{"work":{"slug":"karamazov","title":{"source":"Братья Карамазовы","translated":"The Brothers Karamazov"},"author":"Fyodor Dostoevsky","language":"Russian","languageCode":"ru","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov"},"unit":{"kind":"chapter","number":null,"id":"b9-c9","title":{"source":"IX. Увезли Митю","translated":"They Carry Mitya Away"},"section":"Book IX — The Preliminary Investigation","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b9-c9","lines":80},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b9-c8","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b10-c1","license":"Source text: public domain (Fyodor Dostoevsky, d. 1881; Russian from the Nauka academic edition via ru.wikisource). English translation: original, © 1732 Studios (2026); rendered freshly from the public-domain Russian, not derived from any prior English translation. Sentence-aligned by 1732 Studios.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"b9-c9-s1","source":"Когда подписан был протокол, Николай Парфенович торжественно обратился к обвиняемому и прочел ему «Постановление», гласившее, что такого-то года и такого-то дня, там-то, судебный следователь такого-то окружного суда, допросив такого-то (то есть Митю) в качестве обвиняемого в том-то и в том-то (все вины были тщательно прописаны) и принимая во внимание, что обвиняемый, не признавая себя виновным во взводимых на него преступлениях, ничего в оправдание свое не представил, а между тем свидетели (такие-то) и обстоятельства (такие-то) его вполне уличают, руководствуясь такими-то и такими-то статьями «Уложения о наказаниях» и т. д., постановил: для пресечения такому-то (Мите) способов уклониться от следствия и суда, заключить его в такой-то тюремный замок, о чем обвиняемому объявить, а копию сего постановления товарищу прокурора сообщить и т. д., и т. д.","translation":"When the record had been signed, Nikolai Parfenovich turned solemnly to the accused and read out to him the \"Committal Order\", which declared that in such-and-such a year and on such-and-such a day, in such-and-such a place, the examining magistrate of such-and-such a district court, having interrogated such-a-one (that is, Mitya) as a person accused of this and that (every charge was set down with care) and taking into account that the accused, while not admitting himself guilty of the crimes laid against him, had offered nothing in his own defense, whereas the witnesses (so-and-so) and the circumstances (such-and-such) fully convicted him, and being guided by such-and-such articles of the \"Statute of Punishments\", and so on, had resolved: in order to bar such-a-one (Mitya) from any means of evading the investigation and the trial, to confine him in such-and-such a prison castle, of which the accused was to be informed, and a copy of the present order communicated to the deputy prosecutor, and so on, and so on.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Когда подписан был протокол","title":"Short passive participle as a result","body":"«подписан» is the short-form past passive participle of «подписать» ('to sign'); with «был» it forms a periphrastic passive stating a completed result — 'when the record had been signed.' Note the bookish inversion «подписан был» rather than «был подписан», which lends the clause a documentary solemnity."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"допросив … принимая во внимание … руководствуясь","title":"A chain of gerunds (деепричастия)","body":"The whole order is held together by a dense chain of adverbial participles: perfective past «допросив» ('having interrogated'), then imperfective present «принимая» ('taking into account') and «руководствуясь» ('being guided by'). Stacking gerunds this way is the very signature of bookish legal and 19th-century literary prose that Dostoevsky is parodying."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"гласившее, что","title":"Past active participle 'which declared'","body":"«гласившее» is the past active participle of «гласить» ('to state, to read [of a text]'), agreeing as neuter singular with «Постановление». It compresses a «которое гласило»-clause into one modifier — 'the order which declared…' — exactly the participial economy that makes literary Russian so compact."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"обвиняемому","title":"«обвиняемый» — 'the accused'","body":"A substantivized passive participle of «обвинять» ('to accuse') used as a noun, 'the accused / defendant,' here in the dative «обвиняемому» ('to the accused'). Such participle-nouns (the related «обвиняемого») thicken the legal texture of the passage — though «следователь» itself is not a participle but an agent noun in -тель."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"тюремный замок","title":"«тюремный замок» — a prison castle","body":"Literally 'prison castle,' the period term for a fortified district jail (the «острог»). We keep the literal 'prison castle' for its grim, slightly archaic ring, matching the official document's register."}],"words":[{"surface":"Когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of подписан","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"подписан","lemma":"подписать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on обратился","gloss":"signed"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of подписан","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"протокол","lemma":"протокол","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of passive подписан","gloss":"the record"},{"surface":"Николай","lemma":"николай","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of обратился","gloss":"Nikolai"},{"surface":"Парфенович","lemma":"парфёнович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Николай","gloss":"Parfenovich"},{"surface":"торжественно","lemma":"торжественно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обратился","gloss":"solemnly"},{"surface":"обратился","lemma":"обратиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обвиняемому","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"обвиняемому","lemma":"обвиняемый","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обратился","gloss":"the accused"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"прочел","lemma":"прочесть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with обратился","gloss":"read out"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of прочел","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"Постановление","lemma":"постановление","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of прочел","gloss":"the Committal Order"},{"surface":"гласившее","lemma":"гласить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, neuter, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying Постановление","gloss":"which declared"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of постановил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"такого","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of года","gloss":"such-and-such"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase такого-то","gloss":"-and-such"},{"surface":"года","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial complement of гласившее","gloss":"year"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"такого","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of дня","gloss":"such-and-such"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase такого-то","gloss":"-and-such"},{"surface":"дня","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with года","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase там-то, modifies гласившее","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase там-то","gloss":"-and-such"},{"surface":"судебный","lemma":"судебный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies следователь","gloss":"judicial"},{"surface":"следователь","lemma":"следователь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of постановил","gloss":"magistrate"},{"surface":"такого","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of суда","gloss":"such-and-such"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase такого-то","gloss":"-and-such"},{"surface":"окружного","lemma":"окружный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies суда","gloss":"district"},{"surface":"суда","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies следователь","gloss":"court"},{"surface":"допросив","lemma":"допросить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on постановил","gloss":"having interrogated"},{"surface":"такого","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of допросив","gloss":"such-a-one"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase такого-то","gloss":"-and-such"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase то есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the phrase то есть","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"Митю","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to такого-то (w33)","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking качестве","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"качестве","lemma":"качество","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase в качестве","gloss":"capacity"},{"surface":"обвиняемого","lemma":"обвиняемый","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of допросив","gloss":"an accused person"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том-то","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies обвиняемого","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase том-то","gloss":"-and-such"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том-то","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with том (w42)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase том-то","gloss":"-and-such"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of вины","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"вины","lemma":"вина","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of passive прописаны","gloss":"charge"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of прописаны","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"тщательно","lemma":"тщательно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прописаны","gloss":"carefully"},{"surface":"прописаны","lemma":"прописать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, perfective","role":"parenthetical clause modifying допросив","gloss":"were set down"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"принимая","lemma":"принимать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with допросив","gloss":"taking into account"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking внимание","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"внимание","lemma":"внимание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase во внимание","gloss":"account"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of представил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"обвиняемый","lemma":"обвиняемый","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of представил","gloss":"the accused"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies признавая","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"признавая","lemma":"признавать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on представил","gloss":"admitting"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of признавая","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"виновным","lemma":"виновный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of признавая","gloss":"guilty"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking преступлениях","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"взводимых","lemma":"взводить","morphology":"verb, present, passive, participle, plural, locative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying преступлениях","gloss":"laid"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of взводимых","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"преступлениях","lemma":"преступление","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of виновным","gloss":"crimes"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of представил","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking оправдание","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"оправдание","lemma":"оправдание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies ничего","gloss":"defense"},{"surface":"свое","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies оправдание","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies представил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"представил","lemma":"представить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of принимая","gloss":"offered"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"whereas"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom между тем","gloss":"mean"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom между тем, modifies уличают","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"свидетели","lemma":"свидетель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of уличают","gloss":"the witnesses"},{"surface":"такие","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"in apposition to свидетели","gloss":"so-and-so"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"part of the phrase такие-то","gloss":"-and-so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"обстоятельства","lemma":"обстоятельство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated with свидетели","gloss":"the circumstances"},{"surface":"такие","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"in apposition to обстоятельства","gloss":"such-and-such"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"part of the phrase такие-то","gloss":"-and-such"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of уличают","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"вполне","lemma":"вполне","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уличают","gloss":"fully"},{"surface":"уличают","lemma":"уличать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with представил","gloss":"convicted"},{"surface":"руководствуясь","lemma":"руководствоваться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on постановил","gloss":"being guided by"},{"surface":"такими","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"determiner of статьями","gloss":"such-and-such"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"part of the phrase такими-то","gloss":"-and-such"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"такими","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"determiner of статьями","gloss":"such-and-such"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"part of the phrase такими-то","gloss":"-and-such"},{"surface":"статьями","lemma":"статья","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of руководствуясь","gloss":"articles"},{"surface":"Уложения","lemma":"уложение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies статьями","gloss":"of the Statute"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking наказаниях","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"наказаниях","lemma":"наказание","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"modifies Уложения","gloss":"Punishments"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"т","lemma":"т","morphology":"abbreviation","role":"part of the abbreviation и т. д.","gloss":"etc"},{"surface":"д.","lemma":"д.","morphology":"abbreviation","role":"part of the abbreviation и т. д.","gloss":"etc"},{"surface":"постановил","lemma":"постановить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"resolved"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пресечения","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"пресечения","lemma":"пресечение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"purpose clause modifying заключить","gloss":"bar"},{"surface":"такому","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of способов","gloss":"such-a-one"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase такому-то","gloss":"-and-such"},{"surface":"Мите","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to такому-то (w103)","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"способов","lemma":"способ","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies пресечения","gloss":"means"},{"surface":"уклониться","lemma":"уклониться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"modifies способов","gloss":"of evading"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking следствия","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"следствия","lemma":"следствие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of уклониться","gloss":"the investigation"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"суда","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with следствия","gloss":"the trial"},{"surface":"заключить","lemma":"заключить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of постановил","gloss":"to confine"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of заключить","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking замок","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of замок","gloss":"such-and-such"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase такой-то","gloss":"-and-such"},{"surface":"тюремный","lemma":"тюремный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies замок","gloss":"prison"},{"surface":"замок","lemma":"замок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заключить","gloss":"castle"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чем","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of объявить","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"обвиняемому","lemma":"обвиняемый","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of объявить","gloss":"the accused"},{"surface":"объявить","lemma":"объявить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"parallel clause to заключить","gloss":"to inform"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"копию","lemma":"копия","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of сообщить","gloss":"a copy"},{"surface":"сего","lemma":"сие","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies постановления","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"постановления","lemma":"постановление","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies копию","gloss":"order"},{"surface":"товарищу","lemma":"товарищ","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of сообщить","gloss":"the deputy"},{"surface":"прокурора","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies товарищу","gloss":"of the prosecutor"},{"surface":"сообщить","lemma":"сообщить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with объявить","gloss":"to communicate"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"т","lemma":"т","morphology":"abbreviation","role":"part of the abbreviation и т. д.","gloss":"etc"},{"surface":"д.","lemma":"д.","morphology":"abbreviation","role":"part of the abbreviation и т. д.","gloss":"etc"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"т","lemma":"т","morphology":"abbreviation","role":"part of the abbreviation и т. д.","gloss":"etc"},{"surface":"д.","lemma":"д.","morphology":"abbreviation","role":"part of the abbreviation и т. д.","gloss":"etc"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"b9-c9-s2","source":"Словом, Мите объявили, что он от сей минуты арестант и что повезут его сейчас в город, где и заключат в одно очень неприятное место.","translation":"In a word, Mitya was informed that from this minute he was a prisoner, and that he would be driven at once to the town, where he would be shut up in a very disagreeable place.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"от сей минуты","title":"«сей» — the bookish 'this'","body":"«сей» (here genitive feminine «сей минуты», 'from this minute') is the archaic literary demonstrative for 'this,' far more elevated than the everyday «этот». It tips the narrator into a period-formal register at the very moment Mitya's status changes."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"повезут … заключат","title":"Impersonal 'they' and perfective futures","body":"Both verbs are 3rd-person plural with no stated subject — the impersonal 'they' construction ('they will drive him… they will shut him up'), which English turns into a passive. «повезут» and «заключат» are perfective presents that carry future meaning: single, completed acts about to happen."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"арестант","title":"«арестант» — a prisoner under arrest","body":"«арестант» specifically means a person held in custody / a convict, sharper than the neutral «заключённый». Mitya is told that «он от сей минуты арестант» — the bare nominative complement of the zero-copula present ('he is, from this minute, a prisoner')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Словом","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"sentence adverbial","gloss":"in a word"},{"surface":"Мите","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of объявили","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"объявили","lemma":"объявить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was informed"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of арестант","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of арестант","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуты","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"сей","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуты","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"минуты","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of арестант","gloss":"minute"},{"surface":"арестант","lemma":"арестант","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate nominative, complement of он","gloss":"a prisoner"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of повезут","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"повезут","lemma":"повезти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of объявили","gloss":"would be driven"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of повезут","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies повезут","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking город","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"город","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of повезут","gloss":"the town"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заключат","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies заключат","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"заключат","lemma":"заключить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"relative clause on город","gloss":"would be shut up"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking место","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"одно","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"quantifies место","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies неприятное","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"неприятное","lemma":"неприятный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies место","gloss":"disagreeable"},{"surface":"место","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of заключат","gloss":"place"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"b9-c9-s3","source":"Митя, внимательно выслушав, вскинул только плечами.","translation":"Mitya, having listened attentively, merely gave a shrug of the shoulders.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"внимательно выслушав","title":"Perfective gerund of prior action","body":"«выслушав» is the perfective past gerund of «выслушать» ('to hear out'), naming an action completed before the main verb: 'having listened attentively, he then shrugged.' It shares Mitya's subject and sets the sequence of the two acts."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вскинул только плечами","title":"Instrumental with a gesture verb","body":"«плечами» is instrumental plural ('with the shoulders') after «вскинуть» — Russian regularly puts the body part one moves into the instrumental (пожать плечами, кивнуть головой). The particle «только» ('merely') tucked before it underlines how slight Mitya's response is."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вскинул","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"внимательно","lemma":"внимательно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выслушав","gloss":"attentively"},{"surface":"выслушав","lemma":"выслушать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on вскинул","gloss":"having listened"},{"surface":"вскинул","lemma":"вскинуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shrugged"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вскинул","gloss":"merely"},{"surface":"плечами","lemma":"плечо","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of вскинул","gloss":"his shoulders"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"b9-c9-s4","source":"— Что ж, господа, я вас не виню, я готов… Понимаю, что вам ничего более не остается.","translation":"\"Well, gentlemen, I do not blame you, I am ready… I understand that nothing else is left for you to do.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что ж","title":"«Что ж» — resigned 'well…'","body":"«ж» is the reduced form of the emphatic particle «же». «Что ж» is an idiomatic discourse opener of resignation or acceptance — 'well then, so be it' — coloring Mitya's words with weary readiness rather than a real question."