{"work":{"slug":"karamazov","title":{"source":"Братья Карамазовы","translated":"The Brothers Karamazov"},"author":"Fyodor Dostoevsky","language":"Russian","languageCode":"ru","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov"},"unit":{"kind":"chapter","number":null,"id":"elders","title":{"source":"V. Старцы","translated":"V. Elders"},"section":"Book One: The History of a Family","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/elders","lines":125},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/third-son-alyosha","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b2-c1","license":"Source text: public domain (Fyodor Dostoevsky, d. 1881; Russian from the Nauka academic edition via ru.wikisource). English translation: original, © 1732 Studios (2026); rendered freshly from the public-domain Russian, not derived from any prior English translation. Sentence-aligned by 1732 Studios.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"c5-s1","source":"Может быть, кто из читателей подумает, что мой молодой человек был болезненная, экстазная, бедно развитая натура, бледный мечтатель, чахлый и испитой человечек.","translation":"Perhaps some readers will suppose that my young man was a sickly, ecstatic, poorly developed nature — a pale dreamer, a stunted and wasted little fellow.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Может быть, кто из читателей подумает","title":"«может быть» + perfective future","body":"«подумает» is the perfective future of «подумать» — a single, completed act of supposing. With «может быть» («maybe») it frames a hypothetical reader who will, at a stroke, form this impression. Note the bare «кто из читателей» — «who among the readers», i.e. 'one of'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"чахлый и испитой человечек","title":"«человечек» and a chain of frail adjectives","body":"«человечек» is the diminutive of «человек» — a 'little fellow', here faintly contemptuous. «чахлый» means stunted, sickly (as a plant); «испитой» means wasted, drawn, drink-worn. The whole sentence piles up the consumptive cliché the narrator is about to demolish."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"был болезненная, экстазная, бедно развитая натура","title":"Predicate noun «натура» with masculine subject","body":"«мой молодой человек был ... натура» links a masculine subject to a feminine predicate noun «натура» («a nature, a type»), so the modifiers agree with «натура», not with him. The bare nominative predicate (rather than instrumental «натурой») is itself a 19th-century literary flavour."}],"words":[{"surface":"Может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to подумает","gloss":"perhaps","note":"может быть is a fixed idiom meaning 'perhaps'"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of Может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of подумает","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking читателей","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"читателей","lemma":"читатель","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies кто","gloss":"readers"},{"surface":"подумает","lemma":"подумать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will suppose"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of болезненная","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of человек","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"молодой","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of болезненная","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to болезненная","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"болезненная","lemma":"болезненный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies натура","gloss":"sickly"},{"surface":"экстазная","lemma":"экстазный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with болезненная","gloss":"ecstatic"},{"surface":"бедно","lemma":"бедно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies развитая","gloss":"poorly"},{"surface":"развитая","lemma":"развитой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies натура","gloss":"developed"},{"surface":"натура","lemma":"натура","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of подумает","gloss":"nature"},{"surface":"бледный","lemma":"бледный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мечтатель","gloss":"pale"},{"surface":"мечтатель","lemma":"мечтатель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with натура","gloss":"dreamer"},{"surface":"чахлый","lemma":"чахлый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человечек","gloss":"stunted"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"испитой","lemma":"испитой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with чахлый","gloss":"wasted"},{"surface":"человечек","lemma":"человечек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with натура","gloss":"little fellow"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"c5-s2","source":"Напротив, Алеша был в то время статный, краснощекий, со светлым взором, пышущий здоровьем девятнадцатилетний подросток.","translation":"On the contrary, Alyosha was at that time a well-built, ruddy-cheeked youth of nineteen, clear-eyed and brimming with health.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пышущий здоровьем","title":"Present active participle + instrumental","body":"«пышущий» is the present active participle of «пышать/пыхать» («to glow, blaze»), modifying «подросток»: 'glowing with health'. The means of the glowing, «здоровьем», stands in the instrumental — the case of the instrument or stuff something is filled with."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"статный, краснощекий, со светлым взором","title":"A portrait in robust adjectives","body":"«статный» = well-built, stately of figure; «краснощёкий» = ruddy-cheeked (a compound of «красный» + «щека»); «взор» is the bookish, elevated word for 'gaze' (vs everyday «взгляд»). The cluster deliberately reverses the sickly portrait of s1."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Напротив","title":"«напротив» as a contrastive opener","body":"«Напротив» ('on the contrary') opens the sentence as a rhetorical pivot against the imagined reader of s1. Russian freely fronts such adverbs to signal the discourse turn before the new content arrives."}],"words":[{"surface":"Напротив","lemma":"напротив","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to подросток","gloss":"on the contrary"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of статный","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to статный","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking время","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of статный","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"статный","lemma":"статный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"clause modifying подросток","gloss":"well-built"},{"surface":"краснощекий","lemma":"краснощёкий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with статный","gloss":"ruddy-cheeked"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"со","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking взором","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"светлым","lemma":"светлый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies взором","gloss":"clear"},{"surface":"взором","lemma":"взор","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with статный","gloss":"gaze"},{"surface":"пышущий","lemma":"пыхать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, accusative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying подросток","gloss":"brimming"},{"surface":"здоровьем","lemma":"здоровье","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of пышущий","gloss":"health"},{"surface":"девятнадцатилетний","lemma":"девятнадцатилетний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies подросток","gloss":"nineteen-year-old"},{"surface":"подросток","lemma":"подросток","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"youth"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"c5-s3","source":"Он был в то время даже очень красив собою, строен, средне-высокого роста, темно-рус, с правильным, хотя несколько удлиненным овалом лица, с блестящими темно-серыми широко расставленными глазами, весьма задумчивый и по-видимому весьма спокойный.","translation":"He was, at that time, even very handsome — shapely, of medium-to-tall height, dark-haired, with a regular though somewhat elongated oval of a face, with shining dark-gray, wide-set eyes, deeply thoughtful and to all appearances perfectly calm.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"очень красив собою, строен","title":"Short-form predicate adjectives","body":"«красив» and «строен» are short forms of «красивый» and «стройный», usable only as predicates and carrying a more bookish, almost timeless ring than the long forms. «красив собою» («handsome of himself, in his person») uses the instrumental of the reflexive «себя»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с блестящими темно-серыми широко расставленными глазами","title":"Stacked instrumental modifiers after «с»","body":"The preposition «с» ('with') governs the instrumental, so the whole bundle — «блестящими ... глазами» — is instrumental plural. «расставленными» is a past passive participle ('set apart, spaced'), here long-form and attributive: literally 'widely-set eyes'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"темно-рус","title":"«рус» — dark-fair hair","body":"«русый» (short form «рус») names the light-to-medium brown hair so common in Russia that it has its own root, kin to «Русь». «тёмно-рус» is its darker shade — neither black nor blond. English has no single word, hence 'dark-haired' in the gloss."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of красив","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to красив","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking время","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of красив","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies очень","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies красив","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"красив","lemma":"красивый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"handsome"},{"surface":"собою","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, reflexive","role":"oblique complement of красив","gloss":"in himself","note":"красив собою = 'handsome in his person', an old-fashioned turn of phrase"},{"surface":"строен","lemma":"стройный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with красив","gloss":"shapely"},{"surface":"средне","lemma":"средний","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies высокого","gloss":"medium"},{"surface":"высокого","lemma":"высокий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies роста","gloss":"tall"},{"surface":"роста","lemma":"рост","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with красив","gloss":"height"},{"surface":"темно","lemma":"тёмный","morphology":"adverb, combining form","role":"modifies рус","gloss":"dark"},{"surface":"рус","lemma":"русый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with красив","gloss":"haired"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking овалом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"правильным","lemma":"правильный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies овалом","gloss":"regular"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive aside on удлиненным","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies удлиненным","gloss":"somewhat"},{"surface":"удлиненным","lemma":"удлинённый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies овалом","gloss":"elongated"},{"surface":"овалом","lemma":"овал","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of красив","gloss":"an oval"},{"surface":"лица","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies овалом","gloss":"of a face"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глазами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"блестящими","lemma":"блестящий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies глазами","gloss":"shining"},{"surface":"темно","lemma":"тёмный","morphology":"adverb, combining form","role":"modifies серыми","gloss":"dark"},{"surface":"серыми","lemma":"серый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies глазами","gloss":"gray"},{"surface":"широко","lemma":"широко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies расставленными","gloss":"wide"},{"surface":"расставленными","lemma":"расставленный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies глазами","gloss":"set"},{"surface":"глазами","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with овалом","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"весьма","lemma":"весьма","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies задумчивый","gloss":"deeply"},{"surface":"задумчивый","lemma":"задумчивый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with красив","gloss":"thoughtful"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по-видимому","morphology":"adverb, combining form","role":"modifies спокойный","gloss":"to","note":"по-видимому is a single compound adverb meaning 'apparently'"},{"surface":"видимому","lemma":"по-видимому","morphology":"adverb, combining form","role":"modifies спокойный","gloss":"all appearances"},{"surface":"весьма","lemma":"весьма","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спокойный","gloss":"perfectly"},{"surface":"спокойный","lemma":"спокойный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with задумчивый","gloss":"calm"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"c5-s4","source":"Скажут, может быть, что красные щеки не мешают ни фанатизму, ни мистицизму; а мне так кажется, что Алеша был даже больше, чем кто-нибудь, реалистом.","translation":"It may be objected that ruddy cheeks are no obstacle to fanaticism or to mysticism; but to me it seems that Alyosha was a realist even more than anyone else.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Скажут, может быть, что","title":"Indefinite 3rd-plural «скажут»","body":"«Скажут» is a subjectless 3rd-person-plural perfective future — 'they will say / it will be objected', a standard Russian way to attribute a view to no one in particular. The narrator stages an anonymous critic to answer."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не мешают ни фанатизму, ни мистицизму","title":"«ни ... ни» with the dative of «мешать»","body":"«мешать» ('to hinder') governs the dative, so 'fanaticism' and 'mysticism' appear as datives «фанатизму, мистицизму'. The paired «ни ... ни» ('neither ... nor') reinforces the negation «не мешают» — Russian negative concord at work."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"был даже больше, чем кто-нибудь, реалистом","title":"Predicate instrumental «реалистом»","body":"After «был» the predicate noun takes the instrumental: «реалистом», not «реалист». The instrumental frames being-a-realist as a state in time. «кто-нибудь» here is the non-specific indefinite 'anyone at all'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Скажут","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"it will be said","note":"impersonal 'they will say', rendered freely as 'it may be objected'"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical aside within the clause","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of мешают","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"красные","lemma":"красный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies щеки","gloss":"ruddy"},{"surface":"щеки","lemma":"щека","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of мешают","gloss":"cheeks"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мешают","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мешают","lemma":"мешать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of Скажут","gloss":"hinder"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"neither"},{"surface":"фанатизму","lemma":"фанатизм","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of мешают","gloss":"fanaticism"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"мистицизму","lemma":"мистицизм","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with фанатизму","gloss":"mysticism"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of кажется","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies кажется","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause, coordinated with Скажут","gloss":"seems"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of больше","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of реалистом","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to реалистом","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies больше","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies реалистом","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparative clause with больше","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто-нибудь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, combining form","role":"oblique complement of больше","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"кто-нибудь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, combining form","role":"oblique complement of больше","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"реалистом","lemma":"реалист","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"a realist"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"c5-s5","source":"О, конечно, в монастыре он совершенно веровал в чудеса, но, по-моему, чудеса реалиста никогда не смутят.","translation":"Oh, of course, in the monastery he believed wholeheartedly in miracles; but, to my mind, miracles will never trouble a realist.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"веровал","title":"«веровать» vs «верить»","body":"«веровать» is the solemn, bookish-religious verb 'to have faith / believe in', distinct from everyday «верить». Throughout this passage Dostoevsky toggles deliberately between them; «веровал в чудеса» is faith proper, not mere crediting a report."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чудеса реалиста никогда не смутят","title":"Free word order + negative concord","body":"Object «реалиста» (animate accusative = genitive form) precedes the verb, while «чудеса» is the subject — case endings, not order, keep them apart. «никогда не смутят» pairs the negative adverb with «не», the obligatory double negation."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"parallel clause to веровал","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to веровал","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking монастыре","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"монастыре","lemma":"монастырь","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of веровал","gloss":"the monastery"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of веровал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"совершенно","lemma":"совершенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies веровал","gloss":"wholeheartedly"},{"surface":"веровал","lemma":"веровать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"believed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чудеса","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"чудеса","lemma":"чудо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of веровал","gloss":"miracles"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по-моему","morphology":"adverb, combining form","role":"modifies смутят","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"моему","lemma":"по-моему","morphology":"adverb, combining form","role":"modifies смутят","gloss":"my mind","note":"по-моему is a single compound adverb, 'in my opinion'"},{"surface":"чудеса","lemma":"чудо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of смутят","gloss":"miracles"},{"surface":"реалиста","lemma":"реалист","morphology":"noun, accusative (syncretic with genitive, animate masculine), singular","role":"direct object of смутят","gloss":"a realist"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смутят","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смутят","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"смутят","lemma":"смутить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with веровал","gloss":"will trouble"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"c5-s6","source":"Не чудеса склоняют реалиста к вере.","translation":"It is not miracles that incline a realist toward faith.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не чудеса склоняют реалиста к вере.","title":"Fronted «не» negating the subject","body":"Here «не» negates not the verb but the fronted subject «чудеса» — 'it is not miracles that incline...'. This contrastive negation (something else does the inclining) is a hallmark of Russian's flexible, focus-driven word order."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies чудеса","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"чудеса","lemma":"чудо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of склоняют","gloss":"miracles"},{"surface":"склоняют","lemma":"склонять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"incline"},{"surface":"реалиста","lemma":"реалист","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of склоняют","gloss":"a realist"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вере","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"вере","lemma":"вера","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies реалиста","gloss":"faith"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"c5-s7","source":"Истинный реалист, если он не верующий, всегда найдет в себе силу и способность не поверить и чуду, а если чудо станет пред ним неотразимым фактом, то он скорее не поверит своим чувствам, чем допустит факт.","translation":"A true realist, if he is not a believer, will always find in himself the strength and the capacity to disbelieve even a miracle, and if a miracle should stand before him as an undeniable fact, he will sooner distrust his own senses than admit the fact.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"если он не верующий","title":"«верующий» as substantivized participle","body":"«верующий» is a present active participle of «веровать/верить» used as a noun — 'a believer, one who has faith'. The clause is a zero-copula present: 'if he [is] not a believer', no verb needed."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"если чудо станет пред ним неотразимым фактом","title":"Predicate instrumental after «станет»","body":"«стать» ('to become') takes its predicate noun in the instrumental, so a miracle 'becomes' «неотразимым фактом» ('an irresistible fact'), adjective and noun both instrumental. «пред» is the bookish/archaic form of «перед» ('before'), governing the instrumental «ним»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"он скорее не поверит своим чувствам, чем допустит факт","title":"«скорее ... чем» comparative construction","body":"«скорее ... чем» ('sooner ... than') sets up a comparison of two perfective futures, «не поверит» and «допустит». «поверить» governs the dative, hence «своим чувствам» ('his own senses'), with the reflexive possessive «свой» pointing back to the subject."}],"words":[{"surface":"Истинный","lemma":"истинный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies реалист","gloss":"a true"},{"surface":"реалист","lemma":"реалист","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of найдет","gloss":"realist"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of верующий","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of верующий","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies верующий","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"верующий","lemma":"верующий","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial clause on найдет","gloss":"a believer"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies найдет","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"найдет","lemma":"найти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will find"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, locative","role":"oblique complement of найдет","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"силу","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of найдет","gloss":"the strength"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"способность","lemma":"способность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with силу","gloss":"the capacity"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поверить","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"поверить","lemma":"поверить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"modifies способность","gloss":"to believe"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle modifying чуду","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"чуду","lemma":"чудо","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of поверить","gloss":"a miracle"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of станет","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"чудо","lemma":"чудо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of станет","gloss":"a miracle"},{"surface":"станет","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on поверит","gloss":"should stand"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of станет","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"неотразимым","lemma":"неотразимый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies фактом","gloss":"undeniable"},{"surface":"фактом","lemma":"факт","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of станет","gloss":"a fact"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of поверит","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поверит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"скорее","lemma":"скорее","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поверит","gloss":"sooner"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поверит","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"поверит","lemma":"поверить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with найдет","gloss":"trust"},{"surface":"своим","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"determiner of чувствам","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"чувствам","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, plural","role":"indirect object of поверит","gloss":"senses"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparative clause with поверит","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"допустит","lemma":"допустить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on поверит","gloss":"admit"},{"surface":"факт","lemma":"факт","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of допустит","gloss":"the fact"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"c5-s8","source":"Если же и допустит его, то допустит как факт естественный, но доселе лишь бывший ему неизвестным.","translation":"And if he does admit it, then he will admit it as a natural fact that until now had simply been unknown to him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Если же и допустит его","title":"Particle «же» + concessive «и»","body":"The particle «же» here is concessive-emphatic, picking up the prior thought ('and even if he does admit it...'), while «и» before the verb means 'even'. Together they add the conversational texture English renders only with stress and 'does'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"доселе лишь бывший ему неизвестным","title":"Past active participle «бывший» + dative","body":"«бывший» is the past active participle of «быть» ('having been'), modifying «факт»: a fact 'until now only having been unknown to him'. «ему» is a dative of the experiencer ('to him'), and «неизвестным» is instrumental as the participle's predicate. «доселе» is an archaic 'until now'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of допустит","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Если","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies допустит","gloss":"does"},{"surface":"допустит","lemma":"допустить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the если-clause","gloss":"admit"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of допустит","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of допустит","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"допустит","lemma":"допустить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will admit"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"preposition marking факт","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"факт","lemma":"факт","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of допустит","gloss":"a fact"},{"surface":"естественный","lemma":"естественный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies факт","gloss":"natural"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"доселе","lemma":"доселе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бывший","gloss":"until now"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies бывший","gloss":"simply"},{"surface":"бывший","lemma":"бывший","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies факт","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of бывший","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"неизвестным","lemma":"неизвестный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of бывший","gloss":"unknown"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"c5-s9","source":"В реалисте вера не от чуда рождается, а чудо от веры.","translation":"In a realist, faith is not born of a miracle; rather, the miracle is born of faith.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вера не от чуда рождается, а чудо от веры","title":"Reflexive «-ся» + the contrastive «а»","body":"«рождается» is the reflexive/middle form ('is born, arises'). The conjunction «а» sets the two halves in balanced opposition — not the strong 'but' of «но» but a pivoting 'whereas'. Note the chiastic order: faith-from-miracle vs miracle-from-faith."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не от чуда ... от веры","title":"Genitive after «от»","body":"«от» ('from, out of') governs the genitive: «чуда» (from «чудо») and «веры» (from «вера»). The source of birth is cast in the genitive of origin."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking реалисте","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"реалисте","lemma":"реалист","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of рождается","gloss":"a realist"},{"surface":"вера","lemma":"вера","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of рождается","gloss":"faith"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies рождается","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чуда","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"чуда","lemma":"чудо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of рождается","gloss":"a miracle"},{"surface":"рождается","lemma":"рождаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is born"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"rather"},{"surface":"чудо","lemma":"чудо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with вера","gloss":"the miracle"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking веры","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"веры","lemma":"вера","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies чудо","gloss":"faith"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"c5-s10","source":"Если реалист раз поверит, то он именно по реализму своему должен непременно допустить и чудо.","translation":"Once a realist comes to believe, then by the very logic of his realism he must inevitably admit the miracle as well.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"по реализму своему должен непременно допустить","title":"«по» + dative; reflexive «свой»","body":"«по» here governs the dative «реализму» in the sense 'in accordance with, by virtue of'. «своему» is the reflexive possessive agreeing with it ('his own realism'). «непременно» ('without fail') intensifies the obligation «должен ... допустить»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Если реалист раз поверит","title":"Conditional with perfective future","body":"A real (not hypothetical) condition: «если» + perfective future «поверит» ('once he comes to believe'), with «раз» here as the adverb 'once'. No «бы», so this is the indicative conditional, not the subjunctive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of поверит","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"реалист","lemma":"реалист","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поверит","gloss":"a realist"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поверит","gloss":"once","note":"here раз is the adverb 'once', not the noun 'time'"},{"surface":"поверит","lemma":"поверить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on должен","gloss":"comes to believe"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of должен","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of должен","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies реализму","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking реализму","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"реализму","lemma":"реализм","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of должен","gloss":"realism"},{"surface":"своему","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of реализму","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"должен","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies допустить","gloss":"inevitably"},{"surface":"допустить","lemma":"допустить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of должен","gloss":"admit"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"чудо","lemma":"чудо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of допустить","gloss":"the miracle"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"c5-s11","source":"Апостол Фома объявил, что не поверит, прежде чем не увидит, а когда увидел, сказал: «Господь мой и бог мой!»","translation":"The apostle Thomas declared that he would not believe until he saw, and when he saw, he said: \"My Lord and my God!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"прежде чем не увидит","title":"Pleonastic «не» after «прежде чем»","body":"The «не» in «прежде чем не увидит» is expletive — it has no negative force, a 19th-century construction meaning simply 'before he saw'. Modern Russian drops it («прежде чем увидит»). «увидит» is the perfective future for the single act of seeing."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Господь мой и бог мой","title":"«Господь» — the Lord","body":"«Господь» is the special form of 'Lord' reserved for God (vs «господин», 'master/Mr.'), with its own irregular declension (gen./acc. «Господа»). Thomas's cry is the Church-Slavonic-tinged liturgical confession of John 20:28."}],"words":[{"surface":"Апостол","lemma":"апостол","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of объявил","gloss":"the apostle"},{"surface":"Фома","lemma":"фома","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Апостол","gloss":"Thomas"},{"surface":"объявил","lemma":"объявить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"declared"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of поверит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поверит","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"поверит","lemma":"поверить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of объявил","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction, combining form","role":"introduces the clause of увидит","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"прежде чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction, combining form","role":"part of the phrase прежде","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies увидит","gloss":"not","note":"pleonastic negation, has no separate meaning here"},{"surface":"увидит","lemma":"увидеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on поверит","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of увидел","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"увидел","lemma":"увидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on сказал","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with объявил","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Господь","lemma":"господь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the quoted exclamation","gloss":"Lord"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Господь","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"бог","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Господь","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of бог","gloss":"my"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"c5-s12","source":"Чудо ли заставило его уверовать?","translation":"Was it a miracle that made him believe?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Чудо ли заставило его уверовать?","title":"Interrogative particle «ли»","body":"Fronting the focused word «чудо» and following it with «ли» builds a literary yes/no question: 'Was it a miracle that...?' This is more formal than mere rising intonation and throws the stress squarely onto 'miracle'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"уверовать","title":"«уверовать» — to come to faith","body":"The prefixed perfective of «веровать»: not 'to believe' generally but the inceptive 'to come to believe, to attain faith' — the single conversion event. It recurs through this passage as the key spiritual verb."}],"words":[{"surface":"Чудо","lemma":"чудо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of заставило","gloss":"a miracle"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"marks the yes/no question","gloss":"was it"},{"surface":"заставило","lemma":"заставить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of заставило","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"уверовать","lemma":"уверовать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of заставило","gloss":"believe"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"c5-s13","source":"Вероятнее всего, что нет, а уверовал он лишь единственно потому, что желал уверовать и, может быть, уже веровал вполне, в тайнике существа своего, даже еще тогда, когда произносил: «Не поверю, пока не увижу».","translation":"Most likely not; rather, he came to believe solely because he wished to believe, and perhaps already believed completely, in the innermost recess of his being, even at the very moment when he was saying: \"I will not believe until I see.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"уверовал он лишь единственно потому, что желал уверовать","title":"Aspect contrast: «уверовал» vs «веровал»","body":"The perfective «уверовал» marks the completed event of coming to faith; the imperfective «веровал ... желал» just below names ongoing states ('already believed', 'wished'). The pairing dramatizes Dostoevsky's point: the faith preceded the event."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в тайнике существа своего","title":"Reflexive «свой» + genitive chain","body":"Literally 'in the secret recess of his [own] being'. «существа своего» is a genitive of possession with the reflexive «свой» referring back to Thomas. «тайник» ('hiding-place, recess') from «тайна» ('secret')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"когда произносил: «Не поверю, пока не увижу»","title":"Imperfective «произносил» + «пока не»","body":"«произносил» is imperfective past ('was uttering, kept saying') — process, not single act. Inside the quote, «пока не увижу» ('until I see') uses the idiomatic «пока не» with the perfective future, where the «не» is again expletive, not truly negative."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вероятнее","lemma":"вероятный","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"most likely"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of Вероятнее","gloss":"of all"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of нет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"clausal complement of Вероятнее","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"rather"},{"surface":"уверовал","lemma":"уверовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with нет","gloss":"came to believe"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of уверовал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies единственно","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"единственно","lemma":"единственно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies потому","gloss":"solely"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому что","morphology":"adverb, combining form","role":"modifies уверовал","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"потому что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction, combining form","role":"introduces the clause of желал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"желал","lemma":"желать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on потому","gloss":"he wished"},{"surface":"уверовать","lemma":"уверовать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of желал","gloss":"to believe"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to веровал","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies веровал","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"веровал","lemma":"веровать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with желал","gloss":"believed"},{"surface":"вполне","lemma":"вполне","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies веровал","gloss":"completely"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тайнике","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"тайнике","lemma":"тайник","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of веровал","gloss":"the recess"},{"surface":"существа","lemma":"существо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies тайнике","gloss":"of his being"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of существа","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies еще","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies тогда","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies веровал","gloss":"at the very moment"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of произносил","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"произносил","lemma":"произносить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on тогда","gloss":"he was saying"},{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поверю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"поверю","lemma":"поверить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to произносил","gloss":"I will believe"},{"surface":"пока","lemma":"пока","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of увижу","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies увижу","gloss":"not","note":"pleonastic negation with пока не = 'until'"},{"surface":"увижу","lemma":"увидеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on поверю","gloss":"I see"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"c5-s14","source":"Скажут, может быть, что Алеша был туп, неразвит, не кончил курса и проч.","translation":"It may be objected that Alyosha was dull, undeveloped, that he had not finished his studies, and so forth.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"туп, неразвит ... и проч.","title":"Short adjectives and «и проч.»","body":"«туп» and «неразвит» are short-form predicates ('dull', 'undeveloped'). «и проч.» abbreviates «и прочее» ('and the rest, etc.'), the standard 19th-century 'and so forth' — a colloquial throwaway closing the imagined objection."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"не кончил курса","title":"«кончить курс» — to finish one's studies","body":"«кончить курс(а)» idiomatically means to complete a course of study (here, the gymnasium/university course). The genitive «курса» under negation. Alyosha is a school drop-out by the world's measure — the charge the narrator rebuts."}],"words":[{"surface":"Скажут","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (impersonal 'people will say')","gloss":"it may be said"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical 'может быть' modifying Скажут","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может, part of parenthetical 'может быть'","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of был","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking Алеша to туп","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"туп","lemma":"тупой","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement linked by был","gloss":"dull"},{"surface":"неразвит","lemma":"неразвитый","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with туп","gloss":"undeveloped"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кончил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"кончил","lemma":"кончить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with был (parallel predicate)","gloss":"finished"},{"surface":"курса","lemma":"курс","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of кончил","gloss":"his studies"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"проч","lemma":"прочее","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with курса","gloss":"so forth","note":"Abbreviation for 'прочее' — 'and so on/etcetera.'"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"c5-s15","source":"Что он не кончил курса, это была правда, но сказать, что он был туп или глуп, было бы большою несправедливостью.","translation":"That he did not finish his studies was true, but to say that he was dull or stupid would be a great injustice.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сказать ... было бы большою несправедливостью","title":"Subjunctive «бы» + predicate instrumental","body":"«было бы» is the conditional/subjunctive ('would be'): past-tense «было» + particle «бы». Its predicate noun stands in the instrumental — «большою несправедливостью» ('a great injustice'), with the archaic instrumental ending «-ою» for «-ой»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что он не кончил курса, это была правда","title":"Fronted clause resumed by «это»","body":"The «что»-clause is fronted as topic, then resumed by the dummy «это» ('that he didn't finish — this was true'). This left-dislocation is a natural Russian way to weigh a whole proposition as the theme."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of кончил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of кончил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кончил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"кончил","lemma":"кончить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clause resumed by это, subject of была правда","gloss":"finished"},{"surface":"курса","lemma":"курс","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of кончил","gloss":"his studies"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of была, resuming the что-clause","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking это to правда","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"правда","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of была","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"subject of было бы","gloss":"to say"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of был","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking он to туп","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"туп","lemma":"тупой","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement linked by был, coordinated with глуп","gloss":"dull"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"глуп","lemma":"глупый","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with туп","gloss":"stupid"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula (with бы) linking сказать-clause to несправедливостью","gloss":"would be"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"forms the conditional было бы","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"большою","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies несправедливостью","gloss":"a great"},{"surface":"несправедливостью","lemma":"несправедливость","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of было бы","gloss":"an injustice"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"c5-s16","source":"Просто повторю, что сказал уже выше: вступил он на эту дорогу потому только, что в то время она одна поразила его и представила ему разом весь идеал исхода рвавшейся из мрака к свету души его.","translation":"I will simply repeat what I have already said above: he set out upon this path only because at that time it alone struck him and offered him, all at once, the whole ideal of an escape for his soul, which was straining out of darkness toward the light.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"рвавшейся из мрака к свету души его","title":"Past active participle in a dense modifier","body":"«рвавшейся» is the past active participle of the reflexive «рваться» ('to strain, tear oneself'), genitive feminine agreeing with «души» — 'of his soul, which was straining out of darkness toward the light'. A whole который-clause compressed into one participial phrase, the signature of bookish Russian."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вступил он на эту дорогу потому только, что","title":"«вступить на» + accusative of motion","body":"«вступил ... на эту дорогу» ('set out upon this path') uses «на» + accusative for motion onto/toward. The split «потому ... что» ('because') frames the cause, with «только» squeezed in to mean 'only because'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"идеал исхода","title":"«исход» — a way out, an exodus","body":"«исход» means 'outcome, way out, egress' — and, capitalized, the biblical Exodus. Here 'the whole ideal of an escape' for the soul: the word carries a faint scriptural resonance of deliverance."}],"words":[{"surface":"Просто","lemma":"просто","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies повторю","gloss":"simply"},{"surface":"повторю","lemma":"повторить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I will repeat"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сказал, clausal complement of повторю","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of повторю","gloss":"I said"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказал","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"выше","lemma":"высоко","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies сказал","gloss":"above"},{"surface":"вступил","lemma":"вступить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause following the colon","gloss":"he set out"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вступил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дорогу","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of дорогу","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"дорогу","lemma":"дорога","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вступил","gloss":"path"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вступил, correlates with что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase потому только","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of поразила","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking время","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of поразила","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of поразила","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"одна","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicative modifier of она ('alone')","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"поразила","lemma":"поразить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of the что-clause, coordinated with представила","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of поразила","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"представила","lemma":"представить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with поразила","gloss":"offered"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of представила","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"разом","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial modifier of представила ('at once')","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of идеал","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"идеал","lemma":"идеал","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of представила","gloss":"ideal"},{"surface":"исхода","lemma":"исход","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies идеал","gloss":"of an escape"},{"surface":"рвавшейся","lemma":"рваться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, genitive, imperfective","role":"modifies души","gloss":"straining"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мрака","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"мрака","lemma":"мрак","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of рвавшейся","gloss":"darkness"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking свету","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"свету","lemma":"свет","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of рвавшейся","gloss":"light"},{"surface":"души","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies исхода","gloss":"soul's"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies души","gloss":"his"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"c5-s17","source":"Прибавьте, что он был юноша отчасти уже нашего последнего времени, то есть честный по природе своей, требующий правды, ищущий ее и верующий в нее, а уверовав, требующий немедленного участия в ней всею силой души своей, требующий скорого подвига, с непременным желанием хотя бы всем пожертвовать для этого подвига, даже жизнью.","translation":"Add to this that he was a youth belonging in part already to our own latest age — that is, honest by his nature, demanding the truth, seeking it and believing in it, and, once he believed, demanding to take part in it at once with the whole strength of his soul, demanding some swift act of devotion, with an unfailing wish to sacrifice everything for that act, even his life.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Прибавьте, что","title":"Imperative «прибавьте»","body":"«Прибавьте» is the polite/plural imperative of «прибавить» ('to add'), addressing the reader directly: 'Add [to this] that...'. The narrator's familiar, button-holing voice steers the reader through the argument."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"требующий правды, ищущий ее и верующий в нее","title":"A chain of present active participles","body":"«требующий ... ищущий ... верующий» are three present active participles in apposition, each naming an ongoing trait of the youth. «требующий правды» takes the genitive (the verb 'demand' governs gen.); «ищущий её» and «верующий в неё» continue the rhythm. This participial cascade is intensely literary."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"а уверовав, требующий немедленного участия","title":"Perfective gerund «уверовав»","body":"«уверовав» is the perfective past gerund (деепричастие) of «уверовать»: 'having come to believe'. It names a prior, completed act framing the participles that follow, all sharing the subject 'youth'. Gerund + participle stacking is peak Dostoevskian syntax."}],"words":[{"surface":"Прибавьте","lemma":"прибавить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"add"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of был","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking он to юноша","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"юноша","lemma":"юноша","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of Прибавьте","gloss":"a youth"},{"surface":"отчасти","lemma":"отчасти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies времени","gloss":"in part"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нашего последнего времени","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"нашего","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of времени","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"последнего","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies времени","gloss":"latest"},{"surface":"времени","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies юноша (genitive of characteristic)","gloss":"age"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase то есть ('that is')","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the phrase то есть","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"честный","lemma":"честный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies юноша","gloss":"honest"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking природе","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"природе","lemma":"природа","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies честный","gloss":"nature"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, dative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of природе","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"требующий","lemma":"требовать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"coordinated with честный, modifies юноша","gloss":"demanding"},{"surface":"правды","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of требующий","gloss":"the truth"},{"surface":"ищущий","lemma":"искать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"coordinated with требующий","gloss":"seeking"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of ищущий","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"верующий","lemma":"веровать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"coordinated with ищущий","gloss":"believing"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of верующий","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уверовав","lemma":"уверовать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause modifying the second требующий (w27)","gloss":"once he believed"},{"surface":"требующий","lemma":"требовать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"coordinated with требующий (w17)","gloss":"demanding"},{"surface":"немедленного","lemma":"немедленный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies участия","gloss":"immediate"},{"surface":"участия","lemma":"участие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of требующий (w27)","gloss":"participation"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of участия","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"всею","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of силой","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"силой","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"instrumental adverbial modifier of требующий (w27), not of участия","gloss":"the strength"},{"surface":"души","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies силой","gloss":"soul's"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of души","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"требующий","lemma":"требовать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"coordinated with требующий (w17)","gloss":"demanding"},{"surface":"скорого","lemma":"скорый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies подвига","gloss":"a swift"},{"surface":"подвига","lemma":"подвиг","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of требующий (w36)","gloss":"deed of devotion"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking желанием","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"непременным","lemma":"непременный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies желанием","gloss":"unfailing"},{"surface":"желанием","lemma":"желание","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of требующий (w36), governs infinitive пожертвовать","gloss":"wish"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase хотя бы","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase хотя бы","gloss":"if only"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"instrumental complement of пожертвовать","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"пожертвовать","lemma":"пожертвовать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"infinitive complement of желанием","gloss":"to sacrifice"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking подвига","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of подвига","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"подвига","lemma":"подвиг","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пожертвовать","gloss":"act"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies жизнью","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"жизнью","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with всем (w44), instrumental complement of пожертвовать","gloss":"his life"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"c5-s18","source":"Хотя, к несчастию, не понимают эти юноши, что жертва жизнию есть, может быть, самая легчайшая изо всех жертв во множестве таких случаев и что пожертвовать, например, из своей кипучей юностью жизни пять-шесть лет на трудное, тяжелое учение, на науку, хотя бы для того только, чтобы удесятерить в себе силы для служения той же правде и тому же подвигу, который излюбил и который предложил себе совершить, — такая жертва сплошь да рядом для многих из них почти совсем не по силам.","translation":"Though, unhappily, these youths do not understand that the sacrifice of one's life is perhaps the easiest of all sacrifices in a great many such cases, and that to sacrifice, for example, five or six years of one's seething young life to difficult, arduous study, to learning — if only in order to multiply tenfold within oneself the powers to serve that same truth and that same deed of devotion which one has come to love and has resolved to accomplish — such a sacrifice is, time and again, very nearly beyond the strength of many of them.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"жертва жизнию есть ... самая легчайшая изо всех жертв","title":"Superlative «легчайшая» + archaic instrumental","body":"«легчайшая» is the bookish suffixal superlative of «лёгкий» ('the very easiest'), reinforced redundantly by «самая». «жизнию» is the archaic instrumental of «жизнь» (modern «жизнью») — 'the sacrifice of/by life'. «есть» is the rare retained present of «быть» ('is')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы ... удесятерить в себе силы","title":"Purpose clause with «чтобы»","body":"«чтобы» + infinitive «удесятерить» expresses purpose ('in order to multiply tenfold'). «удесятерить» is a vivid coinage from «десять» ('ten'). «в себе» uses the reflexive «себя» — 'within oneself'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сплошь да рядом","title":"Idiom «сплошь да рядом»","body":"A fixed colloquial idiom meaning 'time and again, more often than not, all the time'. The folksy «да» ('and') binds the pair. It drops a sudden vernacular register into an otherwise elevated, abstract sentence."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"не по силам","title":"«не по силам» — beyond one's strength","body":"The idiom «(не) по силам» means '(not) within one's powers', with «по» + dative. «почти совсем не по силам» piles up hedges: 'very nearly altogether beyond their strength'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of понимают","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking несчастию","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"несчастию","lemma":"несчастие","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"parenthetical adverbial modifying понимают ('unfortunately')","gloss":"misfortune"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies понимают","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"понимают","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"predicate of the хотя-clause","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of юноши","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"юноши","lemma":"юноша","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of понимают","gloss":"youths"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"жертва","lemma":"жертва","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"the sacrifice"},{"surface":"жизнию","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies жертва","gloss":"of one's life","note":"Archaic instrumental spelling of жизнью."