{"work":{"slug":"karamazov","title":{"source":"Братья Карамазовы","translated":"The Brothers Karamazov"},"author":"Fyodor Dostoevsky","language":"Russian","languageCode":"ru","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov"},"unit":{"kind":"chapter","number":null,"id":"epi-c2","title":{"source":"II. На минутку ложь стала правдой","translated":"For a Moment the Lie Becomes Truth"},"section":"Epilogue","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/epi-c2","lines":218},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/epi-c1","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/epi-c3","license":"Source text: public domain (Fyodor Dostoevsky, d. 1881; Russian from the Nauka academic edition via ru.wikisource). English translation: original, © 1732 Studios (2026); rendered freshly from the public-domain Russian, not derived from any prior English translation. Sentence-aligned by 1732 Studios.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"epi-c2-s1","source":"Он поспешил в больницу, где теперь лежал Митя.","translation":"He hurried to the hospital, where Mitya now lay.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"поспешил","title":"Perfective opens the scene","body":"«поспешил» (he hurried) is perfective past — a single completed move that launches the narrative forward, as against the imperfective «лежал» (lay) that holds the background."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"где теперь лежал Митя","title":"«где» as a relative","body":"Here «где» (where) introduces a relative clause attached to «больницу» (the hospital), and «лежал» is imperfective — a standing state, Mitya \"lying\" in hospital, not an event."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поспешил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"поспешил","lemma":"поспешить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hurried"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking больницу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"больницу","lemma":"больница","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поспешил","gloss":"the hospital"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лежал","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лежал","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"лежал","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on больницу","gloss":"lay"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of лежал","gloss":"Mitya"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"epi-c2-s2","source":"На второй день после решения суда он заболел нервною лихорадкой и был отправлен в городскую нашу больницу, в арестантское отделение.","translation":"On the second day after the court's verdict he had fallen ill with a nervous fever and had been sent to our town hospital, to the ward for prisoners.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"нервною лихорадкой","title":"Instrumental of the illness + archaic ending","body":"«заболеть» (to fall ill with) governs the instrumental: one falls ill \"by means of\" the fever. Note the bookish 19th-century instrumental ending «-ою» for «-ой» — «нервною» = modern «нервной»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"был отправлен","title":"Periphrastic passive with a short participle","body":"«был отправлен» (was sent) is the past passive: «быть» plus the short-form past passive participle of «отправить». The short participle predicates a completed result, the standard way Russian states \"was done.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking день","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"второй","lemma":"второй","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies день","gloss":"second"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заболел","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking решения","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"решения","lemma":"решение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies день","gloss":"the decision"},{"surface":"суда","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies решения","gloss":"of the court"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заболел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"заболел","lemma":"заболеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fell ill"},{"surface":"нервною","lemma":"нервный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies лихорадкой","gloss":"nervous"},{"surface":"лихорадкой","lemma":"лихорадка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заболел","gloss":"with fever"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of отправлен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"отправлен","lemma":"отправить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with заболел","gloss":"sent"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking больницу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"городскую","lemma":"городской","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies больницу","gloss":"town"},{"surface":"нашу","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of больницу","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"больницу","lemma":"больница","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отправлен","gloss":"hospital"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отделение","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"арестантское","lemma":"арестантский","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies отделение","gloss":"prisoners'"},{"surface":"отделение","lemma":"отделение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of отправлен","gloss":"ward"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"epi-c2-s3","source":"Но врач Варвинский по просьбе Алеши и многих других (Хохлаковой, Лизы и проч.) поместил Митю не с арестантами, а отдельно, в той самой каморке, в которой прежде лежал Смердяков.","translation":"But the doctor Varvinsky, at the request of Alyosha and many others (Madame Khokhlakova, Liza, and the rest), had placed Mitya not among the prisoners but apart, in that very little room in which Smerdyakov had once lain.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не с арестантами, а отдельно","title":"Contrastive «а» after negation","body":"The «не X, а Y» frame — \"not among the prisoners, but apart\" — is the classic corrective «а»: it cancels the first option and substitutes the second, a different job from «но»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в той самой каморке, в которой прежде лежал Смердяков","title":"«который» in the prepositional","body":"The relative «который» agrees with «каморке» in feminine singular but takes the case its own clause demands — here prepositional after «в» (\"in which\"), giving «в которой»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"каморке","title":"«каморка» — a cramped little room","body":"«каморка» is a poky closet of a room, the diminutive-flavoured word carrying a sense of meanness and confinement — fitting for a cell that had held the suicide Smerdyakov."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"врач","lemma":"врач","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поместил","gloss":"the doctor"},{"surface":"Варвинский","lemma":"варвинский","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to врач","gloss":"Varvinsky"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking просьбе","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"просьбе","lemma":"просьба","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поместил","gloss":"the request"},{"surface":"Алеши","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies просьбе","gloss":"of Alyosha"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"многих","lemma":"многих","morphology":"numeral, genitive, plural","role":"modifies других","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"других","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"coordinated with Алеши","gloss":"others"},{"surface":"Хохлаковой","lemma":"хохлакова","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to других","gloss":"Khokhlakova"},{"surface":"Лизы","lemma":"лиза","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with Хохлаковой","gloss":"Liza"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"проч","lemma":"проч","morphology":"noun (abbreviation), genitive, plural","role":"coordinated with Хохлаковой","gloss":"the rest"},{"surface":"поместил","lemma":"поместить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"placed"},{"surface":"Митю","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of поместил","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies арестантами","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking арестантами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"арестантами","lemma":"арестант","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of поместил","gloss":"the prisoners"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"отдельно","lemma":"отдельно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поместил, contrasted with арестантами","gloss":"apart"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking каморке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"той","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of каморке","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"самой","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies каморке","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"каморке","lemma":"каморка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поместил, expands отдельно","gloss":"little room"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которой","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"которой","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of лежал","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лежал","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"лежал","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on каморке","gloss":"had lain"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of лежал","gloss":"Smerdyakov"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"epi-c2-s4","source":"Правда, в конце коридора стоял часовой, а окно было решетчатое, и Варвинский мог быть спокоен за свою поблажку, не совсем законную, но это был добрый и сострадательный молодой человек.","translation":"True, a sentry stood at the end of the corridor, and the window was barred, and so Varvinsky could be easy in his mind about the indulgence, not altogether legal, but he was a kind and compassionate young man.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"окно было решетчатое","title":"Past tense of «быть» with a predicate adjective","body":"Russian drops the copula in the present but restores it in the past: «окно было решетчатое» (the window was barred). The long-form adjective stays in the nominative here, agreeing with «окно»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"мог быть спокоен","title":"Short adjective as predicate","body":"«спокоен» is the short form of «спокойный», used predicatively after «быть»: \"could be at ease.\" The short form names a state rather than a quality and is the bookish norm in such constructions."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"поблажку","title":"«поблажка» — an indulgence","body":"«поблажка» is a lenience or bending of the rules in someone's favour, often slightly improper — exactly Varvinsky's \"not altogether legal\" kindness toward Mitya."}],"words":[{"surface":"Правда","lemma":"правда","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to стоял","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking конце","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"конце","lemma":"конец","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стоял","gloss":"the end"},{"surface":"коридора","lemma":"коридор","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies конце","gloss":"of the corridor"},{"surface":"стоял","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"часовой","lemma":"часовой","morphology":"noun (substantivized adjective), nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стоял","gloss":"a sentry"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"окно","lemma":"окно","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of решетчатое","gloss":"the window"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to решетчатое","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"решетчатое","lemma":"решетчатый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate adjective, second coordinated clause","gloss":"barred"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Варвинский","lemma":"варвинский","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"Varvinsky"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with стоял","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"спокоен","lemma":"спокойный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"complement of быть","gloss":"at ease"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking поблажку","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of поблажку","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"поблажку","lemma":"поблажка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of спокоен","gloss":"the indulgence"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies совсем","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies законную","gloss":"entirely"},{"surface":"законную","lemma":"законный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies поблажку","gloss":"legal"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of человек","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to человек","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"добрый","lemma":"добрый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"kind"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сострадательный","lemma":"сострадательный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with добрый","gloss":"compassionate"},{"surface":"молодой","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun of это, fourth coordinated clause","gloss":"man"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"epi-c2-s5","source":"Он понимал, как тяжело такому, как Митя, прямо вдруг перешагнуть в сообщество убийц и мошенников и что к этому надо сперва привыкнуть.","translation":"He understood how hard it would be for someone like Mitya to step abruptly, all at once, into the company of murderers and swindlers, and that one had first to grow accustomed to it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как тяжело такому, как Митя","title":"Dative-experiencer impersonal","body":"«тяжело такому» (hard for such a one) is the dative-subject pattern: the person who finds it hard stands in the dative «такому» with no nominative subject and an invariable predicate «тяжело»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"надо сперва привыкнуть","title":"Impersonal «надо» + infinitive","body":"«надо привыкнуть» (one must grow used to it) is another subjectless construction — necessity expressed by «надо» plus an infinitive, the experiencer left unnamed and general."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"перешагнуть","title":"«перешагнуть» — to step across","body":"Literally \"to step over (a threshold)\"; the prefix «пере-» marks crossing. Dostoevsky uses it figuratively for Mitya's abrupt passage into «сообщество убийц и мошенников», the company of murderers and swindlers."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of понимал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"понимал","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies тяжело","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"тяжело","lemma":"тяжёлый","morphology":"adjective, predicative, neuter, singular","role":"complement of понимал","gloss":"hard"},{"surface":"такому","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of тяжело","gloss":"for someone"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"comparative particle","role":"preposition marking Митя","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of тяжело","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вдруг","gloss":"directly"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies перешагнуть","gloss":"all at once"},{"surface":"перешагнуть","lemma":"перешагнуть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on тяжело","gloss":"to step"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сообщество","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"сообщество","lemma":"сообщество","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of перешагнуть","gloss":"the company"},{"surface":"убийц","lemma":"убийца","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies сообщество","gloss":"of murderers"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мошенников","lemma":"мошенник","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with убийц","gloss":"swindlers"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of надо","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этому","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"этому","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of надо","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb, predicative","role":"coordinated with понимал","gloss":"one must"},{"surface":"сперва","lemma":"сперва","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies привыкнуть","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"привыкнуть","lemma":"привыкнуть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"grow accustomed"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"epi-c2-s6","source":"Посещения же родных и знакомых были разрешены и доктором, и смотрителем, и даже исправником, всё под рукой.","translation":"Visits from relatives and acquaintances, moreover, were permitted by the doctor, by the warden, and even by the police captain — everything quietly arranged.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"были разрешены","title":"Passive with instrumental agents","body":"«были разрешены» (were permitted) is the short-participle passive; the permitters are named in the instrumental of the agent — «доктором, смотрителем, исправником» — the standard way Russian marks \"by whom.