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вам ничего более не остается","title":"Dative experiencer + genitive of negation","body":"An impersonal construction: «вам» is the dative of the people affected ('for you'), and the negated subject «ничего» stands in the genitive — 'nothing else remains for you.' The dative-experiencer plus genitive-of-negation pattern is everywhere in Dostoevsky's inner speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the interjection Что ж","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"ж","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Что","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"term of address","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of виню","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of виню","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies виню","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"виню","lemma":"винить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"blame"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of готов","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"готов","lemma":"готовый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with виню","gloss":"ready"},{"surface":"Понимаю","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I understand"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of остается","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of остается","gloss":"for you"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"subject of остается","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase ничего более не, modifies остается","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies остается","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"остается","lemma":"оставаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of Понимаю","gloss":"is left"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"b9-c9-s5","source":"Николай Парфенович мягко изъяснил ему, что свезет его тотчас же становой пристав Маврикий Маврикиевич, который как раз теперь тут случился…","translation":"Nikolai Parfenovich gently explained to him that he would be conveyed at once by the district police officer Mavriky Mavrikievich, who happened to be on the spot just now…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"тут случился","title":"«случиться» — to happen to be present","body":"Beyond 'to happen,' «случиться» here means 'to happen to be on the spot,' a slightly old-fashioned usage: «который как раз теперь тут случился» = 'who happened to be right there just now.' The reflexive «-ся» gives the verb its 'come about' sense."}],"words":[{"surface":"Николай","lemma":"николай","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of изъяснил","gloss":"Nikolai"},{"surface":"Парфенович","lemma":"парфёнович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Николай","gloss":"Parfenovich"},{"surface":"мягко","lemma":"мягко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies изъяснил","gloss":"gently"},{"surface":"изъяснил","lemma":"изъяснить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"explained"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of изъяснил","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of свезет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"свезет","lemma":"свезти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of изъяснил","gloss":"would convey"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of свезет","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies свезет","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"становой","lemma":"становой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пристав","gloss":"district"},{"surface":"пристав","lemma":"пристав","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of свезет","gloss":"officer"},{"surface":"Маврикий","lemma":"маврикий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to пристав","gloss":"Mavriky"},{"surface":"Маврикиевич","lemma":"маврикиевич","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Маврикий","gloss":"Mavrikievich"},{"surface":"который","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of случился","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как раз","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как раз","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies случился","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies случился","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"случился","lemma":"случиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on пристав","gloss":"happened to be"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"b9-c9-s6","source":"— Стойте, — перебил вдруг Митя и с каким-то неудержимым чувством произнес, обращаясь ко всем в комнате.","translation":"\"Stop,\" Mitya suddenly broke in, and with a kind of irrepressible feeling he pronounced, turning to everyone in the room.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Стойте","title":"Plural/polite imperative","body":"«Стойте» is the imperative of «стоять» with the plural-polite ending «-те» — 'stop / wait,' addressed to the whole room. The same «-те» marks both several people and one person addressed respectfully."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"обращаясь ко всем","title":"Gerund of simultaneous action","body":"«обращаясь» is the imperfective present gerund of «обращаться» ('to turn / address oneself'), expressing what Mitya is doing at the same moment he speaks — 'turning to everyone.' The «-сь» (reflexive after a vowel) is built into the verb."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"с каким-то неудержимым чувством","title":"«какой-то» — 'a kind of'","body":"«какой-то» ('some sort of, a kind of') is a hallmark of Dostoevsky's style, hedging and intensifying at once: «с каким-то неудержимым чувством» = 'with a kind of irrepressible feeling.' The «-то» marks the feeling as real but unnamed."}],"words":[{"surface":"Стойте","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Stop"},{"surface":"перебил","lemma":"перебить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Стойте","gloss":"broke in"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies перебил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of перебил","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чувством","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"каким","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of чувством","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase каким-то","gloss":"kind-of"},{"surface":"неудержимым","lemma":"неудержимый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies чувством","gloss":"irrepressible"},{"surface":"чувством","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of произнес","gloss":"feeling"},{"surface":"произнес","lemma":"произнести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with перебил","gloss":"pronounced"},{"surface":"обращаясь","lemma":"обращаться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on произнес","gloss":"turning"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всем","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"oblique complement of обращаясь","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнате","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"комнате","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies всем","gloss":"the room"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"b9-c9-s7","source":"— Господа, все мы жестоки, все мы изверги, все плакать заставляем людей, матерей и грудных детей, но из всех — пусть уж так будет решено теперь — из всех я самый подлый гад!","translation":"\"Gentlemen, we are all cruel, we are all monsters, we all make people weep — mothers and babes at the breast — but of all, let it be settled here and now, of all I am the basest reptile!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"все мы … все мы … все плакать заставляем","title":"Emphatic anaphora and word order","body":"Mitya hammers the repeated «все мы» ('we all') to the front of each clause for rhetorical weight — the topic-comment freedom of Russian lets him pile the given 'all of us' first and drive toward the new charge last. The triple repetition is pure confessional rhetoric."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"плакать заставляем людей","title":"«заставлять» + infinitive — to make someone do","body":"«заставлять» ('to compel') takes an accusative object plus an infinitive: «плакать заставляем людей» = 'we make people weep.' Note the literary inversion that throws the infinitive «плакать» to the front for emphasis on the act of weeping itself."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"изверги","title":"«изверг» — a monster","body":"«изверг» is a strong, almost biblical word for a fiend or monster, one cast out of human kindness; the plural «изверги» heightens Mitya's self-flagellating rhetoric. It is far heavier than a mild 'brute.'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"самый подлый гад","title":"«гад» / «подлый» — the basest reptile","body":"«гад» is literally a creeping thing, a reptile or vermin, used as a term of utter contempt; «подлый» means 'base, vile.' «самый подлый гад» ('the basest reptile') is Mitya ranking himself at the bottom of creation — «самый» forms the superlative."}],"words":[{"surface":"Господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"term of address","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of мы","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of жестоки","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"жестоки","lemma":"жестокий","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"predicate of мы","gloss":"cruel"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of мы","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of изверги","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"изверги","lemma":"изверг","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"predicate of мы","gloss":"monsters"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of the elided мы, subject of заставляем","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"плакать","lemma":"плакать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of заставляем","gloss":"weep"},{"surface":"заставляем","lemma":"заставлять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with жестоки/изверги","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"людей","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of заставляем","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"матерей","lemma":"мать","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"in apposition to людей","gloss":"mothers"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"грудных","lemma":"грудной","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies детей","gloss":"nursing"},{"surface":"детей","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with матерей","gloss":"babes"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всех","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of гад","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"пусть","lemma":"пусть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies решено","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies решено","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of решено","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"решено","lemma":"решить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"settled"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies решено","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всех","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of гад","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of гад","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"самый","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies подлый","gloss":"the most"},{"surface":"подлый","lemma":"подлый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies гад","gloss":"basest"},{"surface":"гад","lemma":"гад","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of я","gloss":"reptile"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"b9-c9-s8","source":"Пусть! Каждый день моей жизни я, бия себя в грудь, обещал исправиться и каждый день творил всё те же пакости.","translation":"So be it! Every day of my life I have beaten my breast and vowed to mend my ways, and every day committed the same vile deeds.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"бия себя в грудь","title":"Beating one's breast","body":"«бия» is an archaic present-active gerund of «бить» ('to beat'); the phrase «бия себя в грудь» = 'beating himself on the breast,' a gesture of fervent, repentant promising. The reflexive object «себя» points the blow back at the speaker himself."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Пусть!","title":"«Пусть!» — 'So be it!'","body":"«Пусть» normally introduces a third-person command ('let him…'), but standing alone as an exclamation it means 'so be it, let it be that way' — Mitya throwing his whole confession down like a gauntlet. We keep it as its own sharp clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"обещал … творил всё те же пакости","title":"Imperfective past for habit","body":"Both «обещал» ('promised/vowed') and «творил» ('committed') are imperfective past, framing the acts as a daily, repeated habit rather than single events — reinforced by «каждый день» ('every day'). The aspect is what makes the line about an endless, unbroken cycle."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пакости","title":"«пакость» — a vile, dirty deed","body":"«пакость» is a low, dirty, spiteful act — 'filth, vile deeds' — colloquial and contemptuous. «всё те же пакости» = 'the same old vile deeds,' the «всё те же» stressing the dreary sameness."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пусть","lemma":"пусть","morphology":"particle","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"So be it"},{"surface":"Каждый","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of день","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обещал","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"моей","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизни","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"жизни","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies день","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of обещал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"бия","lemma":"бить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on обещал","gloss":"beating"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of бия","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking грудь","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"грудь","lemma":"грудь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бия","gloss":"the breast"},{"surface":"обещал","lemma":"обещать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"vowed"},{"surface":"исправиться","lemma":"исправиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of обещал","gloss":"to mend my ways"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"каждый","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of день","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of творил","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"творил","lemma":"творить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with обещал","gloss":"committed"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of пакости","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"те","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of пакости","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies те","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"пакости","lemma":"пакость","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of творил","gloss":"vile deeds"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"b9-c9-s9","source":"Понимаю теперь, что на таких, как я, нужен удар, удар судьбы, чтоб захватить его как в аркан и скрутить внешнею силой.","translation":"Now I understand that men like me need a blow, a blow of fate, to catch them as in a lasso and bind them by an outward force.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"на таких, как я, нужен удар","title":"Dative-style impersonal of need","body":"An impersonal construction of necessity: «нужен удар» = 'a blow is needed,' with «удар» agreeing as the grammatical subject of «нужен». «на таких, как я» ('on men like me') marks who the blow must fall upon — the experiencer framed obliquely rather than as a nominative subject."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтоб захватить … и скрутить","title":"«чтоб» + infinitive of purpose","body":"«чтоб» (a reduced «чтобы») here governs infinitives «захватить» and «скрутить» to express purpose — 'in order to catch and bind.' With a single shared subject, чтобы takes the infinitive rather than the past-form irrealis."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"аркан","title":"«аркан» — a lasso","body":"«аркан» is a lasso or noose, a loanword from Turkic, evoking the catching of a wild horse. Mitya likens fate's grip to being roped «как в аркан» ('as in a lasso') and bound — a violent, physical image of forced redemption."}],"words":[{"surface":"Понимаю","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I understand"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Понимаю","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of нужен","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking таких","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"таких","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"oblique complement of нужен","gloss":"men like"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison я","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"complement of как, compared to таких","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"нужен","lemma":"нужный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of Понимаю","gloss":"needed"},{"surface":"удар","lemma":"удар","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of нужен","gloss":"a blow"},{"surface":"удар","lemma":"удар","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to удар (w9)","gloss":"a blow"},{"surface":"судьбы","lemma":"судьба","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies удар","gloss":"of fate"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of захватить","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"захватить","lemma":"захватить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on нужен","gloss":"catch"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of захватить","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison аркан","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking аркан","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"аркан","lemma":"аркан","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of захватить","gloss":"a lasso"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"скрутить","lemma":"скрутить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with захватить","gloss":"bind"},{"surface":"внешнею","lemma":"внешний","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies силой","gloss":"outward"},{"surface":"силой","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of скрутить","gloss":"force"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"b9-c9-s10","source":"Никогда, никогда не поднялся бы я сам собой!","translation":"Never, never would I have risen of my own accord!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не поднялся бы я сам собой","title":"Conditional with бы","body":"«поднялся бы» is the irrealis: past-tense verb plus the particle «бы» gives 'I would have risen.' With the doubled «Никогда, никогда» ('never, never') it becomes an impassioned counterfactual — Mitya insisting he never could have risen unaided."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сам собой","title":"«сам собой» — of one's own accord","body":"The set phrase «сам собой» (here 'by myself, of my own accord') uses the reflexive «собой», the instrumental of «себя». It stresses that the rising would have had to come from within, with no outside force."}],"words":[{"surface":"Никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поднялся","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поднялся","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поднялся","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"поднялся","lemma":"подняться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would have risen"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks поднялся as conditional","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of поднялся","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies собой","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"собой","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"oblique complement of поднялся","gloss":"own accord"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"b9-c9-s11","source":"Но гром грянул.","translation":"But the thunder has struck.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"гром грянул","title":"«гром грянул» — the thunder has struck","body":"«грянуть» is an expressive perfective for a sudden crash or thunderclap; «гром грянул» ('the thunder broke') carries a near-biblical force of fate descending. It echoes the proverb «пока гром не грянет…» ('until the thunder strikes [a man won't cross himself]') — the blow Mitya just spoke of."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"гром","lemma":"гром","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of грянул","gloss":"the thunder"},{"surface":"грянул","lemma":"грянуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"has struck"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"b9-c9-s12","source":"Принимаю муку обвинения и всенародного позора моего, пострадать хочу и страданием очищусь!","translation":"I accept the torment of the accusation and of my public disgrace; I want to suffer, and through suffering I shall be cleansed!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пострадать хочу и страданием очищусь","title":"Instrumental of means + perfective future","body":"«страданием» is instrumental ('by suffering, through suffering'), naming the means of cleansing. «очищусь» is the perfective future of the reflexive «очиститься» — 'I shall be cleansed,' a single completed result lying in the verb ending, not in any auxiliary."}],"words":[{"surface":"Принимаю","lemma":"принимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I accept"},{"surface":"муку","lemma":"мука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of Принимаю","gloss":"the torment"},{"surface":"обвинения","lemma":"обвинение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies муку","gloss":"of the accusation"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всенародного","lemma":"всенародный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies позора","gloss":"public"},{"surface":"позора","lemma":"позор","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with обвинения","gloss":"disgrace"},{"surface":"моего","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of позора","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"пострадать","lemma":"пострадать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хочу","gloss":"to suffer"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Принимаю","gloss":"I want"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"страданием","lemma":"страдание","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of очищусь","gloss":"by suffering"},{"surface":"очищусь","lemma":"очиститься","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Принимаю","gloss":"I shall be cleansed"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"b9-c9-s13","source":"Ведь, может быть, и очищусь, господа, а?","translation":"For perhaps I shall be cleansed, gentlemen — eh?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ведь, может быть, и очищусь","title":"The appealing particle «ведь»","body":"«ведь» appeals to shared understanding — 'after all, you see' — softening the bold claim into a half-question seeking agreement: 'For perhaps I shall be cleansed…' The particle «и» here is not 'and' but an emphatic 'even/really,' coloring «и очищусь» as 'I really may be cleansed.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies очищусь","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical with быть, modifies очищусь","gloss":"perhaps","note":"«может быть» is a fixed parenthetical meaning \"perhaps\"."},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies очищусь","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"очищусь","lemma":"очиститься","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I shall be cleansed"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"particle","role":"tag particle on очищусь","gloss":"eh"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"b9-c9-s14","source":"Но услышьте, однако, в последний раз: в крови отца моего не повинен!","translation":"But hear me, all the same, for the last time: in my father's blood I am not guilty!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"услышьте","title":"Imperative of «услышать»","body":"«услышьте» is the plural-polite imperative of the perfective «услышать» ('to hear'), more emphatic and solemn than the imperfective «слушайте» — 'hear me [out], once and for all.' Perfective imperatives press for a single, completed act of attention."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в крови отца моего не повинен","title":"Short adjective predicate + prepositional","body":"«повинен» is the short-form predicative adjective 'guilty,' which takes «в» + prepositional to name the thing one is guilty of: «в крови… не повинен» = 'in [the matter of] my father's blood I am not guilty.' The short form gives the denial its absolute, solemn ring."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"услышьте","lemma":"услышать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hear me"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies услышьте","gloss":"all the same"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"последний","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of услышьте","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking крови","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"крови","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of повинен","gloss":"the blood"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies крови","gloss":"of my father"},{"surface":"моего","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of отца","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies повинен","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"повинен","lemma":"повинный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with услышьте","gloss":"guilty"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"b9-c9-s15","source":"Принимаю казнь не за то, что убил его, а за то, что хотел убить и, может быть, в самом деле убил бы…","translation":"I accept the punishment not because I killed him, but because I wanted to kill him and might, perhaps, have really done it…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не за то, что убил его, а за то, что хотел убить","title":"Correlative «за то, что» with contrastive «а»","body":"The frame «не за то, что…, а за то, что…» ('not because…, but because…') sets a precise contrast, pivoting on the contrastive conjunction «а». «за то, что» literally 'for the [fact] that,' uses the correlative «то» picked up by the «что»-clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в самом деле убил бы","title":"Conditional «убил бы»","body":"«убил бы» — past form plus «бы» — is the counterfactual 'I might have killed,' hedged by «может быть» ('perhaps') and «в самом деле» ('really, in fact'). Mitya distinguishes the deed he did not do from the intention he confesses to."