},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking жертва to легчайшая","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical 'может быть' modifying легчайшая","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может, part of parenthetical","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"самая","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies легчайшая","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"легчайшая","lemma":"лёгкий","morphology":"adjective, superlative, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of есть","gloss":"easiest"},{"surface":"изо","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жертв","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of жертв","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"жертв","lemma":"жертва","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies легчайшая","gloss":"sacrifices"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking множестве","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"множестве","lemma":"множество","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"adverbial modifier of есть/легчайшая","gloss":"a great many"},{"surface":"таких","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of случаев","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"случаев","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies множестве","gloss":"cases"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause resolved by по силам, resumed by такая жертва","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"пожертвовать","lemma":"пожертвовать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"logical subject of the clause, resumed by такая жертва (w67-68)","gloss":"to sacrifice"},{"surface":"например","lemma":"например","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifying пожертвовать","gloss":"for example"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизни","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизни","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"кипучей","lemma":"кипучий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies юностью","gloss":"seething"},{"surface":"юностью","lemma":"юность","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial modifier of пожертвовать ('in the ardor of youth')","gloss":"in youth","note":"Instrumental of manner ('in the bloom of youth'), loosely attached to жизни; the pair renders idiomatically as 'seething young life.'"},{"surface":"жизни","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of из","gloss":"of life"},{"surface":"пять","lemma":"пять","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on лет","gloss":"five"},{"surface":"шесть","lemma":"шесть","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on лет","gloss":"or six"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"accusative-of-duration complement of пожертвовать","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking учение","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"трудное","lemma":"трудный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies учение","gloss":"difficult"},{"surface":"тяжелое","lemma":"тяжёлый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with трудное","gloss":"arduous"},{"surface":"учение","lemma":"учение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of пожертвовать","gloss":"study"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking науку","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"науку","lemma":"наука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with учение","gloss":"learning"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase хотя бы, modifying для того чтобы","gloss":"if only"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase хотя бы","gloss":"(if only)"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of для, anticipates чтобы-clause","gloss":"the purpose"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies того ('for the sole purpose')","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of удесятерить","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"удесятерить","lemma":"удесятерить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"purpose clause modifying пожертвовать","gloss":"multiply tenfold"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, locative","role":"oblique complement of удесятерить","gloss":"oneself"},{"surface":"силы","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of удесятерить","gloss":"the powers"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking служения","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"служения","lemma":"служение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"purpose modifier of силы","gloss":"serving"},{"surface":"той","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, dative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of правде","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies той ('that same')","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"правде","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of служения","gloss":"truth"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of подвигу","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тому ('that same')","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"подвигу","lemma":"подвиг","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with правде","gloss":"deed of devotion"},{"surface":"который","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of излюбил (referring to подвигу)","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"излюбил","lemma":"излюбить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on подвигу","gloss":"came to love"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"который","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of совершить (w66), raised out of the infinitival clause governed by предложил","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"предложил","lemma":"предложить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with излюбил","gloss":"resolved"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of предложил","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"совершить","lemma":"совершить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of предложил","gloss":"to accomplish"},{"surface":"такая","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жертва","gloss":"such a"},{"surface":"жертва","lemma":"жертва","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of по силам, resuming пожертвовать (w25)","gloss":"sacrifice"},{"surface":"сплошь","lemma":"сплошь","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom сплошь да рядом, modifying по силам","gloss":"time and again","note":"'Сплошь да рядом' is a fixed idiom meaning 'very often, time and again.'"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom сплошь да рядом","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"рядом","lemma":"рядом","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom сплошь да рядом","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking многих","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"многих","lemma":"многие","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"adverbial modifier of по силам","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies многих","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies совсем","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"entirely"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies по силам","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking силам","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"силам","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, plural","role":"predicate of жертва (main clause, 'beyond strength')","gloss":"their strength"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"c5-s19","source":"Алеша избрал лишь противоположную всем дорогу, но с тою же жаждой скорого подвига.","translation":"Alyosha merely chose the path opposite to everyone's, but with the same thirst for a swift act of devotion.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Алеша избрал лишь противоположную всем дорогу","title":"«избрать» + dative «всем»","body":"«избрал» is the bookish perfective 'chose, elected' (vs everyday «выбрал»). «противоположную всем» — 'opposite to everyone' — takes the dative «всем» after the adjective «противоположный». The object «дорогу» is accusative."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с тою же жаждой","title":"Archaic «тою» + instrumental after «с»","body":"«с» ('with') governs the instrumental, here «жаждой» ('thirst'). «тою же» is the archaic feminine instrumental of «тот же» ('that same'); modern Russian prefers «той же». The «же» fuses to mean 'the very same'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of избрал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"избрал","lemma":"избрать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"chose"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies избрал","gloss":"merely"},{"surface":"противоположную","lemma":"противоположный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies дорогу","gloss":"opposite"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"oblique complement of противоположную","gloss":"everyone's"},{"surface":"дорогу","lemma":"дорога","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of избрал","gloss":"path"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жаждой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"тою","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жаждой","gloss":"that","note":"Archaic instrumental form of той."},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тою ('that same')","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"жаждой","lemma":"жажда","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of с, modifying избрал","gloss":"thirst"},{"surface":"скорого","lemma":"скорый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies подвига","gloss":"a swift"},{"surface":"подвига","lemma":"подвиг","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies жаждой","gloss":"deed of devotion"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"c5-s20","source":"Едва только он, задумавшись серьезно, поразился убеждением, что бессмертие и бог существуют, то сейчас же, естественно, сказал себе: «Хочу жить для бессмертия, а половинного компромисса не принимаю».","translation":"No sooner had he, reflecting in earnest, been struck by the conviction that immortality and God exist than he at once, naturally, said to himself: \"I want to live for immortality, and I accept no half-measure compromise.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Едва только он ... поразился убеждением, то сейчас же ... сказал себе","title":"«едва ... то» correlative + reflexive verbs","body":"«Едва только ... то» ('no sooner ... than') links two events. «поразился» (reflexive '-ся', 'was struck') takes the instrumental «убеждением» ('by the conviction'). «сказал себе» uses the reflexive pronoun «себе» ('said to himself')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"задумавшись серьезно","title":"Perfective gerund «задумавшись»","body":"«задумавшись» is a perfective past gerund of the reflexive «задуматься» ('to fall to thinking'): 'having reflected, deep in thought'. It sets the attendant state for the main clause, sharing its subject 'he'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Хочу жить для бессмертия","title":"Dropped subject pronoun","body":"Alyosha's quoted resolve drops «я»: «Хочу жить» ('[I] want to live'). The 1st-person ending «-ю» on «хочу» already marks the subject, so the pronoun is omitted, a default in emphatic first-person speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"Едва","lemma":"едва","morphology":"particle","role":"correlates with то ('no sooner ... than')","gloss":"no sooner"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase Едва только","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поразился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"задумавшись","lemma":"задуматься","morphology":"verb, past, converb, reflexive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on поразился","gloss":"having reflected"},{"surface":"серьезно","lemma":"серьезно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies задумавшись","gloss":"seriously"},{"surface":"поразился","lemma":"поразиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was struck"},{"surface":"убеждением","lemma":"убеждение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of поразился","gloss":"by the conviction"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of существуют","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"бессмертие","lemma":"бессмертие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of существуют","gloss":"immortality"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"бог","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with бессмертие","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"существуют","lemma":"существовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"clause modifying убеждением","gloss":"exist"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"correlates with Едва, introduces the main clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказал","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сейчас","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"естественно","lemma":"естественно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical adverbial modifying сказал","gloss":"naturally"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause introduced by то","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of сказал","gloss":"to himself"},{"surface":"Хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted sentence","gloss":"I want"},{"surface":"жить","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of Хочу","gloss":"to live"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бессмертия","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"бессмертия","lemma":"бессмертие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of жить","gloss":"immortality"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"половинного","lemma":"половинный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies компромисса","gloss":"half-measure"},{"surface":"компромисса","lemma":"компромисс","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of принимаю","gloss":"compromise"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies принимаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"принимаю","lemma":"принимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Хочу","gloss":"I accept"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"c5-s21","source":"Точно так же если бы он порешил, что бессмертия и бога нет, то сейчас бы пошел в атеисты и в социалисты (ибо социализм есть не только рабочий вопрос, или так называемого четвертого сословия, но по преимуществу есть атеистический вопрос, вопрос современного воплощения атеизма, вопрос Вавилонской башни, строящейся именно без бога, не для достижения небес с земли, а для сведения небес на землю).","translation":"In just the same way, had he decided that immortality and God do not exist, he would at once have gone over to the atheists and the socialists (for socialism is not merely a labor question, the question of the so-called fourth estate, but is preeminently an atheistic question, the question of the contemporary embodiment of atheism, the question of the Tower of Babel, built precisely without God — not in order to reach heaven from earth, but to bring heaven down to earth).","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"если бы он порешил, что ... то сейчас бы пошел","title":"Counterfactual conditional with «бы»","body":"A contrary-to-fact condition: «если бы ... порешил ... то ... бы пошёл» — past-form verbs plus the particle «бы» in both clauses ('had he decided ... he would have gone'). Note «бы» appears twice and migrates: «сейчас бы пошёл», leaning on the stressed «сейчас»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"четвертого сословия","title":"«сословие» — estate / social class","body":"«сословие» is the legal-social estate of imperial Russia (nobility, clergy, merchants, peasants). The 'fourth estate' («четвёртое сословие») here renders the contemporary term for the working class/proletariat, a loan from French quatrième état debate."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"строящейся именно без бога","title":"Present active participle of «-ся» verb","body":"«строящейся» is the present active participle of the reflexive/passive «строиться» ('being built'), genitive feminine agreeing with «башни» — 'the Tower of Babel being built'. «без» governs the genitive «бога» ('without God')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies так","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies порешил ('точно так же' = 'in just the same way')","gloss":"the same way"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"(emphasis)"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of порешил","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"forms the conditional of порешил","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of порешил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"порешил","lemma":"порешить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on пошел","gloss":"had decided"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of нет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"бессмертия","lemma":"бессмертие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"subject of нет (genitive of negation)","gloss":"immortality"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"бога","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with бессмертия","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"predicate word, negative existential","role":"predicate of the что-clause","gloss":"do not exist","note":"'Нет' with a genitive subject is the standard Russian negative-existential construction ('there is no X')."},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"correlates with если, introduces the main clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пошел","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"forms the conditional of пошел","gloss":"would have"},{"surface":"пошел","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gone over"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking атеисты","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"атеисты","lemma":"атеист","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of пошел","gloss":"the atheists"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking социалисты","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"социалисты","lemma":"социалист","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with атеисты","gloss":"the socialists"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the parenthetical clause of есть","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"социализм","lemma":"социализм","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"socialism"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"copula, main verb of the ибо-clause","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the correlative не только...но","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the correlative не только","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"рабочий","lemma":"рабочий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вопрос","gloss":"a labor"},{"surface":"вопрос","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of есть","gloss":"question"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies называемого","gloss":"so-"},{"surface":"называемого","lemma":"называть","morphology":"verb, present, passive, participle, neuter, singular, genitive, imperfective","role":"clause modifying сословия","gloss":"called"},{"surface":"четвертого","lemma":"четвёртый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies сословия","gloss":"fourth"},{"surface":"сословия","lemma":"сословие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with вопрос (w28)","gloss":"estate"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking преимуществу","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"преимуществу","lemma":"преимущество","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom по преимуществу ('preeminently'), modifies есть","gloss":"preeminently"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with есть (w24)","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"атеистический","lemma":"атеистический","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вопрос (w39)","gloss":"an atheistic"},{"surface":"вопрос","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of есть (w37), coordinated with вопрос (w28)","gloss":"question"},{"surface":"вопрос","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with вопрос (w39)","gloss":"the question"},{"surface":"современного","lemma":"современный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies воплощения","gloss":"of the contemporary"},{"surface":"воплощения","lemma":"воплощение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies вопрос (w40)","gloss":"embodiment"},{"surface":"атеизма","lemma":"атеизм","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies воплощения","gloss":"of atheism"},{"surface":"вопрос","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with вопрос (w40)","gloss":"the question"},{"surface":"Вавилонской","lemma":"вавилонский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies башни","gloss":"of Babel"},{"surface":"башни","lemma":"башня","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies вопрос (w44)","gloss":"Tower"},{"surface":"строящейся","lemma":"строиться","morphology":"verb, present, reflexive, participle, feminine, singular, genitive, imperfective","role":"modifies башни","gloss":"being built"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies без бога","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бога","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"бога","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of строящейся","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the correlative не...а","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking достижения","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"достижения","lemma":"достижение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of строящейся","gloss":"to reach"},{"surface":"небес","lemma":"небо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"modifies достижения","gloss":"heaven"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking земли","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"земли","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies достижения","gloss":"earth"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сведения","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"сведения","lemma":"сведение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with достижения (w53) in the не...а purpose correlative, not with есть","gloss":"bring down"},{"surface":"небес","lemma":"небо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"modifies сведения","gloss":"heaven"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking землю","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"землю","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сведения (w59) ('bring heaven down to earth'), not a modifier of небес","gloss":"earth"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"c5-s22","source":"Алеше казалось даже странным и невозможным жить по-прежнему.","translation":"To Alyosha it even seemed strange and impossible to go on living as before.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Алеше казалось ... жить по-прежнему","title":"Dative subject with «казалось»","body":"A classic impersonal construction: no nominative subject; the experiencer «Алёше» stands in the dative, and «казалось» ('it seemed') is neuter. 'To Alyosha it seemed...'. The logical subject is the infinitive «жить» ('to live')."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"по-прежнему","title":"«по-прежнему» — as before","body":"An adverb built with the «по-...-ему» pattern from «прежний» ('former'): 'as before, in the old way'. The same pattern gives «по-моему», «по-русски». Here it marks the life Alyosha can no longer bear to continue."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеше","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"dative experiencer of казалось","gloss":"To Alyosha"},{"surface":"казалось","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"it seemed"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies странным","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"странным","lemma":"странный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of казалось","gloss":"strange"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"невозможным","lemma":"невозможный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with странным","gloss":"impossible"},{"surface":"жить","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"infinitive subject clause explaining странным/невозможным","gloss":"to live"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по-прежнему","morphology":"part of hyphenated adverb по-прежнему","role":"part of the adverb по-прежнему, modifies жить","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"прежнему","lemma":"по-прежнему","morphology":"part of hyphenated adverb по-прежнему","role":"part of the adverb по-прежнему, modifies жить","gloss":"before"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"c5-s23","source":"Сказано: «Раздай всё и иди за мной, если хочешь быть совершен».","translation":"It is written: \"Give away all you have and follow me, if you would be perfect.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Сказано: «Раздай всё и иди за мной»","title":"Impersonal «сказано» + imperatives","body":"«Сказано» is the short-form neuter past passive participle of «сказать», used impersonally: 'It is said / It is written'. The quote gives two imperatives: «раздай» (perfective, 'give away [all at once]') and «иди» (the unidirectional motion verb, 'follow')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сказано","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (impersonal)","gloss":"It is written"},{"surface":"Раздай","lemma":"раздать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"quoted imperative clause after Сказано","gloss":"Give away"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of Раздай","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"иди","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Раздай","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мной","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"мной","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of иди","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of хочешь","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"хочешь","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on иди","gloss":"you wish"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"copula verb, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хочешь, copula for совершен","gloss":"to be"},{"surface":"совершен","lemma":"совершенный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of быть","gloss":"perfect","note":"Archaic short-form adjective (Matthew 19:21 allusion), not the verb 'совершить'."}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"c5-s24","source":"Алеша и сказал себе: «Не могу я отдать вместо „всего“ два рубля, а вместо „иди за мной“ ходить лишь к обедне».","translation":"And Alyosha said to himself: \"I cannot give two rubles instead of 'all,' nor go merely to mass instead of 'following him.'\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не могу я отдать ... два рубля","title":"Negation + accusative of numeral phrase","body":"«Не могу ... отдать» fronts the negated modal for emphasis. «два рубля» keeps its form: after «два» the noun takes the genitive singular «рубля» — the numeral 2–4 rule. The whole quantified phrase serves as the object of «отдать»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of сказал","gloss":"to himself"},{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of могу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"отдать","lemma":"отдать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могу","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"вместо","lemma":"вместо","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всего","gloss":"instead of"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition вместо","gloss":"'all'"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"modifies рубля","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"рубля","lemma":"рубль","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of отдать (numeral phrase)","gloss":"rubles"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вместо","lemma":"вместо","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking иди","gloss":"instead of"},{"surface":"иди","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"quoted object of preposition вместо","gloss":"'go'"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мной","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"мной","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of иди (quoted)","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ходить","lemma":"ходить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of могу, coordinated with отдать","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies к обедне","gloss":"merely"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обедне","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"обедне","lemma":"обедня","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ходить","gloss":"mass"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"c5-s25","source":"Из воспоминаний его младенчества, может быть, сохранилось нечто о нашем подгородном монастыре, куда могла возить его мать к обедне.","translation":"From the memories of his earliest childhood there had perhaps been preserved something of our monastery outside the town, where his mother may have taken him to mass.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сохранилось нечто о нашем подгородном монастыре","title":"Reflexive «сохранилось» + neuter «нечто»","body":"«сохранилось» is the reflexive/middle past ('was preserved, remained'), neuter to agree with «нечто» ('something'). The topic «о нашем ... монастыре» uses «о» + prepositional case ('about our monastery')."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"подгородный","title":"«подгородный» — just outside the town","body":"From «под» ('near, sub-') + «город» ('town'): an adjective for something lying just outside or adjacent to the town. The monastery is suburban — close enough that a mother could take a child there for Mass."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"могла возить его мать к обедне","title":"Multidirectional «возить»","body":"«возить» is the multidirectional motion verb ('to take/convey [there and back, repeatedly]'), fitting the habitual, round-trip churchgoing — unlike unidirectional «везти». «могла возить» ('may have taken') keeps the imperfective for the recurring visits."}],"words":[{"surface":"Из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking воспоминаний","gloss":"From"},{"surface":"воспоминаний","lemma":"воспоминание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"object of preposition Из, modifies сохранилось","gloss":"memories"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of младенчества","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"младенчества","lemma":"младенчество","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies воспоминаний","gloss":"childhood"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical idiom может быть, modifies сохранилось","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"сохранилось","lemma":"сохраниться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was preserved"},{"surface":"нечто","lemma":"нечто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of сохранилось","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking монастыре","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"нашем","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of монастыре","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"подгородном","lemma":"подгородный","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies монастыре","gloss":"outside the town"},{"surface":"монастыре","lemma":"монастырь","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition о, modifies нечто","gloss":"monastery"},{"surface":"куда","lemma":"куда","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"modifies могла, refers to монастыре","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"могла","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on монастыре","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"возить","lemma":"возить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of могла","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of мать","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"мать","lemma":"мать","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of возить","gloss":"mother"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обедне","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"обедне","lemma":"обедня","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of возить","gloss":"mass"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"c5-s26","source":"Может быть, подействовали и косые лучи заходящего солнца пред образом, к которому его протягивала его кликуша-мать.","translation":"Perhaps there had also worked upon him the slanting rays of the setting sun before the icon toward which his mother — a shrieker — used to hold him out.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"к которому его протягивала его мать","title":"Relative «который» in the dative","body":"«к которому» — 'toward which' — is the relative pronoun «который», masculine (agreeing with «образом», 'icon') but in the dative after «к». «протягивала» is imperfective past ('used to hold out, kept stretching him toward'), an iterative childhood memory."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"образ","title":"«образ» — an icon","body":"Besides 'image/manner', «образ» is the everyday Russian word for an Orthodox icon (the holy image before which one prays). «пред образом» ('before the icon') is the devotional setting of this earliest memory."}],"words":[{"surface":"Может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical idiom может быть, modifies подействовали","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of Может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"подействовали","lemma":"подействовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"worked"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies косые лучи","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"косые","lemma":"косой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies лучи","gloss":"slanting"},{"surface":"лучи","lemma":"луч","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of подействовали","gloss":"rays"},{"surface":"заходящего","lemma":"заходить","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, neuter, singular, genitive, imperfective","role":"modifies солнца","gloss":"setting"},{"surface":"солнца","lemma":"солнце","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies лучи","gloss":"sun"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking образом","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"образом","lemma":"образ","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подействовали","gloss":"the icon"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которому","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"которому","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"relative pronoun referring to образом, oblique complement of протягивала","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of протягивала","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"протягивала","lemma":"протягивать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on которому","gloss":"used to hold out"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of кликуша-мать","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"кликуша","lemma":"кликуша","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мать (compound noun)","gloss":"shrieker","note":"Folk term for a woman believed possessed, prone to hysterical fits (klikusha)."},{"surface":"мать","lemma":"мать","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of протягивала","gloss":"mother"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"c5-s27","source":"Задумчивый он приехал к нам тогда, может быть, только лишь посмотреть: всё ли тут или и тут только два рубля, и — в монастыре встретил этого старца...","translation":"Thoughtful, he came to us then perhaps only to look: was it all here, or was there here too only the two rubles — and in the monastery he met this elder...","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"посмотреть: всё ли тут","title":"Embedded yes/no with «ли»","body":"The indirect question «всё ли тут» uses «ли» as 'whether': '[to look] whether everything was here'. The focused «всё» is fronted before «ли». «посмотреть» is the perfective infinitive of purpose, 'to take a look'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Задумчивый он приехал к нам тогда","title":"Fronted adjective + prefixed motion verb","body":"«Задумчивый» ('thoughtful') is fronted predicatively for weight before the subject «он». «приехал» is the prefixed perfective motion verb (при- 'arrival' + ехать): 'arrived [by conveyance]', a single completed coming."}],"words":[{"surface":"Задумчивый","lemma":"задумчивый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies он","gloss":"Thoughtful"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of приехал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"приехал","lemma":"приехать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нам","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"oblique complement of приехал","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приехал","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical idiom может быть, modifies посмотреть","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies лишь","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies посмотреть","gloss":"merely"},{"surface":"посмотреть","lemma":"посмотреть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of приехал","gloss":"to look"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical clause with тут","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies всё, marks the question","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of the elliptical clause with всё","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тут","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with тут","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies два","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"modifies рубля","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"рубля","lemma":"рубль","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement in the elliptical clause with тут","gloss":"rubles"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking монастыре","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"монастыре","lemma":"монастырь","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of встретил","gloss":"the monastery"},{"surface":"встретил","lemma":"встретить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with приехал","gloss":"met"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of старца","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"старца","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of встретил","gloss":"elder"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"c5-s28","source":"Старец этот, как я уже объяснил выше, был старец Зосима; но надо бы здесь сказать несколько слов и о том, что такое вообще «старцы» в наших монастырях, и вот жаль, что чувствую себя на этой дороге не довольно компетентным и твердым.","translation":"This elder, as I have already explained above, was the elder Zosima; but here one ought to say a few words about what these \"elders\" are in our monasteries generally, and the pity of it is that on this road I feel myself not competent or sure enough.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"надо бы здесь сказать несколько слов","title":"Impersonal «надо» + softening «бы»","body":"«надо» is the impersonal modal of necessity ('one ought'), with no subject; «бы» softens it to a polite 'one ought really to'. «несколько слов» takes the genitive plural «слов» after the quantifier «несколько»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чувствую себя ... не довольно компетентным","title":"«чувствовать себя» + instrumental predicate","body":"«чувствую себя» ('I feel myself') uses the reflexive pronoun «себя»; the predicate state goes in the instrumental — «компетентным и твёрдым» ('competent and firm'). «не довольно» is the archaic 'not sufficiently' (modern «недостаточно»)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Старец","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"elder"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Старец","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of объяснил","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of объяснил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies объяснил","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"объяснил","lemma":"объяснить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical clause modifying Старец","gloss":"explained"},{"surface":"выше","lemma":"выше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies объяснил","gloss":"above"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"copula verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"старец","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"elder"},{"surface":"Зосима","lemma":"Зосима","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to старец","gloss":"Zosima"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"impersonal predicate adverb","role":"main predicate of the clause","gloss":"one ought"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional/softening","role":"softens надо","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказать","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"to say"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on слов","gloss":"a few"},{"surface":"слов","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of сказать","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition о, correlative with что-clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"introduces the что-такое clause","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"такое","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate determiner in что такое старцы","gloss":"kind of"},{"surface":"вообще","lemma":"вообще","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies старцы","gloss":"in general"},{"surface":"старцы","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of the что такое predicate clause","gloss":"elders"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking монастырях","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"наших","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of монастырях","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"монастырях","lemma":"монастырь","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"modifies старцы","gloss":"monasteries"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies жаль","gloss":"the thing is"},{"surface":"жаль","lemma":"жаль","morphology":"impersonal predicate adverb","role":"main predicate of the clause","gloss":"it is a pity"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of чувствую","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"чувствую","lemma":"чувствовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of жаль","gloss":"I feel"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of чувствую","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дороге","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of дороге","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"дороге","lemma":"дорога","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of чувствую","gloss":"road"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies довольно","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"довольно","lemma":"довольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies компетентным","gloss":"sufficiently"},{"surface":"компетентным","lemma":"компетентный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of чувствую","gloss":"competent"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"твердым","lemma":"твёрдый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with компетентным","gloss":"sure"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"c5-s29","source":"Попробую, однако, сообщить малыми словами и в поверхностном изложении.","translation":"I shall try, however, to convey it in brief words and in a superficial account.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Попробую, однако, сообщить","title":"Perfective future «попробую»","body":"«Попробую» ('I shall try') is the perfective future of «попробовать» — a single resolve, conjugated like a present but future in sense. «однако» ('however') is the somewhat bookish adversative, set off as a parenthetical."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"малыми словами","title":"«малыми словами» — in few words","body":"«малый» ('small, few') is the bookish/old counterpart of «маленький» and «немногий». «малыми словами» (instrumental of manner) means 'in brief words', matching the narrator's modest, sermon-like register."}],"words":[{"surface":"Попробую","lemma":"попробовать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I shall try"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies Попробую","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"сообщить","lemma":"сообщить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on Попробую","gloss":"to convey"},{"surface":"малыми","lemma":"малый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies словами","gloss":"brief"},{"surface":"словами","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of сообщить","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking изложении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"поверхностном","lemma":"поверхностный","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies изложении","gloss":"superficial"},{"surface":"изложении","lemma":"изложение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with словами","gloss":"account"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"c5-s30","source":"И во-первых, люди специальные и компетентные утверждают, что старцы и старчество появились у нас, по нашим русским монастырям, весьма лишь недавно, даже нет и ста лет, тогда как на всем православном Востоке, особенно на Синае и на Афоне, существуют далеко уже за тысячу лет.","translation":"And first of all, the specialists and the competent assert that elders and elderhood appeared among us, in our Russian monasteries, only very recently — not even a hundred years ago — whereas throughout the whole Orthodox East, and especially on Sinai and Athos, they have existed already for well over a thousand years.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"появились у нас ... весьма лишь недавно, даже нет и ста лет","title":"Genitive of negation in «нет ... ста лет»","body":"«нет и ста лет» ('there is not even a hundred years') puts the quantified phrase in the genitive after «нет» — the genitive of negated existence. «ста» is the genitive of «сто», and «лет» the suppletive genitive plural used for 'years' after numerals."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"старчество","title":"«старчество» — elderhood","body":"The abstract noun «старчество» (suffix «-ство») names the whole institution/practice of eldership, as distinct from the individual «старец». The narrator coins his discourse around this -ство noun, which recurs throughout the passage."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"во-первых","morphology":"part of the adverb во-первых","role":"part of the phrase во-первых, modifies утверждают","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"первых","lemma":"во-первых","morphology":"part of the adverb во-первых","role":"part of the phrase во-первых, modifies утверждают","gloss":"of all"},{"surface":"люди","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of утверждают","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"специальные","lemma":"специальный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies люди","gloss":"specialist"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"компетентные","lemma":"компетентный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"coordinated with специальные","gloss":"competent"},{"surface":"утверждают","lemma":"утверждать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"assert"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of появились","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"старцы","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of появились","gloss":"elders"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"старчество","lemma":"старчество","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with старцы","gloss":"elderhood"},{"surface":"появились","lemma":"появиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of утверждают","gloss":"appeared"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of появились","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking монастырям","gloss":"throughout"},{"surface":"нашим","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"determiner of монастырям","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"русским","lemma":"русский","morphology":"adjective, dative, plural","role":"modifies монастырям","gloss":"Russian"},{"surface":"монастырям","lemma":"монастырь","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of появились","gloss":"monasteries"},{"surface":"весьма","lemma":"весьма","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies недавно","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies недавно","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"недавно","lemma":"недавно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies появились","gloss":"recently"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нет","gloss":"not even"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"existential negation predicate","role":"coordinated with появились","gloss":"there isn't"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ста, emphatic","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"ста","lemma":"сто","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies лет","gloss":"hundred"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"subject of нет","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда как","morphology":"part of the conjunction тогда как","role":"part of the phrase тогда как, introduces the contrastive clause","gloss":"whereas"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"тогда как","morphology":"part of the conjunction тогда как","role":"part of the phrase тогда как","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Востоке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Востоке","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"православном","lemma":"православный","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Востоке","gloss":"Orthodox"},{"surface":"Востоке","lemma":"Восток","morphology":"proper noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of существуют","gloss":"East"},{"surface":"особенно","lemma":"особенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Синае","gloss":"especially"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Синае","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"Синае","lemma":"Синай","morphology":"proper noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Востоке","gloss":"Sinai"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Афоне","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"Афоне","lemma":"Афон","morphology":"proper noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Синае","gloss":"Athos"},{"surface":"существуют","lemma":"существовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the тогда-как clause","gloss":"they exist"},{"surface":"далеко","lemma":"далеко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уже","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies за тысячу лет","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лет","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"тысячу","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on лет","gloss":"a thousand"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of существуют","gloss":"years"}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"c5-s31","source":"Утверждают, что существовало старчество и у нас на Руси во времена древнейшие или непременно должно было существовать, но вследствие бедствий России, татарщины, смут, перерыва прежних сношений с Востоком после покорения Константинополя установление это забылось у нас и старцы пресеклись.","translation":"They assert that elderhood did exist among us in Rus in the most ancient times, or that it must of necessity have existed, but that, owing to the calamities of Russia — the Tatar yoke, the times of troubles, the breaking off of former relations with the East after the fall of Constantinople — this institution was forgotten among us and the elders died out.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"должно было существовать ... установление это забылось","title":"Impersonal «должно было» + reflexive «забылось»","body":"«должно было существовать» ('must have existed') is impersonal, neuter «должно было» + infinitive. «забылось» is the reflexive/middle past ('got forgotten, fell into oblivion'), where '-ся' makes the verb intransitive — the institution forgot itself, no agent named."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"на Руси ... старцы пресеклись","title":"«Русь» and «пресеклись»","body":"«Русь» is the ancient, almost sacral name for the Russian land (vs the state «Россия»), evoking medieval Orthodox Rus. «пресеклись» (from «пресечься», reflexive) means 'were cut short, died out' — a bookish, slightly archaic verb for the lineage of elders lapsing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Утверждают","lemma":"утверждать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"They assert"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of существовало","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"существовало","lemma":"существовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of Утверждают","gloss":"existed"},{"surface":"старчество","lemma":"старчество","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of существовало","gloss":"elderhood"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies у нас, emphatic 'also'","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of существовало","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Руси","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Руси","lemma":"Русь","morphology":"proper noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of существовало","gloss":"Rus"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking времена","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"времена","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of существовало","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"древнейшие","lemma":"древний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural, superlative","role":"modifies времена","gloss":"most ancient"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies должно","gloss":"necessarily"},{"surface":"должно","lemma":"должно","morphology":"impersonal predicate adverb","role":"main predicate, coordinated with существовало","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of должно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"существовать","lemma":"существовать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of должно было","gloss":"to exist"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вследствие","lemma":"вследствие","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бедствий","gloss":"owing to"},{"surface":"бедствий","lemma":"бедствие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"object of preposition вследствие","gloss":"calamities"},{"surface":"России","lemma":"Россия","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies бедствий","gloss":"of Russia"},{"surface":"татарщины","lemma":"татарщина","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with бедствий (list under вследствие)","gloss":"the Tatar yoke"},{"surface":"смут","lemma":"смута","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with татарщины (list under вследствие)","gloss":"times of troubles","note":"смут is the irregular genitive plural of смута ('time of troubles'), not a verb."},{"surface":"перерыва","lemma":"перерыв","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with смут (list under вследствие)","gloss":"the break"},{"surface":"прежних","lemma":"прежний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies сношений","gloss":"former"},{"surface":"сношений","lemma":"сношение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"modifies перерыва","gloss":"relations"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Востоком","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Востоком","lemma":"Восток","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сношений","gloss":"the East"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking покорения","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"покорения","lemma":"покорение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies перерыва","gloss":"the fall"},{"surface":"Константинополя","lemma":"Константинополь","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies покорения","gloss":"of Constantinople"},{"surface":"установление","lemma":"установление","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of забылось","gloss":"institution"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of установление","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"забылось","lemma":"забыться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, singular, perfective","role":"main verb, coordinated with существовало","gloss":"was forgotten"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of забылось","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"старцы","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of пресеклись","gloss":"elders"},{"surface":"пресеклись","lemma":"пресечься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with забылось","gloss":"died out"}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"c5-s32","source":"Возрождено же оно у нас опять с конца прошлого столетия одним из великих подвижников (как называют его) Паисием Величковским и учениками его, но и доселе, даже через сто почти лет, существует весьма еще не во многих монастырях и даже подвергалось иногда почти что гонениям, как неслыханное по России новшество.","translation":"It was revived among us once more from the end of the last century by one of the great ascetics (as they call him), Paisius Velichkovsky, and his disciples; but even to this day, even after nearly a hundred years, it exists in very few monasteries still, and has at times even been subjected almost to persecution, as an innovation unheard of in Russia.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Возрождено же оно ... подвергалось ... почти что гонениям","title":"Short passive participle + reflexive passive","body":"«Возрождено» is the short-form neuter past passive participle of «возродить» ('was revived'), fronted for emphasis with «же». Later «подвергалось ... гонениям» pairs the reflexive «подвергаться» with the dative «гонениям» ('was subjected to persecution')."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"подвижник","title":"«подвижник» — ascetic, devoted laborer","body":"«подвижник» (from «подвиг», a spiritual feat/exploit) is one who undertakes great ascetic labors — an 'ascetic' or 'champion of the faith'. The word-family «подвиг / подвижник / подвизаться» threads through this whole passage as the vocabulary of holy struggle."}],"words":[{"surface":"Возрождено","lemma":"возродить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (impersonal passive)","gloss":"It was revived"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Возрождено","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"оно","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive Возрождено","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of Возрождено","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Возрождено","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking конца","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"конца","lemma":"конец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Возрождено","gloss":"the end"},{"surface":"прошлого","lemma":"прошлый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies столетия","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"столетия","lemma":"столетие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies конца","gloss":"century"},{"surface":"одним","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"agent complement of Возрождено (by one)","gloss":"by one"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking подвижников","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"великих","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies подвижников","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"подвижников","lemma":"подвижник","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"object of preposition из, modifies одним","gloss":"ascetics"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the parenthetical clause называют","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"называют","lemma":"называть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause modifying подвижников","gloss":"they call"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of называют","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"Паисием","lemma":"Паисий","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to одним","gloss":"Paisius"},{"surface":"Величковским","lemma":"Величковский","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"surname in apposition to Паисием","gloss":"Velichkovsky"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"учениками","lemma":"ученик","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with одним (agent phrase)","gloss":"disciples"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of учениками","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies доселе, emphatic 'even'","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"доселе","lemma":"доселе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies существует","gloss":"to this day"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies через сто лет","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"через","lemma":"через","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лет","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"сто","lemma":"сто","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"quantifies лет","gloss":"hundred"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сто","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"object of preposition через","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"существует","lemma":"существовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb, coordinated with Возрождено","gloss":"it exists"},{"surface":"весьма","lemma":"весьма","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies еще","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не во многих монастырях","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates во многих монастырях","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking монастырях","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"многих","lemma":"многие","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"modifies монастырях","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"монастырях","lemma":"монастырь","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of существует","gloss":"monasteries"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies подвергалось","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"подвергалось","lemma":"подвергаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with существует","gloss":"was subjected"},{"surface":"иногда","lemma":"иногда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подвергалось","gloss":"sometimes"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти что","morphology":"part of the idiom почти что","role":"modifies гонениям","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"почти что","morphology":"part of the idiom почти что","role":"part of the phrase почти что","gloss":"nearly","note":"почти что is a colloquial intensified form of почти ('almost')."