{"work":{"slug":"karamazov","title":{"source":"Братья Карамазовы","translated":"The Brothers Karamazov"},"author":"Fyodor Dostoevsky","language":"Russian","languageCode":"ru","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov"},"unit":{"kind":"chapter","number":null,"id":"epi-c1","title":{"source":"I. Проекты спасти Митю","translated":"Plans for Mitya's Escape"},"section":"Epilogue","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/epi-c1","lines":122},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b12-c14","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/epi-c2","license":"Source text: public domain (Fyodor Dostoevsky, d. 1881; Russian from the Nauka academic edition via ru.wikisource). English translation: original, © 1732 Studios (2026); rendered freshly from the public-domain Russian, not derived from any prior English translation. Sentence-aligned by 1732 Studios.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"epi-c1-s1","source":"На пятый день после суда над Митей, очень рано утром, еще в девятом часу, пришел к Катерине Ивановне Алеша, чтоб сговориться окончательно о некотором важном для них обоих деле и имея, сверх того, к ней поручение.","translation":"On the fifth day after Mitya's trial, very early in the morning, before nine o'clock had even struck, Alyosha came to Katerina Ivanovna to settle once and for all a certain matter of importance to them both, and carrying, besides, an errand to her.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"еще в девятом часу","title":"Telling time the old way","body":"«В девятом часу» means literally 'in the ninth hour', i.e. between eight and nine o'clock — Russian counts the hour that is in progress, so the ninth hour is the stretch after eight. The ordinal «девятом» is prepositional, agreeing with «часу», a masculine noun that takes the special stressed locative ending -у́ after «в»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтоб сговориться окончательно","title":"Purpose clause with «чтоб»","body":"«Чтоб» (a clipped «чтобы») introduces purpose — 'in order to settle'. When the doer is the same as the main subject it takes a bare infinitive («сговориться»); the perfective «сговориться» frames the settling as a single intended outcome."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"имея, сверх того, к ней поручение","title":"Present gerund «имея»","body":"«Имея» is a деепричастие — an indeclinable verb-adverb from «иметь», 'having / while holding'. It hangs an attendant circumstance onto the main verb «пришел» and shares its subject (Alyosha), packing a second motive into one sentence — a hallmark of Dostoevsky's narration."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"поручение","title":"«поручение»: a charge or errand","body":"«Поручение» is a commission entrusted to someone — an errand, message, or task laid on you by another (from «поручить», to entrust). Here Alyosha comes bearing a charge laid on him, not a private wish; the word quietly marks him as someone else's emissary."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking день","gloss":"On"},{"surface":"пятый","lemma":"пятый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies день","gloss":"the fifth"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пришел","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking суда","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"суда","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies день","gloss":"the trial"},{"surface":"над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Митей","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Митей","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies суда","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рано","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"рано","lemma":"рано","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies утром","gloss":"early"},{"surface":"утром","lemma":"утро","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies пришел","gloss":"in the morning"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies часу","gloss":"not yet"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking часу","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"девятом","lemma":"девятый","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies часу","gloss":"the ninth"},{"surface":"часу","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with утром","gloss":"hour"},{"surface":"пришел","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Катерине","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Катерине","lemma":"катерина","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пришел","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановне","lemma":"ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Катерине","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алеша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пришел","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сговориться","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"сговориться","lemma":"сговориться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on пришел","gloss":"settle"},{"surface":"окончательно","lemma":"окончательно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сговориться","gloss":"once and for all"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деле","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"некотором","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of деле","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"важном","lemma":"важный","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies деле","gloss":"important"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of важном","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"обоих","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, genitive, masculine","role":"quantifies них","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"деле","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сговориться","gloss":"matter"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"имея","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сговориться, modifies пришел","gloss":"carrying"},{"surface":"сверх","lemma":"сверх","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of имея","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies поручение","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"поручение","lemma":"поручение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of имея","gloss":"an errand"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"epi-c1-s2","source":"Она сидела и говорила с ним в той самой комнате, в которой принимала когда-то Грушеньку; рядом же, в другой комнате, лежал в горячке и в беспамятстве Иван Федорович.","translation":"She sat talking with him in the very same room where she had once received Grushenka; close by, in the next room, lay Ivan Fyodorovich, feverish and senseless.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"в той самой комнате, в которой принимала когда-то Грушеньку","title":"Relative clause with «который»","body":"«В которой» joins a relative clause: «который» agrees with its antecedent «комнате» in gender and number (feminine singular) but takes the case its own role demands — here prepositional after «в» for location. The correlative «в той самой… в которой» ('in the very same… in which') is a classic Russian pairing."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"рядом же, в другой комнате, лежал… Иван Федорович","title":"Inversion and the particle «же»","body":"The verb «лежал» precedes its subject «Иван Федорович», throwing the new, weighty information to the end — the standard topic-comment rhythm that free word order allows. The enclitic «же» here is not 'same' but a soft contrastive 'and as for nearby…', hinging the two rooms against each other."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в горячке и в беспамятстве","title":"«горячка» / «беспамятство»: fever and delirium","body":"«Горячка» is a high feverish illness, often with delirium — the old word for a 'fever' as a disease, not just a temperature. «Беспамятство» (literally 'without-memory-ness') is the state of being unconscious or out of one's senses. Together they paint Ivan's brain-fever, a key plot condition of the Epilogue."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of сидела","gloss":"She"},{"surface":"сидела","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sat"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"говорила","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сидела","gloss":"talked"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорила","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнате","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"той","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of комнате","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"самой","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies комнате","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"комнате","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорила","gloss":"room"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которой","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"которой","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of принимала","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"принимала","lemma":"принимать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on комнате","gloss":"had received"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase когда-то, modifies принимала","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase когда-то","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"Грушеньку","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of принимала","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"рядом","lemma":"рядом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лежал","gloss":"close by"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies рядом","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнате","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies комнате","gloss":"the next"},{"surface":"комнате","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of лежал","gloss":"room"},{"surface":"лежал","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сидела","gloss":"lay"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking горячке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"горячке","lemma":"горячка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of лежал","gloss":"a fever"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking беспамятстве","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"беспамятстве","lemma":"беспамятство","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with горячке","gloss":"unconsciousness"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of лежал","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"epi-c1-s3","source":"Катерина Ивановна сейчас же после тогдашней сцены в суде велела перенести больного и потерявшего сознание Ивана Федоровича к себе в дом, пренебрегая всяким будущим и неизбежным говором общества и его осуждением.","translation":"Immediately after that scene in court, Katerina Ivanovna had ordered the sick, unconscious Ivan Fyodorovich carried to her own house, paying no heed to whatever future and unavoidable talk and censure society might raise.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"велела перенести больного и потерявшего сознание Ивана Федоровича","title":"Past active participle «потерявшего»","body":"«Потерявшего» is a past active participle from perfective «потерять» ('having lost'), built with -вш- and declined as an adjective — here genitive/accusative animate masculine, agreeing with «Ивана Федоровича». It compresses a whole который-clause ('who had lost consciousness') into a single modifier standing beside the plain adjective «больного»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пренебрегая всяким будущим и неизбежным говором","title":"Gerund «пренебрегая» + instrumental","body":"«Пренебрегая» ('disregarding') is a present gerund, and the verb «пренебрегать» governs the instrumental — hence «говором… и… осуждением». So the case ending itself, not a preposition, tells you what she is brushing aside."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"говор общества","title":"«говор»: the talk of society","body":"«Говор» here means the buzz of gossip and rumor — 'talk' in the sense of what people will say. «Общество», 'society', is the genteel provincial world whose «осуждение» (censure) Katerina Ivanovna defies by taking the unmarried Ivan into her home."}],"words":[{"surface":"Катерина","lemma":"катерина","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of велела","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановна","lemma":"иванович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Катерина","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies велела","gloss":"immediately"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сейчас","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сцены","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"тогдашней","lemma":"тогдашний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies сцены","gloss":"of that time"},{"surface":"сцены","lemma":"сцена","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of велела","gloss":"scene"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking суде","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"суде","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of велела","gloss":"court"},{"surface":"велела","lemma":"велеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had ordered"},{"surface":"перенести","lemma":"перенести","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of велела","gloss":"to carry"},{"surface":"больного","lemma":"больной","morphology":"adjective (substantivized), accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Ивана","gloss":"sick"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"потерявшего","lemma":"потерять","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, accusative, perfective","role":"coordinated with больного","gloss":"having lost"},{"surface":"сознание","lemma":"сознание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of потерявшего","gloss":"consciousness"},{"surface":"Ивана","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of перенести","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федоровича","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Ивана","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"oblique complement of перенести","gloss":"her own"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дом","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"дом","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of перенести","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"пренебрегая","lemma":"пренебрегать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on велела","gloss":"paying no heed to"},{"surface":"всяким","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies говором","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"будущим","lemma":"будущий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies говором","gloss":"future"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"неизбежным","lemma":"неизбежный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with будущим","gloss":"unavoidable"},{"surface":"говором","lemma":"говор","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пренебрегая","gloss":"talk"},{"surface":"общества","lemma":"общество","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies говором","gloss":"of society"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of осуждением","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"осуждением","lemma":"осуждение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with говором","gloss":"censure"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"epi-c1-s4","source":"Одна из двух родственниц ее, которые с ней проживали, уехала тотчас же после сцены в суде в Москву, другая осталась.","translation":"Of the two female relatives who had been living with her, one left for Moscow the moment the scene in court was over; the other stayed.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Одна из двух родственниц ее, которые с ней проживали","title":"«одна из» + genitive plural","body":"«Одна из двух родственниц» — 'one of the two relatives' — takes the genitive after «из» and after the number 'two', which itself governs the genitive «родственниц». The relative «которые» then agrees in number (plural) with the whole set of relatives, though «одна» is the one who acts."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"уехала… другая осталась","title":"Perfective pair: departure and staying","body":"Both verbs are perfective — «уехала» (drove off, prefixed motion verb) and «осталась» (stayed, settled). Each names a single completed event, moving the narration forward against the imperfective «проживали» (had been living) that set the standing background."}],"words":[{"surface":"Одна","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of уехала","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking родственниц","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"двух","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies родственниц","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"родственниц","lemma":"родственница","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"complement of из","gloss":"relatives"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"её","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of родственниц","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"которые","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of проживали","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of проживали","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"проживали","lemma":"проживать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"relative clause on родственниц","gloss":"had been living"},{"surface":"уехала","lemma":"уехать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уехала","gloss":"immediately"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сцены","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"сцены","lemma":"сцена","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of уехала","gloss":"scene"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking суде","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"суде","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сцены","gloss":"court"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Москву","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Москву","lemma":"москва","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of уехала","gloss":"Moscow"},{"surface":"другая","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of осталась","gloss":"the other"},{"surface":"осталась","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with уехала","gloss":"stayed"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"epi-c1-s5","source":"Но если б и обе уехали, Катерина Ивановна не изменила бы своего решения и осталась бы ухаживать за больным и сидеть над ним день и ночь.","translation":"But even had both gone, Katerina Ivanovna would not have altered her resolution, and would have stayed to nurse the sick man and to sit over him day and night.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"если б … не изменила бы","title":"Past-tense conditional (бы)","body":"Russian forms unreal conditions with the past-tense verb plus the particle «бы» (here shortened to «б»): «если б … уехали … не изменила бы». There is no special subjunctive form; the past tense plus «бы» does the work of English 'if both had gone … she would have kept to her resolution.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не изменила бы своего решения","title":"Reflexive possessive «свой» + genitive of negation","body":"«Своего решения» uses the reflexive possessive «свой» ('her own', pointing back to the clause's subject) and stands in the genitive: the negated verb «не изменила» pulls its object into the genitive of negation rather than the accusative."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ухаживать за больным","title":"Substantivized adjective «больной»","body":"«Больной» ('the sick one / the patient') is an adjective used as a noun, declined here in the instrumental «больным» because «ухаживать за» ('to care for, nurse') governs «за» + instrumental. Russian freely turns adjectives into nouns this way."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of уехали","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"б","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks the conditional clause of уехали","gloss":"conditional marker","note":"Shortened form of бы marking the conditional/hypothetical mood."},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies обе","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"обе","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, nominative, feminine","role":"subject of уехали","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"уехали","lemma":"уехать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on изменила","gloss":"had gone"},{"surface":"Катерина","lemma":"катерина","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of изменила","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановна","lemma":"иванович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Катерина","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies изменила","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"изменила","lemma":"изменить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would alter"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of изменила","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of решения","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"решения","lemma":"решение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of изменила","gloss":"resolution"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"осталась","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with изменила","gloss":"would stay"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of осталась","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"ухаживать","lemma":"ухаживать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of осталась","gloss":"to nurse"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking больным","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"больным","lemma":"больной","morphology":"adjective (substantivized), dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ухаживать","gloss":"the sick man"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сидеть","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with ухаживать","gloss":"to sit"},{"surface":"над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сидеть","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сидеть","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ночь","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with день","gloss":"night"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"epi-c1-s6","source":"Лечили его Варвинский и Герценштубе; московский же доктор уехал обратно в Москву, отказавшись предречь свое мнение насчет возможного исхода болезни.","translation":"He was attended by Varvinsky and Herzenstube; the Moscow doctor, for his part, had gone back to Moscow, refusing to pronounce his opinion on the possible outcome of the illness.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Лечили его Варвинский и Герценштубе","title":"Object-first word order","body":"The sentence opens with verb + object «Лечили его» before naming the subjects «Варвинский и Герценштубе», so the new information — who the doctors were — lands last. The case-marked «его» (accusative) keeps the roles clear despite the inversion."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"отказавшись предречь свое мнение","title":"Past gerund «отказавшись»","body":"«Отказавшись» is a perfective past gerund ('having refused'), naming a completed circumstance attached to «уехал». The bookish «предречь» ('to foretell, pronounce') is a Church-Slavonic-flavored infinitive in -чь, more elevated than the everyday «предсказать»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Лечили","lemma":"лечить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"attended"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Лечили","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"Варвинский","lemma":"варвинский","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Лечили","gloss":"Varvinsky"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Герценштубе","lemma":"герценштубе","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Варвинский","gloss":"Herzenstube"},{"surface":"московский","lemma":"московский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies доктор","gloss":"Moscow"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"marks contrast, modifies доктор","gloss":"for his part"},{"surface":"доктор","lemma":"доктор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of уехал","gloss":"doctor"},{"surface":"уехал","lemma":"уехать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Лечили","gloss":"had gone"},{"surface":"обратно","lemma":"обратно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уехал","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Москву","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Москву","lemma":"москва","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of уехал","gloss":"Moscow"},{"surface":"отказавшись","lemma":"отказаться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on уехал","gloss":"refusing"},{"surface":"предречь","lemma":"предречь","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of отказавшись","gloss":"to pronounce"},{"surface":"свое","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of мнение","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"мнение","lemma":"мнение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of предречь","gloss":"opinion"},{"surface":"насчет","lemma":"насчёт","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking исхода","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"возможного","lemma":"возможный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies исхода","gloss":"possible"},{"surface":"исхода","lemma":"исход","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of предречь","gloss":"outcome"},{"surface":"болезни","lemma":"болезнь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies исхода","gloss":"of the illness"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"epi-c1-s7","source":"Оставшиеся доктора хоть и ободряли Катерину Ивановну и Алешу, но видно было, что они не могли еще подать твердой надежды.","translation":"The doctors who remained kept up the spirits of Katerina Ivanovna and Alyosha, but it was plain they could not yet hold out any firm hope.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Оставшиеся доктора","title":"Participle as adjective: «оставшиеся»","body":"«Оставшиеся» is a past active participle from «остаться» ('the ones who remained'), here standing attributively before its noun like an ordinary adjective and agreeing in nominative plural. It replaces a full clause 'the doctors who had stayed' with one word."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хоть и ободряли… но видно было","title":"Concessive «хоть и … но»","body":"«Хоть (и) … но» is a concessive frame — 'although they cheered her, yet it was plain…'. «Видно было» is an impersonal predicate ('it was visible/plain'), with no nominative subject; the «что»-clause supplies what was plain."}],"words":[{"surface":"Оставшиеся","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, nominative, perfective","role":"modifies доктора","gloss":"who remained"},{"surface":"доктора","lemma":"доктор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of ободряли","gloss":"doctors"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ободряли","gloss":"although"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ободряли","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"ободряли","lemma":"ободрять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"encouraged"},{"surface":"Катерину","lemma":"катерина","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of ободряли","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановну","lemma":"иванович","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Катерину","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Алешу","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Катерину","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"видно","lemma":"видно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with ободряли","gloss":"clear"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to видно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of могли","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of могли","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могли","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могли","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of видно","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подать","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"подать","lemma":"подать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могли","gloss":"hold out"},{"surface":"твердой","lemma":"твёрдый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies надежды","gloss":"firm"},{"surface":"надежды","lemma":"надежда","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of подать","gloss":"hope"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"epi-c1-s8","source":"Алеша заходил к больному брату по два раза в день.","translation":"Alyosha looked in on his sick brother twice a day.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"заходил к больному брату по два раза в день","title":"Habitual imperfective + distributive «по»","body":"Imperfective «заходил» ('would look in', prefixed from «ходить») reports a repeated, habitual action — he dropped by regularly. «По два раза в день» uses distributive «по» to mean 'twice each day', spreading the count across every day."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заходил","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"заходил","lemma":"заходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"looked in"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking брату","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"больному","lemma":"больной","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies брату","gloss":"sick"},{"surface":"брату","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заходил","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раза","gloss":"each"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"depends on раза","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"раза","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заходил","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking день","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раза","gloss":"day"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"epi-c1-s9","source":"Но в этот раз у него было особое, прехлопотливое дело, и он предчувствовал, как трудно ему будет заговорить о нем, а между тем он очень торопился: было у него еще другое неотложное дело в это же утро в другом месте, и надо было спешить.","translation":"But this time he had a particular and most troublesome matter on his hands, and he foresaw how hard it would be to broach it, while at the same time he was in great haste: he had another urgent matter awaiting him that very morning in another place, and he had to hurry.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как трудно ему будет заговорить о нем","title":"Dative subject of difficulty","body":"«Трудно ему будет» is an impersonal construction: the experiencer «ему» stands in the dative, the predicate is the invariable «трудно» ('hard'), and «будет» throws it into the future. There is no nominative subject — Russian frames the difficulty as something happening to Alyosha."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"прехлопотливое дело","title":"«пре-»: the intensifying prefix","body":"«Прехлопотливое» = «пре-» + «хлопотливый» ('troublesome, full of fuss', from «хлопоты», bothersome cares). The prefix «пре-» is an intensifier, 'most / exceedingly' — so 'a most troublesome matter'. It lends a slightly bookish, expressive heightening."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"надо было спешить","title":"Impersonal necessity «надо было»","body":"«Надо было спешить» — 'it was necessary to hurry' — is another subjectless construction: «надо» (must / need) plus an infinitive, with «было» supplying past tense and no nominative anywhere. The understood person would stand in the dative if named."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of раз","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"особое","lemma":"особый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies дело","gloss":"particular"},{"surface":"прехлопотливое","lemma":"прехлопотливый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies дело","gloss":"most troublesome"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"matter"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of предчувствовал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"предчувствовал","lemma":"предчувствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with было","gloss":"foresaw"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies трудно","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"трудно","lemma":"трудный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"clausal complement of предчувствовал","gloss":"hard"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"dative complement of трудно","gloss":"for him"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to трудно","gloss":"would be"},{"surface":"заговорить","lemma":"заговорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on трудно","gloss":"to broach"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заговорить","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тем","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of торопился","gloss":"same time"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of торопился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies торопился","gloss":"very much"},{"surface":"торопился","lemma":"торопиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with предчувствовал","gloss":"was in haste"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies другое","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"другое","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies дело","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"неотложное","lemma":"неотложный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies дело","gloss":"urgent"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"matter"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking утро","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of утро","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies это","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"утро","lemma":"утро","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies было","gloss":"morning"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking месте","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"другом","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies месте","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"месте","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"place"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with было","gloss":"had to"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to надо","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"спешить","lemma":"спешить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"hurry"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"epi-c1-s10","source":"Они уже с четверть часа как разговаривали.","translation":"They had already been talking for a quarter of an hour or so.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"уже с четверть часа как разговаривали","title":"Imperfective for ongoing duration","body":"Imperfective «разговаривали» ('had been talking') views the conversation as a process still in progress, which is why English needs a past-continuous here. The idiom «с четверть часа как…» means 'for about a quarter-hour now since…', the «с» softening the figure to 'a quarter hour or so'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of разговаривали","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies разговаривали","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking четверть","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"четверть","lemma":"четверть","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of разговаривали","gloss":"quarter"},{"surface":"часа","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies четверть","gloss":"of an hour"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies разговаривали","gloss":"now","note":"Idiomatic use with уже: “уже… как” = “it has already been [X] that…”."},{"surface":"разговаривали","lemma":"разговаривать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had been talking"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"epi-c1-s11","source":"Катерина Ивановна была бледна, сильно утомлена и в то же время в чрезвычайном болезненном возбуждении: она предчувствовала, зачем, между прочим, пришел к ней теперь Алеша.","translation":"Katerina Ivanovna was pale, badly worn out, and at the same time in a state of extraordinary, feverish agitation: she had a presentiment of why, among other things, Alyosha had come to her now.