\""},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"всё под рукой","title":"«всё под рукой» — all quietly fixed","body":"Idiomatically \"everything close at hand,\" but here implying that things were arranged informally, off the books — the whole apparatus of supervision relaxed for Mitya by personal good will."}],"words":[{"surface":"Посещения","lemma":"посещение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of passive разрешены","gloss":"visits"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Посещения","gloss":"moreover"},{"surface":"родных","lemma":"родной","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies Посещения","gloss":"of relatives"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"знакомых","lemma":"знакомый","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"coordinated with родных","gloss":"acquaintances"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of разрешены","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"разрешены","lemma":"разрешить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"permitted"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"доктором","lemma":"доктор","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of разрешены","gloss":"the doctor"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"смотрителем","lemma":"смотритель","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with доктором","gloss":"the warden"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies исправником","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"исправником","lemma":"исправник","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with доктором","gloss":"the police captain"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the elided copula (под рукой)","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рукой","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"рукой","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of the elliptical clause всё под рукой","gloss":"hand"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"epi-c2-s7","source":"Но в эти дни посетили Митю всего только Алеша да Грушенька.","translation":"But in those days only Alyosha and Grushenka came to see Mitya.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"посетили Митю всего только Алеша да Грушенька","title":"Verb-first word order for focus","body":"The verb «посетили» opens and the subjects «Алеша да Грушенька» land last, in stressed comment position — the new, pointed information being precisely who came (and how few)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"да","title":"Folksy «да» for «и»","body":"«Алеша да Грушенька» uses «да» as a homely, slightly colloquial \"and,\" warmer and more old-fashioned than «и» — a quiet texture-word common in narrative of this register."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дни","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of дни","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"дни","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of посетили","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"посетили","lemma":"посетить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"visited"},{"surface":"Митю","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of посетили","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всего","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies только","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Алеша","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of посетили","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with Алеша","gloss":"Grushenka"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"epi-c2-s8","source":"Порывался уже два раза увидеться с ним Ракитин; но Митя настойчиво просил Варвинского не впускать того.","translation":"Rakitin had already tried twice to get in to see him; but Mitya insistently begged Varvinsky not to let the man in.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Порывался уже два раза увидеться","title":"Imperfective «-ся» of repeated attempt","body":"«порывался» (kept trying, made attempts) is imperfective, naming repeated, unfinished effort — reinforced by «два раза». The «-ся» here gives the verb its reflexive/middle \"to strain, lunge\" sense."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не впускать того","title":"«тот» as a distancing pronoun","body":"«того» (genitive of «тот», \"that one\") is used coldly here for Rakitin instead of a name or «его» — a deliberate, contemptuous distancing that «тот» can carry."}],"words":[{"surface":"Порывался","lemma":"порываться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had tried"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies два раза","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"depends on раза","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"раза","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial modifier of Порывался","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"увидеться","lemma":"увидеться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on Порывался","gloss":"to see"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of увидеться","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"Ракитин","lemma":"Ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Порывался","gloss":"Rakitin"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of просил","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"настойчиво","lemma":"настойчиво","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies просил","gloss":"insistently"},{"surface":"просил","lemma":"просить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"begged"},{"surface":"Варвинского","lemma":"Варвинский","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of просил","gloss":"Varvinsky"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies впускать","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"впускать","lemma":"впускать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of просил","gloss":"to let in"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of впускать","gloss":"him","note":"'того' here refers back to the man (Rakitin), colloquial for 'that fellow.'"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"epi-c2-s9","source":"Алеша застал его сидящим на койке, в больничном халате, немного в жару, с головою, обернутой полотенцем, смоченным водою с уксусом.","translation":"Alyosha found him sitting on his cot, in a hospital gown, slightly feverish, his head wrapped in a towel soaked in water and vinegar.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"застал его сидящим на койке","title":"Participle in the instrumental — \"found him sitting\"","body":"«застать» (to find/catch someone in a state) takes a predicative instrumental: «сидящим» is the present active participle of «сидеть» in the instrumental, agreeing with «его» — \"found him [as] sitting.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"обернутой полотенцем, смоченным водою с уксусом","title":"A chain of past passive participles","body":"Two past passive participles stack up — «обернутой» (wrapped) and «смоченным» (soaked) — each agreeing with its noun and each taking an instrumental of means («полотенцем», «водою»). This dense participial layering is a hallmark of literary description."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of застал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"застал","lemma":"застать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of застал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"сидящим","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, instrumental, imperfective","role":"complement of застал","gloss":"sitting"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking койке","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"койке","lemma":"койка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сидящим","gloss":"his cot"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking халате","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"больничном","lemma":"больничный","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies халате","gloss":"hospital"},{"surface":"халате","lemma":"халат","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with койке","gloss":"gown"},{"surface":"немного","lemma":"немного","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies в жару","gloss":"slightly"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жару","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"жару","lemma":"жар","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with койке","gloss":"a fever"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking головою","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"головою","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of застал","gloss":"his head"},{"surface":"обернутой","lemma":"обернуть","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, instrumental, perfective","role":"clause modifying головою","gloss":"wrapped"},{"surface":"полотенцем","lemma":"полотенце","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"instrument of обернутой","gloss":"a towel"},{"surface":"смоченным","lemma":"смоченный","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, instrumental, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"modifies полотенцем","gloss":"soaked"},{"surface":"водою","lemma":"вода","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"instrument of смоченным","gloss":"water"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking уксусом","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уксусом","lemma":"уксус","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with водою","gloss":"vinegar"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"epi-c2-s10","source":"Он неопределенным взглядом посмотрел на вошедшего Алешу, но во взгляде все-таки промелькнул как бы какой-то испуг.","translation":"He looked with a vague gaze at Alyosha as he came in, yet in that gaze there flickered all the same a kind of fright.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"на вошедшего Алешу","title":"Past active participle as a modifier","body":"«вошедшего» (who had come in) is the past active participle of «войти», declined to agree with «Алешу» in the accusative — a compact participle doing the work of a whole \"as he came in\" clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"промелькнул как бы какой-то испуг","title":"Perfective flash + hedging «как бы»","body":"«промелькнул» (flickered, flashed) is perfective — a single instantaneous event. «как бы какой-то» (\"a kind of, as it were\") softens and blurs the impression, a very Dostoevskian narratorial hedge."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of посмотрел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"неопределенным","lemma":"неопределённый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies взглядом","gloss":"vague"},{"surface":"взглядом","lemma":"взгляд","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of посмотрел","gloss":"gaze"},{"surface":"посмотрел","lemma":"посмотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вошедшего","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"вошедшего","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, accusative, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"modifies Алешу","gloss":"coming in"},{"surface":"Алешу","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of посмотрел","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking взгляде","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"взгляде","lemma":"взгляд","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of промелькнул","gloss":"that gaze"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies промелькнул","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase все","gloss":"the same","note":"'все-таки' is one word meaning 'all the same, nevertheless'; split into two tokens here."},{"surface":"промелькнул","lemma":"промелькнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with посмотрел","gloss":"flickered"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"if","note":"'как бы' softens the claim, roughly 'a sort of.'"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of испуг","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of испуг","gloss":"kind of"},{"surface":"испуг","lemma":"испуг","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of промелькнул","gloss":"fright"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"epi-c2-s11","source":"Вообще с самого суда он стал страшно задумчив.","translation":"Indeed, ever since the trial he had grown dreadfully withdrawn.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"он стал страшно задумчив","title":"«стать» + short adjective — entering a state","body":"«стал задумчив» (became withdrawn) pairs the change-of-state verb «стать» with the short adjective «задумчив»; «стать» commonly takes a short-form predicate to mark a new condition coming on."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"страшно","title":"«страшно» as an intensifier","body":"Literally \"frighteningly,\" «страшно» here simply means \"dreadfully, terribly\" — a colloquial intensifier (\"dreadfully withdrawn\"), drained of its literal fear."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вообще","lemma":"вообще","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стал","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking суда","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies суда","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"суда","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стал","gloss":"the trial"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had grown"},{"surface":"страшно","lemma":"страшно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies задумчив","gloss":"dreadfully"},{"surface":"задумчив","lemma":"задумчивый","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"withdrawn"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"epi-c2-s12","source":"Иногда по получасу молчал, казалось что-то туго и мучительно обдумывая, забывая присутствующего.","translation":"Sometimes he would fall silent for half an hour at a stretch, seeming to turn something over heavily and painfully in his mind, forgetting whoever was present.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"обдумывая, забывая присутствующего","title":"Imperfective gerunds — simultaneous action","body":"«обдумывая» (turning over) and «забывая» (forgetting) are imperfective present gerunds («деепричастие»), naming actions going on at the same time as «молчал». They share Mitya's subject and pile the attendant circumstances onto the main verb."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"по получасу молчал","title":"Distributive «по» + dative","body":"«по получасу» means \"for [stretches of] half an hour each\" — the distributive «по» with the dative, expressing a repeated quantity of time across repeated occasions (\"sometimes for half an hour at a time\")."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"присутствующего","title":"Participle used as a noun","body":"«присутствующего» is the present active participle of «присутствовать» (to be present), here substantivized to mean \"the one present\" — declined like an animate masculine noun in the accusative."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иногда","lemma":"иногда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies молчал","gloss":"sometimes"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking получасу","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"получасу","lemma":"получас","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of молчал","gloss":"half an hour"},{"surface":"молчал","lemma":"молчать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would fall silent"},{"surface":"казалось","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, modifies обдумывая","gloss":"it seemed"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of обдумывая","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of обдумывая","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"туго","lemma":"туго","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обдумывая","gloss":"heavily"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мучительно","lemma":"мучительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обдумывая","gloss":"painfully"},{"surface":"обдумывая","lemma":"обдумывать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial converb modifying молчал","gloss":"turning over"},{"surface":"забывая","lemma":"забывать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with обдумывая","gloss":"forgetting"},{"surface":"присутствующего","lemma":"присутствующий","morphology":"adjective used as noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of забывая","gloss":"whoever was present"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"epi-c2-s13","source":"Если же выходил из задумчивости и начинал говорить, то заговаривал всегда как-то внезапно и непременно не о том, что действительно ему надо было сказать.","translation":"And if he did rouse himself from his reverie and begin to speak, he would always start up somehow abruptly and invariably about something other than what he really needed to say.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Если же выходил… то заговаривал всегда","title":"Imperfectives of habit in a generalizing «если…то»","body":"The whole sentence describes a recurring pattern, so every verb is imperfective: «выходил», «начинал», «заговаривал». The «если… то» frame here is not a one-off condition but a \"whenever… then\" generalization."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"же","title":"Connective particle «же»","body":"Here «же» is not emphatic but a soft connective/contrastive — \"and as for when he did rouse himself…\" — picking up the thread from the previous sentence about his silences."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"непременно","title":"«непременно» — without fail","body":"«непременно» means \"unfailingly, invariably, for certain.