}],"words":[{"surface":"Принимаю","lemma":"принимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I accept"},{"surface":"казнь","lemma":"казнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of Принимаю","gloss":"the punishment"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking то","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of Принимаю","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of убил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying то","gloss":"I killed"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of убил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking то","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of убил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of хотел","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"хотел","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying то","gloss":"I wanted"},{"surface":"убить","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотел","gloss":"to kill him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical with быть, modifies убил","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"самом","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies деле","gloss":"actual","note":"«в самом деле» is a fixed idiom meaning \"indeed, really\"."},{"surface":"деле","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of убил","gloss":"fact"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with убил","gloss":"killed him"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks убил as conditional","gloss":"would have"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"b9-c9-s16","source":"Но все-таки я намерен с вами бороться и это вам возвещаю.","translation":"But all the same I intend to fight you, and this I proclaim to you.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"это вам возвещаю","title":"Fronted object + dative","body":"«это» (the thing proclaimed) is fronted before the verb for emphasis, and «вам» is dative — the addressees 'to you.' «возвещать» is a lofty, almost scriptural verb ('to proclaim, herald'), elevating Mitya's defiance into a solemn announcement."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies намерен","gloss":"all the same"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"все-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies намерен","gloss":"all the same","note":"«все-таки» is one fixed particle meaning \"nevertheless, all the same\"."},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of намерен","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"намерен","lemma":"намеренный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"intend"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"вами","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of бороться","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"бороться","lemma":"бороться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of намерен","gloss":"to fight"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of возвещаю","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of возвещаю","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"возвещаю","lemma":"возвещать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with намерен","gloss":"I proclaim"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"b9-c9-s17","source":"Буду бороться с вами до последнего конца, а там решит бог!","translation":"I shall fight you to the very last, and there let God decide!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Буду бороться","title":"Compound (imperfective) future","body":"«Буду бороться» is the analytic imperfective future — conjugated «быть» plus the imperfective infinitive «бороться» ('to struggle'). It names an ongoing, sustained future action: 'I will [keep] fighting,' fitting «до последнего конца» ('to the very last')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"а там решит бог","title":"Contrastive «а» + perfective future","body":"«а» here marks a shift to a new clause ('and then…'), and «решит» is the perfective future of «решить» — 'God will decide,' a single decisive act. Note the un-capitalized «бог»: this reflects the modern (Soviet) edition's normalization — in Dostoevsky's own period the word was conventionally capitalized as «Богъ»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of бороться","gloss":"I will"},{"surface":"бороться","lemma":"бороться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fight"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"вами","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of бороться","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking конца","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"последнего","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies конца","gloss":"the very last"},{"surface":"конца","lemma":"конец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бороться","gloss":"end"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies решит","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"решит","lemma":"решить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with бороться","gloss":"let decide"},{"surface":"бог","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of решит","gloss":"God"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"b9-c9-s18","source":"Прощайте, господа, не сердитесь, что я за допросом кричал на вас, о, я был тогда еще так глуп…","translation":"Farewell, gentlemen, do not be angry that I shouted at you during the interrogation — oh, I was still so foolish then…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не сердитесь, что я … кричал","title":"Negated imperative + reflexive","body":"«не сердитесь» is the negated imperative of the reflexive «сердиться» ('to be angry') — 'don't be angry.' Imperfective is the norm for a negated command (a prohibition on a state), and the «что»-clause gives the reason: 'that I shouted at you.'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"за допросом","title":"«за допросом» — during the interrogation","body":"Here «за» + instrumental «допросом» means 'during / in the course of' an activity (compare «за обедом» 'at dinner'), not 'behind.' So «за допросом кричал» = 'shouted during the interrogation.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Прощайте","lemma":"прощать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"farewell"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сердитесь","gloss":"do not"},{"surface":"сердитесь","lemma":"сердиться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Прощайте","gloss":"be angry"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of кричал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of кричал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking допросом","gloss":"during"},{"surface":"допросом","lemma":"допрос","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of кричал","gloss":"the interrogation"},{"surface":"кричал","lemma":"кричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of сердитесь","gloss":"shouted"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of кричал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of глуп","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to глуп","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies глуп","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies так","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies глуп","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"глуп","lemma":"глупый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with кричал","gloss":"foolish"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"b9-c9-s19","source":"Чрез минуту я арестант, и теперь, в последний раз, Дмитрий Карамазов, как свободный еще человек, протягивает вам свою руку.","translation":"In a minute I shall be a prisoner, and now, for the last time, Dmitry Karamazov, as a still-free man, holds out his hand to you.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Чрез минуту","title":"«чрез» — the archaic «через»","body":"«чрез» is the contracted, bookish-poetic form of «через» ('in, after [a span of time]'): «Чрез минуту» = 'in a minute.' The non-pleophonic, Church-Slavonic-flavored spelling lifts the register at this farewell moment."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Дмитрий Карамазов … протягивает вам свою руку","title":"Speaking of oneself in the third person","body":"Mitya names himself in full — «Дмитрий Карамазов» as a nominative subject — and uses the present «протягивает» ('holds out') of himself, a theatrical third-person self-reference. «свою руку» uses the reflexive possessive «свой» ('his own hand'), pointing back to the clause's subject."}],"words":[{"surface":"Чрез","lemma":"чрез","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies арестант","gloss":"a minute"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of арестант","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"арестант","lemma":"арестант","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate nominal of я","gloss":"a prisoner"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies протягивает","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"последний","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with теперь, modifies протягивает","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"Дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of протягивает","gloss":"Dmitry"},{"surface":"Карамазов","lemma":"Карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрий","gloss":"Karamazov"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of человек","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"свободный","lemma":"свободный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"free"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Дмитрий","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"протягивает","lemma":"протягивать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"holds out"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of протягивает","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of руку","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"руку","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of протягивает","gloss":"hand"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"b9-c9-s20","source":"Прощаясь с вами, с людьми прощусь!..","translation":"Bidding you farewell, I bid farewell to all men!..\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Прощаясь с вами, с людьми прощусь","title":"Gerund + reflexive future, with a pun on aspect","body":"«Прощаясь» is the imperfective present gerund of «прощаться» ('bidding farewell, in the act of'), while «прощусь» is the perfective future of the same reflexive verb ('I shall take my leave'). The chiastic line — same verb in gerund and finite form — makes the farewell to these men a farewell to all mankind."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с людьми","title":"Instrumental after «с»","body":"«с людьми» — «с» + instrumental — means 'with/from people [all men]'; «прощаться с кем-то» ('to bid farewell to someone') governs this instrumental. «людьми» is the irregular instrumental plural of «человек/люди»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Прощаясь","lemma":"прощаться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on прощусь","gloss":"bidding farewell"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вами","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"вами","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of Прощаясь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking людьми","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"людьми","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of прощусь","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"прощусь","lemma":"проститься","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I bid farewell"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"b9-c9-s21","source":"Голос его задрожал, и он действительно протянул было руку, но Николай Парфенович, всех ближе к нему находившийся, как-то вдруг, почти судорожным каким-то жестом, припрятал свои руки назад.","translation":"His voice trembled, and he did indeed stretch out his hand, but Nikolai Parfenovich, who stood nearest to him, somehow all at once, with an almost convulsive sort of gesture, tucked his own hands behind him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"всех ближе к нему находившийся","title":"Past active participle as modifier","body":"«находившийся» is the past active participle of «находиться» ('to be located'), agreeing with Nikolai Parfenovich — 'who stood nearest to him.' The phrase «всех ближе» ('nearest of all') is a comparative «ближе» plus genitive «всех», a common way to form a superlative."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"протянул было руку","title":"The particle «было» — an aborted action","body":"The unstressed particle «было» after a perfective past marks an action begun but interrupted or undone: «протянул было руку» = 'he had started to / did go to stretch out his hand [but…].' It sets up the rebuff that immediately follows."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"припрятал свои руки","title":"«припрятать» — to tuck quietly away","body":"The prefix «при-» on «прятать» ('to hide') adds a sense of doing it slightly, quietly, surreptitiously — 'tucked his hands away.' «свои руки» ('his own hands') uses the reflexive possessive «свой»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Голос","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of задрожал","gloss":"the voice"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Голос","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"задрожал","lemma":"задрожать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"trembled"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of протянул","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"действительно","lemma":"действительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies протянул","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"протянул","lemma":"протянуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with задрожал","gloss":"stretched out"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"particle","role":"marks протянул as an interrupted action","gloss":"started to","note":"«было» after a past verb marks an action begun and then broken off."},{"surface":"руку","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of протянул","gloss":"his hand"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Николай","lemma":"Николай","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of припрятал","gloss":"Nikolai"},{"surface":"Парфенович","lemma":"Парфенович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Николай","gloss":"Parfenovich"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"complement of ближе","gloss":"of all"},{"surface":"ближе","lemma":"близкий","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies находившийся","gloss":"nearest"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ближе","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"находившийся","lemma":"находиться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"in apposition to Парфенович","gloss":"who was standing"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как-то","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies припрятал","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"как-то","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies припрятал","gloss":"somehow","note":"«как-то» is one word meaning \"somehow\"."},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies припрятал","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies судорожным","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"судорожным","lemma":"судорожный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies жестом","gloss":"convulsive"},{"surface":"каким","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of жестом","gloss":"some sort of"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of жестом","gloss":"some sort of","note":"«какой-то» is one word meaning \"some (kind of)\"."},{"surface":"жестом","lemma":"жест","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of судорожным","gloss":"gesture"},{"surface":"припрятал","lemma":"припрятать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with задрожал","gloss":"tucked away"},{"surface":"свои","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of руки","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of припрятал","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"назад","lemma":"назад","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies припрятал","gloss":"behind him"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"b9-c9-s22","source":"Митя мигом заметил это и вздрогнул.","translation":"Mitya noticed it in an instant and gave a start.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мигом","title":"«мигом» — in an instant","body":"«мигом», a frozen instrumental of «миг» ('a blink, instant'), works as an adverb meaning 'in a flash, instantly.' Such instrumental-adverbs (compare «шёпотом» 'in a whisper') are common in lively narration."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вздрогнул","title":"Perfective of a single start","body":"«вздрогнул» (perfective of «вздрагивать», 'to give a start, shudder') names one sudden, completed reaction — 'gave a start.' The «в-…-ну-» pattern marks a momentary, instantaneous act, a perfect partner to «мигом»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заметил","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"мигом","lemma":"миг","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заметил","gloss":"instantly"},{"surface":"заметил","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"noticed"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of заметил","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вздрогнул","lemma":"вздрогнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with заметил","gloss":"gave a start"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"b9-c9-s23","source":"Протянутую руку свою тотчас же опустил.","translation":"He at once let his outstretched hand drop.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Протянутую руку свою тотчас же опустил","title":"Past passive participle as attribute + fronted object","body":"«протянутую» is the past passive participle of «протянуть» ('stretched out'), agreeing with «руку» in the accusative — 'his outstretched hand.' The whole object phrase is thrown to the front before the verb «опустил» for emphasis on the hand that must now drop."}],"words":[{"surface":"Протянутую","lemma":"протянутый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies руку","gloss":"outstretched"},{"surface":"руку","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of опустил","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of руку","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies опустил","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"опустил","lemma":"опустить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"let drop"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"b9-c9-s24","source":"— Следствие еще не заключилось, — залепетал Николай Парфенович, несколько сконфузясь, — продолжать будем еще в городе, и я, конечно, с моей стороны готов вам пожелать всякой удачи… к вашему оправданию…","translation":"\"The investigation is not yet concluded,\" Nikolai Parfenovich faltered, somewhat disconcerted, \"we shall continue it later in the town, and I, of course, for my part am ready to wish you every success… toward your acquittal…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"залепетал","title":"«залепетать» — to begin babbling","body":"The prefix «за-» on «лепетать» ('to babble, prattle') is inceptive — 'started to babble/falter.' The choice paints Nikolai Parfenovich's flustered, indistinct speech as he tries to recover from the awkward refused handshake."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"несколько сконфузясь","title":"Gerund of attendant state","body":"«сконфузясь» is the perfective past gerund of «сконфузиться» ('to become embarrassed'), describing the state Nikolai Parfenovich falls into as he speaks; «несколько» softens it to 'somewhat.' The «-сь» is the reflexive after a vowel."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Следствие еще не заключилось","title":"Reflexive «-ся» as intransitive 'conclude'","body":"«заключилось» is the reflexive/middle of «заключить» — here intransitive 'the investigation has not concluded' (it concludes by itself), versus the transitive «заключить его в тюрьму» 'to confine him.' The «-ся» turns the act of closing into a self-contained event."}],"words":[{"surface":"Следствие","lemma":"следствие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of заключилось","gloss":"the investigation"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заключилось","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies заключилось","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"заключилось","lemma":"заключиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"concluded"},{"surface":"залепетал","lemma":"залепетать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to заключилось","gloss":"faltered"},{"surface":"Николай","lemma":"Николай","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of залепетал","gloss":"Nikolai"},{"surface":"Парфенович","lemma":"Парфенович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Николай","gloss":"Parfenovich"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сконфузясь","gloss":"somewhat"},{"surface":"сконфузясь","lemma":"сконфузиться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on залепетал","gloss":"disconcerted"},{"surface":"продолжать","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of будем","gloss":"continue"},{"surface":"будем","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of продолжать, parallel clause to заключилось","gloss":"we will"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies продолжать","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking городе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"городе","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of продолжать","gloss":"the town"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of готов","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies готов","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стороны","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"моей","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of стороны","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"стороны","lemma":"сторона","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of готов","gloss":"part","note":"«с моей стороны» is an idiom meaning \"for my part\"."},{"surface":"готов","lemma":"готовый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with заключилось","gloss":"ready"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of пожелать","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"пожелать","lemma":"пожелать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of готов","gloss":"to wish"},{"surface":"всякой","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of удачи","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"удачи","lemma":"удача","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of пожелать","gloss":"success"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking оправданию","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"вашему","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, dative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of оправданию","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"оправданию","lemma":"оправдание","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of пожелать","gloss":"acquittal"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"b9-c9-s25","source":"Собственно же вас, Дмитрий Федорович, я всегда наклонен считать за человека, так сказать, более несчастного, чем виновного…","translation":"\"As for you yourself, Dmitry Fyodorovich, I have always been inclined to regard you as a man, so to speak, more unfortunate than guilty…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"более несчастного, чем виновного","title":"Comparative «более… чем»","body":"«более… чем» builds an explicit comparison — 'more unfortunate than guilty.' Both adjectives stand in the accusative («несчастного», «виновного») agreeing with the animate object «вас» governed by «считать за». The famous formula sums up the novel's view of Mitya."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"наклонен считать за","title":"«считать за» — to regard as","body":"«считать кого-то за кого-то» is an idiom 'to take/regard someone as someone' (with «за» + accusative). «наклонен» is a short-form predicate adjective, 'inclined' — «я всегда наклонен считать вас за…» = 'I have always been inclined to regard you as…'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Собственно","lemma":"собственно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вас","gloss":"as for"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Собственно","gloss":"as for"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of считать (fronted)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"Дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to вас","gloss":"Dmitry"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрий","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of наклонен","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies наклонен","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"наклонен","lemma":"наклонный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"inclined"},{"surface":"считать","lemma":"считать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of наклонен","gloss":"to regard"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking человека","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of считать","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так сказать","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies несчастного","gloss":"so to speak"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"так сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"parenthetical, modifies несчастного","gloss":"so to speak","note":"«так сказать» is a fixed parenthetical, \"so to speak\"."