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"была бледна, сильно утомлена","title":"Short-form adjectives as predicate","body":"«Бледна» and «утомлена» are short-form adjectives — predicate-only forms marked for gender and number alone (feminine singular here) and joined to «была». The short form is bookish and stresses a state, and «утомлена» is also a short passive participle ('worn out')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"она предчувствовала, зачем… пришел к ней… Алеша","title":"Embedded question with «зачем»","body":"The verb «предчувствовала» ('had a foreboding / sensed in advance') takes an indirect question introduced by «зачем» ('why, for what purpose'), set off by a comma as Russian always sets off subordinate clauses. The imperfective past paints her foreboding as an ongoing inner state."}],"words":[{"surface":"Катерина","lemma":"катерина","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of бледна","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановна","lemma":"иванович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Катерина","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to бледна","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"бледна","lemma":"бледный","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"pale"},{"surface":"сильно","lemma":"сильно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies утомлена","gloss":"badly"},{"surface":"утомлена","lemma":"утомить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with бледна","gloss":"worn out"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking время","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies возбуждении","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking возбуждении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"чрезвычайном","lemma":"чрезвычайный","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies возбуждении","gloss":"extraordinary"},{"surface":"болезненном","lemma":"болезненный","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies возбуждении","gloss":"feverish"},{"surface":"возбуждении","lemma":"возбуждение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of утомлена","gloss":"agitation"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of предчувствовала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"предчувствовала","lemma":"предчувствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sensed"},{"surface":"зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пришел","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking прочим","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"прочим","lemma":"прочее","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"parenthetical modifying пришел","gloss":"other things"},{"surface":"пришел","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of предчувствовала","gloss":"had come"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пришел","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пришел","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пришел","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"epi-c1-s12","source":"— О его решении не беспокойтесь, — проговорила она с твердою настойчивостью Алеше.","translation":"\"Don't worry about his decision,\" she said to Alyosha with firm insistence.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"О его решении не беспокойтесь","title":"Negated imperative «не беспокойтесь»","body":"«Беспокойтесь» is a -ся imperative (from «беспокоиться», to worry) with the polite/plural -те; negated by «не», it tells Alyosha 'don't worry'. The fronted «О его решении» ('about his decision', prepositional after «о») is topicalized to the head of the sentence."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking решении","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of решении","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"решении","lemma":"решение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of беспокойтесь","gloss":"decision"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies беспокойтесь","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"беспокойтесь","lemma":"беспокоиться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"worry"},{"surface":"проговорила","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of проговорила","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking твердою","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"твердою","lemma":"твёрдый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies настойчивостью","gloss":"firm"},{"surface":"настойчивостью","lemma":"настойчивость","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of проговорила","gloss":"insistence"},{"surface":"Алеше","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of проговорила","gloss":"to Alyosha"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"epi-c1-s13","source":"— Так или этак, а он все-таки придет к этому выходу: он должен бежать!","translation":"\"One way or another, he will come round to this way out all the same: he must escape!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"он должен бежать","title":"«должен» + infinitive: obligation","body":"«Должен» is a short adjective used modally — 'he must / is obliged to' — agreeing with «он» (masculine) and governing the infinitive «бежать». Here «бежать» means specifically 'to flee, escape', a unidirectional motion verb used in its dramatic sense."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Так или этак","title":"«так или этак»: one way or another","body":"A colloquial fixed phrase, 'one way or the other', pairing «так» ('so, thus') with «этак», a spoken variant of «эдак» ('in this/that way'). It gives Katya's speech its blunt, headlong momentum."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"one way"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"этак","lemma":"этак","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with Так","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of придет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies придет","gloss":"still","note":"“всё-таки” (split here as все/таки) is a fixed phrase meaning “nevertheless, all the same”."},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies придет","gloss":"nonetheless"},{"surface":"придет","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will come"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking выходу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"этому","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of выходу","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"выходу","lemma":"выход","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of придет","gloss":"way out"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of должен","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"должен","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"parallel clause to придет","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"бежать","lemma":"бежать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of должен","gloss":"escape"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"epi-c1-s14","source":"Этот несчастный, этот герой чести и совести — не тот, не Дмитрий Федорович, а тот, что за этой дверью лежит и что собой за брата пожертвовал, — с сверкающими глазами прибавила Катя, — он давно уже мне сообщил весь этот план побега.","translation":"\"That unhappy man, that hero of honor and conscience — not him, not Dmitri Fyodorovich, but the one who lies behind that door there and who sacrificed himself for his brother,\" Katya added with flashing eyes, \"long ago he confided to me this whole plan of escape.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"тот, что за этой дверью лежит","title":"Correlative «тот, что…»","body":"«Тот, что…» is the bookish correlative construction: the demonstrative «тот» ('the one') sets up a relative clause introduced by «что» rather than «который» — 'the one that lies behind that door'. Repeated «тот… тот, что…» drives a pointed contrast between the two brothers."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что собой за брата пожертвовал","title":"«пожертвовать» + instrumental","body":"«Пожертвовать» ('to sacrifice') governs the instrumental of the thing sacrificed — «собой», the reflexive pronoun 'oneself' in its instrumental form. So «собой… пожертвовал» = 'sacrificed himself'; the case ending alone marks what was given up."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с сверкающими глазами","title":"Present active participle «сверкающими»","body":"«Сверкающими» is a present active participle from «сверкать» ('to flash, gleam'), declined as an adjective in the instrumental plural to agree with «глазами» after «с». It condenses 'eyes that were flashing' into one vivid modifier."}],"words":[{"surface":"Этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of несчастный","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"несчастный","lemma":"несчастный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of тот","gloss":"unhappy man"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of герой","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"герой","lemma":"герой","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with несчастный","gloss":"hero"},{"surface":"чести","lemma":"честь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies герой","gloss":"of honor"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"совести","lemma":"совесть","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with чести","gloss":"conscience"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тот","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Дмитрий","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to тот","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрий","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with тот","gloss":"the one"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of лежит","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дверью","gloss":"behind"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of дверью","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"дверью","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of лежит","gloss":"door"},{"surface":"лежит","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on тот","gloss":"lies"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of пожертвовал","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"собой","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"oblique complement of пожертвовал","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking брата","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"брата","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пожертвовал","gloss":"his brother"},{"surface":"пожертвовал","lemma":"пожертвовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with лежит","gloss":"sacrificed"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глазами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"сверкающими","lemma":"сверкающий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies глазами","gloss":"flashing"},{"surface":"глазами","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of прибавила","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"прибавила","lemma":"прибавить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"added"},{"surface":"Катя","lemma":"катя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of прибавила","gloss":"Katya"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сообщил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"давно","lemma":"давно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сообщил","gloss":"long ago"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сообщил","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of сообщил","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"сообщил","lemma":"сообщить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"confided"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of план","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of план","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"план","lemma":"план","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of сообщил","gloss":"plan"},{"surface":"побега","lemma":"побег","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies план","gloss":"of escape"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"epi-c1-s15","source":"Знаете, он уже входил в сношения…","translation":"You know, he had already entered into negotiations…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"он уже входил в сношения","title":"Imperfective «входил»: an unfolding process","body":"Imperfective «входил» (from «входить», to enter) with «уже» renders 'he had already been entering / was already in the process of entering into' — an action begun and underway, not a single completed step. The idiom «входить в сношения» means 'to enter into dealings/negotiations'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сношения","title":"«сношения»: dealings, contacts","body":"«Сношения» (plural) means relations, contacts, or negotiations between parties — here secret dealings to arrange the escape. The word is neutral and somewhat formal in the 19th century; its modern colloquial sense is best left aside."}],"words":[{"surface":"Знаете","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, parallel clause to входил","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of входил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies входил","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"входил","lemma":"входить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had entered"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сношения","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"сношения","lemma":"сношение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of входил","gloss":"negotiations"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"epi-c1-s16","source":"Я вам уже кой-что сообщила…","translation":"I have already told you something of it…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"кой-что сообщила","title":"«кой-что»: an older «кое-что»","body":"«Кой-что» is a colloquial, slightly old-fashioned form of «кое-что» ('something, a thing or two'). The «кое-» element marks a vague, unspecified amount — she has told him 'some of it'. Perfective «сообщила» views the telling as completed."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сообщила","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of сообщила","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сообщила","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"кой","lemma":"кой-что","morphology":"pronoun (indeclinable component)","role":"modifies что","gloss":"some","note":"“кой-что” is a fixed compound pronoun meaning “a little something”."},{"surface":"что","lemma":"кой-что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сообщила","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"сообщила","lemma":"сообщить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have told"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"epi-c1-s17","source":"Видите, это произойдет, по всей вероятности, на третьем отсюда этапе, когда партию ссыльных поведут в Сибирь.","translation":"You see, in all likelihood it will happen at the third etape from here, when the party of convicts is marched to Siberia.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"когда партию ссыльных поведут в Сибирь","title":"Impersonal 'they' + perfective future","body":"«Поведут» is a 3rd-person-plural perfective future ('they will lead off') used impersonally, with no named subject — the English passive 'is marched' renders it. The object «партию ссыльных» is accusative; «в Сибирь» takes the accusative for motion-toward."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ссыльных","title":"«ссыльный»: an exile/convict","body":"«Ссыльный» is one sentenced to «ссылка», exile — here the convicts being driven to Siberia. «Партия ссыльных» is a marching party of such exiles, the routine machinery of the Tsarist penal system that hangs over Mitya's fate."}],"words":[{"surface":"Видите","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, parallel clause to произойдет","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of произойдет","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"произойдет","lemma":"произойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will happen"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вероятности","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"всей","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, dative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of вероятности","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"вероятности","lemma":"вероятность","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of произойдет","gloss":"likelihood"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking третьем","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"третьем","lemma":"третий","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies этапе","gloss":"third"},{"surface":"отсюда","lemma":"отсюда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies третьем","gloss":"from here"},{"surface":"этапе","lemma":"этап","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of произойдет","gloss":"etape","note":"“Этап” names a staging post where convicts under escort halted on the overland route to Siberian exile."},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of поведут","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"партию","lemma":"партия","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of поведут","gloss":"party"},{"surface":"ссыльных","lemma":"ссыльный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies партию","gloss":"of convicts"},{"surface":"поведут","lemma":"повести","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on этапе","gloss":"is marched"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Сибирь","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Сибирь","lemma":"сибирь","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поведут","gloss":"Siberia"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"epi-c1-s18","source":"О, до этого еще далеко.","translation":"Oh, that is still a long way off.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"до этого еще далеко","title":"Impersonal «далеко»","body":"A subjectless predicate phrase: «до этого… далеко» = 'it is still far off to this point', with «до этого» (genitive after «до») marking the goal and «далеко» the invariable predicate. No verb 'to be' appears in the present — Russian leaves the copula unspoken."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"parallel clause to далеко","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этого","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of далеко","gloss":"that point"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies далеко","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"далеко","lemma":"далеко","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"far off"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"epi-c1-s19","source":"Иван Федорович уже ездил к начальнику третьего этапа.","translation":"Ivan Fyodorovich has already driven out to see the warden of the third etape.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"уже ездил к начальнику третьего этапа","title":"Round-trip motion: «ездил»","body":"«Ездил» is the multidirectional motion verb (from «ездить»), and with «уже» it conveys a completed round trip — 'has already driven out (and back) to see…'. Russian chooses «ездил» over unidirectional «ехал» precisely to signal a there-and-back errand, not a one-way journey. «К начальнику» takes the dative after «к»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ездил","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ездил","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"ездил","lemma":"ездить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"has driven"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking начальнику","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"начальнику","lemma":"начальник","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ездил","gloss":"the warden"},{"surface":"третьего","lemma":"третий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies этапа","gloss":"third"},{"surface":"этапа","lemma":"этап","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies начальнику","gloss":"etape"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"epi-c1-s20","source":"Вот только неизвестно, кто будет партионным начальником, да и нельзя это так заранее узнать.","translation":"Only there is no telling yet who will be the officer in charge of the party, and there is no way to learn that beforehand.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"неизвестно, кто будет… да и нельзя… узнать","title":"Stacked impersonals","body":"Two subjectless predicates carry the line: «неизвестно» ('it is not known') heads an embedded question with «кто», and «нельзя… узнать» ('it is impossible to find out') pairs an impersonal modal with an infinitive. Neither has a nominative subject — the very point is that no one knows."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вот только… да и…","title":"Particles «вот» and «да и»","body":"«Вот только» ('it's just that…') flags a single snag, and «да и» ('and besides, and anyway') tacks on a reinforcing point. These small connective particles give Katya's speech the run-on, talking-aloud texture Dostoevsky favors."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"партионным начальником","title":"«партионный начальник»: officer of the convoy","body":"«Партионный начальник» is the officer placed in charge of a «партия» — the marching party of convicts. Whether he can be bribed or persuaded decides the escape, which is why his identity matters so much; the instrumental «начальником» follows «будет» as a predicate role."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies только","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies неизвестно","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"неизвестно","lemma":"неизвестный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"it's not known"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of будет","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to начальником","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"партионным","lemma":"партионный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies начальником","gloss":"of the party"},{"surface":"начальником","lemma":"начальник","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of будет","gloss":"the officer"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase да","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"нельзя","lemma":"нельзя","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with неизвестно","gloss":"there's no way"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of узнать","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заранее","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"заранее","lemma":"заранее","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies узнать","gloss":"beforehand"},{"surface":"узнать","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on нельзя","gloss":"to learn"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"epi-c1-s21","source":"Завтра, может быть, я вам покажу весь план в подробности, который мне оставил Иван Федорович накануне суда, на случай чего-нибудь…","translation":"Tomorrow, perhaps, I will show you the whole plan in detail, the one Ivan Fyodorovich left with me on the eve of the trial, in case of anything…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"весь план… который мне оставил Иван Федорович","title":"Relative «который» with shifted word order","body":"«Который» (accusative, agreeing with masculine «план») opens a relative clause whose words are reordered — object «который», then «мне» (dative recipient), then verb, then subject «Иван Федорович» last for weight. Despite the scrambling, the cases keep every role unambiguous."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"на случай чего-нибудь","title":"«чего-нибудь»: non-specific 'anything'","body":"«Чего-нибудь» is «что» + the indefinite particle «-нибудь», marking a wholly non-specific 'anything at all', in the genitive after «на случай» ('in case of'). The «-нибудь» series (vs. specific «-то») is exactly right for an unknown future contingency."}],"words":[{"surface":"Завтра","lemma":"завтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to покажу","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of покажу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вам","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of покажу","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"покажу","lemma":"показать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will show"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of план","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"план","lemma":"план","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of покажу","gloss":"plan"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking подробности","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"подробности","lemma":"подробность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of покажу","gloss":"detail"},{"surface":"который","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of оставил","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"мне","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of оставил","gloss":"with me"},{"surface":"оставил","lemma":"оставить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on план","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of оставил","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"накануне","lemma":"накануне","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking суда","gloss":"on the eve of"},{"surface":"суда","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of оставил","gloss":"the trial"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking случай","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"случай","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of покажу","gloss":"case"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"modifies случай","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies случай","gloss":"-thing"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"epi-c1-s22","source":"Это было в тот самый раз, когда, помните, вы тогда вечером застали нас в ссоре: он еще сходил с лестницы, а я, увидя вас, заставила его воротиться — помните?","translation":"That was the very time when — you remember — you came in that evening and found us quarreling: he was already going down the stairs, and I, catching sight of you, made him turn back — remember?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"он еще сходил с лестницы, а я… заставила его воротиться","title":"Imperfective background vs. perfective event","body":"Imperfective «сходил» ('was going down') paints the ongoing background — he was on his way down the stairs — against the perfective «заставила… воротиться» ('made him turn back'), the single decisive act. The contrastive «а» hinges the two clauses: 'he was leaving, whereas I…'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"увидя вас","title":"Gerund «увидя» (older form)","body":"«Увидя» is a perfective past gerund of «увидеть» ('catching sight of / on seeing you') — an older, bookish variant beside the modern «увидев». It marks a momentary prior action sharing the subject «я», compressing 'when I caught sight of you' into a single word."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"воротиться","title":"«воротиться»: an old 'to turn back'","body":"«Воротиться» is the archaic, folk-tinged counterpart of «вернуться» ('to come back, return'). Dostoevsky's characters reach for it constantly; here Katya makes Ivan «воротиться» — turn back up the stairs — at the fateful moment Alyosha arrived."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to раз","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of раз","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"самый","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of было","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies застали","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"помните","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to застали","gloss":"you remember"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of застали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies застали","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"вечером","lemma":"вечер","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of застали","gloss":"that evening"},{"surface":"застали","lemma":"застать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"relative clause on раз","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"нас","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of застали","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ссоре","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ссоре","lemma":"ссора","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of застали","gloss":"a quarrel"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сходил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сходил","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"сходил","lemma":"сходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with заставила","gloss":"was going down"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лестницы","gloss":"down"},{"surface":"лестницы","lemma":"лестница","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сходил","gloss":"the stairs"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of заставила","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"увидя","lemma":"увидя","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on заставила","gloss":"catching sight of"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вас","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of увидя","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"заставила","lemma":"заставить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with сходил","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of заставила","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"воротиться","lemma":"воротиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of заставила","gloss":"turn back"},{"surface":"помните","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to заставила","gloss":"remember?"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"epi-c1-s23","source":"Вы знаете, из-за чего мы тогда поссорились?","translation":"Do you know what we had quarreled about then?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"из-за чего мы тогда поссорились","title":"«из-за чего»: cause with «из-за»","body":"«Из-за» ('because of, over') governs the genitive, here the interrogative «чего» ('what') — 'over what we quarreled'. The reciprocal -ся verb «поссориться» ('to fall out with each other') needs no separate object: the quarrel is mutual by the very form of the verb."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of знаете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"знаете","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чего","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чего","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of поссорились","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of поссорились","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поссорились","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"поссорились","lemma":"поссориться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of знаете","gloss":"quarreled"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"epi-c1-s24","source":"— Нет, не знаю, — сказал Алеша.","translation":"\"No, I don't,\" said Alyosha.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to знаю","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to знаю","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"epi-c1-s25","source":"— Конечно, он тогда от вас скрыл: вот именно из-за этого плана о побеге.","translation":"\"Of course, he kept it from you then: it was precisely over this plan of escape.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"он тогда от вас скрыл","title":"«от вас»: hiding 'from'","body":"«Скрыл от вас» — 'concealed it from you' — uses «от» + genitive «вас» to mark the person kept in the dark. Perfective «скрыл» frames the concealment as a single accomplished fact at a definite past moment («тогда»)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вот именно из-за этого плана","title":"Emphatic «вот именно»","body":"«Вот именно» ('precisely, that's exactly it') is an emphatic particle cluster pinning down the cause: 'it was precisely over this plan'. «Из-за этого плана» stands in the genitive after «из-за»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to скрыл","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of скрыл","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies скрыл","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вас","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of скрыл","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"скрыл","lemma":"скрыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"kept hidden"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies именно","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies плана","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking плана","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking плана","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of плана","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"плана","lemma":"план","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of скрыл","gloss":"plan"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking побеге","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"побеге","lemma":"побег","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies плана","gloss":"escape"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"epi-c1-s26","source":"Он мне еще за три дня перед тем открыл всё главное — вот тогда-то мы и начали ссориться и с тех пор все три дня ссорились.","translation":"He had disclosed the whole of the main thing to me three days before — that was just when we began to quarrel, and we went on quarreling all three days after that.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вот тогда-то мы и начали ссориться","title":"Emphatic «-то» and «и»","body":"The clitic «-то» on «тогда» ('it was just then') emphasizes the known time-point, and the particle «и» before the verb ('that's when we did begin') reinforces it — a doubled emphasis hard to render in English. «Начали ссориться» pairs perfective «начали» with imperfective infinitive «ссориться» (begin doing an ongoing action)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"за три дня перед тем","title":"«за … перед тем»: three days before","body":"The frame «за три дня перед тем» means 'three days before that' — «за» + accusative measures the interval, «перед тем» fixes the reference point. «Три дня» shows the genitive-singular «дня» that the numeral 'three' requires."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of открыл","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"мне","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of открыл","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дня","gloss":"as much as"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дня","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on дня","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"дня","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of открыл","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"перед","lemma":"перед","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тем","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тем","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition перед","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"открыл","lemma":"открыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"revealed"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of открыл","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"главное","lemma":"главный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies всё","gloss":"the main thing"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тогда","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начали","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тогда","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of начали","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies начали","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"начали","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with открыл","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"ссориться","lemma":"ссориться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начали","gloss":"to quarrel"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пор","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"тех","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"modifies пор","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"пор","lemma":"пора","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"object of preposition с","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of три","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on дня","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"дня","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ссорились","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"ссорились","lemma":"ссориться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with начали","gloss":"quarreled"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"epi-c1-s27","source":"Потому поссорились, что когда он объявил мне, что в случае осуждения Дмитрий Федорович убежит за границу вместе с той тварью, то я вдруг озлилась — не скажу вам из-за чего, сама не знаю из-за чего…","translation":"We quarreled because, when he announced to me that, in the event of a conviction, Dmitri Fyodorovich would flee abroad together with that creature, I suddenly flew into a rage — I won't tell you why, I don't know myself why…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"в случае осуждения… убежит за границу","title":"Perfective future «убежит»","body":"«Убежит» is a perfective simple future ('would flee', literally 'will run away') — a perfective verb conjugated like a present to express a single completed future act. Reported inside Ivan's past announcement, it reads as 'would flee'. «За границу» takes the accusative for motion-toward."