\" It recurs in this chapter (also «успокоил твою совесть» below), lending Mitya's and Alyosha's speech an insistent, fated weight."}],"words":[{"surface":"Если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of выходил","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies выходил","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"выходил","lemma":"выходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on заговаривал","gloss":"did rouse himself"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking задумчивости","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"задумчивости","lemma":"задумчивость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выходил","gloss":"his reverie"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"начинал","lemma":"начинать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with выходил","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"говорить","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начинал","gloss":"to speak"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative particle","role":"introduces the clause of заговаривал","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"заговаривал","lemma":"заговаривать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would start up"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заговаривал","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как-то","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как-то, modifies заговаривал","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"как-то","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"внезапно","lemma":"внезапно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заговаривал","gloss":"abruptly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with внезапно","gloss":"invariably"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies том","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of заговаривал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of надо","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"действительно","lemma":"действительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of надо","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"predicative adverb","role":"clause modifying том","gloss":"needed"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to надо","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"to say"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"epi-c2-s14","source":"Иногда с страданием смотрел на брата.","translation":"Now and then he would look at his brother with suffering in his eyes.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"с страданием смотрел на брата","title":"Instrumental of manner after «с»","body":"«с страданием» (with suffering) is «с» plus the instrumental, expressing the manner of looking. Note also that Russian keeps «с страданием» rather than easing to «со» here — a permitted, slightly weightier variant."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иногда","lemma":"иногда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смотрел","gloss":"now and then"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking страданием","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"страданием","lemma":"страдание","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотрел","gloss":"suffering"},{"surface":"смотрел","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would look"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking брата","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"брата","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотрел","gloss":"his brother"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"epi-c2-s15","source":"С Грушенькой ему было как будто легче, чем с Алешей.","translation":"With Grushenka he seemed somehow more at ease than with Alyosha.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ему было как будто легче","title":"Dative subject + comparative predicate","body":"«ему было легче» (it was easier for him) is the dative-experiencer impersonal: no nominative subject, the person in the dative «ему», and the invariable comparative «легче» as predicate."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"легче, чем с Алешей","title":"Comparative «легче» with «чем»","body":"«легче» is the suppletive-flavoured comparative of «лёгкий/легко» (easier), and the standard of comparison follows «чем» — \"easier… than with Alyosha.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"С","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Грушенькой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Грушенькой","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of легче","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of легче","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to легче","gloss":"seemed"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как будто","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как будто, modifies легче","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"как будто","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"легче","lemma":"лёгкий","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"more at ease"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of Алешей","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Алешей","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Алешей","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of легче","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"epi-c2-s16","source":"Правда, он с нею почти и не говорил, но чуть только она входила, всё лицо его озарялось радостью.","translation":"True, he scarcely spoke with her at all, but the moment she came in his whole face would light up with joy.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"чуть только она входила, всё лицо его озарялось","title":"Two imperfectives of habitual co-occurrence","body":"«входила… озарялось» are both imperfective past, describing a repeated pairing — every time she came in, his face would light up. «чуть только» (\"the moment that\") marks the habitual trigger."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"озарялось радостью","title":"Middle «-ся» + instrumental of means","body":"«озарялось» (lit \"was lit up\") is the «-ся» middle/intransitive of «озарить», and «радостью» is the instrumental of what does the lighting — his face \"shone with joy.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Правда","lemma":"правда","morphology":"parenthetical adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies говорил","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нею","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"нею","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорил","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорил","gloss":"scarcely"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes не говорил","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говорил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"чуть","lemma":"чуть только","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase чуть только","gloss":"the moment"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"чуть только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase чуть","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of входила","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"входила","lemma":"входить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on озарялось","gloss":"came in"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of лицо","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of озарялось","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of лицо","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"озарялось","lemma":"озаряться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with говорил","gloss":"would light up"},{"surface":"радостью","lemma":"радость","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of озарялось","gloss":"joy"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"epi-c2-s17","source":"Алеша сел молча подле него на койке.","translation":"Alyosha sat down beside him on the cot in silence.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сел молча подле него","title":"Perfective seating + archaic «подле»","body":"«сел» is perfective (a single completed action). «подле» (beside, near) is a bookish, somewhat archaic preposition governing the genitive «него» — more literary than the everyday «рядом с»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сел","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"сел","lemma":"сесть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sat down"},{"surface":"молча","lemma":"молча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сел","gloss":"in silence"},{"surface":"подле","lemma":"подле","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of the preposition подле","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking койке","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"койке","lemma":"койка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сел","gloss":"the cot"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"epi-c2-s18","source":"В этот раз он тревожно ждал Алешу, но не посмел ничего спросить.","translation":"This time he had been waiting anxiously for Alyosha, but he did not dare ask anything.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не посмел ничего спросить","title":"Negative concord: «не… ничего»","body":"\"Did not dare ask anything\" is in Russian a double negative — «не посмел» plus «ничего» — the obligatory negative concord, where the verb keeps «не» even though «ничего» is already negative."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of раз","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ждал","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ждал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"тревожно","lemma":"тревожно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ждал","gloss":"anxiously"},{"surface":"ждал","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had been waiting for"},{"surface":"Алешу","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of ждал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies посмел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"посмел","lemma":"посметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with ждал","gloss":"dared"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of спросить","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"спросить","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of посмел","gloss":"to ask"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"epi-c2-s19","source":"Он считал согласие Кати прийти немыслимым и в то же время чувствовал, что если она не придет, то будет что-то совсем невозможное.","translation":"He thought it inconceivable that Katya would consent to come, and at the same time he felt that if she did not come, something altogether impossible would follow.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"считал согласие Кати… немыслимым","title":"Object + instrumental predicate after «считать»","body":"«считать» (to consider) takes a direct object and an instrumental complement naming what it is judged to be: «считал согласие… немыслимым» — \"considered [her] consent inconceivable.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"если она не придет, то будет что-то совсем невозможное","title":"Real conditional in the future","body":"A genuine (not hypothetical) condition: «если… то» with perfective futures «придет» and «будет». No «бы» here — this is a real possibility about to happen, not an irrealis wish."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of считал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"считал","lemma":"считать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"согласие","lemma":"согласие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of считал","gloss":"the consent"},{"surface":"Кати","lemma":"Катя","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies согласие","gloss":"Katya's"},{"surface":"прийти","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"modifies согласие","gloss":"to come"},{"surface":"немыслимым","lemma":"немыслимый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of считал","gloss":"inconceivable"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking время","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"тот же","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"тот же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of чувствовал","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"чувствовал","lemma":"чувствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with считал","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of невозможное","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of придет","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of придет","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies придет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"придет","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on невозможное","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative particle","role":"introduces the clause of невозможное","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to невозможное","gloss":"would be"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of невозможное","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of невозможное","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies невозможное","gloss":"altogether"},{"surface":"невозможное","lemma":"невозможный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"clausal complement of чувствовал","gloss":"impossible"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"epi-c2-s20","source":"Алеша понимал его чувства.","translation":"Alyosha understood his feelings.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of понимал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"понимал","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of чувства","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"чувства","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of понимал","gloss":"feelings"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"epi-c2-s21","source":"— Трифон-то, — заговорил суетливо Митя, — Борисыч-то, говорят, весь свой постоялый двор разорил: половицы подымает, доски отдирает, всю «галдарею», говорят, в щепки разнес — всё клада ищет, вот тех самых денег, полторы тысячи, про которые прокурор сказал, что я их там спрятал.","translation":"\"That Trifon now,\" Mitya began fussily, \"Borisych, I mean — they say he's torn his whole posting-inn to pieces: pulling up the floorboards, ripping off the planks, smashing the whole 'galdarey' to splinters, they say — all of it hunting for treasure, for those very banknotes, the fifteen hundred the prosecutor said I'd hidden there.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Трифон-то… Борисыч-то","title":"Topic-marking clitic «-то»","body":"The hyphenated «-то» here is not the indefinite suffix but the topicalizing clitic, flagging \"that Trifon, you know the one\" — pinning down a known referent. It gives Mitya's blurted speech its excited, gossipy lurch."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"«галдарею»","title":"«галдарея» — mangled «галерея»","body":"A deliberately illiterate folk-deformation of «галерея» (gallery/veranda), set in quotation marks to flag it as the innkeeper's own peasant pronunciation — a touch of social mimicry in Mitya's report."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"клада ищет","title":"Genitive object of «искать»","body":"«искать» (to seek) classically governs the genitive of an abstract or indefinite goal: «клада ищет», \"is searching for treasure\" — the genitive marking the sought-for, not-yet-found object."}],"words":[{"surface":"Трифон","lemma":"Трифон","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"topic, fronted before заговорил","gloss":"Trifon"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Трифон","gloss":"that","note":"'-то' is an emphatic clitic ('that Trifon, I mean'), not a separate word."},{"surface":"заговорил","lemma":"заговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began speaking"},{"surface":"суетливо","lemma":"суетливо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заговорил","gloss":"fussily"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заговорил","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"Борисыч","lemma":"Борисыч","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"topic, in apposition to Трифон","gloss":"Borisych"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Борисыч","gloss":"that","note":"same emphatic '-то' clitic as on Трифон-то."},{"surface":"говорят","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"they say"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of двор","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"свой","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of двор","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"постоялый","lemma":"постоялый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies двор","gloss":"coaching"},{"surface":"двор","lemma":"двор","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of разорил","gloss":"inn"},{"surface":"разорил","lemma":"разорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with заговорил","gloss":"has torn apart"},{"surface":"половицы","lemma":"половица","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of подымает","gloss":"floorboards"},{"surface":"подымает","lemma":"подымать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to разорил","gloss":"pulls up"},{"surface":"доски","lemma":"доска","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of отдирает","gloss":"planks"},{"surface":"отдирает","lemma":"отдирать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with подымает","gloss":"rips off"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of галдарею","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"галдарею","lemma":"галдарея","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of разнес","gloss":"gallery","note":"dialectal word for a covered gallery/veranda, given in quotes in the source as a colloquialism."