},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies несчастного","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"несчастного","lemma":"несчастный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies человека","gloss":"unfortunate"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of виновного","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"виновного","lemma":"виновный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies несчастного","gloss":"guilty"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"b9-c9-s26","source":"Мы вас все здесь, если только осмелюсь выразиться от лица всех, все мы готовы признать вас за благородного в основе своей молодого человека, но увы! увлеченного некоторыми страстями в степени несколько излишней…","translation":"\"All of us here — if only I may venture to speak in the name of all — all of us are ready to acknowledge you for a young man noble at bottom, but, alas, carried away by certain passions to a somewhat excessive degree…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"если только осмелюсь выразиться","title":"Conditional clause with «если»","body":"«если только» ('if only, provided that') opens a conditional; «осмелюсь» is the perfective future of the reflexive «осмелиться» ('to dare') — 'if I may venture.' The whole clause is a polite hedge inserted into his pronouncement on Mitya's behalf."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"увлеченного некоторыми страстями","title":"Past passive participle + instrumental agent","body":"«увлеченного» is the past passive participle of «увлечь» ('to carry away'), in the accusative agreeing with «вас» ('you, carried away…'). The cause «некоторыми страстями» ('by certain passions') stands in the instrumental — the standard case for the agent/means of a passive."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"благородного в основе своей","title":"«в основе своей» — at bottom","body":"«в основе своей» literally 'in its foundation,' an idiom for 'fundamentally, at bottom.' «благородного… молодого человека» = 'a noble young man'; «увы!» ('alas') signals the polite pivot to his fault."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of готовы","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of признать (fronted)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of Мы","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies готовы","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of осмелюсь","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies осмелюсь","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"осмелюсь","lemma":"осмелиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on готовы","gloss":"I may venture"},{"surface":"выразиться","lemma":"выразиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of осмелюсь","gloss":"to express myself"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лица","gloss":"on behalf"},{"surface":"лица","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of выразиться","gloss":"of","note":"«от лица» is an idiom, \"on behalf of / in the name of\"."},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies лица","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of мы","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of готовы","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"готовы","lemma":"готовый","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"ready"},{"surface":"признать","lemma":"признать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of готовы","gloss":"to acknowledge"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of признать","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking человека","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"благородного","lemma":"благородный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человека","gloss":"noble"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking основе","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"основе","lemma":"основа","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies благородного","gloss":"bottom","note":"«в основе своей» is an idiom, \"basically, at bottom\"."},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of основе","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"молодого","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человека","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of признать, coordinated with благородного","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"увы","lemma":"увы","morphology":"interjection","role":"coordinated with благородного","gloss":"alas"},{"surface":"увлеченного","lemma":"увлечь","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, genitive, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"modifies человека, coordinated with благородного","gloss":"carried away"},{"surface":"некоторыми","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"determiner of страстями","gloss":"certain"},{"surface":"страстями","lemma":"страсть","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of увлеченного","gloss":"passions"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking степени","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"степени","lemma":"степень","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies увлеченного","gloss":"a degree"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies излишней","gloss":"somewhat"},{"surface":"излишней","lemma":"излишний","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies степени","gloss":"excessive"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"b9-c9-s27","source":"Маленькая фигурка Николая Парфеновича выразила под конец речи самую полную сановитость.","translation":"The little figure of Nikolai Parfenovich, by the end of his speech, expressed the very fullest dignity.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сановитость","title":"«сановитость» — dignitary's gravity","body":"«сановитость» is the air of grave importance befitting a «сановник» (a high official, dignitary). Applied to the «маленькая фигурка» ('little figure') of the diminutive Nikolai Parfenovich, the word is gently ironic — a small man swelling to the fullest official dignity."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"фигурка","title":"Diminutive «фигурка»","body":"«фигурка» is the diminutive of «фигура» ('figure'), shrinking and faintly belittling — 'little figure.' Paired with «маленькая» ('little'), the diminutive doubles the irony against the man's puffed-up gravity."}],"words":[{"surface":"Маленькая","lemma":"маленький","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies фигурка","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"фигурка","lemma":"фигурка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of выразила","gloss":"figure"},{"surface":"Николая","lemma":"Николай","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies фигурка","gloss":"Nikolai's"},{"surface":"Парфеновича","lemma":"Парфенович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Николая","gloss":"Parfenovich's"},{"surface":"выразила","lemma":"выразить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"expressed"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking конец","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"конец","lemma":"конец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выразила","gloss":"the end"},{"surface":"речи","lemma":"речь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies конец","gloss":"of the speech"},{"surface":"самую","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies полную","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"полную","lemma":"полный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies сановитость","gloss":"fullest"},{"surface":"сановитость","lemma":"сановитость","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of выразила","gloss":"dignity"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"b9-c9-s28","source":"У Мити мелькнуло было вдруг, что вот этот «мальчик» сейчас возьмет его под руку, уведет в другой угол и там возобновит с ним недавний еще разговор их о «девочках».","translation":"It flashed for a moment through Mitya's mind that this \"boy\" was about to take him by the arm, lead him off into another corner, and there resume their recent conversation about \"the girls.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"У Мити мелькнуло было вдруг, что","title":"Impersonal «мелькнуло» + «было»","body":"An impersonal neuter verb «мелькнуло» ('it flashed') with «у Мити» ('through Mitya's [mind]') — there is no nominative subject; the «что»-clause supplies the content. The particle «было» again marks a thought that flickered up and was at once dismissed."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сейчас возьмет … уведет … возобновит","title":"Sequence of perfective futures","body":"Three perfective presents-as-futures — «возьмет», «уведет», «возобновит» — line up the imagined chain of single completed acts ('will take… lead off… resume'). Aspect alone, with no auxiliary, projects the whole little scene Mitya pictures."}],"words":[{"surface":"У","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Мити","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Мити","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of мелькнуло","gloss":"Mitya's","note":"«у Мити мелькнуло» is idiomatic, \"it flashed through Mitya's mind\"."},{"surface":"мелькнуло","lemma":"мелькнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"flashed"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мелькнуло","gloss":"for a moment"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мелькнуло","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of возьмет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies этот","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of мальчик","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"мальчик","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of возьмет","gloss":"boy"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies возьмет","gloss":"presently"},{"surface":"возьмет","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of мелькнуло","gloss":"would take"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of возьмет","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руку","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"руку","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of возьмет","gloss":"the arm"},{"surface":"уведет","lemma":"увести","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with возьмет","gloss":"would lead off"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking угол","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies угол","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"угол","lemma":"угол","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of уведет","gloss":"corner"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies возобновит","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"возобновит","lemma":"возобновить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with возьмет","gloss":"would resume"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of возобновит","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"недавний","lemma":"недавний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies разговор","gloss":"recent"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies разговор","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"разговор","lemma":"разговор","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of возобновит","gloss":"conversation"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of разговор","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking девочках","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"девочках","lemma":"девочка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"modifies разговор","gloss":"the girls"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"b9-c9-s29","source":"Но мало ли мелькает совсем посторонних и не идущих к делу мыслей иной раз даже у преступника, ведомого на смертную казнь.","translation":"But what a host of utterly extraneous, irrelevant thoughts will sometimes flash even through the mind of a criminal being led to his execution.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"мало ли мелькает … мыслей","title":"«мало ли» + genitive subject","body":"The idiom «мало ли» (literally 'is it few…?') means 'no end of, any number of, you never know how many.' The counted noun «мыслей» stands in the genitive plural after this quantity expression — 'what a host of thoughts flash by.' The particle «ли» gives it its rhetorical shrug."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"у преступника, ведомого на смертную казнь","title":"Bookish present passive participle «ведомого»","body":"«ведомого» is the rare, archaic present passive participle of «вести» ('to lead'), agreeing in the genitive with «преступника» — 'of a criminal being led [to execution].' The -м- passive participle is markedly bookish and lifts the sentence to a grave, generalizing register."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"мало","lemma":"мало ли","morphology":"adverb","role":"quantifier of мыслей","gloss":"how many","note":"«мало ли» is a rhetorical idiom, \"what a lot of / how many\"."},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"мало ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мало","gloss":"how many"},{"surface":"мелькает","lemma":"мелькать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"flash"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies посторонних","gloss":"utterly"},{"surface":"посторонних","lemma":"посторонний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies мыслей","gloss":"extraneous"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies идущих","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"идущих","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, plural, genitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with посторонних, modifies мыслей","gloss":"pertaining"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking делу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"делу","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of идущих","gloss":"the matter"},{"surface":"мыслей","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"subject of мелькает","gloss":"thoughts"},{"surface":"иной","lemma":"иной раз","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"sometimes"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"иной раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of мелькает","gloss":"sometimes","note":"«иной раз» is a fixed idiom meaning \"sometimes\"."},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies преступника","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking преступника","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"преступника","lemma":"преступник","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of мелькает","gloss":"a criminal"},{"surface":"ведомого","lemma":"вести","morphology":"verb, present, passive, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, imperfective","role":"modifies преступника","gloss":"being led"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking казнь","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"смертную","lemma":"смертный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies казнь","gloss":"death"},{"surface":"казнь","lemma":"казнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ведомого","gloss":"execution"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"b9-c9-s30","source":"— Господа, вы добры, вы гуманны — могу я видеть ''ее'', проститься в последний раз? — спросил Митя.","translation":"\"Gentlemen, you are kind, you are humane — may I see ''her'', say good-bye for the last time?\" asked Mitya.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вы добры, вы гуманны","title":"Short-form predicate adjectives","body":"«добры» and «гуманны» are short-form plural adjectives ('kind,' 'humane') used predicatively after the zero copula — 'you are kind, you are humane.' The short form gives the address a heightened, almost formulaic appeal as Mitya pleads for a favor."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"могу я видеть … проститься","title":"Modal «мочь» + infinitives","body":"«могу я видеть… проститься?» is a permission question — «мочь» ('to be able / may') plus the imperfective «видеть» and perfective «проститься». The perfective «проститься в последний раз» ('to say goodbye for the last time') frames it as one final, complete act."}],"words":[{"surface":"Господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative, addressing the men","gloss":"Gentlemen"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of добры","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"добры","lemma":"добрый","morphology":"adjective, short form, plural","role":"predicate, describes вы","gloss":"are kind"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of гуманны","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"гуманны","lemma":"гуманный","morphology":"adjective, short form, plural","role":"predicate, describes вы","gloss":"are humane"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"may I"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of могу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"видеть","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of могу","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of видеть","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"проститься","lemma":"проститься","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with видеть, complement of могу","gloss":"say good-bye"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"последний","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of проститься","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"спросил","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спросил","gloss":"Mitya"}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"b9-c9-s31","source":"— Без сомнения, но в видах… одним словом, теперь уж нельзя не в присутствии…","translation":"\"Without a doubt, but in view of… in a word, now it can only be done in our presence…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"теперь уж нельзя не в присутствии","title":"Impersonal «нельзя» + double negation","body":"«нельзя» is an impersonal predicative ('it is not permitted, one can't'), needing no subject. Combined with «не в присутствии» it yields a tangled double negative — 'now it can't [be done] except in [our] presence' — Nikolai Parfenovich's flustered officialese, broken off mid-thought."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в видах","title":"«в видах» — in view of","body":"«в видах [чего-то]» is a bureaucratic idiom 'with a view to, in consideration of,' here left dangling — «но в видах…» ('but in view of…'). The clipped phrase captures the magistrate's embarrassed groping for a formula."}],"words":[{"surface":"Без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сомнения","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"сомнения","lemma":"сомнение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"a doubt"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking видах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"видах","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with сомнения","gloss":"view of","note":"\"в видах\" is an idiom meaning \"in view of, with an eye to\"."},{"surface":"одним","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom одним словом (\"in a word\")","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"словом","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"adverbial phrase modifying нельзя","gloss":"word","note":"\"одним словом\" = \"in a word, in short\"."},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нельзя","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нельзя","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"нельзя","lemma":"нельзя","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"it cannot be"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies в присутствии","gloss":"not","note":"\"нельзя не в присутствии\" is elliptical: \"it can't be done other than in the presence [of witnesses]\"."},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking присутствии","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"присутствии","lemma":"присутствие","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of нельзя","gloss":"the presence"}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"b9-c9-s32","source":"— Пожалуй, присутствуйте!","translation":"\"Very well, be present, then!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Пожалуй, присутствуйте!","title":"Imperative «присутствуйте» + «пожалуй»","body":"«присутствуйте» is the plural-polite imperative of «присутствовать» ('to be present') — 'be present, then.' «Пожалуй» here is a particle of grudging concession, 'very well, all right then,' giving Mitya's permission its careless, defiant edge."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пожалуй","lemma":"пожалуй","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse particle introducing присутствуйте","gloss":"very well"},{"surface":"присутствуйте","lemma":"присутствовать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"be present"}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"b9-c9-s33","source":"Привели Грушеньку, но прощание состоялось короткое, малословное и Николая Парфеновича не удовлетворившее.","translation":"Grushenka was brought in, but the farewell was a short one, sparing of words, and one that left Nikolai Parfenovich unsatisfied.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Привели Грушеньку","title":"Subjectless 'they brought'","body":"«Привели» is 3rd-person plural past with no stated subject — the impersonal 'they brought / Grushenka was brought in,' which English renders as a passive. Fronting the verb before the object «Грушеньку» keeps the new arrival as the focus."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Николая Парфеновича не удовлетворившее","title":"Past active participle with negation","body":"«не удовлетворившее» is the past active participle of «удовлетворить» ('to satisfy'), neuter to agree with «прощание» — 'a farewell… that did not satisfy Nikolai Parfenovich.' The object «Николая Парфеновича» is animate accusative (= genitive), pulled before the participle in bookish order."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"малословное","title":"«малословный» — sparing of words","body":"«малословный» (from «мало» 'little' + «слово» 'word') means 'of few words, laconic' — the farewell was 'short and sparing of words.' A transparent but expressive compound that paints the terseness of the parting."}],"words":[{"surface":"Привели","lemma":"привести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"brought in"},{"surface":"Грушеньку","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of Привели","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"прощание","lemma":"прощание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of состоялось","gloss":"the farewell"},{"surface":"состоялось","lemma":"состояться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Привели","gloss":"took place"},{"surface":"короткое","lemma":"короткий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"describes прощание","gloss":"a short one"},{"surface":"малословное","lemma":"малословный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with короткое, describes прощание","gloss":"sparing of words"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Николая","lemma":"Николай","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of удовлетворившее","gloss":"Nikolai"},{"surface":"Парфеновича","lemma":"Парфёнович","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Николая","gloss":"Parfenovich"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies удовлетворившее","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"удовлетворившее","lemma":"удовлетворить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, neuter, singular, accusative, perfective","role":"coordinated with короткое and малословное, modifies прощание","gloss":"leaving unsatisfied"}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"b9-c9-s34","source":"Грушенька глубоко поклонилась Мите.","translation":"Grushenka bowed low to Mitya.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"поклонилась Мите","title":"Dative of the person bowed to","body":"«поклониться» ('to bow') takes a dative object — «Мите» ('to Mitya') — the person toward whom the bow is directed. «-ся» marks the verb as a self-directed act (one bows oneself)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of поклонилась","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"глубоко","lemma":"глубоко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поклонилась","gloss":"low"},{"surface":"поклонилась","lemma":"поклониться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"bowed"},{"surface":"Мите","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of поклонилась","gloss":"to Mitya"}]},{"number":35,"label":"35","id":"b9-c9-s35","source":"— Сказала тебе, что твоя, и буду твоя, пойду с тобой навек, куда бы тебя ни решили.","translation":"\"I told you I was yours, and I shall be yours; I will go with you for ever, wherever they decide to send you.