часами» и нравился, но что она не любила его, но завлекала из «гнусной злобы моей», равно как и того «старичка», видела, что Митя ее очень ревновал к Федору Павловичу и ко всем, но тем лишь тешилась.","translation":"To the further inquisitive questions she declared frankly and with complete candor that, although at times he had pleased her, she had not loved him, but had lured him on out of \"my own vile spite,\" just as she had the \"little old man\" too; she had seen how Mitya was very jealous of her with Fyodor Pavlovich and with everyone, but had only amused herself with that.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"хотя он ей «часами» и нравился, но что она не любила его","title":"Dative experiencer with «нравиться»","body":"«он ей нравился» literally 'he was pleasing to her' — the verb «нравиться» puts the one who likes in the dative «ей» and the liked one in the nominative. Note «часами» ('at times, by the hour') used adverbially in the instrumental."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"завлекала из «гнусной злобы моей»","title":"«из» + genitive of motive","body":"«из» here gives the motive: «из злобы» ('out of spite'). The whole phrase «из гнусной злобы моей» stands in the genitive, with the possessive «моей» trailing the noun for the heightened, self-accusing tone of her confession."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"тем лишь тешилась","title":"Reflexive «тешилась» + instrumental «тем»","body":"«тешиться чем» ('to amuse/divert oneself with something') is a reflexive «-ся» verb taking the instrumental; «тем» ('with that') is the instrumental of «то». She 'only amused herself with that' — a cold, self-aware admission."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вопросы","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"дальнейшие","lemma":"дальнейший","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies вопросы","gloss":"further"},{"surface":"любопытствующие","lemma":"любопытствующий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies вопросы","gloss":"inquisitive"},{"surface":"вопросы","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of заявила","gloss":"questions"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заявила","gloss":"frankly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links прямо and с полною откровенностью","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking полною","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"полною","lemma":"полный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies откровенностью","gloss":"complete"},{"surface":"откровенностью","lemma":"откровенность","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заявила","gloss":"candor"},{"surface":"заявила","lemma":"заявить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"she declared"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of заявила","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of нравился","gloss":"although"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of нравился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of нравился","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"часами","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"adverbial modifier of нравился","gloss":"at times"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes нравился","gloss":"indeed","note":"Emphatic particle before the verb, not the coordinating \"and\"."},{"surface":"нравился","lemma":"нравиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the хотя-clause","gloss":"pleased her"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of любила","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of любила","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies любила","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"любила","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of заявила, coordinated with нравился","gloss":"loved"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of любила","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"завлекала","lemma":"завлекать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of заявила, coordinated with любила","gloss":"lured him on"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking злобы","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"гнусной","lemma":"гнусный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies злобы","gloss":"vile"},{"surface":"злобы","lemma":"злоба","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of завлекала","gloss":"spite"},{"surface":"моей","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies злобы","gloss":"my own"},{"surface":"равно","lemma":"равно","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase равно как","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase равно как, introduces того старичка","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies того старичка","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of старичка","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"старичка","lemma":"старичок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of an elliptical завлекала, parallel to злобы","gloss":"little old man"},{"surface":"видела","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with заявила, main verb","gloss":"she had seen"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ревновал","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ревновал","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of ревновал","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ревновал","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"ревновал","lemma":"ревновать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of видела","gloss":"was jealous"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Федору","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Федору","lemma":"Фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ревновал","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павловичу","lemma":"Павлович","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федору","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всем","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"coordinated with Федору Павловичу","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of тешилась","gloss":"with that"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тешилась","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"тешилась","lemma":"тешиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with видела","gloss":"amused herself"}]},{"number":96,"label":"96","id":"b9-c8-s96","source":"К Федору же Павловичу совсем никогда не хотела идти, а только смеялась над ним.","translation":"To Fyodor Pavlovich she had never had any wish to go at all, but had only laughed at him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"К Федору же Павловичу совсем никогда не хотела идти","title":"Negative concord «никогда... не»","body":"«никогда... не хотела» is Russian's obligatory negative concord: the ни-adverb «никогда» ('never') and the «не» on the verb both appear, doubling but not cancelling. «К... Павловичу» fronts the topic with «же» marking the shift; «к» + dative gives direction."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"смеялась над ним","title":"«смеяться над» + instrumental","body":"«смеяться над кем» ('to laugh at / mock someone') is a reflexive «-ся» verb governing «над» + instrumental «ним». She 'only laughed at him' — the construction itself carries the sense of mockery directed downward."}],"words":[{"surface":"К","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Федору","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Федору","lemma":"Фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of хотела","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Федору","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"Павловичу","lemma":"Павлович","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Федору","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies никогда","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хотела","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хотела","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хотела","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"идти","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хотела","gloss":"to go"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смеялась","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"смеялась","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with хотела","gloss":"laughed"},{"surface":"над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смеялась","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":97,"label":"97","id":"b9-c8-s97","source":"«В тот весь месяц не до них мне обоих было; я ждала другого человека, предо мной виновного… Только, думаю, — заключила она, — что вам нечего об этом любопытствовать, а мне нечего вам отвечать, потому что это особливое мое дело».","translation":"\"That whole month I had no thought for either of the two of them; I was waiting for another man, one who had wronged me… Only,\" she concluded, \"I think there's nothing for you to be curious about in this, and nothing for me to answer you, because it's a private affair of mine.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не до них мне обоих было","title":"Idiom «не до кого/чего» + dative experiencer","body":"«мне не до них было» is the impersonal idiom «(кому) не до (чего)» — 'I had no thought/time for them'. The experiencer «мне» is dative, the thing dismissed «до них» genitive, «было» impersonal neuter. A pure dative-subject construction."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"предо мной виновного","title":"Archaic «предо» + participle-adjective «виновного»","body":"«виновного» ('guilty, who had wronged') agrees with «человека» in the animate accusative and governs «предо мной» ('before me' — bookish «предо»). 'I awaited another man, one guilty before me' — the man who had wronged her."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"особливое мое дело","title":"«особливое» — archaic for 'particular/private'","body":"«особливый» is an older, folk-colored variant of «особенный/особый» ('special, particular'). In Grushenka's mouth 'a private affair of mine' carries a faintly old-fashioned, plain-spoken dignity that closes the subject firmly."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking месяц","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of месяц","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of месяц","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"месяц","lemma":"месяц","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"month"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom не до","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom не до (\"no thought for\")","gloss":"thought for","note":"«Мне не до X» is an idiom: \"I have no time/thought for X\"."},{"surface":"них","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"object of до","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"dative subject of the idiom не до...было","gloss":"I had"},{"surface":"обоих","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, genitive, masculine","role":"modifies них","gloss":"of the two of them"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of ждала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ждала","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with было","gloss":"was waiting for"},{"surface":"другого","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человека","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of ждала","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"предо","lemma":"перед","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мной","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"мной","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"object of предо","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"виновного","lemma":"виновный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человека","gloss":"who had wronged"},{"surface":"Только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies заключила","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"думаю","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, parallel to заключила","gloss":"I think"},{"surface":"заключила","lemma":"заключить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"she concluded"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of заключила","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of нечего","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of нечего","gloss":"for you"},{"surface":"нечего","lemma":"нечего","morphology":"verb","role":"clausal complement of заключила","gloss":"there is nothing"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of любопытствовать","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"любопытствовать","lemma":"любопытствовать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on нечего","gloss":"to be curious"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of нечего","gloss":"for me"},{"surface":"нечего","lemma":"нечего","morphology":"verb","role":"clausal complement of заключила, coordinated with the previous нечего","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of отвечать","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"отвечать","lemma":"отвечать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on нечего","gloss":"to answer"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of дело","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"особливое","lemma":"особливый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies дело","gloss":"private"},{"surface":"мое","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of дело","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate noun, complement of это","gloss":"affair"}]},{"number":98,"label":"98","id":"b9-c8-s98","source":"Так немедленно и поступил Николай Парфенович: на «романических» пунктах он опять перестал настаивать, а прямо перешел к серьезному, то есть всё к тому же и главнейшему вопросу о трех тысячах.","translation":"And so Nikolai Parfenovich did at once: on the \"romantic\" points he again stopped pressing, and went straight to the serious matter, that is, to that same chief question about the three thousand.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"перестал настаивать, а прямо перешел","title":"Contrastive «а» linking the pivot","body":"«а» joins the two moves with a mild contrast/topic-shift: he 'stopped pressing, and [instead] went straight on'. «перестал настаивать» pairs perfective «перестал» with imperfective infinitive «настаивать» ('to keep insisting'), the natural combination after 'stop doing'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"к тому же и главнейшему вопросу","title":"Superlative «главнейшему» in -ейш-","body":"«главнейший» is the bookish suffixal superlative of «главный» ('chief'), formed with «-ейш-» — 'the very chief'. It agrees in the dative with «вопросу» after «к», stressing that everything returns to the one central question of the three thousand."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поступил","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"немедленно","lemma":"немедленно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поступил","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"поступил","lemma":"поступить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did"},{"surface":"Николай","lemma":"Николай","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поступил","gloss":"Nikolai"},{"surface":"Парфенович","lemma":"Парфёнович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Николай","gloss":"Parfenovich"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пунктах","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"романических","lemma":"романический","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies пунктах","gloss":"romantic"},{"surface":"пунктах","lemma":"пункт","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of перестал","gloss":"points"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of перестал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies перестал","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"перестал","lemma":"перестать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause, coordinated with перешел","gloss":"stopped"},{"surface":"настаивать","lemma":"настаивать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of перестал","gloss":"pressing"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies перешел","gloss":"straight"},{"surface":"перешел","lemma":"перейти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with перестал","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking серьезному","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"серьезному","lemma":"серьёзный","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of перешел","gloss":"the serious matter"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase то есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the phrase то есть","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тому же","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вопросу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of вопросу","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тому","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"главнейшему","lemma":"главнейший","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with тому","gloss":"chief"},{"surface":"вопросу","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of перешел","gloss":"question"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тысячах","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"трех","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, locative","role":"quantifies тысячах","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысячах","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"modifies вопросу","gloss":"thousand"}]},{"number":99,"label":"99","id":"b9-c8-s99","source":"Грушенька подтвердила, что в Мокром, месяц назад, действительно истрачены были три тысячи рублей, и хоть денег сама и не считала, но слышала от самого Дмитрия Федоровича, что три тысячи рублей.","translation":"Grushenka confirmed that at Mokroe, a month ago, three thousand roubles had indeed been spent, and that, though she had not counted the money herself, she had heard from Dmitri Fyodorovich's own lips that it was three thousand roubles.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"действительно истрачены были три тысячи рублей","title":"Short passive participle «истрачены» — periphrastic passive","body":"«истрачены были» is the past passive: short participle «истрачены» ('spent') from perfective «истратить» + «были», stating the completed result. The agent is left unnamed; the focus is the bare fact that three thousand were spent."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хоть денег сама и не считала","title":"Genitive of negation «денег»","body":"Under negation the object shifts to genitive: «не считала денег» ('did not count the money'). The intensive «сама» ('herself') and concessive «хоть... и» concede the gap in her knowledge before she reports what she heard."}],"words":[{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of подтвердила","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"подтвердила","lemma":"подтвердить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"confirmed"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of истрачены","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Мокром","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Мокром","lemma":"Мокрое","morphology":"proper noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of истрачены","gloss":"Mokroe"},{"surface":"месяц","lemma":"месяц","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the adverbial phrase месяц назад, modifies истрачены","gloss":"a month"},{"surface":"назад","lemma":"назад","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies месяц","gloss":"ago"},{"surface":"действительно","lemma":"действительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies истрачены","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"истрачены","lemma":"истратить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of подтвердила","gloss":"had been spent"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of истрачены","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on тысячи","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"head noun of the quantity phrase, quantified by три, subject of passive истрачены; takes рублей as genitive complement","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"рублей","lemma":"рубль","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"genitive complement of тысячи","gloss":"roubles"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of считала","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"денег","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of считала","gloss":"the money"},{"surface":"сама","lemma":"сама","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"emphasizes the implied subject of считала","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes не считала","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies считала","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"считала","lemma":"считать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with истрачены as complement of подтвердила","gloss":"counted"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"слышала","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with считала","gloss":"heard"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Дмитрия","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Дмитрия","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"Дмитрия","lemma":"Дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of слышала","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федоровича","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрия","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of рублей","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on тысячи","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"head noun of the quantity phrase, quantified by три; clausal complement of слышала; takes рублей as genitive complement","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"рублей","lemma":"рубль","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"genitive complement of тысячи","gloss":"roubles"}]},{"number":100,"label":"100","id":"b9-c8-s100","source":"— Наедине он вам это говорил или при ком-нибудь, или вы только слышали, как он с другими при вас говорил? — осведомился тотчас же прокурор.","translation":"\"Did he tell you this alone with you, or in someone's presence, or did you only hear him saying it to others when you were there?\" the prosecutor inquired at once.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Наедине он вам это говорил или при ком-нибудь","title":"«при ком-нибудь» — 'in anyone's presence'","body":"«при» + prepositional means 'in the presence of'; «ком-нибудь» uses the non-specific «-нибудь» ('anyone at all'). The alternative question lines up three options: alone, before someone, or only overheard."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"осведомился","title":"«осведомиться» — to inquire (formally)","body":"A formal, slightly officious verb for 'to inquire, ascertain' — the reflexive «осведомиться о чём». It suits the prosecutor's careful, procedural questioning and recurs through this exchange."}],"words":[{"surface":"Наедине","lemma":"наедине","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорил","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of говорил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of говорил","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ком","gloss":"in the presence of"},{"surface":"ком","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, locative","role":"oblique complement of говорил","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"forms the indefinite pronoun ком-нибудь","gloss":"-ever","note":"«-нибудь» is an indefinite suffix (кто-нибудь = \"someone/anyone\")."},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of слышали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies слышали","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"слышали","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with говорил","gloss":"heard"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of говорил","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking другими","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"другими","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of говорил","gloss":"others"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"in the presence of"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of говорил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of слышали","gloss":"was saying"},{"surface":"осведомился","lemma":"осведомиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"inquired"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies осведомился","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"emphasis"},{"surface":"прокурор","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of осведомился","gloss":"the prosecutor"}]},{"number":101,"label":"101","id":"b9-c8-s101","source":"На что Грушенька объявила, что слышала и при людях, слышала, как и с другими говорил, слышала и наедине от него самого.","translation":"To which Grushenka declared that she had heard it both in front of people, heard him say it to others as well, and heard it from him alone.