},{"surface":"говорят","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"they say"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking щепки","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"щепки","lemma":"щепка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of разнес","gloss":"splinters"},{"surface":"разнес","lemma":"разнести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with подымает","gloss":"smashed"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ищет","gloss":"all the while"},{"surface":"клада","lemma":"клад","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of ищет","gloss":"treasure"},{"surface":"ищет","lemma":"искать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to разнес","gloss":"seeking"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тех","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"тех","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of денег","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"самых","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"modifies тех","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"денег","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"in apposition to клада","gloss":"banknotes"},{"surface":"полторы","lemma":"полтора","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on тысячи","gloss":"one and a half"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to денег","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которые","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"которые","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of сказал","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"прокурор","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"the prosecutor"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on тысячи","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of спрятал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of спрятал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of спрятал","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спрятал","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"спрятал","lemma":"спрятать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of сказал","gloss":"hid"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"epi-c2-s22","source":"Как приехал, так, говорят, тотчас и пошел куролесить.","translation":"The moment he got back, they say, he set to running riot.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Как приехал, так… и пошел","title":"«как… так и» — the moment that","body":"The correlative «как… так (и)» links two perfectives «приехал… пошел» to mean \"the very moment he arrived, he set off [doing]\" — an immediate-sequence frame, here heightened by «тотчас» (at once)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"куролесить","title":"«куролесить» — to run riot","body":"A vivid colloquial verb meaning to carry on wildly, kick up a rumpus, behave outrageously. «пошел куролесить» = \"he set to raising hell\" — earthy, expressive register suited to Mitya's voice."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of приехал","gloss":"as soon as"},{"surface":"приехал","lemma":"приехать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on пошел","gloss":"got back"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"correlative particle","role":"modifies пошел","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"говорят","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"they say"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пошел","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пошел","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пошел","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"set to"},{"surface":"куролесить","lemma":"куролесить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of пошел","gloss":"running riot"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"epi-c2-s23","source":"Поделом мошеннику!","translation":"Serves the rogue right!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Поделом мошеннику!","title":"«поделом» + dative — serves him right","body":"«поделом» is a fixed exclamation \"it serves [him] right,\" taking the dative of the person who deserves it: «поделом мошеннику» — \"serves the rogue right!\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Поделом","lemma":"поделом","morphology":"predicative adverb","role":"predicate of the sentence","gloss":"serves right","note":"'поделом' is a fixed idiom ('it serves X right'), taking a dative complement."},{"surface":"мошеннику","lemma":"мошенник","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"dative complement of поделом","gloss":"the rogue"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"epi-c2-s24","source":"Сторож мне здешний вчера рассказал; он оттудова.","translation":"A guard here told me yesterday; he's from over that way.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Сторож мне здешний","title":"Split, colloquial word order","body":"Speech order scatters the phrase: «Сторож… здешний» (a local guard) is broken up by the dative «мне», and the modifier «здешний» trails its noun — the loose, spoken rhythm of Mitya talking fast."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"оттудова","title":"«оттудова» — dialectal «оттуда»","body":"«оттудова» is a non-standard, peasant-flavoured form of «оттуда» (from there). Like «галдарея» it colours the report with vernacular texture: \"he's from over that way.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Сторож","lemma":"сторож","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of рассказал","gloss":"the guard"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of рассказал","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"здешний","lemma":"здешний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Сторож","gloss":"local"},{"surface":"вчера","lemma":"вчера","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рассказал","gloss":"yesterday"},{"surface":"рассказал","lemma":"рассказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of оттудова","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"оттудова","lemma":"оттудова","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of он","gloss":"from over there","note":"dialectal/colloquial form of 'оттуда' (from there)."}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"epi-c2-s25","source":"— Слушай, — проговорил Алеша, — она придет, но не знаю когда, может сегодня, может на днях, этого не знаю, но придет, придет, это наверно.","translation":"\"Listen,\" Alyosha said, \"she will come, only I don't know when — maybe today, maybe one of these days, that I can't say, but she'll come, she'll come, that's certain.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"придет, но не знаю когда… но придет, придет","title":"Perfective future + insistent repetition","body":"«придет» is the perfective simple future of «прийти» — a single completed \"she will come.\" Its triple repetition (\"she'll come, she'll come, that's certain\") is Alyosha pressing reassurance on Mitya."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"на днях","title":"«на днях» — one of these days","body":"A set time-phrase meaning \"in the next few days\" (or, of the past, \"the other day\"). Here it points forward: \"maybe one of these days.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Слушай","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"listen"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of придет","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"придет","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clause parallel to проговорил","gloss":"will come"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with придет","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"может","morphology":"parenthetical adverb","role":"parenthetical","gloss":"maybe"},{"surface":"сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies может","gloss":"today"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"может","morphology":"parenthetical adverb","role":"parenthetical","gloss":"maybe"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking днях","gloss":"one of"},{"surface":"днях","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of может","gloss":"these days"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of знаю","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"clause parallel to придет","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"придет","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with знаю","gloss":"she'll come"},{"surface":"придет","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with знаю","gloss":"she'll come"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of наверно","gloss":"that's"},{"surface":"наверно","lemma":"наверно","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of это","gloss":"certain"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"epi-c2-s26","source":"Митя вздрогнул, хотел было что-то вымолвить, но промолчал.","translation":"Mitya gave a start, was about to say something, but kept silent.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"хотел было что-то вымолвить","title":"The «было» of a checked action","body":"The particle «было» after a past perfective marks an action begun or intended but cut short: «хотел было… вымолвить, но промолчал» — \"was about to utter something, but kept silent.\" A favourite Dostoevskian device for suppressed impulse."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вымолвить","title":"«вымолвить» — to get a word out","body":"A bookish perfective meaning to utter, manage to say (a single word or phrase), often with effort. \"Was about to bring out a word\" — weightier and rarer than «сказать»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вздрогнул","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"вздрогнул","lemma":"вздрогнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gave a start"},{"surface":"хотел","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with вздрогнул","gloss":"was about"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хотел","gloss":"to","note":"'хотел было' marks an intention that was begun but not carried out."},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of вымолвить","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of вымолвить","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"вымолвить","lemma":"вымолвить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотел","gloss":"to say"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"промолчал","lemma":"промолчать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вздрогнул","gloss":"kept silent"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"epi-c2-s27","source":"Известие страшно на него подействовало.","translation":"The news had a terrible effect on him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Известие страшно на него подействовало","title":"«подействовать на» + accusative","body":"«подействовать на кого» (to have an effect on someone) governs «на» plus the accusative «него». «подействовало» is perfective — the news landed its single, decisive blow."}],"words":[{"surface":"Известие","lemma":"известие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of подействовало","gloss":"the news"},{"surface":"страшно","lemma":"страшно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подействовало","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подействовало","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"подействовало","lemma":"подействовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had an effect"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"epi-c2-s28","source":"Видно было, что ему мучительно хотелось бы узнать подробности разговора, но что он опять боится сейчас спросить: что-нибудь жестокое и презрительное от Кати было бы ему как удар ножом в эту минуту.","translation":"It was plain that he longed agonizingly to learn the particulars of the conversation, yet that he was afraid to ask just now: anything cruel or contemptuous from Katya would have been like a knife-thrust to him at that moment.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"мучительно хотелось бы узнать… было бы ему как удар ножом","title":"Conditional «бы» — the unreal and the wished-for","body":"Two irrealis verbs frame the sentence: «хотелось бы» (he would have longed) and «было бы» (would have been). Past-form verb plus «бы» builds Russia's single subjunctive, here voicing both a yearning and a feared hypothetical."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ему мучительно хотелось бы","title":"Dative subject under «хотеться»","body":"«хотеться» is impersonal and reflexive: the wanter goes in the dative «ему», not the nominative — \"it would agonizingly want itself to him,\" i.e. he longed. The «-ся» frames desire as something that happens to one."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что-нибудь жестокое и презрительное","title":"Non-specific «-нибудь»","body":"«что-нибудь» (anything at all) is the non-specific indefinite — any cruel word whatever — as opposed to «что-то» (some specific thing). The adjectives «жестокое, презрительное» agree with it in neuter."}],"words":[{"surface":"Видно","lemma":"видно","morphology":"adverb, predicative","role":"predicate, governs было","gloss":"It was plain"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to Видно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of хотелось","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"dative experiencer of хотелось","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"мучительно","lemma":"мучительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хотелось","gloss":"agonizingly"},{"surface":"хотелось","lemma":"хотеться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, impersonal, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of Видно","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks хотелось as conditional","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"узнать","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотелось","gloss":"to learn"},{"surface":"подробности","lemma":"подробность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of узнать","gloss":"the particulars"},{"surface":"разговора","lemma":"разговор","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies подробности","gloss":"of the conversation"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of боится","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of боится","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies боится","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"боится","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with хотелось","gloss":"is afraid"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спросить","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"спросить","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of боится","gloss":"to ask"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что-нибудь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of что-нибудь; subject of было (w25)","gloss":"anything","note":"что-нибудь ('anything') is split across two tokens; together it is the subject of было бы, not an object of спросить."},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"forms the indefinite pronoun with что (w18)","gloss":"-ever"},{"surface":"жестокое","lemma":"жестокий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies что-нибудь (w18)","gloss":"cruel"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"презрительное","lemma":"презрительный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with жестокое","gloss":"contemptuous"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Кати","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Кати","lemma":"Катя","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of жестокое/презрительное","gloss":"Katya"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-нибудь clause (was)","gloss":"would have been"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks было (w25) as conditional","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"dative experiencer, complement of было","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces comparison with удар","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"удар","lemma":"удар","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of было (like a blow)","gloss":"a blow"},{"surface":"ножом","lemma":"нож","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies удар","gloss":"with a knife"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуту","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"temporal adverbial modifying было","gloss":"moment"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"epi-c2-s29","source":"— Вот что она, между прочим, сказала: чтоб я непременно успокоил твою совесть насчет побега.","translation":"\"Here is one of the things she said, among others: that I must without fail set your conscience at rest about the escape.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтоб я непременно успокоил твою совесть","title":"«чтоб(ы)» + past form for an indirect command","body":"Reported insistence uses «чтоб» (clipped «чтобы») with a past-form verb «успокоил»: \"that I must set your conscience at rest.\" The «чтобы»-plus-past construction carries willed or required outcomes, not plain fact."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces что она сказала","gloss":"Here"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сказала (relative 'what')","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of сказала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking прочим","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"прочим","lemma":"прочее","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"object of между (idiom 'among other things')","gloss":"other things"},{"surface":"сказала","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of успокоил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of успокоил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies успокоил","gloss":"without fail"},{"surface":"успокоил","lemma":"успокоить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of сказала","gloss":"must set at rest"},{"surface":"твою","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of совесть","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"совесть","lemma":"совесть","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of успокоил","gloss":"conscience"},{"surface":"насчет","lemma":"насчёт","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking побега","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"побега","lemma":"побег","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of успокоил","gloss":"the escape"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"epi-c2-s30","source":"Если и не выздоровеет к тому времени Иван, то она сама возьмется за это.","translation":"If Ivan is not well again by that time, she will see to the matter herself.