},{"surface":"гонениям","lemma":"гонение","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, plural","role":"indirect object of подвергалось","gloss":"persecution"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparative clause","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"неслыханное","lemma":"неслыханный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies новшество","gloss":"unheard-of"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking России","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"России","lemma":"Россия","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies неслыханное","gloss":"Russia"},{"surface":"новшество","lemma":"новшество","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement, object of comparative как","gloss":"innovation"}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"c5-s33","source":"В особенности процвело оно у нас на Руси в одной знаменитой пустыне, Козельской Оптиной.","translation":"It flourished among us in Rus especially in one famous hermitage, the Kozelsk Optina.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пустыня / пустынь","title":"«пустынь» — a hermitage","body":"Here «пустыне» is not 'desert' but «пустынь», a small, secluded monastic hermitage (the word and the desert «пустыня» share a root: a remote, 'empty' place). «процвело» ('flourished') is the prefixed perfective of «цвести», 'to bloom'."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в особенности","morphology":"part of the adverbial phrase в особенности","role":"part of the phrase в особенности, modifies процвело","gloss":"In"},{"surface":"особенности","lemma":"в особенности","morphology":"part of the adverbial phrase в особенности","role":"part of the phrase в особенности","gloss":"particular"},{"surface":"процвело","lemma":"процвести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"flourished"},{"surface":"оно","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of процвело","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of процвело","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Руси","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Руси","lemma":"Русь","morphology":"proper noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of процвело","gloss":"Rus"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пустыне","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"одной","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, locative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies пустыне","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"знаменитой","lemma":"знаменитый","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies пустыне","gloss":"famous"},{"surface":"пустыне","lemma":"пустынь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of процвело","gloss":"hermitage"},{"surface":"Козельской","lemma":"Козельский","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Оптиной","gloss":"Kozelsk"},{"surface":"Оптиной","lemma":"Оптина","morphology":"proper noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to пустыне","gloss":"Optina"}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"c5-s34","source":"Когда и кем насадилось оно и в нашем подгородном монастыре, не могу сказать, но в нем уже считалось третье преемничество старцев, и старец Зосима был из них последним, но и он уже почти помирал от слабости и болезней, а заменить его даже и не знали кем.","translation":"When and by whom it was planted in our monastery outside the town as well, I cannot say, but there it had already counted three successions of elders, and the elder Zosima was the last of them — and even he was already nearly dying of weakness and infirmity, and there was no one to replace him; they did not even know with whom.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Когда и кем насадилось оно","title":"Reflexive «насадилось» + instrumental of agent","body":"«насадилось» is the reflexive/middle past of «насадить» ('was planted, took root'), neuter agreeing with «оно» (elderhood). «кем» is the instrumental of «кто» asking 'by whom' — the agent of an implicit passive stands in the instrumental."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"он уже почти помирал от слабости и болезней","title":"Imperfective «помирал» of a drawn-out process","body":"«помирал» (colloquial for «умирал») is imperfective past — 'was [in the process of] dying'. The imperfective stresses the lingering decline, not a completed death. «от слабости и болезней» uses «от» + genitive for cause ('from weakness and infirmities')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"заменить его даже и не знали кем","title":"Instrumental in «не знали кем»","body":"«не знали кем [его заменить]» — 'did not know with whom to replace him': «заменить» ('to replace') governs the instrumental, hence interrogative «кем». A neat compression of an indirect question down to its case-marked pronoun."}],"words":[{"surface":"Когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"adverb, interrogative","role":"introduces the indirect-question clause complementing сказать","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links Когда and кем","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"кем","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, interrogative, instrumental","role":"coordinated with Когда; agent of насадилось","gloss":"by whom"},{"surface":"насадилось","lemma":"насадиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the indirect-question clause","gloss":"was planted"},{"surface":"оно","lemma":"оно","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of насадилось","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies монастыре (emphatic: also/even)","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking монастыре","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нашем","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of монастыре","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"подгородном","lemma":"подгородный","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies монастыре","gloss":"outside-the-town"},{"surface":"монастыре","lemma":"монастырь","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of насадилось","gloss":"monastery"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могу","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of считалось","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies считалось","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"считалось","lemma":"считаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of this clause, contrasted with насадилось by но","gloss":"was counted"},{"surface":"третье","lemma":"третий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies преемничество","gloss":"third"},{"surface":"преемничество","lemma":"преемничество","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of считалось","gloss":"succession"},{"surface":"старцев","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies преемничество","gloss":"of elders"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"старец","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"the elder"},{"surface":"Зосима","lemma":"Зосима","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to старец","gloss":"Zosima"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking старец to последним","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"partitive complement of последним (из них = of them)","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"последним","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"the last"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies он (emphatic: even)","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of помирал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies помирал","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies помирал","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"помирал","lemma":"помирать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of this clause, contrasted by но","gloss":"was dying"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking слабости","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"слабости","lemma":"слабость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of помирал","gloss":"weakness"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"болезней","lemma":"болезнь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with слабости","gloss":"infirmities"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"заменить","lemma":"заменить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of знали","gloss":"to replace"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of заменить","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знали","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies даже","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знали","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знали","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"did know","note":"Subjectless plural verb: 'не знали кем' = 'no one knew with whom.'"},{"surface":"кем","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, interrogative, instrumental","role":"oblique complement of заменить (elided infinitive)","gloss":"with whom"}]},{"number":35,"label":"35","id":"c5-s35","source":"Вопрос для нашего монастыря был важный, так как монастырь наш ничем особенно не был до тех пор знаменит: в нем не было ни мощей святых угодников, ни явленных чудотворных икон, не было даже славных преданий, связанных с нашею историей, не числилось за ним исторических подвигов и заслуг отечеству.","translation":"The question was an important one for our monastery, since up to that time our monastery had been famous for nothing in particular: it possessed neither relics of holy saints, nor wonder-working icons that had revealed themselves, nor even any glorious legends bound up with our history, and no historic exploits or services to the fatherland stood to its name.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"в нем не было ни мощей ... ни ... икон, не было даже славных преданий","title":"Genitive of negation with «не было»","body":"«не было» ('there was not') forces every absent thing into the genitive: «мощей», «икон», «преданий». The paired «ни ... ни» chains the negated existents. This is the textbook genitive-of-negation in its existential use."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не числилось за ним исторических подвигов","title":"Reflexive impersonal «числилось»","body":"«не числилось ... подвигов» — 'no exploits were reckoned to its account'. «числилось» is the reflexive «числиться» ('to be counted/registered'), here impersonal and neuter, with the negated subject «подвигов» again in the genitive. «за ним» = 'to its name'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вопрос","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of важный","gloss":"The question"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking монастыря","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"нашего","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of монастыря","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"монастыря","lemma":"монастырь","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Вопрос","gloss":"monastery"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to важный","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"важный","lemma":"важный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"important"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the correlative phrase так как","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"with так, introduces the causal clause","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"монастырь","lemma":"монастырь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был...знаменит","gloss":"the monastery"},{"surface":"наш","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of монастырь","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"ничем","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"oblique complement of знаменит","gloss":"for nothing"},{"surface":"особенно","lemma":"особенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"particularly"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаменит","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to знаменит","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пор","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"тех","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of пор","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"пор","lemma":"пора","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"object of до (до тех пор = until then)","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"знаменит","lemma":"знаменитый","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"famous"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of this ни...ни clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies мощей","gloss":"neither"},{"surface":"мощей","lemma":"мощи","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"subject of было","gloss":"relics"},{"surface":"святых","lemma":"святой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies угодников","gloss":"of holy"},{"surface":"угодников","lemma":"угодник","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies мощей","gloss":"saints"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"явленных","lemma":"явленный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies икон","gloss":"revealed"},{"surface":"чудотворных","lemma":"чудотворный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies икон","gloss":"wonder-working"},{"surface":"икон","lemma":"икона","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with угодников","gloss":"icons"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with было","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies славных","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"славных","lemma":"славный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies преданий","gloss":"glorious"},{"surface":"преданий","lemma":"предание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"subject of было","gloss":"legends"},{"surface":"связанных","lemma":"связать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, genitive, perfective","role":"clause modifying преданий","gloss":"bound up"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking историей","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"нашею","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of историей","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"историей","lemma":"история","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of связанных","gloss":"history"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies числилось","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"числилось","lemma":"числиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with было","gloss":"was recorded"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of числилось","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"исторических","lemma":"исторический","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies подвигов","gloss":"historic"},{"surface":"подвигов","lemma":"подвиг","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of числилось","gloss":"exploits"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"заслуг","lemma":"заслуга","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with подвигов","gloss":"services"},{"surface":"отечеству","lemma":"отечество","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of числилось","gloss":"to the fatherland"}]},{"number":36,"label":"36","id":"c5-s36","source":"Процвел он и прославился на всю Россию именно из-за старцев, чтобы видеть и послушать которых стекались к нам богомольцы толпами со всей России из-за тысяч верст.","translation":"It flourished and grew famous throughout all Russia precisely because of the elders, to see and to hear whom pilgrims came flocking to us in crowds from all over Russia, from thousands of versts away.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"видеть и послушать которых стекались к нам богомольцы","title":"Relative «которых» (animate genitive)","body":"«которых» is the relative pronoun, animate genitive plural agreeing with «старцев» — 'to see and hear whom...'. Its genitive form serves as the object of the verbs «видеть»/«послушать». The clause is fronted before its own subject «богомольцы»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"стекались к нам богомольцы толпами","title":"Instrumental of manner «толпами»","body":"«толпами» is the instrumental plural of «толпа» ('crowd') used adverbially — 'in crowds, by the throng'. «стекались» (reflexive «стекаться», 'to flow together, flock') is imperfective for the repeated, streaming arrival of pilgrims."}],"words":[{"surface":"Процвел","lemma":"процвести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"It flourished"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Процвел","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"прославился","lemma":"прославиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Процвел","gloss":"grew famous"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Россию","gloss":"throughout"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of Россию","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"Россию","lemma":"Россия","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прославился","gloss":"Russia"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies старцев","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из-за","morphology":"preposition (split)","role":"first part of compound preposition из-за","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"из-за","morphology":"preposition (split)","role":"second part of из-за, marking старцев","gloss":"of","note":"'из-за' is one compound preposition meaning 'because of', split across two tokens."},{"surface":"старцев","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of прославился","gloss":"the elders"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause of видеть","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"видеть","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"purpose clause modifying прославился","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"послушать","lemma":"послушать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with видеть","gloss":"hear"},{"surface":"которых","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, relative, accusative, plural","role":"shared object of видеть and послушать","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"стекались","lemma":"стекаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the relative clause (modifies старцев)","gloss":"came flocking"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нам","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"oblique complement of стекались","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"богомольцы","lemma":"богомолец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of стекались","gloss":"pilgrims"},{"surface":"толпами","lemma":"толпа","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of стекались","gloss":"in crowds"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking России","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"всей","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of России","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"России","lemma":"Россия","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"part of the phrase со всей России, modifying стекались","gloss":"Russia"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из-за","morphology":"preposition (split)","role":"first part of compound preposition из-за","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"из-за","morphology":"preposition (split)","role":"second part of из-за, marking верст","gloss":"away","note":"'из-за тысяч верст' = 'from thousands of versts away.'"},{"surface":"тысяч","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"quantifies верст","gloss":"thousands"},{"surface":"верст","lemma":"верста","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of стекались","gloss":"of versts"}]},{"number":37,"label":"37","id":"c5-s37","source":"Итак, что же такое старец?","translation":"And so, what, then, is an elder?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Итак, что же такое старец?","title":"«что такое» + emphatic «же»","body":"«что такое X?» is the fixed frame for 'what is X (in its essence)?'. The particle «же» adds insistent emphasis — 'what, then, is an elder?' — pressing the rhetorical question. «Итак» ('and so, thus') marks the summing-up turn."}],"words":[{"surface":"Итак","lemma":"итак","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"And so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, interrogative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement, with старец as subject","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"такое","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"reinforces что (что...такое = what exactly)","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"старец","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the clause (predicate: что)","gloss":"an elder"}]},{"number":38,"label":"38","id":"c5-s38","source":"Старец — это берущий вашу душу, вашу волю в свою душу и в свою волю.","translation":"An elder is one who takes your soul, your will, into his own soul and into his own will.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Старец — это берущий вашу душу","title":"Substantivized present participle «берущий»","body":"«берущий» is the present active participle of «брать» ('to take'), here standing alone as a noun: 'one who takes'. The dash + «это» frames a definition. «вашу душу, вашу волю» are accusative direct objects."}],"words":[{"surface":"Старец","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the sentence","gloss":"An elder"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"particle","role":"copula-like linking particle before берущий","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"берущий","lemma":"брать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"predicate complement (substantivized: the one who takes); governs душу","gloss":"one who takes","note":"'берущий' is a participle used as a noun: 'the one who takes.'"},{"surface":"вашу","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of душу","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"душу","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of берущий","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"вашу","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of волю","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"волю","lemma":"воля","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with душу","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking душу","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of душу","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"душу","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"object of в, coordinated with волю","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking волю","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of волю","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"волю","lemma":"воля","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"object of в, coordinated with душу","gloss":"will"}]},{"number":39,"label":"39","id":"c5-s39","source":"Избрав старца, вы от своей воли отрешаетесь и отдаете ее ему в полное послушание, с полным самоотрешением.","translation":"Having chosen an elder, you renounce your own will and surrender it to him in complete obedience, with complete self-abnegation.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Избрав старца","title":"Perfective gerund «избрав»","body":"«Избрав» is the perfective past gerund of bookish «избрать» ('to choose'): 'having chosen [an elder]'. It expresses the prior, completed act conditioning the main clause, sharing the subject «вы»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вы от своей воли отрешаетесь","title":"Reflexive «отрешаетесь» + «от» + genitive","body":"«отрешаетесь» is the reflexive «отрешаться» ('to renounce, detach oneself'), governing «от своей воли» ('from your own will') — «от» + genitive, with the reflexive possessive «свой». «отдаёте ее ему» then uses the dative «ему» for the recipient."}],"words":[{"surface":"Избрав","lemma":"избрать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on отрешаетесь","gloss":"Having chosen"},{"surface":"старца","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Избрав","gloss":"an elder"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of отрешаетесь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking воли","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of воли","gloss":"your own"},{"surface":"воли","lemma":"воля","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отрешаетесь","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"отрешаетесь","lemma":"отрешаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"renounce"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"отдаете","lemma":"отдавать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with отрешаетесь","gloss":"surrender"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of отдаете","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of отдаете","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking послушание","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"полное","lemma":"полный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies послушание","gloss":"complete"},{"surface":"послушание","lemma":"послушание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of отдаете","gloss":"obedience"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking самоотрешением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"полным","lemma":"полный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies самоотрешением","gloss":"complete"},{"surface":"самоотрешением","lemma":"самоотрешение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of с","gloss":"self-abnegation","note":"'самоотрешение' = total renunciation of one's own self/will."}]},{"number":40,"label":"40","id":"c5-s40","source":"Этот искус, эту страшную школу жизни обрекающий себя принимает добровольно в надежде после долгого искуса победить себя, овладеть собою до того, чтобы мог наконец достичь, чрез послушание всей жизни, уже совершенной свободы, то есть свободы от самого себя, избегнуть участи тех, которые всю жизнь прожили, а себя в себе не нашли.","translation":"This ordeal, this fearful school of life, the one who dooms himself to it accepts of his own free will, in the hope that after a long trial he will conquer himself, master himself to such a degree that he may at last attain, through a lifetime of obedience, a perfect freedom — that is, freedom from his own self — and escape the lot of those who have lived out their whole lives without ever finding themselves within themselves.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"обрекающий себя принимает добровольно","title":"Substantivized participle + reflexive «себя»","body":"«обрекающий себя» — 'the one dooming himself' — is a present active participle used as the subject noun, with the reflexive pronoun «себя» as its object. The whole heavy phrase «этот искус, эту страшную школу...» is fronted as the topic before this subject."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы мог наконец достичь ... совершенной свободы","title":"Purpose «чтобы» + genitive after «достичь»","body":"«чтобы мог достичь» is a purpose clause with the irrealis (past-form modal «мог» under «чтобы»). «достичь» ('to attain') governs the genitive, hence «совершенной свободы ... свободы от самого себя» ('perfect freedom — freedom from one's very self')."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"искус","title":"«искус» — ordeal, trial / novitiate","body":"«искус» is an archaic-bookish word for a testing ordeal or probation (kin to «искушение», 'temptation', and «искусство'). In monastic usage it names the novice's trial period. The narrator weights it with «эту страшную школу жизни» — 'this fearful school of life'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чрез послушание всей жизни","title":"Archaic «чрез» for «через»","body":"«чрез» is the elevated, old-bookish form of the preposition «через» ('through, by means of'), governing the accusative «послушание». Its clipped shape signals the solemn, sermonic register of the whole sentence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of искус","gloss":"This"},{"surface":"искус","lemma":"искус","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of принимает (fronted)","gloss":"ordeal"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of школу","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"страшную","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies школу","gloss":"fearful"},{"surface":"школу","lemma":"школа","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of принимает (fronted), coordinated with искус","gloss":"school"},{"surface":"жизни","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies школу","gloss":"of life"},{"surface":"обрекающий","lemma":"обрекать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"subject of принимает (substantivized: the one who dooms)","gloss":"the one who dooms"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of обрекающий","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"принимает","lemma":"принимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"accepts"},{"surface":"добровольно","lemma":"добровольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies принимает","gloss":"voluntarily"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking надежде","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"надежде","lemma":"надежда","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of принимает","gloss":"hope"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking искуса","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"долгого","lemma":"долгий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies искуса","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"искуса","lemma":"искус","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of победить (adverbial: after a trial)","gloss":"trial"},{"surface":"победить","lemma":"победить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of the hope-clause","gloss":"to conquer"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of победить","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"овладеть","lemma":"овладеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with победить","gloss":"to master"},{"surface":"собою","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"object of овладеть","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of овладеть","gloss":"the point"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of мог","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying того","gloss":"he might"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies достичь","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"достичь","lemma":"достигнуть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"attain"},{"surface":"чрез","lemma":"чрез","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking послушание","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"послушание","lemma":"послушание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition чрез","gloss":"obedience"},{"surface":"всей","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизни","gloss":"a whole"},{"surface":"жизни","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies послушание","gloss":"lifetime"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies совершенной","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"совершенной","lemma":"совершенный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies свободы","gloss":"perfect"},{"surface":"свободы","lemma":"свобода","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of достичь","gloss":"freedom"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the set phrase то есть (that is)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the phrase то есть","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"свободы","lemma":"свобода","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"appositive to свободы (w32), restating it","gloss":"freedom"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, intensive, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies себя (emphatic: his very self)","gloss":"his very"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"object of от","gloss":"self"},{"surface":"избегнуть","lemma":"избегнуть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with достичь (under чтобы мог)","gloss":"escape"},{"surface":"участи","lemma":"участь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"genitive complement of избегнуть","gloss":"the lot"},{"surface":"тех","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of участи","gloss":"of those"},{"surface":"которые","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, relative, nominative, plural","role":"subject of прожили","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"their whole"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прожили","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"прожили","lemma":"прожить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"relative clause on тех","gloss":"have lived"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of нашли","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, locative","role":"oblique complement of нашли","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нашли","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"нашли","lemma":"найти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with прожили","gloss":"found"}]},{"number":41,"label":"41","id":"c5-s41","source":"Изобретение это, то есть старчество, — не теоретическое, а выведено на Востоке из практики, в наше время уже тысячелетней.","translation":"This invention — that is, elderhood — is not theoretical, but was derived in the East from a practice already, in our time, a thousand years old.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"выведено на Востоке из практики ... тысячелетней","title":"Short passive participle «выведено»","body":"«выведено» is the short-form neuter past passive participle of «вывести» ('was derived/deduced'). It states a result, the periphrastic passive (here with «было» implicit). «из практики» uses «из» + genitive for the source."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"тысячелетней","title":"«тысячелетний» — thousand-year-old","body":"A transparent compound adjective, «тысяча» + «лет» + «-ний»: 'of a thousand years, millennial'. The narrator returns to it as a refrain (cf. «уже тысячелетней» in s57) to stress that eldership is ancient, not novel."}],"words":[{"surface":"Изобретение","lemma":"изобретение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of теоретическое","gloss":"This invention"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"postposed determiner of Изобретение","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the set phrase то есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the phrase то есть","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"старчество","lemma":"старчество","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"appositive to Изобретение (that is, elderhood)","gloss":"elderhood"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies теоретическое","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"теоретическое","lemma":"теоретический","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement","gloss":"theoretical"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"выведено","lemma":"вывести","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with теоретическое","gloss":"was derived"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Востоке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Востоке","lemma":"восток","morphology":"proper noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выведено","gloss":"the East"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking практики","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"практики","lemma":"практика","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выведено","gloss":"a practice"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking время","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"наше","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"adverbial time phrase, modifies тысячелетней","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies тысячелетней","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"тысячелетней","lemma":"тысячелетний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies практики","gloss":"a thousand years old"}]},{"number":42,"label":"42","id":"c5-s42","source":"Обязанности к старцу не то, что обыкновенное «послушание», всегда бывшее и в наших русских монастырях.","translation":"The duties owed to an elder are not the same as ordinary \"obedience,\" which has always existed in our Russian monasteries too.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"всегда бывшее ... в наших русских монастырях","title":"Past active participle «бывшее»","body":"«бывшее» is the past active participle of «быть» ('having always been, existing'), neuter agreeing with «послушание»: 'ordinary obedience, which has always existed'. A compact participial relative clause modifying the noun."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"послушание","title":"«послушание» — obedience / an assigned task","body":"From «слушать» ('to listen/obey'): in monastic life «послушание» is both the virtue of obedience and a specific assigned duty given by a superior. A «послушник» is a novice. The passage hinges on contrasting ordinary monastic obedience with total surrender to a starets."}],"words":[{"surface":"Обязанности","lemma":"обязанность","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of то","gloss":"The duties"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking старцу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"старцу","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Обязанности","gloss":"an elder"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of the sentence","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of послушание","gloss":"as","note":"'не то, что X' is an idiom meaning 'not the same as X.'"},{"surface":"обыкновенное","lemma":"обыкновенный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies послушание","gloss":"ordinary"},{"surface":"послушание","lemma":"послушание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of the что-clause, modifies то","gloss":"obedience"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бывшее","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"бывшее","lemma":"бывший","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies послушание","gloss":"existing"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking монастырях","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"наших","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of монастырях","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"русских","lemma":"русский","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies монастырях","gloss":"Russian"},{"surface":"монастырях","lemma":"монастырь","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of бывшее","gloss":"monasteries"}]},{"number":43,"label":"43","id":"c5-s43","source":"Тут признается вечная исповедь всех подвизающихся старцу и неразрушимая связь между связавшим и связанным.","translation":"Here there is acknowledged a perpetual confession of all who place themselves under the elder, and an indissoluble bond between the one who binds and the one who is bound.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Тут признается вечная исповедь","title":"Reflexive passive «признается»","body":"«признаётся» is the reflexive «-ся» used as an imperfective passive: 'is acknowledged / recognized'. The subject «вечная исповедь» ('a perpetual confession') stands in the nominative as the thing recognized — agentless, in the manner of Russian middle-passives."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"связь между связавшим и связанным","title":"Participles as nouns: «связавший» / «связанный»","body":"A pointed pairing of two participles of «связать» ('to bind'): «связавшим» (past active, 'the one who bound') and «связанным» (past passive, 'the one bound'), both substantivized in the instrumental after «между». The active/passive pair captures the binding bond itself."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"подвизающихся","title":"«подвизаться» — to strive ascetically","body":"«подвизающихся» is the present active participle (here substantivized, genitive plural) of «подвизаться» — 'to labor/strive in the spiritual struggle' (root «подвиг»). 'All who place themselves under the elder' are the ones engaged in this holy striving."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies признается","gloss":"Here"},{"surface":"признается","lemma":"признаваться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is acknowledged"},{"surface":"вечная","lemma":"вечный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies исповедь","gloss":"a perpetual"},{"surface":"исповедь","lemma":"исповедь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of признается","gloss":"confession"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of подвизающихся","gloss":"of all"},{"surface":"подвизающихся","lemma":"подвизаться","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, plural, genitive, imperfective","role":"modifies исповедь (substantivized: those who devote themselves)","gloss":"who submit themselves"},{"surface":"старцу","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"dative complement of подвизающихся","gloss":"to the elder"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"неразрушимая","lemma":"неразрушимый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies связь","gloss":"an indissoluble"},{"surface":"связь","lemma":"связь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with исповедь","gloss":"bond"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking связавшим","gloss":"between"},{"surface":"связавшим","lemma":"связать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, instrumental, perfective","role":"modifies связь (substantivized: the one who binds)","gloss":"the one who binds"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"связанным","lemma":"связанный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with связавшим","gloss":"the one who is bound"}]},{"number":44,"label":"44","id":"c5-s44","source":"Рассказывают, например, что однажды, в древнейшие времена христианства, один таковой послушник, не исполнив некоего послушания, возложенного на него его старцем, ушел от него из монастыря и пришел в другую страну, из Сирии в Египет.","translation":"It is told, for instance, that once, in the most ancient times of Christianity, a certain novice, having failed to carry out some act of obedience laid upon him by his elder, fled from him out of the monastery and came into another country, from Syria into Egypt.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Рассказывают, например, что","title":"Indefinite 3rd-plural «рассказывают»","body":"«Рассказывают» ('they tell, it is told') is a subjectless 3rd-plural — a standard way to introduce hearsay or legend with no named teller. The narrator launches the hagiographic tale in this impersonal, traditional register."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не исполнив некоего послушания","title":"Negated perfective gerund «не исполнив»","body":"«не исполнив» is the perfective past gerund of «исполнить» under negation: 'having failed to carry out'. «некоего послушания» is genitive (negated object) of «некий» ('a certain'), an archaic-bookish indefinite."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"послушник ... из Сирии в Египет","title":"«послушник» — a novice","body":"A «послушник» is a monastic novice, one still under «послушание» (obedience) before full vows. The geography — «из Сирии в Египет» — places the legend in the world of the early Desert Fathers, the 4th–5th-century cradle of monasticism."}],"words":[{"surface":"Рассказывают","lemma":"рассказывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"It is told","note":"Subjectless 3rd-person-plural verb, a common Russian way to say 'it is said/told.'"},{"surface":"например","lemma":"например","morphology":"adverb, parenthetical","role":"parenthetical, modifies the что-clause","gloss":"for example"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of послушник","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"однажды","lemma":"однажды","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies послушник's clause","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking времена","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"древнейшие","lemma":"древний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies времена","gloss":"the most ancient"},{"surface":"времена","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"object of в (temporal phrase modifying the clause)","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"христианства","lemma":"христианство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies времена","gloss":"of Christianity"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies послушник","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"таковой","lemma":"таковой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies послушник","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"послушник","lemma":"послушник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ушел/пришел","gloss":"novice"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies исполнив","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"исполнив","lemma":"исполнить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on ушел","gloss":"having carried out"},{"surface":"некоего","lemma":"некий","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of послушания","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"послушания","lemma":"послушание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of исполнив","gloss":"act of obedience"},{"surface":"возложенного","lemma":"возложить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, genitive, perfective","role":"clause modifying послушания","gloss":"laid"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of возложенного","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies старцем","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"старцем","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"agent of возложенного","gloss":"elder"},{"surface":"ушел","lemma":"уйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of this clause","gloss":"fled"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ушел","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking монастыря","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"монастыря","lemma":"монастырь","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ушел","gloss":"the monastery"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пришел","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with ушел","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking страну","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"другую","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies страну","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"страну","lemma":"страна","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пришел","gloss":"country"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Сирии","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Сирии","lemma":"Сирия","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пришел","gloss":"Syria"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Египет","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"Египет","lemma":"Египет","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пришел, contrasted with Сирии","gloss":"Egypt"}]},{"number":45,"label":"45","id":"c5-s45","source":"Там после долгих и великих подвигов сподобился наконец претерпеть истязания и мученическую смерть за веру.","translation":"There, after long and great labors of devotion, he was at last accounted worthy to suffer tortures and a martyr's death for the faith.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сподобился","title":"«сподобиться» — to be accounted worthy","body":"«сподобился» (perfective reflexive «сподобиться» + genitive) is a Church-Slavonic-flavored verb meaning 'was granted the grace / deemed worthy [to]'. It frames martyrdom not as misfortune but as a vouchsafed honor — the hagiographic idiom."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сподобился ... претерпеть истязания и мученическую смерть","title":"Perfective infinitives after «сподобился»","body":"«сподобился ... претерпеть» governs the perfective infinitive «претерпеть» ('to endure [to the end]'), itself taking the accusative objects «истязания» and «мученическую смерть» ('tortures and a martyr's death'). The prefix пре- intensifies the suffering endured."}],"words":[{"surface":"Там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сподобился","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking подвигов","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"долгих","lemma":"долгий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies подвигов","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"великих","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"coordinated with долгих","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"подвигов","lemma":"подвиг","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of сподобился","gloss":"labors of devotion"},{"surface":"сподобился","lemma":"сподобиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was accounted worthy"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies претерпеть","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"претерпеть","lemma":"претерпеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of сподобился","gloss":"to suffer"},{"surface":"истязания","lemma":"истязание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of претерпеть","gloss":"tortures"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мученическую","lemma":"мученический","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies смерть","gloss":"martyr's"},{"surface":"смерть","lemma":"смерть","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with истязания","gloss":"death"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking веру","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"веру","lemma":"вера","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смерть","gloss":"the faith"}]},{"number":46,"label":"46","id":"c5-s46","source":"Когда же церковь хоронила тело его, уже чтя его как святого, то вдруг при возгласе диакона: «Оглашенные, изыдите!» — гроб с лежащим в нем телом мученика сорвался с места и был извергнут из храма, и так до трех раз.","translation":"And when the church was burying his body, already venerating him as a saint, then suddenly, at the deacon's cry of \"Ye catechumens, depart!\" — the coffin with the martyr's body lying in it tore itself from its place and was cast out of the church, and so it happened three times.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"изыдите","title":"Church-Slavonic imperative «изыдите»","body":"«изыдите» is the Church-Slavonic aorist-based imperative of «изыти» ('to go out'), where modern Russian would say «выйдите». The archaic из- prefix and «-ыди-» stem mark it as frozen liturgical language, preserved verbatim in the rite."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"гроб ... сорвался с места и был извергнут из храма","title":"Reflexive «сорвался» vs passive «был извергнут»","body":"Two voices side by side: «сорвался» (reflexive «сорваться», 'tore itself loose', an intransitive self-motion) and «был извергнут» (periphrastic passive with short participle, 'was cast out', an external force). «до трёх раз» = 'as many as three times'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of хоронила","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle, ties clause to translation's \"and\"","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"церковь","lemma":"церковь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of хоронила","gloss":"the church"},{"surface":"хоронила","lemma":"хоронить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the temporal clause introduced by Когда","gloss":"was burying"},{"surface":"тело","lemma":"тело","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of хоронила","gloss":"body"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies тело","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies чтя","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"чтя","lemma":"чтить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"converb clause on хоронила (concurrent action)","gloss":"venerating"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of чтя","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison святого","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"святого","lemma":"святой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"predicative modifier of его (object of чтя)","gloss":"a saint"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"resumptive particle marking the start of the main clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сорвался","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking возгласе","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"возгласе","lemma":"возглас","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сорвался","gloss":"cry"},{"surface":"диакона","lemma":"диакон","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies возгласе","gloss":"the deacon's"},{"surface":"Оглашенные","lemma":"оглашенный","morphology":"noun, nominative, plural","role":"vocative address within the quoted cry","gloss":"catechumens","note":"Оглашенные are catechumens — those not yet baptized, dismissed before the Eucharist in the Orthodox liturgy."},{"surface":"изыдите","lemma":"изыти","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"verb of the quoted imperative clause","gloss":"depart!"},{"surface":"гроб","lemma":"гроб","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сорвался","gloss":"the coffin"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking телом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"лежащим","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, instrumental, imperfective","role":"modifies телом","gloss":"lying"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of лежащим","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"телом","lemma":"тело","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies гроб (via с)","gloss":"body"},{"surface":"мученика","lemma":"мученик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies телом","gloss":"the martyr's"},{"surface":"сорвался","lemma":"сорваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the main clause","gloss":"tore loose"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking места","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"места","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сорвался","gloss":"its place"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of извергнут","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"извергнут","lemma":"извергнуть","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with сорвался","gloss":"cast out"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking храма","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"храма","lemma":"храм","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of извергнут","gloss":"the church"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies до трех раз","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"up to"},{"surface":"трех","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies раз","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of до","gloss":"times"}]},{"number":47,"label":"47","id":"c5-s47","source":"И наконец лишь узнали, что этот святой страстотерпец нарушил послушание и ушел от своего старца, а потому без разрешения старца не мог быть и прощен, даже несмотря на свои великие подвиги.","translation":"And at last they learned only that this holy passion-bearer had broken his obedience and forsaken his elder, and therefore, without the elder's release, could not be forgiven, even in spite of his great labors of devotion.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"страстотерпец","title":"«страстотерпец» — passion-bearer","body":"A compound of «страсть» ('suffering, passion') + «терпеть» ('to endure'): a specific Orthodox category of saint who bore suffering and death with Christ-like meekness (e.g. SS Boris and Gleb). The word elevates the novice to a named order of sainthood."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"без разрешения старца не мог быть и прощен","title":"Periphrastic passive «не мог быть ... прощен»","body":"«не мог быть прощён» strings the modal «мог» + «быть» + short past passive participle «прощён» ('could not be forgiven'). «без разрешения старца» ('without the elder's release') uses «без» + genitive; «и» before «прощён» means 'even'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"а потому ... не мог","title":"«а потому» as inferential connector","body":"«а потому» ('and therefore') chains a consequence onto the preceding fact, the contrastive «а» giving a slight 'and so it was that' pivot. It binds the narrative logic: broke obedience → therefore could not be forgiven."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies узнали","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies узнали","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"узнали","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they learned"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of нарушил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of страстотерпец","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"святой","lemma":"святой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies страстотерпец","gloss":"holy"},{"surface":"страстотерпец","lemma":"страстотерпец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of нарушил","gloss":"passion-bearer"},{"surface":"нарушил","lemma":"нарушить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of узнали","gloss":"had broken"},{"surface":"послушание","lemma":"послушание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of нарушил","gloss":"his obedience"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ушел","lemma":"уйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with нарушил","gloss":"had left"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking старца","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of старца","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"старца","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ушел","gloss":"elder"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"therefore"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking разрешения","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"разрешения","lemma":"разрешение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of мог","gloss":"the release"},{"surface":"старца","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies разрешения","gloss":"the elder's"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the потому-clause","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes прощен","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"прощен","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"predicate complement of быть","gloss":"forgiven"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies the phrase несмотря на подвиги","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"несмотря","lemma":"несмотря","morphology":"preposition (part of compound несмотря на)","role":"part of the compound preposition несмотря на","gloss":"despite"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase несмотря","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"свои","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of подвиги","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"великие","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies подвиги","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"подвиги","lemma":"подвиг","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of несмотря на","gloss":"labors"}]},{"number":48,"label":"48","id":"c5-s48","source":"Но когда призванный старец разрешил его от послушания, тогда лишь могло совершиться и погребение его.","translation":"But when the elder, summoned, released him from his obedience, then only could his burial be accomplished.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"тогда лишь могло совершиться и погребение его","title":"Reflexive «совершиться» + fronted «тогда лишь»","body":"«совершиться» is the reflexive/middle perfective ('to be accomplished, come to pass'); «могло совершиться» is neuter to agree with «погребение». The fronted «тогда лишь» ('only then') throws the temporal condition into focus, with «и» before «погребение» as 'even, also'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"когда призванный старец разрешил его от послушания","title":"Past passive participle «призванный»","body":"«призванный» is the long-form past passive participle of «призвать» ('summoned, called for'), attributive before «старец». «разрешил его от послушания» — 'released him from his obedience' — pairs «разрешить ... от» with the genitive «послушания»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of разрешил","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"призванный","lemma":"призванный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies старец","gloss":"summoned"},{"surface":"старец","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of разрешил","gloss":"the elder"},{"surface":"разрешил","lemma":"разрешить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on могло","gloss":"released"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of разрешил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking послушания","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"послушания","lemma":"послушание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of разрешил","gloss":"his obedience"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies могло","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могло","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"могло","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"совершиться","lemma":"совершиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могло","gloss":"be accomplished"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies погребение","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"погребение","lemma":"погребение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of могло","gloss":"burial"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies погребение","gloss":"his"}]},{"number":49,"label":"49","id":"c5-s49","source":"Конечно, всё это лишь древняя легенда, но вот и недавняя быль: один из наших современных иноков спасался на Афоне, и вдруг старец его повелел ему оставить Афон, который он излюбил как святыню, как тихое пристанище, до глубины души своей, и идти сначала в Иерусалим на поклонение святым местам, а потом обратно в Россию, на север, в Сибирь: «Там тебе место, а не здесь».","translation":"Of course, all this is only an ancient legend, but here is a recent true tale as well: one of our contemporary monks was seeking salvation on Athos, and suddenly his elder commanded him to leave Athos, which he had come to love as a holy place, as a quiet refuge, to the very depth of his soul, and to go first to Jerusalem to venerate the holy places, and then back to Russia, to the north, to Siberia: \"There is your place, and not here.