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"слышала и при людях... слышала и наедине","title":"Anaphoric repetition with focusing «и»","body":"Grushenka repeats «слышала» three times, each with focusing «и» ('also'): in front of people, to others, and alone. The triple imperfective «слышала» stresses repeated, habitual hearing — she heard it on many occasions."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of объявила","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of объявила","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"объявила","lemma":"объявить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"declared"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of слышала","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"слышала","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of объявила","gloss":"she had heard"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies людях","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking людях","gloss":"in front of"},{"surface":"людях","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of слышала","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"слышала","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with слышала","gloss":"heard"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of говорил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies другими","gloss":"as well"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking другими","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"другими","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of говорил","gloss":"others"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of слышала","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"слышала","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with слышала","gloss":"heard"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"наедине","lemma":"наедине","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies слышала","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of наедине","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies него","gloss":"himself"}]},{"number":102,"label":"102","id":"b9-c8-s102","source":"— Однажды слышали от него наедине или неоднократно? — осведомился опять прокурор и узнал, что Грушенька слышала неоднократно.","translation":"\"Did you hear it from him once alone, or repeatedly?\" the prosecutor inquired again, and learned that Grushenka had heard it repeatedly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"неоднократно","title":"«неоднократно» — repeatedly, more than once","body":"A bookish adverb (literally 'not-once-ly') meaning 'on repeated occasions'. Set against «однажды» ('once'), it is the answer the prosecutor extracts — that Mitya said it more than one time."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"осведомился... и узнал, что Грушенька слышала","title":"Reported clause with «что»","body":"«узнал, что...» ('learned that...') opens a factual reported clause with the subordinator «что». The narration compresses question and answer into one sentence, then states the imperfective result: she had heard it repeatedly."}],"words":[{"surface":"Однажды","lemma":"однажды","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies слышали","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"слышали","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did you hear"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of слышали","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"наедине","lemma":"наедине","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies слышали","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"неоднократно","lemma":"неоднократно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with наедине","gloss":"repeatedly"},{"surface":"осведомился","lemma":"осведомиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to слышали","gloss":"inquired"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies осведомился","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"прокурор","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of осведомился","gloss":"the prosecutor"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"узнал","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with осведомился","gloss":"learned"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of слышала","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of слышала","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"слышала","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of узнал","gloss":"had heard"},{"surface":"неоднократно","lemma":"неоднократно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies слышала","gloss":"repeatedly"}]},{"number":103,"label":"103","id":"b9-c8-s103","source":"Ипполит Кириллыч остался очень доволен этим показанием.","translation":"Ippolit Kirillovich was very pleased with this testimony.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"остался очень доволен этим показанием","title":"Short adjective «доволен» + instrumental","body":"«доволен» is the short predicative form of «довольный» ('content'); the thing one is pleased with goes in the instrumental — «доволен показанием» ('pleased with the testimony'). «остался» ('remained') frames it as a settled state."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ипполит","lemma":"Ипполит","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of остался","gloss":"Ippolit"},{"surface":"Кириллыч","lemma":"Кириллыч","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Ипполит","gloss":"Kirillovich"},{"surface":"остался","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies доволен","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"доволен","lemma":"довольный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"complement of остался","gloss":"pleased"},{"surface":"этим","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of показанием","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"показанием","lemma":"показание","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of доволен","gloss":"testimony"}]},{"number":104,"label":"104","id":"b9-c8-s104","source":"Из дальнейших вопросов выяснилось тоже, что Грушеньке было известно, откуда эти деньги и что взял их-де Дмитрий Федорович от Катерины Ивановны.","translation":"From the further questions it came out too that Grushenka knew where the money had come from, and that Dmitri Fyodorovich had taken it, so they said, from Katerina Ivanovna.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Грушеньке было известно, откуда эти деньги","title":"Dative + «известно» — impersonal 'it was known'","body":"«Грушеньке было известно» literally 'to Grushenka it was known' — the dative experiencer with the impersonal predicate «известно» ('known'). Another subjectless construction centering on whose knowledge it is."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что взял их-де Дмитрий Федорович","title":"The reportive clitic «-де»","body":"«-де» is a hearsay particle marking reported speech — 'so they say, allegedly'. Tacked onto «их-де» it flags that what follows is reported, not vouched for by the narrator. Our English 'so they said' renders it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вопросов","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"дальнейших","lemma":"дальнейший","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies вопросов","gloss":"further"},{"surface":"вопросов","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of выяснилось","gloss":"questions"},{"surface":"выяснилось","lemma":"выясниться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"it came out"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выяснилось","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of известно","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Грушеньке","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of известно","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to известно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"известно","lemma":"известный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"clausal complement of выяснилось","gloss":"known"},{"surface":"откуда","lemma":"откуда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the elided copula in откуда эти деньги","gloss":"where...from"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of деньги","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of the elliptical clause откуда эти деньги","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of взял","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"взял","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of известно, coordinated with the откуда-clause","gloss":"had taken"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of взял","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"де","lemma":"де","morphology":"particle","role":"reportative particle, modifies взял","gloss":"so they said","note":"«Де» is an archaic reportative particle marking hearsay/quoted speech."},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"Дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of взял","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрий","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Катерины","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Катерины","lemma":"Катерина","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of взял","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановны","lemma":"Ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Катерины","gloss":"Ivanovna"}]},{"number":105,"label":"105","id":"b9-c8-s105","source":"— А не слыхали ли вы хоть однажды, что денег было промотано месяц назад не три тысячи, а меньше, и что Дмитрий Федорович уберег из них целую половину для себя?","translation":"\"And did you never once hear that the money squandered a month ago was not three thousand but less, and that Dmitri Fyodorovich had kept a whole half of it back for himself?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А не слыхали ли вы хоть однажды","title":"«не... ли» question with «слыхали»","body":"The yes/no question is built with «не... ли»: «не слыхали ли вы» ('did you not ever hear / have you not heard'). «слыхали» is the folksy iterative of «слышать». «хоть однажды» means 'even once'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не три тысячи, а меньше","title":"Corrective «не... а» + comparative «меньше»","body":"«не..., а...» is the corrective pairing 'not X, but Y'. «меньше» is the suppletive comparative of «мало/маленький» ('less'). The prosecutor floats the theory that less than three thousand was spent."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"уберег из них целую половину","title":"«уберечь» — to keep safe, hold back","body":"«уберечь» (perfective) is to preserve, guard, keep something from being lost. Here, to have squirreled away «целую половину» ('a whole half') of the sum — the crux of the prosecution's theory that Mitya hid half the money."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies слыхали","gloss":"did not"},{"surface":"слыхали","lemma":"слыхать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hear"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"marks the yes/no question","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of слыхали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies однажды","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"однажды","lemma":"однажды","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies слыхали","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of промотано","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"денег","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"subject of passive промотано","gloss":"the money"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of промотано","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"промотано","lemma":"промотать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of слыхали","gloss":"squandered"},{"surface":"месяц","lemma":"месяц","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the adverbial phrase месяц назад, modifies промотано","gloss":"a month"},{"surface":"назад","lemma":"назад","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies месяц","gloss":"ago"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies три","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on тысячи","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement, coordinated with меньше","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"меньше","lemma":"меньше","morphology":"numeral, comparative","role":"coordinated with тысячи as predicate complement","gloss":"less"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of уберег","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"Дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of уберег","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрий","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"уберег","lemma":"уберечь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with промотано as complement of слыхали","gloss":"had kept back"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of уберег","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"целую","lemma":"целый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies половину","gloss":"a whole"},{"surface":"половину","lemma":"половина","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of уберег","gloss":"half"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"object of для","gloss":"himself"}]},{"number":106,"label":"106","id":"b9-c8-s106","source":"— Нет, никогда этого не слыхала, — показала Грушенька.","translation":"\"No, I never heard that,\" Grushenka testified.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Нет, никогда этого не слыхала","title":"Negative concord + genitive of negation","body":"Two negation features at once: «никогда... не» is double negative concord ('never... not'), and «этого» is genitive ('that'), the genitive an abstract object takes under negation. 'I never heard any of that.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to слыхала","gloss":"No"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies слыхала","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of слыхала","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies слыхала","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"слыхала","lemma":"слыхать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"heard"},{"surface":"показала","lemma":"показать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to слыхала","gloss":"testified"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of показала","gloss":"Grushenka"}]},{"number":107,"label":"107","id":"b9-c8-s107","source":"Дальше выяснилось даже, что Митя, напротив, часто говорил ей во весь этот месяц, что денег у него нет ни копейки.","translation":"It came out further still that, on the contrary, Mitya had often told her throughout this month that he had not a kopek of money.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"денег у него нет ни копейки","title":"Genitive of absence + emphatic «ни копейки»","body":"«нет» ('there is no') forces the genitive of what is absent: «денег нет» ('there is no money'). «ни копейки» ('not a kopek') is the «ни»-intensifier in the genitive — 'not a single kopek'. A textbook genitive-of-negation existential."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Митя, напротив, часто говорил ей","title":"Imperfective «говорил» for habit","body":"«часто говорил» ('often told') is imperfective for repeated, habitual action across the month. «напротив» ('on the contrary') pivots the testimony against the prosecutor's theory; «ей» is the dative addressee."}],"words":[{"surface":"Дальше","lemma":"далеко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выяснилось","gloss":"further"},{"surface":"выяснилось","lemma":"выясниться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"it came out"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies выяснилось","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of говорил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"напротив","lemma":"напротив","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорил","gloss":"on the contrary"},{"surface":"часто","lemma":"часто","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорил","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of выяснилось","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of говорил","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking месяц","gloss":"throughout"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of месяц","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of месяц","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"месяц","lemma":"месяц","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорил","gloss":"month"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of нет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"денег","lemma":"деньга","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"subject of нет","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of нет","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of говорил","gloss":"there is not"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies копейки","gloss":"not a","note":"Idiom «ни копейки» = 'not a single kopek' — total negation."},{"surface":"копейки","lemma":"копейка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"subject of нет","gloss":"kopek"}]},{"number":108,"label":"108","id":"b9-c8-s108","source":"«С родителя своего всё ждал получить», — заключила Грушенька.","translation":"\"He was always expecting to get some from his father,\" Grushenka concluded.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"С родителя своего всё ждал получить","title":"«ждать получить» + «свой» + «с» genitive","body":"«ждал получить» chains the imperfective 'kept expecting' with a perfective infinitive 'to get'. «с родителя своего» ('from his own father') uses «с» + genitive for source and the reflexive «своего» pointing back to Mitya. «всё» ('all the time') stresses the constant waiting."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"родителя","title":"«родитель» — sire / parent (elevated)","body":"«родитель» is a loftier, more formal word for 'father' than «отец», with a faintly archaic or genteel ring. In Grushenka's reported phrase it lends a touch of mock-solemnity to Mitya's chronic hope of money from the old man."}],"words":[{"surface":"С","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking родителя","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"родителя","lemma":"родитель","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ждал","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of родителя","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ждал","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"ждал","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"waited"},{"surface":"получить","lemma":"получить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of ждал","gloss":"to get"},{"surface":"заключила","lemma":"заключить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to ждал","gloss":"concluded"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of заключила","gloss":"Grushenka"}]},{"number":109,"label":"109","id":"b9-c8-s109","source":"— А не говорил ли когда при вас… или как-нибудь мельком, или в раздражении, — хватил вдруг Николай Парфенович, — что намерен посягнуть на жизнь своего отца?","translation":"\"And did he never say in your presence… or somehow in passing, or in irritation,\" Nikolai Parfenovich suddenly let fly, \"that he intended to make an attempt on his father's life?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А не говорил ли когда при вас","title":"«не... ли» + «когда» indefinite","body":"Another «не говорил ли» yes/no question, with «когда» used as an unstressed indefinite 'ever, at some point'. «при вас» ('in your presence') sets the condition."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"посягнуть на жизнь","title":"«посягнуть на» — to make an attempt on","body":"«посягнуть на что» is a grave, formal verb: to encroach upon, make a criminal attempt on. «посягнуть на жизнь» ('to attempt the life of') is the legal-rhetorical phrasing for an intent to kill — the gravest charge, dropped here on the father."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"хватил","title":"«хватил» — let fly (a sudden thrust)","body":"Colloquially «хватить» can mean to come out with something abruptly and forcefully — to 'let fly'. «хватил вдруг Николай Парфенович» frames the question as a sudden, pointed thrust the investigator springs on her."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говорил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говорил","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорил","gloss":"ever","note":"Colloquial use of «когда» meaning 'ever, at any point' rather than 'when'."},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"in front of"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of говорил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мельком","gloss":"somehow","note":"«как-нибудь» ('somehow') is split by the tagger across this word and the next."},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мельком","gloss":"-ever"},{"surface":"мельком","lemma":"мельком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорил","gloss":"in passing"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раздражении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"раздражении","lemma":"раздражение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with мельком","gloss":"irritation"},{"surface":"хватил","lemma":"хватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to говорил","gloss":"let fly"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хватил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"Николай","lemma":"николай","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of хватил","gloss":"Nikolai"},{"surface":"Парфенович","lemma":"парфёнович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Николай","gloss":"Parfenovich"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of намерен","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"намерен","lemma":"намеренный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of говорил","gloss":"intended"},{"surface":"посягнуть","lemma":"посягнуть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of намерен","gloss":"to make an attempt"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизнь","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of посягнуть","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of отца","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies жизнь","gloss":"father"}]},{"number":110,"label":"110","id":"b9-c8-s110","source":"— Ох, говорил! — вздохнула Грушенька.","translation":"\"Oh, he did!\" sighed Grushenka.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Ох","title":"«Ох!» — a sigh of pained acknowledgment","body":"«Ох» is an interjection of heaviness, grief, or reluctant admission — quite distinct from surprised «ах». Paired with «вздохнула» ('she sighed'), it conveys Grushenka's sorrowful yielding to an uncomfortable truth."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ох","lemma":"ох","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to говорил","gloss":"Oh"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he did"},{"surface":"вздохнула","lemma":"вздохнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to говорил","gloss":"sighed"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of вздохнула","gloss":"Grushenka"}]},{"number":111,"label":"111","id":"b9-c8-s111","source":"— Однажды или несколько раз?","translation":"\"Once, or several times?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Однажды или несколько раз?","title":"Elliptical alternative question","body":"A bare, verbless question: 'Once or several times?'. Russian readily drops the understood verb («говорил») once context supplies it. «несколько раз» pairs «несколько» ('a few') with «раз» ('time'), which stays singular in form here."}],"words":[{"surface":"Однажды","lemma":"однажды","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on раз","gloss":"several"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with Однажды","gloss":"times"}]},{"number":112,"label":"112","id":"b9-c8-s112","source":"— Несколько раз поминал, всегда в сердцах.","translation":"\"He mentioned it several times, always in a temper.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"поминал","title":"«поминать» — to mention, bring up","body":"An imperfective verb for repeatedly referring to or recalling something. «Несколько раз поминал» ('he brought it up several times') stresses recurrence, fitting her admission that the threat surfaced more than once."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в сердцах","title":"«в сердцах» — in a flash of temper","body":"A fixed idiom (frozen prepositional plural of «сердце», 'heart') meaning 'in anger, in a fit of temper'. «всегда в сердцах» ('always in a temper') paints his threats as hot-blooded outbursts, not cold resolve — softening their weight."}],"words":[{"surface":"Несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on раз","gloss":"several"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of поминал","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"поминал","lemma":"поминать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"mentioned"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сердцах","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сердцах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"сердцах","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated with поминал","gloss":"a temper","note":"Idiom «в сердцах» = 'in anger, in a fit of temper', not literally 'in hearts'."