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Если и не выздоровеет… то она сама возьмется","title":"Concessive «и» inside a condition","body":"«Если и не выздоровеет» = \"even if he does not recover\": the particle «и» lends the condition a concessive \"even\" force. Both verbs are perfective futures, naming completed prospective events."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сама возьмется за это","title":"Intensifier «сама» + «-ся» idiom","body":"«сама» (she herself) stresses that Katya will act in person; «взяться за что» (to take a thing in hand) is a fixed «-ся» idiom governing «за» plus the accusative — \"she'll see to it herself.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of выздоровеет","gloss":"If"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies не выздоровеет","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies выздоровеет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"выздоровеет","lemma":"выздороветь","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on возьмется","gloss":"recovers"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking времени","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, dative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of времени","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"времени","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of выздоровеет","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выздоровеет","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative particle","role":"introduces the clause of возьмется","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of возьмется","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"сама","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular, intensive","role":"emphasizes она, modifies возьмется","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"возьмется","lemma":"взяться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will take on"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking это","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of возьмется","gloss":"it"}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"epi-c2-s31","source":"— Ты уж об этом мне говорил, — раздумчиво заметил Митя.","translation":"\"You've told me of that already,\" Mitya remarked thoughtfully.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ты уж об этом мне говорил","title":"Imperfective «говорил» of a past report + particle «уж»","body":"«говорил» (imperfective, \"you have told / were telling me\") states the fact that the topic was already raised, regardless of completion. «уж» (clipped «уже», \"already\") adds a faintly weary insistence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"You"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говорил","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of говорил","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"раздумчиво","lemma":"раздумчиво","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заметил","gloss":"thoughtfully"},{"surface":"заметил","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to говорил","gloss":"remarked"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заметил","gloss":"Mitya"}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"epi-c2-s32","source":"— А ты уже Груше пересказал, — заметил Алеша.","translation":"\"And you've already passed it on to Grusha,\" Alyosha remarked.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А ты уже Груше пересказал","title":"Contrastive «а» opening the riposte","body":"«А ты…» launches a gentle counter-turn — \"and you, for your part…\" — the topic-shifting «а» that hinges so much Russian dialogue. «пересказал» is perfective: he has finished passing the news on."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of пересказал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пересказал","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"Груше","lemma":"Груша","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of пересказал","gloss":"to Grusha"},{"surface":"пересказал","lemma":"пересказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"passed on"},{"surface":"заметил","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to пересказал","gloss":"remarked"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заметил","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"epi-c2-s33","source":"— Да, — сознался Митя.","translation":"\"Yes,\" Mitya confessed.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сознался","title":"Reflexive-only «сознаться»","body":"«сознаться» (to confess, own up) exists only in the «-ся» form — there is no «сознать» meaning this. Such inherently reflexive verbs must be learned whole; here it loads Mitya's bare \"Yes\" with the air of an admission."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to сознался","gloss":"Yes"},{"surface":"сознался","lemma":"сознаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"confessed"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сознался","gloss":"Mitya"}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"epi-c2-s34","source":"— Она сегодня утром не придет, — робко посмотрел он на брата.","translation":"\"She won't come this morning,\" he looked timidly at his brother.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Она сегодня утром не придет","title":"Negated perfective future","body":"«не придет» negates the perfective simple future — \"she will not come [this morning].\" Russian negates the completed future event directly with «не», no auxiliary needed."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of придет","gloss":"She"},{"surface":"сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies утром","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"утром","lemma":"утро","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of придет","gloss":"morning"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies придет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"придет","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will come"},{"surface":"робко","lemma":"робко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies посмотрел","gloss":"timidly"},{"surface":"посмотрел","lemma":"посмотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to придет","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of посмотрел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking брата","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"брата","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of посмотрел","gloss":"his brother"}]},{"number":35,"label":"35","id":"epi-c2-s35","source":"— Она придет только вечером.","translation":"\"She'll only come in the evening.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"только вечером","title":"«вечером» — instrumental of time","body":"«вечером» (in the evening) is the bare instrumental used adverbially for time of day, alongside «утром», «днём», «ночью» — no preposition required. Here narrowed by «только» (only)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of придет","gloss":"She"},{"surface":"придет","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will come"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вечером","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"вечером","lemma":"вечер","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of придет","gloss":"in the evening"}]},{"number":36,"label":"36","id":"epi-c2-s36","source":"Как только я ей вчера сказал, что Катя орудует, смолчала; а губы скривились.","translation":"The moment I told her yesterday that Katya was taking the matter in hand, she said nothing; but her lips twisted.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Как только я ей вчера сказал… смолчала","title":"«как только» — the instant that","body":"«как только» (as soon as, the moment that) links the perfective «сказал» to the perfective «смолчала» (fell silent), a tight cause-and-instant-effect: the moment he spoke, she went quiet."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"орудует","title":"«орудовать» — to be busy at, work it","body":"«орудовать» is to operate, handle, get busy with something — often with a faintly disapproving or wary tinge. \"Katya was orudует\" = taking the matter actively in hand, which is exactly what stings Grushenka."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"а губы скривились","title":"Contrastive «а» + middle «-ся»","body":"«а» pivots from her silence to the contrary sign — \"but her lips twisted.\" «скривились» is the «-ся» middle of «скривить», an involuntary change of state: the lips twisted of themselves."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause (with только) of сказал","gloss":"As","note":"'как только' together is the idiom 'as soon as.'"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase Как (идиома 'as soon as')","gloss":"soon as"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of сказал","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"вчера","lemma":"вчера","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказал","gloss":"yesterday"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the temporal clause","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of орудует","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Катя","lemma":"Катя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of орудует","gloss":"Katya"},{"surface":"орудует","lemma":"орудовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of сказал","gloss":"was handling it"},{"surface":"смолчала","lemma":"смолчать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the main clause (subject: she, elided)","gloss":"said nothing"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"губы","lemma":"губа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of скривились","gloss":"her lips"},{"surface":"скривились","lemma":"скривиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with смолчала","gloss":"twisted"}]},{"number":37,"label":"37","id":"epi-c2-s37","source":"Прошептала только: «Пусть ее!»","translation":"She only whispered: 'Let her, then!'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"«Пусть ее!»","title":"«Пусть ее!» — Let her, then!","body":"An idiomatic dismissive: «пусть» (let, may) plus the curt accusative «ее» yields a resigned \"let her do as she likes, never mind her\" — Grushenka swallowing her jealousy in three syllables."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Прошептала только","title":"Perfective «прошептала» of a single utterance","body":"«прошептать» (perfective, to whisper out [a thing]) names one completed act of whispering, the «про-» giving it that bounded, \"got it said\" sense — fronted here for terse emphasis."}],"words":[{"surface":"Прошептала","lemma":"прошептать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (subject: she, elided)","gloss":"whispered"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Прошептала","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"Пусть","lemma":"пусть","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the imperative idiom Пусть ее","gloss":"Let"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"object of Пусть (idiom 'let her be')","gloss":"her"}]},{"number":38,"label":"38","id":"epi-c2-s38","source":"Поняла, что важное.","translation":"She understood it was something important.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Поняла, что важное.","title":"Dropped subject and copula","body":"Telegraphic spoken Russian: subject «она» is dropped (the «-а» of «поняла» shows feminine), and the embedded «что важное» omits both subject and the present \"is\" — \"[she] understood [it was] something important.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Поняла","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (subject: she, elided)","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of важное","gloss":"that it was"},{"surface":"важное","lemma":"важный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"clausal complement of Поняла","gloss":"important"}]},{"number":39,"label":"39","id":"epi-c2-s39","source":"Я не посмел пытать дальше.","translation":"I didn't dare probe further.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не посмел пытать","title":"Negated «посметь» + infinitive","body":"«не посмел пытать» (didn't dare to probe) negates the perfective «посметь»; the dependent verb stays in the infinitive «пытать». Note «пытать» here in its older sense \"to question, sound out,\" not \"to torture.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of посмел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies посмел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"посмел","lemma":"посметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"dared"},{"surface":"пытать","lemma":"пытать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of посмел","gloss":"probe"},{"surface":"дальше","lemma":"далеко","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies пытать","gloss":"further"}]},{"number":40,"label":"40","id":"epi-c2-s40","source":"Понимает ведь уж, кажется, теперь, что та любит не меня, а Ивана?","translation":"She does understand now, it seems, that the other one loves not me but Ivan?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Понимает ведь уж, кажется, теперь","title":"Appeal particle «ведь»","body":"«ведь» appeals to shared understanding — \"she does understand, after all, doesn't she?\" — turning a statement into a half-question Mitya half-pleads. The cluster «ведь уж… кажется» layers his anxious self-reassurance."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"та любит не меня, а Ивана","title":"«та» distancing + «не… а» contrast","body":"«та» (\"that [other] one\") coolly designates Katya without naming her, while «не меня, а Ивана» is the corrective «а»: loves not me but Ivan. The accusatives «меня/Ивана» mark the loved objects."}],"words":[{"surface":"Понимает","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (subject: she, elided)","gloss":"does understand"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies уж","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Понимает","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical to Понимает","gloss":"it seems"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Понимает","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of любит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"та","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of любит","gloss":"the other one"},{"surface":"любит","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of Понимает","gloss":"loves"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies меня","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of любит","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Ивана","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with меня","gloss":"Ivan"}]},{"number":41,"label":"41","id":"epi-c2-s41","source":"— Так ли? — вырвалось у Алеши.","translation":"\"Is that so?\" escaped Alyosha.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Так ли?","title":"Yes/no question with «ли»","body":"«Так ли?» (Is that so?) is the interrogative enclitic «ли» appended to the focused word «так» — a more pointed, literary way to query than mere intonation, here voicing Alyosha's startled doubt."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вырвалось у Алеши","title":"Impersonal «вырвалось» + «у» genitive","body":"«вырвалось» (it burst out, escaped) is the «-ся» middle used impersonally; the speaker appears not as subject but as «у Алеши» (genitive) — the words \"escaped from\" him, beyond his will."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"interrogative particle","role":"marks Так ли as a yes/no question","gloss":"(is it)","note":"'ли' is a yes/no question marker with no direct English word; it turns 'Так' into 'Is that so?'"},{"surface":"вырвалось","lemma":"вырваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Так","gloss":"escaped"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Алеши","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Алеши","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вырвалось","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":42,"label":"42","id":"epi-c2-s42","source":"— Пожалуй, и не так.","translation":"\"Perhaps it isn't so, after all.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Пожалуй, и не так","title":"«пожалуй» — perhaps, I'd say","body":"«пожалуй» is a modal hedge \"perhaps, maybe, I suppose,\" conceding a point tentatively. With «и не так» — \"perhaps it isn't so after all\" — Mitya half-retracts what he just insisted on."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пожалуй","lemma":"пожалуй","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Perhaps"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies не так","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with Пожалуй","gloss":"so"}]},{"number":43,"label":"43","id":"epi-c2-s43","source":"Только она утром теперь не придет, — поспешил еще раз обозначить Митя, — я ей одно поручение дал…","translation":"Only she won't come this morning now,\" Mitya hastened to make clear once more, \"I gave her an errand to run…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"обозначить","title":"«обозначить» — to make plain, mark out","body":"Here «обозначить» (lit. to designate, mark) is used in a slightly off-kilter way for \"to state clearly, spell out\" — \"hastened once more to make clear.