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"быль","title":"«быль» vs «легенда»","body":"«быль» is a true story, something that actually happened (from «быть»), pointedly opposed to «древняя легенда» ('ancient legend') just before it. The narrator pivots from myth to a 'recent true tale' to press his point about real, present-day eldership."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"повелел ему оставить Афон","title":"«повелеть» + dative + infinitive","body":"«повелел» ('commanded', a solemn-archaic verb) takes the dative of the person commanded, «ему», plus an infinitive «оставить» ('to leave'). The relative «который он излюбил» follows, modifying «Афон» with the bookish «излюбить» ('to come to love dearly')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentential adverb modifying the это ... легенда clause","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies это","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of легенда (copula omitted)","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies легенда (the predicate)","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"древняя","lemma":"древний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies легенда","gloss":"ancient"},{"surface":"легенда","lemma":"легенда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of это","gloss":"legend"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies быль","gloss":"here is"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies быль","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"недавняя","lemma":"недавний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies быль","gloss":"recent"},{"surface":"быль","lemma":"быль","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with легенда","gloss":"true story"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спасался","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking иноков","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"наших","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of иноков","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"современных","lemma":"современный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies иноков","gloss":"contemporary"},{"surface":"иноков","lemma":"инок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of из","gloss":"monks"},{"surface":"спасался","lemma":"спасаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the illustrating clause introduced by быль:","gloss":"was seeking salvation"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Афоне","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"Афоне","lemma":"афон","morphology":"proper noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of спасался","gloss":"Athos"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies повелел","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"старец","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of повелел","gloss":"elder"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"possessive modifier of старец","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"повелел","lemma":"повелеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with спасался","gloss":"commanded"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of повелел","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"оставить","lemma":"оставить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of повелел","gloss":"to leave"},{"surface":"Афон","lemma":"афон","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of оставить","gloss":"Athos"},{"surface":"который","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of излюбил","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of излюбил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"излюбил","lemma":"излюбить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on Афон","gloss":"had come to love"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison святыню","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"святыню","lemma":"святыня","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of излюбил","gloss":"a holy place"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison пристанище","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"тихое","lemma":"тихий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies пристанище","gloss":"quiet"},{"surface":"пристанище","lemma":"пристанище","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of излюбил","gloss":"refuge"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глубины","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"глубины","lemma":"глубина","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of излюбил","gloss":"the depth"},{"surface":"души","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies глубины","gloss":"of soul"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of души","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"идти","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with оставить","gloss":"to go"},{"surface":"сначала","lemma":"сначала","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies идти","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Иерусалим","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Иерусалим","lemma":"иерусалим","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of идти","gloss":"Jerusalem"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking поклонение","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"поклонение","lemma":"поклонение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of идти","gloss":"veneration"},{"surface":"святым","lemma":"святой","morphology":"adjective, dative, plural","role":"modifies местам","gloss":"holy"},{"surface":"местам","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of поклонение","gloss":"places"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обратно","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"обратно","lemma":"обратно","morphology":"adverb","role":"continues the идти clause","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Россию","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Россию","lemma":"россия","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обратно","gloss":"Russia"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking север","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"север","lemma":"север","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Россию","gloss":"the north"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Сибирь","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Сибирь","lemma":"сибирь","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with Россию","gloss":"Siberia"},{"surface":"Там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverb opening the elder's quoted words","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"dative of reference with место","gloss":"for you"},{"surface":"место","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical clause (Там ... место)","gloss":"a place"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies здесь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with Там","gloss":"here"}]},{"number":50,"label":"50","id":"c5-s50","source":"Пораженный и убитый горем монах явился в Константинополь ко вселенскому патриарху и молил разрешить его послушание, и вот вселенский владыко ответил ему, что не только он, патриарх вселенский, не может разрешить его, но и на всей земле нет, да и не может быть такой власти, которая бы могла разрешить его от послушания, раз уже наложенного старцем, кроме лишь власти самого того старца, который наложил его.","translation":"Stricken and crushed with grief, the monk presented himself in Constantinople before the ecumenical patriarch and implored him to release him from his obedience, and lo, the ecumenical primate answered him that not only could he, the ecumenical patriarch, not release him, but that in all the earth there is not, nor can there be, any power that could release him from an obedience once laid upon him by an elder, save only the power of that same elder who had laid it upon him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Пораженный и убитый горем монах","title":"Past passive participles as attributes","body":"«Пораженный» and «убитый» are long-form past passive participles ('stricken' and 'killed/crushed') modifying «монах»; «убитый горем» uses the instrumental «горем» for the cause ('crushed by grief'). The agent/cause of a passive participle stands in the instrumental."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"на всей земле нет ... такой власти, которая бы могла разрешить","title":"Genitive of negation + «которая бы»","body":"«нет ... власти» negates existence and forces the genitive «власти». The relative clause «которая бы могла разрешить» uses «бы» + past «могла» as an irrealis ('which could [possibly] release') — a power merely conceivable, here denied to exist."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пораженный","lemma":"пораженный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies монах","gloss":"stricken"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"убитый","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"coordinated with Пораженный, modifies монах","gloss":"crushed"},{"surface":"горем","lemma":"горе","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of убитый","gloss":"with grief"},{"surface":"монах","lemma":"монах","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of явился","gloss":"the monk"},{"surface":"явился","lemma":"явиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"presented himself"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Константинополь","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Константинополь","lemma":"константинополь","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of явился","gloss":"Constantinople"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking патриарху","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"вселенскому","lemma":"вселенский","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies патриарху","gloss":"ecumenical"},{"surface":"патриарху","lemma":"патриарх","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of явился","gloss":"patriarch"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"молил","lemma":"молить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with явился","gloss":"implored"},{"surface":"разрешить","lemma":"разрешить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of молил","gloss":"to release"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of послушание","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"послушание","lemma":"послушание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of разрешить","gloss":"obedience"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the next clause (владыко ответил)","gloss":"lo"},{"surface":"вселенский","lemma":"вселенский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies владыко","gloss":"ecumenical"},{"surface":"владыко","lemma":"владыка","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ответил","gloss":"primate"},{"surface":"ответил","lemma":"ответить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with молил","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of ответил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of может","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase не только","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase не только","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of может","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"патриарх","lemma":"патриарх","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to он","gloss":"the patriarch"},{"surface":"вселенский","lemma":"вселенский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies патриарх","gloss":"ecumenical"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies может","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of ответил","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"разрешить","lemma":"разрешить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"release"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of разрешить","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase но и","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking земле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"всей","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of земле","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"земле","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of нет","gloss":"the earth"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"existential predicate, coordinated with может","gloss":"there is not"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase да и","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies может","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with нет","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of власти","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"власти","lemma":"власть","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"genitive complement of нет / может быть","gloss":"power","note":"Genitive of negation: 'нет ... власти' = 'there is no power', not a nominative subject."},{"surface":"которая","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of могла","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks могла as conditional/subjunctive","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"могла","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on власти","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"разрешить","lemma":"разрешить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могла","gloss":"release"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of разрешить","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking послушания","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"послушания","lemma":"послушание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of разрешить","gloss":"an obedience"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"modifies наложенного (once/since)","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies наложенного","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"наложенного","lemma":"наложить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, perfective","role":"clause modifying послушания","gloss":"laid upon him"},{"surface":"старцем","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"agent of наложенного","gloss":"by an elder"},{"surface":"кроме","lemma":"кроме","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking власти","gloss":"save"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies власти","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"власти","lemma":"власть","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of кроме","gloss":"the power"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"сам","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies того","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of старца","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"старца","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies власти","gloss":"elder"},{"surface":"который","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of наложил","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"наложил","lemma":"наложить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on старца","gloss":"had laid it upon him"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of наложил","gloss":"it"}]},{"number":51,"label":"51","id":"c5-s51","source":"Таким образом, старчество одарено властью в известных случаях беспредельною и непостижимою.","translation":"Thus elderhood is endowed, in certain cases, with a power boundless and beyond comprehension.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"старчество одарено властью ... беспредельною","title":"Short passive participle «одарено» + instrumental","body":"«одарено» is the short-form neuter past passive participle of «одарить» ('endowed, gifted'), agreeing with «старчество». What it is endowed with goes in the instrumental — «властью ... беспредельною и непостижимою», the adjectives in the archaic «-ою» instrumental."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"беспредельною и непостижимою","title":"«беспредельный», «непостижимый»","body":"Two negating prefixes give weight: «бес-предельный» ('without limit, boundless', «предел» = limit) and «не-постижимый» ('un-graspable, beyond comprehension', from «постигать»). The pairing inflates the elder's power to the metaphysical."}],"words":[{"surface":"Таким","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of образом","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"образом","lemma":"образ","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial modifier of одарено (thus)","gloss":"way"},{"surface":"старчество","lemma":"старчество","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of одарено","gloss":"elderhood"},{"surface":"одарено","lemma":"одарить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, short-form, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is endowed"},{"surface":"властью","lemma":"власть","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of одарено","gloss":"with a power"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking случаях","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"известных","lemma":"известный","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies случаях","gloss":"certain"},{"surface":"случаях","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of одарено","gloss":"cases"},{"surface":"беспредельною","lemma":"беспредельный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies властью, coordinated with непостижимою","gloss":"boundless"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"непостижимою","lemma":"непостижимый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies властью, coordinated with беспредельною","gloss":"beyond comprehension"}]},{"number":52,"label":"52","id":"c5-s52","source":"Вот почему во многих монастырях старчество у нас сначала встречено было почти гонением.","translation":"This is why, in many monasteries, elderhood was at first met among us almost with persecution.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"старчество у нас сначала встречено было почти гонением","title":"Periphrastic passive «встречено было» + instrumental","body":"«встречено было» inverts the usual order of short past passive participle + «было» ('was met'). The means of meeting stands in the instrumental: «почти гонением» ('almost with persecution'). «Вот почему» ('this is why') opens the explanatory link."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies почему","gloss":"this is"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies встречено","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking монастырях","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"многих","lemma":"многий","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"modifies монастырях","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"монастырях","lemma":"монастырь","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of встречено","gloss":"monasteries"},{"surface":"старчество","lemma":"старчество","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive встречено","gloss":"elderhood"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of у","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"сначала","lemma":"сначала","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies встречено","gloss":"at first"},{"surface":"встречено","lemma":"встретить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was met"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of встречено","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies гонением","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"гонением","lemma":"гонение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of встречено","gloss":"with persecution"}]},{"number":53,"label":"53","id":"c5-s53","source":"Между тем старцев тотчас же стали высоко уважать в народе.","translation":"Meanwhile the elders at once came to be held in high esteem among the people.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Между тем старцев тотчас же стали высоко уважать","title":"Object «старцев» fronted; «стали» + infinitive","body":"The animate accusative «старцев» (= genitive form) is fronted as topic before the subjectless «стали уважать». «стали» ('began') + imperfective infinitive «уважать» renders inchoative 'came to esteem'. «Между тем» ('meanwhile') marks the narrative pivot."}],"words":[{"surface":"Между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тем (idiom между тем)","gloss":"meanwhile"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom между тем","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"старцев","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of уважать (fronted)","gloss":"the elders"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стали","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes тотчас","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"стали","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came to"},{"surface":"высоко","lemma":"высоко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уважать","gloss":"highly"},{"surface":"уважать","lemma":"уважать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стали","gloss":"be esteemed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking народе","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"народе","lemma":"народ","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of уважать","gloss":"the people"}]},{"number":54,"label":"54","id":"c5-s54","source":"К старцам нашего монастыря стекались, например, и простолюдины и самые знатные люди, с тем чтобы, повергаясь пред ними, исповедовать им свои сомнения, свои грехи, свои страдания и испросить совета и наставления.","translation":"To the elders of our monastery there flocked, for example, both common folk and the most distinguished people, so that, casting themselves down before them, they might confess to them their doubts, their sins, their sufferings, and beg for counsel and guidance.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"и простолюдины и самые знатные люди","title":"«простолюдин» vs «знатный»","body":"A social span: «простолюдин» is a commoner, person of the common people («простой» + «люд»); «знатный» means high-born, distinguished. The «и ... и» ('both ... and') stresses that elders drew every rank — a point about their universal moral pull."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с тем чтобы, повергаясь пред ними, исповедовать","title":"«с тем чтобы» + imperfective gerund «повергаясь»","body":"«с тем чтобы» + infinitive is the bookish purpose frame ('so that, in order to'). «повергаясь» is an imperfective present gerund of the reflexive «повергаться» ('casting themselves down, prostrating'), naming the simultaneous posture of confession. «пред ними» again uses archaic «пред»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"исповедовать им свои ... грехи ... и испросить совета","title":"Reflexive «свои» + perfective «испросить» + genitive","body":"«свои сомнения, свои грехи, свои страдания» uses the reflexive possessive «свой» (their own). «испросить» is the perfective 'to beg/obtain by entreaty'; like many verbs of seeking it takes the genitive «совета и наставления» ('counsel and guidance')."}],"words":[{"surface":"К","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking старцам","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"старцам","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of стекались","gloss":"the elders"},{"surface":"нашего","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of монастыря","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"монастыря","lemma":"монастырь","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies старцам","gloss":"monastery"},{"surface":"стекались","lemma":"стекаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"flocked"},{"surface":"например","lemma":"например","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to простолюдины","gloss":"for example"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"first half of и...и (both...and)","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"простолюдины","lemma":"простолюдин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of стекались","gloss":"common folk"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"second half of и...и (both...and)","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"самые","lemma":"самый","morphology":"particle, nominative, plural","role":"modifies знатные","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"знатные","lemma":"знатный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies люди","gloss":"distinguished"},{"surface":"люди","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with простолюдины","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom с тем чтобы (so that)","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom с тем чтобы","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause of исповедовать","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"повергаясь","lemma":"повергаться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on исповедовать","gloss":"casting themselves down"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ними","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"ними","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of повергаясь","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"исповедовать","lemma":"исповедовать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the чтобы purpose clause","gloss":"to confess"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of исповедовать","gloss":"to them"},{"surface":"свои","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of сомнения","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"сомнения","lemma":"сомнение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of исповедовать","gloss":"doubts"},{"surface":"свои","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of грехи","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"грехи","lemma":"грех","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with сомнения","gloss":"sins"},{"surface":"свои","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of страдания","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"страдания","lemma":"страдание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated with сомнения","gloss":"sufferings"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"испросить","lemma":"испросить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with исповедовать","gloss":"to beg for"},{"surface":"совета","lemma":"совет","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of испросить","gloss":"counsel"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"наставления","lemma":"наставление","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with совета","gloss":"guidance"}]},{"number":55,"label":"55","id":"c5-s55","source":"Видя это, противники старцев кричали, вместе с прочими обвинениями, что здесь самовластно и легкомысленно унижается таинство исповеди, хотя беспрерывное исповедование своей души старцу послушником его или светским производится совсем не как таинство.","translation":"Seeing this, the opponents of the elders cried out, among their other accusations, that here the sacrament of confession was being arbitrarily and frivolously degraded, although the continual confessing of one's soul to the elder, by his novice or by a layman, is conducted in no way as a sacrament.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Видя это, противники старцев кричали","title":"Imperfective gerund «видя»","body":"«Видя» is the imperfective present gerund of «видеть» ('seeing, as they saw'), marking a simultaneous circumstance for the main verb «кричали» ('cried out', imperfective for the ongoing outcry), both sharing the subject «противники»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"самовластно ... унижается таинство исповеди","title":"Reflexive passive «унижается»","body":"«унижается» is the reflexive «-ся» as imperfective passive ('is being degraded'), with the nominative subject «таинство» as the thing acted upon. The adverbs «самовластно и легкомысленно» ('arbitrarily and frivolously') color the alleged abuse."}],"words":[{"surface":"Видя","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on кричали","gloss":"seeing"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of Видя","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"противники","lemma":"противник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of кричали","gloss":"opponents"},{"surface":"старцев","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies противники","gloss":"of the elders"},{"surface":"кричали","lemma":"кричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"вместе","lemma":"вместе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies кричали, part of вместе с","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обвинениями","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"прочими","lemma":"прочий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies обвинениями","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"обвинениями","lemma":"обвинение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of вместе с","gloss":"accusations"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of унижается","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies унижается","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"самовластно","lemma":"самовластно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies унижается","gloss":"arbitrarily"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"легкомысленно","lemma":"легкомысленно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with самовластно","gloss":"frivolously"},{"surface":"унижается","lemma":"унижаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, passive, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of кричали","gloss":"is being degraded"},{"surface":"таинство","lemma":"таинство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of унижается","gloss":"the sacrament"},{"surface":"исповеди","lemma":"исповедь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies таинство","gloss":"of confession"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of производится","gloss":"although"},{"surface":"беспрерывное","lemma":"беспрерывный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies исповедование","gloss":"continual"},{"surface":"исповедование","lemma":"исповедование","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of производится","gloss":"confessing"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of души","gloss":"one's own"},{"surface":"души","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies исповедование","gloss":"of soul"},{"surface":"старцу","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of исповедование","gloss":"to the elder"},{"surface":"послушником","lemma":"послушник","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of производится","gloss":"by a novice"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular, possessive","role":"determiner of послушником","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"светским","lemma":"светский","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with послушником","gloss":"a layman"},{"surface":"производится","lemma":"производиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, passive, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the хотя-clause","gloss":"is conducted"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates производится (with как таинство)","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"preposition marking таинство","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"таинство","lemma":"таинство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of как, with производится","gloss":"a sacrament"}]},{"number":56,"label":"56","id":"c5-s56","source":"Кончилось, однако, тем, что старчество удержалось и мало-помалу по русским монастырям водворяется.","translation":"It ended, however, with elderhood holding its ground and, little by little, establishing itself throughout the Russian monasteries.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Кончилось ... тем, что старчество удержалось","title":"Reflexive verbs + «тем, что»","body":"«Кончилось тем, что» is the idiom 'it ended with [the fact] that', the instrumental «тем» anticipating the «что»-clause. Both «кончилось» and «удержалось» are reflexive/middle ('came to an end', 'held its ground'), agentless self-resolving events."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"мало-помалу ... водворяется","title":"Reflexive «водворяется» + idiom «мало-помалу»","body":"«водворяется» (reflexive «водворяться», 'establishes itself, settles in') is imperfective present for the ongoing, gradual process. «мало-помалу» ('little by little') is a reduplicative adverbial idiom reinforcing the slow spread."}],"words":[{"surface":"Кончилось","lemma":"кончиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"it ended"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Кончилось","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of Кончилось","gloss":"with this"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of удержалось","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"старчество","lemma":"старчество","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of удержалось","gloss":"elderhood"},{"surface":"удержалось","lemma":"удержаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of тем","gloss":"held its ground"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мало","lemma":"мало-помалу","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of мало-помалу, modifies водворяется","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"помалу","lemma":"мало-помалу","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of мало-помалу, modifies водворяется","gloss":"by little"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking монастырям","gloss":"throughout"},{"surface":"русским","lemma":"русский","morphology":"adjective, dative, plural","role":"modifies монастырям","gloss":"Russian"},{"surface":"монастырям","lemma":"монастырь","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of водворяется","gloss":"monasteries"},{"surface":"водворяется","lemma":"водворяться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with удержалось","gloss":"is taking hold"}]},{"number":57,"label":"57","id":"c5-s57","source":"Правда, пожалуй, и то, что это испытанное и уже тысячелетнее орудие для нравственного перерождения человека от рабства к свободе и к нравственному совершенствованию может обратиться в обоюдоострое орудие, так что иного, пожалуй, приведет вместо смирения и окончательного самообладания, напротив, к самой сатанинской гордости, то есть к цепям, а не к свободе.","translation":"It is true, perhaps, that this tested and already thousand-year-old instrument for the moral regeneration of a man from slavery to freedom and to moral perfection may turn into a double-edged instrument, so that it may lead one, perhaps, instead of to humility and final self-mastery, on the contrary, to the most satanic pride — that is, to chains, and not to freedom.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"может обратиться в обоюдоострое орудие","title":"Reflexive «обратиться в» + accusative","body":"«обратиться в» ('to turn into') is reflexive «обратиться» + «в» + accusative «обоюдоострое орудие» ('a double-edged instrument'). «обоюдоострый» literally 'sharp on both sides', from «обоюду» (archaic 'on both sides') + «острый»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"иного ... приведет ... к самой сатанинской гордости","title":"Animate accusative «иного» + «самой»","body":"«иного» ('one [person], another') is the animate masculine accusative (= genitive form) object of «приведёт». «к самой сатанинской гордости» uses «к» + dative; «самой» here is the intensive 'the very [most] satanic pride', superlative-flavored."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"так что иного ... приведет ... напротив ... к цепям, а не к свободе","title":"Result clause «так что» + contrastive «а»","body":"«так что» ('so that, with the result that') opens a consequence clause. The close balances «к цепям, а не к свободе» ('to chains, and not to freedom') on the contrastive «а», the antithesis that crowns the warning."}],"words":[{"surface":"Правда","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun used as predicate, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate; subject is то...что clause","gloss":"[it is] true"},{"surface":"пожалуй","lemma":"пожалуй","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Правда","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"correlative pronoun anticipating the что-clause, functions as subject of the implied predicate Правда (not subject of может — орудие/w11 is the subject of может)","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of может","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of орудие","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"испытанное","lemma":"испытанный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies орудие","gloss":"tested"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies тысячелетнее","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"тысячелетнее","lemma":"тысячелетний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with испытанное","gloss":"thousand-year-old"},{"surface":"орудие","lemma":"орудие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of может","gloss":"instrument"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking перерождения","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"нравственного","lemma":"нравственный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies перерождения","gloss":"moral"},{"surface":"перерождения","lemma":"перерождение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies орудие","gloss":"regeneration"},{"surface":"человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies перерождения","gloss":"of a man"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рабства","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"рабства","lemma":"рабство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies перерождения","gloss":"slavery"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking свободе","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"свободе","lemma":"свобода","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies перерождения","gloss":"freedom"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking совершенствованию","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нравственному","lemma":"нравственный","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies совершенствованию","gloss":"moral"},{"surface":"совершенствованию","lemma":"совершенствование","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with свободе","gloss":"perfection"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"обратиться","lemma":"обратиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"turn"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking орудие","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"обоюдоострое","lemma":"обоюдоострый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies орудие","gloss":"double-edged"},{"surface":"орудие","lemma":"орудие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of обратиться","gloss":"instrument"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так что","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of так что, introduces result clause","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"так что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of так что, introduces result clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"иного","lemma":"иной","morphology":"pronoun, accusative (animate), masculine, singular","role":"direct object of приведет","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"пожалуй","lemma":"пожалуй","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приведет","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"приведет","lemma":"привести","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the так что clause","gloss":"will lead"},{"surface":"вместо","lemma":"вместо","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking смирения","gloss":"instead of"},{"surface":"смирения","lemma":"смирение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of приведет","gloss":"humility"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"окончательного","lemma":"окончательный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies самообладания","gloss":"final"},{"surface":"самообладания","lemma":"самообладание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with смирения","gloss":"self-mastery"},{"surface":"напротив","lemma":"напротив","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приведет","gloss":"on the contrary"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гордости","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"самой","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies сатанинской","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"сатанинской","lemma":"сатанинский","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies гордости","gloss":"satanic"},{"surface":"гордости","lemma":"гордость","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приведет","gloss":"pride"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то есть","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of то есть (\"that is\")","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"то есть","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of то есть (\"that is\")","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking цепям","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"цепям","lemma":"цепь","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, plural","role":"in apposition to гордости","gloss":"chains"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies свободе","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking свободе","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"свободе","lemma":"свобода","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with цепям","gloss":"freedom"}]},{"number":58,"label":"58","id":"c5-s58","source":"Старец Зосима был лет шестидесяти пяти, происходил из помещиков, когда-то в самой ранней юности был военным и служил на Кавказе обер-офицером.","translation":"The elder Zosima was about sixty-five years old, came from the landowning class, had once, in his very early youth, been a military man and served in the Caucasus as a senior officer.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"был лет шестидесяти пяти","title":"Genitive of approximate age","body":"«лет шестидесяти пяти» puts the number after the noun «лет» — inversion that signals approximation ('about sixty-five years [old]'). The whole phrase is genitive, the genitive of measure/age; reversing to «шестьдесят пять лет» would mean exactly 65."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"служил ... обер-офицером","title":"Instrumental of role after «служить»","body":"«служить» ('to serve') takes its predicate role in the instrumental — «обер-офицером» ('as a senior officer'). This is the standard instrumental of a held position or capacity, like «работать врачом»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Старец","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"the elder"},{"surface":"Зосима","lemma":"Зосима","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Старец","gloss":"Zosima"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to лет","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"predicate complement of был (age construction)","gloss":"years [old]"},{"surface":"шестидесяти","lemma":"шестьдесят","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"modifies лет","gloss":"sixty"},{"surface":"пяти","lemma":"пять","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"modifies шестидесяти","gloss":"five"},{"surface":"происходил","lemma":"происходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with был","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking помещиков","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"помещиков","lemma":"помещик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of происходил","gloss":"landowners"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда-то","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of когда-то, modifies был (w16)","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"когда-то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of когда-то, modifies был (w16)","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking юности","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"самой","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ранней","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"ранней","lemma":"ранний","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies юности","gloss":"early"},{"surface":"юности","lemma":"юность","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of был (temporal)","gloss":"youth"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to военным","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"военным","lemma":"военный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"a military man"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"служил","lemma":"служить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with происходил","gloss":"served"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Кавказе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Кавказе","lemma":"Кавказ","morphology":"proper noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of служил","gloss":"the Caucasus"},{"surface":"обер","lemma":"обер-офицер","morphology":"prefix, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"part of обер-офицером, predicate complement of служил","gloss":"senior"},{"surface":"офицером","lemma":"офицер","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of служил (with обер-)","gloss":"officer"}]},{"number":59,"label":"59","id":"c5-s59","source":"Без сомнения, он поразил Алешу каким-нибудь особенным свойством души своей.","translation":"Beyond all doubt, he had struck Alyosha by some particular quality of his soul.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"поразил Алешу каким-нибудь особенным свойством души своей","title":"Instrumental of means + indefinite «каким-нибудь»","body":"«поразил» ('struck, amazed') takes the accusative «Алёшу» and an instrumental of means «свойством» ('by some quality'). «каким-нибудь» is the non-specific indefinite ('some ... or other'), and «души своей» is a reflexive-possessive genitive ('of his own soul')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Без сомнения","title":"«без» + genitive set phrase","body":"«Без сомнения» ('without doubt') is «без» + genitive «сомнения», a fixed adverbial opener. The genitive after «без» ('without') is a core preposition-government pattern."}],"words":[{"surface":"Без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сомнения","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"сомнения","lemma":"сомнение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"part of без сомнения, modifies поразил","gloss":"doubt"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поразил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"поразил","lemma":"поразить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"Алешу","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of поразил","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"каким","lemma":"какой-нибудь","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of свойством","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"какой-нибудь","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of свойством","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"особенным","lemma":"особенный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies свойством","gloss":"particular"},{"surface":"свойством","lemma":"свойство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of поразил","gloss":"quality"},{"surface":"души","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies свойством","gloss":"of soul"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of души","gloss":"his own"}]},{"number":60,"label":"60","id":"c5-s60","source":"Алеша жил в самой келье старца, который очень полюбил его и допустил к себе.","translation":"Alyosha lived in the elder's very cell, for the elder had grown very fond of him and had admitted him to his presence.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"келья","title":"«келья» — a monastic cell","body":"«келья» is a monk's cell, his small private dwelling-room in the monastery (from Latin cella via Greek). That Alyosha lived «в самой келье старца» ('in the elder's very cell') marks an extraordinary intimacy with Zosima."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"который очень полюбил его и допустил к себе","title":"Relative «который» + inceptive «полюбил»","body":"«который» (nominative masculine) introduces a relative clause whose subject is the elder. «полюбил» is the inceptive perfective of «любить» — 'came to love, grew fond of'. «допустил к себе» ('admitted to himself/his presence') uses «к» + dative reflexive «себе»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of жил","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"жил","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lived"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking келье","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"самой","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies келье","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"келье","lemma":"келья","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of жил","gloss":"cell"},{"surface":"старца","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies келье","gloss":"of the elder"},{"surface":"который","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of полюбил","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies полюбил","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"полюбил","lemma":"полюбить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on старца","gloss":"grew fond of"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of полюбил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"допустил","lemma":"допустить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with полюбил","gloss":"admitted"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"oblique complement of допустил","gloss":"his presence"}]},{"number":61,"label":"61","id":"c5-s61","source":"Надо заметить, что Алеша, живя тогда в монастыре, был еще ничем не связан, мог выходить куда угодно хоть на целые дни, и если носил свой подрясник, то добровольно, чтобы ни от кого в монастыре не отличаться.","translation":"It should be noted that Alyosha, living then in the monastery, was as yet bound by nothing; he could go out wherever he pleased, even for whole days at a time, and if he wore his cassock, he did so of his own accord, so as not to set himself apart from anyone in the monastery.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"живя тогда в монастыре","title":"A present gerund sets the scene","body":"«живя» is the imperfective present деепричастие of «жить» — 'living, while living'. This indeclinable verb-adverb shares Alyosha's subject and folds a whole circumstance ('during the time he lived in the monastery') into a single word, a hallmark of literary narration."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ничем не связан","title":"Instrumental of means + negation","body":"«ничем» is the instrumental of «ничто» ('by nothing'), the means by which he is not bound; «связан» is the short-form past passive participle of «связать». Note the negative concord: the negative pronoun «ничем» still requires «не» on the predicate."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы ни от кого в монастыре не отличаться","title":"Purpose clause with чтобы + reflexive verb","body":"«чтобы» introduces purpose and pulls the verb into its irrealis/infinitive shape; «отличаться» ('to differ, set oneself apart') is a reflexive -ся verb. «ни от кого… не» is again negative concord — 'so as not to differ from anyone at all'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"подрясник","title":"The cassock of a novice","body":"A «подрясник» is the plain everyday undercassock worn by Orthodox monks and clergy (literally 'under-cassock', beneath the fuller «ряса»). That Alyosha wears it voluntarily, though not yet vowed, quietly marks how far he has already entered monastic life."}],"words":[{"surface":"Надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"it is necessary to"},{"surface":"заметить","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on Надо","gloss":"note"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of связан","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of passive связан","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"живя","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on связан","gloss":"living"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies живя","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking монастыре","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"монастыре","lemma":"монастырь","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of живя","gloss":"the monastery"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of связан","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies связан","gloss":"as yet"},{"surface":"ничем","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"oblique complement of связан","gloss":"by nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies связан","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"связан","lemma":"связать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of заметить","gloss":"bound"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with связан","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"выходить","lemma":"выходить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"go out"},{"surface":"куда","lemma":"куда угодно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выходить","gloss":"wherever"},{"surface":"угодно","lemma":"куда угодно","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase куда","gloss":"he pleased"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies на целые дни","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дни","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"целые","lemma":"целый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies дни","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"дни","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of выходить","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of носил","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"носил","lemma":"носить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"conditional clause (если), correlates with добровольно","gloss":"wore"},{"surface":"свой","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of подрясник","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"подрясник","lemma":"подрясник","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of носил","gloss":"cassock"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"apodosis marker, introduces добровольно","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"добровольно","lemma":"добровольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of the если...то construction","gloss":"voluntarily"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of отличаться","gloss":"so as"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кого","gloss":"not any"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кого","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"кого","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"oblique complement of отличаться","gloss":"anyone"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking монастыре","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"монастыре","lemma":"монастырь","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отличаться","gloss":"the monastery"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отличаться","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"отличаться","lemma":"отличаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"purpose clause (чтобы), modifies добровольно","gloss":"stand apart"}]},{"number":62,"label":"62","id":"c5-s62","source":"Но уж конечно это ему и самому нравилось.","translation":"But of course this was also to his own liking.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"уж конечно","title":"The particle «уж» as intensifier","body":"«уж» here is not the adverb 'already' but a modal particle reinforcing «конечно» — 'but of course, no doubt about it'. Such tiny particles carry the conversational coloring that English handles with stress alone."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ему и самому нравилось","title":"Dative experiencer with «нравиться»","body":"«нравиться» takes its experiencer in the dative: «ему» ('to him') is the one to whom it is pleasing, with no nominative subject for the feeling. «самому» (also dative) intensifies — 'he himself'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies конечно","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нравилось","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of нравилось","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of нравилось","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies самому","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"самому","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with ему","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"нравилось","lemma":"нравиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was pleasing"}]},{"number":63,"label":"63","id":"c5-s63","source":"Может быть, на юношеское воображение Алеши сильно подействовала эта сила и слава, которая окружала беспрерывно его старца.","translation":"Perhaps Alyosha's youthful imagination had been powerfully affected by that power and glory which unceasingly surrounded his elder.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"на юношеское воображение Алеши сильно подействовала эта сила и слава","title":"Inverted word order foregrounds the effect","body":"The sentence leads with the prepositional object «на… воображение» and delays the subject «эта сила и слава» to the end — the new, weighty information. Russian's case endings free word order so that position signals emphasis, not grammatical role."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"которая окружала беспрерывно его старца","title":"Relative clause with «который»","body":"«которая» agrees in gender and number with its antecedent «сила и слава» (treated as feminine singular here) but takes nominative as the subject of its own clause. «окружала» is imperfective past — an ongoing, continual surrounding."}],"words":[{"surface":"Может","lemma":"может быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of может быть, modifies подействовала","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"может быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"part of может быть, modifies подействовала","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking воображение","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"юношеское","lemma":"юношеский","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies воображение","gloss":"youthful"},{"surface":"воображение","lemma":"воображение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of подействовала","gloss":"imagination"},{"surface":"Алеши","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies воображение","gloss":"Alyosha's"},{"surface":"сильно","lemma":"сильно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подействовала","gloss":"strongly"},{"surface":"подействовала","lemma":"подействовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"affected"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of сила","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"сила","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of подействовала","gloss":"power"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"слава","lemma":"слава","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with сила","gloss":"glory"},{"surface":"которая","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of окружала","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"окружала","lemma":"окружать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on слава","gloss":"surrounded"},{"surface":"беспрерывно","lemma":"беспрерывно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies окружала","gloss":"unceasingly"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of старца","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"старца","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of окружала","gloss":"elder"}]},{"number":64,"label":"64","id":"c5-s64","source":"Про старца Зосиму говорили многие, что он, допуская к себе столь многие годы всех приходивших к нему исповедовать сердце свое и жаждавших от него совета и врачебного слова, до того много принял в душу свою откровений, сокрушений, сознаний, что под конец приобрел прозорливость уже столь тонкую, что с первого взгляда на лицо незнакомого, приходившего к нему, мог угадывать: с чем тот пришел, чего тому нужно и даже какого рода мучение терзает его совесть, и удивлял, смущал и почти пугал иногда пришедшего таким знанием тайны его, прежде чем тот молвил слово.","translation":"Many said of the elder Zosima that, by admitting to himself for so many years all who came to him to confess their hearts and who thirsted for his counsel and his healing word, he had taken into his soul so many revelations, contritions, and confessions that in the end he had acquired a discernment so subtle that, at the first glance into the face of a stranger who came to him, he could divine what that person had come with, what he needed, and even what kind of torment was gnawing at his conscience — and he would amaze, disconcert, and sometimes almost frighten the newcomer with such knowledge of his secret, before that person had uttered a word.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"допуская к себе… всех приходивших к нему","title":"Gerund + past participle, layered","body":"«допуская» is an imperfective present gerund ('by admitting'), and «приходивших» is a past active participle of «приходить» ('those who came / were coming'), here in the genitive-accusative as object of «допуская». Dostoevsky packs a gerund and a participle into one clause — the dense participial chain typical of bookish 19th-century syntax."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"исповедовать сердце свое","title":"Reflexive possessive «свой»","body":"«свое» (свой) is the reflexive possessive: 'their own heart', referring back to the subject of the clause (those who came), not to the elder. Using «его» instead would have pointed to someone else's heart."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"прозорливость","title":"Spiritual discernment","body":"«прозорливость» (from «прозреть», to see through) is the Orthodox gift of spiritual insight — the elder's ability to read a soul at a glance. It is a key term in the cult of the «старец», not mere worldly perceptiveness but a charism attributed to holy elders."