}]},{"number":113,"label":"113","id":"b9-c8-s113","source":"— И вы верили, что он это исполнит?","translation":"\"And did you believe he would carry it out?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вы верили, что он это исполнит","title":"Perfective future «исполнит» in reported thought","body":"«исполнит» is the perfective present-form of «исполнить» ('to carry out'), which yields future meaning — 'that he would carry it out'. Embedded under past «верили» ('believed'), Russian keeps the future form where English shifts to 'would'."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of верили","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"верили","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"believed"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of исполнит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of исполнит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of исполнит","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"исполнит","lemma":"исполнить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of верили","gloss":"would carry out"}]},{"number":114,"label":"114","id":"b9-c8-s114","source":"— Нет, никогда не верила! — твердо ответила она, — на благородство его надеялась.","translation":"\"No, I never believed it!\" she answered firmly. \"I trusted in his nobility.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Нет, никогда не верила!","title":"Negative concord «никогда не верила»","body":"«никогда не верила» — the ни-adverb «никогда» ('never') and the «не» on the verb both stand, Russian's required double negation. The imperfective «верила» states an enduring disbelief throughout."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"на благородство его надеялась","title":"«надеяться на» + accusative, fronted object","body":"«надеяться на что» ('to trust/hope in') is reflexive «-ся» governing «на» + accusative. The object «на благородство его» ('in his nobility') is fronted before the verb «надеялась» for emphasis — what she trusted in leads the clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to верила","gloss":"No"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies верила","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies верила","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"верила","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"believed"},{"surface":"твердо","lemma":"твердо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ответила","gloss":"firmly"},{"surface":"ответила","lemma":"ответить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to верила","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of ответила","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking благородство","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"благородство","lemma":"благородство","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of надеялась","gloss":"nobility"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of благородство","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"надеялась","lemma":"надеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with верила","gloss":"trusted"}]},{"number":115,"label":"115","id":"b9-c8-s115","source":"— Господа, позвольте, — вскричал вдруг Митя, — позвольте сказать при вас Аграфене Александровне лишь одно только слово.","translation":"\"Gentlemen, allow me,\" Mitya suddenly cried out, \"allow me to say just one single word to Agrafena Alexandrovna in your presence.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"позвольте сказать... лишь одно только слово","title":"Polite imperative «позвольте» + infinitive","body":"«позвольте» is the polite/plural imperative of «позволить» ('to allow'), softening the request: 'allow [me] to say'. The doubled «лишь... только» ('just only') and «одно... слово» ('one word') stress how brief he means to be."}],"words":[{"surface":"Господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Gentlemen"},{"surface":"позвольте","lemma":"позволить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Господа","gloss":"allow me"},{"surface":"вскричал","lemma":"вскричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to позвольте","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вскричал","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вскричал","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"позвольте","lemma":"позволить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Господа","gloss":"allow me"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of позвольте","gloss":"to say"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"in front of"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of сказать","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Аграфене","lemma":"аграфена","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of сказать","gloss":"Agrafena"},{"surface":"Александровне","lemma":"александровна","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Аграфене","gloss":"Alexandrovna"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies одно","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"одно","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"quantifies слово","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies слово","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"слово","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сказать","gloss":"word"}]},{"number":116,"label":"116","id":"b9-c8-s116","source":"— Скажите, — разрешил Николай Парфенович.","translation":"\"Speak,\" Nikolai Parfenovich permitted.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Скажите","title":"Imperative «Скажите» — perfective command","body":"«Скажите» is the polite/plural imperative of perfective «сказать» ('say [it]'), granting permission with a single curt word. The perfective fits a one-off act of speech, as opposed to imperfective «говорите» ('go on speaking')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Скажите","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Speak"},{"surface":"разрешил","lemma":"разрешить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Скажите","gloss":"permitted"},{"surface":"Николай","lemma":"николай","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of разрешил","gloss":"Nikolai"},{"surface":"Парфенович","lemma":"парфёнович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Николай","gloss":"Parfenovich"}]},{"number":117,"label":"117","id":"b9-c8-s117","source":"— Аграфена Александровна, — привстал со стула Митя, — верь богу и мне: в крови убитого вчера отца моего я не повинен!","translation":"\"Agrafena Alexandrovna,\" Mitya half-rose from his chair, \"believe in God and in me: of the blood of my father, murdered yesterday, I am not guilty!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"верь богу и мне","title":"Singular imperative «верь» + dative","body":"«верь» is the singular (intimate) imperative of «верить» ('believe, trust'), governing the dative «богу и мне» ('God and me'). The shift to «ты» («верь», not «верьте») marks the sudden intimacy of his direct plea to her alone."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в крови убитого вчера отца моего я не повинен","title":"Short adjective «повинен» + «в» prepositional","body":"«повинен в чём» ('guilty of') is an archaic-solemn short adjective governing «в» + prepositional «в крови» ('of the blood'). «убитого» is a past passive participle ('murdered') agreeing with «отца» in the genitive — a dense, oath-like declaration."}],"words":[{"surface":"Аграфена","lemma":"аграфена","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Agrafena"},{"surface":"Александровна","lemma":"александровна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Аграфена","gloss":"Alexandrovna"},{"surface":"привстал","lemma":"привстать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Аграфена","gloss":"half-rose"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"со","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стула","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"стула","lemma":"стул","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of привстал","gloss":"chair"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of привстал","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"верь","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Аграфена","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"богу","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of верь","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of верь","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking крови","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"крови","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of повинен","gloss":"blood"},{"surface":"убитого","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, perfective","role":"clause modifying отца","gloss":"murdered"},{"surface":"вчера","lemma":"вчера","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies убитого","gloss":"yesterday"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies крови","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"моего","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of отца","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of повинен","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies повинен","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"повинен","lemma":"повинный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"parallel clause to верь","gloss":"guilty"}]},{"number":118,"label":"118","id":"b9-c8-s118","source":"Произнеся это, Митя опять сел на стул.","translation":"Having said this, Mitya sat down again on his chair.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Произнеся это, Митя опять сел","title":"Past gerund «Произнеся» — 'having said'","body":"«Произнеся» is a perfective past gerund from «произнести» ('to utter'), naming the completed prior act before the main verb «сел» ('sat down'): having pronounced this, he sat. The gerund shares Mitya as subject."}],"words":[{"surface":"Произнеся","lemma":"произнести","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on сел","gloss":"having said"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of Произнеся","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сел","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сел","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"сел","lemma":"сесть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sat down"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стул","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"стул","lemma":"стул","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сел","gloss":"chair"}]},{"number":119,"label":"119","id":"b9-c8-s119","source":"Грушенька привстала и набожно перекрестилась на икону.","translation":"Grushenka half-rose and crossed herself devoutly before the ikon.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"привстала и набожно перекрестилась","title":"Reflexive «перекреститься» — to cross oneself","body":"«перекрестилась» is the perfective reflexive of «перекреститься» ('to make the sign of the cross'), the «-ся» here truly reflexive — the action falls on the doer. «привстала» ('half-rose') is also perfective, two single completed gestures."}],"words":[{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of привстала","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"привстала","lemma":"привстать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"half-rose"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"набожно","lemma":"набожно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies перекрестилась","gloss":"devoutly"},{"surface":"перекрестилась","lemma":"перекреститься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with привстала","gloss":"crossed herself"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking икону","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"икону","lemma":"икона","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of перекрестилась","gloss":"icon"}]},{"number":120,"label":"120","id":"b9-c8-s120","source":"— Слава тебе господи! — проговорила она горячим, проникновенным голосом и, еще не садясь на место и обратившись к Николаю Парфеновичу, прибавила: — Как он теперь сказал, тому и верьте!","translation":"\"Glory be to Thee, O Lord!\" she said in a fervent, heartfelt voice, and, still not sitting down and turning to Nikolai Parfenovich, added: \"What he has just now said, that you must believe!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"еще не садясь на место и обратившись","title":"Two gerunds: imperfective «не садясь» + perfective «обратившись»","body":"«не садясь» (imperfective present gerund, 'still not sitting down') gives an ongoing attendant state, while «обратившись» (perfective past gerund, 'having turned') gives a completed prior act. The pairing layers a lingering posture with a finished turn toward the investigator."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Как он теперь сказал, тому и верьте!","title":"Correlative «как... тому» + imperative","body":"A correlative construction: «как он сказал» ('what he just said') is picked up by the dative «тому» ('that') after «верить», which governs the dative. «и верьте» ('believe, then!') is the polite imperative with focusing «и» — 'that is what you must believe!'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Слава","lemma":"слава","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Glory"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of Слава","gloss":"to Thee"},{"surface":"господи","lemma":"господь","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Lord"},{"surface":"проговорила","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Слава","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of проговорила","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"горячим","lemma":"горячий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies голосом","gloss":"fervent"},{"surface":"проникновенным","lemma":"проникновенный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies голосом","gloss":"heartfelt"},{"surface":"голосом","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of проговорила","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies садясь","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies садясь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"садясь","lemma":"садиться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on прибавила","gloss":"sitting down"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking место","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"место","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of садясь","gloss":"seat"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"обратившись","lemma":"обратиться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"coordinated with садясь","gloss":"turning"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Николаю","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Николаю","lemma":"николай","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обратившись","gloss":"Nikolai"},{"surface":"Парфеновичу","lemma":"парфёнович","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Николаю","gloss":"Parfenovich"},{"surface":"прибавила","lemma":"прибавить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to проговорила","gloss":"added"},{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказал","gloss":"what","note":"Correlative «как...тому» = 'whatever he said, believe that' — как is picked up by тому."},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказал","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to прибавила","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of верьте","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies верьте","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"верьте","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сказал","gloss":"believe"}]},{"number":121,"label":"121","id":"b9-c8-s121","source":"Знаю его: сболтнуть что сболтнет, али для смеху, али с упрямства, но если против совести, то никогда не обманет.","translation":"I know him: he'll let something slip, all right — for a laugh, or out of sheer stubbornness — but if it goes against his conscience, never; he'll not deceive you.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сболтнуть что сболтнет","title":"«сболтнуть» — to blurt out","body":"«сболтнуть» is colloquial for letting something slip thoughtlessly, blabbing. The doubled construction «сболтнуть что сболтнет» (lit. 'as for blurting, blurt he will') is a folk concessive idiom — 'sure, he may blab' — conceding the point before the «но»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"али","title":"«али» — folk 'or'","body":"«али» is a peasant, dialectal variant of «или» ('or'). Grushenka's whole defence of Mitya is voiced in this homely register — «али для смеху, али с упрямства» — marking her as a woman of the people."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с упрямства","title":"Cause expressed with «с» + genitive","body":"The preposition «с» governs the genitive here to express cause or motive — «с упрямства» ('out of stubbornness'), parallel to «для смеху» ('for a laugh'). «для смеху» also shows the old partitive-genitive ending -у rather than -а."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"никогда не обманет","title":"Negative concord and perfective future","body":"«никогда … не» is Russian's obligatory double negation: the ни-adverb still requires «не» on the verb. «обманет» is a perfective present-form serving as future — 'he will (never) deceive'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I know"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Знаю","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"сболтнуть","lemma":"сболтнуть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Знаю","gloss":"blurt out","note":"Emphatic doubling: «сболтнуть что сболтнет» topicalizes the verb before restating it finite — 'blurt something out he will.'"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сболтнет","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"сболтнет","lemma":"сболтнуть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of сболтнуть","gloss":"he'll blurt out"},{"surface":"али","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or","note":"«али» is a dialectal/colloquial variant of «или» ('or')."},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking смеху","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"смеху","lemma":"смех","morphology":"noun, partitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies али","gloss":"a laugh"},{"surface":"али","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking упрямства","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"упрямства","lemma":"упрямство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies али","gloss":"stubbornness"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of обманет","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"против","lemma":"против","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking совести","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"совести","lemma":"совесть","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of против","gloss":"conscience"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of обманет","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обманет","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies обманет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"обманет","lemma":"обмануть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with сболтнуть","gloss":"will deceive"}]},{"number":122,"label":"122","id":"b9-c8-s122","source":"Прямо правду скажет, тому верьте!","translation":"He'll tell the plain truth — believe that of him!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"тому верьте","title":"Dative object of «верить»","body":"«верить» governs the dative — you believe to someone/something. «тому» is the dative of the demonstrative «то», so 'believe that (of him)'. «верьте» is the polite/plural imperative in -те."}],"words":[{"surface":"Прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies скажет","gloss":"plain"},{"surface":"правду","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of скажет","gloss":"truth"},{"surface":"скажет","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will tell"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of верьте","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"верьте","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with скажет","gloss":"believe"}]},{"number":123,"label":"123","id":"b9-c8-s123","source":"— Спасибо, Аграфена Александровна, поддержала душу! — дрожащим голосом отозвался Митя.","translation":"\"Thank you, Agrafena Alexandrovna, you have given my soul some strength!\" Mitya answered in a trembling voice.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"дрожащим голосом","title":"Instrumental of manner","body":"«дрожащим голосом» ('in a trembling voice') is the bare instrumental of manner, needing no preposition. «дрожащим» is a present active participle of «дрожать», declined to agree in the instrumental."}],"words":[{"surface":"Спасибо","lemma":"спасибо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Thank you"},{"surface":"Аграфена","lemma":"аграфена","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with Спасибо","gloss":"Agrafena"},{"surface":"Александровна","lemma":"александровна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Аграфена","gloss":"Alexandrovna"},{"surface":"поддержала","lemma":"поддержать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Спасибо","gloss":"supported"},{"surface":"душу","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of поддержала","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"дрожащим","lemma":"дрожащий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies голосом","gloss":"trembling"},{"surface":"голосом","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отозвался","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"отозвался","lemma":"отозваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Спасибо","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отозвался","gloss":"Mitya"}]},{"number":124,"label":"124","id":"b9-c8-s124","source":"На вопросы о вчерашних деньгах она заявила, что не знает, сколько их было, но слышала, как людям он много раз говорил вчера, что привез с собой три тысячи.","translation":"To the questions about yesterday's money she declared that she did not know how much there had been, but that she had heard him tell people many times yesterday that he had brought three thousand with him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сколько их было","title":"Genitive with «сколько»","body":"Quantity words like «сколько» take the genitive of what is counted — here «их» (genitive of «они', i.e. the money/roubles). The verb «было' stands in the neuter singular, the impersonal default for a quantified subject."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"слышала, как … говорил","title":"«как» reporting perceived action","body":"After verbs of perception, «как» introduces what was witnessed — 'heard how/that he spoke'. The imperfective «говорил» plus «много раз» frames it as repeated, habitual telling."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"привез с собой","title":"Reflexive «с собой»","body":"«с собой» ('with him/oneself') uses the reflexive pronoun «себя» in the instrumental, pointing back to the clause's subject (Mitya). «привёз» is a prefixed perfective verb of motion — 'brought (by conveyance)'."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вопросы","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"вопросы","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of заявила","gloss":"questions"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деньгах","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"вчерашних","lemma":"вчерашний","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies деньгах","gloss":"yesterday's"},{"surface":"деньгах","lemma":"деньга","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"modifies вопросы","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of заявила","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"заявила","lemma":"заявить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"declared"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of знает","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знает","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знает","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of заявила","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"сколько","lemma":"сколько","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on их","gloss":"how much"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"subject of было","gloss":"of them"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of знает","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"слышала","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with знает","gloss":"heard"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"modifies говорил","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"людям","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"indirect object of говорил","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of говорил","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of слышала","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"вчера","lemma":"вчера","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорил","gloss":"yesterday"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of привез","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"привез","lemma":"привезти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of говорил","gloss":"had brought"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking собой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"собой","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"oblique complement of привез","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on тысячи","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of привез","gloss":"thousand"}]},{"number":125,"label":"125","id":"b9-c8-s125","source":"А насчет того: откуда деньги взял, то сказал ей одной, что у Катерины Ивановны «украл», а что она ему на то ответила, что он не украл и что деньги надо завтра же отдать.","translation":"And as for where he had got the money, he had told her alone that he had \"stolen\" it from Katerina Ivanovna, and that she had answered him in reply that he had not stolen it and that the money must be paid back the very next day.