\" The faint awkwardness fits Mitya's agitated, fumbling speech."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я ей одно поручение дал","title":"Dative recipient with «дать»","body":"«дать» (to give) takes the thing given in the accusative «поручение» and the recipient in the dative «ей»: \"I gave her an errand.\" Classic indirect-object dative."}],"words":[{"surface":"Только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies она","gloss":"Only"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of придет","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"утром","lemma":"утро","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of придет","gloss":"morning"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies придет","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies придет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"придет","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will come"},{"surface":"поспешил","lemma":"поспешить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to придет","gloss":"hastened"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase еще раз ('once more')","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обозначить","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"обозначить","lemma":"обозначить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of поспешил","gloss":"make clear"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поспешил","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of дал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of дал","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"одно","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"quantifies поручение","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"поручение","lemma":"поручение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of дал","gloss":"errand"},{"surface":"дал","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"gave"}]},{"number":44,"label":"44","id":"epi-c2-s44","source":"Слушай, брат Иван всех превзойдет.","translation":"Listen, brother Ivan will outdo us all.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"брат Иван всех превзойдет","title":"Perfective future + genitive after the comparative idea","body":"«превзойти» (to surpass, outdo) is perfective; «превзойдет» is its simple future. Its object «всех» (everyone, accusative/genitive plural of «все») completes \"will outdo us all.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Слушай","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"discourse marker addressing the listener","gloss":"Listen"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Иван","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of превзойдет","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of превзойдет","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"превзойдет","lemma":"превзойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will outdo"}]},{"number":45,"label":"45","id":"epi-c2-s45","source":"Ему жить, а не нам.","translation":"It's for him to live, not for us.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ему жить, а не нам.","title":"Dative + bare infinitive of destiny","body":"«Ему жить» (it is for him to live) is the dative-plus-infinitive of fate or obligation — no verb of \"to be\" needed. Contrasted by «а не нам» (and not for us, also dative): the construction quietly assigns who is meant to live on."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"dative subject of жить","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"жить","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"to live"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нам","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"coordinated with Ему (жить elided)","gloss":"us"}]},{"number":46,"label":"46","id":"epi-c2-s46","source":"Он выздоровеет.","translation":"He'll recover.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Он выздоровеет.","title":"Perfective future of recovery","body":"«выздороветь» (to get well, recover) is perfective; «выздоровеет» is the simple future — a single completed return to health. Its insistent repetition across the next lines becomes the emotional refrain of the scene."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выздоровеет","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"выздоровеет","lemma":"выздороветь","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will recover"}]},{"number":47,"label":"47","id":"epi-c2-s47","source":"— Представь себе, Катя хоть и трепещет за него, но почти не сомневается, что он выздоровеет, — сказал Алеша.","translation":"\"Imagine, though Katya trembles for him, she scarcely doubts that he'll recover,\" said Alyosha.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Представь себе","title":"Imperative with reflexive «себе»","body":"«Представь себе» (just imagine) is the imperative of «представить» plus the dative reflexive «себе» — \"picture to yourself.\" A fixed conversational opener flagging something surprising to follow."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хоть и трепещет… но почти не сомневается","title":"Concessive «хоть и… но»","body":"«хоть и… но» frames a concession — \"though she trembles… yet she scarcely doubts.\" Both verbs are imperfective present, naming ongoing states of feeling."}],"words":[{"surface":"Представь","lemma":"представить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Imagine"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of Представь","gloss":"to yourself"},{"surface":"Катя","lemma":"Катя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of трепещет","gloss":"Katya"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause of трепещет","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase хоть и ('though')","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"трепещет","lemma":"трепетать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the concessive clause","gloss":"trembles"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of трепещет","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"scarcely"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сомневается","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сомневается","lemma":"сомневаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence, coordinated with трепещет (subject: Катя)","gloss":"doubts"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of выздоровеет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выздоровеет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"выздоровеет","lemma":"выздороветь","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of сомневается","gloss":"will recover"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"frames the quoted speech","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":48,"label":"48","id":"epi-c2-s48","source":"— Значит, убеждена, что он умрет.","translation":"\"That means she's convinced he'll die.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Значит, убеждена, что он умрет.","title":"Short participle «убеждена» as predicate","body":"«убеждена» is the short feminine past passive participle of «убедить» (convinced), used predicatively with a dropped «она» — \"[she is] convinced.\" The short form names her settled inner state."}],"words":[{"surface":"Значит","lemma":"значить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"That means"},{"surface":"убеждена","lemma":"убеждённый","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase (subject: she, elided)","gloss":"convinced"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of умрет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of умрет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"умрет","lemma":"умереть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of убеждена","gloss":"will die"}]},{"number":49,"label":"49","id":"epi-c2-s49","source":"Это она от страху уверена, что выздоровеет.","translation":"It's out of fear that she's sure he'll recover.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это она от страху уверена","title":"Causal «от» + genitive of emotion","body":"«от страху» (out of fear) is «от» plus the genitive, naming the cause of a feeling or act. Note the old partitive-flavoured ending «-у» for «-а» («страху» for «страха»), common with such nouns in expressive speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"expletive with уверена","gloss":"It's"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of уверена","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking страху","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"страху","lemma":"страх","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of уверена","gloss":"fear"},{"surface":"уверена","lemma":"уверенный","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"sure"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of выздоровеет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"выздоровеет","lemma":"выздороветь","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of уверена","gloss":"he'll recover"}]},{"number":50,"label":"50","id":"epi-c2-s50","source":"— Брат сложения сильного.","translation":"\"Our brother has a strong constitution.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Брат сложения сильного.","title":"Genitive of quality, copula dropped","body":"\"Our brother [is] of strong constitution\": «сложения сильного» is a genitive-of-quality phrase describing «брат», and the present-tense \"is\" is simply absent, as Russian requires."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сложения","title":"«сложение» — physical build","body":"«сложение» here means bodily build or constitution (from «сложить», \"to put together\"). «крепкого/сильного сложения» — \"of strong build\" — is the idiom for a robust frame likely to survive illness."}],"words":[{"surface":"Брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Our brother"},{"surface":"сложения","lemma":"сложение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies Брат","gloss":"of constitution"},{"surface":"сильного","lemma":"сильный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies сложения","gloss":"strong"}]},{"number":51,"label":"51","id":"epi-c2-s51","source":"И я тоже очень надеюсь, что он выздоровеет, — тревожно заметил Алеша.","translation":"And I too very much hope he'll recover,\" Alyosha remarked anxiously.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"тревожно заметил Алеша","title":"Inverted attribution after speech","body":"In dialogue tags Russian routinely inverts to verb-then-subject: «заметил Алеша» (\"Alyosha remarked\"), with the manner adverb «тревожно» fronted. This verb-first attribution is the narrative norm."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of надеюсь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies надеюсь","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies надеюсь","gloss":"very much"},{"surface":"надеюсь","lemma":"надеяться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hope"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of выздоровеет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выздоровеет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"выздоровеет","lemma":"выздороветь","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of надеюсь","gloss":"will recover"},{"surface":"тревожно","lemma":"тревожно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заметил","gloss":"anxiously"},{"surface":"заметил","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to надеюсь","gloss":"remarked"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заметил","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":52,"label":"52","id":"epi-c2-s52","source":"— Да, он выздоровеет.","translation":"\"Yes, he'll recover.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to выздоровеет","gloss":"Yes"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выздоровеет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"выздоровеет","lemma":"выздороветь","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will recover"}]},{"number":53,"label":"53","id":"epi-c2-s53","source":"Но та уверена, что он умрет.","translation":"But she's convinced he'll die.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Но та уверена, что он умрет.","title":"«та» for the absent third woman","body":"«та» (\"that one\") again marks Katya at a cold distance, opposing her to Grushenka in Mitya's mind. The short «уверена» predicates her conviction; «умрет» is the perfective future \"he will die.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"та","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of уверена","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"уверена","lemma":"уверенный","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"convinced"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of умрет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of умрет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"умрет","lemma":"умереть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of уверена","gloss":"will die"}]},{"number":54,"label":"54","id":"epi-c2-s54","source":"Много у ней горя…","translation":"She has a great deal of grief…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Много у ней горя","title":"Quantifier «много» + genitive","body":"«много горя» — \"much grief\" — uses the quantifier «много» governing the genitive «горя». Possession is framed with «у ней» (genitive of «она», archaic/colloquial «ней» for «неё»): \"she has much grief.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies горя","gloss":"a great deal"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней (possessive 'she has')","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Много","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"горя","lemma":"горе","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"grief"}]},{"number":55,"label":"55","id":"epi-c2-s55","source":"Наступило молчание.","translation":"A silence fell.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Наступило молчание.","title":"Perfective onset + verb-first order","body":"«Наступило молчание» (a silence fell) leads with the perfective verb, subject «молчание» last — the new event announced as it lands. «наступить» is the idiomatic verb for a silence, night, or moment \"setting in.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Наступило","lemma":"наступить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fell"},{"surface":"молчание","lemma":"молчание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of Наступило","gloss":"A silence"}]},{"number":56,"label":"56","id":"epi-c2-s56","source":"Митю мучило что-то очень важное.","translation":"Something very important was tormenting Mitya.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Митю мучило что-то очень важное","title":"Accusative experiencer of «мучить»","body":"The torment is the grammatical subject («что-то важное», neuter, agreeing with «мучило»), while the sufferer Mitya stands as accusative object «Митю» — \"something was tormenting Mitya.\" Russian often makes the feeling the actor and the person its target."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митю","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of мучило","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"мучило","lemma":"мучить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was tormenting"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of что-то; subject of мучило","gloss":"something","note":"что-то ('something') is split across two tokens (w3-w4)."},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"forms the indefinite pronoun with что (w3)","gloss":"-thing"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies важное","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"важное","lemma":"важный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies что-то (w3-w4)","gloss":"important"}]},{"number":57,"label":"57","id":"epi-c2-s57","source":"— Алеша, я Грушу люблю ужасно, — дрожащим, полным слез голосом вдруг проговорил он.","translation":"\"Alyosha, I love Grusha terribly,\" he suddenly brought out in a trembling voice, full of tears.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"дрожащим, полным слез голосом","title":"Instrumental of manner + present participle","body":"«голосом» (in a voice) is the instrumental of manner, and «дрожащим» is the present active participle of «дрожать» (trembling), agreeing in the instrumental. «полным слез» adds the long-form adjective «полный» in the instrumental, agreeing with «голосом», which governs the genitive «слез» (\"full of tears\"); it is not a short adjective."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Грушу люблю ужасно","title":"«ужасно» as intensifier","body":"Like «страшно» earlier, «ужасно» (lit. \"horribly\") here just means \"terribly, awfully\" — an intensifier of love, not horror: \"I love Grusha terribly.\" Emotional overstatement is Mitya's native register."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of люблю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"Грушу","lemma":"Груша","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of люблю","gloss":"Grusha"},{"surface":"люблю","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies люблю","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"дрожащим","lemma":"дрожащий","morphology":"participle, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies голосом","gloss":"trembling"},{"surface":"полным","lemma":"полный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with дрожащим, modifies голосом","gloss":"full"},{"surface":"слез","lemma":"слеза","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"complement of полным (full of tears)","gloss":"of tears"},{"surface":"голосом","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of проговорил","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb framing the quoted speech","gloss":"brought out"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"he"}]},{"number":58,"label":"58","id":"epi-c2-s58","source":"— Ее к тебе туда не пустят, — тотчас подхватил Алеша.","translation":"\"They won't let her in to you there,\" Alyosha put in at once.