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"той тварью / тварь","title":"«тварь»: 'creature' as contempt","body":"«Тварь» literally means 'a created being, creature' (from «творить», to create) but in speech it is a scornful insult — roughly 'that creature / that vile thing'. Katya spits it at Grushenka; the demonstrative «той» ('that') adds distancing disdain."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"озлилась","title":"«озлиться»: to fly into a rage","body":"«Озлиться» (perfective, with -ся) means to grow bitter and furious, to be seized by spite — stronger and more inward than mere «рассердиться». The recurring «озлилась» through this passage marks Katya's whole confession as a reckoning with her own «злость», malice."}],"words":[{"surface":"Потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поссорились","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"поссорились","lemma":"поссориться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"we quarreled"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of озлилась","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of объявил","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of объявил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"объявил","lemma":"объявить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on озлилась","gloss":"announced"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"мне","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of объявил","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of убежит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking случае","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"случае","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of убежит","gloss":"the event"},{"surface":"осуждения","lemma":"осуждение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies случае","gloss":"of conviction"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of убежит","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрий","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"убежит","lemma":"убежать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of объявил","gloss":"would flee"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking границу","gloss":"beyond"},{"surface":"границу","lemma":"граница","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of убежит","gloss":"the border"},{"surface":"вместе","lemma":"вместе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies убежит","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тварью","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"той","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of тварью","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"тварью","lemma":"тварь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вместе","gloss":"creature"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of озлилась","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of озлилась","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies озлилась","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"озлилась","lemma":"озлиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of поссорились","gloss":"flew into a rage"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies скажу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"скажу","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to озлилась","gloss":"I won't tell"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вам","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of скажу","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чего","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чего","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of скажу","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"сама","lemma":"сама","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with скажу","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чего","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чего","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of знаю","gloss":"what"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"epi-c1-s28","source":"О, конечно, я за тварь, за эту тварь тогда озлилась, и именно за то, что и она тоже, вместе с Дмитрием, бежит за границу! — воскликнула вдруг Катерина Ивановна с задрожавшими от гнева губами.","translation":"Oh, of course it was over the creature, over that creature, that I grew enraged then, and precisely because she too, along with Dmitri, would flee abroad!\" Katerina Ivanovna suddenly exclaimed, her lips trembling with anger.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"именно за то, что и она тоже… бежит","title":"Correlative «за то, что»","body":"«За то, что…» ('because of the fact that…') is a correlative: the demonstrative «то» (accusative after «за») points forward to the «что»-clause giving the reason. The particles «и… тоже» ('she too, as well') stress that Grushenka's flight is what enrages Katya."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с задрожавшими от гнева губами","title":"Past active participle «задрожавшими»","body":"«Задрожавшими» is a past active participle from perfective «задрожать» ('to start trembling'), declined instrumental plural to agree with «губами» after «с». «От гнева» ('from anger', genitive after «от») gives the cause — 'lips that had begun trembling with anger'."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"parallel clause to тварь","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to тварь","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of озлилась","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тварь","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"тварь","lemma":"тварь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of озлилась","gloss":"creature"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тварь","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of тварь","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"тварь","lemma":"тварь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of озлилась","gloss":"creature"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies озлилась","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"озлилась","lemma":"озлиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"grew enraged"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking то","gloss":"because of"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of озлилась","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of бежит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies она","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of бежит","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бежит","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"вместе","lemma":"вместе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бежит","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Дмитрием","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Дмитрием","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вместе","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"бежит","lemma":"бежать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of то","gloss":"would flee"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking границу","gloss":"beyond"},{"surface":"границу","lemma":"граница","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бежит","gloss":"the border"},{"surface":"воскликнула","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"exclaimed"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies воскликнула","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"Катерина","lemma":"катерина","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнула","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановна","lemma":"ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Катерина","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking губами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"задрожавшими","lemma":"задрожать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, instrumental, perfective","role":"clause modifying губами","gloss":"trembling"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гнева","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"гнева","lemma":"гнев","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of задрожавшими","gloss":"anger"},{"surface":"губами","lemma":"губа","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of воскликнула","gloss":"lips"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"epi-c1-s29","source":"Иван Федорович как только увидел тогда, что я так озлилась за эту тварь, то мигом и подумал, что я к ней ревную Дмитрия и что, стало быть, всё еще продолжаю любить Дмитрия.","translation":"\"The moment Ivan Fyodorovich saw that I was so enraged over that creature, he instantly imagined that I was jealous of her on Dmitri's account, and that I therefore still went on loving Dmitri.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как только увидел… то мигом и подумал","title":"«как только… то…»: the moment that…","body":"«Как только… то…» frames an immediate sequence — 'the moment he saw…, he instantly thought…'. The correlative «то» resumes the main clause after the subordinate one. Both perfectives («увидел», «подумал») are punctual completed acts."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"стало быть, всё еще продолжаю любить","title":"«стало быть» + continuing imperfective","body":"«Стало быть» is a fixed parenthetical, 'therefore / it follows that'. «Продолжаю любить» joins «продолжать» to the imperfective infinitive «любить» to mean 'go on loving' — an inherently ongoing action that only the imperfective can carry."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мигом","title":"«мигом»: in a flash","body":"«Мигом» is an adverb 'in an instant, in a flash' (from «миг», a moment, blink). It is the frozen instrumental of «миг» used adverbially — the instrumental's old job of marking manner — and gives the line its sense of Ivan's lightning, jealous inference."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of увидел","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of увидел","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"soon"},{"surface":"увидел","lemma":"увидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies увидел","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of озлилась","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of озлилась","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies озлилась","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"озлилась","lemma":"озлиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of увидел","gloss":"was enraged"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тварь","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of тварь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"тварь","lemma":"тварь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of озлилась","gloss":"creature"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies подумал","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"мигом","lemma":"мигом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подумал","gloss":"instantly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"подумал","lemma":"подумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"imagined"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ревную","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of ревную","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ревную","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"ревную","lemma":"ревновать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of подумал","gloss":"am jealous"},{"surface":"Дмитрия","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of ревную","gloss":"over Dmitri"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of продолжаю","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to продолжаю","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стало","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies продолжаю","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies продолжаю","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"продолжаю","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of подумал","gloss":"go on"},{"surface":"любить","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of продолжаю","gloss":"loving"},{"surface":"Дмитрия","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of любить","gloss":"Dmitri"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"epi-c1-s30","source":"Вот и вышла тогда первая ссора.","translation":"That was how our first quarrel came about.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вот и вышла тогда первая ссора","title":"«Вот и…»: 'and so it came about'","body":"«Вот и вышла…» is an idiomatic resultative — 'and so the first quarrel came out / arose'. The verb «вышла» precedes its subject «первая ссора», which lands last as the point of the sentence; «вышла» here means 'came about, resulted'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вышла","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вышла","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"вышла","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came about"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вышла","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"первая","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ссора","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"ссора","lemma":"ссора","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of вышла","gloss":"quarrel"}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"epi-c1-s31","source":"Я объяснений дать не захотела, просить прощения не могла; тяжело мне было, что такой человек мог заподозрить меня в прежней любви к этому…","translation":"I would not give any explanations, I could not bring myself to beg his pardon; it weighed on me that such a man could suspect me of my former love for that one…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"объяснений дать не захотела, просить прощения не могла","title":"Genitive of negation + fronted objects","body":"Under negation the objects shift to genitive: «объяснений» ('explanations', gen.) after «не захотела дать», and «прощения» ('pardon', gen.) after «просить» in a negated frame. Both objects are fronted before their verbs for emphasis, the verbs of refusal closing each clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"тяжело мне было","title":"Dative subject of feeling «тяжело мне»","body":"«Тяжело мне было» — 'it weighed on me / I found it hard' — is the dative-experiencer pattern: «мне» (dative) feels the state, «тяжело» is the invariable predicate, «было» supplies the past. This subjectless framing of inner pain is everywhere in Dostoevsky."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of захотела","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"объяснений","lemma":"объяснение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of дать","gloss":"explanations"},{"surface":"дать","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of захотела","gloss":"to give"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies захотела","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"захотела","lemma":"захотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wished"},{"surface":"просить","lemma":"просить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of могла","gloss":"to beg"},{"surface":"прощения","lemma":"прощение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of просить","gloss":"pardon"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могла","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могла","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with захотела","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"тяжело","lemma":"тяжёлый","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of было","gloss":"it was hard"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"мне","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of тяжело","gloss":"for me"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to тяжело","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of мог","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of человек","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of было","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"заподозрить","lemma":"заподозрить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"suspect"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"меня","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of заподозрить","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking любви","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"прежней","lemma":"прежний","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies любви","gloss":"former"},{"surface":"любви","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заподозрить","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этому","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"этому","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies любви","gloss":"that one"}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"epi-c1-s32","source":"И это тогда, когда я сама, уже давно перед тем, прямо сказала ему, что не люблю Дмитрия, а люблю только его одного!","translation":"And that, when I myself, long before, had told him plainly that I do not love Dmitri, that I love him alone!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что не люблю Дмитрия, а люблю только его одного","title":"Contrastive «а» pivoting the clause","body":"The mild adversative «а» pivots between the denial and the assertion — 'that I do not love Dmitri, but love him alone'. It is not strong «но» (opposition) but the shifting 'whereas' that marks a change of focus, the untranslatable hinge of Russian speech."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"уже давно перед тем, прямо сказала ему","title":"Perfective «сказала» for a single past act","body":"Against the present-tense reported feelings («не люблю… люблю»), the framing verb «сказала» is perfective past — one completed act of telling, 'I had told him plainly'. «Ему» is the dative recipient of the telling."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of тогда","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сказала","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сказала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сама","lemma":"сама","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies я","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies давно","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"давно","lemma":"давно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказала","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"перед","lemma":"перед","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тем","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тем","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сказала","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказала","gloss":"plainly"},{"surface":"сказала","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"ему","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of сказала","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of люблю","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies люблю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"люблю","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of сказала","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"Дмитрия","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of люблю","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"люблю","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with люблю","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies его","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of одного","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"одного","lemma":"один","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of люблю","gloss":"alone"}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"epi-c1-s33","source":"Я от злости только на эту тварь на него озлилась!","translation":"It was only out of spite at that creature that I grew enraged at him!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я от злости только на эту тварь на него озлилась","title":"Cause «от злости» + redundant emphasis","body":"«От злости» ('out of spite', genitive after «от») gives the cause of the rage. The line piles on emphatic repetition — «только… на эту тварь… на него» — and the doubled «на» phrases ('at that creature… at him') let Katya insist that her anger at Ivan was really displaced spite at Grushenka."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of озлилась","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking злости","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"злости","lemma":"злость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of озлилась","gloss":"spite"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тварь","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тварь","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of тварь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"тварь","lemma":"тварь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of озлилась","gloss":"creature"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of озлилась","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"озлилась","lemma":"озлиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"grew enraged"}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"epi-c1-s34","source":"Через три дня, вот в тот вечер, когда вы вошли, он принес ко мне запечатанный конверт, чтоб я распечатала тотчас, если с ним что случится.","translation":"\"Three days later, that very evening you came in, he brought me a sealed envelope, for me to open at once should anything happen to him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтоб я распечатала тотчас, если с ним что случится","title":"«чтоб» purpose + conditional inside","body":"«Чтоб я распечатала» uses «чтобы» with a past-form verb («распечатала») for a willed purpose — 'so that I should open it'. Nested in it is a real condition «если… что случится» ('if anything should happen'), with the indefinite «что» here meaning 'anything' and perfective future «случится»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"запечатанный конверт","title":"«запечатанный»: a sealed envelope","body":"«Запечатанный» is a past passive participle from «запечатать» ('to seal up'), here a long-form adjective before «конверт» — 'a sealed envelope'. The root «печать» means a seal or stamp; the sealed envelope is the physical token of Ivan's secret plan."}],"words":[{"surface":"Через","lemma":"через","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дня","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on дня","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"дня","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"complement of три (paucal count)","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вечер","gloss":"that very"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вечер","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of вечер","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вечер","lemma":"вечер","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"temporal adjunct of принес","gloss":"evening"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вошли","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of вошли","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"вошли","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"relative clause on вечер","gloss":"came in"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of принес","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"принес","lemma":"принести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"brought"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"мне","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"oblique complement of принес","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"запечатанный","lemma":"запечатать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, accusative, perfective","role":"modifies конверт","gloss":"sealed"},{"surface":"конверт","lemma":"конверт","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of принес","gloss":"envelope"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause of распечатала","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of распечатала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"распечатала","lemma":"распечатать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"purpose clause on принес","gloss":"would open"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies распечатала","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of случится","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of случится","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of случится","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"случится","lemma":"случиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, reflexive, third, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying если, adverbial on распечатала","gloss":"should happen"}]},{"number":35,"label":"35","id":"epi-c1-s35","source":"О, он предвидел свою болезнь!","translation":"Oh, he had foreseen his own illness!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"он предвидел свою болезнь","title":"Reflexive possessive «свою»","body":"«Свою болезнь» uses the reflexive possessive «свой» ('his own'), pointing back to the clause's subject «он» — 'he had foreseen his own illness'. Using «его» instead would suggest someone else's illness; «свой» keeps the reference firmly on Ivan."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of предвидел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"предвидел","lemma":"предвидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had foreseen"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of болезнь","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"болезнь","lemma":"болезнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of предвидел","gloss":"illness"}]},{"number":36,"label":"36","id":"epi-c1-s36","source":"Он открыл мне, что в конверте подробности о побеге и что в случае, если он умрет или опасно заболеет, то чтоб я одна спасла Митю.","translation":"He disclosed to me that the envelope held the details of the escape, and that, in the event of his death or dangerous illness, I alone was to save Mitya.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"в случае, если он умрет или опасно заболеет, то чтоб я… спасла","title":"Condition + purpose chain","body":"A conditional «в случае, если… умрет или… заболеет» (both perfective futures, 'should he die or fall dangerously ill') feeds into «то чтоб я… спасла» — a «чтобы»-purpose with past-form «спасла» expressing what was to be done. The whole reproduces the conditional instructions of the sealed letter."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Митю","title":"«Митя»: the diminutive of Dmitri","body":"«Митя» (accusative «Митю») is the warm diminutive of «Дмитрий» — the familiar name Katya and Alyosha use for him. The ladder «Дмитрий → Митя → Митенька» measures intimacy; her using «Митю» here, even while raging, betrays how close he still is to her."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of открыл","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"открыл","lemma":"открыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"disclosed"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"мне","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of открыл","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the first clausal complement of открыл","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking конверте","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"конверте","lemma":"конверт","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"locative adjunct of the existential clause","gloss":"the envelope"},{"surface":"подробности","lemma":"подробность","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of the existential clause (в конверте)","gloss":"details","note":"Existential construction: 'in the envelope [were] details' — подробности is the logical subject, not genitive."},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking побеге","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"побеге","lemma":"побег","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies подробности","gloss":"the escape"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the second clausal complement of открыл","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking случае","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"случае","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of спасла","gloss":"the event"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of умрет","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of умрет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"умрет","lemma":"умереть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying случае","gloss":"dies"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"опасно","lemma":"опасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заболеет","gloss":"dangerously"},{"surface":"заболеет","lemma":"заболеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with умрет","gloss":"falls ill"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"resumptive, introduces the clause of спасла","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause of спасла","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of спасла","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"одна","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies я","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"спасла","lemma":"спасти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the purpose clause","gloss":"was to save"},{"surface":"Митю","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of спасла","gloss":"Mitya"}]},{"number":37,"label":"37","id":"epi-c1-s37","source":"Тут же оставил у меня деньги, почти десять тысяч, — вот те самые, про которые прокурор, узнав от кого-то, что он посылал их менять, упомянул в своей речи.","translation":"At the same time he left money with me, nearly ten thousand — the very sum the prosecutor, having learned from someone that he had sent it out to be changed, alluded to in his speech.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"про которые прокурор, узнав от кого-то… упомянул","title":"Relative clause with embedded gerund","body":"Inside the relative clause «про которые… упомянул» ('which he mentioned'), a gerund phrase «узнав от кого-то, что…» ('having learned from someone that…') is folded in — a participle/gerund nested within a relative, the dense layering typical of Dostoevsky's long periods. «Узнав» is a perfective past gerund."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"почти десять тысяч","title":"«десять тысяч» + genitive plural","body":"«Десять тысяч» ('ten thousand') is a numeral above four, so it governs the genitive plural — «тысяч» is itself the gen. pl. of «тысяча». The whole quantity «почти десять тысяч» (rubles understood) is the very sum the prosecutor seized on at the trial."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оставил, part of idiom тут же","gloss":"right then"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies Тут (idiom 'тут же')","gloss":"same moment","note":"Тут же is a fixed idiom meaning 'at that very moment'; же only intensifies тут."},{"surface":"оставил","lemma":"оставить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of оставил","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of оставил","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies десять","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"десять","lemma":"десять","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on тысяч","gloss":"ten"},{"surface":"тысяч","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"in apposition to деньги","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies те","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"те","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"subject of самые","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"самые","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"predicate modifying те","gloss":"very ones"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которые","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"которые","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of упомянул","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"прокурор","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of упомянул","gloss":"the prosecutor"},{"surface":"узнав","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on упомянул","gloss":"having learned"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кого","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"кого","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"oblique complement of узнав","gloss":"someone","note":"кого-то ('someone') is split across two tokens: кого + the indefinite suffix -то."},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle, indefinite suffix","role":"attaches to кого to form кого-то","gloss":"(indef.)"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of посылал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of посылал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"посылал","lemma":"посылать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of узнав","gloss":"had sent"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of менять","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"менять","lemma":"менять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of посылал","gloss":"to change"},{"surface":"упомянул","lemma":"упомянуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on те самые","gloss":"alluded to"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking речи","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of речи","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"речи","lemma":"речь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of упомянул","gloss":"speech"}]},{"number":38,"label":"38","id":"epi-c1-s38","source":"Меня страшно вдруг поразило, что Иван Федорович, всё еще ревнуя меня и всё еще убежденный, что я люблю Митю, не покинул, однако, мысли спасти брата и мне же, мне самой доверяет это дело спасения!","translation":"It struck me with sudden terror that Ivan Fyodorovich, still jealous of me and still convinced that I love Mitya, had nonetheless not given up the thought of saving his brother, and was entrusting that very work of rescue to me, to me myself!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"всё еще ревнуя меня и всё еще убежденный","title":"Gerund and participle in parallel","body":"Two attendant-circumstance forms run side by side: the present gerund «ревнуя» ('still jealous of me', from «ревновать») and the short passive participle «убежденный» ('still convinced'). Both modify «Иван Федорович» and pile up the contradictions in his state of mind."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"мне же, мне самой доверяет это дело спасения","title":"Dative recipient + intensifier «самой»","body":"«Доверять» ('to entrust') governs the dative of the person trusted — «мне», emphatically doubled «мне же, мне самой» ('to me, to me myself'). «Самой» is the intensifier «сама» in the dative, agreeing with «мне», hammering home the astonishing fact that Ivan trusts her of all people."