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сказал ей одной","title":"Dative indirect object with «один»","body":"«ей одной' is dative — 'told to her alone'. «одной» here is «одна» in the dative, agreeing with «ей» and meaning 'alone/only', not the numeral 'one'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что … «украл»","title":"Stacked «что»-clauses of reported speech","body":"The sentence chains subordinate «что»-clauses ('that … that … that …'), the standard way Russian embeds reported speech. Each opens a fresh dependent clause set off by a comma."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"деньги надо завтра же отдать","title":"Impersonal «надо» + infinitive","body":"«надо» ('it is necessary') is an impersonal predicate taking an infinitive «отдать» and no nominative subject — obligation expressed without a doer. The particle «же» after «завтра» sharpens it: 'the very next day'."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"насчет","lemma":"насчёт","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"as for"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"откуда","lemma":"откуда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies взял","gloss":"where from"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньга","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of взял","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"взял","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to того","gloss":"he got"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сказал","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to того","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of сказал","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"одной","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ей","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of украл","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Катерины","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Катерины","lemma":"катерина","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of украл","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановны","lemma":"ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Катерины","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"украл","lemma":"украсть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of сказал","gloss":"stole"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ответила","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of ответила","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of ответила","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking то","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of ответила","gloss":"reply"},{"surface":"ответила","lemma":"ответить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with того","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of украл","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of украл","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies украл","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"украл","lemma":"украсть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of ответила","gloss":"stole"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of надо","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньга","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of надо","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with украл","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"завтра","lemma":"завтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отдать","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies завтра","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"отдать","lemma":"отдать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"pay back"}]},{"number":126,"label":"126","id":"b9-c8-s126","source":"На настойчивый вопрос прокурора: о каких деньгах говорил, что украл у Катерины Ивановны, — о вчерашних или о тех трех тысячах, которые были истрачены здесь месяц назад, — объявила, что говорил о тех, которые были месяц назад, и что она так его поняла.","translation":"Pressed insistently by the prosecutor as to which money he meant when he said he had stolen it from Katerina Ivanovna — yesterday's, or the three thousand that had been spent here a month ago — she announced that he had spoken of the money from a month ago, and that this was how she had understood him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"которые были истрачены","title":"Который-clause with passive participle","body":"«которые» relativises 'the three thousand', taking nominative as subject of its own clause. «были истрачены» is the periphrastic passive — «быть» plus the short past passive participle of «истратить» ('spent')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"о каких деньгах","title":"Prepositional after «о»","body":"«о» ('about, concerning') governs the prepositional: «о каких деньгах», «о вчерашних», «о тех». The repeated «о» keeps the topic of the prosecutor's question explicit through a long sentence."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вопрос","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"настойчивый","lemma":"настойчивый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вопрос","gloss":"insistent"},{"surface":"вопрос","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"question"},{"surface":"прокурора","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вопрос","gloss":"the prosecutor's"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деньгах","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"каких","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of деньгах","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"деньгах","lemma":"деньга","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of говорил","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the embedded question, governs о деньгах and the clause of украл","gloss":"he meant"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of украл","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"украл","lemma":"украсть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of говорил","gloss":"he had stolen"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Катерины","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Катерины","lemma":"Катерина","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of украл","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановны","lemma":"Ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Катерины","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вчерашних (elliptical for деньгах)","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"вчерашних","lemma":"вчерашний","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"coordinated with тысячах (elliptical for деньгах)","gloss":"yesterday's","note":"Elliptical: 'о вчерашних' omits деньгах ('the money from yesterday')."},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тысячах","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"тех","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of тысячах","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"трех","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, locative","role":"quantifies тысячах","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысячах","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with вчерашних","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"которые","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of passive истрачены","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of истрачены","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"истрачены","lemma":"истратить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, perfective","role":"relative clause on тысячах","gloss":"spent"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies истрачены","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"месяц","lemma":"месяц","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of истрачены","gloss":"a month"},{"surface":"назад","lemma":"назад","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies месяц","gloss":"ago"},{"surface":"объявила","lemma":"объявить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"she announced"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of говорил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of объявила","gloss":"he had spoken"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тех","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"тех","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, plural","role":"oblique complement of говорил (head, 'those')","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"которые","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of были","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking to месяц назад","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"месяц","lemma":"месяц","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of были (with назад)","gloss":"a month"},{"surface":"назад","lemma":"назад","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies месяц","gloss":"ago"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of поняла","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of поняла","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поняла","gloss":"that way"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of поняла","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"поняла","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of объявила (second что-clause)","gloss":"she understood"}]},{"number":127,"label":"127","id":"b9-c8-s127","source":"Грушеньку наконец отпустили, причем Николай Парфенович стремительно заявил ей, что она может хоть сейчас же воротиться в город и что если он с своей стороны чем-нибудь может способствовать, например, насчет лошадей или, например, пожелает она провожатого, то он… с своей стороны…","translation":"Grushenka was finally let go, whereupon Nikolai Parfenovich hurriedly assured her that she could return to town even now, that very instant, and that if for his part he could be of any service to her — with horses, for example, or if, for example, she should wish for an escort — then he… for his part…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"если … чем-нибудь может способствовать","title":"Indefinite «-нибудь»; «способствовать» + dative","body":"«чем-нибудь» is the non-specific indefinite 'in some way / anything at all', formed with the «-нибудь» clitic — here an instrumental of means. «способствовать» itself governs the dative (способствовать чему-либо); its dative object is left unexpressed, so the verb is used absolutely — 'be of service in some way'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с своей стороны","title":"Reflexive possessive «свой»","body":"«с своей стороны» ('for his/one's own part') uses the reflexive possessive «свой», pointing back to the clause's subject. The repetition mirrors Nikolai Parfenovich's stammering self-importance."}],"words":[{"surface":"Грушеньку","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of отпустили","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отпустили","gloss":"finally"},{"surface":"отпустили","lemma":"отпустить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"let go"},{"surface":"причем","lemma":"причём","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"whereupon"},{"surface":"Николай","lemma":"Николай","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заявил","gloss":"Nikolai"},{"surface":"Парфенович","lemma":"Парфёнович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Николай","gloss":"Parfenovich"},{"surface":"стремительно","lemma":"стремительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заявил","gloss":"hurriedly"},{"surface":"заявил","lemma":"заявить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with отпустили","gloss":"assured"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of заявил","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of может","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of может","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of заявил","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сейчас","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies воротиться","gloss":"right now"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes сейчас","gloss":"this very"},{"surface":"воротиться","lemma":"воротиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"to return"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking город","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"город","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of воротиться","gloss":"town"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the second clause of заявил (если ... то он)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of может","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стороны","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of стороны","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"стороны","lemma":"сторона","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of может","gloss":"part","note":"'с своей стороны' is an idiom meaning 'for his part.'"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"oblique complement of способствовать (via чем-нибудь)","gloss":"in some way"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase чем (indefinite marker)","gloss":"-ever"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the если-clause","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"способствовать","lemma":"способствовать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"to help"},{"surface":"например","lemma":"например","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies насчет лошадей","gloss":"for example"},{"surface":"насчет","lemma":"насчёт","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лошадей","gloss":"regarding"},{"surface":"лошадей","lemma":"лошадь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of способствовать","gloss":"horses"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"например","lemma":"например","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies пожелает","gloss":"for example"},{"surface":"пожелает","lemma":"пожелать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"verb of a parallel если-clause (ellipsis of если)","gloss":"should wish"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of пожелает","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"провожатого","lemma":"провожатый","morphology":"noun (substantivized adjective), accusative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of пожелает","gloss":"an escort"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative conjunction","role":"introduces the resumptive clause (он...)","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase (sentence trails off)","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стороны","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of стороны","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"стороны","lemma":"сторона","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"elliptical dependent of он","gloss":"part"}]},{"number":128,"label":"128","id":"b9-c8-s128","source":"— Покорно благодарю вас, — поклонилась ему Грушенька, — я с тем старичком отправлюсь, с помещиком, его довезу, а пока подожду внизу, коль позволите, как вы тут Дмитрия Федоровича порешите.","translation":"\"I humbly thank you,\" Grushenka bowed to him, \"I shall set off with that old gentleman, the landowner; I'll see him home. And in the meantime, if you will allow it, I'll wait downstairs to learn how you settle matters here with Dmitri Fyodorovich.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Покорно благодарю","title":"«Покорно благодарю» — an old courtesy","body":"«Покорно благодарю» ('I humbly thank you', lit. 'submissively') is a formal, slightly old-fashioned formula of thanks. In Grushenka's mouth it carries a touch of folk ceremoniousness."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с тем старичком","title":"Instrumental of accompaniment + diminutive","body":"«с» ('with', accompaniment) governs the instrumental: «с тем старичком», «с помещиком». «старичок» is the affectionate diminutive of «старик» ('old man'), warm and a little pitying."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"отправлюсь","title":"Perfective future of a reflexive verb","body":"«отправлюсь» (from «отправиться», 'to set off') is a perfective present-form with future meaning — 'I shall set off'. The «-сь» is the reflexive clitic marking a middle, change-of-state sense (setting oneself in motion)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"коль","title":"«коль» — folk 'if'","body":"«коль» (here «коль позволите») is an archaic, folk-poetic clipping of «если» / «коли» ('if, since'). It keeps Grushenka's speech in its rustic, songlike key."}],"words":[{"surface":"Покорно","lemma":"покорно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies благодарю","gloss":"humbly"},{"surface":"благодарю","lemma":"благодарить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I thank"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of благодарю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"поклонилась","lemma":"поклониться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to благодарю","gloss":"bowed"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of поклонилась","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of поклонилась","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of отправлюсь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking старичком","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of старичком","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"старичком","lemma":"старичок","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отправлюсь","gloss":"old man"},{"surface":"отправлюсь","lemma":"отправиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, first, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to поклонилась","gloss":"I'll set off"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking помещиком","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"помещиком","lemma":"помещик","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отправлюсь, in apposition to старичком","gloss":"the landowner"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of довезу","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"довезу","lemma":"довезти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with отправлюсь","gloss":"I'll take"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пока","lemma":"пока","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подожду","gloss":"meanwhile"},{"surface":"подожду","lemma":"подождать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with довезу","gloss":"I'll wait"},{"surface":"внизу","lemma":"внизу","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подожду","gloss":"downstairs"},{"surface":"коль","lemma":"коль","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of позволите","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"позволите","lemma":"позволить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"conditional clause modifying подожду","gloss":"you allow"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies порешите","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of порешите","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies порешите","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"Дмитрия","lemma":"Дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of порешите","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федоровича","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрия","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"порешите","lemma":"порешить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"verb of the как-clause (object of подожду)","gloss":"you settle"}]},{"number":129,"label":"129","id":"b9-c8-s129","source":"Она вышла.","translation":"She went out.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Она вышла","title":"Perfective prefixed verb of motion","body":"«вышла» (from «выйти», 'to go out') is a perfective verb of motion with the prefix «вы-» (out). The clipped, single-event perfective gives the line its finality — she is simply gone."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of вышла","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"вышла","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went out"}]},{"number":130,"label":"130","id":"b9-c8-s130","source":"Митя был спокоен и даже имел совсем ободрившийся вид, но лишь на минуту.","translation":"Mitya was calm and even had the look of a man who had taken heart again — but only for a minute.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ободрившийся вид","title":"Past active participle of a reflexive verb","body":"«ободрившийся» is the past active participle of «ободриться» ('to take heart'), the «-вший-» form plus the reflexive «-ся», declined to agree with «вид» — 'a look that had cheered up'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"но лишь на минуту","title":"Adversative «но» with a terse coda","body":"«но» ('but') turns the sentence on a dime, the bare phrase «лишь на минуту» ('only for a minute') withholding the reassurance the first clause offered — a hallmark of Dostoevsky's nervous rhythm."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спокоен","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to спокоен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"спокоен","lemma":"спокойный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"calm"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies имел","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"имел","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with спокоен","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ободрившийся","gloss":"completely"},{"surface":"ободрившийся","lemma":"ободриться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, accusative, perfective","role":"clause modifying вид","gloss":"heartened"},{"surface":"вид","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of имел","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies минуту","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of имел (temporal extent)","gloss":"a minute"}]},{"number":131,"label":"131","id":"b9-c8-s131","source":"Всё какое-то странное физическое бессилие одолевало его чем дальше, тем больше.","translation":"Some strange physical weakness was overtaking him more and more, the further things went.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Всё … одолевало его","title":"Imperfective of a creeping process","body":"«одолевало» is imperfective past, depicting weakness 'overtaking' Mitya as an ongoing, unfinished process rather than a completed event. The leading «Всё» here means 'all the while / continually'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чем дальше, тем больше","title":"«чем … тем» correlative comparatives","body":"«чем дальше, тем больше» ('the further, the more') is the standard correlative-comparative frame, both members in the bare comparative form «дальше / больше». It conveys steady intensification."}],"words":[{"surface":"Всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"adverb (intensifier)","role":"modifies какое-то странное","gloss":"altogether"},{"surface":"какое","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of бессилие","gloss":"some kind of"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle (indefinite marker)","role":"part of the phrase какое","gloss":"(indef.)"},{"surface":"странное","lemma":"странный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies бессилие","gloss":"strange"},{"surface":"физическое","lemma":"физический","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies бессилие","gloss":"physical"},{"surface":"бессилие","lemma":"бессилие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of одолевало","gloss":"weakness"},{"surface":"одолевало","lemma":"одолевать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was overtaking"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of одолевало","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"correlative conjunction","role":"introduces the чем-clause (чем...тем)","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"дальше","lemma":"далеко","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies одолевало (in чем дальше)","gloss":"further"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тем","morphology":"correlative conjunction","role":"introduces the resumptive clause (тем больше)","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"correlative with чем дальше","gloss":"more"}]},{"number":132,"label":"132","id":"b9-c8-s132","source":"Глаза его закрывались от усталости.","translation":"His eyes were closing from exhaustion.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Глаза его закрывались","title":"Reflexive of intransitive change of state","body":"«закрывались» ('were closing') is the «-ся» middle of «закрывать», making it intransitive — the eyes close of their own accord, not closed by anyone. The imperfective shows the slow, involuntary droop."