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ее к тебе туда не пустят","title":"Impersonal «они»-less third-plural","body":"«не пустят» (they won't let [her] in) is a subjectless third-person plural — the unnamed \"they,\" the authorities. Russian uses this bare 3rd-plural for an indefinite agent, like English passive \"she won't be let in.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of пустят","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебе","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"oblique complement of пустят","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"туда","lemma":"туда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пустят","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пустят","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"пустят","lemma":"пустить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (impersonal 'they')","gloss":"will let"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подхватил","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"подхватил","lemma":"подхватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to пустят","gloss":"put in"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подхватил","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":59,"label":"59","id":"epi-c2-s59","source":"— И вот что еще хотел тебе сказать, — продолжал каким-то зазвеневшим вдруг голосом Митя, — если бить станут дорогой аль там, то я не дамся, я убью, и меня расстреляют.","translation":"\"And here's another thing I wanted to tell you,\" Mitya went on, his voice suddenly ringing with something, \"if they start beating me on the road or there, I won't submit, I'll kill, and they'll shoot me.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"если бить станут… то я не дамся, я убью","title":"Real future condition with chained perfectives","body":"«если… станут… то…» sets a real future condition: «станут бить» (will start beating, «стать» + imperfective infinitive), then the perfectives «не дамся» (won't give in) and «убью» (I'll kill). No «бы» — Mitya means it as a real prospect."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я не дамся","title":"Reflexive «даться» — to let oneself be taken","body":"«даться» is the «-ся» middle of «дать»: to yield, to let oneself be done to. «не дамся» = \"I won't submit / won't let them.\" The reflexive turns \"give\" inward into \"give oneself up.\""},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"аль","title":"«аль» — folksy «или»","body":"«аль» (or «али») is a colloquial, peasant-tinged «или» (\"or\"): «дорогой аль там» — \"on the road or there.\" It pitches Mitya's outburst into a rougher, more popular register."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"меня расстреляют","title":"Another indefinite third-plural","body":"«расстреляют» (they'll shoot [me] dead) is again the subjectless 3rd-plural for the faceless authority, with «меня» the accusative victim. «расстрелять» specifically means execution by firing squad."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"here's"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сказать","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хотел","gloss":"else"},{"surface":"хотел","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the initial quoted clause (governs сказать)","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"тебе","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of сказать","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотел","gloss":"to say"},{"surface":"продолжал","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause (narration)","gloss":"went on"},{"surface":"каким","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of голосом","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"indefinite suffix of каким-то","gloss":"sort of","note":"каким-то is one indefinite pronoun ('some kind of'), split across two tokens by the tagger."},{"surface":"зазвеневшим","lemma":"зазвенеть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, instrumental, perfective","role":"clause modifying голосом","gloss":"ringing"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies зазвеневшим","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"голосом","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of продолжал","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of продолжал","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of станут","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"бить","lemma":"бить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of станут","gloss":"beating"},{"surface":"станут","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the если-clause","gloss":"start"},{"surface":"дорогой","lemma":"дорога","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial complement of станут","gloss":"on the road","note":"Instrumental of дорога ('road') used adverbially, not the adjective 'dear'."},{"surface":"аль","lemma":"аль","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates дорогой and там","gloss":"or","note":"Archaic/dialectal for или ('or')."},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies станут","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the main clause (correlative of если)","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of дамся","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дамся","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"дамся","lemma":"даться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"give in"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of убью","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"убью","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with дамся","gloss":"I'll kill"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"меня","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of расстреляют","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"расстреляют","lemma":"расстрелять","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with убью","gloss":"they'll shoot"}]},{"number":60,"label":"60","id":"epi-c2-s60","source":"И это двадцать ведь лет!","translation":"And this for twenty years!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"И это двадцать ведь лет!","title":"Particle «ведь» + numeral governing genitive plural","body":"«ведь» appeals for the listener's appalled agreement — \"and this for twenty years, you realize!\" The numeral «двадцать» governs the genitive plural «лет» (the suppletive genitive plural of «год»), as all numbers from five up demand."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"topic of the sentence","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"двадцать","lemma":"двадцать","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"modifies лет","gloss":"twenty"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies лет","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"years"}]},{"number":61,"label":"61","id":"epi-c2-s61","source":"Здесь уж ты начинают говорить.","translation":"Even here they're already calling me 'thou.'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ты начинают говорить","title":"«ты» as a quoted object, not the subject","body":"The subject of «начинают говорить» is an unstated 'they' (impersonal), and «ты» here is not the pronoun 'you' but the quoted familiar form itself — 'they're starting to say «thou» [to me].' The free word order lets the cited word «ты» sit up front for emphasis."}],"words":[{"surface":"Здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начинают","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies начинают","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"direct object of говорить (quoted word)","gloss":"'thou'","note":"Here ты is the quoted informal address itself ('thou'), not the subject — the implied subject of начинают is 'they' (the guards)."},{"surface":"начинают","lemma":"начинать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they begin"},{"surface":"говорить","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начинают","gloss":"to say"}]},{"number":62,"label":"62","id":"epi-c2-s62","source":"Сторожа мне ты говорят.","translation":"The guards say 'thou' to me.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ты / тыканье","title":"The familiar «ты»","body":"Russian distinguishes formal «вы» from intimate «ты». From a stranger to an adult, being addressed as «ты» is contemptuous and degrading. The noun «тыканье» (a few lines later) means literally \"the act of calling someone «ты».\" Mitya's wound at the guards' familiar «ты» is almost impossible to render in modern English, which has lost the formal/informal pronoun split; we reach for the archaic \"thou\" to mark it."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Сторожа","title":"Stressed plural «сторожа́»","body":"«сторож» (guard, watchman) takes the distinctive stressed nominative plural in -а́ — «сторожа́» — like «города́, дома́», rather than the more usual -ы/-и. Such -а plurals are a recognizable subclass of masculine nouns."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сторожа","lemma":"сторож","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of говорят","gloss":"the guards"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"мне","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of говорят","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"direct object of говорят (quoted word)","gloss":"'thou'"},{"surface":"говорят","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"say"}]},{"number":63,"label":"63","id":"epi-c2-s63","source":"Я лежал и сегодня всю ночь судил себя: не готов!","translation":"All night today I lay here passing judgment on myself: I'm not ready!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"судил себя","title":"Reflexive object «себя»","body":"«судил себя» — 'I was judging myself.' «себя» is the reflexive pronoun, an accusative object pointing back to the speaker; unlike the verbal clitic -ся it is a free-standing word and has no nominative form. The imperfective «судил» frames it as a drawn-out process across the night."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я лежал... всю ночь судил себя","title":"Imperfective for the long vigil","body":"Both «лежал» and «судил» are imperfective past, viewing the whole night as ongoing process rather than a finished event — exactly what «всю ночь» (all night long) calls for."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of лежал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"лежал","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lay"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies судил","gloss":"today"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ночь","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"ночь","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of судил","gloss":"night"},{"surface":"судил","lemma":"судить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with лежал","gloss":"judged"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of судил","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies готов","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"готов","lemma":"готовый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate, parallel to судил","gloss":"ready"}]},{"number":64,"label":"64","id":"epi-c2-s64","source":"Не в силах принять!","translation":"Not strong enough to accept it!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не в силах принять","title":"«не в силах» — 'not strong enough to'","body":"«не в силах» (literally 'not in [my] powers') is a fixed predicate idiom meaning 'unable, lacking the strength,' followed by an infinitive — «принять» (to accept). The whole clause is subjectless and verbless, an elliptical exclamation: '[I am] not able to accept!' «силах» is the prepositional plural of «сила»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies силах","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking силах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"силах","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"strength"},{"surface":"принять","lemma":"принять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of силах","gloss":"to accept"}]},{"number":65,"label":"65","id":"epi-c2-s65","source":"Хотел «гимн» запеть, а сторожевского тыканья не могу осилить!","translation":"I wanted to sing my 'hymn,' but I can't get the better of the guards' 'thou'-ing!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"тыканья не могу осилить","title":"Genitive of negation","body":"Under the negated «не могу осилить» (I can't get the better of), the object «тыканья» stands in the genitive rather than the accusative — the genitive of negation, especially natural with an abstract object. The genitive ending -я is what marks it."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сторожевского тыканья","title":"«тыканье» — the act of «ты»-ing","body":"«тыканье» is a verbal noun coined from «ты»: the very act of addressing someone with the familiar «ты». The adjective «сторожевского» ('of the guards') is itself colloquial and slightly contemptuous. Together they name the precise indignity Mitya cannot stomach."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"«гимн» запеть","title":"The «гимн» — Mitya's hymn","body":"«гимн» (hymn) recalls Mitya's earlier ecstatic vow to sing a hymn of suffering and redemption from prison. «запеть» is the perfective 'to strike up singing.' Naming it in quotation marks marks it as his own private, half-ironic catchword."}],"words":[{"surface":"Хотел","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"гимн","lemma":"гимн","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of запеть","gloss":"'hymn'"},{"surface":"запеть","lemma":"запеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of Хотел","gloss":"to sing"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"сторожевского","lemma":"сторожевский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies тыканья","gloss":"the guards'"},{"surface":"тыканья","lemma":"тыканье","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of осилить","gloss":"'thou'-ing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Хотел","gloss":"I can"},{"surface":"осилить","lemma":"осилить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могу","gloss":"overcome"}]},{"number":66,"label":"66","id":"epi-c2-s66","source":"За Грушу бы всё перенес, всё… кроме, впрочем, побои…","translation":"For Grusha's sake I'd bear anything, everything… except, by the way, a beating…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"За Грушу бы всё перенес","title":"Conditional «бы» without «если»","body":"«перенёс бы» is the conditional/subjunctive: past-tense verb plus the particle «бы», 'I would bear.' Here it stands without any «если» clause — the condition ('for Grusha's sake') is folded into «за Грушу». Note how the mobile «бы» leans on «за Грушу», the first stressed phrase, rather than on the verb."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Грушу","title":"«Груша» — Grushenka","body":"«Груша» is the warm, familiar short form of Agrafena (Grushenka), Mitya's beloved. The name literally means 'pear'; the diminutive ladder Аграфена → Груша → Грушенька signals tenderness, the everyday name a lover uses."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"впрочем","title":"«впрочем» — 'though, on second thought'","body":"«впрочем» is a parenthetical hinge meaning 'however, then again,' marking a speaker's mid-sentence qualification or retreat. Mitya's swaggering 'I'd bear anything' immediately stumbles on it — 'except, mind you, a beating.' It is a hallmark of Dostoevsky's restless, self-correcting voice."}],"words":[{"surface":"За","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Грушу","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"Грушу","lemma":"груша","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of перенес","gloss":"Grusha's sake"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of перенес","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of перенес","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"перенес","lemma":"перенести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"bear"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"in apposition to всё (emphatic repetition)","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"кроме","lemma":"кроме","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking побои","gloss":"except"},{"surface":"впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical","gloss":"by the way"},{"surface":"побои","lemma":"побои","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"complement of кроме","gloss":"a beating"}]},{"number":67,"label":"67","id":"epi-c2-s67","source":"Но ее туда не пустят.","translation":"But they won't let her in there.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ее туда не пустят","title":"Impersonal 'they' + perfective future","body":"«пустят» is a subjectless third-person-plural 'they won't let' — the impersonal 'they' for unnamed authorities. Being perfective, its present-shaped form «пустят» carries future meaning: 'they will not let her in.' «её» is the accusative object, fronted before the verb."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of пустят","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"туда","lemma":"туда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пустят","gloss":"in there"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пустят","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"пустят","lemma":"пустить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will let"}]},{"number":68,"label":"68","id":"epi-c2-s68","source":"Алеша тихо улыбнулся.","translation":"Alyosha smiled quietly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"улыбнулся","title":"Perfective + reflexive «-ся»","body":"«улыбнулся» (smiled) is perfective, marking the single completed gesture, and carries the bound clitic «-ся». Here «-ся» is lexical — «улыбаться/улыбнуться» simply exists only in the reflexive form, not a true 'self' meaning."