}],"words":[{"surface":"Меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of поразило","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"страшно","lemma":"страшно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поразило","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поразило","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"поразило","lemma":"поразить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clausal complement of поразило","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of покинул/доверяет","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"forms idiom 'всё еще' with еще","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ревнуя (with всё, 'still')","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"ревнуя","lemma":"ревновать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial participial phrase modifying Иван","gloss":"being jealous of"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of ревнуя","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"forms idiom 'всё еще' with еще (second instance)","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies убежденный","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"убежденный","lemma":"убеждённый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with ревнуя, modifies Иван","gloss":"convinced"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of люблю","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of люблю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"люблю","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of убежденный","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"Митю","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of люблю","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies покинул","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"покинул","lemma":"покинуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb, coordinated with доверяет","gloss":"abandoned"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies покинул","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"мысли","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of покинул","gloss":"the thought"},{"surface":"спасти","lemma":"спасти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мысли","gloss":"to save"},{"surface":"брата","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of спасти","gloss":"his brother"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"emphatic repetition before мне самой (indirect object of доверяет)","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мне","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of доверяет","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"самой","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мне","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"доверяет","lemma":"доверять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb, coordinated with покинул","gloss":"entrusts"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of дело","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of доверяет","gloss":"task"},{"surface":"спасения","lemma":"спасение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies дело","gloss":"of rescue"}]},{"number":39,"label":"39","id":"epi-c1-s39","source":"О, это была жертва!","translation":"Oh, it was a sacrifice!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"это была жертва","title":"Past copula + nominative predicate","body":"In the past, «была» links «это» to the predicate noun «жертва» ('sacrifice'). Note that here the predicate stays in the nominative rather than the instrumental — common with the impersonal subject «это» ('this/it was a sacrifice'), where «это» is treated as the equational pivot."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of жертва","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to жертва","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"жертва","lemma":"жертва","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun, head of the phrase","gloss":"a sacrifice"}]},{"number":40,"label":"40","id":"epi-c1-s40","source":"Нет, вы такого самопожертвования не поймете во всей полноте, Алексей Федорович!","translation":"No, you cannot grasp the full measure of such self-sacrifice, Alexei Fyodorovich!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вы такого самопожертвования не поймете","title":"Genitive of negation: «самопожертвования»","body":"The object of negated «не поймете» ('you will not grasp') stands in the genitive — «такого самопожертвования» (gen.), not accusative — the genitive of negation, especially natural with an abstract noun. «Поймете» is a perfective future used for a confident prediction."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"interjection","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of поймете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"такого","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of самопожертвования","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"самопожертвования","lemma":"самопожертвование","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of поймете (genitive under negation)","gloss":"self-sacrifice"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поймете","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"поймете","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will understand"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking полноте","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"всей","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of полноте","gloss":"full"},{"surface":"полноте","lemma":"полнота","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поймете","gloss":"measure"},{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"Алексей","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alexei"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Алексей","gloss":"Fyodorovich"}]},{"number":41,"label":"41","id":"epi-c1-s41","source":"Я хотела было упасть к ногам его в благоговении, но как подумала вдруг, что он сочтет это только лишь за радость мою, что спасают Митю (а он бы непременно это подумал!), то до того была раздражена лишь одною только возможностью такой несправедливой мысли с его стороны, что опять раздражилась и вместо того, чтоб целовать его ноги, сделала опять ему сцену!","translation":"I was on the point of falling at his feet in reverence, but the instant it crossed my mind that he would take it merely as my joy that Mitya was being saved (and he certainly would have thought so!), I was so exasperated by the sheer possibility of so unjust a thought on his part that I flared up again, and instead of kissing his feet, made him another scene!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я хотела было упасть… но как подумала вдруг","title":"The particle «было»: an interrupted intention","body":"«Хотела было упасть» uses the special particle «было», which marks an action begun or intended but then broken off — 'I was about to / I made to fall, but…'. It is a distinct grammatical device (not the verb 'to be') signaling an aborted move, exactly the abrupt reversal the sentence describes."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"а он бы непременно это подумал","title":"Parenthetical conditional with «бы»","body":"«Он бы… подумал» is the conditional/subjunctive — past-form verb plus «бы» — slipped in as a parenthetical: 'and he certainly would have thought so'. The «бы» leans here on the pronoun «он» rather than the verb, showing the particle's mobility."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вместо того, чтоб целовать его ноги, сделала… сцену","title":"«вместо того, чтоб» + infinitive","body":"«Вместо того, чтоб + infinitive» means 'instead of doing': the correlative «того» (genitive after «вместо») points to the «чтоб»-clause, which takes the imperfective infinitive «целовать» ('kissing'). The contrast with the perfective «сделала… сцену» ('made a scene') sharpens the self-reproach."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хотела","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"хотела","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was about to"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary particle, past","role":"auxiliary of хотела (idiom 'хотела было')","gloss":"(nearly)","note":"Хотела было = 'was on the point of...' (an action begun but not completed) — an archaic/literary construction."},{"surface":"упасть","lemma":"упасть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотела","gloss":"to fall"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ногам","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ногам","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of упасть","gloss":"feet"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ногам (his)","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking благоговении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"благоговении","lemma":"благоговение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of упасть","gloss":"reverence"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of подумала","gloss":"as soon as"},{"surface":"подумала","lemma":"подумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on раздражена","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подумала","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сочтет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сочтет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"сочтет","lemma":"счесть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of подумала","gloss":"would take"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сочтет","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies лишь","gloss":"merely"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies радость","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking радость","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"радость","lemma":"радость","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сочтет","gloss":"joy"},{"surface":"мою","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of радость","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of спасают (complement of радость)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"спасают","lemma":"спасать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of радость","gloss":"are saving"},{"surface":"Митю","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of спасают","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подумал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"conditional marker of подумал","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подумал","gloss":"certainly"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of подумал","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"подумал","lemma":"подумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"would have thought"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"resumptive, introduces the main clause раздражена","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of раздражена (idiom 'до того...что')","gloss":"such an extent"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of раздражена","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"раздражена","lemma":"раздражить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"exasperated"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies одною","gloss":"by the mere"},{"surface":"одною","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies возможностью","gloss":"sheer"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies возможностью","gloss":"mere"},{"surface":"возможностью","lemma":"возможность","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of раздражена","gloss":"possibility"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of мысли","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"несправедливой","lemma":"несправедливый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мысли","gloss":"unjust"},{"surface":"мысли","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies возможностью","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стороны","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of стороны","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"стороны","lemma":"сторона","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мысли (idiom 'с его стороны')","gloss":"part"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the result clause of раздражилась","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раздражилась","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"раздражилась","lemma":"раздражиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the result clause","gloss":"flared up"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вместо","lemma":"вместо","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"instead of"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of вместо","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of целовать","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"целовать","lemma":"целовать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of того (idiom 'вместо того чтоб')","gloss":"kissing"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ноги","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"ноги","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of целовать","gloss":"feet"},{"surface":"сделала","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with раздражилась","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сделала","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of сделала","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"сцену","lemma":"сцена","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of сделала","gloss":"a scene"}]},{"number":42,"label":"42","id":"epi-c1-s42","source":"О, я несчастна!","translation":"Oh, I am wretched!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я несчастна","title":"Short adjective predicate «несчастна»","body":"«Несчастна» is the short feminine form of «несчастный» ('unhappy, wretched'), used predicatively with a zero copula in the present — 'I am wretched'. The short form is the bookish, emphatic choice for such a cry of state."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of несчастна","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"несчастна","lemma":"несчастный","morphology":"adjective, short form, feminine, singular","role":"predicate adjective, head of the phrase","gloss":"wretched"}]},{"number":43,"label":"43","id":"epi-c1-s43","source":"Таков мой характер — ужасный, несчастный характер!","translation":"Such is my character — a dreadful, wretched character!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Таков мой характер","title":"Predicative «таков»","body":"«Таков» is the special short predicative form of «такой» ('such'), used only as a predicate and agreeing in gender/number — 'such is my character'. Its inversion to the front («Таков мой характер») gives a sententious, summing-up ring."}],"words":[{"surface":"Таков","lemma":"таков","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate, head of the phrase","gloss":"such is"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of характер","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"характер","lemma":"характер","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Таков","gloss":"character"},{"surface":"ужасный","lemma":"ужасный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies характер (w6)","gloss":"dreadful"},{"surface":"несчастный","lemma":"несчастный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with ужасный","gloss":"wretched"},{"surface":"характер","lemma":"характер","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to характер (w3)","gloss":"character"}]},{"number":44,"label":"44","id":"epi-c1-s44","source":"О, вы еще увидите: я сделаю, я доведу-таки до того, что и он бросит меня для другой, с которой легче живется, как Дмитрий, но тогда… нет, тогда уже я не перенесу, я убью себя!","translation":"Oh, you will see yet: I shall bring it about, I shall drive things to the point where he too abandons me for another woman with whom life comes easier, just as Dmitri did, but then… no, then I shall not bear it, I shall kill myself!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я доведу-таки до того, что… он бросит меня","title":"«довести до того, что…» + particle «-таки»","body":"«Довести до того, что…» ('to drive things to the point that…') uses correlative «того» (genitive after «до») pointing to the «что»-clause of result. The clitic «-таки» on «доведу» means 'after all, in the end' — a stubborn insistence that she will indeed bring it about."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с которой легче живется","title":"Impersonal «живется» + comparative","body":"«Живется» is the -ся verb «житься» used impersonally — 'living is/comes (easier)', with no subject and an implied dative experiencer. «Легче» is the invariable comparative of «легко» ('more easily'). Together: 'with whom life comes easier'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я не перенесу, я убью себя","title":"Reflexive «себя» as object","body":"«Убью себя» ('I shall kill myself') uses the full reflexive pronoun «себя» as a real accusative object — distinct from the verbal clitic -ся. «Себя» has no nominative and refers back to whoever is the subject. Both «перенесу» and «убью» are perfective futures of vehement resolve."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of увидите","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies увидите","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"увидите","lemma":"увидеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will see"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сделаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сделаю","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to увидите","gloss":"shall bring it about"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of доведу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"доведу","lemma":"довести","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with сделаю","gloss":"shall drive things"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"таки","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies доведу (emphatic)","gloss":"indeed","note":"Доведу-таки is often written with a hyphen; таки emphasizes that the action will indeed happen."},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of доведу (idiom 'довести до того, что')","gloss":"the point"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of бросит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies он (emphatic 'even')","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of бросит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"бросит","lemma":"бросить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying того","gloss":"abandons"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of бросит","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking другой","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бросит","gloss":"another woman"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"которой","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of живется","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"легче","lemma":"легко","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies живется","gloss":"more easily"},{"surface":"живется","lemma":"житься","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, reflexive, third, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on другой","gloss":"life goes"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison with Дмитрий","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"Дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of живется (comparison)","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"trailing, elliptical clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"interjection","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies перенесу","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies перенесу (with не, 'no longer')","gloss":"any longer"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of перенесу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies перенесу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"перенесу","lemma":"перенести","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb, coordinated with убью","gloss":"will bear it"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of убью","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"убью","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with перенесу","gloss":"will kill"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of убью","gloss":"myself"}]},{"number":45,"label":"45","id":"epi-c1-s45","source":"А когда вы вошли тогда и когда я вас кликнула, а ему велела воротиться, то, как вошел он с вами, меня до того захватил гнев за ненавистный, презрительный взгляд, которым он вдруг поглядел на меня, что — помните — я вдруг закричала вам, что это он, он один уверил меня, что брат его Дмитрий убийца!","translation":"And when you came in that day and I called you over, and bade him turn back, then, as he entered with you, I was so seized by rage at the hateful, contemptuous look he suddenly shot at me that — you remember — I suddenly cried out to you that it was he, he alone, who had assured me that his brother Dmitri was the murderer!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"меня до того захватил гнев… что","title":"«до того… что»: degree result","body":"«До того… что…» means 'to such a degree that…': «до того захватил гнев» ('rage seized me so much') sets up the «что»-clause of consequence. The object «меня» (accusative) is fronted ahead of verb and subject «гнев», the new agent landing later for force."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"за… взгляд, которым он вдруг поглядел на меня","title":"Relative «которым» in the instrumental","body":"«Которым» (instrumental, agreeing with masculine «взгляд») opens a relative clause: «поглядеть… взглядом» takes the instrumental of manner — 'the look with which he glanced at me'. So the relative pronoun carries the case its role inside the clause demands."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"это он, он один уверил меня","title":"Emphatic repetition and «один»","body":"The cleft «это он, он один…» ('it was he, he alone…') uses fronting «это» + nominative for emphasis, and «один» here means 'alone, by himself' rather than the number one. The stammered repetition mimics Katya's accusatory outburst in court."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вошли","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of вошли","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"вошли","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on захватил","gloss":"came in"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вошли","gloss":"that day"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of кликнула","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of кликнула","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of кликнула","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"кликнула","lemma":"кликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вошли","gloss":"called out to"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of велела","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"велела","lemma":"велеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with кликнула","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"воротиться","lemma":"воротиться","morphology":"verb, reflexive, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of велела","gloss":"to turn back"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"resumptive, introduces the main clause захватил","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вошел","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"вошел","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying то","gloss":"entered"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вошел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"вами","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of вошел","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of захватил","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of захватил (idiom 'до того...что')","gloss":"such a degree"},{"surface":"захватил","lemma":"захватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seized"},{"surface":"гнев","lemma":"гнев","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of захватил","gloss":"rage"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking взгляд","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ненавистный","lemma":"ненавистный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies взгляд","gloss":"hateful"},{"surface":"презрительный","lemma":"презрительный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with ненавистный","gloss":"contemptuous"},{"surface":"взгляд","lemma":"взгляд","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of захватил","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"которым","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поглядел","gloss":"with which"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поглядел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поглядел","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"поглядел","lemma":"поглядеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on взгляд","gloss":"glanced"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of поглядел","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the result clause of закричала","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"помните","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"parenthetical aside","gloss":"you remember"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of закричала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies закричала","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"закричала","lemma":"закричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the result clause","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of закричала","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clausal complement of закричала","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"particle, cleft construction","role":"introduces он (cleft, 'it was he')","gloss":"it was"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of закричала (cleft predicate)","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of уверил (emphatic repetition)","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies он","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"уверил","lemma":"уверить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with закричала","gloss":"assured"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of уверил","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clausal complement of уверил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of убийца","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies брат","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"Дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to брат","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"убийца","lemma":"убийца","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of брат","gloss":"the murderer"}]},{"number":46,"label":"46","id":"epi-c1-s46","source":"Я нарочно наклеветала, чтоб еще раз уязвить его, он же никогда, никогда не уверял меня, что брат — убийца, напротив, в этом я, я сама уверяла его!","translation":"I slandered him on purpose, to wound him once more, whereas he had never, never assured me that his brother was the murderer — on the contrary, in that it was I, I myself, who had been assuring him!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"он же никогда, никогда не уверял меня","title":"Negative concord with «никогда»","body":"«Никогда… не уверял» shows obligatory negative concord: the ни-adverb «никогда» ('never') still requires «не» on the verb — two negatives, one meaning. The doubled «никогда, никогда» intensifies; the particle «же» ('whereas, but') marks the contrast with what she had claimed."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в этом я, я сама уверяла его","title":"Intensive «сама» + fronted topic","body":"«Я сама» ('I myself') uses the emphatic «сам/сама» to insist on the agent, and «в этом» ('in that', prepositional after «в») is fronted as the topic. Imperfective «уверяла» depicts her repeated assuring of Ivan — 'it was I who kept assuring him'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of наклеветала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"нарочно","lemma":"нарочно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies наклеветала","gloss":"on purpose"},{"surface":"наклеветала","lemma":"наклеветать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"slandered"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of уязвить","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of уязвить","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"уязвить","lemma":"уязвить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"purpose clause on наклеветала","gloss":"to wound"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of уязвить","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of уверял","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies он (contrastive)","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уверял","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уверял","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies уверял","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"уверял","lemma":"уверять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"contrasted with наклеветала","gloss":"assured"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of уверял","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of убийца","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of убийца","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"убийца","lemma":"убийца","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of уверял","gloss":"the murderer"},{"surface":"напротив","lemma":"напротив","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to уверяла","gloss":"on the contrary"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of уверяла","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of уверяла","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of уверяла","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сама","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies я (emphatic)","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"уверяла","lemma":"уверять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"contrasted with уверял","gloss":"was assuring"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of уверяла","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":47,"label":"47","id":"epi-c1-s47","source":"О, всему, всему причиною мое бешенство!","translation":"Oh, the cause of it all, of everything, was my own frenzy!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"всему, всему причиною мое бешенство","title":"Instrumental predicate «причиною»","body":"«Причиною» is the instrumental of «причина» ('cause') in its older -ою ending, serving as predicate: 'my frenzy was the cause of everything'. «Всему» is the dative governed by «причина чему» ('cause of what'). The bare, copula-less construction has an exclamatory, archaic ring."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"бешенство","title":"«бешенство»: frenzy, rabid fury","body":"«Бешенство» means raging frenzy or fury, from «бешеный» ('rabid, mad' — originally of a rabid animal). It is stronger than «гнев» (anger): Katya names her outburst a kind of madness, accepting full blame for it."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation opening the sentence","gloss":"Oh"},{"surface":"всему","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of причиною","gloss":"of it all"},{"surface":"всему","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of причиною","gloss":"of everything"},{"surface":"причиною","lemma":"причина","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of бешенство (implied copula)","gloss":"the cause"},{"surface":"мое","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of бешенство","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"бешенство","lemma":"бешенство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of причиною","gloss":"frenzy"}]},{"number":48,"label":"48","id":"epi-c1-s48","source":"Это я, я и приготовила эту проклятую сцену в суде!","translation":"It was I, I who got up that accursed scene in court!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это я, я и приготовила эту проклятую сцену","title":"Cleft «это я» + emphatic «и»","body":"«Это я… и приготовила» is a cleft of self-accusation — 'it was I who got up that scene'. The particle «и» before the verb ('it was indeed I who…') reinforces the cleft, and the repeated «я, я» drives the guilt home. «Приготовила» is perfective: a single engineered act."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"topicalized subject, resumed by я","gloss":"It"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"predicate complement of Это","gloss":"was I"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of приготовила","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies приготовила (emphatic)","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"приготовила","lemma":"приготовить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"got up"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of сцену","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"проклятую","lemma":"проклятый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies сцену","gloss":"accursed"},{"surface":"сцену","lemma":"сцена","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of приготовила","gloss":"scene"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking суде","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"суде","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приготовила","gloss":"court"}]},{"number":49,"label":"49","id":"epi-c1-s49","source":"Он захотел доказать мне, что он благороден и что пусть я и люблю его брата, но он все-таки не погубит его из мести и ревности.","translation":"He wanted to prove to me that he was honorable, and that, though I might love his brother, he would not for all that ruin him out of vengeance and jealousy.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пусть я и люблю его брата, но он… не погубит","title":"Concessive «пусть … но»","body":"«Пусть» here is concessive, not an imperative — 'even though / let it be that I love his brother, still he…'. With the particle «и» ('even if I do love…') it grants the point before «но» overturns it. «Не погубит» is a negated perfective future, 'he will not ruin'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"из мести и ревности","title":"Cause «из» + genitive","body":"«Из мести и ревности» ('out of vengeance and jealousy') uses «из» + genitive to give the motive from which one would act. Two abstract nouns in the genitive name the base motives Ivan refuses to be ruled by."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of захотел","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"захотел","lemma":"захотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"доказать","lemma":"доказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of захотел","gloss":"to prove"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of доказать","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of благороден","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of благороден","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"благороден","lemma":"благородный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of доказать","gloss":"was honorable"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the two что-clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause (люблю...погубит)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"пусть","lemma":"пусть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies люблю (concessive)","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of люблю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies люблю (emphatic)","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"люблю","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the concessive clause","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of брата","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"брата","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of люблю","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of погубит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies погубит (part of все-таки idiom)","gloss":"still","note":"все-таки is a set phrase meaning 'nonetheless, all the same'."},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies погубит (part of все-таки idiom)","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies погубит","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"погубит","lemma":"погубить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause, contrasted with люблю via но","gloss":"would ruin"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of погубит","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мести","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"мести","lemma":"месть","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of погубит","gloss":"vengeance"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ревности","lemma":"ревность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with мести","gloss":"jealousy"}]},{"number":50,"label":"50","id":"epi-c1-s50","source":"Вот он и вышел в суде…","translation":"So he came out with it in court…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вот он и вышел в суде","title":"Idiomatic «вышел» + particle «и»","body":"«Вот он и вышел» — 'and so he came out with it' — pairs the resultative «вот… и» frame with «вышел» in its sense 'came out, made his move'. The clipped clause, trailing off, lets Katya's account of Ivan's courtroom self-sacrifice hang unfinished."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вышел","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вышел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вышел (emphatic)","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"вышел","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came out with it"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking суде","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"суде","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вышел","gloss":"court"}]},{"number":51,"label":"51","id":"epi-c1-s51","source":"Я всему причиною, я одна виновата!","translation":"I am the cause of it all, I alone am to blame!