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"врачебного слова","title":"A 'healing word'","body":"«врачебный» means 'medical, healing' (from «врач», physician, and the older «врачевать», to heal). The elder offers a «врачебное слово» — a word that cures the soul — blending the imagery of physician and confessor that runs through the chapter."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с первого взгляда на лицо незнакомого","title":"Substantivized adjective «незнакомого»","body":"«незнакомого» is an adjective ('unfamiliar') used as a noun, 'of a stranger', and stands in the animate genitive. Russian freely turns adjectives into nouns this way — «больной» (a sick person), «прохожий» (a passer-by)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"молвил слово","title":"Archaic «молвить»","body":"«молвить» ('to utter, speak') is a bookish, somewhat archaic verb, weightier than the everyday «сказать». Its solemn register suits the hushed, almost liturgical scene of the stranger standing speechless before the elder."}],"words":[{"surface":"Про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking старца","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"старца","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорили","gloss":"the elder"},{"surface":"Зосиму","lemma":"Зосима","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to старца","gloss":"Zosima"},{"surface":"говорили","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"многие","lemma":"многие","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of говорили","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of принял","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of принял","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"допуская","lemma":"допускать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on принял","gloss":"admitting"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"oblique complement of допуская","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies многие","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"многие","lemma":"многий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies годы","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"годы","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"adverbial accusative of duration, modifies допуская","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of приходивших","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"приходивших","lemma":"приходивший","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, genitive, imperfective","role":"direct object of допуская (substantivized participle)","gloss":"those who came"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приходивших","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"исповедовать","lemma":"исповедовать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of приходивших","gloss":"confess"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of исповедовать","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"свое","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of сердце","gloss":"their own"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"жаждавших","lemma":"жаждать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, genitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with приходивших","gloss":"those who thirsted for"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of жаждавших","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"совета","lemma":"совет","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of жаждавших","gloss":"counsel"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"врачебного","lemma":"врачебный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies слова","gloss":"healing"},{"surface":"слова","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with совета","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до того","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of до того, modifies принял","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"до того","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"part of до того, modifies принял","gloss":"such an extent"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies принял","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"принял","lemma":"принять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb, correlate of до того...что","gloss":"took in"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking душу","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"душу","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of принял","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of душу","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"откровений","lemma":"откровение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of принял","gloss":"revelations"},{"surface":"сокрушений","lemma":"сокрушение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated with откровений","gloss":"contritions"},{"surface":"сознаний","lemma":"сознание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated with откровений","gloss":"admissions"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of приобрел","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под конец","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of под конец (\"in the end\")","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"конец","lemma":"под конец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приобрел","gloss":"the end"},{"surface":"приобрел","lemma":"приобрести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the что-result-clause","gloss":"acquired"},{"surface":"прозорливость","lemma":"прозорливость","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of приобрел","gloss":"discernment"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies столь","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies тонкую","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"тонкую","lemma":"тонкий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies прозорливость","gloss":"subtle"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of мог","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking взгляда","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"первого","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies взгляда","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"взгляда","lemma":"взгляд","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of мог","gloss":"glance"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лицо","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies взгляда","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"незнакомого","lemma":"незнакомый","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies лицо","gloss":"of a stranger"},{"surface":"приходившего","lemma":"приходивший","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, imperfective","role":"clause modifying незнакомого","gloss":"who came"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приходившего","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause (correlate of столь)","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"угадывать","lemma":"угадывать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"divine"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чем","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of пришел","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пришел","gloss":"that person"},{"surface":"пришел","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"direct object clause of угадывать","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"subject of нужно","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of нужно","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"нужно","lemma":"нужный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"direct object clause of угадывать","gloss":"was needed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies какого","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"какого","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of рода","gloss":"what kind"},{"surface":"рода","lemma":"род","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мучение","gloss":"kind (of)"},{"surface":"мучение","lemma":"мучение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of терзает","gloss":"torment"},{"surface":"терзает","lemma":"терзать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"direct object clause of угадывать","gloss":"gnaws at"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular, possessive","role":"determiner of совесть","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"совесть","lemma":"совесть","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of терзает","gloss":"conscience"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"удивлял","lemma":"удивлять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb, coordinated with принял/приобрел (subject он)","gloss":"amazed"},{"surface":"смущал","lemma":"смущать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with удивлял","gloss":"disconcerted"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пугал","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"пугал","lemma":"пугать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with удивлял","gloss":"frightened"},{"surface":"иногда","lemma":"иногда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пугал (and preceding verbs)","gloss":"sometimes"},{"surface":"пришедшего","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, accusative, perfective","role":"direct object of удивлял, смущал, пугал","gloss":"the newcomer"},{"surface":"таким","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of знанием","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"знанием","lemma":"знание","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of удивлял/смущал/пугал","gloss":"knowledge"},{"surface":"тайны","lemma":"тайна","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies знанием","gloss":"of the secret"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular, possessive","role":"determiner of тайны","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде чем","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of прежде чем, introduces the clause of молвил","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"прежде чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of прежде чем, introduces the clause of молвил","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of молвил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"молвил","lemma":"молвить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"temporal clause (прежде чем), modifies удивлял/смущал/пугал","gloss":"uttered"},{"surface":"слово","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of молвил","gloss":"a word"}]},{"number":65,"label":"65","id":"c5-s65","source":"Но при этом Алеша почти всегда замечал, что многие, почти все, входившие в первый раз к старцу на уединенную беседу, входили в страхе и беспокойстве, а выходили от него почти всегда светлыми и радостными, и самое мрачное лицо обращалось в счастливое.","translation":"But at the same time Alyosha noticed almost always that many — almost all — who came to the elder for a private conversation for the first time, entered in fear and uneasiness, yet almost always came out from him radiant and joyful, and the gloomiest face would be transformed into a happy one.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"входили в страхе и беспокойстве, а выходили… светлыми и радостными","title":"The contrastive «а»","body":"«а» is the mild contrastive conjunction hinging the two halves — 'entered in fear, whereas they came out radiant'. It marks a turn of topic and gentle opposition, untranslatable by a single English word and constant in Russian narration."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"входившие в первый раз к старцу… входили","title":"Past active participle echoing the finite verb","body":"«входившие» is the past active participle of «входить» ('those who came in'), modifying «многие». It then resolves into the finite «входили» — Dostoevsky lets the participle and verb share a stem for a deliberate, recursive rhythm."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"обращалось в счастливое","title":"Reflexive verb of transformation","body":"«обращалось» is the reflexive -ся verb «обращаться» in its middle sense, 'turned into, was transformed'. The -ся marks the change of state with no external agent — the gloomy face turns happy of itself."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"object of при, forming при этом (at the same time), modifying замечал","gloss":"the same time","note":"при этом is a fixed adverbial phrase, \"at the same time / withal.\""},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of замечал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies всегда","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies замечал","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"замечал","lemma":"замечать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"noticed"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of входили","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"многие","lemma":"многий","morphology":"adjective (substantive), nominative, plural","role":"subject of входили, coordinated with все","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies все","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"coordinated with многие","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"входившие","lemma":"входить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, nominative, imperfective","role":"participle modifying все","gloss":"entering"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"первый","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of входившие","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking старцу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"старцу","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of входившие","gloss":"the elder"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking беседу","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"уединенную","lemma":"уединённый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies беседу","gloss":"private"},{"surface":"беседу","lemma":"беседа","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of входившие","gloss":"conversation"},{"surface":"входили","lemma":"входить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of замечал","gloss":"entered"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking страхе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"страхе","lemma":"страх","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of входили","gloss":"fear"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"беспокойстве","lemma":"беспокойство","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with страхе","gloss":"uneasiness"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"выходили","lemma":"выходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with входили","gloss":"came out"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выходили","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies всегда","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выходили","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"светлыми","lemma":"светлый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"complement of выходили","gloss":"radiant"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"радостными","lemma":"радостный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"coordinated with светлыми","gloss":"joyful"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"самое","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"forms superlative with мрачное","gloss":"the most"},{"surface":"мрачное","lemma":"мрачный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies лицо","gloss":"gloomy"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of обращалось","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"обращалось","lemma":"обращаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with выходили","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking счастливое","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"счастливое","lemma":"счастливый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of обращалось","gloss":"a happy one"}]},{"number":66,"label":"66","id":"c5-s66","source":"Алешу необыкновенно поражало и то, что старец был вовсе не строг; напротив, был всегда почти весел в обхождении.","translation":"Alyosha was also extraordinarily struck by the fact that the elder was not at all stern; on the contrary, he was almost always cheerful in his manner.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"был вовсе не строг","title":"Short-form adjective in the predicate","body":"«строг» is the short form of «строгий» ('stern'), used predicatively after «был». The short form, more bookish than the long «строгий», states a quality as a predicate and is very much at home in 19th-century prose."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Алешу необыкновенно поражало и то","title":"Accusative experiencer with «поражать»","body":"«поражать» ('to strike, astonish') places the person affected in the accusative — «Алешу» is struck — while the subject is «то, что…» ('the fact that'). The object is fronted for emphasis, the subject delayed."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алешу","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of поражало","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"необыкновенно","lemma":"необыкновенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поражало","gloss":"extraordinarily"},{"surface":"поражало","lemma":"поражать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of поражало","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause explaining то","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"старец","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of строг","gloss":"the elder"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to строг","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies строг","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"строг","lemma":"строгий","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular, short form","role":"predicate complement of был, clause modifying то","gloss":"stern"},{"surface":"напротив","lemma":"напротив","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to весел","gloss":"on the contrary"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to весел","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies весел","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies весел","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"весел","lemma":"весёлый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular, short form","role":"parallel clause to строг","gloss":"cheerful"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обхождении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"обхождении","lemma":"обхождение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of весел","gloss":"manner"}]},{"number":67,"label":"67","id":"c5-s67","source":"Монахи про него говорили, что он именно привязывается душой к тому, кто грешнее, и, кто всех более грешен, того он всех более и возлюбит.","translation":"The monks said of him that he attached his soul precisely to whoever was the more sinful, and that the one who was the most sinful of all he would love the most of all.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"кто всех более грешен, того он всех более и возлюбит","title":"Correlative «кто… того» with superlative","body":"A correlative construction: «кто… того» ('whoever… him'), with «того» the resumptive animate accusative. «всех более» ('more than all') is an analytic superlative, and «возлюбит» is the perfective future of the archaic, biblical «возлюбить» (to love)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"возлюбит","title":"Church-Slavonic «возлюбить»","body":"«возлюбить», with its solemn pre-fix «воз-», is the Scriptural word for love (as in the commandment «возлюби ближнего твоего»). Its sacred register raises the monks' saying to the level of a Gospel paradox: the most sinful is the most loved."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"привязывается душой","title":"Reflexive verb + instrumental of means","body":"«привязывается» is reflexive «привязываться» ('to attach oneself, become attached'), and «душой» is the instrumental — the means or organ of attachment, 'with his soul'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Монахи","lemma":"монах","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of говорили","gloss":"The monks"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорили","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"говорили","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of привязывается","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of привязывается","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies привязывается","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"привязывается","lemma":"привязываться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of говорили","gloss":"attaches himself"},{"surface":"душой","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of привязывается","gloss":"with his soul"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тому","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of привязывается","gloss":"the one"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of грешнее","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"грешнее","lemma":"грешный","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"relative clause on тому","gloss":"is more sinful"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of грешен","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"genitive of comparison, complement of более","gloss":"of all"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies грешен","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"грешен","lemma":"грешный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular, short form","role":"coordinated with грешнее","gloss":"sinful"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of возлюбит","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of возлюбит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"genitive of comparison, complement of более","gloss":"than all"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies возлюбит","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle modifying возлюбит","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"возлюбит","lemma":"возлюбить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with привязывается, clausal complement of говорили","gloss":"will love"}]},{"number":68,"label":"68","id":"c5-s68","source":"Из монахов находились, даже и под самый конец жизни старца, ненавистники и завистники его, но их становилось уже мало, и они молчали, хотя было в их числе несколько весьма знаменитых и важных в монастыре лиц, как например один из древнейших иноков, великий молчальник и необычайный постник.","translation":"Among the monks there were, even at the very end of the elder's life, those who hated and envied him, but their number had already grown small, and they kept silent, although among them were several persons of considerable distinction and importance in the monastery, as, for example, one of the most ancient monks, a great keeper of silence and an extraordinary faster.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"их становилось уже мало","title":"Genitive subject with a quantity predicate","body":"«их» is genitive ('of them'), governed by «мало» ('few'), and the verb «становилось» stands impersonally in the neuter — 'they were growing few'. Quantity words like «мало», «много» take a genitive and a neuter verb, leaving no nominative subject."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"молчальник… постник","title":"Ascetic vocations","body":"A «молчальник» is a monk who keeps a vow of silence; a «постник» one renowned for severe fasting. Both nouns name recognized forms of ascetic feat («подвиг») in Russian monasticism, marking the dissenting monk as a figure of great austerity and prestige."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"иноков","title":"«Инок», a monk","body":"«инок» (from «иной», 'other') is an elevated, churchly word for a monk — one who lives 'otherwise', set apart from the world. It is more solemn than the neutral «монах» and belongs to the religious register of the passage."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"из древнейших иноков","title":"Superlative suffix «-ейш-»","body":"«древнейших» is the bookish synthetic superlative of «древний» ('ancient') formed with «-ейш-» — 'one of the most ancient monks'. This single-word superlative is more literary than the everyday «самый древний»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking монахов","gloss":"Among"},{"surface":"монахов","lemma":"монах","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of находились","gloss":"the monks"},{"surface":"находились","lemma":"находиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there were"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies конец","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies конец, paired with даже","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking конец","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"самый","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies конец","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"конец","lemma":"конец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of находились","gloss":"end"},{"surface":"жизни","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies конец","gloss":"of the life"},{"surface":"старца","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies жизни","gloss":"of the elder"},{"surface":"ненавистники","lemma":"ненавистник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of находились","gloss":"haters"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"завистники","lemma":"завистник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with ненавистники","gloss":"enviers"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"complement of ненавистники и завистники","gloss":"of him"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"partitive complement of мало, loose subject of становилось","gloss":"of them"},{"surface":"становилось","lemma":"становиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with находились","gloss":"was becoming"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мало","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"мало","lemma":"мало","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies становилось","gloss":"few"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of молчали","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"молчали","lemma":"молчать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with находились","gloss":"kept silent"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause of было","gloss":"although"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"existential verb, main verb of concessive clause","gloss":"there were"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking числе","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of числе","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"числе","lemma":"число","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"number"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"quantifier of лиц","gloss":"several"},{"surface":"весьма","lemma":"весьма","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знаменитых","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"знаменитых","lemma":"знаменитый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies лиц","gloss":"distinguished"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"важных","lemma":"важный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"coordinated with знаменитых","gloss":"important"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking монастыре","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"монастыре","lemma":"монастырь","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of важных","gloss":"the monastery"},{"surface":"лиц","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"governed by несколько, subject of было","gloss":"persons"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the phrase как например","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"например","lemma":"например","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies один","gloss":"for example"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to лиц","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking иноков","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"древнейших","lemma":"древний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural, superlative","role":"modifies иноков","gloss":"most ancient"},{"surface":"иноков","lemma":"инок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of один","gloss":"monks"},{"surface":"великий","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies молчальник","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"молчальник","lemma":"молчальник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to один","gloss":"keeper of silence"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"необычайный","lemma":"необычайный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies постник","gloss":"extraordinary"},{"surface":"постник","lemma":"постник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to один","gloss":"faster"}]},{"number":69,"label":"69","id":"c5-s69","source":"Но все-таки огромное большинство держало уже несомненно сторону старца Зосимы, а из них очень многие даже любили его всем сердцем, горячо и искренно; некоторые же были привязаны к нему почти фанатически.","translation":"But all the same, the great majority were already, beyond doubt, on the side of the elder Zosima, and of these very many even loved him with their whole heart, ardently and sincerely; some, indeed, were attached to him almost fanatically.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"держало уже несомненно сторону","title":"Idiom 'to take the side of'","body":"«держать сторону (кого-л.)» means 'to take/hold the side of someone'. Here the subject is collective «большинство» ('majority'), which takes a singular neuter verb «держало» — a grammatical singular for a notional plural."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"некоторые же были привязаны","title":"The particle «же» + short passive participle","body":"«же» here lightly contrasts and resumes ('some, for their part'). «привязаны» is the short-form past passive participle of «привязать» in the periphrastic passive with «были» — 'were attached'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"любили его всем сердцем","title":"Instrumental of manner","body":"«всем сердцем» ('with all their heart') is the instrumental used adverbially, expressing manner. Russian routinely uses the bare instrumental for the way something is done."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of все-таки, modifies держало","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of все-таки, modifies держало","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"огромное","lemma":"огромный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies большинство","gloss":"vast"},{"surface":"большинство","lemma":"большинство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of держало","gloss":"the majority"},{"surface":"держало","lemma":"держать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"held","note":"держать сторону (кого-л.) is an idiom meaning \"to side with, take someone's part.\""},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies несомненно","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"несомненно","lemma":"несомненно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies держало","gloss":"undoubtedly"},{"surface":"сторону","lemma":"сторона","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of держало","gloss":"the side"},{"surface":"старца","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сторону","gloss":"of the elder"},{"surface":"Зосимы","lemma":"зосима","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to старца","gloss":"Zosima"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"object of из, partitive of многие","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies многие","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"многие","lemma":"многий","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of любили","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies любили","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"любили","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with держало","gloss":"loved"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of любили","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of сердцем","gloss":"with all"},{"surface":"сердцем","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of любили","gloss":"their heart"},{"surface":"горячо","lemma":"горячо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies любили","gloss":"ardently"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"искренно","lemma":"искренно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with горячо","gloss":"sincerely"},{"surface":"некоторые","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"subject of passive привязаны","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies некоторые","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of привязаны","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"привязаны","lemma":"привязать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with держало","gloss":"attached"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of привязаны","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies фанатически","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"фанатически","lemma":"фанатически","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies привязаны","gloss":"fanatically"}]},{"number":70,"label":"70","id":"c5-s70","source":"Такие прямо говорили, не совсем, впрочем, вслух, что он святой, что в этом нет уже и сомнения, и, предвидя близкую кончину его, ожидали немедленных даже чудес и великой славы в самом ближайшем будущем от почившего монастырю.","translation":"Such men said outright — though not altogether aloud — that he was a saint, that there was no longer any doubt of it, and, foreseeing his approaching end, they awaited even immediate miracles and a great glory for the monastery in the very nearest future from the departed.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"предвидя близкую кончину его","title":"Present gerund «предвидя»","body":"«предвидя» is the imperfective present gerund of «предвидеть» ('foreseeing'), an adverbial of attendant circumstance sharing the subject «такие». The bookish prefix «пред-» ('fore-') lends it a slightly elevated tone."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"кончина","title":"«Кончина», a solemn death","body":"«кончина» is an elevated, often religious word for death or 'passing' (from «кончить», to finish), warmer and more reverent than the neutral «смерть». It fits the saintly aura the monks attribute to Zosima's approaching end."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"от почившего","title":"«Почивший» — the departed","body":"«почивший» is the past active participle of «почить» ('to fall asleep, to rest', i.e. to die) used as a noun: 'the departed one'. It is the Church-Slavonic idiom for a holy death — to 'fall asleep' in the Lord — and quietly anticipates Zosima's repose."}],"words":[{"surface":"Такие","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"subject of говорили","gloss":"Such men"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорили","gloss":"outright"},{"surface":"говорили","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies совсем","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вслух","gloss":"entirely"},{"surface":"впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies вслух","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"вслух","lemma":"вслух","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорили","gloss":"aloud"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of святой","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of святой","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"святой","lemma":"святой","morphology":"adjective (substantive), nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun, clausal complement of говорили","gloss":"a saint"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of нет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of нет","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of говорили, coordinated with святой clause","gloss":"there is no"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сомнения","gloss":"any longer"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сомнения","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"сомнения","lemma":"сомнение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of нет","gloss":"doubt"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"предвидя","lemma":"предвидеть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on ожидали","gloss":"foreseeing"},{"surface":"близкую","lemma":"близкий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies кончину","gloss":"approaching"},{"surface":"кончину","lemma":"кончина","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of предвидя","gloss":"end"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies кончину","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"ожидали","lemma":"ожидать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with говорили","gloss":"awaited"},{"surface":"немедленных","lemma":"немедленный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies чудес","gloss":"immediate"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies чудес","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"чудес","lemma":"чудо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of ожидали","gloss":"miracles"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"великой","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies славы","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"славы","lemma":"слава","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with чудес","gloss":"glory"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking будущем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"самом","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies ближайшем","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"ближайшем","lemma":"близкий","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular, superlative","role":"modifies будущем","gloss":"nearest"},{"surface":"будущем","lemma":"будущее","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of ожидали","gloss":"future"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking почившего","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"почившего","lemma":"почивший","morphology":"verb (substantive), past, active, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, perfective","role":"oblique complement of от","gloss":"the departed one"},{"surface":"монастырю","lemma":"монастырь","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of ожидали","gloss":"for the monastery"}]},{"number":71,"label":"71","id":"c5-s71","source":"В чудесную силу старца верил беспрекословно и Алеша, точно так же, как беспрекословно верил и рассказу о вылетавшем из церкви гробе.","translation":"In the elder's miraculous power Alyosha too believed without question, just as without question he believed the tale of the coffin that flew out of the church.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"В чудесную силу старца верил беспрекословно и Алеша","title":"Fronted object, postponed subject","body":"The sentence opens with the prepositional phrase «В чудесную силу» (the object of belief) and ends with the subject «Алеша», marked by «и» ('Alyosha too'). This inversion throws the weight onto what is believed in, then names the new believer last."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"о вылетавшем из церкви гробе","title":"Past active participle as modifier","body":"«вылетавшем» is the past active participle of «вылетать» ('flying out'), agreeing with «гробе» in the prepositional case after «о». It compresses a whole relative clause ('the coffin that flew out of the church') into one adjective."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking силу","gloss":"In"},{"surface":"чудесную","lemma":"чудесный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies силу","gloss":"miraculous"},{"surface":"силу","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of верил","gloss":"power"},{"surface":"старца","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies силу","gloss":"the elder's"},{"surface":"верил","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"believed"},{"surface":"беспрекословно","lemma":"беспрекословно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies верил","gloss":"unquestioningly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Алеша","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of верил","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies так","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"correlative adverb in main clause, modifies верил (w5, main verb); sets up comparison completed by the как-clause","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparative clause of верил","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"беспрекословно","lemma":"беспрекословно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies верил","gloss":"unquestioningly"},{"surface":"верил","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause modifying так","gloss":"he believed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies рассказу","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"рассказу","lemma":"рассказ","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of верил","gloss":"the tale"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гробе","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"вылетавшем","lemma":"вылетавший","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, locative, perfective","role":"clause modifying гробе","gloss":"flying out"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking церкви","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"церкви","lemma":"церковь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вылетавшем","gloss":"the church"},{"surface":"гробе","lemma":"гроб","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"object of о, describing рассказу","gloss":"the coffin"}]},{"number":72,"label":"72","id":"c5-s72","source":"Он видел, как многие из приходивших с больными детьми или взрослыми родственниками и моливших, чтобы старец возложил на них руки и прочитал над ними молитву, возвращались вскорости, а иные так и на другой же день, обратно и, падая со слезами пред старцем, благодарили его за исцеление их больных.","translation":"He saw how many of those who came with sick children or with grown-up relatives, begging the elder to lay his hands upon them and read a prayer over them, would return before long — and some that very same next day — and, falling down with tears before the elder, would thank him for the healing of their sick.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"из приходивших… и моливших, чтобы старец возложил","title":"Two participles governing a purpose clause","body":"«приходивших» and «моливших» are parallel past active participles ('those who came and begged'). «моливших» then opens a «чтобы»-clause whose verb «возложил» takes the past-form irrealis required after «чтобы» for a willed, requested action."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"возложил на них руки","title":"Laying on of hands","body":"«возложить руки» ('to lay on hands') is the fixed liturgical phrase for the priestly gesture of blessing and healing; «возложить» itself is an elevated Slavonic verb. The petitioners ask for the rite of healing prayer the church reserves to the clergy."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"падая со слезами пред старцем","title":"Gerund + archaic «пред»","body":"«падая» is the present gerund of «падать» ('falling down'), describing how they thanked him. «пред» is the bookish, Church-Slavonic-flavored variant of «перед» ('before'), governing the instrumental «старцем»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of видел","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"видел","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of возвращались","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"многие","lemma":"многий","morphology":"adjective (substantive), nominative, plural","role":"subject of возвращались","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking приходивших","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"приходивших","lemma":"приходивший","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, genitive, imperfective","role":"modifies многие","gloss":"those coming"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking детьми","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"больными","lemma":"больной","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies детьми","gloss":"sick"},{"surface":"детьми","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of приходивших","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"взрослыми","lemma":"взрослый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies родственниками","gloss":"grown-up"},{"surface":"родственниками","lemma":"родственник","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with детьми","gloss":"relatives"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"моливших","lemma":"молить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, genitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with приходивших","gloss":"begging"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of возложил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"старец","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of возложил","gloss":"the elder"},{"surface":"возложил","lemma":"возложить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of моливших","gloss":"would lay"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of возложил","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of возложил","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"прочитал","lemma":"прочитать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with возложил","gloss":"read"},{"surface":"над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ними","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"ними","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of прочитал","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"молитву","lemma":"молитва","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of прочитал","gloss":"a prayer"},{"surface":"возвращались","lemma":"возвращаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of видел, introduced by как","gloss":"would return"},{"surface":"вскорости","lemma":"вскорости","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies возвращались","gloss":"soon"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"иные","lemma":"иной","morphology":"adjective (substantive), nominative, plural","role":"coordinated with многие, subject of an elided возвращались","gloss":"some","note":"иные ... обратно leans on the verb возвращались understood from the previous clause."},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of так и, modifies день phrase","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of так и, emphatic","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking день","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies день","gloss":"next"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies другой","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of на, modifying elided возвращались","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"обратно","lemma":"обратно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies elided возвращались","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"падая","lemma":"падать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on благодарили","gloss":"falling"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking слезами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"слезами","lemma":"слеза","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of падая","gloss":"tears"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking старцем","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"старцем","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of падая","gloss":"the elder"},{"surface":"благодарили","lemma":"благодарить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with возвращались","gloss":"would thank"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of благодарили","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking исцеление","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"исцеление","lemma":"исцеление","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of благодарили","gloss":"the healing"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of больных","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"больных","lemma":"больной","morphology":"noun (substantive), genitive, masculine, plural","role":"complement of исцеление","gloss":"sick ones"}]},{"number":73,"label":"73","id":"c5-s73","source":"Исцеление ли было в самом деле или только естественное улучшение в ходе болезни — для Алеши в этом вопроса не существовало, ибо он вполне уже верил в духовную силу своего учителя, и слава его была как бы собственным его торжеством.","translation":"Whether it was a healing in actual fact, or only a natural improvement in the course of the illness — for Alyosha there was no question in this, for he already believed completely in the spiritual power of his teacher, and the elder's glory was as if it were his own triumph.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Исцеление ли было… или только… улучшение","title":"The particle «ли» framing an alternative","body":"«ли» follows the fronted, focused word «исцеление» to pose an indirect either/or question — 'whether it was a healing… or only…'. The enclitic «ли» is the formal, literary way to mark a yes/no or whether-question."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ибо","title":"«Ибо» — bookish 'for, because'","body":"«ибо» is an archaic, elevated causal conjunction ('for, because'), at home in Scripture and high literary prose where a speaker would say «потому что». Its solemn weight suits the narrator's meditation on faith and healing."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы собственным его торжеством","title":"«Как бы» softening + instrumental predicate","body":"«как бы» ('as if, as it were') hedges the metaphor, and «торжеством» is the instrumental predicate after the implied «было» — 'was as if his own triumph'. After «быть» a predicate noun takes the instrumental, especially in the past."}],"words":[{"surface":"Исцеление","lemma":"исцеление","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"healing"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"marks the yes/no clause with Исцеление","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"copula, predicate of Исцеление","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"самом","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies деле","gloss":"actual"},{"surface":"деле","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition в, complement of было","gloss":"fact"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies естественное","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"естественное","lemma":"естественный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies улучшение","gloss":"natural"},{"surface":"улучшение","lemma":"улучшение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with Исцеление","gloss":"improvement"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ходе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ходе","lemma":"ход","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of preposition в","gloss":"course"},{"surface":"болезни","lemma":"болезнь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ходе","gloss":"illness"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Алеши","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"Алеши","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of существовало","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"этот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition в","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"вопроса","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"subject of существовало (genitive of negation; существовать is intransitive, not the object)","gloss":"question"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies существовало","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"существовало","lemma":"существовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"existed"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of верил","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of верил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вполне","lemma":"вполне","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies верил","gloss":"completely"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies верил","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"верил","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clause (ибо) modifying существовало","gloss":"believed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking силу","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"духовную","lemma":"духовный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies силу","gloss":"spiritual"},{"surface":"силу","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of верил","gloss":"power"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of учителя","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"учителя","lemma":"учитель","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies силу","gloss":"teacher's"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"слава","lemma":"слава","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of была","gloss":"glory"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of слава","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"copula, main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы, modifies торжеством","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"собственным","lemma":"собственный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies торжеством","gloss":"own"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of торжеством","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"торжеством","lemma":"торжество","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of была","gloss":"triumph"}]},{"number":74,"label":"74","id":"c5-s74","source":"Особенно же дрожало у него сердце, и весь как бы сиял он, когда старец выходил к толпе ожидавших его выхода у врат скита богомольцев из простого народа, нарочно, чтобы видеть старца и благословиться у него, стекавшегося со всей России.","translation":"His heart trembled especially, and he seemed to glow all over, when the elder came out to the crowd of pilgrims from the common people, who waited for his appearance at the gates of the hermitage and who had streamed in from all over Russia on purpose to see the elder and to be blessed by him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"дрожало у него сердце, и весь как бы сиял он","title":"Inverted, verb-first emotion","body":"Both clauses lead with the verb («дрожало», «сиял») and delay the subjects («сердце», «он»), heightening the surge of feeling. The placement of «весь» ('all over') before the verb intensifies the glow that overtakes him."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"к толпе ожидавших его выхода… богомольцев… стекавшегося","title":"A participial frame around the noun","body":"The head noun «богомольцев» (pilgrims) carries the past active participle «ожидавших» ('who were awaiting') before it and «стекавшегося' ('who had streamed in') after — a dense, bookish participial layering. The gen.-sing. «стекавшегося» does not modify the gen.-plural «богомольцев» but «народа» («из простого народа… стекавшегося со всей России»); only «ожидавших» (gen. pl.) agrees with «богомольцев»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"скита… богомольцев","title":"Hermitage and pilgrims","body":"A «скит» is a secluded hermitage attached to a monastery, where stricter ascetics and the elder live apart; «богомольцы» (from «Бога молить», to pray to God) are pilgrims who travel to holy places. Together they sketch the geography of Russian popular piety around the elder."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"благословиться у него","title":"Reflexive «благословиться»","body":"«благословиться» is the reflexive of «благословить» ('to bless') — 'to receive a blessing for oneself'. The -ся turns the act around onto its subject: the pilgrims come not to bless but to be blessed."}],"words":[{"surface":"Особенно","lemma":"особенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дрожало","gloss":"especially"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Особенно","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"дрожало","lemma":"дрожать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"trembled"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of дрожало","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of дрожало","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies он, agrees with сиял's subject","gloss":"all over"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы, modifies сиял","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"сиял","lemma":"сиять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with дрожало","gloss":"glowed"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сиял","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of выходил","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"старец","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выходил","gloss":"the elder"},{"surface":"выходил","lemma":"выходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause (когда) on сиял","gloss":"came out"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking толпе","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"толпе","lemma":"толпа","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выходил","gloss":"crowd"},{"surface":"ожидавших","lemma":"ожидать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, genitive, imperfective","role":"modifies богомольцев","gloss":"awaiting"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of выхода","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"выхода","lemma":"выход","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of ожидавших","gloss":"coming-out"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking врат","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"врат","lemma":"врата","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of ожидавших","gloss":"gates"},{"surface":"скита","lemma":"скит","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies врат","gloss":"of the hermitage"},{"surface":"богомольцев","lemma":"богомолец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies толпе","gloss":"pilgrims"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking народа","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"простого","lemma":"простой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies народа","gloss":"common"},{"surface":"народа","lemma":"народ","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies богомольцев","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"нарочно","lemma":"нарочно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стекавшегося (purpose: they streamed in on purpose to see)","gloss":"on purpose"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of видеть","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"видеть","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"purpose clause (чтобы) modifying стекавшегося, not ожидавших","gloss":"to see"},{"surface":"старца","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of видеть","gloss":"the elder"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"благословиться","lemma":"благословиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with видеть","gloss":"to be blessed"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of благословиться","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"стекавшегося","lemma":"стекаться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, imperfective","role":"modifies народа","gloss":"streaming in"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"со","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking России","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"всей","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of России","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"России","lemma":"россия","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стекавшегося","gloss":"Russia"}]},{"number":75,"label":"75","id":"c5-s75","source":"Они повергались пред ним, плакали, целовали ноги его, целовали землю, на которой он стоит, вопили, бабы протягивали к нему детей своих, подводили больных кликуш.","translation":"They cast themselves down before him, wept, kissed his feet, kissed the ground on which he stood, wailed; the peasant women held their children out to him, brought up the sick shriekers.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"целовали землю, на которой он стоит","title":"Present tense inside a past narrative","body":"Amid past-tense verbs («повергались», «целовали»), the relative clause switches to the present «стоит» ('stands'). This vivid present in a «который»-clause makes the scene immediate, as if still before our eyes."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"бабы… кликуш","title":"Peasant women and the «кликуши»","body":"«бабы» is the plain, folk word for peasant women (neutral-to-rough, not the polite «женщины»). «кликуши» are women afflicted with a hysterical 'shrieking' sickness, popularly believed to be possessed and curable by holy men — a real and recurring phenomenon in Russian village religion that Dostoevsky depicts at the monastery gates."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"протягивали к нему детей своих","title":"Reflexive possessive «своих»","body":"«своих» (свой) means 'their own' children, pointing back to the subject «бабы». The post-posed position «детей своих» (rather than «своих детей») is a slightly elevated, literary word order."