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Сказала тебе, что твоя, и буду твоя","title":"Dropped pronoun + zero copula + future","body":"Grushenka drops «я» throughout — «Сказала… буду» ('I told you… I shall be'). «что твоя» has no copula in the present ('that [I am] yours'), while «буду твоя» is the compound future of «быть» ('I will be yours'). The bare possessive «твоя» carries the whole vow."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"куда бы тебя ни решили","title":"«куда бы… ни» — wherever","body":"The frame «куда бы… ни» builds a universal concessive — 'wherever [they] decide [to send you].' «бы» supplies the irrealis and «ни» the sweeping 'no matter,' with the impersonal plural «решили» again standing for 'they.' A compact, idiomatic 'wherever.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Сказала","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I told"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of Сказала","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of твоя","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"твоя","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of the что-clause (subject я omitted)","gloss":"[I was] yours"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to твоя","gloss":"I will be"},{"surface":"твоя","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of буду","gloss":"yours"},{"surface":"пойду","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Сказала","gloss":"I will go"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тобой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"тобой","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of пойду","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"навек","lemma":"навек","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пойду","gloss":"forever"},{"surface":"куда","lemma":"куда","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause modifying пойду","gloss":"wherever"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"part of the куда...ни construction (\"wherever\")","gloss":"-ever"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of решили","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the куда бы...ни construction","gloss":"-ever"},{"surface":"решили","lemma":"решить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"adverbial clause modifying пойду","gloss":"they decide"}]},{"number":36,"label":"36","id":"b9-c9-s36","source":"Прощай, безвинно погубивший себя человек!","translation":"Farewell, man who has destroyed himself though guiltless!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"безвинно погубивший себя человек","title":"Past active participle + reflexive «себя»","body":"«погубивший» is the past active participle of «погубить» ('to ruin, destroy'), agreeing with «человек» — 'a man who has destroyed himself.' The object «себя» is the reflexive pronoun pointing back to that same man; «безвинно» ('guiltlessly') sharpens the tragic paradox."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"безвинно","title":"«безвинно» — though guiltless","body":"«безвинно» ('without guilt, innocently'), from «без» + «вина» ('guilt'), insists that Mitya is innocent of the crime even as he is being ruined — Grushenka's verdict against the court's. The word ties directly to Mitya's own «не повинен» a few lines earlier."}],"words":[{"surface":"Прощай","lemma":"прощать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Farewell"},{"surface":"безвинно","lemma":"безвинно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies погубивший","gloss":"guiltlessly"},{"surface":"погубивший","lemma":"погубить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying человек","gloss":"who destroyed"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of погубивший","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address of Прощай","gloss":"man"}]},{"number":37,"label":"37","id":"b9-c9-s37","source":"Губки ее вздрогнули, слезы потекли из глаз.","translation":"Her lips quivered, and the tears streamed from her eyes.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Губки ее","title":"Diminutive «губки»","body":"«губки» is the diminutive plural of «губы» ('lips') — 'her [dear little] lips.' The affectionate diminutive lets the narrator regard Grushenka tenderly at the very moment her lips tremble and the tears come."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"слезы потекли из глаз","title":"Inceptive perfective + «из» + genitive","body":"«потекли» is the perfective of «течь» ('to flow') with «по-» marking the onset — 'the tears began to stream.' «из глаз» ('from her eyes') is «из» + genitive plural, the standard 'out of' construction."}],"words":[{"surface":"Губки","lemma":"губка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of вздрогнули","gloss":"lips"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Губки (possessive)","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"вздрогнули","lemma":"вздрогнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"quivered"},{"surface":"слезы","lemma":"слеза","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of потекли","gloss":"tears"},{"surface":"потекли","lemma":"потечь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with вздрогнули","gloss":"streamed"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глаз","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"глаз","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of потекли","gloss":"her eyes"}]},{"number":38,"label":"38","id":"b9-c9-s38","source":"— Прости, Груша, меня за любовь мою, за то, что любовью моею и тебя сгубил!","translation":"\"Forgive me, Grusha, for my love — for having ruined you too with my love!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Прости, Груша, меня","title":"Imperative «прости» + diminutive address","body":"«Прости» is the singular imperative of the perfective «простить» ('to forgive'), an intimate command matching the «ты» level. «Груша» is the affectionate short form of «Грушенька / Аграфена», the name Mitya uses in tenderness."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"любовью моею и тебя сгубил","title":"Instrumental of means «любовью»","body":"«любовью» is instrumental ('with/by my love'), the means by which he ruined her: «любовью моею… сгубил» = 'I ruined you with my love.' The postposed «моею» (an older, fuller instrumental ending beside modern «моей») lends a lyrical, archaic cadence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Прости","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"forgive"},{"surface":"Груша","lemma":"Груша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Grusha"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of Прости","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking любовь","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"любовь","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Прости","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"мою","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies любовь","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking то","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of Прости","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause explaining то","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"любовью","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сгубил","gloss":"with love"},{"surface":"моею","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies любовью","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тебя (also/too)","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of сгубил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сгубил","lemma":"сгубить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying то","gloss":"ruined"}]},{"number":39,"label":"39","id":"b9-c9-s39","source":"Митя хотел и еще что-то сказать, но вдруг сам прервал и вышел.","translation":"Mitya wanted to say something more as well, but suddenly broke off of his own accord and went out.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"хотел и еще что-то сказать","title":"Indefinite «что-то»","body":"«что-то» ('something [specific but unnamed]') is the indefinite pronoun with the «-то» clitic: Mitya meant to say some definite further thing, which the narrator leaves unspecified. «хотел… сказать» pairs the modal-like «хотеть» with a perfective infinitive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сам прервал и вышел","title":"Intensifier «сам» + perfectives","body":"«сам» ('himself, of his own accord') intensifies the subject, stressing that Mitya broke off on his own. «прервал» and «вышел» are perfectives marking two crisp, completed acts — 'broke off and went out.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of хотел","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"хотел","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies еще (also)","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies что-то","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"part of что-то, direct object of сказать","gloss":"some-"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of что-то, direct object of сказать","gloss":"-thing"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотел","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прервал","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies прервал (emphatic)","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"прервал","lemma":"прервать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with хотел","gloss":"broke off"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вышел","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with хотел","gloss":"went out"}]},{"number":40,"label":"40","id":"b9-c9-s40","source":"Кругом него тотчас же очутились люди, не спускавшие с него глаз.","translation":"At once people gathered around him, never taking their eyes off him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не спускавшие с него глаз","title":"Past active participle + genitive of negation","body":"«не спускавшие» is the past active participle of «спускать» ('to take [eyes] off'), agreeing with «люди» — 'people who never took their eyes off him.' Under negation the object «глаз» appears in the genitive, the genitive of negation; «с него» is «с» + genitive 'off him.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"очутились","title":"«очутиться» — to find oneself somewhere","body":"«очутиться» ('to turn up, suddenly find oneself in a place') exists only in the reflexive «-ся» form and only as a perfective — «очутились люди» = 'people appeared/gathered.' It conveys the sudden, almost involuntary materializing of the crowd around Mitya."}],"words":[{"surface":"Кругом","lemma":"кругом","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Кругом","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies очутились","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"очутились","lemma":"очутиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gathered"},{"surface":"люди","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of очутились","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies спускавшие","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"спускавшие","lemma":"спускать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, nominative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying люди","gloss":"taking off"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"off"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of спускавшие","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"глаз","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of спускавшие","gloss":"their eyes"}]},{"number":41,"label":"41","id":"b9-c9-s41","source":"Внизу у крылечка, к которому он с таким громом подкатил вчера на Андреевой тройке, стояли уже готовые две телеги.","translation":"Below, by the little porch up to which he had driven with such a clatter the day before on Andrei's troika, two carts already stood ready.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"крылечка","title":"Diminutive «крылечко»","body":"«крылечко» is the diminutive of «крыльцо» ('porch, front steps'), here genitive «крылечка» — 'the little porch.' The cozy diminutive sets the homely inn against the grim carts waiting below."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"к которому он … подкатил вчера","title":"Relative «который» in the dative","body":"«к которому» — the relative pronoun «который» governed by «к» into the dative — opens a relative clause: 'the porch up to which he had driven.' «который» agrees with «крылечку» in being neuter singular but takes the case its own role («к» + dative) demands."}],"words":[{"surface":"Внизу","lemma":"внизу","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стояли","gloss":"below"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking крылечка","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"крылечка","lemma":"крылечко","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of стояли","gloss":"the little porch"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которому","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"которому","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of подкатил","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подкатил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking громом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"таким","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of громом","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"громом","lemma":"гром","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подкатил","gloss":"a clatter"},{"surface":"подкатил","lemma":"подкатить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on крылечка","gloss":"drove up"},{"surface":"вчера","lemma":"вчера","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подкатил","gloss":"the day before"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тройке","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"Андреевой","lemma":"андреев","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies тройке","gloss":"Andrei's"},{"surface":"тройке","lemma":"тройка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подкатил","gloss":"troika"},{"surface":"стояли","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies готовые","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"готовые","lemma":"готовый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies телеги","gloss":"ready"},{"surface":"две","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, nominative, feminine","role":"depends on телеги","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"телеги","lemma":"телега","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"subject of стояли","gloss":"carts"}]},{"number":42,"label":"42","id":"b9-c9-s42","source":"Маврикий Маврикиевич, приземистый плотный человек, с обрюзглым лицом, был чем-то раздражен, каким-то внезапно случившимся беспорядком, сердился и кричал.","translation":"Mavriky Mavrikievich, a squat, thickset man with a bloated face, was put out about something — some sudden disorder that had cropped up — and was angry and shouting.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"приземистый … с обрюзглым лицом","title":"«приземистый», «обрюзглый» — squat and bloated","body":"«приземистый» ('squat, low to the ground') and «обрюзглый» ('flabby, bloated, puffy') are vivid descriptive adjectives sketching Mavriky's coarse, heavy physical type — the unflattering portrait priming us for his rudeness."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"был чем-то раздражен … каким-то … беспорядком","title":"Instrumental of cause + short passive participle","body":"«раздражен» is the short past passive participle of «раздражить» ('to irritate') with «был» — 'was irritated.' Its cause stands in the instrumental: «чем-то» ('by something'), restated as «каким-то… беспорядком» ('by some disorder'), the case that names the agent of a passive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"внезапно случившимся беспорядком","title":"Past active participle as adjective","body":"«случившимся» is the past active participle of the reflexive «случиться» ('to happen'), in the instrumental agreeing with «беспорядком» — 'some disorder that had suddenly cropped up.' A neat example of a participle doing the work of a full «который»-clause inside a noun phrase."}],"words":[{"surface":"Маврикий","lemma":"Маврикий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Маврикиевич","gloss":"Mavriky"},{"surface":"Маврикиевич","lemma":"Маврикиевич","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of раздражен","gloss":"Mavrikievich"},{"surface":"приземистый","lemma":"приземистый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"squat"},{"surface":"плотный","lemma":"плотный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"thickset"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Маврикиевич","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лицом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"обрюзглым","lemma":"обрюзглый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies лицом","gloss":"bloated"},{"surface":"лицом","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to раздражен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"oblique complement of раздражен","gloss":"by some-"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"particle","role":"oblique complement of раздражен","gloss":"-thing"},{"surface":"раздражен","lemma":"раздражённый","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective, describes Маврикиевич","gloss":"irritated"},{"surface":"каким","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of беспорядком","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"particle","role":"determiner of беспорядком","gloss":"(indefinite)"},{"surface":"внезапно","lemma":"внезапно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies случившимся","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"случившимся","lemma":"случиться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, neuter, singular, instrumental, perfective","role":"clause modifying беспорядком","gloss":"that had occurred"},{"surface":"беспорядком","lemma":"беспорядок","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to чем-то, oblique complement of раздражен","gloss":"disorder"},{"surface":"сердился","lemma":"сердиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with был","gloss":"was angry"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"кричал","lemma":"кричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with был","gloss":"was shouting"}]},{"number":43,"label":"43","id":"b9-c9-s43","source":"Как-то слишком уже сурово пригласил он Митю взлезть на телегу.","translation":"He invited Mitya to climb into the cart somehow far too sternly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Как-то слишком уже сурово","title":"Stacked adverbial particles","body":"The opening piles up hedging and intensifying adverbs/particles: «как-то» ('somehow'), «слишком» ('too'), «уже/уж» ('already, by now'), «сурово» ('sternly') — 'somehow far too sternly by now.' This layering of attitude-words is pure Dostoevskian texture."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"взлезть на телегу","title":"«взлезть» — to clamber up","body":"«взлезть» (the prefix «вз-» 'up' on «лезть» 'to clamber') means 'to climb/clamber up onto'; «на телегу» is «на» + accusative for motion onto the cart. The slightly ungainly verb suits the clumsy business of mounting a peasant cart."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как-то","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сурово","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"как-то","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сурово","gloss":"(indefinite)"},{"surface":"слишком","lemma":"слишком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уже","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сурово","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"сурово","lemma":"сурово","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пригласил","gloss":"sternly"},{"surface":"пригласил","lemma":"пригласить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"invited"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пригласил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"Митю","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of пригласил","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"взлезть","lemma":"взлезть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of пригласил","gloss":"to climb"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking телегу","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"телегу","lemma":"телега","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of взлезть","gloss":"the cart"}]},{"number":44,"label":"44","id":"b9-c9-s44","source":"«Прежде, как я в трактире поил его, совсем было другое лицо у человека», — подумал Митя влезая.","translation":"\"Before, when I stood him drinks at the tavern, the man had quite a different face,\" thought Mitya as he climbed up.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как я в трактире поил его","title":"Imperfective past for repeated treating","body":"«поил» is the imperfective past of «поить» ('to give to drink, stand drinks') — the imperfective frames it as a habitual courtesy Mitya used to do ('when I stood him drinks'), not a single round. «поить» is the causative of «пить» ('to drink')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"подумал Митя влезая","title":"Gerund of simultaneous action «влезая»","body":"«влезая» is the imperfective present gerund of «влезать» ('to climb in') — 'thought Mitya as he was climbing up.' The gerund pins the thought to the very act of mounting the cart, sharing Mitya's subject."}],"words":[{"surface":"Прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поил","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of поил","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of поил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking трактире","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"трактире","lemma":"трактир","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поил","gloss":"the tavern"},{"surface":"поил","lemma":"поить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the как-clause","gloss":"stood drinks"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of поил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies другое","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"другое","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies лицо","gloss":"a different"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking человека","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies лицо","gloss":"the man's"},{"surface":"подумал","lemma":"подумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подумал","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"влезая","lemma":"влезать","morphology":"verb, gerund, present, imperfective","role":"adverbial gerund modifying подумал","gloss":"as he climbed up"}]},{"number":45,"label":"45","id":"b9-c9-s45","source":"С крылечка спустился вниз и Трифон Борисович.","translation":"Trifon Borisovich too came down off the little porch.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"С крылечка спустился вниз и Трифон Борисович","title":"Inversion with additive «и»","body":"The verb «спустился» ('came down') precedes its subject, which is held to the end and marked by additive «и» ('too, also') — «спустился… и Трифон Борисович» = 'Trifon Borisovich too came down.' Russian's free order lets the new arrival land last for effect."}],"words":[{"surface":"С","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking крылечка","gloss":"off"},{"surface":"крылечка","lemma":"крылечко","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of спустился","gloss":"the little porch"},{"surface":"спустился","lemma":"спуститься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came down"},{"surface":"вниз","lemma":"вниз","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спустился","gloss":"down"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Трифон (also)","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"Трифон","lemma":"Трифон","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спустился","gloss":"Trifon"},{"surface":"Борисович","lemma":"Борисович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Трифон","gloss":"Borisovich"}]},{"number":46,"label":"46","id":"b9-c9-s46","source":"У ворот столпились люди, мужики, бабы, ямщики, все уставились на Митю.","translation":"At the gates a crowd of people had gathered — peasants, peasant women, drivers — all of them staring at Mitya.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"столпились … уставились","title":"Reflexive verbs of crowding and staring","body":"«столпились» ('crowded together,' from «толпа» 'crowd') and «уставились» ('fixed their stare') are both perfective «-ся» verbs of collective bodily action. The «-ся» here is the middle/intransitive, the crowd acting on and arranging itself."}],"words":[{"surface":"У","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ворот","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ворот","lemma":"ворота","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of столпились","gloss":"the gates"},{"surface":"столпились","lemma":"столпиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had gathered"},{"surface":"люди","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of столпились","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"мужики","lemma":"мужик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with люди","gloss":"peasants"},{"surface":"бабы","lemma":"баба","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with люди","gloss":"peasant women"},{"surface":"ямщики","lemma":"ямщик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with люди","gloss":"drivers"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of уставились","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"уставились","lemma":"уставиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with столпились","gloss":"stared"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Митю","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Митю","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of уставились","gloss":"Mitya"}]},{"number":47,"label":"47","id":"b9-c9-s47","source":"— Прощайте, божьи люди! — крикнул им вдруг с телеги Митя.","translation":"\"Farewell, people of God!