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я всему причиною, я одна виновата","title":"Two predicates of guilt","body":"First the instrumental predicate «причиною» ('I am the cause of everything', «всему» dative); then the short adjective «виновата» ('guilty, to blame', feminine short form) with «одна» ('alone'). The pairing — cause and guilt — closes the confession on a note of total self-accusation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of причиною","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"всему","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of причиною","gloss":"of everything"},{"surface":"причиною","lemma":"причина","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of Я (implied copula)","gloss":"am the cause"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of виновата","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"одна","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies я (apposition)","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"виновата","lemma":"виноватый","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with причиною","gloss":"am to blame"}]},{"number":52,"label":"52","id":"epi-c1-s52","source":"Еще никогда не делала Катя таких признаний Алеше, и он почувствовал, что она теперь именно в той степени невыносимого страдания, когда самое гордое сердце с болью крушит свою гордость и падает побежденное горем.","translation":"Never before had Katya made such confessions to Alyosha, and he felt that she was now precisely at that pitch of unendurable suffering when the proudest heart shatters its own pride in pain and falls, vanquished by grief.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Еще никогда не делала Катя таких признаний","title":"Inversion + genitive of negation","body":"The sentence opens with the negated verb «не делала» before its subject «Катя» for emphasis ('never yet had Katya made…'), and the negated object «таких признаний» stands in the genitive of negation. «Никогда… не» is the usual negative concord."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"когда самое гордое сердце… крушит свою гордость и падает побежденное","title":"Superlative «самое» + past passive participle «побежденное»","body":"«Самое гордое сердце» uses «самый/самое» to form the superlative 'the proudest heart'. The clause closes with the past passive participle «побежденное» ('vanquished', from «победить»), agreeing as a neuter adjective with «сердце» — 'falls, conquered by grief'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies никогда","gloss":"not yet"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies делала","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies делала","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"делала","lemma":"делать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had made"},{"surface":"Катя","lemma":"катя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of делала","gloss":"Katya"},{"surface":"таких","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of признаний","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"признаний","lemma":"признание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of делала","gloss":"confessions"},{"surface":"Алеше","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of делала","gloss":"to Alyosha"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of почувствовал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"почувствовал","lemma":"почувствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with делала","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of степени","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of степени","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies степени","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies степени","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking степени","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"той","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of степени","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"степени","lemma":"степень","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"clausal complement of почувствовал","gloss":"pitch"},{"surface":"невыносимого","lemma":"невыносимый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies страдания","gloss":"unendurable"},{"surface":"страдания","lemma":"страдание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies степени","gloss":"of suffering"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause modifying степени","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"самое","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies гордое (superlative intensifier)","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"гордое","lemma":"гордый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies сердце","gloss":"proudest"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of крушит","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking болью","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"болью","lemma":"боль","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies крушит","gloss":"pain"},{"surface":"крушит","lemma":"крушить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the когда-clause","gloss":"shatters"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of гордость","gloss":"its own"},{"surface":"гордость","lemma":"гордость","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of крушит","gloss":"pride"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"падает","lemma":"падать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with крушит","gloss":"falls"},{"surface":"побежденное","lemma":"победить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"complement of падает","gloss":"vanquished"},{"surface":"горем","lemma":"горе","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of побежденное","gloss":"by grief"}]},{"number":53,"label":"53","id":"epi-c1-s53","source":"О, Алеша знал и еще одну ужасную причину ее теперешней муки, как ни скрывала она ее от него во все эти дни после осуждения Мити; но ему почему-то было бы слишком больно, если б она до того решилась пасть ниц, что заговорила бы с ним сама, теперь, сейчас, и об этой причине.","translation":"Oh, Alyosha knew yet another terrible cause of her present torment, however she had hidden it from him through all these days since Mitya's conviction; but for some reason it would have been too painful for him if she had brought herself to the point of falling prostrate and had spoken to him of her own accord, now, this very moment, about that cause as well.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как ни скрывала она ее","title":"Concessive «как ни…»","body":"«Как ни скрывала» is the concessive idiom 'however much she hid it' — «ни» here intensifies within a concession rather than negating, and the imperfective «скрывала» stresses her sustained effort to conceal. The construction grants the hiding while the main clause says Alyosha knew anyway."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"было бы слишком больно, если б она… решилась пасть ниц… заговорила бы","title":"Unreal conditional with «бы»","body":"A full unreal conditional: protasis «если б она… решилась… заговорила бы» (past-form verbs + «бы») and apodosis «было бы… больно» (impersonal dative-feeling predicate + «бы»). The «бы» recurs in each limb, the hallmark of the Russian subjunctive."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пасть ниц","title":"«пасть ниц»: to fall prostrate","body":"«Пасть ниц» is a solemn, Church-Slavonic-tinged phrase — to throw oneself face-down to the ground (the adverb «ниц», 'face downward'). It carries the charge of penitential prostration, the bodily gesture of confession and abasement that recurs throughout the novel's spiritual scenes."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation opening the sentence","gloss":"Oh"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies еще (also)","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies одну","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"одну","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies причину","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"ужасную","lemma":"ужасный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies причину","gloss":"terrible"},{"surface":"причину","lemma":"причина","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of знал","gloss":"cause"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of муки","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"теперешней","lemma":"теперешний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies муки","gloss":"present"},{"surface":"муки","lemma":"мука","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies причину","gloss":"torment"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause of скрывала","gloss":"however","note":"как ни + verb = 'no matter how much she hid it'."},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies скрывала (concessive, with как)","gloss":"-ever"},{"surface":"скрывала","lemma":"скрывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"concessive clause on знал","gloss":"hid"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of скрывала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of скрывала","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of скрывала","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дни","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of дни","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of дни","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"дни","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of скрывала","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking осуждения","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"осуждения","lemma":"осуждение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies дни","gloss":"the conviction"},{"surface":"Мити","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies осуждения","gloss":"of Mitya"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of больно","gloss":"for him"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему-то","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies было (part of почему-то idiom)","gloss":"for some","note":"почему-то means 'for some reason'."},{"surface":"то","lemma":"почему-то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the почему-то idiom","gloss":"reason"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to больно","gloss":"would have been"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks conditional mood on было","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"слишком","lemma":"слишком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies больно","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"больно","lemma":"больно","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of ему-clause, contrasted with знал via но","gloss":"painful"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause of решилась","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"б","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks conditional mood on решилась","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of решилась","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of решилась (до того...что correlative)","gloss":"the point"},{"surface":"решилась","lemma":"решиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the если-clause","gloss":"brought herself"},{"surface":"пасть","lemma":"пасть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of решилась","gloss":"to fall"},{"surface":"ниц","lemma":"ниц","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пасть","gloss":"prostrate"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the result clause (до того...что)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"заговорила","lemma":"заговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"result clause correlating with до того","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks conditional mood on заговорила","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заговорила","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"сама","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies заговорила (of her own accord)","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заговорила","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with теперь","gloss":"this instant"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links причине to the rest of заговорила's complements","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking причине","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of причине","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"причине","lemma":"причина","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"additional oblique complement of заговорила","gloss":"cause"}]},{"number":54,"label":"54","id":"epi-c1-s54","source":"Она страдала за свое «предательство» на суде, и Алеша предчувствовал, что совесть тянет ее повиниться, именно перед ним, перед Алешей, со слезами, со взвизгами, с истерикой, с битьем об пол.","translation":"She was suffering over her \"betrayal\" at the trial, and Alyosha had a presentiment that her conscience was driving her to confess, precisely to him, to Alyosha, with tears, with shrieks, with hysterics, with beating herself against the floor.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"совесть тянет ее повиниться","title":"«тянуть» + infinitive: an inner pull","body":"«Тянет ее повиниться» — literally 'her conscience pulls her to confess' — uses «тянуть» figuratively for an inward compulsion, with «ее» (accusative) the one drawn and the infinitive «повиниться» ('to own one's guilt', perfective -ся) the act. A vivid Russian way to render irresistible inner urge."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"со слезами, со взвизгами, с истерикой, с битьем об пол","title":"Anaphora of instrumental «с»","body":"A drumbeat of «с» + instrumental phrases — 'with tears, with shrieks, with hysterics, with beating against the floor' — accumulates the manner of the dreaded confession. «Взвизги» (shrill cries) and «битье об пол» (hurling oneself on the floor) escalate the physical violence Alyosha foresees."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of страдала","gloss":"She"},{"surface":"страдала","lemma":"страдать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"suffered"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking предательство","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"свое","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of предательство","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"предательство","lemma":"предательство","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of страдала","gloss":"betrayal"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking суде","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"суде","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of страдала","gloss":"the trial"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of предчувствовал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"предчувствовал","lemma":"предчувствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with страдала","gloss":"sensed"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of тянет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"совесть","lemma":"совесть","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of тянет","gloss":"conscience"},{"surface":"тянет","lemma":"тянуть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of предчувствовал","gloss":"was driving"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of тянет","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"повиниться","lemma":"повиниться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of тянет","gloss":"to confess"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ним","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"перед","lemma":"перед","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of повиниться","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"перед","lemma":"перед","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Алешей","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Алешей","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with ним","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking слезами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"слезами","lemma":"слеза","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with ним","gloss":"tears"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking взвизгами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"взвизгами","lemma":"взвизг","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with ним","gloss":"shrieks"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking истерикой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"истерикой","lemma":"истерика","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with ним","gloss":"hysterics"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking битьем","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"битьем","lemma":"битьё","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with ним","gloss":"beating"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пол","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"пол","lemma":"пол","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies битьем","gloss":"the floor"}]},{"number":55,"label":"55","id":"epi-c1-s55","source":"Но он боялся этой минуты и желал пощадить страдающую.","translation":"But he dreaded that moment and longed to spare the suffering woman.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"желал пощадить страдающую","title":"Substantivized present active participle «страдающую»","body":"«Страдающую» is a present active participle from «страдать» ('suffering') used as a noun — 'the suffering woman' — in the accusative feminine as object of «пощадить» ('to spare'). The participle both verbalizes and substantivizes in one stroke, a compact literary touch."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of боялся","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"боялся","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"dreaded"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуты","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"минуты","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of боялся","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"желал","lemma":"желать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with боялся","gloss":"longed"},{"surface":"пощадить","lemma":"пощадить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of желал","gloss":"to spare"},{"surface":"страдающую","lemma":"страдать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, feminine, singular, accusative, imperfective","role":"direct object of пощадить","gloss":"the suffering woman"}]},{"number":56,"label":"56","id":"epi-c1-s56","source":"Тем труднее становилось поручение, с которым он пришел.","translation":"All the harder, then, grew the errand on which he had come.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Тем труднее становилось поручение","title":"«тем + comparative»: 'all the harder'","body":"«Тем труднее» is the «(чем)… тем + comparative» correlative shorn of its first half — 'all the harder, then'. «Труднее» is the invariable comparative of «трудный»; imperfective «становилось» ('was becoming') frames the growing difficulty as a process."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of становилось","gloss":"all the"},{"surface":"труднее","lemma":"трудный","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"part of the phrase Тем","gloss":"harder"},{"surface":"становилось","lemma":"становиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"grew"},{"surface":"поручение","lemma":"поручение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of становилось","gloss":"errand"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которым","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"которым","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пришел","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пришел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"пришел","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on поручение","gloss":"had come"}]},{"number":57,"label":"57","id":"epi-c1-s57","source":"Он опять заговорил о Мите.","translation":"He spoke again of Mitya.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Он опять заговорил о Мите","title":"Inceptive perfective «заговорил»","body":"«Заговорил» is a perfective with the inceptive prefix «за-», meaning 'began to speak / started talking' — the prefix marks the onset of the action. «О Мите» ('about Mitya') is prepositional after «о», with «Мите» the dative/prepositional of the diminutive «Митя»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заговорил","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заговорил","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"заговорил","lemma":"заговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Мите","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Мите","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заговорил","gloss":"Mitya"}]},{"number":58,"label":"58","id":"epi-c1-s58","source":"— Ничего, ничего, за него не бойтесь! — упрямо и резко начала опять Катя, — всё это у него на минуту, я его знаю, я слишком знаю это сердце.","translation":"\"Never mind, never mind, don't be afraid for him!\" Katya began again, stubbornly and sharply. \"All this with him is only for a moment, I know him, I know that heart far too well.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"за него не бойтесь","title":"Negated imperative of a -ся verb","body":"«Не бойтесь» is the negated polite imperative of «бояться» ('to fear') — a verb that exists only in the -ся form. «За него» ('for him', «за» + accusative) marks the person feared for: 'don't be afraid for him'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я слишком знаю это сердце","title":"«слишком знаю»: intensive 'know all too well'","body":"«Слишком знаю» ('I know all too well') stretches «слишком» ('too, excessively') to an emotional intensifier rather than a literal excess. Imperfective «знаю» states an enduring, settled knowledge — her intimate, weary familiarity with Mitya's heart."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"exclamatory phrase, precedes бойтесь","gloss":"Never mind"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"coordinated with Ничего","gloss":"never mind"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бойтесь","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies бойтесь","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"бойтесь","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the imperative clause","gloss":"be afraid"},{"surface":"упрямо","lemma":"упрямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начала","gloss":"stubbornly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"резко","lemma":"резко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начала","gloss":"sharply"},{"surface":"начала","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начала","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"Катя","lemma":"катя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of начала","gloss":"Katya"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of это","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the clause (predicate на минуту)","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of the clause","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of это (implied copula)","gloss":"a moment"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of знаю","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"слишком","lemma":"слишком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"too well"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with previous знаю","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of сердце","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of знаю","gloss":"heart"}]},{"number":59,"label":"59","id":"epi-c1-s59","source":"Будьте уверены, что он согласится бежать.","translation":"Rest assured, he will consent to escape.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Будьте уверены, что он согласится бежать","title":"Imperative «будьте» + short participle","body":"«Будьте уверены» ('rest assured') is the imperative of «быть» plus the short passive participle «уверены» ('assured'). It heads a «что»-clause of content; «согласится бежать» joins perfective future «согласится» ('will consent') to the infinitive «бежать» ('to escape')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Будьте","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking to уверены","gloss":"Be"},{"surface":"уверены","lemma":"уверенный","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"assured"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of согласится","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of согласится","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"согласится","lemma":"согласиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of уверены","gloss":"will consent"},{"surface":"бежать","lemma":"бежать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of согласится","gloss":"to escape"}]},{"number":60,"label":"60","id":"epi-c1-s60","source":"И, главное, это не сейчас; будет еще время ему решиться.","translation":"And the main thing is, it is not for now; there will still be time for him to make up his mind.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"будет еще время ему решиться","title":"Existential «будет время» + dative","body":"«Будет… время ему решиться» — 'there will still be time for him to decide' — uses «будет» existentially ('there will be') with «время» and a dative «ему» naming for whom, plus the perfective infinitive «решиться» ('to make up one's mind', -ся). The dative-experiencer framing keeps the focus on what is granted to Mitya."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links to the previous sentence","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"главное","lemma":"главный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"parenthetical, modifies the whole clause","gloss":"the main thing"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of сейчас","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сейчас","gloss":"isn't"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of это (implied copula)","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause (existential)","gloss":"there will be"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies время","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of будет","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of решиться","gloss":"for him"},{"surface":"решиться","lemma":"решиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"infinitive complement of время","gloss":"to decide"}]},{"number":61,"label":"61","id":"epi-c1-s61","source":"Иван Федорович к тому времени выздоровеет и сам всё поведет, так что мне ничего не придется делать.","translation":"Ivan Fyodorovich will have recovered by then and will manage everything himself, so that I shall have nothing to do.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"выздоровеет","title":"Perfective future: 'will have recovered'","body":"«выздоровеет» is the perfective verb «выздороветь» (to get well, fully) conjugated like a present — which, for a perfective, yields the future of a single completed event. It pictures the recovery as already achieved by then, which our 'will have recovered' captures."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"мне ничего не придется делать","title":"Dative experiencer with «не придётся»","body":"An impersonal construction: there is no nominative subject, and the person affected — «мне» — stands in the dative. «придётся» ('it will fall to one') plus the negated «ничего» means 'I shall have nothing to do.' Note the negative concord: «ничего… не»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выздоровеет","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking времени","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, dative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of времени","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"времени","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of выздоровеет","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"выздоровеет","lemma":"выздороветь","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will have recovered"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Иван Федорович (intensifier)","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of поведет","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"поведет","lemma":"повести","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with выздоровеет","gloss":"will manage"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так что","morphology":"adverb","role":"combines with что to form 'so that'","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"так что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the result clause of придется","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of придется","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"subject of придется","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies придется","gloss":"won't"},{"surface":"придется","lemma":"прийтись","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"result clause on поведет","gloss":"have to"},{"surface":"делать","lemma":"делать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on придется","gloss":"do"}]},{"number":62,"label":"62","id":"epi-c1-s62","source":"Не беспокойтесь, согласится бежать.","translation":"Don't worry, he will consent to escape.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"согласится бежать","title":"Subject dropped; perfective future","body":"The subject pronoun «он» is omitted because the ending of «согласится» already marks 3rd-person singular. «согласится» is perfective future ('he will consent'), followed by the imperfective infinitive «бежать» — here in its lexicalised sense 'to escape, flee.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не беспокойтесь","title":"Polite negative imperative with -ся","body":"«беспокойтесь» is the polite/plural imperative of the reflexive verb «беспокоиться» (to worry oneself), with «не» making it the reassurance 'don't worry.' The -сь is the post-vowel form of the reflexive clitic -ся."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies беспокойтесь","gloss":"Don't"},{"surface":"беспокойтесь","lemma":"беспокоиться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"worry"},{"surface":"согласится","lemma":"согласиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with беспокойтесь","gloss":"he will consent"},{"surface":"бежать","lemma":"бежать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of согласится","gloss":"to escape"}]},{"number":63,"label":"63","id":"epi-c1-s63","source":"Да он уже и согласен: разве может он свою тварь оставить?","translation":"Why, he has already consented: how could he abandon his creature?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"тварь","title":"тварь: 'creature' as an insult","body":"Literally 'a created being,' «тварь» is used here as a contemptuous slur for a woman (Grushenka); we render it 'creature.' Note that Katya then turns it on herself — «Это я тварь, я!» ('It is I who am the creature, I!') — so the same word swings from insult to self-accusation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"разве может он","title":"«разве» — an incredulous rhetorical question","body":"The particle «разве» frames a rhetorical question expecting the answer 'no, of course not' — 'how could he possibly…?' Combined with the inverted «может он», it gives Katya's line its scornful, foregone-conclusion tone."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"свою тварь","title":"Reflexive possessive «свою»","body":"«свою» (from «свой», 'one's own') points back to the clause's subject «он» — his own creature. Using «его» instead would mean someone else's. The reflexive possessive keeps the ownership pinned to Mitya himself."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies согласен (discourse marker)","gloss":"Why"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of согласен","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies согласен","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies согласен (emphatic)","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"согласен","lemma":"согласный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"has consented"},{"surface":"разве","lemma":"разве","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies может (rhetorical)","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to согласен","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of может","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of тварь","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"тварь","lemma":"тварь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of оставить","gloss":"creature"},{"surface":"оставить","lemma":"оставить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"abandon"}]},{"number":64,"label":"64","id":"epi-c1-s64","source":"А в каторгу ее не пустят, так как же ему не бежать?","translation":"And they won't let her into penal servitude, so how can he not escape?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"в каторгу ее не пустят","title":"Impersonal 3rd-person plural 'they'","body":"«не пустят» is a subjectless 3rd-person-plural ('they won't let'), Russian's standard way of saying 'one is not allowed' without naming an agent — here the authorities. «её» is the accusative object, fronted before the verb."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как же ему не бежать","title":"Dative subject + «же» + negated infinitive","body":"Another dative-experiencer frame: «ему… не бежать» ('how is he to not escape?'), with the bare infinitive expressing obligation or inevitability. The particle «же» intensifies the 'how on earth…?' rhetorical force."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking каторгу","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"каторгу","lemma":"каторга","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пустят","gloss":"penal servitude"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of пустят","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пустят","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"пустят","lemma":"пустить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will let"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бежать","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"logical subject of бежать (dative + infinitive)","gloss":"he","note":"Dative + infinitive is a normal Russian way to phrase 'how can he not...' — ему is the logical subject of бежать."},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies бежать","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"бежать","lemma":"бежать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the rhetorical question (as как же ему не бежать?), linked to пустят only via так, not an adverbial clause on it","gloss":"escape"}]},{"number":65,"label":"65","id":"epi-c1-s65","source":"Он, главное, вас боится, боится, что вы не одобрите побега с нравственной стороны, но вы должны ему это великодушно позволить, если уж так необходима тут ваша санкция, — с ядом прибавила Катя.","translation":"Above all, he is afraid of you — afraid that you will not approve of the escape on moral grounds, but you must magnanimously grant him this leave, if your sanction is so indispensable here,\" Katya added venomously.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"боится, что вы не одобрите","title":"Genitive object & «что»-clause of fear","body":"«боится» (he fears) is one of the verbs that exists only in the reflexive -ся form and governs the genitive; here it opens onto a «что»-clause reporting what is feared. «не одобрите» is a negated perfective future."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"если уж так необходима тут ваша санкция","title":"Short adjective «необходима»","body":"«необходима» is the short (predicative) feminine form of «необходимый» ('indispensable'), agreeing with «санкция». Short adjectives are bookish and predicate-only, lending Katya's barb its sharp, almost legal precision — heightened by the conceding particle «уж»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"с ядом","title":"«с ядом» — 'venomously'","body":"Literally 'with poison,' the adverbial phrase «с ядом прибавила» means she added the words venomously. Dostoevsky favours such concrete instrumental-of-manner phrases to colour a speaker's tone."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"великодушно","title":"«великодушно» — 'magnanimously'","body":"A bookish compound adverb from «велик-» (great) + «душ-» (soul), 'great-souled' = magnanimously. Katya wields it ironically: Mitya is to 'magnanimously' grant his own escape."