}],"words":[{"surface":"Они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of повергались","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"повергались","lemma":"повергаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cast themselves down"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of повергались","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"плакали","lemma":"плакать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with повергались","gloss":"wept"},{"surface":"целовали","lemma":"целовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with повергались","gloss":"kissed"},{"surface":"ноги","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of целовали","gloss":"feet"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ноги","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"целовали","lemma":"целовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with повергались","gloss":"kissed"},{"surface":"землю","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of целовали","gloss":"ground"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которой","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"которой","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition на, complement of стоит","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стоит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"стоит","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on землю","gloss":"stands"},{"surface":"вопили","lemma":"вопить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with повергались","gloss":"wailed"},{"surface":"бабы","lemma":"баба","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of протягивали","gloss":"the peasant women"},{"surface":"протягивали","lemma":"протягивать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with повергались","gloss":"held out"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of протягивали","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"детей","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of протягивали","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"своих","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of детей","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"подводили","lemma":"подводить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with повергались","gloss":"brought up"},{"surface":"больных","lemma":"больной","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies кликуш","gloss":"sick"},{"surface":"кликуш","lemma":"кликуша","morphology":"noun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of подводили","gloss":"shriekers"}]},{"number":76,"label":"76","id":"c5-s76","source":"Старец говорил с ними, читал над ними краткую молитву, благословлял и отпускал их.","translation":"The elder spoke with them, read a brief prayer over them, blessed them, and let them go.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"говорил… читал… благословлял и отпускал","title":"A chain of imperfectives for habit","body":"All four verbs are imperfective past, presenting the elder's actions as a customary, repeated routine rather than single events — this is what he would regularly do with the pilgrims, not one occasion."}],"words":[{"surface":"Старец","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"the elder"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ними","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ними","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of говорил","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"читал","lemma":"читать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with говорил","gloss":"read"},{"surface":"над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ними","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"ними","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of читал","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"краткую","lemma":"краткий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies молитву","gloss":"a brief"},{"surface":"молитву","lemma":"молитва","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of читал","gloss":"prayer"},{"surface":"благословлял","lemma":"благословлять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with говорил","gloss":"blessed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"отпускал","lemma":"отпускать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with говорил","gloss":"let go"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of отпускал","gloss":"them"}]},{"number":77,"label":"77","id":"c5-s77","source":"В последнее время от припадков болезни он становился иногда так слаб, что едва бывал в силах выйти из кельи, и богомольцы ждали иногда в монастыре его выхода по нескольку дней.","translation":"Of late, from the attacks of his illness, he sometimes grew so weak that he was scarcely able to leave his cell, and the pilgrims would sometimes wait in the monastery for several days for his appearance.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"становился иногда так слаб, что едва бывал в силах","title":"Short adjective + «так… что» result clause","body":"«слаб» is the short form of «слабый», predicate after «становился» ('grew so weak'). «так… что» sets up a result clause; «бывал» is the iterative imperfective of «быть» ('used to be'), stressing recurrence."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"кельи","title":"«Келья», the monk's cell","body":"A «келья» (from Latin cella via Greek) is a monk's small private cell. It becomes the central stage of this chapter — the room where the elder receives visitors and where the fateful family gathering will take place."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking время","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"последнее","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies время","gloss":"the last"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of становился (idiom: of late)","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking припадков","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"припадков","lemma":"припадок","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of становился","gloss":"attacks"},{"surface":"болезни","lemma":"болезнь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies припадков","gloss":"of his illness"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of становился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"становился","lemma":"становиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"grew"},{"surface":"иногда","lemma":"иногда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies становился","gloss":"sometimes"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies слаб","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"слаб","lemma":"слабый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"complement of становился","gloss":"weak"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the result clause of бывал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"едва","lemma":"едва","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бывал","gloss":"scarcely"},{"surface":"бывал","lemma":"бывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"result clause modifying слаб","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking силах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"силах","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of бывал (idiom: able)","gloss":"able"},{"surface":"выйти","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"modifies силах","gloss":"to leave"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кельи","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"кельи","lemma":"келья","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выйти","gloss":"cell"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"богомольцы","lemma":"богомолец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of ждали","gloss":"the pilgrims"},{"surface":"ждали","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with становился","gloss":"would wait"},{"surface":"иногда","lemma":"иногда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ждали","gloss":"sometimes"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking монастыре","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"монастыре","lemma":"монастырь","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ждали","gloss":"the monastery"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of выхода","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"выхода","lemma":"выход","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of ждали","gloss":"appearance"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нескольку, modifies ждали","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"нескольку","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"quantifier, dative","role":"quantifies дней","gloss":"several"},{"surface":"дней","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"genitive complement of the quantifier нескольку, not direct object of по","gloss":"days"}]},{"number":78,"label":"78","id":"c5-s78","source":"Для Алеши не составляло никакого вопроса, за что они его так любят, за что они повергаются пред ним и плачут от умиления, завидев лишь лицо его.","translation":"For Alyosha there was no question at all why they loved him so, why they cast themselves down before him and wept with tender emotion at the mere sight of his face.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Для Алеши не составляло никакого вопроса, за что они его так любят","title":"Impersonal negation 'there was no question'","body":"«не составляло… вопроса» is an impersonal negated construction with a neuter verb and the genitive of negation «вопроса» ('there was no question'); «никакого» is the negative concord intensifier. The person concerned, «для Алеши», stands outside as a 'for'-phrase."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"завидев лишь лицо его","title":"Perfective past gerund «завидев»","body":"«завидев» is the perfective past gerund of «завидеть» ('having caught sight of'), expressing the action immediately prior to the weeping. The «за-» prefix gives the sense of a sudden, momentary catching-sight."}],"words":[{"surface":"Для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Алеши","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"Алеши","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of составляло","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies составляло","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"составляло","lemma":"составлять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"никакого","lemma":"никакой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of вопроса","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"вопроса","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of составляло","gloss":"question"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition за, modifies вопроса (why they love him)","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of любят","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of любят","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies любят","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"любят","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"clause explaining вопроса","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition за, modifies вопроса (why they prostrate themselves)","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of повергаются","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"повергаются","lemma":"повергаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, plural, imperfective","role":"clause explaining вопроса, coordinated with любят","gloss":"cast themselves down"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of повергаются","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"плачут","lemma":"плакать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with повергаются","gloss":"weep"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking умиления","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"умиления","lemma":"умиление","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of плачут","gloss":"tender emotion"},{"surface":"завидев","lemma":"завидеть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on плачут","gloss":"catching sight of"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies лицо","gloss":"the mere"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of завидев","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of лицо","gloss":"his"}]},{"number":79,"label":"79","id":"c5-s79","source":"О, он отлично понимал, что для смиренной души русского простолюдина, измученной трудом и горем, а главное, всегдашнею несправедливостью и всегдашним грехом, как своим, так и мировым, нет сильнее потребности и утешения, как обрести святыню или святого, пасть пред ним и поклониться ему: «Если у нас грех, неправда и искушение, то всё равно есть на земле там-то, где-то святой и высший; у того зато правда, тот зато знает правду; значит, не умирает она на земле, а, стало быть, когда-нибудь и к нам перейдет и воцарится по всей земле, как обещано».","translation":"Oh, he understood perfectly that for the humble soul of the Russian common man, worn out by toil and grief and, above all, by the perpetual injustice and the perpetual sin — his own as well as the world's — there is no stronger need and no greater consolation than to find a holy thing or a holy man, to fall down before him and bow to him: \"If among us there is sin, falsehood, and temptation, still, somewhere on earth there is a holy and higher one; he, in turn, possesses the truth, he, in turn, knows the truth; so it is not dying out on earth, and therefore one day it will pass to us too and reign over all the earth, as has been promised.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"измученной трудом и горем","title":"Past passive participle + instrumental of cause","body":"«измученной» is the long-form past passive participle of «измучить» ('worn out, tormented'), agreeing with «души» in the dative-genitive; «трудом и горем» are instrumentals naming what wears the soul out — the instrumental of the agent/cause."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"простолюдина… святыню","title":"The common man and the holy thing","body":"«простолюдин» is the (somewhat dated) word for a person of the common people, the lower estate. «святыня» is a 'holy thing' — a relic, shrine, or sacred object of veneration. The pairing frames Dostoevsky's central claim about the religious instinct of the Russian народ."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"нет сильнее потребности и утешения, как обрести святыню","title":"Comparative «сильнее» + genitive of negation","body":"«сильнее» is the predicative comparative of «сильный» ('stronger'). With «нет» the things compared go in the genitive — «потребности и утешения» — the genitive of negation: 'there is no stronger need… than to find a holy thing'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"обрести","title":"«Обрести» — to find, attain","body":"«обрести» is an elevated, perfective verb meaning 'to find, acquire, attain', often of something spiritual or hard-won (cf. «обрести веру», to find faith). It is loftier than the everyday «найти» and colors the peasant's longing as a sacred quest."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"когда-нибудь и к нам перейдет и воцарится по всей земле","title":"Perfective futures of promise","body":"«перейдет» (will pass over) and «воцарится» (will reign, become enthroned) are perfective simple futures — single, completed events to come. «воцарится» also carries the reflexive -ся and the sacral prefix «во-», evoking a kingdom established. «по всей земле» uses «по» + dative for 'over/throughout'."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse marker introducing понимал","gloss":"Oh"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of понимал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"отлично","lemma":"отлично","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies понимал","gloss":"perfectly"},{"surface":"понимал","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of нет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking души","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"смиренной","lemma":"смиренный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies души","gloss":"humble"},{"surface":"души","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of нет","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"русского","lemma":"русский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies простолюдина","gloss":"Russian"},{"surface":"простолюдина","lemma":"простолюдин","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies души","gloss":"commoner"},{"surface":"измученной","lemma":"измучить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, genitive, perfective","role":"modifies души","gloss":"worn out"},{"surface":"трудом","lemma":"труд","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of измученной","gloss":"by toil"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"горем","lemma":"горе","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with трудом","gloss":"grief"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"главное","lemma":"главное","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse marker, parenthetical","gloss":"above all"},{"surface":"всегдашнею","lemma":"всегдашний","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies несправедливостью","gloss":"perpetual"},{"surface":"несправедливостью","lemma":"несправедливость","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with трудом, complement of измученной","gloss":"injustice"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всегдашним","lemma":"всегдашний","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies грехом","gloss":"perpetual"},{"surface":"грехом","lemma":"грех","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with несправедливостью","gloss":"sin"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the correlative как...так и, modifies грехом","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"своим","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies грехом (his own sin)","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the correlative как...так и","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так и","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"мировым","lemma":"мировой","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with своим","gloss":"the world's"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"there is no"},{"surface":"сильнее","lemma":"сильный","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"modifies нет","gloss":"stronger"},{"surface":"потребности","lemma":"потребность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сильнее","gloss":"need"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"утешения","lemma":"утешение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with потребности","gloss":"consolation"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of обрести (than)","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"обрести","lemma":"обрести","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial (comparison) clause on нет","gloss":"to find"},{"surface":"святыню","lemma":"святыня","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of обрести","gloss":"a holy thing"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"святого","lemma":"святой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with святыню","gloss":"a holy man"},{"surface":"пасть","lemma":"пасть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with обрести","gloss":"to fall down"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пасть","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"поклониться","lemma":"поклониться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with обрести","gloss":"to bow"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of поклониться","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"Если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of грех (existential у нас)","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"грех","lemma":"грех","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate nominal (existential) of the если-clause","gloss":"sin"},{"surface":"неправда","lemma":"неправда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with грех","gloss":"falsehood"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"искушение","lemma":"искушение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with грех","gloss":"temptation"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the main clause (apodosis)","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase всё равно, modifies есть","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"равно","lemma":"равно","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase всё равно","gloss":"all the same"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb (existential) of the apodosis clause","gloss":"there is"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking земле","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"земле","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of есть","gloss":"earth"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of там-то, modifies есть","gloss":"somewhere"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase там-то","gloss":"somewhere"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of где-то, modifies есть","gloss":"someplace"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase где-то","gloss":"someplace"},{"surface":"святой","lemma":"святой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of есть","gloss":"a holy one"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"высший","lemma":"высокий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with святой","gloss":"a higher one"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"possessor of правда (у того = he has)","gloss":"that one"},{"surface":"зато","lemma":"зато","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"правда","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate nominal (elided есть), complement of того","gloss":"the truth"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знает","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"зато","lemma":"зато","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знает","gloss":"in turn"},{"surface":"знает","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"правду","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of знает","gloss":"the truth"},{"surface":"значит","lemma":"значит","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies умирает","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"умирает","lemma":"умирать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"is dying out"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of умирает","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking земле","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"земле","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of умирает","gloss":"earth"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"part of the idiom стало быть, discourse marker","gloss":"consequently"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"part of the idiom стало быть","gloss":"consequently"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of когда-нибудь, modifies перейдет","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase когда-нибудь","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies к нам","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нам","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"oblique complement of перейдет","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"перейдет","lemma":"перейти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with умирает (contrastive а)","gloss":"will pass"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"воцарится","lemma":"воцариться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with перейдет","gloss":"will reign"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking земле","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"всей","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, dative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of земле","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"земле","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of воцарится","gloss":"the earth"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of обещано","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"обещано","lemma":"обещать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause (comparison) on воцарится","gloss":"has been promised"}]},{"number":80,"label":"80","id":"c5-s80","source":"Знал Алеша, что так именно и чувствует и даже рассуждает народ, он понимал это, но то, что старец именно и есть этот самый святой, этот хранитель божьей правды в глазах народа, — в этом он не сомневался нисколько и сам вместе с этими плачущими мужиками и больными их бабами, протягивающими старцу детей своих.","translation":"Alyosha knew that the people feel and even reason in just this way; he understood this; but that the elder was indeed this very saint, this guardian of God's truth in the eyes of the people — of this he himself did not doubt in the least, together with these weeping peasants and their sick women holding their children out to the elder.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Знал Алеша, что так именно и чувствует… народ","title":"Verb-first emphasis","body":"Beginning with the verb «знал» ('Alyosha knew') is an emphatic, narratorial inversion that throws the act of knowing into relief. The intensifying «именно» ('precisely so') and «и» heighten that the people feel exactly this way."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"хранитель божьей правды","title":"Guardian of God's truth","body":"«хранитель» ('keeper, guardian') and «правда» combine into a near-creedal title. «правда» here is not mere factual truth but righteousness/justice — God's truth on earth — a charged Dostoevskian word distinct from «истина» (abstract/philosophical truth)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"протягивающими старцу детей своих","title":"Present active participle in the instrumental","body":"«протягивающими» is the present active participle of «протягивать» ('holding out'), agreeing with «бабами» in the instrumental after «вместе с». «старцу» is the dative recipient — holding the children out to the elder."}],"words":[{"surface":"Знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Знал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause complement of Знал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies чувствует","gloss":"in this way"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes чувствует","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"чувствует","lemma":"чувствовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the что-clause, coordinated with рассуждает","gloss":"feel"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links чувствует and рассуждает","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies рассуждает","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"рассуждает","lemma":"рассуждать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with чувствует","gloss":"reason"},{"surface":"народ","lemma":"народ","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of чувствует and рассуждает","gloss":"the people"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of понимал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"понимал","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb, coordinated with Знал","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of понимал","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"correlative pronoun, resumed by этом below","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of есть, in apposition to то","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"старец","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"the elder"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies самый святой","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes есть","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"copula, predicate verb of the что-clause","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of святой","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"самый","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"intensifies святой","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"святой","lemma":"святой","morphology":"noun (substantivized adjective), nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of есть","gloss":"saint"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of хранитель","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"хранитель","lemma":"хранитель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to святой, second predicate complement of есть","gloss":"guardian"},{"surface":"божьей","lemma":"божий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies правды","gloss":"God's"},{"surface":"правды","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies хранитель","gloss":"truth"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глазах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"глазах","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"modifies хранитель (location)","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"народа","lemma":"народ","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies глазах","gloss":"of the people"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сомневался","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сомневался","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сомневался","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сомневался","lemma":"сомневаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to понимал","gloss":"doubted"},{"surface":"нисколько","lemma":"нисколько","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сомневался","gloss":"not at all"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to он, emphatic","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"вместе","lemma":"вместе","morphology":"adverb","role":"forms phrase вместе с (together with), modifies сомневался","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мужиками","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"этими","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"determiner of мужиками","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"плачущими","lemma":"плачущий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies мужиками","gloss":"weeping"},{"surface":"мужиками","lemma":"мужик","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"object of preposition с (with вместе)","gloss":"peasants"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links мужиками and бабами","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"больными","lemma":"больной","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies бабами","gloss":"sick"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"их","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies бабами","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"бабами","lemma":"баба","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with мужиками","gloss":"women"},{"surface":"протягивающими","lemma":"протягивать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, plural, instrumental, imperfective","role":"modifies мужиками and бабами","gloss":"holding out"},{"surface":"старцу","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of протягивающими","gloss":"to the elder"},{"surface":"детей","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of протягивающими","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"своих","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of детей","gloss":"their own"}]},{"number":81,"label":"81","id":"c5-s81","source":"Убеждение же в том, что старец, почивши, доставит необычайную славу монастырю, царило в душе Алеши, может быть, даже сильнее, чем у кого бы то ни было в монастыре.","translation":"And the conviction that the elder, once departed, would bring extraordinary glory to the monastery reigned in Alyosha's soul perhaps even more strongly than in anyone else's in the monastery.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"старец, почивши, доставит","title":"Perfective gerund «почивши» + perfective future","body":"«почивши» is a perfective past gerund of «почить» ('having reposed/died'), an older variant in «-вши» of the gerund. It marks the action prior to «доставит» (perfective future, 'will bring') — once dead, he will bring glory."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сильнее, чем у кого бы то ни было","title":"Comparative + the idiom «кто бы то ни было»","body":"«сильнее» is the comparative ('more strongly'); «кто бы то ни было» is the fixed expression 'anyone whatsoever / no matter who', built on «бы» and «ни». Here in the genitive after «у» — 'than in anyone at all'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Убеждение","lemma":"убеждение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of царило","gloss":"the conviction"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Убеждение","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"object of в, anticipates the что-clause","gloss":"the [fact]"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of доставит, in apposition to том","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"старец","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of доставит","gloss":"the elder"},{"surface":"почивши","lemma":"почить","morphology":"verb, past, active, gerund, perfective","role":"adverbial participle modifying старец","gloss":"having passed away"},{"surface":"доставит","lemma":"доставить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the что-clause (predicate of старец)","gloss":"would bring"},{"surface":"необычайную","lemma":"необычайный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies славу","gloss":"extraordinary"},{"surface":"славу","lemma":"слава","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of доставит","gloss":"glory"},{"surface":"монастырю","lemma":"монастырь","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of доставит","gloss":"to the monastery"},{"surface":"царило","lemma":"царить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"reigned"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking душе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"душе","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of царило","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"Алеши","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies душе","gloss":"Alyosha's"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"forms parenthetical может быть (perhaps)","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может, forming parenthetical может быть","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сильнее","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"сильнее","lemma":"сильный","morphology":"adjective, comparative (used adverbially)","role":"modifies царило","gloss":"more strongly"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparative clause with кого","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кого","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"кого","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"object of у, forms phrase у кого бы то ни было","gloss":"anyone"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase кого бы то ни было","gloss":"-ever"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase кого бы то ни было","gloss":"-ever"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase кого бы то ни было","gloss":"-ever"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the idiom кого бы то ни было (anyone at all)","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking монастыре","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"монастыре","lemma":"монастырь","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies кого бы то ни было (location)","gloss":"the monastery"}]},{"number":82,"label":"82","id":"c5-s82","source":"И вообще всё это последнее время какой-то глубокий, пламенный внутренний восторг всё сильнее и сильнее разгорался в его сердце.","translation":"And in general, throughout all this recent time, a kind of deep, fervent inner rapture flared up ever more and more strongly in his heart.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"всё сильнее и сильнее разгорался","title":"Doubled comparative for crescendo","body":"«всё сильнее и сильнее» ('ever more and more strongly') uses «всё» + a repeated comparative to express a steady intensification. «разгорался» is the imperfective past of «разгораться» (reflexive -ся), 'kept flaring up' — process, not a single flare."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вообще","lemma":"вообще","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence adverb modifying разгорался","gloss":"in general"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время (temporal phrase)","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"последнее","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies время","gloss":"recent"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"adverbial of time, modifies разгорался","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of восторг","gloss":"a kind of"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase какой-то, determiner of восторг","gloss":"kind of"},{"surface":"глубокий","lemma":"глубокий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies восторг","gloss":"deep"},{"surface":"пламенный","lemma":"пламенный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with глубокий, modifies восторг","gloss":"fervent"},{"surface":"внутренний","lemma":"внутренний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies восторг","gloss":"inner"},{"surface":"восторг","lemma":"восторг","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of разгорался","gloss":"rapture"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies сильнее","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"сильнее","lemma":"сильный","morphology":"adjective, comparative (used adverbially)","role":"modifies разгорался","gloss":"more strongly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links сильнее and сильнее","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сильнее","lemma":"сильный","morphology":"adjective, comparative (used adverbially)","role":"coordinated with previous сильнее, modifies разгорался","gloss":"more strongly"},{"surface":"разгорался","lemma":"разгораться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"flared up"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сердце","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of сердце","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of разгорался","gloss":"heart"}]},{"number":83,"label":"83","id":"c5-s83","source":"Не смущало его нисколько, что этот старец все-таки стоит пред ним единицей: «Всё равно, он свят, в его сердце тайна обновления для всех, та мощь, которая установит наконец правду на земле, и будут все святы, и будут любить друг друга, и не будет ни богатых, ни бедных, ни возвышающихся, ни униженных, а будут все как дети божий и наступит настоящее царство Христово».","translation":"It did not trouble him in the least that this elder nonetheless stood before him as a single individual: \"No matter, he is holy; in his heart there is the mystery of renewal for all, that power which will at last establish the truth on earth, and all will be holy, and they will love one another, and there will be neither rich nor poor, neither the exalted nor the humiliated, but all will be as the children of God, and the true kingdom of Christ will come.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не смущало его нисколько, что…","title":"Impersonal verb-first negation","body":"«не смущало» is an impersonal neuter verb fronted before its real subject (the «что»-clause): 'it did not trouble him at all that…'. «нисколько» ('not in the least') reinforces the «не» — negative concord."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не будет ни богатых, ни бедных, ни возвышающихся, ни униженных","title":"Repeated «ни… ни» under negation","body":"The future «не будет» governs a genitive list joined by repeated «ни… ни…» ('neither… nor…'), the standard way Russian negates a whole series. «возвышающихся» (present active participle, 'those who exalt themselves') and «униженных» (past passive participle, 'the humiliated') are substantivized."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"царство Христово","title":"The kingdom of Christ","body":"«царство Христово» — the Kingdom of Christ — uses the archaic possessive adjective «Христово» (from «Христос») rather than a genitive «Христа». This short possessive in «-ов/-ово», biblical and liturgical in tone, names the eschatological hope at the heart of Alyosha's reverie."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смущало","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"смущало","lemma":"смущать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"troubled"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of смущало","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"нисколько","lemma":"нисколько","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смущало","gloss":"in the least"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause complement of смущало","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of старец","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"старец","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стоит","gloss":"elder"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of phrase все-таки, modifies стоит","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of phrase все-таки, modifies стоит","gloss":"nonetheless"},{"surface":"стоит","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the что-clause complement of смущало","gloss":"stands"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"object of пред","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"единицей","lemma":"единица","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"predicate instrumental complement of стоит","gloss":"as a single unit"},{"surface":"Всё","lemma":"всё равно","morphology":"adverbial phrase","role":"part of the phrase Всё равно (no matter)","gloss":"no matter"},{"surface":"равно","lemma":"всё равно","morphology":"adverbial phrase","role":"part of the phrase Всё равно","gloss":"[no matter]"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of свят","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"свят","lemma":"святой","morphology":"adjective (short form), masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective of он","gloss":"is holy"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сердце","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of сердце","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"locative, existential predicate location for тайна","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"тайна","lemma":"тайна","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical existential clause (is)","gloss":"the mystery"},{"surface":"обновления","lemma":"обновление","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies тайна","gloss":"of renewal"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всех","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"object of для","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"та","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of мощь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"мощь","lemma":"мощь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to тайна","gloss":"power"},{"surface":"которая","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of установит","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"установит","lemma":"установить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause modifying мощь","gloss":"will establish"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies установит","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"правду","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of установит","gloss":"the truth"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking земле","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"земле","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of установит","gloss":"earth"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"будут","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, future, third, plural","role":"auxiliary of святы","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"subject of будут святы","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"святы","lemma":"святой","morphology":"adjective (short form), plural","role":"predicate adjective with будут","gloss":"holy"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"будут","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, future, third, plural","role":"auxiliary of любить","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"любить","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb with будут","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"друг","lemma":"друг друга","morphology":"reciprocal pronoun","role":"part of phrase друг друга, direct object of любить","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"друга","lemma":"друг друга","morphology":"reciprocal pronoun, accusative","role":"part of the phrase друг друга","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies будет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated main verb (existential 'there will be')","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"neither"},{"surface":"богатых","lemma":"богатый","morphology":"adjective (substantivized), genitive, plural","role":"complement of будет (genitive of negation)","gloss":"rich"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"бедных","lemma":"бедный","morphology":"adjective (substantivized), genitive, plural","role":"coordinated with богатых","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"возвышающихся","lemma":"возвышающийся","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, genitive, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with богатых","gloss":"the exalted"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"униженных","lemma":"униженный","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, genitive, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with богатых","gloss":"the humiliated"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"будут","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, future, third, plural","role":"auxiliary of the predicate (все как дети)","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"subject of будут","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"comparative particle","role":"introduces predicate comparison, marking дети","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"дети","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"predicate complement of будут","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"божий","lemma":"божий","morphology":"adjective (archaic Church Slavonic form), nominative, masculine, plural","role":"modifies дети","gloss":"of God","note":"Archaic form дети божий (for standard дети Божьи, 'children of God')."},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"наступит","lemma":"наступить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated main verb","gloss":"will come"},{"surface":"настоящее","lemma":"настоящий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies царство","gloss":"the true"},{"surface":"царство","lemma":"царство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of наступит","gloss":"kingdom"},{"surface":"Христово","lemma":"христов","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies царство","gloss":"of Christ"}]},{"number":84,"label":"84","id":"c5-s84","source":"Вот о чем грезилось сердцу Алеши.","translation":"Such was what Alyosha's heart dreamed of.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вот о чём грезилось сердцу Алеши","title":"Dative experiencer with reflexive «грезилось»","body":"«грезилось» is the impersonal reflexive of «грезить» ('to dream, daydream'), with the experiencer in the dative «сердцу» — 'such is what Alyosha's heart dreamed of'. The dative-subject, agentless framing makes the dreaming something that happens to the heart."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"presentative particle introducing the sentence","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чем","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"object of о, complement of грезилось","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"грезилось","lemma":"грезиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"dreamed"},{"surface":"сердцу","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"dative experiencer of грезилось","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"Алеши","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сердцу","gloss":"Alyosha's"}]},{"number":85,"label":"85","id":"c5-s85","source":"Кажется, что на Алешу произвел сильнейшее впечатление приезд его обоих братьев, которых он до того совершенно не знал.","translation":"It seems that a most powerful impression was produced upon Alyosha by the arrival of his two brothers, whom until then he had not known at all.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"на Алешу произвёл сильнейшее впечатление приезд","title":"Object first, subject last","body":"The clause leads with «на Алешу» (on whom the impression falls) and ends with the subject «приезд» ('the arrival'), the new information. «сильнейшее» is the synthetic superlative ('a most powerful') in «-ейш-»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"которых он до того совершенно не знал","title":"Relative «которых» in the genitive of negation","body":"«которых» is the relative pronoun agreeing with «братьев» (plural) but in the genitive as the object of the negated «не знал» — the genitive of negation, animate plural. «до того» means 'until then'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb (impersonal, it seems)","gloss":"it seems"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of произвел","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Алешу","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"Алешу","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of произвел","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"произвел","lemma":"произвести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the что-clause complement of Кажется","gloss":"produced"},{"surface":"сильнейшее","lemma":"сильный","morphology":"adjective, superlative, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies впечатление","gloss":"most powerful"},{"surface":"впечатление","lemma":"впечатление","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of произвел","gloss":"impression"},{"surface":"приезд","lemma":"приезд","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of произвел","gloss":"the arrival"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies братьев","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"обоих","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, genitive, masculine","role":"modifies братьев","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"братьев","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies приезд","gloss":"brothers"},{"surface":"которых","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of знал","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of до, forms phrase до того (until then)","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"совершенно","lemma":"совершенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"completely"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause verb, modifies братьев","gloss":"known"}]},{"number":86,"label":"86","id":"c5-s86","source":"С братом Дмитрием Федоровичем он сошелся скорее и ближе, хотя тот приехал позже, чем с другим (единоутробным) братом своим, Иваном Федоровичем.","translation":"With his brother Dmitri Fyodorovich he became close more quickly and more intimately, although that brother arrived later, than with his other (half-) brother, Ivan Fyodorovich.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сошелся скорее и ближе","title":"Comparatives of adverbs + reflexive «сойтись»","body":"«сошелся» is the perfective of «сходиться» (reflexive -ся, 'to become close, hit it off'). «скорее» and «ближе» are comparative adverbs ('more quickly, more closely'), the second a suppletive/consonant-mutated comparative of «близко»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"единоутробным","title":"«Единоутробный» — same-womb sibling","body":"«единоутробный» literally means 'of one womb' (from «один» + «утроба», womb): a sibling sharing the same mother but a different father — or, loosely, a half-brother. The narrator's parenthetical precision flags the tangled Karamazov parentage that drives the novel."}],"words":[{"surface":"С","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking братом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"братом","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"object of с, oblique complement of сошелся","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"Дмитрием","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to братом","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федоровичем","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Дмитрием","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сошелся","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"сошелся","lemma":"сойтись","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"became close"},{"surface":"скорее","lemma":"скорый","morphology":"adjective, comparative (used adverbially)","role":"modifies сошелся","gloss":"more quickly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links скорее and ближе","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ближе","lemma":"близкий","morphology":"adjective, comparative (used adverbially)","role":"coordinated with скорее","gloss":"more closely"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause of приехал","gloss":"although"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of приехал","gloss":"that brother"},{"surface":"приехал","lemma":"приехать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the concessive clause","gloss":"had arrived"},{"surface":"позже","lemma":"поздний","morphology":"adjective, comparative (used adverbially)","role":"modifies приехал","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison с другим братом","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking братом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"другим","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies братом","gloss":"the other"},{"surface":"единоутробным","lemma":"единоутробный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies братом","gloss":"half- (same mother)"},{"surface":"братом","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"object of с, complement of the comparison (parallel to братом Дмитрием)","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"своим","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of братом","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"Иваном","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to братом","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федоровичем","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Иваном","gloss":"Fyodorovich"}]},{"number":87,"label":"87","id":"c5-s87","source":"Он ужасно интересовался узнать брата Ивана, но вот тот уже жил два месяца, а они хоть и виделись довольно часто, но всё еще никак не сходились: Алеша был и сам молчалив и как бы ждал чего-то, как бы стыдился чего-то, а брат Иван, хотя Алеша и подметил вначале на себе его длинные и любопытные взгляды, кажется, вскоре перестал даже и думать о нем.","translation":"He was terribly eager to come to know his brother Ivan, yet though that brother had now been living there two months, and although they did see each other fairly often, still they could in no way grow close: Alyosha was himself silent and seemed to be waiting for something, seemed to be ashamed of something, while his brother Ivan, although Alyosha had at first caught his long and curious glances upon himself, seemed soon to have ceased even to think of him at all.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"никак не сходились","title":"Negative concord with «никак»","body":"«никак… не» ('in no way') is double negation: the negative adverb «никак» still demands «не» on the verb «сходились» (imperfective, 'were not growing close'). The imperfective stresses the failed, ongoing attempt over time."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы ждал чего-то, как бы стыдился чего-то","title":"Genitive objects + the particle «-то»","body":"Both «ждал» (to await) and «стыдился» (reflexive, to be ashamed) govern the genitive «чего-то». The clitic «-то» on «что» marks a specific but unidentified thing — 'something (definite, but unnamed)' — capturing Alyosha's inarticulate inner state."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"перестал даже и думать о нём","title":"Aspect across phase verbs","body":"«перестал» (perfective, 'ceased') governs the imperfective infinitive «думать» — phase verbs like начать/перестать always take the imperfective, since one starts or stops a process, not a completed act."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of интересовался","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies интересовался","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"интересовался","lemma":"интересоваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was eager"},{"surface":"узнать","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of интересовался","gloss":"to get to know"},{"surface":"брата","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of узнать","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"Ивана","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to брата","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse particle introducing тот уже жил","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of жил","gloss":"that brother"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies жил","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"жил","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with интересовался (contrastive clause)","gloss":"had been living"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"modifies месяца","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"месяца","lemma":"месяц","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of жил (duration)","gloss":"months"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of виделись","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause","gloss":"although"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes виделись, part of phrase хоть и","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"виделись","lemma":"видеться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"verb of the concessive clause","gloss":"did see each other"},{"surface":"довольно","lemma":"довольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies часто","gloss":"fairly"},{"surface":"часто","lemma":"часто","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies виделись","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"part of phrase всё еще (still), modifies сходились","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"particle","role":"part of phrase всё еще, modifies сходились","gloss":"[still]"},{"surface":"никак","lemma":"никак","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не сходились","gloss":"in no way"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сходились","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сходились","lemma":"сходиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause, coordinated with виделись","gloss":"grew close"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of молчалив","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to молчалив","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of и...и correlative, modifies сам","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphasizes Алеша, modifies молчалив","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"молчалив","lemma":"молчаливый","morphology":"adjective (short form), masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective with был","gloss":"silent"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links молчалив and ждал","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of phrase как бы, modifies ждал","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of phrase как бы","gloss":"[as if]"},{"surface":"ждал","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with молчалив (predicate of Алеша)","gloss":"seemed to wait"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"part of phrase чего-то, direct object of ждал","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"что","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase чего-то","gloss":"[-thing]"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of phrase как бы, modifies стыдился","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of phrase как бы","gloss":"[as if]"},{"surface":"стыдился","lemma":"стыдиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with ждал","gloss":"seemed ashamed"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"part of phrase чего-то, complement of стыдился","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"что","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase чего-то","gloss":"[-thing]"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of перестал","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to брат","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause of подметил","gloss":"although"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подметил","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes подметил","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"подметил","lemma":"подметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the concessive clause","gloss":"had noticed"},{"surface":"вначале","lemma":"вначале","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подметил","gloss":"at first"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, locative","role":"object of на, oblique complement of подметил","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of взгляды","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"длинные","lemma":"длинный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies взгляды","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links длинные and любопытные","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"любопытные","lemma":"любопытный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"coordinated with длинные","gloss":"curious"},{"surface":"взгляды","lemma":"взгляд","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of подметил","gloss":"glances"},{"surface":"кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, modifies перестал","gloss":"seemed"},{"surface":"вскоре","lemma":"вскоре","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies перестал","gloss":"soon"},{"surface":"перестал","lemma":"перестать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause (brother Ivan's)","gloss":"ceased"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies думать","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of phrase даже и, modifies думать","gloss":"[even]"},{"surface":"думать","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of перестал","gloss":"to think"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"object of о, complement of думать","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":88,"label":"88","id":"c5-s88","source":"Алеша заметил это с некоторым смущением.","translation":"Alyosha noticed this with a certain confusion.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"с некоторым смущением","title":"Instrumental of manner after «с»","body":"«с некоторым смущением» ('with a certain confusion') uses «с» + instrumental to describe the manner of noticing. The indefinite adjective «некоторый» softens it to 'some, a certain'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заметил","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"заметил","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"noticed"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of заметил","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking смущением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"некоторым","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of смущением","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"смущением","lemma":"смущение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of заметил","gloss":"confusion"}]},{"number":89,"label":"89","id":"c5-s89","source":"Он приписал равнодушие брата разнице в их летах и в особенности в образовании.","translation":"He ascribed his brother's indifference to the difference in their years and especially in their education.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"приписал равнодушие брата разнице","title":"Verb of attributing + dative","body":"«приписать (что кому/чему)» means 'to ascribe something to something'; the thing it is ascribed to goes in the dative — «разнице» ('to the difference'). «равнодушие» (indifference) is the accusative direct object."