\" Mitya suddenly called out to them from the cart.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Прощайте","title":"«Прощайте» — farewell as forgiveness","body":"«Прощайте» is the plural-polite imperative of «прощать» ('to forgive') used as 'farewell' — etymologically 'forgive [me as we part].' In Mitya's penitent mouth the literal sense of asking forgiveness is fully alive, echoed by the crowd's «И нас прости»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Прощайте","lemma":"прощать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Farewell"},{"surface":"божьи","lemma":"божий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies люди","gloss":"God's"},{"surface":"люди","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address of Прощайте","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"крикнул","lemma":"крикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"called out"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of крикнул","gloss":"to them"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies крикнул","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking телеги","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"телеги","lemma":"телега","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of крикнул","gloss":"the cart"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of крикнул","gloss":"Mitya"}]},{"number":48,"label":"48","id":"b9-c9-s48","source":"— И нас прости, — раздались два-три голоса.","translation":"\"Forgive us too,\" two or three voices answered.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"И нас прости","title":"Fronted object «нас» + singular imperative","body":"The object «нас» ('us') is thrown to the front for emphasis, with additive «И» ('us too'): «И нас прости» = 'forgive us too.' «прости» is the singular imperative of «простить», the crowd answering Mitya's appeal in kind — a moment of mutual forgiveness."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of прости","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"прости","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"forgive"},{"surface":"раздались","lemma":"раздаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"called out"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine","role":"depends on голоса","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine","role":"depends on голоса","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"голоса","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"subject of раздались","gloss":"voices"}]},{"number":49,"label":"49","id":"b9-c9-s49","source":"— Прощай и ты, Трифон Борисыч!","translation":"\"Farewell to you as well, Trifon Borisych!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Трифон Борисыч","title":"Contracted patronymic «Борисыч»","body":"«Борисыч» is the colloquial contraction of «Борисович» ('son of Boris') — the relaxed, familiar form heard in everyday speech. Mitya's «Прощай и ты, Трифон Борисыч!» mixes the informal singular «Прощай» and «ты» with this folksy clipped patronymic."}],"words":[{"surface":"Прощай","lemma":"прощать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Farewell"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ты (also)","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Прощай","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Трифон","lemma":"Трифон","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative, in apposition to ты","gloss":"Trifon"},{"surface":"Борисыч","lemma":"Борисович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Трифон","gloss":"Borisych"}]},{"number":50,"label":"50","id":"b9-c9-s50","source":"Но Трифон Борисыч даже не обернулся, может быть уж очень был занят.","translation":"But Trifon Borisych did not so much as turn around — perhaps he was simply too busy.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"даже не обернулся","title":"«даже не» + reflexive perfective","body":"«даже не обернулся» = 'did not even turn around,' with «даже» ('even') sharpening the negation of «обернуться» (perfective reflexive 'to turn round'). The «-ся» makes the turning a self-directed motion of the body."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"может быть уж очень был занят","title":"«уж» — colloquial intensifier","body":"«уж» here is not 'already' but an emphatic particle, 'just, simply, really' — «уж очень был занят» = 'was simply too busy.' «занят» is the short passive participle 'occupied,' and «может быть» frames it as the narrator's guess."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"Трифон","lemma":"Трифон","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of обернулся","gloss":"Trifon"},{"surface":"Борисыч","lemma":"Борисович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Трифон","gloss":"Borisych"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies обернулся","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies обернулся","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"обернулся","lemma":"обернуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"turn around"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the может быть idiom (\"perhaps\")","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"part of the может быть idiom","gloss":"(perhaps)"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies очень","gloss":"simply"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies занят","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of занят","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"занят","lemma":"занять","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"busy"}]},{"number":51,"label":"51","id":"b9-c9-s51","source":"Он тоже чего-то кричал и суетился.","translation":"He too was shouting about something and bustling about.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Он тоже чего-то кричал и суетился","title":"Genitive «чего-то» + reflexive «суетился»","body":"«чего-то» is the indefinite 'about something' in the genitive (the object of vague shouting), with the «-то» clitic marking it as a real but unnamed thing. «суетился» is the imperfective reflexive «суетиться» ('to fuss, bustle'), the imperfective painting the ongoing commotion."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of кричал","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies кричал","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"part of чего-то, direct object of кричал","gloss":"about some-"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of чего-то, direct object of кричал","gloss":"-thing"},{"surface":"кричал","lemma":"кричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was shouting"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"суетился","lemma":"суетиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with кричал","gloss":"was bustling about"}]},{"number":52,"label":"52","id":"b9-c9-s52","source":"Оказалось, что на второй телеге, на которой должны были сопровождать Маврикия Маврикиевича двое сотских, еще не всё было в исправности.","translation":"It turned out that on the second cart, on which two village constables were to escort Mavriky Mavrikievich, not everything was yet in order.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Оказалось, что","title":"Impersonal «оказалось, что»","body":"«Оказалось, что…» is an impersonal neuter past of «оказаться» ('to turn out') — 'it turned out that…,' a subjectless frame introducing the «что»-clause. The «-ся» again carries the 'come about, prove to be' sense."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"на которой должны были сопровождать … двое сотских","title":"Relative «которой» + collective numeral","body":"«на которой» ('on which') is the relative «который» in the prepositional after «на», opening the relative clause. «двое сотских» uses the collective numeral «двое» (for groups of people), which governs the genitive plural «сотских» — 'two constables.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Оказалось","lemma":"оказаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"It turned out"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of телеге","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking телеге","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"второй","lemma":"второй","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies телеге","gloss":"the second"},{"surface":"телеге","lemma":"телега","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"clausal complement of Оказалось","gloss":"cart"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которой","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"которой","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of должны","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"должны","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, short form, plural","role":"predicate adjective, main verb of the relative clause on телеге","gloss":"were to"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking to должны","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"сопровождать","lemma":"сопровождать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of должны","gloss":"escort"},{"surface":"Маврикия","lemma":"Маврикий","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of сопровождать","gloss":"Mavriky"},{"surface":"Маврикиевича","lemma":"Маврикиевич","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Маврикия","gloss":"Mavrikievich"},{"surface":"двое","lemma":"двое","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on сотских","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"сотских","lemma":"сотский","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"subject of должны","gloss":"village constables"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies всё","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies всё","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to исправности","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking исправности","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"исправности","lemma":"исправность","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"order"}]},{"number":53,"label":"53","id":"b9-c9-s53","source":"Мужичонко, которого нарядили было на вторую тройку, натягивал зипунишко и крепко спорил, что ехать не ему, а Акиму.","translation":"The little peasant who had been told off to drive the second troika was pulling on his shabby coat and arguing stoutly that it was not he who ought to go, but Akim.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Мужичонко","title":"Pejorative diminutive «мужичонко»","body":"«мужичонко» applies the belittling, pitying suffix «-онк-» to «мужик» ('peasant') — 'a wretched / insignificant little peasant.' Unlike the affectionate diminutives, this one diminishes with a shade of contempt, exactly the narrator's amused-condescending eye on the squabble."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"зипунишко","title":"Pejorative diminutive «зипунишко»","body":"A «зипун» is a coarse peasant homespun coat; the suffix «-ишк-» makes «зипунишко» 'a shabby, sorry little coat.' The two pejorative diminutives «мужичонко» and «зипунишко» side by side steep the whole scene in shabby, comic poverty."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"нарядили было … что ехать не ему, а Акиму","title":"«было» + dative of the one to go","body":"«нарядили было» — impersonal 'they had told [him] off [to drive],' with «было» marking a plan now being undone. In «ехать не ему, а Акиму» the dative names who is to go: 'not he, but Akim ought to go' — a dative-with-infinitive of obligation, pivoting on contrastive «а»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мужичонко","lemma":"мужичонко","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of натягивал","gloss":"the little peasant"},{"surface":"которого","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of нарядили","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"нарядили","lemma":"нарядить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"relative clause on Мужичонко","gloss":"had told off"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"particle, past, marking an interrupted or discarded action","role":"modifies нарядили","gloss":"(had, but)"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тройку","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"вторую","lemma":"второй","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies тройку","gloss":"the second"},{"surface":"тройку","lemma":"тройка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of нарядили","gloss":"troika"},{"surface":"натягивал","lemma":"натягивать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was pulling on"},{"surface":"зипунишко","lemma":"зипунишко","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of натягивал","gloss":"his shabby coat"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"крепко","lemma":"крепко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спорил","gloss":"stoutly"},{"surface":"спорил","lemma":"спорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with натягивал","gloss":"was arguing"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ехать","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ехать","lemma":"ехать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of спорил","gloss":"to go"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ему","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ехать (logical subject, dative)","gloss":"for him"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Акиму","lemma":"Аким","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with ему","gloss":"Akim"}]},{"number":54,"label":"54","id":"b9-c9-s54","source":"Но Акима не было; за ним побежали; мужичонко настаивал и молил обождать.","translation":"But Akim was not there; they had run to fetch him; the little peasant kept insisting and begged them to wait.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Акима не было","title":"Genitive of negation in an absence","body":"«Акима не было» = 'Akim was not [there]' — the negated existential «не было» forces its subject into the genitive, «Акима». This obligatory genitive of absence is one of the genitive of negation's core jobs."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"за ним побежали; настаивал и молил обождать","title":"Impersonal 'they' + chain of pasts","body":"«за ним побежали» is the subjectless 'they ran for him' («за» + instrumental = 'to fetch'). The string «настаивал и молил обождать» mixes imperfectives of insisting/imploring with the perfective infinitive «обождать» ('to wait a while,' a folksy «об-» prefix on «ждать')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"Акима","lemma":"Аким","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"subject of было (genitive of negation)","gloss":"Akim"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was there"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of побежали","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"побежали","lemma":"побежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with было","gloss":"they had run"},{"surface":"мужичонко","lemma":"мужичонко","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of настаивал","gloss":"the little peasant"},{"surface":"настаивал","lemma":"настаивать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with было","gloss":"kept insisting"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"молил","lemma":"молить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with настаивал","gloss":"begged"},{"surface":"обождать","lemma":"обождать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of молил","gloss":"to wait"}]},{"number":55,"label":"55","id":"b9-c9-s55","source":"— Ведь это народ-то у нас, Маврикий Маврикиевич, совсем без стыда! — восклицал Трифон Борисыч.","translation":"\"You see what our folk are like, Mavriky Mavrikievich — without any shame at all!\" exclaimed Trifon Borisych.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ведь это народ-то у нас … совсем без стыда","title":"«ведь» + the topic clitic «-то»","body":"«Ведь» appeals to shared knowledge ('you see, after all'), while «-то» on «народ-то» emphasizes the known topic — 'our folk, you see.' «без стыда» is «без» + genitive, 'without [any] shame.' The particles together give Trifon's complaint its buttonholing, conspiratorial tone."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"восклицал","title":"«восклицать» — to exclaim","body":"«восклицал» ('exclaimed') is a notch more bookish and theatrical than «кричал» ('shouted'), suited to Trifon's performative indignation as he plays to the police officer. The imperfective frames it as his ongoing outburst."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies это","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of elided copula (predicate народ)","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"народ","lemma":"народ","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of это","gloss":"folk"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to народ","gloss":"[emphatic]"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"object of preposition у","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"Маврикий","lemma":"маврикий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address, head of the name","gloss":"Mavriky"},{"surface":"Маврикиевич","lemma":"маврикиевич","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Маврикий","gloss":"Mavrikievich"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies без стыда","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стыда","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"стыда","lemma":"стыд","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition без","gloss":"shame"},{"surface":"восклицал","lemma":"восклицать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"exclaimed"},{"surface":"Трифон","lemma":"трифон","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of восклицал","gloss":"Trifon"},{"surface":"Борисыч","lemma":"борисович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Трифон","gloss":"Borisych"}]},{"number":56,"label":"56","id":"b9-c9-s56","source":"— Тебе Аким третьего дня дал четвертак денег, ты их пропил, а теперь кричишь.","translation":"\"Akim gave you a quarter-rouble the day before yesterday, you drank it away, and now you're shouting.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ты их пропил","title":"Perfective «пропить» — to drink away","body":"The prefix «про-» on «пить» ('to drink') gives «пропить» the sense 'to squander on drink, drink away'; «ты их пропил» = 'you drank it [the money] away.' The fronted pronoun «ты» is emphatic and accusatory in Trifon's rebuke."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"третьего дня","title":"«третьего дня» — the day before yesterday","body":"«третьего дня» (literally 'on the third day [back]') is a fixed genitive-of-time idiom meaning 'the day before yesterday' — a slightly old-fashioned way of dating the gift."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of дал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Аким","lemma":"аким","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of дал","gloss":"Akim"},{"surface":"третьего","lemma":"третий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дня","gloss":"before","note":"третьего дня is an idiom for \"the day before yesterday.\""},{"surface":"дня","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial modifier of дал","gloss":"yesterday"},{"surface":"дал","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gave"},{"surface":"четвертак","lemma":"четвертак","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of дал","gloss":"a quarter-rouble"},{"surface":"денег","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies четвертак","gloss":"of money"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of пропил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of пропил","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"пропил","lemma":"пропить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with дал","gloss":"drank away"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies кричишь","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"кричишь","lemma":"кричать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with дал","gloss":"you're shouting"}]},{"number":57,"label":"57","id":"b9-c9-s57","source":"Доброте только вашей удивляюсь с нашим подлым народом, Маврикий Маврикиевич, только это одно скажу!","translation":"I only marvel at your kindness with our base folk, Mavriky Mavrikievich — that's the one thing I'll say!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Доброте только вашей удивляюсь","title":"«удивляться» + dative","body":"«удивляться» ('to marvel at, wonder at') governs the dative — «доброте… вашей» ('at your kindness'). The object is fronted for emphasis and split by «только» ('only'): 'It is only your kindness I marvel at.' «-ся» is built into the verb."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с нашим подлым народом","title":"Instrumental after «с»","body":"«с нашим подлым народом» — «с» + instrumental, 'with our base folk' — names the company in which the kindness is shown. Note the full adjective agreement «нашим подлым» (instrumental) with «народом»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Доброте","lemma":"доброта","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of удивляюсь","gloss":"kindness"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Доброте","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"вашей","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Доброте","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"удивляюсь","lemma":"удивляться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I marvel"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking народом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"нашим","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of народом","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"подлым","lemma":"подлый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies народом","gloss":"base"},{"surface":"народом","lemma":"народ","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of удивляюсь","gloss":"folk"},{"surface":"Маврикий","lemma":"маврикий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address, head of the name","gloss":"Mavriky"},{"surface":"Маврикиевич","lemma":"маврикиевич","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Маврикий","gloss":"Mavrikievich"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies это","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of одно","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"одно","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of скажу","gloss":"one thing"},{"surface":"скажу","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with удивляюсь","gloss":"I'll say"}]},{"number":58,"label":"58","id":"b9-c9-s58","source":"— Да зачем нам вторую тройку? — вступился было Митя, — поедем на одной, Маврикий Маврикич, небось не взбунтуюсь, не убегу от тебя, к чему конвой?","translation":"\"But why do we need a second troika?\" Mitya tried to put in. \"Let's go on the one, Mavriky Mavrikich — I daresay I won't mutiny, I won't run off from you, what's the escort for?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да зачем нам вторую тройку?","title":"Opening «да» + dative of need","body":"Sentence-initial «да» is not 'yes' but a discourse particle of mild objection — 'but, come now.' «нам… тройку» is an elliptical dative-of-need question ('what do we need a second troika for?'), the dative naming the people for whom."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"небось не взбунтуюсь, не убегу","title":"«небось» + perfective futures","body":"«небось» is a colloquial modal particle, 'I daresay, I suppose, surely.' It frames the two perfective futures «не взбунтуюсь» ('I won't mutiny') and «не убегу» ('I won't run off') as Mitya's wry reassurance to his guard."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"конвой","title":"«конвой» — armed escort","body":"«конвой» is a military/police escort guarding a prisoner in transit. Mitya's «к чему конвой?» ('what's the escort for?') is half-joking, half-wounded — he sees no need to be guarded as a flight risk."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the sentence","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нам (elided нужна)","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"dative complement of elided нужна","gloss":"to us"},{"surface":"вторую","lemma":"второй","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies тройку","gloss":"second"},{"surface":"тройку","lemma":"тройка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"troika"},{"surface":"вступился","lemma":"вступиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tried to put in"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вступился (interrupted action)","gloss":"started to"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вступился","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"поедем","lemma":"поехать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"let's go"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking одной","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"одной","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поедем","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"Маврикий","lemma":"маврикий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address, head of the name","gloss":"Mavriky"},{"surface":"Маврикич","lemma":"маврикич","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Маврикий","gloss":"Mavrikich"},{"surface":"небось","lemma":"небось","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies взбунтуюсь","gloss":"I daresay"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies взбунтуюсь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"взбунтуюсь","lemma":"взбунтоваться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with поедем","gloss":"I'll mutiny"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies убегу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"убегу","lemma":"убежать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with взбунтуюсь","gloss":"I'll run off"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебя","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of убегу","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чему","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"чему","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of конвой (elided нужен)","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"конвой","lemma":"конвой","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of elided нужен","gloss":"escort"}]},{"number":59,"label":"59","id":"b9-c9-s59","source":"— А извольте, сударь, уметь со мной говорить, если еще не научены, я вам не ''ты'', не извольте тыкать-с, да и советы на другой раз сберегите… — свирепо отрезал вдруг Мите Маврикий Маврикиевич, точно обрадовался сердце сорвать.","translation":"\"And kindly learn how to speak to me, sir, if you haven't been taught yet — I'm not 'thou' to you, kindly don't address me familiarly, sir, and save your advice for another time…\" Mavriky Mavrikievich suddenly snapped savagely at Mitya, as though glad to vent his spleen.