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"от усталости","title":"Cause with «от» + genitive","body":"«от усталости» ('from exhaustion') uses «от» governing the genitive to give the cause of a physical state — a frequent Dostoevskian formula for bodily reactions («от холоду», «от слёз»)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of закрывались","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Глаза","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"закрывались","lemma":"закрываться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"were closing"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking усталости","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"усталости","lemma":"усталость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of закрывались","gloss":"exhaustion"}]},{"number":133,"label":"133","id":"b9-c8-s133","source":"Допрос свидетелей наконец окончился.","translation":"The interrogation of the witnesses was at last finished.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"окончился","title":"Perfective reflexive marking completion","body":"«окончился» (from «окончиться») pairs the «-ся» middle with perfective aspect to mark the interrogation reaching its end — a single completed close. «наконец» ('at last') underlines the result."}],"words":[{"surface":"Допрос","lemma":"допрос","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of окончился","gloss":"interrogation"},{"surface":"свидетелей","lemma":"свидетель","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies Допрос","gloss":"of the witnesses"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies окончился","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"окончился","lemma":"окончиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was finished"}]},{"number":134,"label":"134","id":"b9-c8-s134","source":"Приступили к окончательной редакции протокола.","translation":"They set about the final drafting of the protocol.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Приступили к окончательной редакции","title":"«приступить к» + dative","body":"«приступить» ('to set about, begin') governs «к» plus the dative: «к … редакции протокола». The subjectless «приступили» (3rd-pl, 'they set about') is an impersonal 'one' construction, leaving the officials unnamed."}],"words":[{"surface":"Приступили","lemma":"приступить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they set about"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking редакции","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"окончательной","lemma":"окончательный","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies редакции","gloss":"final"},{"surface":"редакции","lemma":"редакция","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Приступили","gloss":"drafting"},{"surface":"протокола","lemma":"протокол","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies редакции","gloss":"of the protocol"}]},{"number":135,"label":"135","id":"b9-c8-s135","source":"Митя встал и перешел с своего стула в угол, к занавеске, прилег на большой накрытый ковром хозяйский сундук и мигом заснул.","translation":"Mitya stood up, moved from his chair into the corner by the curtain, lay down on a large household chest covered with a rug, and instantly fell asleep.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"встал … перешёл … прилёг … заснул","title":"Chain of perfectives moving the action","body":"Four perfective verbs in a row — «встал, перешёл, прилёг, заснул» — drive the narrative forward event by event, each a single completed act. This is the perfective's storytelling function against imperfective background."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с своего стула","title":"«свой» for the subject's own chair","body":"«с своего стула» ('from his own chair') again uses the reflexive possessive «свой», keyed to the subject Mitya. The older «с своего» (rather than modern «со своего») is a 19th-century orthographic touch."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сундук","title":"«сундук» — chest","body":"A «сундук» is a large household storage chest, the «хозяйский» (the innkeeper's) one here covered with a rug. Mitya's falling asleep on a peasant's chest, rather than a bed, prepares the homely, folk setting of the dream."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of встал","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"встал","lemma":"встать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stood up"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"перешел","lemma":"перейти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with встал","gloss":"moved"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стула","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of стула","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"стула","lemma":"стул","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of перешел","gloss":"chair"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking угол","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"угол","lemma":"угол","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of перешел","gloss":"the corner"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking занавеске","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"занавеске","lemma":"занавеска","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with угол","gloss":"the curtain"},{"surface":"прилег","lemma":"прилечь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with встал","gloss":"lay down"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сундук","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"большой","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сундук","gloss":"large"},{"surface":"накрытый","lemma":"накрыть","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, accusative, perfective","role":"modifies сундук","gloss":"covered"},{"surface":"ковром","lemma":"ковёр","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of накрытый","gloss":"with a rug"},{"surface":"хозяйский","lemma":"хозяйский","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сундук","gloss":"household"},{"surface":"сундук","lemma":"сундук","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прилег (via на)","gloss":"chest"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мигом","lemma":"миг","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заснул","gloss":"instantly"},{"surface":"заснул","lemma":"заснуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with встал","gloss":"fell asleep"}]},{"number":136,"label":"136","id":"b9-c8-s136","source":"Приснился ему какой-то странный сон, как-то совсем не к месту и не ко времени.","translation":"He dreamed a strange dream, somehow altogether out of place and out of season.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Приснился ему какой-то странный сон","title":"Dative experiencer of «присниться»","body":"Dreaming is framed impersonally: the dream «приснился» (came in sleep) to «ему» (dative experiencer), with «сон» as grammatical subject. Russian routinely makes the dreamer a dative recipient rather than an agent."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"какой-то странный сон","title":"«какой-то» — a certain, unidentified","body":"«какой-то» ('some kind of, a certain') is the specific-but-unknown indefinite built with the «-то» clitic. Repeated through the dream («как-то», «какое-то»), it lends the whole vision its hazy, unaccountable quality."}],"words":[{"surface":"Приснился","lemma":"присниться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he dreamed"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of Приснился","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of сон","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle (indefinite marker)","role":"part of the phrase какой","gloss":"(indef.)"},{"surface":"странный","lemma":"странный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сон","gloss":"strange"},{"surface":"сон","lemma":"сон","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Приснился","gloss":"dream"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не к месту и не ко времени","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle (indefinite marker)","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"(indef.)"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"entirely"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates к месту","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking месту","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"месту","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"adverbial complement of Приснился (idiom 'out of place')","gloss":"place","note":"'не к месту' is an idiom meaning 'out of place, inappropriate.'"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates ко времени","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking времени","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"времени","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with месту","gloss":"time","note":"'не ко времени' is an idiom meaning 'at the wrong time.'"}]},{"number":137,"label":"137","id":"b9-c8-s137","source":"Вот он будто бы где-то едет в степи, там, где служил давно, еще прежде, и везет его в слякоть на телеге, на паре, мужик.","translation":"There he was, it seemed, riding somewhere across the steppe, in the country where he had served long ago, in earlier days, and a peasant was driving him through the slush in a cart drawn by a pair of horses.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"будто бы","title":"«будто бы» — the dream's 'as if'","body":"«будто бы» ('as though, supposedly') with the irrealis particle «бы» casts the whole scene as unreal, dreamlike supposition. It recurs as a refrain («Только холодно будто бы Мите»), keeping the narration suspended between seeing and seeming."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"на телеге, на паре","title":"«телега» and «на паре»","body":"A «телега» is a simple peasant cart; «на паре» means 'with a pair (of horses)'. The detail «в слякоть» ('through the slush/mud') sets the bleak late-autumn road. «мужик» (peasant) drives — the dream's everyman."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies едет","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of едет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies едет","gloss":"it seemed"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase будто","gloss":"(particle)"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies едет","gloss":"somewhere"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle (indefinite marker)","role":"part of the phrase где","gloss":"(indef.)"},{"surface":"едет","lemma":"ехать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rides"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking степи","gloss":"across"},{"surface":"степи","lemma":"степь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of едет","gloss":"the steppe"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with степи","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies служил","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"служил","lemma":"служить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on там","gloss":"he served"},{"surface":"давно","lemma":"давно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies служил","gloss":"long ago"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прежде","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with давно","gloss":"earlier"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"везет","lemma":"везти","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with едет","gloss":"drives"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of везет","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking слякоть","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"слякоть","lemma":"слякоть","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of везет","gloss":"the slush"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking телеге","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"телеге","lemma":"телега","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of везет","gloss":"a cart"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking паре","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"паре","lemma":"пара","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with телеге","gloss":"a pair"},{"surface":"мужик","lemma":"мужик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of везет","gloss":"a peasant"}]},{"number":138,"label":"138","id":"b9-c8-s138","source":"Только холодно будто бы Мите, в начале ноябрь, и снег валит крупными мокрыми хлопьями, а падая на землю, тотчас тает.","translation":"Only Mitya felt cold, it seemed — it was the beginning of November — and the snow was coming down in great wet flakes that melted the moment they touched the ground.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"холодно … Мите","title":"Dative of the one who feels cold","body":"«холодно Мите» ('Mitya feels cold') is the classic impersonal: the neuter predicative «холодно» plus the dative experiencer «Мите», with no nominative subject. Dostoevsky uses it to put us inside Mitya's sensation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"снег валит … а падая … тает","title":"Imperfective present + gerund in the dream","body":"The dream shifts to the vivid imperfective present: «валит» ('is falling'), «тает» ('melts'). «падая» ('falling') is a present gerund (деепричастие), sharing the snow's subject and adding a simultaneous circumstance — the flakes melt as they fall."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"крупными мокрыми хлопьями","title":"«хлопья» — flakes","body":"«хлопьями» (instrumental of manner) describes the snow coming down 'in great wet flakes' — «хлопья» is the word for large, soft snowflakes or tufts. The instrumental, with no preposition, paints the manner of the falling."}],"words":[{"surface":"Только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies холодно","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"холодно","lemma":"холодно","morphology":"predicate adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"cold"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies холодно","gloss":"it seemed"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase будто","gloss":"(particle)"},{"surface":"Мите","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of холодно","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking начале","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"начале","lemma":"начало","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with холодно (parenthetical time clause)","gloss":"the beginning"},{"surface":"ноябрь","lemma":"ноябрь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies начале","gloss":"November"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"снег","lemma":"снег","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of валит","gloss":"snow"},{"surface":"валит","lemma":"валить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause (parallel to холодно)","gloss":"was falling"},{"surface":"крупными","lemma":"крупный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies хлопьями","gloss":"big"},{"surface":"мокрыми","lemma":"мокрый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies хлопьями","gloss":"wet"},{"surface":"хлопьями","lemma":"хлопья","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of валит","gloss":"flakes"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"падая","lemma":"падать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on тает","gloss":"falling"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking землю","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"землю","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of падая","gloss":"the ground"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies тает","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"тает","lemma":"таять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb (parallel clause)","gloss":"melts"}]},{"number":139,"label":"139","id":"b9-c8-s139","source":"И бойко везет его мужик, славно помахивает, русая, длинная такая у него борода, и не то что старик, а так лет будет пятидесяти, серый мужичий на нем зипунишко.","translation":"And the peasant drove him along briskly, flicking the whip in fine style; he had a fair beard, a long one, and he was not so much an old man as somewhere about fifty, in a coarse grey peasant's smock.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"лет будет пятидесяти","title":"Approximate age by inversion + genitive","body":"«лет будет пятидесяти» ('he'd be about fifty') shows the idiom where putting the noun «лет» before the numeral signals approximation, and the whole counts in the genitive after the verb «будет» of estimation."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"зипунишко","title":"«зипунишко» — a wretched little smock","body":"«зипун» is a coarse peasant overcoat; the suffix «-ишк-» here is pejorative-pitying — a poor, shabby little garment. The same belittling suffix colours «одежонка» (s148) for the baby's threadbare clothes."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"русая, длинная такая","title":"«русый» and folk «такая»","body":"«русый» means light-brown / fair (of hair). The dangling «такая» ('such a, kind of') is colloquial filler conveying impressionistic vividness — 'a long sort of beard he had' — typical of the dream's oral texture."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"бойко","lemma":"бойко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies везет","gloss":"briskly"},{"surface":"везет","lemma":"везти","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"drives"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of везет","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"мужик","lemma":"мужик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of везет","gloss":"the peasant"},{"surface":"славно","lemma":"славно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies помахивает","gloss":"smartly"},{"surface":"помахивает","lemma":"помахивать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with везет","gloss":"flicks the whip"},{"surface":"русая","lemma":"русый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies борода","gloss":"fair"},{"surface":"длинная","lemma":"длинный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with русая","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"такая","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of борода","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks the possessor него (idiom 'he has')","gloss":"he has"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"complement of у (possessive)","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"борода","lemma":"борода","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of implied 'is' (possessive clause у него борода)","gloss":"beard"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates то","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"part of idiom 'не то что' (not exactly)","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the elliptical clause with старик","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"старик","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun (elliptical, idiom не то что)","gloss":"an old man","note":"'не то что старик' = 'not exactly an old man.'"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лет","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of будет","gloss":"years old"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to пятидесяти","gloss":"he'd be"},{"surface":"пятидесяти","lemma":"пятьдесят","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies лет","gloss":"fifty"},{"surface":"серый","lemma":"серый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies зипунишко","gloss":"grey"},{"surface":"мужичий","lemma":"мужичий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies зипунишко","gloss":"peasant's"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement (location, 'on him')","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"зипунишко","lemma":"зипунишко","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of implied 'was' (на нем зипунишко)","gloss":"a little smock"}]},{"number":140,"label":"140","id":"b9-c8-s140","source":"И вот недалеко селение, виднеются избы черные-пречерные, а половина изб погорела, торчат только одни обгорелые бревна.","translation":"And here, not far off, was a village; the huts showed up black, black as could be, and half of them had burned down, with only the charred beams still sticking up.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"виднеются избы черные-пречерные","title":"Reduplicated intensive «черные-пречерные»","body":"Doubling with the «пре-» prefix — «черные-пречерные» ('black, the very blackest') — is a folk intensifier meaning 'utterly black'. «виднеются» is a «-ся» middle, 'come into view / show up', imperfective present."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"избы … погорелые … бревна","title":"«изба», «погорелый», «бревно»","body":"«изба» is the log peasant hut; «погорела» / «погорелые» means 'burned down', a recurrent dream-word for a village ravaged by fire; «бревна» are the charred timbers left standing. The vocabulary builds the image of ruin."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies недалеко","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"недалеко","lemma":"недалеко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies виднеются","gloss":"not far"},{"surface":"селение","lemma":"селение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of implied 'is' (nominal clause)","gloss":"a village"},{"surface":"виднеются","lemma":"виднеться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"can be seen"},{"surface":"избы","lemma":"изба","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of виднеются","gloss":"huts"},{"surface":"черные","lemma":"чёрный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies избы","gloss":"black"},{"surface":"пречерные","lemma":"пречёрный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies избы","gloss":"utterly black"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"половина","lemma":"половина","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of погорела","gloss":"half"},{"surface":"изб","lemma":"изба","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies половина","gloss":"of the huts"},{"surface":"погорела","lemma":"погореть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with виднеются","gloss":"had burned down"},{"surface":"торчат","lemma":"торчать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with виднеются","gloss":"stick up"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies одни","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"одни","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"modifies бревна","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"обгорелые","lemma":"обгорелый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies бревна","gloss":"charred"},{"surface":"бревна","lemma":"бревно","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of торчат","gloss":"beams"}]},{"number":141,"label":"141","id":"b9-c8-s141","source":"А при выезде выстроились на дороге бабы, много баб, целый ряд, всё худые, испитые, какие-то коричневые у них лица.","translation":"And at the edge of the village, ranged along the road, stood peasant women, a great many of them, a whole row, all of them gaunt and worn, their faces a kind of brown.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"бабы","title":"«бабы» — peasant women","body":"«баба» denotes a peasant woman or wife, plain and unromantic (not the polite «женщина»). The piled-up «много баб, целый ряд» ('a great many, a whole row') makes the gaunt women a chorus of suffering."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"испитые","title":"«испитой» — wasted, drawn","body":"«испитые» (from «испитой») means haggard, worn-out, with the gaunt, sunken look of long hardship — stronger than «худые» ('thin') beside it. «коричневые … лица» ('brown faces') completes the image of weathered destitution."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"выстроились … на дороге","title":"Reflexive perfective of arranging","body":"«выстроились» (from «выстроиться») is the «-ся» middle — the women 'lined themselves up / stood ranged'. The perfective gives the fixed, completed tableau Mitya's cart sweeps past."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking выезде","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"выезде","lemma":"выезд","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выстроились","gloss":"the edge (of the village)"},{"surface":"выстроились","lemma":"выстроиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stood lined up"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дороге","gloss":"along"},{"surface":"дороге","lemma":"дорога","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выстроились","gloss":"the road"},{"surface":"бабы","lemma":"баба","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of выстроились","gloss":"peasant women"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"quantifies баб","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"баб","lemma":"баба","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of много","gloss":"of women"},{"surface":"целый","lemma":"целый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ряд","gloss":"a whole"},{"surface":"ряд","lemma":"ряд","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to бабы","gloss":"row"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"modifies худые (predicate of бабы, 'all of them')","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"худые","lemma":"худой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"predicate adjective describing бабы","gloss":"gaunt"},{"surface":"испитые","lemma":"испитой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"coordinated with худые","gloss":"haggard"},{"surface":"какие","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of лица","gloss":"some kind of"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle (indefinite marker)","role":"part of the phrase какие","gloss":"(indef.)"