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of боится","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"главное","lemma":"главное","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifying боится","gloss":"above all"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"genitive complement of боится","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"боится","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is afraid"},{"surface":"боится","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"repeated for emphasis, governs the что-clause","gloss":"is afraid"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of одобрите","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of одобрите","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies одобрите","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"одобрите","lemma":"одобрить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of боится","gloss":"will approve"},{"surface":"побега","lemma":"побег","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of одобрите","gloss":"the escape"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стороны","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"нравственной","lemma":"нравственный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies стороны","gloss":"moral"},{"surface":"стороны","lemma":"сторона","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial modifier of одобрите","gloss":"side (of it)"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of должны","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"должны","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"head of the clause, governs позволить","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of позволить","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of позволить","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"великодушно","lemma":"великодушно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies позволить","gloss":"magnanimously"},{"surface":"позволить","lemma":"позволить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of должны","gloss":"grant"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of необходима","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies необходима","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"необходима","lemma":"необходимый","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial clause on позволить","gloss":"indispensable"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies необходима","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"ваша","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of санкция","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"санкция","lemma":"санкция","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of необходима","gloss":"sanction"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ядом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ядом","lemma":"яд","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прибавила","gloss":"venom"},{"surface":"прибавила","lemma":"прибавить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to боится","gloss":"added"},{"surface":"Катя","lemma":"катя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of прибавила","gloss":"Katya"}]},{"number":66,"label":"66","id":"epi-c1-s66","source":"Она помолчала и усмехнулась.","translation":"She fell silent and gave a smile.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"помолчала и усмехнулась","title":"Two perfectives moving the scene","body":"Both verbs are perfective past: «помолчала» (the prefix по- gives 'fell silent for a while') and «усмехнулась» (a single «-ну-» momentary 'gave a smirk'). They advance the action as two discrete completed events. The -сь on the second is the reflexive clitic."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"усмехнулась","title":"«усмехнуться» — a wry, knowing smile","body":"Not a warm «улыбнуться» (to smile) but «усмехнуться» — to give a half-smile, smirk, or sneer. The choice signals irony or bitterness; we render it 'gave a smile' but the Russian leans cooler."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of помолчала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"помолчала","lemma":"помолчать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fell silent"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"усмехнулась","lemma":"усмехнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with помолчала","gloss":"smiled"}]},{"number":67,"label":"67","id":"epi-c1-s67","source":"— Он там толкует, — принялась она опять, — про какие-то гимны, про крест, который он должен понести, про долг какой-то, я помню, мне много об этом Иван Федорович тогда передавал, и если б вы знали, как он говорил! — вдруг с неудержимым чувством воскликнула Катя, — если б вы знали, как он любил этого несчастного в ту минуту, когда мне передавал про него, и как ненавидел его, может быть, в ту же минуту!","translation":"\"He goes on there,\" she resumed again, \"about some sort of hymns, about a cross he is bound to bear, about some duty or other — I remember, Ivan Fyodorovich passed a great deal of it on to me at the time, and if you only knew how he spoke of it!\" Katya suddenly exclaimed with irrepressible feeling. \"If you only knew how he loved that unhappy man in the moment he was telling me about him, and how he hated him, perhaps, in that very same moment!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"принялась она опять","title":"Inverted word order in a speech tag","body":"«принялась она опять» ('she resumed again') inverts verb before subject, the conventional Russian order for a narrative speech-tag interrupting direct discourse — like English 'said she.' «принялась» (perfective, +infinitive understood) means 'set to, began afresh.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"про какие-то гимны, про какой-то долг","title":"Indefinite «-то»: 'some sort of'","body":"The clitic «-то» on «какие-то» and «какой-то» marks a specific-but-vague referent — 'some hymns or other,' 'some duty or other.' It conveys Katya's dismissive distance from Mitya's lofty talk of crosses and duty."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"если б вы знали, как он говорил","title":"Conditional «бы» as an exclamation of wish","body":"«если б (бы) вы знали» — 'if only you knew' — is the conditional/irrealis built from past-form «знали» plus the particle «бы» (here clipped to «б»). Repeated, it becomes an emotional refrain rather than a real condition."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of толкует","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies толкует","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"толкует","lemma":"толковать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"goes on"},{"surface":"принялась","lemma":"приняться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to толкует","gloss":"resumed"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of принялась","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies принялась","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гимны","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"какие","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of гимны","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the indefinite pronoun какие-то","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"гимны","lemma":"гимн","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of толкует","gloss":"hymns"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking крест","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"крест","lemma":"крест","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with гимны","gloss":"a cross"},{"surface":"который","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of понести","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of должен","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"должен","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"relative clause on крест","gloss":"is bound"},{"surface":"понести","lemma":"понести","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of должен","gloss":"to bear"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking долг","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"долг","lemma":"долг","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with гимны","gloss":"a duty"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of долг","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the indefinite pronoun какой-то","gloss":"or other"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of помню","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"помню","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause, coordinated with толкует","gloss":"remember"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of передавал","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies передавал","gloss":"a great deal"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of передавал","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of передавал","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies передавал","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"передавал","lemma":"передавать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with толкует","gloss":"was telling"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of знали","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"б","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"conditional particle with знали","gloss":"[conditional]"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of знали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"знали","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with толкует","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорил","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of знали","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies воскликнула","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чувством","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"неудержимым","lemma":"неудержимый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies чувством","gloss":"irrepressible"},{"surface":"чувством","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of воскликнула","gloss":"feeling"},{"surface":"воскликнула","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to толкует","gloss":"exclaimed"},{"surface":"Катя","lemma":"катя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнула","gloss":"Katya"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of знали","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"б","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"conditional particle with знали","gloss":"[conditional]"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of знали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"знали","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to знали (w35)","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies любил","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of любил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"любил","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of знали","gloss":"loved"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of несчастного","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"несчастного","lemma":"несчастный","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of любил","gloss":"unfortunate man"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ту","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуту","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of любил","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of передавал","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of передавал","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"передавал","lemma":"передавать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on любил","gloss":"was telling"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of передавал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ненавидел","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"ненавидел","lemma":"ненавидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with любил","gloss":"hated"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of ненавидел","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical modifying ненавидел (может быть = perhaps)","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ту","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуту","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ту","gloss":"very same"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ненавидел","gloss":"moment"}]},{"number":68,"label":"68","id":"epi-c1-s68","source":"А я, о, я выслушала тогда его рассказ и его слезы с горделивою усмешкою!","translation":"And I — oh, I listened then to his account and to his tears with a haughty smirk!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"с горделивою усмешкою","title":"Archaic instrumental ending «-ою»","body":"«горделивою усмешкою» is the instrumental of manner ('with a haughty smirk'), but with the older literary endings «-ою/-ою» instead of modern «-ой/-ой». This period flavour is common in Dostoevsky's prose."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"горделивою","title":"«горделивый» — proud, haughty","body":"From «гордость» (pride), «горделивый» tilts toward arrogant or vainglorious pride rather than simple «гордый». Paired with «усмешка» (smirk), it paints Katya's self-condemned past hauteur."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of выслушала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"parallel clause to выслушала","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of выслушала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"выслушала","lemma":"выслушать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"listened to"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выслушала","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of рассказ","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"рассказ","lemma":"рассказ","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of выслушала","gloss":"account"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"modifies слезы","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"слезы","lemma":"слеза","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with рассказ","gloss":"tears"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking горделивою","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"горделивою","lemma":"горделивый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies усмешкою","gloss":"haughty"},{"surface":"усмешкою","lemma":"усмешка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выслушала","gloss":"smirk"}]},{"number":69,"label":"69","id":"epi-c1-s69","source":"О, тварь!","translation":"Oh, the creature!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"О, тварь!","title":"«тварь» now turned inward","body":"The same contemptuous «тварь» Katya hurled at Grushenka (s63) she now cries out — the exclamation pivoting in the next line onto herself. The bare interjection «О» plus the noun is a raw cry, not a sentence."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"parallel clause to тварь","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"тварь","lemma":"тварь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"creature"}]},{"number":70,"label":"70","id":"epi-c1-s70","source":"Это я тварь, я!","translation":"It is I who am the creature, I!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это я тварь, я!","title":"Zero copula and emphatic «я»","body":"The present tense needs no verb 'to be': «Это я тварь» is literally 'This [is] I, the creature.' The doubled, fronted «я» throws the full weight of the accusation onto the speaker herself — word order doing the emotional work."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of тварь","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of тварь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тварь","lemma":"тварь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"the creature"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"emphatic repetition of я","gloss":"I"}]},{"number":71,"label":"71","id":"epi-c1-s71","source":"Это я народила ему горячку!","translation":"It was I who brought this fever on him!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это я народила ему горячку","title":"Cleft 'It was I who…' with dative «ему»","body":"«Это я народила…» is a cleft of insistence — 'It was I who brought on…' — fronting «я» for blame. «ему» is the dative of the person affected ('on him'), «горячку» the accusative object."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"народила","title":"«народить» — to 'breed up' a fever","body":"«народить» normally means 'to bear (children), bring forth.' Applied to «горячку» (fever) it is a vivid, almost violent metaphor — she 'gave birth to' Ivan's fever, a stronger and more self-accusing image than a neutral 'caused.'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"горячку","title":"«горячка» — brain-fever","body":"«горячка» (from «горячий», hot) is the 19th-century 'brain-fever' — a delirious feverish illness, a stock fate of overwrought Dostoevsky characters. Ivan succumbs to it; here Katya blames herself for it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"cleft-construction pronoun (it was I who...)","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of народила","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"народила","lemma":"народить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"brought on"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of народила","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"горячку","lemma":"горячка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of народила","gloss":"fever"}]},{"number":72,"label":"72","id":"epi-c1-s72","source":"А тот, осужденный, — разве он готов на страдание, — раздражительно закончила Катя, — да и такому ли страдать?","translation":"And as for that one, the convicted man — is he in any way ready for suffering?\" Katya finished irritably. \"And is suffering even for the likes of him?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А тот, осужденный","title":"«тот» as scornful 'that one'","body":"The demonstrative «тот» ('that [farther] one') here distances and disparages Mitya — 'that one over there.' In apposition stands «осуждённый», a past passive participle used as a noun, 'the condemned/convicted man.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"да и такому ли страдать","title":"Dative + «ли»: 'is suffering even for the likes of him?'","body":"A scornful rhetorical question: dative «такому» ('to such a one') plus the bare infinitive «страдать» frames an impersonal 'is it for him to suffer?', and the interrogative particle «ли» sharpens the doubt. «да и» tacks it on with disdain."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of готов","gloss":"that one"},{"surface":"осужденный","lemma":"осудить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"appositive to тот","gloss":"the condemned man"},{"surface":"разве","lemma":"разве","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies готов","gloss":"is he even"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of готов","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"готов","lemma":"готовый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"ready"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking страдание","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"страдание","lemma":"страдание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of готов","gloss":"suffering"},{"surface":"раздражительно","lemma":"раздражительный","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies закончила","gloss":"irritably"},{"surface":"закончила","lemma":"закончить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to готов","gloss":"finished"},{"surface":"Катя","lemma":"катя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of закончила","gloss":"Katya"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase да","gloss":"moreover"},{"surface":"такому","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"logical subject of страдать (dative + infinitive)","gloss":"for one like him","note":"Dative + infinitive again: такому ли страдать = 'is suffering even for such a one'."},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies такому","gloss":"[question particle]"},{"surface":"страдать","lemma":"страдать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"suffer"}]},{"number":73,"label":"73","id":"epi-c1-s73","source":"Такие, как он, никогда не страдают!","translation":"Men like him never suffer!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Такие, как он, никогда не страдают","title":"Generalising «такие, как…» + negative concord","body":"«Такие, как он» ('those like him') is a generic plural subject. «никогда… не страдают» shows negative concord — both the negative adverb «никогда» and the negator «не» appear, one negation in meaning."}],"words":[{"surface":"Такие","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"subject of страдают","gloss":"men like that"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"modifies Такие","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of как","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies страдают","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies страдают","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"страдают","lemma":"страдать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"suffer"}]},{"number":74,"label":"74","id":"epi-c1-s74","source":"Какое-то чувство уже ненависти и гадливого презрения прозвучало в этих словах.","translation":"A certain feeling now of hatred and of loathing contempt rang out in these words.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"чувство уже ненависти и гадливого презрения прозвучало","title":"Two genitives 'of' qualifying «чувство»","body":"«чувство… ненависти и… презрения» is a chain of genitives — 'a feeling of hatred and of contempt.' «гадливого презрения» shows full adjective–noun agreement in the genitive. «прозвучало» (perfective, neuter) agrees with neuter «чувство»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"гадливого","title":"«гадливый» — squeamish loathing","body":"«гадливый» (from «гад», a vile crawling creature) names a physical, skin-crawling disgust — 'loathing contempt' that recoils as from something repulsive. Stronger and more visceral than plain 'contempt.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Какое","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of чувство","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the indefinite pronoun какое-то","gloss":"or other"},{"surface":"чувство","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of прозвучало","gloss":"feeling"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ненависти","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"ненависти","lemma":"ненависть","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies чувство","gloss":"of hatred"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"гадливого","lemma":"гадливый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies презрения","gloss":"loathing"},{"surface":"презрения","lemma":"презрение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with ненависти","gloss":"contempt"},{"surface":"прозвучало","lemma":"прозвучать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rang out"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking словах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этих","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of словах","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"словах","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of прозвучало","gloss":"words"}]},{"number":75,"label":"75","id":"epi-c1-s75","source":"А между тем она же его предала.","translation":"And yet it was she who had betrayed him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А между тем она же его предала","title":"Contrastive «а» + emphatic «же»","body":"The narrator's aside pivots on the mild adversative «а» ('and yet') plus «между тем» ('meanwhile'). The particle «же» after «она» insists on the irony: 'and yet it was she, of all people, who had betrayed him.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тем","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of the fixed adverbial phrase между тем, modifies предала","gloss":"meanwhile","note":"между тем is a fixed idiom meaning 'yet/meanwhile'."},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of предала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies она","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of предала","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"предала","lemma":"предать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"betrayed"}]},{"number":76,"label":"76","id":"epi-c1-s76","source":"«Что ж, может, потому, что так чувствует себя пред ним виноватой, и ненавидит его минутами», — подумал про себя Алеша.","translation":"\"Perhaps it is because she feels herself so guilty before him that she hates him at moments,\" Alyosha thought to himself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"потому, что так чувствует себя пред ним виноватой","title":"Reflexive «себя» + instrumental of state «виноватой»","body":"«чувствует себя… виноватой» — 'feels herself guilty.' «себя» is the reflexive object pointing to the subject, and «виноватой» stands in the instrumental, the case for the predicate of state after «чувствовать себя» (compare 'feels herself [to be] guilty')."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пред","title":"«пред» — bookish 'before'","body":"«пред» is the elevated, shortened form of the preposition «перед» ('before, in front of'), governing the instrumental «ним». Its truncated shape is a marker of literary, slightly archaic register."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ненавидит его минутами","title":"Instrumental of time: «минутами»","body":"«минутами» is the instrumental plural used adverbially for recurring time — 'at moments, by fits.' This is the very word Alyosha clings to in the next line; he wants the hatred to be only «минутами»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase (Что ж = well)","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"ж","lemma":"ж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Что","gloss":"[emphatic]"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical (может = perhaps)","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the conjunction потому что, introduces the reason clause","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of потому что, introduces the clause of чувствует","gloss":"[that]"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies чувствует","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"чувствует","lemma":"чувствовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clause introduced by потому что","gloss":"feels"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of чувствует","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of чувствует","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"виноватой","lemma":"виноватый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"complement of чувствует","gloss":"guilty"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ненавидит","lemma":"ненавидеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with чувствует","gloss":"hates"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of ненавидит","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"минутами","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"adverbial modifier of ненавидит (temporal)","gloss":"at moments"},{"surface":"подумал","lemma":"подумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Что","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of подумал","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подумал","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":77,"label":"77","id":"epi-c1-s77","source":"Ему хотелось, чтоб это было только «минутами».","translation":"He wanted it to be only \"at moments.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ему хотелось, чтоб это было только «минутами»","title":"Dative + impersonal «хотелось» + «чтоб»-clause","body":"«Ему хотелось» is the classic dative-experiencer impersonal — 'he wanted, it was wished by him.' It governs a «чтоб(ы)»-clause of desired outcome, whose verb «было» takes the irrealis past form that «чтобы» requires."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"logical subject of хотелось","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"хотелось","lemma":"хотеться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of минутами","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of минутами","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking это to минутами","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies минутами","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"минутами","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"predicate complement of это, clausal complement of хотелось","gloss":"at moments"}]},{"number":78,"label":"78","id":"epi-c1-s78","source":"В последних словах Кати он заслышал вызов, но не поднял его.","translation":"In Katya's last words he caught a challenge, but he did not take it up.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"заслышал вызов, но не поднял его","title":"Aspectual prefix «за-» + perfective pair","body":"«заслышал» (perfective, prefix за- of inception, 'caught/began to hear') and «не поднял» ('did not take up') are both perfective past, two completed events linked by adversative «но». «его» refers back to «вызов» (the challenge)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"не поднял его","title":"«поднять вызов» — to pick up a challenge","body":"An idiom: «поднять вызов», literally 'to lift the challenge,' means to take it up, accept the gauntlet. Alyosha hears Katya's provocation but declines to answer in kind."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking словах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"последних","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies словах","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"словах","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of заслышал","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"Кати","lemma":"катя","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies словах","gloss":"Katya's"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заслышал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"заслышал","lemma":"заслышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"caught"},{"surface":"вызов","lemma":"вызов","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of заслышал","gloss":"a challenge"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поднял","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"поднял","lemma":"поднять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with заслышал","gloss":"took up"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of поднял","gloss":"it"}]},{"number":79,"label":"79","id":"epi-c1-s79","source":"— Я для того вас и призвала сегодня, чтоб вы обещались мне сами его уговорить.","translation":"\"I called you here today for this very reason, so that you would promise me to persuade him yourself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я для того вас и призвала… чтоб вы обещались мне","title":"Correlative «для того… чтоб»: purpose","body":"«для того… чтоб(ы)» is the correlative purpose frame — 'for this very reason… so that.' The particle «и» after «для того» emphasises ('that is exactly why'). «обещались» takes the past-form irrealis demanded by «чтобы»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"призвала","title":"«призвать» — to summon solemnly","body":"«призвала» (perfective of «призвать», 'to call upon, summon') is weightier than a casual «позвала» — it suggests a deliberate, even solemn summons, fitting the gravity of what Katya is asking."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of призвала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"correlative pronoun anticipating the чтоб-clause","gloss":"this reason"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of призвала","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"emphatic particle intensifying для того (\"и\" in the для того...и construction), not a coordinator here","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"призвала","lemma":"призвать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"called"},{"surface":"сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies призвала","gloss":"today"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of обещались","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of обещались","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"обещались","lemma":"обещаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of призвала","gloss":"would promise"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of обещались","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"emphasizes вы (yourself)","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of уговорить","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"уговорить","lemma":"уговорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of обещались","gloss":"to persuade"}]},{"number":80,"label":"80","id":"epi-c1-s80","source":"Или, по-вашему, тоже бежать будет нечестно, не доблестно, или как там… не по-христиански, что ли? — еще с пущим вызовом прибавила Катя.","translation":"Or do you too think that escaping would be dishonorable, ignoble, or however one puts it… un-Christian, is that it?\" Katya added with still greater defiance.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"по-вашему","title":"«по-вашему» — 'in your view'","body":"The prefix «по-» plus the possessive «-вашему» builds an adverb of manner/opinion, 'according to you, in your view.' This «по- + -ому/-ему» pattern also makes «по-христиански» later in the sentence ('in a Christian way')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"бежать будет нечестно, не доблестно","title":"Impersonal predicate with adverb + infinitive","body":"«бежать будет нечестно» is impersonal: the infinitive «бежать» is the logical subject, and the neuter predicate adverbs «нечестно», «недоблестно» say it 'would be dishonorable.' «будет» supplies the future of this copular frame."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"с пущим вызовом","title":"«пущий» — archaic 'greater'","body":"«пущий» is a bookish, archaic comparative meaning 'greater, all the more' (still alive in «пуще всего», 'most of all'). «с пущим вызовом» = 'with still greater defiance,' a period-elevated turn."}],"words":[{"surface":"Или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"parallel clause to нечестно","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase по-вашему, modifies будет нечестно","gloss":"in your opinion","note":"по-вашему is a fixed idiom, 'in your opinion / do you think'."},{"surface":"вашему","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase по-вашему","gloss":"(your opinion)"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бежать","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"бежать","lemma":"бежать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"subject of нечестно (via будет)","gloss":"to escape"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to нечестно","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"нечестно","lemma":"нечестный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"dishonorable"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies доблестно","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"доблестно","lemma":"доблестный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with нечестно","gloss":"valiant"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies там","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with доблестно","gloss":"one puts it"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of elliptical predicate, coordinated with нечестно","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase по-христиански","gloss":"in a Christian way"},{"surface":"христиански","lemma":"христиански","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase по-христиански","gloss":"(Christian)"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the tag question что ли","gloss":"is that so"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"[question particle]"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вызовом","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вызовом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"пущим","lemma":"пущий","morphology":"adjective, comparative, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вызовом","gloss":"greater"},{"surface":"вызовом","lemma":"вызов","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прибавила","gloss":"defiance"},{"surface":"прибавила","lemma":"прибавить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"added"},{"surface":"Катя","lemma":"катя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of прибавила","gloss":"Katya"}]},{"number":81,"label":"81","id":"epi-c1-s81","source":"— Нет, ничего. Я ему скажу всё… — пробормотал Алеша.","translation":"\"No, it's nothing. I will tell him everything…\" Alyosha muttered.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я ему скажу всё","title":"Perfective future + dative recipient","body":"«скажу» is the perfective future of «сказать» ('I will tell [it all]'), a single completed act. «ему» is the dative of the recipient ('to him'), «всё» the accusative object."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пробормотал","title":"«пробормотать» — to mumble","body":"«пробормотал» (perfective, prefix про-) means to mutter or mumble out — Alyosha's hesitation made audible. Dostoevsky's speech-tags are richly specific: not «сказал» but how exactly the words came out."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to ничего","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of скажу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of скажу","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"скажу","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will tell"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of скажу","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"пробормотал","lemma":"пробормотать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to скажу","gloss":"muttered"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пробормотал","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":82,"label":"82","id":"epi-c1-s82","source":"— Он вас зовет сегодня к себе, — вдруг брякнул он, твердо смотря ей в глаза.","translation":"\"He is asking you to come to him today,\" he suddenly blurted out, looking firmly into her eyes.