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не извольте тыкать-с","title":"Don't address me as ты","body":"Russian has two 'you': informal «ты» and respectful «вы». «тыкать» means 'to address someone with «ты»' (presumptuously familiar), so «я вам не ты» = 'I'm not «ты» to you.' The clitic «-с» appended to words («тыкать-с») is an old deferential/ironic marker of servile politeness; English has no exact equivalent, so we lean on 'sir' and 'familiarly' to carry the prickly tone of rank."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"извольте … уметь … говорить","title":"«извольте» + infinitive — frosty politeness","body":"«извольте» (imperative of «изволить», 'to be so good as to') plus an infinitive is a stiff, cold command — 'kindly [learn to] speak.' Its over-polite formality is precisely what makes Mavriky's rebuke so cuttingly ironic."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сердце сорвать","title":"«сорвать сердце» — to vent one's spleen","body":"«сорвать сердце [на ком-то]» is an idiom 'to vent one's anger, take it out on someone.' «точно обрадовался сердце сорвать» = 'as though glad to vent his spleen' — Mavriky seizing on Mitya as a target for his bad mood."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"извольте","lemma":"изволить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"kindly do"},{"surface":"сударь","lemma":"сударь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"уметь","lemma":"уметь","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of извольте","gloss":"to know how"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мной","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"мной","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорить","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"говорить","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of уметь","gloss":"to speak"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of научены","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies научены","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies научены","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"научены","lemma":"научить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, perfective","role":"predicate of the если-clause","gloss":"taught"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of elided copula (predicate ты)","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"dative complement of the clause","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ты","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"predicate complement, elided copula","gloss":"'thou'"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies извольте","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"извольте","lemma":"изволить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with извольте","gloss":"kindly don't"},{"surface":"тыкать","lemma":"тыкать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of извольте","gloss":"address familiarly"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тыкать","gloss":"[polite particle]","note":"Archaic clipped form of \"сударь,\" attached to a word for deferential emphasis."},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase да","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"советы","lemma":"совет","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of сберегите","gloss":"advice"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сберегите","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"сберегите","lemma":"сберечь","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with извольте","gloss":"save"},{"surface":"свирепо","lemma":"свирепо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отрезал","gloss":"savagely"},{"surface":"отрезал","lemma":"отрезать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"snapped"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отрезал","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"Мите","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of отрезал","gloss":"at Mitya"},{"surface":"Маврикий","lemma":"маврикий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отрезал","gloss":"Mavriky"},{"surface":"Маврикиевич","lemma":"маврикиевич","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Маврикий","gloss":"Mavrikievich"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обрадовался","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"обрадовался","lemma":"обрадоваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with отрезал","gloss":"were glad"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сорвать","gloss":"his spleen","note":"сорвать сердце is an idiom meaning to vent one's anger."},{"surface":"сорвать","lemma":"сорвать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of обрадовался","gloss":"to vent"}]},{"number":60,"label":"60","id":"b9-c9-s60","source":"Митя примолк.","translation":"Mitya fell silent.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"примолк","title":"«примолкнуть» — to fall quiet","body":"«примолк» is the perfective of «примолкнуть» ('to grow silent, hush'), with «при-» softening it to 'fell a little quiet, subsided into silence' — a single completed turn into stillness. The terse one-word sentence lets Mitya's silence land with full weight after the rebuff."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of примолк","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"примолк","lemma":"примолкнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fell silent"}]},{"number":61,"label":"61","id":"b9-c9-s61","source":"Он весь покраснел.","translation":"He flushed all over.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"покраснел","title":"Perfective past: the blush as a single event","body":"«Покраснел» is the perfective past of «краснеть/покраснеть», marking a single completed change of state — he turned red, all at once. The prefix «по-» seals the imperfective process «краснеть» (to be reddening) into one accomplished moment."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"весь","title":"«весь» — 'all over', 'entirely'","body":"Here «весь» («the whole of him») works adverbially with the subject: he reddened entirely, his whole self. It is the same word as 'all/whole' but applied to a person it conveys total, bodily involvement."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of покраснел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Он","gloss":"all over"},{"surface":"покраснел","lemma":"покраснеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"flushed"}]},{"number":62,"label":"62","id":"b9-c9-s62","source":"Чрез мгновение ему стало вдруг очень холодно.","translation":"A moment later he suddenly felt very cold.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ему стало вдруг очень холодно","title":"Dative subject of feeling cold","body":"There is no nominative subject: the experiencer «ему» (to him) stands in the dative and the predicate «холодно» is an invariable neuter form. This impersonal frame — 'it became cold to him' — is Russian's standard way of reporting an inner sensation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"стало","title":"«стало» — became, perfective","body":"«Стало» (neuter perfective past of «стать») marks the onset of the state as a single completed event: the cold set in. With «холодно» it gives the inceptive 'he came to feel cold'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Чрез мгновение","title":"«чрез» — bookish 'through/after'","body":"«Чрез» is the elevated, contracted variant of «через» ('through, after'), typical of 19th-century literary prose; «чрез мгновение» = 'a moment later'. «Мгновение» ('instant') is itself a bookish noun."}],"words":[{"surface":"Чрез","lemma":"чрез","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мгновение","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"мгновение","lemma":"мгновение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition Чрез","gloss":"a moment"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"experiencer subject of стало","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"became"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies холодно","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies холодно","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"холодно","lemma":"холодно","morphology":"adverb, predicative","role":"complement of стало","gloss":"cold"}]},{"number":63,"label":"63","id":"b9-c9-s63","source":"Дождь перестал, но мутное небо всё было обтянуто облаками, дул резкий ветер прямо в лицо.","translation":"The rain had stopped, but the murky sky was still all draped with clouds, and a sharp wind blew straight into his face.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Дождь перестал, но мутное небо всё было обтянуто облаками","title":"Past passive participle with instrumental agent","body":"«Было обтянуто» is the periphrastic passive: the short past passive participle «обтянуто» (neuter, agreeing with «небо») joined to «было». The covering agent, «облаками» ('with clouds'), stands in the instrumental — the regular case for the means in a passive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Дождь перестал... дул резкий ветер","title":"Perfective event against imperfective backdrop","body":"«Перестал» (perfective) reports the rain's stopping as a single event, while «дул» (imperfective past of «дуть») paints the wind as an ongoing background — the standard aspectual interplay of scene-setting narration."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мутное небо","title":"«мутный» — turbid, murky","body":"«Мутный» literally describes cloudy, opaque liquid (water you cannot see through); transferred to the sky it gives a dull, smeared, leaden quality — exactly the bleak overcast that mirrors Mitya's mood."}],"words":[{"surface":"Дождь","lemma":"дождь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of перестал","gloss":"the rain"},{"surface":"перестал","lemma":"перестать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had stopped"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"мутное","lemma":"мутный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies небо","gloss":"murky"},{"surface":"небо","lemma":"небо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive обтянуто","gloss":"the sky"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies небо","gloss":"still all"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of обтянуто","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"обтянуто","lemma":"обтянуть","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with перестал","gloss":"draped"},{"surface":"облаками","lemma":"облако","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of обтянуто","gloss":"with clouds"},{"surface":"дул","lemma":"дуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with перестал","gloss":"blew"},{"surface":"резкий","lemma":"резкий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ветер","gloss":"sharp"},{"surface":"ветер","lemma":"ветер","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of дул","gloss":"wind"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дул","gloss":"straight"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лицо","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of дул","gloss":"his face"}]},{"number":64,"label":"64","id":"b9-c9-s64","source":"«Озноб, что ли, со мной», — подумал Митя, передернув плечами.","translation":"\"A chill coming on me, perhaps,\" thought Mitya, giving a twitch of his shoulders.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Озноб, что ли, со мной","title":"«что ли» — the hedging particle","body":"«Что ли» tags an uncertain guess onto the statement — 'a chill, or what?', 'a chill, perhaps'. It is colloquial and tentative, voicing Mitya's half-formed self-diagnosis. Note too the zero copula: 'a chill [is] with me'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"передернув плечами","title":"Perfective gerund: 'having twitched'","body":"«Передернув» is the perfective past gerund («деепричастие») of «передёрнуть», naming an action completed by the same subject as «подумал» — he gave a shudder of the shoulders as he thought it. The instrumental «плечами» ('with his shoulders') marks the body part set in motion."}],"words":[{"surface":"Озноб","lemma":"озноб","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"a chill"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"depends on Озноб","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"[interrogative particle]","note":"что ли is an idiom meaning \"or something, perhaps.\""},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мной","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"мной","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"modifies Озноб","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"подумал","lemma":"подумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подумал","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"передернув","lemma":"передёрнуть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on подумал","gloss":"twitching"},{"surface":"плечами","lemma":"плечо","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, plural","role":"instrumental complement of передернув","gloss":"his shoulders"}]},{"number":65,"label":"65","id":"b9-c9-s65","source":"Наконец влез в телегу и Маврикий Маврикиевич, уселся грузно, широко и, как бы не заметив, крепко потеснил собою Митю.","translation":"At last Mavriky Mavrikievich too climbed into the cart, settled himself heavily and broadly, and, as though without noticing it, pressed hard against Mitya, crowding him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Наконец влез в телегу и Маврикий Маврикиевич","title":"Inversion and the additive «и»","body":"The subject «Маврикий Маврикиевич» is held back to the end, after the verb — the new, weighted information landing last, in Russian's topic-comment rhythm. The «и» before the name here means 'too, as well' ('Mavriky also climbed in'), not 'and'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"уселся... потеснил собою Митю","title":"Reflexive «-ся» vs the pronoun «собою»","body":"«Уселся» carries the reflexive clitic «-ся» (he settled himself down). Distinct from it is the full reflexive pronoun «собою» (instrumental of «себя») in «потеснил собою» — 'crowded Mitya with his own body'. The pair nicely contrasts the bound clitic with the free pronoun."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы не заметив","title":"«как бы» + perfective gerund: 'as if not having noticed'","body":"«Как бы» softens into 'as though, seemingly', and «не заметив» is the negated perfective past gerund of «заметить» — 'as if without having noticed'. The construction lets Dostoevsky stage a deliberate act passed off as inadvertent."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"грузно","title":"«грузно» — heavily, ponderously","body":"«Грузно» (from «груз», 'load') describes settling down with bulk and weight — a man lowering his heft. Paired with «широко» ('broadly') it makes Mavriky a deliberate, space-taking presence pressed against the prisoner."}],"words":[{"surface":"Наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies влез","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"влез","lemma":"влезть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"climbed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking телегу","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"телегу","lemma":"телега","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of влез","gloss":"the cart"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"Маврикий","lemma":"маврикий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of влез","gloss":"Mavriky"},{"surface":"Маврикиевич","lemma":"маврикиевич","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Маврикий","gloss":"Mavrikievich"},{"surface":"уселся","lemma":"усесться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with влез","gloss":"settled himself"},{"surface":"грузно","lemma":"грузно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уселся","gloss":"heavily"},{"surface":"широко","lemma":"широко","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with грузно","gloss":"broadly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заметив, part of как бы","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies заметив","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"заметив","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on потеснил","gloss":"noticing"},{"surface":"крепко","lemma":"крепко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies потеснил","gloss":"hard"},{"surface":"потеснил","lemma":"потеснить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with влез","gloss":"pressed"},{"surface":"собою","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"instrumental complement of потеснил","gloss":"with his body"},{"surface":"Митю","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of потеснил","gloss":"Mitya"}]},{"number":66,"label":"66","id":"b9-c9-s66","source":"Правда, он был не в духе, и ему сильно не нравилось возложенное на него поручение.","translation":"True, he was out of temper, and the errand laid upon him was sorely not to his liking.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ему сильно не нравилось возложенное на него поручение","title":"Dative experiencer with «нравиться»","body":"«Нравиться» works backwards from English: the thing liked — «поручение» ('the errand') — is the grammatical subject, and the person is the dative «ему». Negated, «ему не нравилось» means 'the errand was not to his liking'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"возложенное на него поручение","title":"Past passive participle as modifier","body":"«Возложенное» is a past passive participle (from «возложить», 'to lay upon') used attributively, agreeing with neuter «поручение»: 'the errand laid upon him'. It condenses a whole relative clause ('the errand that had been laid on him') into one bookish word."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"не в духе","title":"«не в духе» — out of sorts","body":"The set phrase «не в духе» means 'in a bad mood, out of temper' (literally 'not in spirit'). Its positive twin «в духе» means in good humour."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"возложенное на него поручение","title":"«возложить» — to lay (a duty) upon","body":"«Возложить» is an elevated verb for entrusting a charge or duty to someone — 'to lay upon', as a burden or commission. The choice dignifies the disagreeable task and marks Mavriky's resentment of an order he cannot refuse."}],"words":[{"surface":"Правда","lemma":"правда","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical to the whole sentence","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to духе","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies в духе","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking духе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"духе","lemma":"дух","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"spirits"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"experiencer of нравилось","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"сильно","lemma":"сильно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нравилось","gloss":"sorely"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нравилось","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"нравилось","lemma":"нравиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"pleased"},{"surface":"возложенное","lemma":"возложить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying поручение","gloss":"laid upon him"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of возложенное","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"поручение","lemma":"поручение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of нравилось","gloss":"the errand"}]},{"number":67,"label":"67","id":"b9-c9-s67","source":"— Прощай, Трифон Борисыч! — крикнул опять Митя, и сам почувствовал, что не от добродушия теперь закричал, а со злости, против воли крикнул.","translation":"\"Farewell, Trifon Borisych!\" Mitya called out again, and felt himself that he had shouted it now not out of good nature but out of spite — shouted it against his own will.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не от добродушия... а со злости, против воли","title":"Genitive after «от», «со», «против»","body":"A chain of prepositions all governing the genitive of cause and source: «от добродушия» ('out of good nature'), «со злости» ('out of spite'), «против воли» ('against [his] will'). The «не... а» frame ('not X but Y') sharpens the self-correction."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"со злости","title":"«со злости» — out of spite/anger","body":"«Злость» is hot, peevish anger or spite; «со злости» (with the genitive) means an act done from a surge of it. Note «со» rather than «с» before the consonant cluster «зл-», a regular phonetic expansion."}],"words":[{"surface":"Прощай","lemma":"прощать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted line","gloss":"farewell"},{"surface":"Трифон","lemma":"трифон","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address, coordinated with Прощай","gloss":"Trifon"},{"surface":"Борисыч","lemma":"борисович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Трифон","gloss":"Borisych"},{"surface":"крикнул","lemma":"крикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"called out"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies крикнул","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of крикнул","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphatic modifier of the subject of почувствовал","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"почувствовал","lemma":"почувствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with крикнул","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of закричал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies от добродушия","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking добродушия","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"добродушия","lemma":"добродушие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of закричал","gloss":"good nature"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies закричал","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"закричал","lemma":"закричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of почувствовал","gloss":"had shouted"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking злости","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"злости","lemma":"злость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of крикнул","gloss":"spite"},{"surface":"против","lemma":"против","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking воли","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"воли","lemma":"воля","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of крикнул","gloss":"his will"},{"surface":"крикнул","lemma":"крикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with закричал","gloss":"shouted it"}]},{"number":68,"label":"68","id":"b9-c9-s68","source":"Но Трифон Борисыч стоял гордо, заложив назад обе руки и прямо уставясь на Митю, глядел строго и сердито и Мите ничего не ответил.","translation":"But Trifon Borisych stood proudly, both hands clasped behind his back, and, staring straight at Mitya, looked on sternly and angrily, and made Mitya no answer at all.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"заложив назад обе руки и прямо уставясь на Митю","title":"Two gerunds setting the pose","body":"Both «заложив» (perfective, 'having put') and «уставясь» (a literary perfective gerund of the perfective «уставиться», 'staring', alongside «уставившись») are «деепричастия» sharing Trifon's subject, stacking attendant actions onto the main verb «глядел» — a hallmark of dense literary narration."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Мите ничего не ответил","title":"Negative concord with dative recipient","body":"«Ничего... не ответил» shows Russian's obligatory double negation: the negative pronoun «ничего» co-occurs with «не» on the verb — 'answered nothing'. «Мите» is the dative of the person addressed ('to Mitya')."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"уставясь","title":"«уставиться» — to fix one's stare","body":"«Уставиться (на)» means to stare fixedly, to fasten one's eyes on someone — a hard, unblinking gaze. The gerund «уставясь» renders Trifon's silent, accusing fixation on the man he believes a murderer."