},{"surface":"коричневые","lemma":"коричневый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies лица","gloss":"brown"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks the possessor них (idiom 'they had')","gloss":"they had"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"complement of у (possessive)","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"лица","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of implied 'were' (у них лица коричневые)","gloss":"faces"}]},{"number":142,"label":"142","id":"b9-c8-s142","source":"Вот особенно одна с краю, такая костлявая, высокого роста, кажется ей лет сорок, а может, и всего только двадцать, лицо длинное, худое, а на руках у нее плачет ребеночек, и груди-то, должно быть, у ней такие иссохшие, и ни капли в них молока.","translation":"One in particular, there at the end, stood out — a bony woman, tall, who looked about forty, though perhaps she was only twenty, with a long, thin face; and in her arms a baby was crying, and her breasts, surely, must have been so withered that there was not a drop of milk in them.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"кажется ей лет сорок","title":"Impersonal «кажется» + dative","body":"«кажется ей лет сорок» ('she looks about forty') is impersonal — «кажется» ('it seems') with a dative; here «ей» is the dative of the woman as the one whose age 'seems'. «лет сорок» is the approximation-by-inversion idiom again."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ребёночек","title":"«ребёночек» — the tender diminutive","body":"«ребёночек» is a doubly-affectionate diminutive of «ребёнок» ('child') — 'the dear little baby'. The pile of tender suffixes here («ребёночек», «груди-то») channels the dream's welling pity."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ни капли в них молока","title":"Genitive of absence with «ни»","body":"«ни капли … молока» ('not a drop of milk') sets the intensifier «ни» ('not even one') over a genitive of absence — both «капли» and «молока» genitive — the existential negative that needs no «нет» spelled out."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"груди-то … у ней","title":"Topic clitic «-то» and folk «у ней»","body":"«-то» on «груди» flags it as the known topic 'as for her breasts'. «у ней» (instead of standard «у неё») is a colloquial/19th-century pronoun form, keeping the narration in a folk voice."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies особенно","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"особенно","lemma":"особенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies одна","gloss":"particularly"},{"surface":"одна","lemma":"одна","morphology":"numeral, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"topic/subject of кажется clause","gloss":"one woman"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking краю","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"краю","lemma":"край","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition с","gloss":"the edge"},{"surface":"такая","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"intensifies костлявая","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"костлявая","lemma":"костлявый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies одна","gloss":"bony"},{"surface":"высокого","lemma":"высокий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies роста","gloss":"tall"},{"surface":"роста","lemma":"рост","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"genitive of quality describing одна","gloss":"in height"},{"surface":"кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"seems"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of кажется","gloss":"to her"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"predicate complement (age) of кажется, with ей as experiencer","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"сорок","lemma":"сорок","morphology":"numeral","role":"modifies лет","gloss":"forty"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical: perhaps","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies всего только двадцать","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всего","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies только","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies двадцать","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"двадцать","lemma":"двадцать","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"parallel predicate to лет сорок","gloss":"twenty"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of elided verb 'is', new coordinated clause","gloss":"her face"},{"surface":"длинное","lemma":"длинный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies лицо","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"худое","lemma":"худой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with длинное","gloss":"thin"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руках","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"руках","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"locative complement of плачет","gloss":"arms"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"possessive complement of руках","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"плачет","lemma":"плакать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause introduced by а","gloss":"is crying"},{"surface":"ребеночек","lemma":"ребеночек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of плачет","gloss":"a baby"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"груди","lemma":"грудь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of иссохшие","gloss":"breasts"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to груди","gloss":"as for that","note":"Colloquial enclitic -то attached to груди for emphasis, not the pronoun 'то'."},{"surface":"должно","lemma":"должно быть","morphology":"adverb (parenthetical, part of должно быть)","role":"parenthetical modifier of груди иссохшие","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of должно","gloss":"have been"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"possessive complement, modifies груди","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"такие","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of иссохшие","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"иссохшие","lemma":"иссохнуть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, nominative, perfective","role":"predicate describing груди","gloss":"withered"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies капли","gloss":"not a"},{"surface":"капли","lemma":"капля","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"head of negated existential clause","gloss":"drop"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, locative, plural","role":"oblique complement of капли, refers to груди","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"молока","lemma":"молоко","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"partitive genitive modifying капли","gloss":"of milk"}]},{"number":143,"label":"143","id":"b9-c8-s143","source":"И плачет, плачет дитя и ручки протягивает, голенькие, с кулачонками, от холоду совсем какие-то сизые.","translation":"And the child cried and cried, holding out its little arms, bare little arms, with tiny fists gone quite blue from the cold.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"плачет, плачет дитя","title":"Reduplication for unceasing action","body":"Repeating the imperfective present «плачет, плачет» conveys the child's ceaseless, ongoing crying — a folk-narrative device of insistent iteration that the dream leans on throughout."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ручки … с кулачонками","title":"Diminutives of pity: «ручки», «кулачонки»","body":"«ручки» (dear little arms/hands) and «кулачонками» (with tiny little fists) heap pitying diminutives on the freezing baby. «голенькие» ('all bare') adds the «-еньк-» tender suffix — the language itself aching over the child."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сизые","title":"«сизый» — blue-grey","body":"«сизый» is a dove-grey / bluish colour; the fists are «от холоду» ('from the cold') gone livid blue. «от холоду» again shows the old partitive-genitive ending -у."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"плачет","lemma":"плакать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cries"},{"surface":"плачет","lemma":"плакать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"repeated for emphasis, coordinated with плачет","gloss":"and cries"},{"surface":"дитя","lemma":"дитя","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of плачет","gloss":"the child"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ручки","lemma":"ручка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of протягивает","gloss":"its little arms"},{"surface":"протягивает","lemma":"протягивать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with плачет","gloss":"holds out"},{"surface":"голенькие","lemma":"голенький","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies ручки, in apposition","gloss":"bare"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кулачонками","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"кулачонками","lemma":"кулачонок","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"modifies голенькие (accompaniment)","gloss":"tiny fists"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking холоду","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"холоду","lemma":"холод","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сизые","gloss":"the cold"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сизые","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"какие","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of сизые","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of сизые, part of какие-то","gloss":"kind of"},{"surface":"сизые","lemma":"сизый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies кулачонками","gloss":"blue"}]},{"number":144,"label":"144","id":"b9-c8-s144","source":"— Что они плачут? Чего они плачут? — спрашивает, лихо пролетая мимо них, Митя.","translation":"\"What are they crying for? What are they crying for?\" Mitya asked as he swept gaily past them.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"лихо пролетая мимо них","title":"Present gerund «пролетая»","body":"«пролетая» ('flying/sweeping past') is a present gerund (деепричастие) describing Mitya's manner as he asks — he questions while rushing by, sharing the verb's subject. «мимо них» governs the genitive after «мимо»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"лихо","title":"«лихо» — dashingly","body":"«лихо» means with bold, dashing, devil-may-care energy. The contrast is bitter: Mitya sweeps past «лихо», gaily, even as he is moved to ask why these women weep."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of плачут (cause)","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of плачут","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"плачут","lemma":"плакать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"crying"},{"surface":"Чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of плачут (cause)","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of плачут","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"плачут","lemma":"плакать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"crying"},{"surface":"спрашивает","lemma":"спрашивать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (quotative frame)","gloss":"asks"},{"surface":"лихо","lemma":"лихо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пролетая","gloss":"gaily"},{"surface":"пролетая","lemma":"пролетать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on спрашивает","gloss":"sweeping past"},{"surface":"мимо","lemma":"мимо","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"past"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of пролетая","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спрашивает","gloss":"Mitya"}]},{"number":145,"label":"145","id":"b9-c8-s145","source":"— Дитё, — отвечает ему ямщик, — дитё плачет. — И поражает Митю то, что он сказал по-своему, по-мужицки: «дитё», а не «дитя».","translation":"\"The babe,\" the driver answers him, \"the babe is crying.\" And what strikes Mitya is that he said it in his own way, in the peasant's way: \"дитё\", and not \"дитя\".","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"дитё / дитя","title":"«Дитё» — the peasant form for child","body":"Standard Russian for 'child' is «дитя»; the driver says «дитё», a colloquial peasant pronunciation. Mitya notices the difference and feels there is 'more pity' in the rustic word. The chapter's subtitle, «дитё», quotes this very moment, which awakens his sudden compassion for all suffering."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ямщик","title":"«ямщик» — the coachman","body":"A «ямщик» is the driver of a horse-team, a coachman of the old post-road system. He is the same «мужик» of the dream, now voicing the folk word «дитё» that pierces Mitya."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"по-своему, по-мужицки","title":"Manner adverbs in «по-…»","body":"«по-своему» ('in his own way') and «по-мужицки» ('peasant-fashion') are adverbs built with the «по-…-и/-ому» pattern that turns an adjective into a manner-of-speaking adverb — the same frame as «по-русски»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Дитё","lemma":"дитё","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"isolated elliptical answer","gloss":"The babe","note":"Дитё is the peasant/dialectal form of дитя ('child, babe') — the contrast between the two forms is the point of the passage."},{"surface":"отвечает","lemma":"отвечать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"answers"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of отвечает","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ямщик","lemma":"ямщик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отвечает","gloss":"the driver"},{"surface":"дитё","lemma":"дитё","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of плачет","gloss":"the babe"},{"surface":"плачет","lemma":"плакать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"is crying"},{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"поражает","lemma":"поражать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"strikes"},{"surface":"Митю","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of поражает","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of поражает","gloss":"the thing"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сказал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of то","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по-своему","morphology":"adverb (part of по-своему)","role":"modifies сказал","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"своему","lemma":"по-своему","morphology":"adverb (part of по-своему)","role":"modifies сказал","gloss":"his own way"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по-мужицки","morphology":"adverb (part of по-мужицки)","role":"modifies сказал, coordinated with по-своему","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"мужицки","lemma":"по-мужицки","morphology":"adverb (part of по-мужицки)","role":"modifies сказал","gloss":"peasant fashion"},{"surface":"дитё","lemma":"дитё","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сказал (quoted word)","gloss":"'дитё'"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дитя","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"дитя","lemma":"дитя","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with дитё","gloss":"'дитя'"}]},{"number":146,"label":"146","id":"b9-c8-s146","source":"И ему нравится, что мужик сказал «дитё»: жалости будто больше.","translation":"And he likes it that the peasant said \"дитё\": there seems to be more pity in it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ему нравится","title":"«нравиться» with the dative liker","body":"«ему нравится» ('he likes it') puts the one who likes in the dative («ему») and what is liked as subject — Russian's experiencer-first idiom, identical to «мне нравится». The «-ся» verb is reflexive-middle in form."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"жалости будто больше","title":"Genitive of quantity + comparative","body":"«жалости … больше» ('more pity') governs the genitive «жалости» after the quantity-comparative «больше'. «будто» ('as if') keeps the dreamlike hedge: 'there seems to be more pity in it'."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of нравится","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"нравится","lemma":"нравиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"likes"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сказал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"мужик","lemma":"мужик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"the peasant"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of нравится","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"дитё","lemma":"дитё","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сказал (quoted word)","gloss":"'дитё'"},{"surface":"жалости","lemma":"жалость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"complement of больше (genitive of comparison)","gloss":"of pity"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies больше","gloss":"seems"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"predicate of the clause","gloss":"more"}]},{"number":147,"label":"147","id":"b9-c8-s147","source":"— Да отчего оно плачет? — домогается, как глупый, Митя. — Почему ручки голенькие, почему его не закутают?","translation":"\"But why is it crying?\" Mitya persists, like a simpleton. \"Why are its little arms bare — why don't they wrap it up?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"отчего оно плачет","title":"Neuter «оно» for the baby","body":"The baby is referred to with neuter «оно» because «дитя/дитё» is grammatically neuter — and Russian uses neuter pronouns for the very young child. «отчего» ('why, for what cause') is a bookish-folk variant of «почему»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"домогается, как глупый","title":"«домогаться» — to press insistently","body":"«домогаться» means to keep demanding, to press for something doggedly. «как глупый» ('like a simpleton') marks Mitya's childlike, helpless insistence — the holy-fool note of the whole exchange."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"почему его не закутают","title":"Impersonal 3rd-plural 'they'","body":"«не закутают» ('they don't wrap it up') is the subjectless 3rd-person-plural — an unnamed 'they/people', Russian's regular impersonal. «его» is the accusative object (the baby)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse particle introducing отчего","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"отчего","lemma":"отчего","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies плачет","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"оно","lemma":"оно","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of плачет","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"плачет","lemma":"плакать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is crying"},{"surface":"домогается","lemma":"домогаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (quotative frame)","gloss":"persists"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of глупый","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"глупый","lemma":"глупый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of домогается","gloss":"a fool"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of домогается","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"Почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies голенькие","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"ручки","lemma":"ручка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of голенькие","gloss":"its little arms"},{"surface":"голенькие","lemma":"голенький","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"predicate of ручки","gloss":"bare"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies закутают","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of закутают","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies закутают","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"закутают","lemma":"закутать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"wrap up"}]},{"number":148,"label":"148","id":"b9-c8-s148","source":"— А иззябло дитё, промерзла одежонка, вот и не греет.","translation":"\"The babe's gone cold, its little clothes are frozen through, so they don't keep it warm.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"иззябло … промёрзла","title":"«иззябнуть» and «промёрзнуть»","body":"«иззябло» ('has got chilled through') and «промёрзла» ('froze through') are intensive perfective verbs of cold, the prefixes «из-/про-» meaning 'thoroughly'. The driver's terse folk speech makes the cold total."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"одежонка","title":"«одежонка» — poor little clothes","body":"«одежонка» is «одежда» ('clothing') with the pitying-pejorative «-онк-» suffix: scanty, threadbare little garments. It rhymes in feeling with «зипунишко» (s139) — poverty registered in the very suffixes."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"иззябло","lemma":"иззябнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"has gone cold"},{"surface":"дитё","lemma":"дитё","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of иззябло","gloss":"the babe"},{"surface":"промерзла","lemma":"промёрзнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to иззябло","gloss":"froze through"},{"surface":"одежонка","lemma":"одежонка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of промерзла","gloss":"its little clothes"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies греет, part of вот и (so)","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies греет, part of вот и (so)","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies греет","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"греет","lemma":"греть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with промерзла, implied subject одежонка","gloss":"keep warm"}]},{"number":149,"label":"149","id":"b9-c8-s149","source":"— Да почему это так? Почему? — всё не отстает глупый Митя.","translation":"\"But why is it so? Why?\" the foolish Mitya keeps pressing.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"всё не отстаёт","title":"«всё» + negated imperfective for persistence","body":"«всё не отстаёт» ('keeps on, won't let up') uses «всё» as 'continually' over the negated imperfective «отстаёт» — a 'still won't drop it' idiom that conveys Mitya's relentless, foolish questioning."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse particle introducing почему","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies так","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject (elliptical 'is') of так","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of the clause","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"Почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отстает","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отстает (keeps on)","gloss":"keeps on"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отстает","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"отстает","lemma":"отставать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"letting up"},{"surface":"глупый","lemma":"глупый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Митя","gloss":"foolish"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отстает","gloss":"Mitya"}]},{"number":150,"label":"150","id":"b9-c8-s150","source":"— А бедные, погорелые, хлебушка нетути, на погорелое место просят.","translation":"\"They're poor folk, burned out, no bread to be had; they're begging for the place that burned down.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"хлебушка нетути","title":"«хлебушка» and folk «нетути»","body":"«хлебушка» is the affectionate diminutive of «хлеб» (bread) in the partitive genitive — 'no dear bread to be had'. «нетути» is an emphatic, rustic doubling of «нет» ('there isn't any'), pure peasant speech."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хлебушка нетути","title":"Genitive of absence with «нет»","body":"«нетути» (= «нет») obligatorily takes the genitive of the thing that is absent: «хлебушка» (genitive). This is the core 'there is no X' construction, the genitive of negation in its existential form."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"бедные","lemma":"бедный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"subject of просят","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"погорелые","lemma":"погорелый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"coordinated with бедные","gloss":"burned out"},{"surface":"хлебушка","lemma":"хлебушек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"subject of нетути (genitive of negation)","gloss":"of bread"},{"surface":"нетути","lemma":"нетути","morphology":"particle (dialectal negative existential)","role":"predicate: negates existence of хлебушка","gloss":"there's none","note":"Нетути is a peasant/dialectal variant of 'нет' ('there is none') — part of the driver's rustic speech."