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"твердо смотря ей в глаза","title":"Present gerund «смотря» of attendant action","body":"«смотря» is the imperfective present gerund («деепричастие») of «смотреть» — 'looking,' an attendant simultaneous action sharing the subject «он». «ей в глаза» = 'into her eyes' (dative of the possessor + в + accusative)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"брякнул","title":"«брякнуть» — to blurt out clumsily","body":"«брякнул» (perfective, momentary «-ну-») is to blurt out bluntly or tactlessly, even to 'clang' something out — an expressive, slightly comic verb that marks the suddenness of Alyosha's announcement."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of зовет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of зовет","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"зовет","lemma":"звать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is asking"},{"surface":"сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies зовет","gloss":"today"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"oblique complement of зовет","gloss":"come to him"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies брякнул","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"брякнул","lemma":"брякнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to зовет","gloss":"blurted out"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of брякнул","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"твердо","lemma":"твердо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смотря","gloss":"firmly"},{"surface":"смотря","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on брякнул","gloss":"looking"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of смотря","gloss":"at her"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глаза","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of смотря","gloss":"eyes"}]},{"number":83,"label":"83","id":"epi-c1-s83","source":"Она вся вздрогнула и чуть-чуть отшатнулась от него на диване.","translation":"She gave a shudder all over and shrank back from him just a little on the sofa.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вся вздрогнула и чуть-чуть отшатнулась","title":"«вся» as intensifier; reflexive «отшатнуться»","body":"«вся» ('all of her') intensifies the shudder, agreeing with the implied feminine subject. «отшатнулась» is a reflexive -ся verb of recoiling motion (to shrink/start back), the -сь marking the involuntary movement. «чуть-чуть» softens it to 'just a little.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of вздрогнула","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"intensifies Она","gloss":"all over"},{"surface":"вздрогнула","lemma":"вздрогнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gave a shudder"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"чуть","lemma":"чуть","morphology":"particle","role":"first half of чуть-чуть, modifies отшатнулась","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"чуть","lemma":"чуть","morphology":"particle","role":"second half of чуть-чуть, modifies отшатнулась","gloss":"a little","note":"чуть-чуть is a doubled intensifier meaning \"just a little\"."},{"surface":"отшатнулась","lemma":"отшатнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вздрогнула","gloss":"shrank back"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отшатнулась","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking диване","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"диване","lemma":"диван","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отшатнулась","gloss":"the sofa"}]},{"number":84,"label":"84","id":"epi-c1-s84","source":"— Меня… разве это возможно? — пролепетала она побледнев.","translation":"\"Me… is that even possible?\" she faltered, turning pale.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Меня… разве это возможно?","title":"Fronted accusative «меня» + «разве»","body":"The broken-off accusative «Меня…» ('Me…?') is left hanging in shock, then «разве это возможно?» asks an incredulous question ('is that even possible?') with the doubt-particle «разве»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пролепетала она побледнев","title":"Perfective past gerund «побледнев»","body":"«побледнев» is the perfective past gerund («деепричастие») of «побледнеть» ('having turned pale') — a prior completed action accompanying «пролепетала». The ending «-в» marks the perfective gerund."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пролепетала","title":"«пролепетать» — to falter, stammer","body":"«пролепетать» suggests faint, childlike, faltering speech — barely getting the words out. It recurs as Katya's signature verb in this scene (s84, s93), tracking how the iron woman is shaken."}],"words":[{"surface":"Меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"head of the exclamatory fragment","gloss":"Me"},{"surface":"разве","lemma":"разве","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies возможно","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of возможно","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"возможно","lemma":"возможный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"possible"},{"surface":"пролепетала","lemma":"пролепетать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"faltered"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of пролепетала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"побледнев","lemma":"побледнеть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on пролепетала","gloss":"turning pale","note":"A gerund (converb), not a proper noun — describes how she faltered."}]},{"number":85,"label":"85","id":"epi-c1-s85","source":"— Это возможно и должно! — настойчиво и весь оживившись, начал Алеша.","translation":"\"It is possible, and it must be!\" Alyosha began, insistently and all aglow.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это возможно и должно","title":"Short neuter predicates «возможно и должно»","body":"Both are short (predicative) neuter forms: «возможно» ('it is possible') and «должно» ('it must be / it is obligatory'). The bare short form «должно» as an impersonal 'it ought to be' is bookish and emphatic — Alyosha answering moral necessity with moral necessity."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"весь оживившись","title":"Past gerund «оживившись» + «весь»","body":"«оживившись» is the perfective past gerund of reflexive «оживиться» ('having grown animated, lit up'); the -сь marks the reflexive, the «-вши» the perfective gerund. «весь» ('all') intensifies — 'all aglow.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of возможно","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"возможно","lemma":"возможный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"is possible"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"должно","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with возможно","gloss":"must be"},{"surface":"настойчиво","lemma":"настойчиво","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начал","gloss":"insistently"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"intensifies оживившись","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"оживившись","lemma":"оживиться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on начал","gloss":"aglow","note":"A gerund meaning \"having come alive/brightened\" — not the lemma побледнев/proper noun the tagger guessed."},{"surface":"начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of начал","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":86,"label":"86","id":"epi-c1-s86","source":"— Ему вы очень нужны, именно теперь.","translation":"\"He needs you very much, precisely now.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ему вы очень нужны","title":"«нужны» construction: the needed thing is the subject","body":"In «Ему вы очень нужны» the logic inverts English: the needer «ему» is in the dative, and the needed person «вы» is the nominative subject agreeing with the short adjective «нужны» ('you are needed by him'). Fronting «ему» throws the stress onto Mitya's need."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of нужны","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of нужны","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нужны","gloss":"very much"},{"surface":"нужны","lemma":"нужный","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"needs"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies теперь","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нужны","gloss":"now"}]},{"number":87,"label":"87","id":"epi-c1-s87","source":"Я не стал бы начинать об этом и вас преждевременно мучить, если б не необходимость.","translation":"I would not begin on this and torment you prematurely if it were not a necessity.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я не стал бы начинать… если б не необходимость","title":"Conditional «бы» in both clauses","body":"A full contrary-to-fact conditional: «не стал бы начинать» ('I would not begin') in the main clause and «если б (бы) не необходимость» ('were it not for the necessity') in the if-clause — each carrying the irrealis particle «бы»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вас преждевременно мучить","title":"Imperfective infinitive of process «мучить»","body":"«мучить» (to torment) is an imperfective infinitive depending on «стал бы»; its imperfective aspect frames the tormenting as an ongoing process Alyosha would spare her. «вас» is the accusative object."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of стал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks стал as conditional","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"начинать","lemma":"начинать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"begin"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of начинать","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of мучить","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"преждевременно","lemma":"преждевременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мучить","gloss":"prematurely"},{"surface":"мучить","lemma":"мучить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with начинать","gloss":"torment"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"б","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"part of the phrase если","gloss":"[conditional]"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies необходимость","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"необходимость","lemma":"необходимость","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of the elided verb была","gloss":"a necessity"}]},{"number":88,"label":"88","id":"epi-c1-s88","source":"Он болен, он как помешанный, он всё просит вас.","translation":"He is ill, he is like one half-crazed, he keeps asking for you.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"он как помешанный","title":"Past passive participle «помешанный» as a noun","body":"«помешанный» ('deranged, one who has lost his mind') is a past passive participle in -нный used substantively; «как помешанный» = 'like a madman.' The comparative «как» frames it as a simile, not a diagnosis."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"он всё просит вас","title":"Imperfective «просит» of insistent repetition; «всё»","body":"«просит» is imperfective present, and the adverb «всё» here means 'keeps on, continually' — together 'he keeps asking for you,' an ongoing, repeated plea. «вас» is the accusative object of «просить»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of болен","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"болен","lemma":"больной","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"is ill"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of помешанный","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of помешанный","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"помешанный","lemma":"помешанный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of он","gloss":"one half-crazed"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of просит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies просит","gloss":"keeps"},{"surface":"просит","lemma":"просить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with болен","gloss":"asking for"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of просит","gloss":"you"}]},{"number":89,"label":"89","id":"epi-c1-s89","source":"Он не мириться вас к себе просит, но пусть вы только придете и покажетесь на пороге.","translation":"It is not to make peace that he asks you to come, but only that you should come and show yourself on the threshold.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Он не мириться вас к себе просит, но пусть вы только придете","title":"Contrastive negation + «пусть» exhortation","body":"The «не… но» frame contrasts two purposes: not «мириться» (to make peace) but merely that she appear. «пусть вы… придёте» uses the 3rd-person hortative particle «пусть» ('let, may') with a perfective future to express a wished-for outcome."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вас к себе просит","title":"Reflexive «к себе» — 'to himself'","body":"«к себе» uses the reflexive pronoun «себя» (dative «себе») after «к», pointing back to the subject «он» — 'asks you to come to himself.' The reflexive keeps the destination pinned to Mitya."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of просит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мириться","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мириться","lemma":"мириться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of просит","gloss":"to make peace"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"logical subject of мириться","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"oblique complement of мириться","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"просит","lemma":"просить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"asks"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"пусть","lemma":"пусть","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces придете as the wanted outcome","gloss":"only that"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of придете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies придете","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"придете","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of просит","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"покажетесь","lemma":"показаться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, second, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with придете","gloss":"show yourself"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пороге","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"пороге","lemma":"порог","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of покажетесь","gloss":"the threshold"}]},{"number":90,"label":"90","id":"epi-c1-s90","source":"С ним многое совершилось с того дня.","translation":"A great deal has happened within him since that day.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"С ним многое совершилось с того дня","title":"Reflexive «совершилось» + two senses of «с»","body":"«совершилось» is the reflexive/middle perfective of «совершиться» ('came to pass, took place'). Note the preposition «с» working twice: «с ним» = 'with/within him' (instrumental), «с того дня» = 'since that day' (genitive) — the same word, two cases, two meanings."}],"words":[{"surface":"С","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of совершилось","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"многое","lemma":"многое","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of совершилось","gloss":"a great deal"},{"surface":"совершилось","lemma":"совершиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"has happened"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дня","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of дня","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"дня","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of совершилось","gloss":"day"}]},{"number":91,"label":"91","id":"epi-c1-s91","source":"Он понимает, как неисчислимо перед вами виновен.","translation":"He understands how incalculably he has wronged you.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как неисчислимо перед вами виновен","title":"Short adjective «виновен» + degree adverb","body":"«виновен» is the short (predicative) masculine of «виновный» ('guilty'), governing «перед вами» ('before you, toward you'). The adverb «неисчислимо» ('incalculably') intensifies the guilt. Short adjectives are the natural predicate of such moral states."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of понимает","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"понимает","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understands"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies неисчислимо","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"неисчислимо","lemma":"неисчислимо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies виновен","gloss":"incalculably"},{"surface":"перед","lemma":"перед","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вами","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"вами","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of виновен","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"виновен","lemma":"виновный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of понимает","gloss":"guilty"}]},{"number":92,"label":"92","id":"epi-c1-s92","source":"Не прощения вашего хочет: «Меня нельзя простить», — он сам говорит, а только чтоб вы на пороге показались…","translation":"It is not your forgiveness he wants: 'I cannot be forgiven,' he says himself, but only that you should show yourself on the threshold…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не прощения вашего хочет","title":"Genitive object of «хотеть»","body":"«хотеть» governs the genitive when the object is abstract or partitive: «не прощения вашего хочет» = 'it is not your forgiveness he wants.' The fronting and negation place full stress on what he does NOT want. «вашего» agrees in the genitive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Меня нельзя простить","title":"Impersonal «нельзя» + infinitive","body":"«нельзя простить» is the impersonal modal 'one cannot / it is not allowed to forgive,' with «нельзя» plus the perfective infinitive «простить» and the accusative object «меня». No subject — a categorical 'I cannot be forgiven.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прощения","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"прощения","lemma":"прощение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of хочет","gloss":"forgiveness"},{"surface":"вашего","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of прощения","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"хочет","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wants"},{"surface":"Меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of простить","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"нельзя","lemma":"нельзя","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the quoted clause","gloss":"cannot"},{"surface":"простить","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on нельзя","gloss":"be forgiven"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies он","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the tag clause","gloss":"says"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies показались","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of показались","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of показались","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пороге","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"пороге","lemma":"порог","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of показались","gloss":"the threshold"},{"surface":"показались","lemma":"показаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of хочет","gloss":"show yourself"}]},{"number":93,"label":"93","id":"epi-c1-s93","source":"— Вы меня вдруг… — пролепетала Катя, — я все дни предчувствовала, что вы с этим придете… Я так и знала, что он меня позовет!.. Это невозможно!","translation":"\"You spring this on me…\" Katya faltered. \"All these days I had a presentiment that you would come with this… I knew he would summon me!.. It is impossible!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я так и знала, что он меня позовет","title":"Emphatic «так и» + «что»-clause","body":"«так и знала» — 'I just knew it all along,' where «так и» reinforces foreknowledge. It opens a «что»-clause reporting the foreseen fact: «что он меня позовёт» (perfective future, 'that he would summon me')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я все дни предчувствовала","title":"Imperfective «предчувствовала» of duration","body":"«предчувствовала» (imperfective past, prefix пред- 'before-feel' = to have a presentiment) over «все дни» ('all these days') frames a sustained, ongoing premonition — the imperfective's natural job for a drawn-out inner state."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of the fragment","gloss":"You"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"on me"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the fragment","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"пролепетала","lemma":"пролепетать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the tag clause","gloss":"faltered"},{"surface":"Катя","lemma":"Катя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of пролепетала","gloss":"Katya"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of предчувствовала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of дни","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"дни","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"adverbial accusative of time, modifies предчувствовала","gloss":"these days"},{"surface":"предчувствовала","lemma":"предчувствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"had a presentiment"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of придете","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of придете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этим","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"этим","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of придете","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"придете","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of предчувствовала","gloss":"would come"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знала","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"[emphatic]"},{"surface":"знала","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the third clause","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of позовет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of позовет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of позовет","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"позовет","lemma":"позвать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of знала","gloss":"would summon"},{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of невозможно","gloss":"It"},{"surface":"невозможно","lemma":"невозможный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"is impossible"}]},{"number":94,"label":"94","id":"epi-c1-s94","source":"— Пусть невозможно, но сделайте.","translation":"\"Let it be impossible, but do it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Пусть невозможно, но сделайте","title":"Concessive «пусть» + imperative","body":"Here «пусть» means not 'let him' but the concessive 'let it be / granted' — «Пусть невозможно» = 'Let it be impossible.' Then «сделайте», the polite imperative of perfective «сделать», commands the act anyway."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пусть","lemma":"пусть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies невозможно","gloss":"let it be"},{"surface":"невозможно","lemma":"невозможный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"impossible"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"сделайте","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with невозможно","gloss":"do it"}]},{"number":95,"label":"95","id":"epi-c1-s95","source":"Вспомните, он в первый раз поражен тем, как вас оскорбил, в первый раз в жизни, никогда прежде не постигал этого в такой полноте!","translation":"Remember, it is for the first time that he is stunned by how he insulted you — for the first time in his life, he never before grasped it in such fullness!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вспомните","title":"Perfective imperative «вспомните»","body":"«вспомните» is the polite imperative of perfective «вспомнить» ('call to mind, remember [as a single act]'), distinct from imperfective «помните» ('keep remembering'). The perfective urges a single act of recollection."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"никогда прежде не постигал этого в такой полноте","title":"Genitive of negation + negative concord","body":"«никогда… не постигал этого» combines the negative adverb «никогда» with «не» (concord) and the negated imperfective «постигал». «этого» is genitive — the object of a negated verb shifting from accusative to genitive (genitive of negation)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вспомните","lemma":"вспомнить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Remember"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of passive поражен","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"первый","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поражен","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"поражен","lemma":"поразить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"predicate complement of он","gloss":"is stunned"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of поражен","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of оскорбил","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of оскорбил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"оскорбил","lemma":"оскорбить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying тем","gloss":"he insulted"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"первый","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of оскорбил","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизни","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"жизни","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"his life"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies постигал","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies постигал","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies постигал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"постигал","lemma":"постигать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with поражен","gloss":"grasped"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of постигал","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking полноте","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of полноте","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"полноте","lemma":"полнота","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of постигал","gloss":"fullness"}]},{"number":96,"label":"96","id":"epi-c1-s96","source":"Он говорит: если она откажет прийти, то я «во всю жизнь теперь буду несчастлив».","translation":"He says: if she refuses to come, then 'I shall be unhappy now for the whole of my life.'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"если она откажет прийти, то я… буду несчастлив","title":"Real conditional «если… то» with futures","body":"A real (not hypothetical) conditional: «если она откажет… то я буду несчастлив.' The if-clause has perfective future «откажет», the then-clause «буду несчастлив» — the future of the copula «быть» plus a predicate adjective (not the compound imperfective future, which is «быть» + an imperfective infinitive). The correlative «то» marks the apodosis."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"во всю жизнь","title":"«во всю жизнь» — emphatic 'all my life'","body":"«во всю жизнь» (в + accusative «всю жизнь») spans the whole of life as a duration — 'for the whole of my life.' The phrase recurs across the scene (s96, s104, s105) as the stakes of the choice."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"says"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of откажет","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of откажет","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"откажет","lemma":"отказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"conditional clause modifying несчастлив","gloss":"refuses"},{"surface":"прийти","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of откажет","gloss":"to come"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of несчастлив","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of несчастлив","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизнь","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of несчастлив","gloss":"of my life"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies несчастлив","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to несчастлив","gloss":"shall be"},{"surface":"несчастлив","lemma":"несчастливый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of я","gloss":"unhappy"}]},{"number":97,"label":"97","id":"epi-c1-s97","source":"Слышите: каторжный на двадцать лет собирается еще быть счастливым — разве это не жалко?","translation":"Do you hear: a convict sentenced to twenty years is still making ready to be happy — is that not pitiful?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Слышите","title":"Imperative-as-appeal «Слышите»","body":"«Слышите» (lit. polite imperative 'hear / do you hear') functions as a rhetorical appeal to the listener — 'do you hear, mark this.' Such second-person interjections drive Alyosha's plea forward."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"каторжный на двадцать лет","title":"Substantivised adjective «каторжный»","body":"«каторжный» ('penal-servitude man, convict') is an adjective used as a noun. «на двадцать лет» (в/на + accusative of extent) measures his sentence — 'a convict for twenty years.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"разве это не жалко","title":"«разве не…?» — rhetorical 'isn't it?'","body":"«разве… не жалко?» pairs the doubt-particle «разве» with negation to ask a leading question expecting agreement — 'is that not pitiful?' The impersonal predicate «жалко» ('it is a pity') needs no subject."}],"words":[{"surface":"Слышите","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Do you hear"},{"surface":"каторжный","lemma":"каторжный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular, substantivized","role":"subject of собирается","gloss":"a convict"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лет","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"двадцать","lemma":"двадцать","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on лет","gloss":"twenty"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of собирается","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"собирается","lemma":"собираться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"is making ready"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies собирается","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"copula linking to счастливым","gloss":"to be"},{"surface":"счастливым","lemma":"счастливый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of собирается","gloss":"happy"},{"surface":"разве","lemma":"разве","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies жалко","gloss":"isn't"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of жалко","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies жалко","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"жалко","lemma":"жалко","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of это","gloss":"pitiful"}]},{"number":98,"label":"98","id":"epi-c1-s98","source":"Подумайте: вы безвинно погибшего посетите, — с вызовом вырвалось у Алеши, — его руки чисты, на них крови нет!","translation":"Consider: you would be visiting an innocent man brought to ruin,\" broke from Alyosha defiantly. \"His hands are clean, there is no blood on them!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вы безвинно погибшего посетите","title":"Past active participle «погибшего» as object-noun","body":"«погибшего» is the past active participle of «погибнуть» ('having perished/come to ruin'), used as a noun and standing in the animate accusative (= genitive form) as object of «посетите» — 'you will visit one who has been ruined.' «безвинно» = 'guiltlessly.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"на них крови нет","title":"Genitive of negation: «крови нет»","body":"«крови нет» — 'there is no blood.' Under the existential negator «нет», the absent thing «кровь» obligatorily takes the genitive «крови». A textbook genitive of negation."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вырвалось у Алеши","title":"«вырваться» — words that 'burst out'","body":"«вырвалось» (reflexive perfective of «вырваться», 'to break/tear free') with «у Алёши» — «у» + the genitive «Алёши» (a genitive of source, 'from/out of Alyosha'; the dative would be «Алёше») — means the words escaped him involuntarily, 'broke from Alyosha.' A vivid idiom for speech beyond the speaker's control."}],"words":[{"surface":"Подумайте","lemma":"подумать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Consider"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of посетите","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"безвинно","lemma":"безвинно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies погибшего","gloss":"innocently"},{"surface":"погибшего","lemma":"погибнуть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, accusative, perfective","role":"direct object of посетите","gloss":"a ruined man"},{"surface":"посетите","lemma":"посетить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"would be visiting"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вызовом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"вызовом","lemma":"вызов","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вырвалось","gloss":"defiance"},{"surface":"вырвалось","lemma":"вырваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the tag clause","gloss":"broke"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Алеши","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Алеши","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вырвалось","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of руки","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of чисты","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"чисты","lemma":"чистый","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"predicate of руки","gloss":"are clean"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, locative, plural","role":"oblique complement of нет","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"крови","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"subject of нет","gloss":"blood"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"predicate of the third clause","gloss":"there is none"}]},{"number":99,"label":"99","id":"epi-c1-s99","source":"Ради бесчисленного его страдания будущего посетите его теперь!","translation":"For the sake of his boundless future suffering, visit him now!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ради бесчисленного его страдания будущего","title":"«ради» + genitive; split modifiers","body":"«ради» ('for the sake of') governs the genitive «страдания», wrapped in agreeing genitive modifiers «бесчисленного… будущего» ('boundless… future'). The modifiers straddle the noun — bookish word order for rhetorical weight."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"посетите его теперь","title":"Perfective imperative «посетите»","body":"«посетите» is the polite perfective imperative of «посетить» ('visit'), urging a single decisive act 'now.' The perfective insists on the deed done, not a habit of visiting."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ради","lemma":"ради","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking страдания","gloss":"for the sake of"},{"surface":"бесчисленного","lemma":"бесчисленный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies страдания","gloss":"boundless"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of страдания","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"страдания","lemma":"страдание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of посетите","gloss":"suffering"},{"surface":"будущего","lemma":"будущий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies страдания","gloss":"future"},{"surface":"посетите","lemma":"посетить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"visit"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of посетите","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies посетите","gloss":"now"}]},{"number":100,"label":"100","id":"epi-c1-s100","source":"Придите, проводите во тьму… станьте на пороге, и только…","translation":"Come, see him off into the darkness… stand on the threshold, and that is all…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Придите, проводите… станьте","title":"A chain of perfective imperatives","body":"Three perfective imperatives in a row — «Придите» (come), «проводите» (see off), «станьте» (stand) — each a single decisive act, mounting in urgency. The perfective aspect makes each a discrete deed to be done, not an ongoing process."