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Трифон","lemma":"трифон","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стоял","gloss":"Trifon"},{"surface":"Борисыч","lemma":"борисович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Трифон","gloss":"Borisych"},{"surface":"стоял","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"гордо","lemma":"гордо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стоял","gloss":"proudly"},{"surface":"заложив","lemma":"заложить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on стоял","gloss":"clasping"},{"surface":"назад","lemma":"назад","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заложив","gloss":"behind"},{"surface":"обе","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine","role":"depends on руки","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of заложив","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уставясь","gloss":"straight"},{"surface":"уставясь","lemma":"уставиться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on глядел","gloss":"staring"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Митю","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Митю","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of уставясь","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"глядел","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with стоял","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"строго","lemma":"строго","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies глядел","gloss":"sternly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сердито","lemma":"сердито","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with строго","gloss":"angrily"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Мите","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of ответил","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of ответил","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ответил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ответил","lemma":"ответить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with стоял","gloss":"answered"}]},{"number":69,"label":"69","id":"b9-c9-s69","source":"— Прощайте, Дмитрий Федорович, прощайте! — раздался вдруг голос Калганова, вдруг откуда-то выскочившего.","translation":"\"Farewell, Dmitry Fyodorovich, farewell!\" came the sudden voice of Kalganov, who had suddenly darted out from somewhere.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"голос Калганова, вдруг откуда-то выскочившего","title":"Past active participle replacing a relative clause","body":"«Выскочившего» is the past active participle of «выскочить» ('to dart out'), in the genitive to agree with «Калганова» — 'of Kalganov, who had darted out'. It packs a whole «который»-clause into a single trailing modifier."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"откуда-то","title":"Indefinite «-то»: 'from somewhere'","body":"The clitic «-то» on «откуда» ('from where') makes it the specific-but-unknown indefinite 'from somewhere' — a definite place exists, the narrator just doesn't name it. Contrast «откуда-нибудь» ('from anywhere at all')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Прощайте","lemma":"прощать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted line","gloss":"farewell"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Dmitry"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрий","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"прощайте","lemma":"прощать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Прощайте","gloss":"farewell"},{"surface":"раздался","lemma":"раздаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раздался","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"голос","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of раздался","gloss":"the voice"},{"surface":"Калганова","lemma":"калганов","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies голос","gloss":"of Kalganov"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выскочившего","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"откуда","lemma":"откуда-то","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выскочившего","gloss":"from somewhere"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies откуда","gloss":"[indefinite particle]"},{"surface":"выскочившего","lemma":"выскочить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, perfective","role":"clause modifying Калганова","gloss":"who had darted out"}]},{"number":70,"label":"70","id":"b9-c9-s70","source":"Подбежав к телеге, он протянул Мите руку.","translation":"Running up to the cart, he held out his hand to Mitya.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Подбежав к телеге","title":"Perfective gerund + dative after «к»","body":"«Подбежав» is the perfective past gerund of «подбежать» ('to run up to') — 'having run up' — describing the action just prior to «протянул». The goal «к телеге» takes the dative, the case the preposition «к» always governs."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"протянул Мите руку","title":"Dative indirect object","body":"«Мите» is the dative — the person to whom the hand is extended — alongside the accusative direct object «руку». The pattern verb + dative recipient + accusative thing is the core ditransitive frame ('held out his hand to Mitya')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Подбежав","lemma":"подбежать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on протянул","gloss":"running up"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking телеге","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"телеге","lemma":"телега","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Подбежав","gloss":"the cart"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of протянул","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"протянул","lemma":"протянуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"held out"},{"surface":"Мите","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of протянул","gloss":"to Mitya"},{"surface":"руку","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of протянул","gloss":"his hand"}]},{"number":71,"label":"71","id":"b9-c9-s71","source":"Был он без фуражки.","translation":"He was without his cap.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Был он без фуражки","title":"Inversion and genitive after «без»","body":"Fronting the verb «был» before the pronoun «он» gives a slightly archaic, descriptive cadence ('He was, [this Kalganov], without a cap'). «Без» governs the genitive «фуражки» — the regular case after this preposition of absence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Был","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking фуражки","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"фуражки","lemma":"фуражка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Был","gloss":"his cap"}]},{"number":72,"label":"72","id":"b9-c9-s72","source":"Митя успел еще схватить и пожать его руку.","translation":"Mitya still managed to seize and press his hand.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"успел еще схватить и пожать его руку","title":"«успеть» + perfective infinitives: just managed in time","body":"«Успеть» ('to manage in time') governs two perfective infinitives, «схватить» and «пожать», each viewing its act as a single completed grasp and squeeze accomplished before the cart pulls away. «Ещё» adds 'still, just' — barely in time."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of успел","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"успел","lemma":"успеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"managed"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies схватить","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"схватить","lemma":"схватить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of успел","gloss":"to seize"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пожать","lemma":"пожать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with схватить","gloss":"press"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of руку","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"руку","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of пожать","gloss":"hand"}]},{"number":73,"label":"73","id":"b9-c9-s73","source":"— Прощай, милый человек, не забуду великодушия! — горячо воскликнул он.","translation":"\"Farewell, dear fellow, I'll not forget your generosity!\" he exclaimed warmly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не забуду великодушия","title":"Genitive of negation","body":"The negated object «великодушия» ('generosity') stands in the genitive, not the accusative — the genitive of negation, especially natural with an abstract noun: 'I shall not forget [any of] your generosity'. «Забуду» is the perfective future ('I will [come to] forget')."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"милый человек","title":"«милый человек» — dear fellow","body":"«Милый» ('dear, kind, sweet') used in direct address as «милый человек» is a warm, slightly emotional 'dear man / good fellow'. From Mitya, on the brink of being carried off, it is heartfelt gratitude, not mere politeness."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"великодушия","title":"«великодушие» — magnanimity","body":"«Великодушие» (literally 'great-souledness', from «великая душа») is a key Dostoevskian virtue: noble generosity of spirit, big-heartedness. Mitya seizes on Kalganov's kindness as exactly that — soul rather than mere favour."}],"words":[{"surface":"Прощай","lemma":"прощать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted line","gloss":"farewell"},{"surface":"милый","lemma":"милый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address, coordinated with Прощай","gloss":"fellow"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies забуду","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"забуду","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Прощай","gloss":"I'll forget"},{"surface":"великодушия","lemma":"великодушие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of забуду","gloss":"your generosity"},{"surface":"горячо","lemma":"горячо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies воскликнул","gloss":"warmly"},{"surface":"воскликнул","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the frame clause","gloss":"exclaimed"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнул","gloss":"he"}]},{"number":74,"label":"74","id":"b9-c9-s74","source":"Но телега тронулась, и руки их разнялись.","translation":"But the cart moved off, and their hands were parted.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"телега тронулась, и руки их разнялись","title":"Middle «-ся»: things that move and part of themselves","body":"Both verbs carry «-ся» in its intransitive/middle sense: «тронулась» ('set off, started moving') and «разнялись» ('came apart') present the cart and the clasped hands as separating on their own, without a stated agent — the parting simply happens."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"руки их","title":"Post-posed possessive «их»","body":"The frozen possessive «их» ('their') follows its noun in «руки их» rather than preceding it. This inversion is a literary, slightly elevated word order; the everyday order would be «их руки»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"телега","lemma":"телега","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of тронулась","gloss":"the cart"},{"surface":"тронулась","lemma":"тронуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"moved off"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of разнялись","gloss":"their hands"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"их","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"modifies руки","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"разнялись","lemma":"разняться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with тронулась","gloss":"parted"}]},{"number":75,"label":"75","id":"b9-c9-s75","source":"Зазвенел колокольчик — увезли Митю.","translation":"The little bell jingled — they carried Mitya away.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Зазвенел колокольчик — увезли Митю","title":"Inceptive «за-» and a subjectless 'they'","body":"«Зазвенел» uses the inchoative prefix «за-»: the bell 'began to ring / rang out'. «Увезли» is a subjectless third-person plural — 'they carried Mitya off' — where the unnamed 'they' is the impersonal agent, a very common Russian construction."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"колокольчик","title":"«колокольчик» — the little harness bell","body":"A diminutive of «колокол» ('bell'), the «колокольчик» is the small bell hung under the arch of a Russian troika or post-horse, jingling as the team moves. Its sound is the iconic note of departure on the road — here, the bell that bears Mitya away into captivity."}],"words":[{"surface":"Зазвенел","lemma":"зазвенеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"jingled"},{"surface":"колокольчик","lemma":"колокольчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Зазвенел","gloss":"the little bell"},{"surface":"увезли","lemma":"увезти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Зазвенел","gloss":"carried away"},{"surface":"Митю","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of увезли","gloss":"Mitya"}]},{"number":76,"label":"76","id":"b9-c9-s76","source":"А Калганов забежал в сени, сел в углу, нагнул голову, закрыл руками лицо и заплакал, долго так сидел и плакал, — плакал, точно был еще маленький мальчик, а не двадцатилетний уже молодой человек.","translation":"And Kalganov ran off into the entry, sat down in a corner, bowed his head, covered his face with his hands, and wept; he sat like that for a long while and wept — wept as though he were still a little boy and not a young man already twenty years old.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"забежал... сел... нагнул... закрыл... заплакал","title":"A chain of perfectives driving the action","body":"Five perfective past verbs fire in sequence, each a single completed act moving the scene forward: ran off, sat, bowed, covered, burst into tears. The «за-» on «заплакал» is inceptive — 'began to weep' — opening the sustained crying that follows."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"долго так сидел и плакал, — плакал","title":"Imperfectives for the drawn-out weeping","body":"After the perfective onset, «сидел» and the repeated «плакал» switch to the imperfective past to dwell on duration — he sat and wept, and went on weeping. «Долго» ('for a long time') reinforces the imperfective's sense of extended process."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"точно был еще маленький мальчик, а не двадцатилетний уже молодой человек","title":"«точно» as 'as if' + contrastive «а не»","body":"«Точно» here is not 'exactly' but the comparative 'as if, just like' (= «как будто»). The «а не» frame ('and not / but not') contrasts the boy he seemed with the grown «молодой человек» he is — the soft contrastive «а» pivoting between the two images."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"Калганов","lemma":"калганов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of забежал","gloss":"Kalganov"},{"surface":"забежал","lemma":"забежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ran off"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сени","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"сени","lemma":"сени","morphology":"noun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of забежал","gloss":"the entry"},{"surface":"сел","lemma":"сесть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with забежал","gloss":"sat down"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking углу","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"углу","lemma":"угол","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сел","gloss":"the corner"},{"surface":"нагнул","lemma":"нагнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with забежал","gloss":"bowed"},{"surface":"голову","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of нагнул","gloss":"his head"},{"surface":"закрыл","lemma":"закрыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with забежал","gloss":"covered"},{"surface":"руками","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"instrumental complement of закрыл","gloss":"with his hands"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of закрыл","gloss":"his face"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"заплакал","lemma":"заплакать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with забежал","gloss":"burst into tears"},{"surface":"долго","lemma":"долго","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сидел","gloss":"for a long while"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сидел","gloss":"like that"},{"surface":"сидел","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with забежал","gloss":"sat"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"плакал","lemma":"плакать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сидел","gloss":"wept"},{"surface":"плакал","lemma":"плакать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"repeats плакал for emphasis","gloss":"wept","note":"Dostoevsky repeats the verb across the dash for emphasis, not as a new clause."},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies был","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the точно-clause","gloss":"he were"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies маленький","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"маленький","lemma":"маленький","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мальчик","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"мальчик","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"boy"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies двадцатилетний","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"двадцатилетний","lemma":"двадцатилетний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"twenty-year-old"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies двадцатилетний","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"молодой","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"contrasted with мальчик","gloss":"man"}]},{"number":77,"label":"77","id":"b9-c9-s77","source":"О, он поверил в виновность. Мити почти вполне!","translation":"Oh, he believed in Mitya's guilt almost completely!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"поверил в виновность","title":"«поверить в» + accusative","body":"«Верить/поверить в» ('to believe in') governs «в» plus the accusative «виновность» — he came to believe in [Mitya's] guilt. The perfective «поверил» marks the belief as a settled conviction now reached. «О, ...» opens the sentence with an exclamatory sigh of the narrator's voice."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"виновность","title":"«виновность» — guilt, culpability","body":"«Виновность» is the abstract noun 'guiltiness, culpability' (from «виноватый», 'guilty'), more juridical than «вина» ('guilt, fault'). It frames Kalganov's belief as a verdict on whether Mitya did the deed."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection opening the sentence","gloss":"Oh"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поверил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"поверил","lemma":"поверить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"believed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking виновность","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"виновность","lemma":"виновность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поверил","gloss":"the guilt"},{"surface":"Мити","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies виновность","gloss":"Mitya's"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вполне","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"вполне","lemma":"вполне","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поверил","gloss":"completely"}]},{"number":78,"label":"78","id":"b9-c9-s78","source":"«Что же это за люди, какие же после того могут быть люди!» — бессвязно восклицал он в горьком унынии, почти в отчаянии.","translation":"\"What sort of people are these — what kind of people can there be after this!\" he exclaimed incoherently, in bitter dejection, almost in despair.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что же это за люди, какие же... могут быть люди","title":"«что за» / «какие» + the indignant «же»","body":"«Что за люди» is the idiom 'what sort of people' (with «за» fossilised, the noun staying nominative), echoed by «какие... люди» ('what kind of people'). The particle «же», twice, loads the question with indignant emphasis — 'what on earth kind of people'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"какие же после того могут быть люди","title":"Predicate «люди» with «могут быть»","body":"«Могут быть люди» links the modal «могут» ('can') to «быть» plus the predicate «люди»; here, with «какие», the complement stays nominative as the questioned subject: 'what kind of people can there be'. «После того» = 'after that, after such a thing'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в горьком унынии","title":"«уныние» — dejection, despondency","body":"«Уныние» is heavy low spirits, dejection — in Orthodox moral vocabulary one of the soul's besetting sins (acedia, spiritual despondency). «В горьком унынии» ('in bitter dejection') gives Kalganov's collapse a faintly spiritual weight beyond mere sadness."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom что за","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Что","gloss":"really","note":"же is an emphatic particle here, roughly 'anyway/really' — it has no direct translation."},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom что за","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom что за","gloss":"kind of","note":"что за люди is an idiom meaning 'what sort of people'."},{"surface":"люди","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"какие","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"predicate modifier of люди","gloss":"what kind of"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies какие","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of после","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"могут","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of могут","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"люди","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of могут","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"бессвязно","lemma":"бессвязно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies восклицал","gloss":"incoherently"},{"surface":"восклицал","lemma":"восклицать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"exclaimed"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of восклицал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking унынии","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"горьком","lemma":"горький","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies унынии","gloss":"bitter"},{"surface":"унынии","lemma":"уныние","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of восклицал","gloss":"dejection"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отчаянии","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отчаянии","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"отчаянии","lemma":"отчаяние","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with унынии","gloss":"despair"}]},{"number":79,"label":"79","id":"b9-c9-s79","source":"Не хотелось даже и жить ему в ту минуту на свете.","translation":"He had no wish even to go on living in the world at that moment.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не хотелось даже и жить ему","title":"Impersonal «не хотелось» + dative experiencer","body":"The impersonal «хотелось» (neuter, reflexive «-ся») with the dative «ему» means 'he did not even feel like living' — desire framed as something happening to him, not chosen by him. «Даже и» ('even') intensifies; the negated «не хотелось жить» is a softened, involuntary 'he had no wish to live'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в ту минуту","title":"«в ту минуту» — accusative of time","body":"The demonstrative «ту» (feminine accusative of «тот») with «минуту» forms the time phrase 'at that moment'. «В» + accusative is the regular way to pin an action to a point in time."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хотелось","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хотелось","lemma":"хотеться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he had no wish"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies жить","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"intensifies даже","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"жить","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хотелось","gloss":"to live"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"dative experiencer of хотелось","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ту","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуту","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of хотелось","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking свете","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"свете","lemma":"свет","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of жить","gloss":"the world"}]},{"number":80,"label":"80","id":"b9-c9-s80","source":"«Стоит ли, стоит ли!» — восклицал огорченный юноша.","translation":"\"Is it worth it, is it worth it!\" exclaimed the grief-stricken youth.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Стоит ли, стоит ли!","title":"Impersonal «стоит» + the particle «ли»","body":"«Стоит ли» is the impersonal 'is it worth it?' — «стоит» ('it is worth') with the yes/no particle «ли» making the question. The doubled, exclamatory repetition turns the genuine question into a cry of despair: 'is it even worth it!'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"огорченный юноша","title":"«юноша» and «огорчённый»","body":"«Юноша» is the bookish, slightly elevated word for a youth, a young man (warmer and more lyrical than «молодой человек»). «Огорчённый» is the past passive participle of «огорчить» ('to grieve, distress'), here adjectival: 'the grief-stricken youth'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Стоит","lemma":"стоить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is it worth"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Стоит","gloss":"(marks question)"},{"surface":"стоит","lemma":"стоить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to Стоит","gloss":"is it worth"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стоит","gloss":"(marks question)"},{"surface":"восклицал","lemma":"восклицать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to Стоит","gloss":"exclaimed"},{"surface":"огорченный","lemma":"огорчённый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies юноша","gloss":"grief-stricken"},{"surface":"юноша","lemma":"юноша","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of восклицал","gloss":"the youth"}]}]}