},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking место","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"погорелое","lemma":"погорелый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies место","gloss":"burned-down"},{"surface":"место","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of просят","gloss":"the place"},{"surface":"просят","lemma":"просить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they beg"}]},{"number":151,"label":"151","id":"b9-c8-s151","source":"— Нет, нет, — всё будто еще не понимает Митя, — ты скажи: почему это стоят погорелые матери, почему бедны люди, почему бедно дитё, почему голая степь, почему они не обнимаются, не целуются, почему не поют песен радостных, почему они почернели так от черной беды, почему не кормят дитё?","translation":"\"No, no,\" Mitya keeps on, as though he still does not understand, \"tell me: why are these burned-out mothers standing here, why are the people poor, why is the babe poor, why is the steppe bare, why do they not embrace one another, do not kiss, why do they not sing joyful songs, why have they gone so black with black misery, why do they not feed the babe?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"почему … почему … почему","title":"Anaphora as rising lament","body":"The drumbeat of «почему» ('why') heading clause after clause is rhetorical anaphora, mounting toward the moral cry at the dream's centre. Each clause stays in the simple imperfective present, holding the scene in a timeless 'now'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не обнимаются, не целуются","title":"Reciprocal «-ся» verbs","body":"«обнимаются» and «целуются» are reciprocal «-ся» verbs — 'embrace / kiss one another'. The «-ся» here marks mutual action between people, not a true reflexive."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"почернели … от чёрной беды","title":"«почернеть от чёрной беды»","body":"The figura etymologica «почернели … от чёрной беды» ('gone black from black misery') turns the colour black into the dream's emblem of catastrophe. «беда» is grave misfortune, calamity — heavier than mere trouble."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"repeated for emphasis, coordinated with нет","gloss":"No"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"interjection, exclamation","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies понимает (keeps on)","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies понимает","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies понимает","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies понимает","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"понимает","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quotative clause","gloss":"understands"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of понимает","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of скажи","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"скажи","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb introducing the questions","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стоят","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"emphatic particle, modifies стоят","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"стоят","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"stand"},{"surface":"погорелые","lemma":"погорелый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies матери","gloss":"burned-out"},{"surface":"матери","lemma":"мать","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of стоят","gloss":"mothers"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бедны","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"бедны","lemma":"бедный","morphology":"adjective, short form, plural","role":"predicate of люди","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"люди","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of бедны","gloss":"the people"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бедно","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"бедно","lemma":"бедный","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of дитё","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"дитё","lemma":"дитё","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of бедно","gloss":"the babe"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies голая (predicate)","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"голая","lemma":"голый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies степь","gloss":"bare"},{"surface":"степь","lemma":"степь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of голая (elliptical 'is')","gloss":"the steppe"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обнимаются","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of обнимаются","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies обнимаются","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"обнимаются","lemma":"обниматься","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"embrace"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies целуются","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"целуются","lemma":"целоваться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with обнимаются, implied subject они","gloss":"kiss"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поют","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поют","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"поют","lemma":"петь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause, implied subject они","gloss":"sing"},{"surface":"песен","lemma":"песня","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of поют","gloss":"songs"},{"surface":"радостных","lemma":"радостный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies песен","gloss":"joyful"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies почернели","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of почернели","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"почернели","lemma":"почернеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"have turned black"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies почернели","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking беды","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"черной","lemma":"чёрный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies беды","gloss":"black"},{"surface":"беды","lemma":"беда","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of почернели","gloss":"misery"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies кормят","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кормят","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"кормят","lemma":"кормить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause, implied subject они","gloss":"they feed"},{"surface":"дитё","lemma":"дитё","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of кормят","gloss":"the babe"}]},{"number":152,"label":"152","id":"b9-c8-s152","source":"И чувствует он про себя, что хоть он и безумно спрашивает и без толку, но непременно хочется ему именно так спросить и что именно так и надо спросить.","translation":"And he feels within himself that, though he is asking senselessly and to no purpose, he absolutely must ask in just this way, and that this is precisely how one ought to ask.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"хочется ему именно так спросить","title":"Impersonal «хочется» + dative","body":"«хочется ему» ('he feels he must / longs to') is the impersonal reflexive of wanting, with the dative experiencer «ему» and an infinitive. It frames the urge as something rising in Mitya rather than willed by him."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хоть он и … спрашивает","title":"Concessive «хоть … и»","body":"«хоть он и … спрашивает» ('though he is asking…') is the concessive 'even though', the «и» reinforcing the concession before the «но»-style turn. It sets Mitya's senseless questioning against the conviction that it is exactly right."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"так и надо спросить","title":"Impersonal «надо» of moral necessity","body":"«так и надо спросить» ('that is just how one ought to ask') is the impersonal «надо» plus infinitive — a subjectless statement of obligation. The «именно так … именно так» repetition fixes it as the only right way."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"чувствует","lemma":"чувствовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"feels"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of чувствует","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of чувствует","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clausal complement of чувствует","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies спрашивает (although)","gloss":"although"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спрашивает","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies безумно","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"безумно","lemma":"безумно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спрашивает","gloss":"senselessly"},{"surface":"спрашивает","lemma":"спрашивать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the concessive clause introduced by хоть","gloss":"is asking"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates безумно and без толку","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking толку","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"толку","lemma":"толк","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of спрашивает","gloss":"point"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хочется","gloss":"absolutely"},{"surface":"хочется","lemma":"хотеться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"he wants"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object (logical subject) of хочется","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спросить","gloss":"this way"},{"surface":"спросить","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хочется","gloss":"to ask"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces second clausal complement of чувствует, coordinated with что","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"this way"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies надо (emphatic)","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb (predicate)","role":"main predicate of the clause","gloss":"one ought"},{"surface":"спросить","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of надо","gloss":"to ask"}]},{"number":153,"label":"153","id":"b9-c8-s153","source":"И чувствует он еще, что подымается в сердце его какое-то никогда еще не бывалое в нем умиление, что плакать ему хочется, что хочет он всем сделать что-то такое, чтобы не плакало больше дитё, не плакала бы и черная иссохшая мать дити, чтоб не было вовсе слез от сей минуты ни у кого и чтобы сейчас же, сейчас же это сделать, не отлагая и несмотря ни на что, со всем безудержем карамазовским.","translation":"And he feels, too, that there is rising in his heart a tenderness such as he has never known before, that he wants to weep, that he wants to do something for everyone so that the babe shall cry no more, so that the black, withered mother of the babe shall cry no more, so that from this moment on there shall be no more tears for anyone at all — and to do it now, this very instant, without delay and in spite of everything, with all the Karamazov unrestraint.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"умиление","title":"«умиление» — tender emotion","body":"«умиление» is a key Dostoevskian word: a melting, reverent tenderness, the heart softened toward grace — close to spiritual rapture. Its rising in Mitya «никогда ещё не бывалое» ('never known before') marks his moment of conversion."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы не плакало … не плакала бы","title":"Purpose «чтобы» with the irrealis","body":"«чтобы» introduces purpose and takes the past-form irrealis: «не плакало», «не было», «не плакала бы». The aim — 'so that the babe should cry no more' — is a willed, hypothetical outcome, hence the «бы»-mood verbs."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не было вовсе слёз … ни у кого","title":"Genitive of negation + «ни»-concord","body":"«не было … слёз» puts the absent subject «слёз» in the genitive after «не было», and «ни у кого» ('for no one at all') adds the «ни»-word in negative concord — 'no tears for anyone'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"со всем безудержем карамазовским","title":"«безудерж карамазовский» — Karamazov unrestraint","body":"«безудерж» is unbridled, headlong abandon; «карамазовский» makes it the family trait — the all-or-nothing intensity that drives every brother. Even Mitya's new compassion arrives 'with all the Karamazov unrestraint'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"от сей минуты","title":"Archaic «сей» — 'this'","body":"«от сей минуты» ('from this moment') uses the bookish-archaic demonstrative «сей» ('this'), elevated and solemn beside the everyday «этот». It lifts Mitya's vow into near-liturgical register."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"матери дити","title":"«дити» — archaic genitive of «дитя»","body":"«мать дити» ('mother of the babe') uses «дити», the old genitive of «дитя», a bookish/archaic survival of an irregular declension. It heightens the scriptural solemnity of the passage."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"чувствует","lemma":"чувствовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"feels"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of чувствует","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies чувствует","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of подымается","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"подымается","lemma":"подыматься","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of чувствует","gloss":"is rising"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сердце","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of подымается","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of умиление","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"какое","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of умиление","gloss":"some kind of"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase какое-то","gloss":"(indefinite -to)"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бывалое","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бывалое","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies бывалое","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"бывалое","lemma":"бывалый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"clause modifying умиление","gloss":"known before"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бывалое","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"умиление","lemma":"умиление","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of подымается","gloss":"tenderness"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of хочется","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"плакать","lemma":"плакать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хочется","gloss":"to weep"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"experiencer of хочется","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"хочется","lemma":"хотеться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of чувствует, coordinated with подымается","gloss":"wants"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of хочет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"хочет","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of чувствует, coordinated with подымается","gloss":"wants"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of хочет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of сделать","gloss":"for everyone"},{"surface":"сделать","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хочет","gloss":"to do"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of сделать","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase что-то","gloss":"(indefinite -to)"},{"surface":"такое","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies что-то","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause of плакало","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies плакало","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"плакало","lemma":"плакать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"purpose clause on сделать","gloss":"shall cry"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies плакало","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"дитё","lemma":"дитё","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of плакало","gloss":"the babe"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies плакала","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"плакала","lemma":"плакать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"purpose clause coordinated with плакало","gloss":"shall cry"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of плакала","gloss":"(subjunctive marker)"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"черная","lemma":"чёрный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мать","gloss":"black"},{"surface":"иссохшая","lemma":"иссохнуть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"modifies мать","gloss":"withered"},{"surface":"мать","lemma":"мать","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of плакала","gloss":"mother"},{"surface":"дити","lemma":"дитя","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies мать","gloss":"of the babe"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of было","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"existential predicate governing слез","gloss":"there was"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies было","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"слез","lemma":"слеза","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"subject of было (genitive of negation)","gloss":"tears"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуты","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"сей","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуты","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"минуты","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кого","gloss":"not (a single)"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кого","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"кого","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"anyone"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause of сделать","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сделать","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сейчас","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сделать","gloss":"this very moment"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сейчас","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сделать","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"сделать","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"purpose clause coordinated with плакало","gloss":"to do"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отлагая","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"отлагая","lemma":"отлагать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on сделать","gloss":"delaying"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"несмотря","lemma":"несмотря","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что","gloss":"in spite of"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase несмотря ни на что","gloss":"(intensifier)"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase несмотря ни на что, marking что","gloss":"(part of despite)"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of несмотря","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking безудержем","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of безудержем","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"безудержем","lemma":"безудерж","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сделать","gloss":"unrestraint"},{"surface":"карамазовским","lemma":"карамазовский","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies безудержем","gloss":"Karamazov"}]},{"number":154,"label":"154","id":"b9-c8-s154","source":"— А и я с тобой, я теперь тебя не оставлю, на всю жизнь с тобой иду, — раздаются подле него милые, проникновенные чувством слова Грушеньки.","translation":"\"And I am with you too; I will not leave you now; I will go with you all my life,\" come the dear words of Grushenka, ringing close beside him, charged with feeling.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"тебя не оставлю","title":"Perfective future of pledge","body":"«не оставлю» ('I will not leave you') is a perfective present-form with future force — a single, decisive future act, the form of a vow. «иду» beside it is imperfective present of the motion verb, 'I am going (with you)'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"проникновенные чувством слова","title":"Instrumental of cause with adjective","body":"«проникновенные чувством» ('charged with feeling') has «чувством» in the instrumental as the means/cause filling the words — a participial-adjective plus instrumental, very common in literary description."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"раздаются … слова Грушеньки","title":"Reflexive «раздаваться» of a sound","body":"«раздаются» (from «раздаваться», to ring out, resound) is a «-ся» middle used of sounds arising of themselves — Grushenka's words 'ring out' beside him. Note the inversion: predicate first, subject «слова» last for dramatic weight."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies я","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of the clause (copula omitted)","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тобой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"тобой","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"predicate complement of я","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of оставлю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оставлю","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of оставлю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies оставлю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"оставлю","lemma":"оставить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with the first clause","gloss":"will leave"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизнь","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of иду","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тобой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"тобой","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of иду","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"иду","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with оставлю","gloss":"I go"},{"surface":"раздаются","lemma":"раздаваться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"come ringing"},{"surface":"подле","lemma":"подле","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition подле","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"милые","lemma":"милый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies слова","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"проникновенные","lemma":"проникновенный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"coordinated with милые, modifies слова","gloss":"charged with feeling"},{"surface":"чувством","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of проникновенные","gloss":"feeling"},{"surface":"слова","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of раздаются","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"Грушеньки","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies слова","gloss":"Grushenka's"}]},{"number":155,"label":"155","id":"b9-c8-s155","source":"И вот загорелось всё сердце его и устремилось к какому-то свету, и хочется ему жить и жить, идти и идти в какой-то путь, к новому зовущему свету, и скорее, скорее, теперь же, сейчас!","translation":"And now his whole heart caught fire and strained toward some light, and he wants to live and live, to go on and on along some road, toward a new and beckoning light, and quickly, quickly, this very moment, at once!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"загорелось … устремилось","title":"Perfective ignition of the heart","body":"«загорелось» ('caught fire') and «устремилось» ('strained toward') are perfective, both «-ся» middles, marking the sudden, completed kindling of Mitya's heart. The «за-» prefix conveys the onset of the blaze."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хочется ему жить и жить","title":"Dative longing + reduplicated infinitive","body":"«хочется ему жить и жить» again uses the impersonal «хочется» with dative «ему»; the doubled infinitives «жить и жить», «идти и идти» express boundless, swelling desire — 'to live and live, go on and on'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"к новому зовущему свету","title":"Present active participle «зовущий»","body":"«зовущему» is the present active participle of «звать» ('to call'), declined into the dative to agree with «свету» — 'toward a calling/beckoning light'. The participle compresses a 'light that beckons' into one luminous modifier."