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"проводите во тьму","title":"«проводить во тьму» — 'see him off into the darkness'","body":"«проводить» is to escort or see someone off (on a journey); «во тьму» ('into the darkness') makes it a sombre image of seeing Mitya off into exile and night. «во» is the form of «в» before the consonant cluster «тьм-»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Придите","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Come"},{"surface":"проводите","lemma":"проводить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with Придите","gloss":"see him off"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тьму","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"тьму","lemma":"тьма","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of проводите","gloss":"the darkness"},{"surface":"станьте","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stand"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пороге","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"пороге","lemma":"порог","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of станьте","gloss":"the threshold"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinated with станьте","gloss":"that is all"}]},{"number":101,"label":"101","id":"epi-c1-s101","source":"Ведь вы должны, должны это сделать! — заключил Алеша, с неимоверною силой подчеркнув слово «должны».","translation":"You must, you must do this!\" Alyosha concluded, stressing the word \"must\" with incredible force.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ведь вы должны, должны","title":"Appeal-particle «ведь» + doubled «должны»","body":"«ведь» appeals to shared, self-evident knowledge ('after all, you surely…'), softening the command into something Katya is presumed already to feel. The repeated short adjective «должны» ('you must') hammers the obligation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с неимоверною силой подчеркнув слово","title":"Past gerund «подчеркнув» + archaic instrumental","body":"«подчеркнув» is the perfective past gerund ('having stressed'), an attendant completed action. «с неимоверною силой» is instrumental of manner with the older «-ою» ending — 'with incredible force,' the period flavour heightening the drama."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies должны","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of должны","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"должны","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"должны","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"coordinated with должны","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сделать","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"сделать","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of должны","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"заключил","lemma":"заключить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the tag clause","gloss":"concluded"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заключил","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking неимоверною","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"неимоверною","lemma":"неимоверный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies силой","gloss":"incredible"},{"surface":"силой","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подчеркнув","gloss":"force"},{"surface":"подчеркнув","lemma":"подчеркнуть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on заключил","gloss":"stressing"},{"surface":"слово","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of подчеркнув","gloss":"the word"},{"surface":"должны","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"in apposition to слово","gloss":"\"must\""}]},{"number":102,"label":"102","id":"epi-c1-s102","source":"— Должна, но… не могу, — как бы простонала Катя, — он на меня будет глядеть… я не могу.","translation":"\"I must, but… I cannot,\" Katya all but moaned. \"He will be looking at me… I cannot.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Должна, но… не могу","title":"The obligation/incapacity antithesis","body":"Katya answers Alyosha's «должны» with the matching short adjective «должна» ('I must'), then breaks it against «не могу» ('I cannot') — the moral core of the scene compressed into three words. «должна» is feminine, agreeing with her."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"он на меня будет глядеть","title":"Compound imperfective future «будет глядеть»","body":"«будет глядеть» is the compound future — «быть» plus the imperfective infinitive «глядеть» ('to look/gaze') — naming an ongoing future action: 'he will be looking at me.' The durative aspect is what she dreads, the sustained gaze."}],"words":[{"surface":"Должна","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"I must"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Должна","gloss":"I cannot"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom как бы","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom как бы","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"простонала","lemma":"простонать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the tag clause","gloss":"all but moaned"},{"surface":"Катя","lemma":"Катя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of простонала","gloss":"Katya"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of глядеть","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of глядеть","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of глядеть","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"глядеть","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"looking"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of могу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the third clause","gloss":"I cannot"}]},{"number":103,"label":"103","id":"epi-c1-s103","source":"— Ваши глаза должны встретиться.","translation":"\"Your eyes must meet.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ваши глаза должны встретиться","title":"Reciprocal «встретиться» + «должны»","body":"«встретиться» is the reciprocal -ся verb 'to meet (one another)' — here 'your eyes must meet.' The short adjective «должны» agrees with plural «глаза». The reflexive marks the mutual, eye-to-eye encounter."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ваши","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of глаза","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of должны","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"должны","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"встретиться","lemma":"встретиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of должны","gloss":"meet"}]},{"number":104,"label":"104","id":"epi-c1-s104","source":"Как вы будете жить всю жизнь, если теперь не решитесь?","translation":"How will you live your whole life through if you do not bring yourself to it now?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Как вы будете жить всю жизнь, если теперь не решитесь","title":"Compound future + conditional «если»","body":"«будете жить» is the compound imperfective future ('will be living') over the duration «всю жизнь». The «если»-clause has «не решитесь» — negated perfective future of reflexive «решиться» ('to bring oneself to, resolve')."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"решитесь","title":"«решиться» — to bring oneself to act","body":"Distinct from «решить» (to decide/solve), the reflexive «решиться (на)» means to nerve oneself, to take the plunge — 'if you do not bring yourself to it.' The -ся turns a decision into an act of inner courage."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies жить","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of жить","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"будете","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of жить","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"жить","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"live"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"your whole"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of жить","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of решитесь","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies решитесь","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies решитесь","gloss":"do not"},{"surface":"решитесь","lemma":"решиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, second, plural, perfective","role":"conditional clause modifying жить","gloss":"bring yourself to it"}]},{"number":105,"label":"105","id":"epi-c1-s105","source":"— Лучше страдать во всю жизнь.","translation":"\"Better to suffer my whole life through.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Лучше страдать во всю жизнь","title":"Suppletive comparative «лучше» + infinitive","body":"«Лучше страдать» is an impersonal comparative judgement — 'better to suffer.' «лучше» is the suppletive comparative of «хороший/хорошо» (good/well), with no regular -ее form; «страдать» is the imperfective infinitive of enduring process."}],"words":[{"surface":"Лучше","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, comparative, used predicatively","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"страдать","lemma":"страдать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on Лучше","gloss":"to suffer"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизнь","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"my whole"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of страдать","gloss":"life"}]},{"number":106,"label":"106","id":"epi-c1-s106","source":"— Вы должны прийти, вы должны прийти, — опять неумолимо подчеркнул Алеша.","translation":"\"You must come, you must come,\" Alyosha stressed again, inexorably.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вы должны прийти, вы должны прийти","title":"Insistent repetition + perfective infinitive","body":"The doubled «должны прийти» drives the obligation home through sheer repetition — a rhetorical device the narrator flags as «неумолимо подчеркнул» ('stressed inexorably'). «прийти» is the perfective infinitive ('to come [and arrive]')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of должны","gloss":"You"},{"surface":"должны","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"прийти","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of должны","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of должны","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"должны","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"coordinated with должны","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"прийти","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of должны","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подчеркнул","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"неумолимо","lemma":"неумолимо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подчеркнул","gloss":"inexorably"},{"surface":"подчеркнул","lemma":"подчеркнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the tag clause","gloss":"stressed"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подчеркнул","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":107,"label":"107","id":"epi-c1-s107","source":"— Но почему сегодня, почему сейчас?.. Я не могу оставить больного…","translation":"\"But why today, why right now?.. I cannot leave the sick man…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"почему сегодня, почему сейчас","title":"Elliptical repeated questions","body":"Two verbless «почему…?» questions ('why today, why now') in tight parallel — ellipsis of the shared predicate intensifies Katya's panicked resistance. Russian readily drops the understood verb in such echoes."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я не могу оставить больного","title":"Substantivised «больного» in animate accusative","body":"«больного» ('the sick man') is an adjective used as a noun; as an animate masculine object of «оставить» it takes the accusative shaped like the genitive («-ого»). She means the feverish Ivan, whom she nurses."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"interrogative adverb heading the first question","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"complement of почему","gloss":"today"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel to the first почему, heads the second question","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"complement of the second почему","gloss":"right now"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of могу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"оставить","lemma":"оставить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могу","gloss":"leave"},{"surface":"больного","lemma":"больной","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of оставить","gloss":"the sick man"}]},{"number":108,"label":"108","id":"epi-c1-s108","source":"— На минуту можете, это ведь минута.","translation":"\"For a moment you can, after all it is only a moment.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"На минуту можете, это ведь минута","title":"Subject-dropped «можете» + «ведь»","body":"«можете» drops its subject «вы» (the ending shows 2nd-person plural). «На минуту» (в/на + accusative of duration) = 'for a minute.' «ведь» appeals to the obvious — 'after all, it's only a moment.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of можете","gloss":"a moment"},{"surface":"можете","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you can"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of минута","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies минута","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"минута","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of это","gloss":"a moment"}]},{"number":109,"label":"109","id":"epi-c1-s109","source":"Если вы не придете, он к ночи заболеет горячкой.","translation":"If you do not come, by nightfall he will fall ill with fever.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Если вы не придете, он к ночи заболеет горячкой","title":"Real conditional with two perfective futures","body":"«Если вы не придёте… он заболеет» — a real conditional, both verbs perfective future. «к ночи» (к + dative) = 'by nightfall.' «горячкой» is instrumental: «заболеть» governs the instrumental of the illness one falls ill 'with.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of придете","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of придете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies придете","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"придете","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"conditional clause modifying заболеет","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заболеет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ночи","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"ночи","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заболеет","gloss":"nightfall"},{"surface":"заболеет","lemma":"заболеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will fall ill"},{"surface":"горячкой","lemma":"горячка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заболеет","gloss":"with fever"}]},{"number":110,"label":"110","id":"epi-c1-s110","source":"Не стану я говорить неправду, сжальтесь!","translation":"I will not tell an untruth — have mercy!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не стану я говорить неправду","title":"«стать» as future auxiliary + inversion","body":"«не стану говорить» uses «стать» ('to begin/set to') as a near-auxiliary of the imperfective future — 'I will not [set to] tell.' The inverted «стану я» throws emphasis onto the verb. «неправду» is the accusative object."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сжальтесь","title":"Imperative of reflexive «сжалиться»","body":"«сжальтесь» is the polite imperative of the reflexive perfective «сжалиться» ('to take pity'), the -тесь combining plural/polite -те with reflexive -ся. It governs «над» + instrumental ('have mercy on'), picked up in the next line."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стану","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"стану","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of стану","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"говорить","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стану","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"неправду","lemma":"неправда","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of говорить","gloss":"an untruth"},{"surface":"сжальтесь","lemma":"сжалиться","morphology":"verb, imperative, reflexive, second, plural, perfective","role":"parallel clause to стану","gloss":"have mercy"}]},{"number":111,"label":"111","id":"epi-c1-s111","source":"— Надо мной-то сжальтесь, — горько упрекнула Катя и заплакала.","translation":"\"Have mercy on me instead,\" Katya reproached him bitterly, and burst into tears.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Надо мной-то сжальтесь","title":"Fronted «над мной» + emphatic «-то»","body":"Katya throws his own word «сжальтесь» back, but fronts «надо мной» ('on ME') and pins it with the topic-clitic «-то» — 'have pity on me, for once.' «надо» is the form of «над» before «мной». The contrast 'me, not him' is the whole point."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"горько упрекнула… и заплакала","title":"Inceptive «за-»: «заплакала»","body":"«заплакала» (perfective, inceptive prefix за-) means 'burst into tears, began to weep' — the prefix marking the onset of the crying. Paired with «упрекнула» (reproached), two completed events close the line."}],"words":[{"surface":"Надо","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мной","gloss":"over","note":"\"Надо\" is the form of the preposition \"над\" used before мной."},{"surface":"мной","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"object of the preposition Надо","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes Надо мной","gloss":"instead"},{"surface":"сжальтесь","lemma":"сжалиться","morphology":"verb, imperative, reflexive, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have mercy"},{"surface":"горько","lemma":"горько","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies упрекнула","gloss":"bitterly"},{"surface":"упрекнула","lemma":"упрекнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to сжальтесь","gloss":"reproached"},{"surface":"Катя","lemma":"катя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of упрекнула","gloss":"Katya"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"заплакала","lemma":"заплакать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with упрекнула","gloss":"burst into tears"}]},{"number":112,"label":"112","id":"epi-c1-s112","source":"— Стало быть, придете! — твердо проговорил Алеша, увидав ее слезы.","translation":"\"So you will come!\" Alyosha said firmly, seeing her tears.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Стало быть, придете","title":"«стало быть» — 'so, therefore'","body":"«Стало быть» is a fossilised phrase ('it has come to be') functioning as a discourse connective — 'so then, therefore.' Alyosha reads her tears as consent: «придёте» is perfective future, here almost a triumphant statement, 'so you WILL come.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"увидав ее слезы","title":"Past gerund «увидав»","body":"«увидав» is the perfective past gerund of «увидеть» ('having caught sight of'), an attendant prior action sharing Alyosha's subject — 'seeing her tears.' The variant ending «-ав/-в» marks the perfective gerund."}],"words":[{"surface":"Стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"part of the fixed phrase стало быть","gloss":"so","note":"\"стало быть\" is a fixed phrase meaning \"so, then, that is.\""},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"part of the fixed phrase стало быть","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"придете","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will come"},{"surface":"твердо","lemma":"твердо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорил","gloss":"firmly"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to придете","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"увидав","lemma":"увидать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on проговорил","gloss":"seeing"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of слезы","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"слезы","lemma":"слеза","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of увидав","gloss":"tears"}]},{"number":113,"label":"113","id":"epi-c1-s113","source":"— Я пойду скажу ему, что вы сейчас придете.","translation":"\"I will go and tell him you will come at once.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я пойду скажу ему","title":"Two perfective futures in sequence (no «и»)","body":"«пойду скажу» juxtaposes two perfective futures with no conjunction — 'I'll go [and] tell.' This asyndetic 'go-and-do' pairing is colloquial and brisk, the second verb naming the purpose of the going."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что вы сейчас придете","title":"Reported «что»-clause, perfective future","body":"«что вы сейчас придёте» is a «что»-clause reporting fact ('that you will come at once'). The perfective future «придёте» views the arrival as a single completed event. «сейчас» = right away."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of пойду","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"пойду","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will go"},{"surface":"скажу","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пойду","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of скажу","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of придете","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of придете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies придете","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"придете","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of скажу","gloss":"will come"}]},{"number":114,"label":"114","id":"epi-c1-s114","source":"— Нет, ни за что не говорите! — испуганно вскрикнула Катя.","translation":"\"No, on no account tell him!\" Katya cried out in fright.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ни за что не говорите","title":"Emphatic «ни за что» + negative imperative","body":"«ни за что» ('for nothing, on no account') is a fixed «ни»-phrase that demands the verbal negator «не» (negative concord) — here on the imperfective imperative «не говорите» ('do not tell'). The imperfective is normal for prohibitions."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"stands alone as an interjection","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom ни за что","gloss":"not for"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom ни за что","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom ни за что, modifies говорите","gloss":"anything","note":"\"ни за что\" is an idiom meaning \"on no account, not for anything.\""},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говорите","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"говорите","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"испуганно","lemma":"испуганно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вскрикнула","gloss":"in fright"},{"surface":"вскрикнула","lemma":"вскрикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to говорите","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"Катя","lemma":"катя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of вскрикнула","gloss":"Katya"}]},{"number":115,"label":"115","id":"epi-c1-s115","source":"— Я приду, но вы ему вперед не говорите, потому что я приду, но, может быть, не войду… Я еще не знаю…","translation":"\"I will come, but do not tell him beforehand, because I will come, but, perhaps, I will not go in… I do not know yet…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вы ему вперед не говорите","title":"Imperfective imperative of prohibition + dative","body":"«не говорите» (imperfective imperative) forbids the telling; «ему» is the dative recipient, «вперёд» = 'beforehand, in advance.' Imperfective aspect is the default for a negative command."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я приду, но, может быть, не войду","title":"Two prefixed motion perfectives contrasted","body":"«приду» (perfective of «прийти», 'arrive') and «не войду» (perfective of «войти», 'go in') are prefixed motion verbs, their prefixes при-/в- giving precise direction. The contrast — come up to, but perhaps not enter — captures her wavering at the threshold."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of приду","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"приду","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will come"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of говорите","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of говорите","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"вперед","lemma":"вперёд","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорите","gloss":"beforehand"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говорите","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"говорите","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with приду","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the fixed phrase потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the causal clause modifying говорите","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of приду","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"приду","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"heads the causal clause modifying говорите","gloss":"will come"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the idiom может быть","gloss":"perhaps","note":"\"может быть\" is a fixed phrase meaning \"perhaps, maybe.\""},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"part of the idiom может быть","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies войду","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"войду","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with приду","gloss":"go in"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"}]},{"number":116,"label":"116","id":"epi-c1-s116","source":"Голос ее пресекся.","translation":"Her voice broke off.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Голос ее пресекся","title":"Reflexive «пресечься» of a voice breaking off","body":"«пресекся» is the perfective reflexive/middle of «пресечься» ('to break off, be cut short'), the -ся marking the intransitive change of state. Her voice failed of itself. «ее» is the possessive ('her voice')."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пресекся","title":"«пресечься» — a bookish 'broke off'","body":"«пресечься» (root «-сек-», to cut) is a literary verb for a voice or speech being cut short by emotion — more elevated than a plain «оборвался». It suits the heightened pitch of the scene's close."}],"words":[{"surface":"Голос","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пресекся","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"её","morphology":"determiner, possessive, feminine","role":"determiner of Голос","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"пресекся","lemma":"пресечься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"broke off"}]},{"number":117,"label":"117","id":"epi-c1-s117","source":"Она дышала трудно.","translation":"She breathed with difficulty.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Она дышала трудно","title":"Imperfective «дышала» of ongoing state","body":"«дышала» is imperfective past — the durative, ongoing process of breathing ('she was breathing'). Aspect here paints a continuing physical state, not a single event. «трудно» ('with difficulty') is the manner adverb."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of дышала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"дышала","lemma":"дышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"breathed"},{"surface":"трудно","lemma":"трудно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дышала","gloss":"with difficulty"}]},{"number":118,"label":"118","id":"epi-c1-s118","source":"Алеша встал уходить.","translation":"Alyosha rose to go.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Алеша встал уходить","title":"Perfective «встал» + imperfective infinitive of purpose","body":"«встал» (perfective, 'rose, got up') takes the imperfective infinitive «уходить» ('to be leaving') expressing the purpose of rising — 'rose to go.' The imperfective frames the leaving as an unfolding intent rather than a single completed exit."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of встал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"встал","lemma":"встать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rose"},{"surface":"уходить","lemma":"уходить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of встал","gloss":"to go"}]},{"number":119,"label":"119","id":"epi-c1-s119","source":"— А если я с кем-нибудь встречусь? — вдруг тихо проговорила она, вся опять побледнев.","translation":"\"And what if I meet someone there?\" she suddenly said in a low voice, turning pale all over again.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А если я с кем-нибудь встречусь","title":"Indefinite «-нибудь» + reciprocal «встречусь»","body":"«с кем-нибудь» uses the non-specific indefinite «-нибудь» — 'with anyone at all,' any chance person. «встречусь» is the reflexive/reciprocal perfective future of «встретиться» (to meet), governing «с» + instrumental."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вся опять побледнев","title":"Past gerund «побледнев» + intensifier «вся»","body":"«побледнев» is the perfective past gerund of «побледнеть» ('having turned pale'), an attendant action; «вся» ('all of her') intensifies — she paled all over once again, echoing s84. The repetition tracks her recurring dread."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of встречусь","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of встречусь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кем","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"кем","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"oblique complement of встречусь","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the indefinite pronoun кем-нибудь","gloss":"someone (indefinite)"},{"surface":"встречусь","lemma":"встретиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, reflexive, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I meet"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорила","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"тихо","lemma":"тихо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорила","gloss":"quietly"},{"surface":"проговорила","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to встречусь","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of проговорила","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies побледнев","gloss":"all over"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies побледнев","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"побледнев","lemma":"побледнеть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial converb clause on проговорила","gloss":"turning pale"}]},{"number":120,"label":"120","id":"epi-c1-s120","source":"— Для того и нужно сейчас, чтоб вы там ни с кем не встретились.","translation":"\"That is exactly why it must be now, so that you meet no one there.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Для того и нужно сейчас, чтоб вы там ни с кем не встретились","title":"Purpose «для того… чтоб» + «ни с кем»","body":"«Для того… чтоб(ы)» frames purpose ('precisely so that'), with «и» emphasising. Inside, «ни с кем не встретились» shows negative concord — the «ни»-phrase «ни с кем» ('with no one') still demands «не» on the verb. «встретились» takes the irrealis past form «чтобы» requires."}],"words":[{"surface":"Для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of нужно","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes нужно","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"нужно","lemma":"нужный","morphology":"adjective, predicative, neuter, singular","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"is necessary"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нужно","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of встретились","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of встретились","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies встретились","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the negative phrase ни с кем","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кем","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"кем","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"oblique complement of встретились","gloss":"anyone"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies встретились","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"встретились","lemma":"встретиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, plural, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on нужно","gloss":"you meet"}]},{"number":121,"label":"121","id":"epi-c1-s121","source":"Никого не будет, верно говорю.","translation":"There will be nobody there, I tell you truly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Никого не будет","title":"Negative concord with the genitive","body":"«Никого» is the genitive of the negative pronoun «никто» (nobody), and it pairs obligatorily with the verbal «не» — Russian stacks negatives where English uses one. The existential «не будет» (there will not be) then demands the genitive of its missing subject, so «никого» does double duty as a negative-concord word and as a genitive of negation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не будет","title":"Future of the negated existential","body":"«Будет» here is the third-person future of «быть», used impersonally to mean 'there will (not) be'. Negated existence in present, past, and future takes the same frame — «нет / не было / не будет» — always with its subject in the genitive («никого»), never the nominative."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"верно говорю","title":"Imperfective present, subject dropped","body":"«Говорю» is the first-person present of imperfective «говорить» — 'I say / I'm telling you' as an ongoing assurance, not a single completed act. The pronoun «я» is dropped because the -ю ending already marks first person, and «верно» ('truly, for sure') colours the whole claim as earnest insistence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Никого","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"subject of будет","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies будет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"верно","lemma":"верно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорю","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with будет","gloss":"I say"}]},{"number":122,"label":"122","id":"epi-c1-s122","source":"Мы будем ждать, — настойчиво заключил он и вышел из комнаты.","translation":"We will be waiting, he concluded insistently, and went out of the room.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Мы будем ждать","title":"Compound imperfective future","body":"«Будем ждать» is the imperfective future built analytically: conjugated «быть» (будем, 'we will') plus the imperfective infinitive «ждать» (to wait). It names an ongoing, open-ended waiting — 'we will be waiting' — exactly the sustained state the compound future is for, as opposed to a single completed perfective act."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"настойчиво заключил он","title":"Inverted dialogue tag with perfective past","body":"In the narration after direct speech Russian routinely inverts to verb-then-subject — «заключил он» ('he concluded') rather than «он заключил» — keeping the new agent in final, stressed position. «Заключил» is the perfective past, marking the concluding remark as a single finished act."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вышел из комнаты","title":"Prefixed motion verb plus genitive","body":"«Вышел» is the perfective past of «выйти» — the prefix вы- ('out') turns the motion verb into a precise, completed exit. It governs «из» + the genitive «комнаты» (out of the room): «из» always takes the genitive to express motion out of an enclosed space."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"настойчиво","title":"«настойчиво» — insistently","body":"An adverb from «настойчивый» (persistent, insistent), itself from «настоять (на чём-либо)», to insist on something. It frames the speaker's final word as a pressing of his point — the urgency of one who will not be talked out of the escape plan."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of ждать","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"будем","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of ждать","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"ждать","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wait"},{"surface":"настойчиво","lemma":"настойчиво","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заключил","gloss":"insistently"},{"surface":"заключил","lemma":"заключить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to ждать","gloss":"concluded"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заключил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вышел","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with заключил","gloss":"went out"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнаты","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"комнаты","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вышел","gloss":"the room"}]}]}