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в их летах","title":"«Лета» — years of age","body":"«лета» (here prepositional «летах») is the suppletive plural meaning 'years (of age)', distinct from «годы». 'The difference in their years' = the age gap. The word survives mainly in fixed expressions like «сколько вам лет?»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of приписал","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"приписал","lemma":"приписать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ascribed"},{"surface":"равнодушие","lemma":"равнодушие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of приписал","gloss":"the indifference"},{"surface":"брата","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies равнодушие","gloss":"of his brother"},{"surface":"разнице","lemma":"разница","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of приписал","gloss":"to the difference"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking летах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of летах","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"летах","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"object of в, modifies разнице","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of phrase в особенности (especially)","gloss":"[especially]"},{"surface":"особенности","lemma":"особенность","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"part of phrase в особенности, modifies second в образовании","gloss":"especially"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking образовании","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"образовании","lemma":"образование","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with летах","gloss":"their education"}]},{"number":90,"label":"90","id":"c5-s90","source":"Но думал Алеша и другое: столь малое любопытство и участие к нему, может быть, происходило у Ивана и от чего-нибудь совершенно Алеше неизвестного.","translation":"But Alyosha thought something else as well: that so slight a curiosity and concern for him might in Ivan be arising from something entirely unknown to Alyosha.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"происходило у Ивана и от чего-нибудь… неизвестного","title":"The particle «-нибудь» for non-specific 'any'","body":"«чего-нибудь» (genitive after «от») marks a non-specific 'something or other', anything at all — contrast «-то», which would mean a definite but unnamed thing. «неизвестного» is a substantivized adjective in the genitive agreeing with it: 'something unknown to Alyosha'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"думал","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of думал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies другое","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"другое","lemma":"другое","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of думал","gloss":"something else"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies малое","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"малое","lemma":"малый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies любопытство","gloss":"slight"},{"surface":"любопытство","lemma":"любопытство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of происходило","gloss":"curiosity"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"участие","lemma":"участие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with любопытство","gloss":"concern"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"нему","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies участие","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical (может быть), modifies происходило","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"происходило","lemma":"происходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"predicate of the clause explaining другое","gloss":"was arising"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Ивана","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Ивана","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of происходило","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чего-нибудь","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"object of от, part of чего-нибудь","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"combines with чего for the indefinite pronoun","gloss":"-ever"},{"surface":"совершенно","lemma":"совершенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies неизвестного","gloss":"entirely"},{"surface":"Алеше","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"dative complement of неизвестного","gloss":"to Alyosha"},{"surface":"неизвестного","lemma":"неизвестный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies чего-нибудь","gloss":"unknown"}]},{"number":91,"label":"91","id":"c5-s91","source":"Ему всё казалось почему-то, что Иван чем-то занят, чем-то внутренним и важным, что он стремится к какой-то цели, может быть очень трудной, так что ему не до него, и что вот это и есть та единственная причина, почему он смотрит на Алешу рассеянно.","translation":"It somehow kept seeming to him that Ivan was occupied with something, with something inward and important, that he was striving toward some goal, perhaps a very difficult one, so that he had no time for him, and that this was the one and only reason why he looked at Alyosha so absently.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ему всё казалось почему-то","title":"Dative experiencer with «казаться»","body":"«казаться» ('to seem') puts the one to whom it seems in the dative — «ему». «всё» here is adverbial ('keep, all the while'), and «почему-то» ('for some reason') uses «-то» for an unidentified cause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"стремится к какой-то цели","title":"«Стремиться к» + dative","body":"«стремиться» ('to strive toward') governs «к» + dative — «к… цели» ('toward a goal'). «какой-то» ('some kind of') again carries «-то» for a specific but unnamed goal, deepening the sense of Ivan's hidden purpose."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ему не до него","title":"Idiom «не до (кого/чего)»","body":"«ему не до него» is the idiom «не до кого-л.» — 'he can't be bothered with him / has no time for him'. It is built on a dative experiencer plus «до» + genitive, a compact, very Russian way of saying one's attention is elsewhere."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of казалось","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies казалось","gloss":"kept"},{"surface":"казалось","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seemed"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of почему-то, modifies казалось","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of почему-то","gloss":"-ever"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of занят","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of занят","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"complement of занят, part of чем-то","gloss":"with something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of чем-то","gloss":"-ever"},{"surface":"занят","lemma":"занять","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of the что-clause, clausal complement of казалось","gloss":"occupied"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"in apposition to чем-то (w8-9), further complement of занят","gloss":"with something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the second чем-то","gloss":"-ever"},{"surface":"внутренним","lemma":"внутренний","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies то (second чем-то)","gloss":"inward"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"важным","lemma":"важный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with внутренним","gloss":"important"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of стремится","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стремится","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"стремится","lemma":"стремиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of казалось","gloss":"is striving"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking цели","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, dative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of цели","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of какой-то","gloss":"-ever"},{"surface":"цели","lemma":"цель","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стремится","gloss":"goal"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical (может быть), modifies трудной","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"part of the phrase может быть, complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies трудной","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"трудной","lemma":"трудный","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies цели","gloss":"difficult"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase так что (so that)","gloss":"so","note":"так что together mean \"so that\", introducing a clause of result."},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"combines with так, introduces the clause of до него","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"dative subject of the idiom не до него","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates до него","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"for","note":"\"не до кого-л.\" is an idiom meaning \"to have no time/care for someone.\""},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of до, forming the idiom ему не до него","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies это","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies есть (emphatic)","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"predicate of the что-clause, clausal complement of казалось","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"та","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of причина","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"единственная","lemma":"единственный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies причина","gloss":"one and only"},{"surface":"причина","lemma":"причина","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate nominal of есть","gloss":"reason"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces relative clause on причина, modifies смотрит","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of смотрит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"смотрит","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on причина","gloss":"looks"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Алешу","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Алешу","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотрит","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"рассеянно","lemma":"рассеянно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смотрит","gloss":"absently"}]},{"number":92,"label":"92","id":"c5-s92","source":"Задумывался Алеша и о том: не было ли тут какого-нибудь презрения к нему, к глупенькому послушнику, от ученого атеиста.","translation":"Alyosha also fell to wondering whether there was not in this some sort of contempt for him — for the silly little novice — on the part of the learned atheist.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не было ли тут какого-нибудь презрения","title":"«Ли» + «не было» + genitive subject","body":"An embedded yes/no question with «ли» fronted after «было»: 'whether there was not some contempt'. The negated existential «не было» forces its subject «презрения» into the genitive — the genitive of negation."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"глупенькому послушнику","title":"Tender diminutive «глупенький»","body":"«глупенький» is «глупый» ('silly') softened by the affectionate suffix «-еньк-»: not contemptuous but tender-belittling, 'silly little'. A «послушник» is a novice — one under obedience («послушание») who has not yet taken vows. The diminutive captures how Alyosha imagines Ivan might see him."}],"words":[{"surface":"Задумывался","lemma":"задумываться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fell to wondering"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Задумывался","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of Задумывался","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"predicate of the clause explaining том","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies было","gloss":"in this"},{"surface":"какого","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of презрения","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"determiner of презрения","gloss":"-ever"},{"surface":"презрения","lemma":"презрение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"contempt"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"нему","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies презрения","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking послушнику","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"глупенькому","lemma":"глупенький","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies послушнику","gloss":"silly little"},{"surface":"послушнику","lemma":"послушник","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to нему, clarifies who нему refers to","gloss":"novice"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking атеиста","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"ученого","lemma":"учёный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies атеиста","gloss":"learned"},{"surface":"атеиста","lemma":"атеист","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of от, source of презрения","gloss":"atheist"}]},{"number":93,"label":"93","id":"c5-s93","source":"Он совершенно знал, что брат его атеист.","translation":"He knew perfectly well that his brother was an atheist.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"брат его атеист","title":"Zero copula in the present","body":"'His brother [is] an atheist' has no verb 'to be': in the present tense Russian drops the copula and simply juxtaposes subject and predicate noun, both nominative. The English 'is' has no Russian counterpart here."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"совершенно","lemma":"совершенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знал","gloss":"perfectly"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of атеист","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of атеист","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies брат","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"атеист","lemma":"атеист","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of знал","gloss":"an atheist"}]},{"number":94,"label":"94","id":"c5-s94","source":"Презрением этим, если оно и было, он обидеться не мог, но все-таки с каким-то непонятным себе самому и тревожным смущением ждал, когда брат захочет подойти к нему ближе.","translation":"By this contempt, if indeed it existed, he could not take offense, but all the same, with a kind of anxious confusion incomprehensible to himself, he waited for his brother to want to come closer to him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"если оно и было","title":"Concessive «если… и»","body":"«если оно и было» — 'even if it did exist' — uses «если» with the emphatic «и» for a concessive, granting the hypothesis. The neuter «оно» refers back to «презрение» (contempt)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"обидеться не мог","title":"Reflexive «обидеться» + negated modal","body":"«обидеться» is the perfective reflexive 'to take offense'; -ся turns the offending back onto the self. With «не мог» it means 'he could not bring himself to take offense'. The fronting of the infinitive «обидеться» before «не мог» is an emphatic, literary order."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"непонятным себе самому","title":"Reflexive «себя» as dative","body":"«себе самому» is the reflexive pronoun «себя» in the dative, intensified by «самому» — 'incomprehensible to himself'. «себя» has no nominative and always points back to the clause's subject."}],"words":[{"surface":"Презрением","lemma":"презрение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"complement of обидеться","gloss":"contempt"},{"surface":"этим","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies Презрением","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of было","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"оно","lemma":"оно","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"conditional clause modifying обидеться не мог","gloss":"existed"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of обидеться","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"обидеться","lemma":"обидеться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"take offense"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все","morphology":"particle","role":"part of все-таки, modifies ждал","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of все-таки, modifies ждал","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking смущением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"каким","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of смущением","gloss":"a kind of"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of каким-то, determiner of смущением","gloss":"-ever"},{"surface":"непонятным","lemma":"непонятный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies смущением","gloss":"incomprehensible"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"dative complement of непонятным","gloss":"to himself"},{"surface":"самому","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies себе (emphatic)","gloss":"himself","note":"себе самому is an emphatic reflexive: \"to himself\" (not just \"to him\")."},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тревожным","lemma":"тревожный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with непонятным","gloss":"anxious"},{"surface":"смущением","lemma":"смущение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"object of с, modifies ждал","gloss":"confusion"},{"surface":"ждал","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with мог","gloss":"waited"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of захочет","gloss":"for when"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of захочет","gloss":"his brother"},{"surface":"захочет","lemma":"захотеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"temporal clause complement of ждал","gloss":"would want"},{"surface":"подойти","lemma":"подойти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of захочет","gloss":"to come"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"нему","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подойти","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ближе","lemma":"близкий","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies подойти","gloss":"closer"}]},{"number":95,"label":"95","id":"c5-s95","source":"Брат Дмитрий Федорович отзывался о брате Иване с глубочайшим уважением, с каким-то особым проникновением говорил о нем.","translation":"His brother Dmitri Fyodorovich spoke of his brother Ivan with the deepest respect, and with a kind of special penetration in speaking of him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"отзывался о брате… с глубочайшим уважением","title":"Reflexive verb + instrumental of manner","body":"«отзывался» is the imperfective reflexive «отзываться о ком-л.» ('to speak of someone'), governing «о» + prepositional. «с глубочайшим уважением» ('with the deepest respect') is «с» + instrumental, and «глубочайшим» is the «-айш-» superlative of «глубокий»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отзывался","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Брат","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрий","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"отзывался","lemma":"отзываться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking брате","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"брате","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отзывался","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"Иване","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to брате","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking уважением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"глубочайшим","lemma":"глубокий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies уважением","gloss":"deepest"},{"surface":"уважением","lemma":"уважение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"object of с, modifies отзывался","gloss":"respect"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking проникновением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"каким","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of проникновением","gloss":"a kind of"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of каким-то, determiner of проникновением","gloss":"-ever"},{"surface":"особым","lemma":"особый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies проникновением","gloss":"special"},{"surface":"проникновением","lemma":"проникновение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорил","gloss":"penetration"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with отзывался","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорил","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":96,"label":"96","id":"c5-s96","source":"От него же узнал Алеша все подробности того важного дела, которое связало в последнее время обоих старших братьев замечательною и тесною связью.","translation":"From him too Alyosha learned all the particulars of that important affair which of late had bound the two elder brothers together in a remarkable and close bond.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"того важного дела, которое связало… обоих старших братьев","title":"Correlative «того… которое» + perfective past","body":"«того… дела» (genitive) is picked up by the relative «которое», agreeing in neuter gender but taking nominative as its own clause's subject. «связало» is perfective past — a single completed binding. «обоих» is the genitive-accusative of «оба» ('both')."}],"words":[{"surface":"От","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"From"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of узнал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies него","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"узнал","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"learned"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of узнал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of подробности","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"подробности","lemma":"подробность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of узнал","gloss":"the particulars"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of дела","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"важного","lemma":"важный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies дела","gloss":"important"},{"surface":"дела","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies подробности","gloss":"affair"},{"surface":"которое","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of связало","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"связало","lemma":"связать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on дела","gloss":"had bound"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking время","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"последнее","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies время","gloss":"recent"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of связало","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"обоих","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"quantifies братьев","gloss":"the two"},{"surface":"старших","lemma":"старший","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies братьев","gloss":"elder"},{"surface":"братьев","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of связало","gloss":"brothers"},{"surface":"замечательною","lemma":"замечательный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies связью, coordinated with тесною","gloss":"remarkable","note":"замечательною is the older instrumental feminine ending -ою (=-ой)."},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тесною","lemma":"тесный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with замечательною, modifies связью","gloss":"close"},{"surface":"связью","lemma":"связь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of связало","gloss":"bond"}]},{"number":97,"label":"97","id":"c5-s97","source":"Восторженные отзывы Дмитрия о брате Иване были тем характернее в глазах Алеши, что брат Дмитрий был человек в сравнении с Иваном почти вовсе необразованный, и оба, поставленные вместе один с другим, составляли, казалось, такую яркую противоположность как личности и характеры, что, может быть, нельзя бы было и придумать двух человек несходнее между собой.","translation":"Dmitri's rapturous opinions of his brother Ivan were the more telling in Alyosha's eyes because, compared with Ivan, his brother Dmitri was a man almost wholly uneducated, and the two of them, set side by side, formed, it seemed, such a vivid contrast as personalities and characters that it would perhaps have been impossible to imagine two men more unlike each other.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"были тем характернее… что","title":"«Тем… что» — 'the more… because'","body":"«тем характернее… что» is the correlative 'all the more telling… in that…'. «характернее» is the comparative of «характерный», and «тем» (instrumental of «то») is the measure-of-difference: 'by that much more'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"поставленные вместе один с другим","title":"Past passive participle as adverbial","body":"«поставленные» is the long-form past passive participle of «поставить» ('placed, set'), agreeing with «оба» — 'the two, set side by side'. «один с другим» ('one with another') is a reciprocal phrase."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"нельзя бы было… придумать двух человек несходнее","title":"Conditional «бы» + comparative","body":"«нельзя бы было придумать» is an impersonal conditional ('it would have been impossible to imagine'), with «бы» making it hypothetical. «несходнее» is the comparative of «несходный' ('more dissimilar'), and «двух человек» shows the genitive after the numeral «два»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Восторженные","lemma":"восторженный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies отзывы","gloss":"rapturous"},{"surface":"отзывы","lemma":"отзыв","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of характернее","gloss":"opinions"},{"surface":"Дмитрия","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies отзывы","gloss":"Dmitri's"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking брате","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"брате","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies отзывы","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"Иване","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to брате","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking to характернее","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of характернее (correlative with что)","gloss":"all the more"},{"surface":"характернее","lemma":"характерный","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicate complement of были","gloss":"telling"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глазах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"глазах","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of характернее","gloss":"the eyes"},{"surface":"Алеши","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies глазах","gloss":"Alyosha's"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the causal clause explaining характернее","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of человек","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to брат","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to человек","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate nominal of был","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сравнении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"сравнении","lemma":"сравнение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"adverbial modifying необразованный","gloss":"comparison"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Иваном","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Иваном","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сравнении","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вовсе","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies необразованный","gloss":"entirely"},{"surface":"необразованный","lemma":"необразованный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"uneducated"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"оба","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine","role":"subject of составляли","gloss":"the two of them"},{"surface":"поставленные","lemma":"поставить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, nominative, perfective","role":"modifies оба","gloss":"set"},{"surface":"вместе","lemma":"вместе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поставленные","gloss":"side by side"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the idiom один с другим, modifies поставленные","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking другим","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"другим","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"object of с, forming reciprocal phrase with один","gloss":"the other"},{"surface":"составляли","lemma":"составлять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with был (via и), continuing the что-clause that explains характернее — not a second main clause: составляли's subject is оба, parallel to брат Дмитрий был человек ... необразованный","gloss":"formed"},{"surface":"казалось","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, modifies составляли","gloss":"it seemed"},{"surface":"такую","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of противоположность","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"яркую","lemma":"яркий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies противоположность","gloss":"vivid"},{"surface":"противоположность","lemma":"противоположность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of составляли","gloss":"a contrast"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison личности и характеры, modifies противоположность","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"личности","lemma":"личность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"modifies противоположность","gloss":"personalities"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"характеры","lemma":"характер","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with личности","gloss":"characters"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the result clause (такую...что, \"such...that\")","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical (может быть), modifies нельзя","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"нельзя","lemma":"нельзя","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of the result clause introduced by что","gloss":"impossible"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"auxiliary of нельзя","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to нельзя","gloss":"have been"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"придумать","lemma":"придумать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on нельзя","gloss":"to imagine"},{"surface":"двух","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"quantifies человек","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of придумать","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"несходнее","lemma":"несходный","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"more unlike"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking собой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"собой","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"oblique complement of несходнее","gloss":"each other"}]},{"number":98,"label":"98","id":"c5-s98","source":"Вот в это-то время и состоялось свидание, или, лучше сказать, семейная сходка, всех членов этого нестройного семейства в келье старца, имевшая чрезвычайное влияние на Алешу.","translation":"It was at this very time that there took place the meeting — or, better said, the family gathering — of all the members of this discordant family in the elder's cell, a gathering that had an extraordinary influence upon Alyosha.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"состоялось свидание… имевшая чрезвычайное влияние","title":"Perfective reflexive + past active participle","body":"«состоялось» is the perfective reflexive of «состояться' ('took place') — the -ся marks an event happening of itself. «имевшая» is a past active participle ('which had') modifying «сходка», compressing a relative clause into one word."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сходка… нестройного семейства","title":"A 'gathering' of a discordant family","body":"«сходка» is an informal gathering or assembly (from «сходиться», to come together) — humbler than «свидание» (meeting) or «собрание». «нестройный» means 'disorderly, out of tune' (literally 'unharmonious'), wryly naming the Karamazovs a family that cannot keep time together."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies время","gloss":"It was"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking время","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of состоялось","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes состоялось","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"состоялось","lemma":"состояться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"took place"},{"surface":"свидание","lemma":"свидание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of состоялось","gloss":"the meeting"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"лучше","lemma":"лучше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказать","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"parenthetical phrase (or rather)","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"семейная","lemma":"семейный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies сходка","gloss":"family"},{"surface":"сходка","lemma":"сходка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to свидание, restates the subject","gloss":"gathering"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of членов","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"членов","lemma":"член","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"modifies сходка","gloss":"the members"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of семейства","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"нестройного","lemma":"нестройный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies семейства","gloss":"discordant"},{"surface":"семейства","lemma":"семейство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies членов","gloss":"family"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking келье","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"келье","lemma":"келья","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies сходка","gloss":"the cell"},{"surface":"старца","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies келье","gloss":"the elder's"},{"surface":"имевшая","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying сходка","gloss":"which had"},{"surface":"чрезвычайное","lemma":"чрезвычайный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies влияние","gloss":"extraordinary"},{"surface":"влияние","lemma":"влияние","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of имевшая","gloss":"an influence"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Алешу","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"Алешу","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies влияние","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":99,"label":"99","id":"c5-s99","source":"Предлог к этой сходке, по-настоящему, был фальшивый.","translation":"The pretext for this gathering was, properly speaking, a false one.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Предлог к этой сходке… был фальшивый","title":"Long-form adjective as predicate","body":"Here the predicate adjective is the long form «фальшивый» (nominative), not a short form — 'was a false one'. With «предлог» the long form names a categorial quality. «по-настоящему» means 'properly speaking, in truth'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Предлог","lemma":"предлог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был фальшивый","gloss":"The pretext"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сходке","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, dative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of сходке","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"сходке","lemma":"сходка","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Предлог","gloss":"gathering"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of по-настоящему, modifies фальшивый","gloss":"properly"},{"surface":"настоящему","lemma":"настоящему","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of по-настоящему","gloss":"speaking","note":"по-настоящему is one adverb meaning \"properly speaking / actually,\" split here into two tokens."},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to фальшивый","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"фальшивый","lemma":"фальшивый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"false"}]},{"number":100,"label":"100","id":"c5-s100","source":"Тогда именно несогласия по наследству и по имущественным расчетам Дмитрия Федоровича с отцом его, Федором Павловичем, дошли, по-видимому, до невозможной точки.","translation":"It was just then that the disagreements over the inheritance and over the property settlements between Dmitri Fyodorovich and his father, Fyodor Pavlovich, had reached, it appeared, an impossible point.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"несогласия… Дмитрия Федоровича с отцом его, Федором Павловичем, дошли","title":"Genitive of the parties + instrumental of accompaniment","body":"«Дмитрия Федоровича» is genitive ('the disagreements of Dmitri'), while «с отцом… Федором Павловичем» is «с» + instrumental ('with his father'). The patronymics decline fully: «Федоровича» (gen.), «Павловичем» (instr.)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дошли","gloss":"It was then"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Тогда","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"несогласия","lemma":"несогласие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of дошли","gloss":"the disagreements"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking наследству","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"наследству","lemma":"наследство","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies несогласия","gloss":"the inheritance"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking расчетам","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"имущественным","lemma":"имущественный","morphology":"adjective, dative, plural","role":"modifies расчетам","gloss":"property"},{"surface":"расчетам","lemma":"расчёт","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with наследству","gloss":"settlements"},{"surface":"Дмитрия","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies несогласия","gloss":"of Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федоровича","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрия","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отцом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"отцом","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies несогласия","gloss":"his father"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies отцом","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"Федором","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отцом","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павловичем","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федором","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"дошли","lemma":"дойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had reached"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of по-видимому, parenthetical modifying дошли","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"видимому","lemma":"видимому","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of по-видимому","gloss":"appeared","note":"по-видимому is one adverb meaning \"apparently,\" split here into two tokens."},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking точки","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"невозможной","lemma":"невозможный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies точки","gloss":"an impossible"},{"surface":"точки","lemma":"точка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of дошли","gloss":"point"}]},{"number":101,"label":"101","id":"c5-s101","source":"Отношения обострились и стали невыносимы.","translation":"Their relations had grown bitter and become unbearable.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Отношения обострились и стали невыносимы","title":"Reflexive perfective + short adjective predicate","body":"«обострились» is the perfective reflexive of «обостриться» ('grew acute, sharpened'), the -ся marking a change of state. «невыносимы» is the short-form plural adjective ('unbearable') as predicate after «стали»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Отношения","lemma":"отношение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of обострились","gloss":"Their relations"},{"surface":"обострились","lemma":"обостриться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had grown bitter"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"стали","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with обострились","gloss":"become"},{"surface":"невыносимы","lemma":"невыносимый","morphology":"adjective, plural, short form","role":"complement of стали","gloss":"unbearable"}]},{"number":102,"label":"102","id":"c5-s102","source":"Федор Павлович, кажется, первый и, кажется, шутя подал мысль о том, чтобы сойтись всем в келье старца Зосимы и, хоть и не прибегая к прямому его посредничеству, все-таки как-нибудь сговориться приличнее, причем сан и лицо старца могли бы иметь нечто внушающее и примирительное.","translation":"Fyodor Pavlovich, it seems, was the first and, it seems, half in jest put forward the idea that they should all gather in the cell of the elder Zosima, and, without exactly resorting to his direct mediation, nonetheless somehow come to terms more decently, the rank and person of the elder being able, perhaps, to have something awe-inspiring and conciliatory about them.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"подал мысль о том, чтобы сойтись всем в келье","title":"«О том, чтобы» + irrealis infinitive","body":"«мысль о том, чтобы…» introduces the content of an idea with a «чтобы»-clause expressing a proposed, willed action; «сойтись» (perfective reflexive, 'to come together') stays infinitive, the dative «всем» giving its subject — 'that they all gather'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сговориться приличнее","title":"Comparative adverb «приличнее»","body":"«приличнее» is the comparative of «прилично» ('more decently, more properly'). «сговориться» is the perfective reflexive 'to come to an agreement'. The comparative without an explicit standard implies 'more decently than otherwise'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of первый","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Федор","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical modifying первый","gloss":"it seems"},{"surface":"первый","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate (was) the first, coordinated with подал","gloss":"the first"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical modifying подал","gloss":"it seems"},{"surface":"шутя","lemma":"шутить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial converb modifying подал","gloss":"half in jest"},{"surface":"подал","lemma":"подать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb, coordinated with первый","gloss":"put forward"},{"surface":"мысль","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of подал","gloss":"the idea"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"object of о, anticipates чтобы-clause","gloss":"the idea (that)"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сойтись","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"сойтись","lemma":"сойтись","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"main verb of the чтобы-clause","gloss":"gather"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"dative logical subject of сойтись (dative-infinitive construction, not an indirect object)","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking келье","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"келье","lemma":"келья","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сойтись","gloss":"the cell"},{"surface":"старца","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies келье","gloss":"the elder's"},{"surface":"Зосимы","lemma":"зосима","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to старца","gloss":"Zosima"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"modifies прибегая","gloss":"although"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прибегая","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прибегая","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"прибегая","lemma":"прибегать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on сговориться","gloss":"resorting"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking посредничеству","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"прямому","lemma":"прямой","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies посредничеству","gloss":"direct"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of посредничеству","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"посредничеству","lemma":"посредничество","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of прибегая","gloss":"mediation"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все-таки","morphology":"particle, first part of compound adverb все-таки","role":"first part of все-таки, modifies сговориться","gloss":"nonetheless","note":"все-таки ('nonetheless/all the same') is split across two tokens by the tagger."},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"все-таки","morphology":"particle, second part of compound adverb все-таки","role":"second part of все-таки, modifies сговориться","gloss":"(all the same)"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как-нибудь","morphology":"adverb, first part of compound как-нибудь","role":"first part of как-нибудь, modifies сговориться","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"как-нибудь","morphology":"adverb, second part of compound как-нибудь","role":"second part of как-нибудь, modifies сговориться","gloss":"(indefinite -ever)"},{"surface":"сговориться","lemma":"сговориться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with сойтись","gloss":"come to terms"},{"surface":"приличнее","lemma":"прилично","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies сговориться","gloss":"more decently"},{"surface":"причем","lemma":"причём","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"whereby"},{"surface":"сан","lemma":"сан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of могли","gloss":"rank"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with сан","gloss":"person"},{"surface":"старца","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies лицо","gloss":"of the elder"},{"surface":"могли","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the причем-clause","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of могли","gloss":"(conditional)"},{"surface":"иметь","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of могли","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"нечто","lemma":"нечто","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of иметь","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"внушающее","lemma":"внушать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, neuter, singular, accusative, imperfective","role":"modifies нечто","gloss":"awe-inspiring"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"примирительное","lemma":"примирительный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with внушающее","gloss":"conciliatory"}]},{"number":103,"label":"103","id":"c5-s103","source":"Дмитрий Федорович, никогда у старца не бывавший и даже не видавший его, конечно, подумал, что старцем его хотят как бы испугать; но так как он и сам укорял себя втайне за многие особенно резкие выходки в споре с отцом за последнее время, то и принял вызов.","translation":"Dmitri Fyodorovich, who had never been to the elder and had not even seen him, of course supposed that they wanted to frighten him, as it were, with the elder; but since he too secretly reproached himself for many especially harsh outbursts in his quarrel with his father of late, he accepted the challenge.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"никогда у старца не бывавший и даже не видавший его","title":"Negated past active participles","body":"«бывавший» and «видавший» are past active participles ('who had never been' and 'who had not even seen'), both negated with «не» and «никогда» (negative concord). «видавший» is the older, bookish participle of «видать» beside «видевший»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"так как… то и принял вызов","title":"«Так как… то» causal frame","body":"«так как… то…» is the bookish 'since…, [then]…' construction, the «то» resuming the main clause after the causal one. «принял вызов» (perfective) — 'accepted the challenge', a single completed decision."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"укорял себя втайне… выходки","title":"Self-reproach and 'выходки'","body":"«укорять себя» is 'to reproach oneself' (with the reflexive pronoun «себя»). «выходки» are 'antics, outbursts, escapades' — impulsive, often scandalous acts, exactly the word for Dmitri's volatile behavior toward his father."}],"words":[{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подумал","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Дмитрий","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бывавший","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking старца","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"старца","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бывавший","gloss":"the elder's"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies бывавший","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"бывавший","lemma":"бывать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying Дмитрий","gloss":"having been"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies видавший","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies видавший","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"видавший","lemma":"видать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"coordinated with бывавший","gloss":"having seen"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of видавший","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подумал","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"подумал","lemma":"подумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"supposed"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of хотят","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"старцем","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"instrumental complement of испугать","gloss":"with the elder"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of испугать","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"хотят","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"they wanted"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies испугать","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"(as if)"},{"surface":"испугать","lemma":"испугать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотят","gloss":"to frighten"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of укорял","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"(since)"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of укорял","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сам","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphasizes он, modifies укорял","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"укорял","lemma":"укорять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the так как-clause","gloss":"reproached"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of укорял","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"втайне","lemma":"втайне","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies укорял","gloss":"secretly"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking выходки","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"многие","lemma":"многие","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies выходки","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"особенно","lemma":"особенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies резкие","gloss":"especially"},{"surface":"резкие","lemma":"резкий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies выходки","gloss":"harsh"},{"surface":"выходки","lemma":"выходка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"object of за, complement of укорял","gloss":"outbursts"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking споре","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"споре","lemma":"спор","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies выходки","gloss":"the dispute"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отцом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"отцом","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies споре","gloss":"his father"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks последнее время, modifies споре","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"последнее","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies время","gloss":"recent"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"object of за, modifies споре","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of принял","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies принял","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"принял","lemma":"принять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the resumed main clause, parallel to подумал","gloss":"accepted"},{"surface":"вызов","lemma":"вызов","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of принял","gloss":"the challenge"}]},{"number":104,"label":"104","id":"c5-s104","source":"Кстати заметить, что жил он не в доме отца, как Иван Федорович, а отдельно, в другом конце города.","translation":"It should be noted in passing that he lived not in his father's house, as Ivan Fyodorovich did, but separately, at the other end of the town.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"жил он не в доме отца… а отдельно","title":"Contrastive «не… а»","body":"«не… а…» negates one option and substitutes another: 'not in his father's house… but separately'. This «а» of correction differs from «но» (opposition); it replaces rather than merely contrasts."}],"words":[{"surface":"Кстати","lemma":"кстати","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заметить","gloss":"incidentally"},{"surface":"заметить","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"it should be noted"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of жил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"жил","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of заметить","gloss":"he lived"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of жил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies доме","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking доме","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"доме","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of жил","gloss":"the house"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies доме","gloss":"of his father"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparison clause (elliptical, cf. жил)","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of elliptical clause (жил understood)","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"отдельно","lemma":"отдельно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with жил","gloss":"separately"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking конце","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"другом","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies конце","gloss":"the other"},{"surface":"конце","lemma":"конец","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of жил (parallel to отдельно)","gloss":"end"},{"surface":"города","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies конце","gloss":"of the town"}]},{"number":105,"label":"105","id":"c5-s105","source":"Тут случилось, что проживавший в это время у нас Петр Александрович Миусов особенно ухватился за эту идею Федора Павловича.","translation":"It so happened that Pyotr Alexandrovich Miüsov, who was staying with us at that time, seized upon this idea of Fyodor Pavlovich's with particular eagerness.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"проживавший в это время у нас Петр Александрович Миусов","title":"Pre-posed past active participle","body":"«проживавший… у нас» ('who was staying with us at that time') is a past active participle placed before the noun «Петр Александрович Миусов», bracketing his name with a relative-clause's worth of information — a compact, bookish device."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ухватился за эту идею","title":"Reflexive «ухватиться за» + accusative","body":"«ухватиться за (что-л.)» ('to seize upon, grab hold of') is a perfective reflexive verb governing «за» + accusative «эту идею». Figuratively it means to latch eagerly onto an idea."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies случилось","gloss":"it so happened"},{"surface":"случилось","lemma":"случиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"happened"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ухватился","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"проживавший","lemma":"проживать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying Петр","gloss":"who was staying"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking время","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of проживавший","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of проживавший","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"Петр","lemma":"пётр","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ухватился","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Александрович","lemma":"александрович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Петр","gloss":"Alexandrovich"},{"surface":"Миусов","lemma":"миусов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Петр","gloss":"Miusov"},{"surface":"особенно","lemma":"особенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ухватился","gloss":"with particular eagerness"},{"surface":"ухватился","lemma":"ухватиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of случилось","gloss":"seized upon"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking идею","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of идею","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"идею","lemma":"идея","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ухватился","gloss":"idea"},{"surface":"Федора","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies идею","gloss":"of Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павловича","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федора","gloss":"Pavlovich"}]},{"number":106,"label":"106","id":"c5-s106","source":"Либерал сороковых и пятидесятых годов, вольнодумец и атеист, он, от скуки может быть, а может быть, для легкомысленной потехи, принял в этом деле чрезвычайное участие.","translation":"A liberal of the forties and fifties, a freethinker and an atheist, he — out of boredom, perhaps, or perhaps for the sake of frivolous amusement — took an extraordinary part in this affair.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Либерал… вольнодумец и атеист, он… принял","title":"Appositive nominatives in the present-tense slot","body":"The opening nouns «либерал… вольнодумец и атеист» stand in the nominative as an appositive characterizing «он», with no copula — the zero-copula present applied to a description: 'A liberal…, a freethinker and atheist, he…'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вольнодумец","title":"«Вольнодумец» — a freethinker","body":"«вольнодумец» literally 'free-thinker' (from «вольный» + «думать») denotes a religious and political skeptic in the Enlightenment mold. Paired with «либерал» and «атеист», it pins Miüsov as a Westernizing rationalist of the 1840s generation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Либерал","lemma":"либерал","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to он","gloss":"a liberal"},{"surface":"сороковых","lemma":"сороковой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies годов","gloss":"of the forties"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пятидесятых","lemma":"пятидесятый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"coordinated with сороковых","gloss":"of the fifties"},{"surface":"годов","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies Либерал","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"вольнодумец","lemma":"вольнодумец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Либерал","gloss":"a freethinker"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"атеист","lemma":"атеист","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with вольнодумец","gloss":"an atheist"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of принял","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking скуки","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"скуки","lemma":"скука","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"object of от, modifies принял","gloss":"boredom"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical (может быть = 'perhaps')","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"(perhaps)"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical (может быть = 'perhaps'), parallel to first может быть","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"(perhaps)"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking потехи","gloss":"for the sake of"},{"surface":"легкомысленной","lemma":"легкомысленный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies потехи","gloss":"frivolous"},{"surface":"потехи","lemma":"потеха","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"object of для, modifies принял","gloss":"amusement"},{"surface":"принял","lemma":"принять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of деле","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"деле","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of принял","gloss":"affair"},{"surface":"чрезвычайное","lemma":"чрезвычайный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies участие","gloss":"an extraordinary"},{"surface":"участие","lemma":"участие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of принял","gloss":"part"}]},{"number":107,"label":"107","id":"c5-s107","source":"Ему вдруг захотелось посмотреть на монастырь и на «святого».","translation":"He suddenly took it into his head to have a look at the monastery and at the \"saint.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ему вдруг захотелось посмотреть","title":"Dative experiencer with «захотелось»","body":"«захотелось» is the impersonal reflexive of «захотеться» — the wish comes over the experiencer, who stands in the dative «ему» ('he suddenly felt like…'). This agentless, dative-first framing of impulse is deeply characteristic of Russian."