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies загорелось","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"загорелось","lemma":"загореться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"caught fire"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of сердце","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of загорелось","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of сердце","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"устремилось","lemma":"устремиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with загорелось","gloss":"strained"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking свету","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"какому","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of свету","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase какому-то","gloss":"(indefinite -to)"},{"surface":"свету","lemma":"свет","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of устремилось","gloss":"light"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"хочется","lemma":"хотеться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with загорелось","gloss":"wants"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"experiencer of хочется","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"жить","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хочется","gloss":"to live"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"жить","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with жить","gloss":"to live"},{"surface":"идти","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with жить","gloss":"to go on"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"идти","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with жить","gloss":"to go on"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking путь","gloss":"along"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of путь","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase какой-то","gloss":"(indefinite -to)"},{"surface":"путь","lemma":"путь","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of идти","gloss":"road"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking свету","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"новому","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies свету","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"зовущему","lemma":"зовущий","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, dative, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"modifies свету","gloss":"beckoning"},{"surface":"свету","lemma":"свет","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of идти","gloss":"light"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"скорее","lemma":"скорее","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with теперь","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"скорее","lemma":"скорее","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with скорее","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with скорее","gloss":"this very moment"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies теперь","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with теперь","gloss":"at once"}]},{"number":156,"label":"156","id":"b9-c8-s156","source":"— Что? Куда? — восклицает он, открывая глаза и садясь на свой сундук, совсем как бы очнувшись от обморока, а сам светло улыбаясь.","translation":"\"What? Where?\" he exclaims, opening his eyes and sitting up on his chest, looking for all the world as though he had come round from a fainting fit, and smiling a radiant smile.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"открывая глаза и садясь","title":"Coordinated present gerunds","body":"«открывая … и садясь» are two present gerunds (деепричастия) — 'opening his eyes and sitting up' — naming simultaneous actions that accompany his exclamation. «садясь» is the gerund of the reflexive «садиться»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы очнувшись от обморока","title":"Past gerund «очнувшись» with «как бы»","body":"«очнувшись» is a perfective past gerund ('having come to'), the «-вши» form, expressing a prior completed action. «как бы» ('as if') softens it to a likeness — he looks 'as though he had come round from a faint'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"What?"},{"surface":"Куда","lemma":"куда","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Where?"},{"surface":"восклицает","lemma":"восклицать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"exclaims"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of восклицает","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"открывая","lemma":"открывать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on восклицает","gloss":"opening"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of открывая","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"садясь","lemma":"садиться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with открывая","gloss":"sitting up"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сундук","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"свой","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of сундук","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"сундук","lemma":"сундук","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of садясь","gloss":"chest"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies очнувшись","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"очнувшись","lemma":"очнуться","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on садясь","gloss":"having come round"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обморока","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"обморока","lemma":"обморок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of очнувшись","gloss":"a faint"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies улыбаясь","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"светло","lemma":"светло","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies улыбаясь","gloss":"radiantly"},{"surface":"улыбаясь","lemma":"улыбаться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with открывая","gloss":"smiling"}]},{"number":157,"label":"157","id":"b9-c8-s157","source":"Над ним стоит Николай Парфенович и приглашает его выслушать и подписать протокол.","translation":"Nikolai Parfenovich stands over him, inviting him to hear the protocol read out and to sign it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"приглашает его выслушать и подписать","title":"Aspect of the two infinitives","body":"Both governed infinitives are perfective — «выслушать» ('hear out to the end') and «подписать» ('sign') — naming completed acts the magistrate invites. «выслушать» with «вы-» means to hear through to the finish, not merely listen."}],"words":[{"surface":"Над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стоит","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"стоит","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stands"},{"surface":"Николай","lemma":"Николай","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стоит","gloss":"Nikolai"},{"surface":"Парфенович","lemma":"Парфенович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Николай","gloss":"Parfenovich"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"приглашает","lemma":"приглашать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with стоит","gloss":"invites"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of приглашает","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"выслушать","lemma":"выслушать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of приглашает","gloss":"to hear out"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"подписать","lemma":"подписать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with выслушать","gloss":"to sign"},{"surface":"протокол","lemma":"протокол","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of подписать","gloss":"the protocol"}]},{"number":158,"label":"158","id":"b9-c8-s158","source":"Догадался Митя, что спал он час или более, но он Николая Парфеновича не слушал.","translation":"Mitya guessed that he had slept an hour or more, but he was not listening to Nikolai Parfenovich.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Догадался Митя, что","title":"Inversion + «что»-clause","body":"The verb-first «Догадался Митя» ('Mitya guessed') throws weight onto the act of realising; «что спал он час или более» is the reported content. «спал» is imperfective — the duration of sleeping, not a single act."}],"words":[{"surface":"Догадался","lemma":"догадаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"guessed"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Догадался","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of спал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"спал","lemma":"спать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of Догадался","gloss":"had slept"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"час","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of спал","gloss":"an hour"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with час","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of слушал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"Николая","lemma":"Николай","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of слушал","gloss":"Nikolai"},{"surface":"Парфеновича","lemma":"Парфенович","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Николая","gloss":"Parfenovich"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies слушал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"слушал","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Догадался","gloss":"was listening"}]},{"number":159,"label":"159","id":"b9-c8-s159","source":"Его вдруг поразило, что под головой у него очутилась подушка, которой, однако, не было, когда он склонился в бессилии на сундук.","translation":"He was suddenly struck that a pillow had appeared under his head — one that had certainly not been there when he had sunk down on the chest in his exhaustion.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"под головой … очутилась подушка","title":"Reflexive «очутиться» of sudden appearance","body":"«очутилась» (from «очутиться», to find oneself, turn up) is a «-ся» verb existing only in that form, perfective — the pillow 'had turned up' under his head. The locative «под головой» (instrumental after «под») gives the position."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"которой … не было","title":"Genitive of negation in a relative clause","body":"«которой … не было» ('which had not been there') — the relative «которой» stands in the genitive because a negated existential «не было» demands the genitive of its absent subject. So the missing pillow is genitive, not nominative."}],"words":[{"surface":"Его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of поразило","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поразило","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"поразило","lemma":"поразить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of очутилась","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking головой","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"головой","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of очутилась","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of очутилась","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"очутилась","lemma":"очутиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of поразило","gloss":"had appeared"},{"surface":"подушка","lemma":"подушка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of очутилась","gloss":"a pillow"},{"surface":"которой","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"subject of было (genitive of negation)","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies было","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on подушка","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of склонился","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of склонился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"склонился","lemma":"склониться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on было","gloss":"had sunk down"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бессилии","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"бессилии","lemma":"бессилие","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of склонился","gloss":"exhaustion"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сундук","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"сундук","lemma":"сундук","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of склонился","gloss":"the chest"}]},{"number":160,"label":"160","id":"b9-c8-s160","source":"— Кто это мне под голову подушку принес? Кто был такой добрый человек! — воскликнул он с каким-то восторженным, благодарным чувством и плачущим каким-то голосом, будто и бог знает какое благодеяние оказали ему.","translation":"\"Who put a pillow under my head? What kind soul was it!\" he cried out with a kind of rapturous, grateful feeling and in a voice near to weeping, as though God knows what great kindness had been shown him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Кто был такой добрый человек!","title":"Nominative predicate with past «был»","body":"Here the predicate noun stays nominative — «такой добрый человек» — even after past «был», because the question is exclamatory identification ('What a kind soul it was!'). It contrasts with the usual instrumental of the predicate."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"будто … благодеяние оказали ему","title":"«будто» + impersonal 'they'","body":"«оказали ему» ('had shown him') is the subjectless 3rd-plural impersonal, the benefactor unnamed. «будто и бог знает какое благодеяние» ('as though God knows what great kindness') is hyperbolic comparison, «бог знает какое» an idiom for 'some extraordinary'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"благодеяние","title":"«благодеяние» — a good deed, benefaction","body":"«благодеяние» is an elevated, bookish word — a benefaction, an act of charity, with the «благо-» ('good') prefix of the high register. Mitya's calling a tucked-under pillow a «благодеяние» measures how softened his heart now is."}],"words":[{"surface":"Кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of принес","gloss":"Who"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle with Кто","gloss":"(is it that)"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of принес","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking голову","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"голову","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of принес","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"подушку","lemma":"подушка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of принес","gloss":"a pillow"},{"surface":"принес","lemma":"принести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"put"},{"surface":"Кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of был","gloss":"Who"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking Кто to человек","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of добрый","gloss":"such a"},{"surface":"добрый","lemma":"добрый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"kind"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate nominal complement of был","gloss":"person"},{"surface":"воскликнул","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнул","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чувством","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"каким","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of чувством","gloss":"a kind of"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase каким-то","gloss":"(indefinite -to)"},{"surface":"восторженным","lemma":"восторженный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies чувством","gloss":"rapturous"},{"surface":"благодарным","lemma":"благодарный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with восторженным","gloss":"grateful"},{"surface":"чувством","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of воскликнул","gloss":"feeling"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"плачущим","lemma":"плакать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, instrumental, imperfective","role":"modifies голосом","gloss":"near to weeping"},{"surface":"каким","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of голосом","gloss":"a kind of"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase каким-то","gloss":"(indefinite -to)"},{"surface":"голосом","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of воскликнул","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of знает","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знает","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"бог","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знает","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"знает","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on воскликнул","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"какое","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of благодеяние","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"благодеяние","lemma":"благодеяние","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of оказали","gloss":"kindness"},{"surface":"оказали","lemma":"оказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of знает","gloss":"had been shown"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of оказали","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":161,"label":"161","id":"b9-c8-s161","source":"Добрый человек так потом и остался в неизвестности, кто-нибудь из понятых, а может быть, и писарек Николая Парфеновича распорядились подложить ему подушку из сострадания, но вся душа его как бы сотряслась от слез.","translation":"The kind soul was never afterward discovered; perhaps it was one of the witnesses, or maybe Nikolai Parfenovich's little clerk who had ordered the pillow tucked under him out of compassion — but his whole soul seemed to be shaken with tears.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"писарек","title":"«писарек» — the little clerk","body":"«писарек» is the diminutive of «писарь» (a copying clerk/scribe), the «-ек» suffix making him a lowly, slight figure. The smallness of the office sharpens the tenderness of the unseen kindness."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы сотряслась от слёз","title":"Reflexive «сотрястись» + «как бы»","body":"«сотряслась» (from «сотрястись», to be shaken/convulsed) is a perfective «-ся» verb; «как бы» ('as if') keeps it figurative — his soul 'seemed to be shaken with tears'. «от слёз» gives the cause in the genitive after «от»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Добрый","lemma":"добрый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"kind"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of остался","gloss":"person"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies остался","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies остался","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies остался","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"остался","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remained"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking неизвестности","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"неизвестности","lemma":"неизвестность","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of остался","gloss":"obscurity"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"in apposition to человек","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase кто-нибудь","gloss":"(indefinite -ever)"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking понятых","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"понятых","lemma":"понятой","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies кто-нибудь","gloss":"the witnesses"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical adverb (perhaps)","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"писарек","lemma":"писарёк","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of распорядились","gloss":"the little clerk"},{"surface":"Николая","lemma":"Николай","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies писарек","gloss":"Nikolai's"},{"surface":"Парфеновича","lemma":"Парфенович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Николая","gloss":"Parfenovich's"},{"surface":"распорядились","lemma":"распорядиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with остался","gloss":"had ordered"},{"surface":"подложить","lemma":"подложить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of распорядились","gloss":"to tuck"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of подложить","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"подушку","lemma":"подушка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of подложить","gloss":"the pillow"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сострадания","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"сострадания","lemma":"сострадание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of подложить","gloss":"compassion"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of душа","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"душа","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of сотряслась","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of душа","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"сотряслась","lemma":"сотрястись","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with остался","gloss":"was shaken"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking слез","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"слез","lemma":"слеза","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of сотряслась","gloss":"tears"}]},{"number":162,"label":"162","id":"b9-c8-s162","source":"Он подошел к столу и объявил, что подпишет всё что угодно.","translation":"He went up to the table and declared that he would sign anything they liked.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"подпишет всё что угодно","title":"«что угодно» — anything at all","body":"«всё что угодно» ('absolutely anything') is the fixed phrase where «угодно» ('as one pleases') makes a free-choice indefinite. «подпишет» is perfective future — 'he will sign (and be done with it)'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подошел","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"подошел","lemma":"подойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went up"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking столу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"столу","lemma":"стол","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подошел","gloss":"the table"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"объявил","lemma":"объявить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with подошел","gloss":"declared"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of подпишет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"подпишет","lemma":"подписать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of объявил","gloss":"would sign"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of подпишет","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"relative pronoun modifying всё, subject of угодно","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"угодно","lemma":"угодно","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of the что-clause modifying всё","gloss":"is wanted"}]},{"number":163,"label":"163","id":"b9-c8-s163","source":"— Я хороший сон видел, господа, — странно как-то произнес он, с каким-то новым, словно радостью озаренным лицом.","translation":"\"I had a good dream, gentlemen,\" he said, somehow strangely, with a new look on his face, as though lit up by joy.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я хороший сон видел","title":"Object order foregrounding the dream","body":"«Я хороший сон видел» places the object «хороший сон» before the verb, weighting the dream itself as the news of the utterance. The imperfective «видел» is the idiom for 'had / saw a dream'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"словно радостью озарённым лицом","title":"Short-form passive participle as modifier","body":"«озарённым» is the past passive participle of «озарить» ('to light up'), in the instrumental agreeing with «лицом» ('face'), the agent «радостью» ('by joy') itself in the instrumental — 'with a face lit up, as if by joy'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of видел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"хороший","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сон","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"сон","lemma":"сон","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of видел","gloss":"dream"},{"surface":"видел","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative, addressing the listeners","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"странно","lemma":"странно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies произнес","gloss":"strangely"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как-то","gloss":"(part of somehow)"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как-то","gloss":"(indefinite -to)"},{"surface":"произнес","lemma":"произнести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of произнес","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лицом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"каким","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of лицом","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase каким-то","gloss":"(indefinite -to)"},{"surface":"новым","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies лицом","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"словно","lemma":"словно","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of озаренным","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"радостью","lemma":"радость","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of озаренным","gloss":"joy"},{"surface":"озаренным","lemma":"озарённый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies лицом","gloss":"lit up"},{"surface":"лицом","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of произнес","gloss":"face"}]}]}