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of захотелось","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies захотелось","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"захотелось","lemma":"захотеться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"took it into his head"},{"surface":"посмотреть","lemma":"посмотреть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on захотелось","gloss":"to look"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking монастырь","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"монастырь","lemma":"монастырь","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of посмотреть","gloss":"the monastery"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking святого","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"святого","lemma":"святой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with монастырь","gloss":"the 'saint'"}]},{"number":108,"label":"108","id":"c5-s108","source":"Так как всё еще продолжались его давние споры с монастырем и всё еще тянулась тяжба о поземельной границе их владений, о каких-то правах рубки в лесу и рыбной ловли в речке и проч., то он и поспешил этим воспользоваться под предлогом того, что сам желал бы сговориться с отцом игуменом нельзя ли как-нибудь покончить их споры полюбовно?","translation":"Since his old disputes with the monastery were still going on, and a lawsuit was still dragging on over the boundary of their land holdings, over some rights of cutting timber in the forest and of fishing in the river, and so forth, he hastened to make use of this under the pretext that he himself wished to come to terms with the Father Superior — might their disputes not somehow be settled amicably?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Так как… продолжались… споры и… тянулась тяжба, то он и поспешил","title":"«Так как… то» with reflexive verbs","body":"Another «так как… то» causal frame. «продолжались» and «тянулась» are imperfective reflexives ('went on', 'dragged on'), -ся marking processes with no agent — the disputes simply continued of themselves."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"нельзя ли как-нибудь покончить их споры полюбовно","title":"«Ли» in a tentative question + «-нибудь»","body":"«нельзя ли» is a softening, deliberative question ('might it not be possible'), with «ли» on «нельзя». «как-нибудь» ('somehow or other') uses «-нибудь» for an undetermined means. «полюбовно» means 'amicably, by mutual goodwill'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of продолжались","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase Так","gloss":"(since)"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle, part of compound adverb всё ещё","role":"part of всё ещё, modifies продолжались","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies продолжались","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"продолжались","lemma":"продолжаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the так как-clause","gloss":"were still going on"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of споры","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"давние","lemma":"давний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies споры","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"споры","lemma":"спор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of продолжались","gloss":"disputes"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking монастырем","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"монастырем","lemma":"монастырь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies споры","gloss":"the monastery"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle, part of compound adverb всё ещё","role":"modifies тянулась","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies тянулась","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"тянулась","lemma":"тянуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with продолжались","gloss":"was dragging on"},{"surface":"тяжба","lemma":"тяжба","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of тянулась","gloss":"a lawsuit"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking границе","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"поземельной","lemma":"поземельный","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies границе","gloss":"the land"},{"surface":"границе","lemma":"граница","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies тяжба","gloss":"boundary"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of владений","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"владений","lemma":"владение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"modifies границе","gloss":"holdings"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking правах","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"каких","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of правах (part of каких-то)","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"part of каких-то, determiner of правах","gloss":"(indefinite -то)"},{"surface":"правах","lemma":"право","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated with границе","gloss":"rights"},{"surface":"рубки","lemma":"рубка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies правах","gloss":"of cutting timber"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лесу","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"лесу","lemma":"лес","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies рубки","gloss":"the forest"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"рыбной","lemma":"рыбный","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ловли","gloss":"fishing"},{"surface":"ловли","lemma":"ловля","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with рубки","gloss":"catching"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking речке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"речке","lemma":"речка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ловли","gloss":"the river"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"проч","lemma":"прочее","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular (abbreviation of прочее)","role":"continues the list (etc.)","gloss":"so forth"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of поспешил","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поспешил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поспешил","gloss":"(so)"},{"surface":"поспешил","lemma":"поспешить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hastened"},{"surface":"этим","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"instrumental complement of воспользоваться","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"воспользоваться","lemma":"воспользоваться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of поспешил","gloss":"to make use of"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking предлогом","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"предлогом","lemma":"предлог","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of воспользоваться","gloss":"the pretext"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies предлогом","gloss":"of the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of желал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphasizes subject of желал","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"желал","lemma":"желать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the что-clause, explains того","gloss":"wished"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of желал","gloss":"(conditional)"},{"surface":"сговориться","lemma":"сговориться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of желал","gloss":"to come to terms"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отцом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"отцом","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сговориться","gloss":"the father"},{"surface":"игуменом","lemma":"игумен","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отцом","gloss":"Superior"},{"surface":"нельзя","lemma":"нельзя","morphology":"adverb","role":"main predicate of the embedded question (нельзя ли...)","gloss":"might it not be"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нельзя","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies покончить","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies покончить","gloss":"(indefinite -ever)"},{"surface":"покончить","lemma":"покончить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on нельзя","gloss":"settle"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of споры","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"споры","lemma":"спор","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of покончить","gloss":"disputes"},{"surface":"полюбовно","lemma":"полюбовно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies покончить","gloss":"amicably"}]},{"number":109,"label":"109","id":"c5-s109","source":"Посетителя с такими благими намерениями, конечно, могли принять в монастыре внимательнее и предупредительнее, чем просто любопытствующего.","translation":"A visitor with such good intentions could, of course, be received at the monastery more attentively and more obligingly than a mere curiosity-seeker.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"могли принять… внимательнее и предупредительнее, чем просто любопытствующего","title":"Comparative adverbs + present active participle","body":"«внимательнее» and «предупредительнее» are comparative adverbs ('more attentively, more obligingly'). The thing compared, «любопытствующего», is the present active participle of «любопытствовать» ('one being curious') used as a substantive in the animate accusative."}],"words":[{"surface":"Посетителя","lemma":"посетитель","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of принять","gloss":"a visitor"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking намерениями","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"такими","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"determiner of намерениями","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"благими","lemma":"благой","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies намерениями","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"намерениями","lemma":"намерение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, plural","role":"modifies Посетителя","gloss":"intentions"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifying могли","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"могли","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"принять","lemma":"принять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могли","gloss":"receive"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking монастыре","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"монастыре","lemma":"монастырь","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of принять","gloss":"the monastery"},{"surface":"внимательнее","lemma":"внимательный","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies принять","gloss":"more attentively"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"предупредительнее","lemma":"предупредительный","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"coordinated with внимательнее","gloss":"more obligingly"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of любопытствующего","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"просто","lemma":"просто","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies любопытствующего","gloss":"merely"},{"surface":"любопытствующего","lemma":"любопытствующий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of comparison чем, parallel to Посетителя","gloss":"a curiosity-seeker"}]},{"number":110,"label":"110","id":"c5-s110","source":"Вследствие всех сих соображений и могло устроиться некоторое внутреннее влияние в монастыре на больного старца, в последнее время почти совсем уже не покидавшего келью и отказывавшего по болезни даже обыкновенным посетителям.","translation":"It was in consequence of all these considerations that a certain inner influence could be brought to bear within the monastery upon the ailing elder, who of late had almost entirely ceased to leave his cell and, on account of his illness, was refusing even his ordinary visitors.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вследствие всех сих соображений","title":"Archaic demonstrative «сих»","body":"«сих» is the genitive plural of the archaic, bookish demonstrative «сей» ('this') — 'of all these considerations'. By Dostoevsky's day «сей» was already period-elevated, surviving in officialese and literary prose where a speaker would say «этих»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не покидавшего келью и отказывавшего… посетителям","title":"Paired past active participles","body":"«покидавшего» and «отказывавшего» are past active participles modifying «старца» in the accusative-genitive: 'who had ceased to leave… and was refusing…'. «отказывать» takes the dative of the person refused — «посетителям»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вследствие","lemma":"вследствие","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking соображений","gloss":"in consequence of"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of соображений","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"сих","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"part of the phrase всех","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"соображений","lemma":"соображение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"object of Вследствие","gloss":"considerations"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes могло","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"могло","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"устроиться","lemma":"устроиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могло","gloss":"come about"},{"surface":"некоторое","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of влияние","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"внутреннее","lemma":"внутренний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies влияние","gloss":"inner"},{"surface":"влияние","lemma":"влияние","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of устроиться","gloss":"influence"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking монастыре","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"монастыре","lemma":"монастырь","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies влияние","gloss":"the monastery"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking старца","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"больного","lemma":"больной","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies старца","gloss":"the ailing"},{"surface":"старца","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of на, modifies влияние","gloss":"elder"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking время","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"последнее","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies время","gloss":"late"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of покидавшего","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies совсем","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уже","gloss":"entirely"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies покидавшего","gloss":"no longer"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies покидавшего","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"покидавшего","lemma":"покидать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, accusative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying старца","gloss":"leaving"},{"surface":"келью","lemma":"келья","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of покидавшего","gloss":"his cell"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"отказывавшего","lemma":"отказывать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, accusative, imperfective","role":"coordinated with покидавшего","gloss":"refusing"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking болезни","gloss":"on account of"},{"surface":"болезни","lemma":"болезнь","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отказывавшего","gloss":"illness"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies обыкновенным","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"обыкновенным","lemma":"обыкновенный","morphology":"adjective, dative, plural","role":"modifies посетителям","gloss":"ordinary"},{"surface":"посетителям","lemma":"посетитель","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"indirect object of отказывавшего","gloss":"visitors"}]},{"number":111,"label":"111","id":"c5-s111","source":"Кончилось тем, что старец дал согласие и день был назначен.","translation":"It ended with the elder giving his consent, and a day was appointed.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Кончилось тем, что… день был назначен","title":"Idiom «кончилось тем, что» + passive participle","body":"«кончилось тем, что…» ('it ended with…') is a set frame using the instrumental «тем». «был назначен» is the periphrastic passive — short past passive participle of «назначить» + «был» — 'a day was appointed'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Кончилось","lemma":"кончиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"it ended"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of Кончилось","gloss":"with this"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of дал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"старец","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of дал","gloss":"the elder"},{"surface":"дал","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying тем","gloss":"gave"},{"surface":"согласие","lemma":"согласие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of дал","gloss":"his consent"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of passive назначен","gloss":"a day"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of назначен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"назначен","lemma":"назначить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with дал","gloss":"appointed"}]},{"number":112,"label":"112","id":"c5-s112","source":"«Кто меня поставил делить между ними?» — заявил он только с улыбкой Алеше.","translation":"\"Who has set me to judge between them?\" — was all he declared, with a smile, to Alyosha.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"заявил он только с улыбкой Алеше","title":"Inversion in a speech tag + dative","body":"The speech tag inverts to verb-subject «заявил он» ('he declared'), normal after direct speech. «с улыбкой» is «с» + instrumental of manner, and «Алеше» is the dative addressee."}],"words":[{"surface":"Кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of поставил","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of поставил","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"поставил","lemma":"поставить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"set"},{"surface":"делить","lemma":"делить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of поставил","gloss":"to judge"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ними","gloss":"between"},{"surface":"ними","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of делить","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"заявил","lemma":"заявить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb, introduces/reports the quoted question","gloss":"declared"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заявил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies улыбкой","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking улыбкой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"улыбкой","lemma":"улыбка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заявил","gloss":"a smile"},{"surface":"Алеше","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of заявил","gloss":"to Alyosha"}]},{"number":113,"label":"113","id":"c5-s113","source":"Узнав о свидании, Алеша очень смутился.","translation":"On learning of the meeting, Alyosha was greatly disturbed.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Узнав о свидании, Алеша очень смутился","title":"Perfective gerund + reflexive perfective","body":"«узнав» is the perfective past gerund of «узнать» ('having learned'), naming the prior act. «смутился» is the perfective reflexive of «смутиться» ('became disturbed') — the -ся marks the inward change of state."}],"words":[{"surface":"Узнав","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on смутился","gloss":"having learned"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking свидании","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"свидании","lemma":"свидание","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of Узнав","gloss":"the meeting"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of смутился","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смутился","gloss":"greatly"},{"surface":"смутился","lemma":"смутиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was disturbed"}]},{"number":114,"label":"114","id":"c5-s114","source":"Если кто из этих тяжущихся и пререкающихся мог смотреть серьезно на этот съезд, то, без сомнения, один только брат Дмитрий; остальные же все придут из целей легкомысленных и для старца, может быть, оскорбительных — вот что понимал Алеша.","translation":"If any of these litigants and wranglers could look on this assembly seriously, then, beyond doubt, it was his brother Dmitri alone; all the rest would come with frivolous aims, and ones perhaps offensive to the elder — this was what Alyosha understood.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Если кто из этих тяжущихся и пререкающихся мог смотреть","title":"Substantivized present active participles","body":"«тяжущихся» (from «тягаться», to litigate) and «пререкающихся» (from «пререкаться», to wrangle) are present active participles used as nouns in the genitive plural — 'of these litigants and wranglers'. Both are reflexive -ся participles. «Если кто» = 'if anyone'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"остальные же все придут из целей легкомысленных","title":"Particle «же» + perfective future","body":"«же» here lightly contrasts the rest with Dmitri ('the others, on the other hand'). «придут» is the perfective simple future ('will come'). The post-posed adjective «целей легкомысленных» is a slightly elevated word order."}],"words":[{"surface":"Если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the если-clause with мог","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тяжущихся","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"этих","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of тяжущихся","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"тяжущихся","lemma":"тяжущийся","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, plural, genitive, imperfective","role":"modifies кто","gloss":"litigants"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пререкающихся","lemma":"пререкающийся","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, plural, genitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with тяжущихся","gloss":"wranglers"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the если-clause","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"смотреть","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"серьезно","lemma":"серьезно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смотреть","gloss":"seriously"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking съезд","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of съезд","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"съезд","lemma":"съезд","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотреть","gloss":"assembly"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"adverb","role":"resumes the если-clause, meaning 'then'","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сомнения","gloss":"beyond"},{"surface":"сомнения","lemma":"сомнение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition без","gloss":"doubt"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies брат","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies брат","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to брат","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"остальные","lemma":"остальной","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"subject of придут","gloss":"the rest"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies остальные","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"modifies остальные (intensifier)","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"придут","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause about остальные","gloss":"would come"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking целей","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"целей","lemma":"цель","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of придут","gloss":"aims"},{"surface":"легкомысленных","lemma":"легкомысленный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies целей","gloss":"frivolous"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking старца","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"старца","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of придут","gloss":"the elder"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical (может быть), modifies оскорбительных","gloss":"perhaps","note":"«может быть» is a fixed phrase meaning 'perhaps'."},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"parenthetical (может быть), modifies оскорбительных","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"оскорбительных","lemma":"оскорбительный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"coordinated with легкомысленных, modifies целей","gloss":"offensive"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase вот что, introduces the понимал-clause","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of понимал","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"понимал","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of понимал","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":115,"label":"115","id":"c5-s115","source":"Брат Иван и Миусов приедут из любопытства, может быть самого грубого, а отец его, может быть, для какой-нибудь шутовской и актерской сцены.","translation":"His brother Ivan and Miüsov would come out of curiosity, perhaps of the coarsest kind, and his father, perhaps, for some buffoonish, play-acting scene.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"приедут из любопытства… а отец его… для… сцены","title":"Contrastive «а» + ellipsis of the verb","body":"«а» contrasts the brothers' motive with the father's, and the verb «приедет» is elided in the second clause — understood from the first. «из любопытства» (out of curiosity) uses «из» + genitive of cause; «для… сцены», «для» + genitive of purpose."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"шутовской и актерской сцены","title":"A buffoon's performance","body":"«шутовской» means 'buffoonish, clownish' (from «шут», a jester/fool), and «актерской» 'play-acting'. Together they name Fyodor Pavlovich's signature mode — the deliberate self-degradation and theatrical scandal-making that he will indeed stage in the elder's cell."}],"words":[{"surface":"Брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of приедут","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Брат","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Миусов","lemma":"миусов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Брат","gloss":"Miusov"},{"surface":"приедут","lemma":"приехать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would come"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking любопытства","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"любопытства","lemma":"любопытство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of приедут","gloss":"curiosity"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical (может быть), modifies грубого","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"parenthetical (может быть), modifies грубого","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies грубого","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"грубого","lemma":"грубый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"describes the elided любопытства","gloss":"coarsest"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated subject of приедут (verb elided)","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of отец","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical (может быть), modifies сцены","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"parenthetical (может быть), modifies сцены","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сцены","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of сцены","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of сцены","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"шутовской","lemma":"шутовской","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies сцены","gloss":"buffoonish"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"актерской","lemma":"актёрский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with шутовской","gloss":"play-acting"},{"surface":"сцены","lemma":"сцена","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приедут (verb elided)","gloss":"scene"}]},{"number":116,"label":"116","id":"c5-s116","source":"О, Алеша хоть и молчал, но довольно и глубоко знал уже своего отца.","translation":"Oh, Alyosha, though he held his tongue, already knew his father well enough and deeply enough.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"хоть и молчал, но… знал уже своего отца","title":"Concessive «хоть и… но»","body":"«хоть и… но…» is the concessive pair 'though… yet…'. «молчал» (imperfective, 'kept silent') against «знал» (imperfective, 'knew') sets reticence beside deep understanding. «своего отца» uses the reflexive possessive «свой» — his own father."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алеша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of молчал and знал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause with молчал","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies молчал","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"молчал","lemma":"молчать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the concessive clause","gloss":"held his tongue"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"довольно","lemma":"довольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знал","gloss":"well enough"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"глубоко","lemma":"глубоко","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with довольно","gloss":"deeply"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знал","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of отца","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of знал","gloss":"father"}]},{"number":117,"label":"117","id":"c5-s117","source":"Повторяю, этот мальчик был вовсе не столь простодушным, каким все считали его.","translation":"I repeat, this boy was by no means so simple-hearted as everyone took him to be.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не столь простодушным, каким все считали его","title":"Instrumental predicate with «считать»","body":"«считать (кого-л.) кем-л.» ('to consider someone something') puts the predicate in the instrumental: «простодушным» and the relative «каким» are both instrumental — 'not so simple-hearted as everyone considered him (to be)'. «столь» is the bookish equivalent of «так»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Повторяю","lemma":"повторять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I repeat"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of мальчик","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"мальчик","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"boy"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to простодушным","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies столь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies простодушным","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"простодушным","lemma":"простодушный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"simple-hearted"},{"surface":"каким","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of считали, correlate of простодушным","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of считали","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"считали","lemma":"считать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"verb of the каким-clause, modifying простодушным","gloss":"took him to be"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of считали","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":118,"label":"118","id":"c5-s118","source":"С тяжелым чувством дожидался он назначенного дня.","translation":"It was with a heavy feeling that he awaited the appointed day.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"С тяжелым чувством дожидался он назначенного дня","title":"Instrumental of manner, fronted","body":"The sentence opens with «с тяжелым чувством» ('with a heavy feeling', «с» + instrumental of manner), throwing the mood forward before the verb. «дожидался» (imperfective reflexive) governs the genitive «дня» — awaiting 'of the day'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"назначенного дня","title":"Past passive participle as attribute","body":"«назначенного» is the long-form past passive participle of «назначить' ('appointed, fixed') agreeing with «дня» in the genitive — 'the appointed day'. Such participles routinely do the work of an adjective."}],"words":[{"surface":"С","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чувством","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"тяжелым","lemma":"тяжёлый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies чувством","gloss":"heavy"},{"surface":"чувством","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of дожидался","gloss":"feeling"},{"surface":"дожидался","lemma":"дожидаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"awaited"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of дожидался","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"назначенного","lemma":"назначенный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дня","gloss":"appointed"},{"surface":"дня","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of дожидался","gloss":"day"}]},{"number":119,"label":"119","id":"c5-s119","source":"Без сомнения, он очень заботился про себя, в сердце своем, о том, чтобы как-нибудь все эти семейные несогласия кончились.","translation":"Beyond doubt, he was very anxious within himself, in his heart, that all these family disagreements should somehow come to an end.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"заботился про себя, в сердце своем, о том, чтобы… кончились","title":"Reflexive «себя» and «свой» together","body":"«про себя» ('to himself') uses the reflexive pronoun «себя», and «в сердце своем» the reflexive possessive «свой» — both pointing back to Alyosha. «чтобы… кончились» is a purpose/desire clause whose verb takes the past-form irrealis after «чтобы»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сомнения","gloss":"beyond"},{"surface":"сомнения","lemma":"сомнение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition Без","gloss":"doubt"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заботился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заботился","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"заботился","lemma":"заботиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was anxious"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of заботился","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сердце","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of заботился","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"своем","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of сердце","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of заботился","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of кончились","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как-нибудь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies кончились (part of как-нибудь)","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"как-нибудь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies кончились (part of как-нибудь)","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of несогласия","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of несогласия","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"семейные","lemma":"семейный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies несогласия","gloss":"family"},{"surface":"несогласия","lemma":"несогласие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of кончились","gloss":"disagreements"},{"surface":"кончились","lemma":"кончиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"verb of the clause modifying том","gloss":"come to an end"}]},{"number":120,"label":"120","id":"c5-s120","source":"Тем не менее самая главная забота его была о старце: он трепетал за него, за славу его, боялся оскорблений ему, особенно тонких, вежливых насмешек Миусова и недомолвок свысока ученого Ивана, так это всё представлялось ему.","translation":"Nevertheless, his chief care of all was for the elder: he trembled for him, for his glory, and feared insults to him — especially the subtle, polite gibes of Miüsov and the condescending half-spoken hints of the learned Ivan; so it all presented itself to him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"он трепетал за него, за славу его, боялся оскорблений ему","title":"«За» + accusative of concern; «бояться» + genitive","body":"«трепетать за (кого-л.)» — 'to tremble for someone' — takes «за» + accusative. «бояться» ('to fear', a -ся verb existing only in reflexive form) governs the genitive «оскорблений» ('insults'). The cascade of objects conveys Alyosha's protective dread."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"недомолвок свысока","title":"«Недомолвки» and «свысока»","body":"«недомолвки» are 'things left half-said' — insinuations or pointed reticences (from «не» + «домолвить», to not finish saying). «свысока» means 'condescendingly, from on high'. Together they name Ivan's mode of subtle, learned condescension that Alyosha fears on the elder's behalf."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тем","lemma":"тем не менее","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of the fixed phrase тем не менее","gloss":"nevertheless","note":"«тем не менее» is a fixed phrase meaning 'nevertheless'."},{"surface":"не","lemma":"тем не менее","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the fixed phrase тем не менее","gloss":"nevertheless"},{"surface":"менее","lemma":"тем не менее","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the fixed phrase тем не менее","gloss":"nevertheless"},{"surface":"самая","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies главная","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"главная","lemma":"главный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies забота","gloss":"chief"},{"surface":"забота","lemma":"забота","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of была","gloss":"care"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies забота","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to старце","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking старце","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"старце","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of была","gloss":"the elder"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of трепетал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"трепетал","lemma":"трепетать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause after the colon","gloss":"trembled"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of трепетал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking славу","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"славу","lemma":"слава","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of трепетал","gloss":"glory"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies славу","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"боялся","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with трепетал","gloss":"feared"},{"surface":"оскорблений","lemma":"оскорбление","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"direct object (genitive) of боялся","gloss":"insults"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of оскорблений","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"особенно","lemma":"особенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies тонких","gloss":"especially"},{"surface":"тонких","lemma":"тонкий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies насмешек","gloss":"subtle"},{"surface":"вежливых","lemma":"вежливый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"coordinated with тонких","gloss":"polite"},{"surface":"насмешек","lemma":"насмешка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"in apposition to оскорблений, further object of боялся","gloss":"gibes"},{"surface":"Миусова","lemma":"миусов","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies насмешек","gloss":"of Miusov"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"недомолвок","lemma":"недомолвка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with насмешек","gloss":"half-spoken hints"},{"surface":"свысока","lemma":"свысока","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies недомолвок","gloss":"condescendingly"},{"surface":"ученого","lemma":"учёный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Ивана","gloss":"learned"},{"surface":"Ивана","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"possessor of недомолвок","gloss":"of Ivan"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies представлялось","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of всё","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of представлялось","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"представлялось","lemma":"представляться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"presented itself"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of представлялось","gloss":"to him"}]},{"number":121,"label":"121","id":"c5-s121","source":"Он даже хотел рискнуть предупредить старца, сказать ему что-нибудь об этих могущих прибыть лицах, но подумал и промолчал.","translation":"He even wanted to take the risk of warning the elder, of telling him something about these persons who might be coming, but he thought better of it and held his tongue.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"хотел рискнуть предупредить","title":"A chain of infinitives","body":"Three verbs stack up — finite «хотел» (wanted) governing «рискнуть» (to risk) governing «предупредить» (to warn). Russian links such modal-and-aim verbs with bare infinitives, and here the perfective infinitives «рискнуть» and «предупредить» frame each as a single intended act, not an ongoing one."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что-нибудь","title":"«что-нибудь» — anything at all","body":"The clitic «-нибудь» makes the pronoun non-specific: not a particular thing but «something or other», whatever might serve. Had he had a definite warning in mind, the text would use «что-то» (a specific but unnamed thing)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"об этих могущих прибыть лицах","title":"A present active participle as modifier","body":"«могущих» is the present active participle of «мочь» (to be able), declined to agree with «лицах» in the prepositional plural — literally «about these being-able-to-arrive persons». This bookish participle compresses a «которые могут прибыть» clause into one elevated phrase, a hallmark of 19th-century narrative."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"лицах","title":"«лицо» — face, but also 'person'","body":"Here «лица» means not 'faces' but 'persons, parties' — a slightly formal, almost bureaucratic sense (cf. «должностное лицо», an official). The word's double life from 'face' to 'individual' is worth tracking through the novel."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"подумал и промолчал","title":"Two perfectives close the action","body":"Both verbs are perfective past: «подумал» (had a think, thought better of it) and «промолчал» (kept silent, said nothing after all). The prefix «про-» on «молчать» gives 'to stay silent through' a stretch of time — he weighed it and let the moment pass."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of хотел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хотел","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"хотел","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"рискнуть","lemma":"рискнуть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотел","gloss":"to risk"},{"surface":"предупредить","lemma":"предупредить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of рискнуть","gloss":"warning"},{"surface":"старца","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of предупредить","gloss":"the elder"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with предупредить","gloss":"telling"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of сказать","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что-нибудь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of сказать (part of что-нибудь)","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"что-нибудь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of сказать (part of что-нибудь)","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лицах","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"этих","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of лицах","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"могущих","lemma":"могущий","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, plural, locative, imperfective","role":"modifies лицах","gloss":"who might"},{"surface":"прибыть","lemma":"прибыть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могущих","gloss":"arrive"},{"surface":"лицах","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"object of preposition об","gloss":"persons"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"подумал","lemma":"подумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with хотел","gloss":"thought better of it"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"промолчал","lemma":"промолчать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with хотел","gloss":"held his tongue"}]},{"number":122,"label":"122","id":"c5-s122","source":"Передал только накануне назначенного дня чрез одного знакомого брату Дмитрию, что очень любит его и ждет от него исполнения обещанного.","translation":"Only on the eve of the appointed day did he send word, through an acquaintance, to his brother Dmitri, saying that he loved him dearly and expected him to keep what he had promised.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Передал только накануне назначенного дня","title":"Verb-first, subject dropped","body":"The sentence opens straight on the verb «передал» (he sent word), the subject (Alyosha) simply carried over and unstated. Fronting the verb and the time-phrase «только накануне назначенного дня» (only on the eve of the appointed day) throws the weight onto when, the new information."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"накануне","title":"«накануне» — on the eve of","body":"An adverb/preposition meaning 'the day before, on the eve of', governing the genitive («накануне дня»). It carries a faint solemnity — the eve of something appointed and consequential."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"чрез","title":"«чрез» — the bookish 'through'","body":"«чрез» is the contracted, elevated literary form of «через» (through, by means of). Dostoevsky reaches for it in narrative prose where the everyday «через одного знакомого» would feel too plain."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"брату Дмитрию","title":"Dative of the recipient","body":"«брату Дмитрию» stands in the dative — the person to whom word is sent. The name and its appositive «брату» (to [his] brother) agree, both in the dative, the case of the indirect object after «передал»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ждет от него исполнения обещанного","title":"Genitive of the awaited thing","body":"«ждать» typically governs the genitive of what is awaited: «ждёт исполнения» (awaits the fulfilment). «Обещанного» is a past passive participle used as a noun — 'of the [thing] promised' — also genitive, dependent on «исполнения»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Передал","lemma":"передать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sent word"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies накануне","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"накануне","lemma":"накануне","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дня, temporal adverbial of Передал","gloss":"on the eve of"},{"surface":"назначенного","lemma":"назначенный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дня","gloss":"appointed"},{"surface":"дня","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition накануне","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"чрез","lemma":"через","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking знакомого","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"одного","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies знакомого","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"знакомого","lemma":"знакомый","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition чрез","gloss":"acquaintance"},{"surface":"брату","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of Передал","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"Дмитрию","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to брату","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of любит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies любит","gloss":"dearly"},{"surface":"любит","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of Передал","gloss":"loves"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of любит","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ждет","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with любит","gloss":"expects"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ждет","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"исполнения","lemma":"исполнение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of ждет","gloss":"the fulfillment"},{"surface":"обещанного","lemma":"обещанный","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, genitive, perfective","role":"modifies исполнения","gloss":"of what was promised"}]},{"number":123,"label":"123","id":"c5-s123","source":"Дмитрий задумался, потому что ничего не мог припомнить, что бы такое ему обещал, ответил только письмом, что изо всех сил себя сдержит «пред низостью», и хотя глубоко уважает старца и брата Ивана, но убежден, что тут или какая-нибудь ему ловушка, или недостойная комедия.","translation":"Dmitri fell to thinking, for he could not recall having promised anything of the kind, and answered only by letter, saying that he would restrain himself with all his might \"in the face of baseness\", and that, though he deeply respected the elder and his brother Ivan, he was convinced this was either some sort of trap laid for him or an unworthy farce.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"потому что ничего не мог припомнить","title":"Negative concord with «ничего»","body":"'He could recall nothing' becomes «ничего не мог припомнить» — the negative pronoun «ничего» and the negator «не» both appear, Russian's obligatory double negation. «Ничего» is the genitive of «ничто», the standard object form under negation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что бы такое ему обещал","title":"«бы» in an indirect-question relative","body":"The particle «бы» fused with the past «обещал» gives a hypothetical-tinged 'whatever it was he might have promised'. Detached and mobile, «бы» here leans on «что», softening the clause toward the irrealis: he searches for anything he could conceivably have promised."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"изо всех сил себя сдержит","title":"Reflexive «себя» vs. simple future","body":"«сдержит» is a perfective simple future ('he will restrain'), built by conjugating the perfective «сдержать». Its object is the full reflexive pronoun «себя» (himself), which — unlike the bound clitic «-ся» — stands as an independent accusative object."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"изо всех сил","title":"«изо всех сил» — with all one's might","body":"A fixed idiom, 'with all [one's] strength'. Note «изо», the form «из» takes before a consonant cluster («всех»), and the genitive plural «сил» after it."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пред низостью","title":"«пред низостью» — in the face of baseness","body":"«низость» is moral lowness, baseness, a contemptible act — abstract noun from «низкий» (low). «Пред» is the elevated short form of «перед» (before, in the face of), governing the instrumental «низостью»; the pairing is deliberately lofty, Dmitri striking a posture."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"или какая-нибудь ему ловушка, или недостойная комедия","title":"«или… или…» — either/or","body":"The correlative «или… или…» frames two alternatives ('either a trap or a farce'). «Какая-нибудь» tags the trap as some indefinite, unspecified one, and the dative «ему» ('for him') marks the person the snare is laid against."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"недостойная комедия","title":"«комедия» as a sham","body":"Here «комедия» is not a play but a 'farce, pretence, charade' — a sham performance unworthy («недостойная») of serious men. The figurative sense of staged hypocrisy runs through the family's scenes."}],"words":[{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of задумался","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"задумался","lemma":"задуматься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fell to thinking"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому что","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of мог (part of потому что)","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"потому что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the потому что-clause","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"припомнить","lemma":"припомнить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"recall"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of обещал","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks the indefinite что бы... такое","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"такое","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of обещал","gloss":"of the kind"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of обещал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"обещал","lemma":"обещать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of припомнить","gloss":"had promised"},{"surface":"ответил","lemma":"ответить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with задумался","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies письмом","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"письмом","lemma":"письмо","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of ответил","gloss":"by letter"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сдержит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"изо","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сил","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of сил","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"сил","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of сдержит","gloss":"his might"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of сдержит","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"сдержит","lemma":"сдержать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of ответил","gloss":"would restrain"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking низостью","gloss":"in the face of"},{"surface":"низостью","lemma":"низость","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сдержит","gloss":"baseness"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause with уважает","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"глубоко","lemma":"глубоко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уважает","gloss":"deeply"},{"surface":"уважает","lemma":"уважать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the concessive clause, modifies убежден","gloss":"respects"},{"surface":"старца","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of уважает","gloss":"the elder"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"брата","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with старца","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"Ивана","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to брата","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"убежден","lemma":"убеждённый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with ответил","gloss":"convinced"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ловушка","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ловушка","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"either"},{"surface":"какая","lemma":"какой-нибудь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ловушка","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"какой-нибудь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ловушка","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of ловушка","gloss":"for him"},{"surface":"ловушка","lemma":"ловушка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"clausal complement of убежден","gloss":"trap"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"недостойная","lemma":"недостойный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies комедия","gloss":"unworthy"},{"surface":"комедия","lemma":"комедия","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with ловушка","gloss":"farce"}]},{"number":124,"label":"124","id":"c5-s124","source":"«Тем не менее скорее проглочу свой язык, чем манкирую уважением к святому мужу, тобою столь уважаемому», — закончил Дмитрий свое письмецо.","translation":"\"Even so, I would sooner swallow my tongue than fail in respect toward the holy man whom you yourself hold in such esteem\", — so Dmitri ended his little note.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"скорее проглочу свой язык, чем манкирую","title":"Comparative «скорее… чем» — sooner than","body":"«скорее… чем» frames a preference: 'sooner [would I] swallow my tongue than slight…'. Both verbs are perfective futures, «проглочу» and «манкирую», stating hypothetical resolve as completed acts. «Свой» is the reflexive possessive — his own tongue."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"манкирую","title":"«манкировать» — a Gallicism","body":"From French 'manquer', 'to fail in / neglect (a duty)'. Such French borrowings flag the speaker's veneer of gentility; Dmitri, the hot-blooded officer, dresses his vow in a fashionable foreign verb governing «уважением» in the instrumental ('fail in respect')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"к святому мужу, тобою столь уважаемому","title":"Passive participle with instrumental agent","body":"«уважаемому» is a present passive participle ('[being] respected'), agreeing with «мужу» in the dative; the agent «тобою» (by you) stands in the instrumental, the regular way Russian names the doer of a passive. «Столь» ('so, to such a degree') is the bookish counterpart of «так»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"святому мужу","title":"«муж» — man, in the high sense","body":"«муж» ordinarily means 'husband', but in this elevated register it keeps its older sense of 'man' in the dignified, almost biblical key — 'a holy man'. The archaic usage matches the solemnity of «святой»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"письмецо","title":"«письмецо» — a little note","body":"The diminutive of «письмо» (letter), with the suffix «-ецо» lending an affectionate, slightly belittling shade — 'his little note'. The narrator's choice gently undercuts the grand vow Dmitri has just penned."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тем","lemma":"тем не менее","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of the fixed phrase тем не менее","gloss":"even so","note":"«тем не менее» is a fixed phrase meaning 'even so / nevertheless'."},{"surface":"не","lemma":"тем не менее","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the fixed phrase тем не менее","gloss":"even so"},{"surface":"менее","lemma":"тем не менее","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the fixed phrase тем не менее","gloss":"even so"},{"surface":"скорее","lemma":"скорее","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проглочу","gloss":"sooner"},{"surface":"проглочу","lemma":"проглотить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would swallow"},{"surface":"свой","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of язык","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"язык","lemma":"язык","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of проглочу","gloss":"tongue"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison clause with манкирую","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"манкирую","lemma":"манкировать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the чем-clause, governs уважением","gloss":"fail"},{"surface":"уважением","lemma":"уважение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of манкирую","gloss":"in respect"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мужу","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"святому","lemma":"святой","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мужу","gloss":"holy"},{"surface":"мужу","lemma":"муж","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition к","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"тобою","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"agent of уважаемому","gloss":"by you"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уважаемому","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"уважаемому","lemma":"уважаемый","morphology":"adjective (verbal), dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мужу","gloss":"esteemed"},{"surface":"закончил","lemma":"закончить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (narrator's clause)","gloss":"ended"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of закончил","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"свое","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of письмецо","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"письмецо","lemma":"письмецо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of закончил","gloss":"little letter"}]},{"number":125,"label":"125","id":"c5-s125","source":"Алешу оно не весьма ободрило.","translation":"It did not greatly encourage Alyosha.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Алешу оно не весьма ободрило","title":"Object first, for emphasis","body":"The accusative object «Алёшу» opens the sentence ahead of subject «оно» (it, = the letter) and verb. This topic-first ordering keeps Alyosha as the thread of the passage; the case ending alone keeps subject and object straight despite the inversion."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"не весьма","title":"«весьма» — a bookish 'very'","body":"«весьма» means 'very, greatly', but in a markedly literary, formal register where speech would use «очень». Under negation, «не весьма ободрило» yields a dry understatement — 'did not greatly encourage', i.e. left him uneasy."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алешу","lemma":"алеша","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of ободрило","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"оно","lemma":"оно","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of ободрило","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies весьма","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"весьма","lemma":"весьма","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ободрило","gloss":"greatly"},{"surface":"ободрило","lemma":"ободрить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"encouraged"}]}]}