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of улыбнулся","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"тихо","lemma":"тихо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies улыбнулся","gloss":"quietly"},{"surface":"улыбнулся","lemma":"улыбнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"smiled"}]},{"number":69,"label":"69","id":"epi-c2-s69","source":"— Слушай, брат, раз навсегда, — сказал он, — вот тебе мои мысли на этот счет.","translation":"\"Listen, brother, once and for all,\" he said, \"here are my thoughts on this score.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вот тебе мои мысли","title":"Dative «тебе» of the recipient","body":"«вот тебе мои мысли» — 'here are my thoughts for you.' «тебе» is the dative of the person to whom something is offered, paired with the presentative «вот» ('here is'). The construction has no verb; the dative alone carries the 'to you.'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"на этот счет","title":"«на этот счёт» — 'on this score'","body":"«на этот счёт» is an idiom, 'on this account, regarding this matter,' using «счёт» (count, bill, account) figuratively. Our 'on this score' keeps the same accounting metaphor that English happens to share."}],"words":[{"surface":"Слушай","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the imperative clause","gloss":"listen"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Слушай (idiom раз навсегда)","gloss":"once","note":"раз навсегда is a fixed idiom meaning 'once and for all.'"},{"surface":"навсегда","lemma":"навсегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"forever"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical clause (narration)","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"тебе","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"dative complement of вот","gloss":"for you"},{"surface":"мои","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of мысли","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"мысли","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of вот","gloss":"thoughts"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking счет","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of счет","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"счет","lemma":"счёт","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мысли","gloss":"score"}]},{"number":70,"label":"70","id":"epi-c2-s70","source":"И ведь ты знаешь, что я не солгу тебе.","translation":"And you know, after all, that I would not lie to you.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"И ведь ты знаешь","title":"The appealing particle «ведь»","body":"«ведь» appeals to shared knowledge — 'after all, you know.' It does not translate as a word so much as a tone: Alyosha invokes a truth Mitya already grants. Combined with the opening «И» it warmly draws the listener in."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я не солгу тебе","title":"Perfective future under negation","body":"«солгу» is the simple (perfective) future of «солгать» (to tell a lie): 'I will not lie.' The aspect frames it as a single hypothetical act he refuses; «тебе» is the dative 'to you.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаешь","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"знаешь","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of солгу","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of солгу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies солгу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"солгу","lemma":"солгать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of знаешь","gloss":"would lie"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"тебе","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of солгу","gloss":"to you"}]},{"number":71,"label":"71","id":"epi-c2-s71","source":"Слушай же: ты не готов, и не для тебя такой крест.","translation":"Listen, then: you are not ready, and such a cross is not for you.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Слушай же","title":"Imperative + insistent «же»","body":"«Слушай» is the imperative of «слушать» (listen), and the enclitic «же» adds urgent insistence — 'now do listen.' «же» here is not contrastive but hortatory, pressing the command home."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не для тебя такой крест","title":"Verbless negative predicate","body":"'Such a cross is not for you' — a zero-copula present with no verb, the negation «не» falling on the prepositional phrase «для тебя». The nominative «такой крест» is the subject of an implied 'is.' Russian readily states 'X is not for Y' with пred phrase alone."}],"words":[{"surface":"Слушай","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"listen"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Слушай","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of готов","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies готов","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"готов","lemma":"готовый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate, parallel to Слушай","gloss":"ready"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies для тебя","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебя","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"object of для","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of крест","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"крест","lemma":"крест","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the clause (implied 'is')","gloss":"cross"}]},{"number":72,"label":"72","id":"epi-c2-s72","source":"Мало того: и не нужен тебе, не готовому, такой великомученический крест.","translation":"What is more: you do not need such a great-martyr's cross, you who are not ready for it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не нужен тебе, не готовому","title":"Dative subject + agreeing «не готовому»","body":"An impersonal need-construction: «не нужен тебе... крест» — 'a cross is not needed to/by you,' with the experiencer «тебе» in the dative. The apposed adjective «не готовому» ('to you, the unready one') also stands in the dative, agreeing with «тебе» in case."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Мало того","title":"«мало того» — 'what is more'","body":"«мало того» (literally 'little of that') is a connective meaning 'moreover, and not only that.' It escalates the argument, layering a second, stronger point onto the first."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мало","lemma":"мало","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase (idiom мало того)","gloss":"moreover"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom Мало того","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нужен","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"нужен","lemma":"нужный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of the clause (subject: крест)","gloss":"needed"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"тебе","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of нужен","gloss":"for you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies готовому","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"готовому","lemma":"готовый","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"clause modifying тебе","gloss":"ready"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of великомученический крест","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"великомученический","lemma":"великомученический","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies крест","gloss":"great-martyr's"},{"surface":"крест","lemma":"крест","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of нужен","gloss":"cross"}]},{"number":73,"label":"73","id":"epi-c2-s73","source":"Если б ты убил отца, я бы сожалел, что ты отвергаешь свой крест.","translation":"Had you killed our father, I would be sorry that you reject your cross.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Если б ты убил отца, я бы сожалел","title":"Counterfactual «если бы… бы»","body":"A full irrealis conditional: «Если б [бы] ты убил отца, я бы сожалел» — 'had you killed our father, I would be sorry.' Both clauses use past-tense verbs plus «бы», the standard pattern for an unreal/contrary-to-fact condition. The clipped «б» for «бы» is the spoken shortening."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"отвергаешь свой крест","title":"Reflexive possessive «свой»","body":"«свой крест» means 'your own cross' — «свой» is the reflexive possessive, pointing to the subject of its clause (here «ты»). Using «твой» would be possible but flatter; «свой» binds the cross firmly to the one who must bear it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of убил","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"б","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"auxiliary of убил","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of убил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on сожалел","gloss":"had killed"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of убил","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сожалел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of сожалел","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"сожалел","lemma":"сожалеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"regretted"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of отвергаешь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of отвергаешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"отвергаешь","lemma":"отвергать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of сожалел","gloss":"reject"},{"surface":"свой","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of крест","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"крест","lemma":"крест","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of отвергаешь","gloss":"cross"}]},{"number":74,"label":"74","id":"epi-c2-s74","source":"Но ты невинен, и такого креста слишком для тебя много.","translation":"But you are innocent, and such a cross is too much for you.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"такого креста слишком для тебя много","title":"Genitive after «много»","body":"«много» (too much) governs the genitive — «такого креста» is genitive singular, 'too much of such a cross.' The quantity word and the genitive together make the idiom 'such a cross is too much for you,' with «для тебя» the genitive-governing 'for you.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ты невинен","title":"Short-form adjective «невинен»","body":"«невинен» is the short (predicative) form of «невинный» (innocent): masculine short forms like this attach only to a predicate and carry a flavor of a definite, present state — 'you are innocent.' Bookish 19th-century prose favors such short forms."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of невинен","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"невинен","lemma":"невинный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"innocent"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"такого","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of креста","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"креста","lemma":"крест","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"genitive complement of много","gloss":"cross"},{"surface":"слишком","lemma":"слишком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies много","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебя","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"object of для","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of the second clause","gloss":"too much"}]},{"number":75,"label":"75","id":"epi-c2-s75","source":"Ты хотел мукой возродить в себе другого человека; по-моему, помни только всегда, во всю жизнь и куда бы ты ни убежал, об этом другом человеке — и вот с тебя и довольно.","translation":"You wanted, through suffering, to bring a new man to life within yourself; to my mind, only remember always, all your life and wherever you may flee, this other man — and that alone will be enough for you.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"куда бы ты ни убежал","title":"Concessive «куда бы ни» — 'wherever you may flee'","body":"The frame «куда бы… ни» builds a concessive: 'no matter where you flee.' It fuses the irrealis «бы» with the intensifying negative «ни» around a past-form verb «убежал», yielding 'wherever you may run to.' This «вопросительное слово + бы ни» pattern is the standard 'however/whatever/wherever' construction."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"помни только всегда","title":"Imperative «помни»","body":"«помни» is the imperative of «помнить» (to remember) — a singular command to Mitya. The flanking «только» ('only, just') and «всегда» ('always') soften and broaden it: 'just always keep remembering.'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"с тебя и довольно","title":"«с тебя довольно» — 'that's enough for you'","body":"«с тебя довольно» is an idiom: «довольно» ('enough, sufficient') with «с» + genitive «тебя», literally 'from you it is enough.' The added «и» ('even, indeed') intensifies — 'and that alone is plenty for you.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хотел","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"хотел","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"мукой","lemma":"мука","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies возродить","gloss":"through suffering"},{"surface":"возродить","lemma":"возродить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотел","gloss":"to revive"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, locative","role":"oblique complement of возродить","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"другого","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человека","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of возродить","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom по-моему (parenthetical)","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"моему","lemma":"мой","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom по-моему (parenthetical)","gloss":"opinion","note":"по-моему is a fixed idiom meaning 'in my opinion.'"},{"surface":"помни","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"remember"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies всегда","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies помни","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизнь","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial modifier of помни","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"куда","lemma":"куда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies убежал","gloss":"wherever"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of убежал","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of убежал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies убежал","gloss":"no matter"},{"surface":"убежал","lemma":"убежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause modifying помни","gloss":"flee"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"этот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of человеке","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"другом","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человеке","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"человеке","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of помни","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the final clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебя","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"object of с","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes довольно","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"довольно","lemma":"довольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of the final clause","gloss":"enough"}]},{"number":76,"label":"76","id":"epi-c2-s76","source":"То, что ты не принял большой крестной муки, послужит только к тому, что ты ощутишь в себе еще больший долг и этим беспрерывным ощущением впредь, во всю жизнь, поможешь своему возрождению, может быть, более, чем если б пошел туда.","translation":"The very fact that you did not take on the great suffering of the cross will serve only to make you feel within yourself a still greater debt, and through that ceaseless feeling, from now on, all your life, you will help your own regeneration, perhaps more than if you had gone there.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ты ощутишь в себе еще больший долг","title":"Comparative «больший» + perfective future","body":"«ощутишь» is the perfective future ('you will feel'), and «больший долг» uses the attributive comparative «больший» ('greater') — the declinable adjectival comparative, distinct from the predicative «больше». «в себе» ('within yourself') uses the reflexive «себя» in the prepositional."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"более, чем если б пошел туда","title":"Comparison with an embedded conditional","body":"«более, чем…» sets up 'more than…,' and the second term is itself a counterfactual: «если б [бы] пошёл туда» — 'than if you had gone there,' past-form verb plus «бы». Comparative «более» plus a «чем»-clause is the regular way to compare against a whole proposition."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"То, что ты не принял","title":"Correlative «то, что»","body":"The sentence opens with the correlative «то, что…» — 'the (very) fact that…,' where neuter «то» is the head and «что» the subordinator introducing the noun clause. This nominalizing frame lets a whole event ('that you did not take on the cross') become the subject «послужит» governs."}],"words":[{"surface":"То","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of послужит","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause modifying То","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of принял","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies принял","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"принял","lemma":"принять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying То","gloss":"took on"},{"surface":"большой","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies муки","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"крестной","lemma":"крестный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies муки","gloss":"of the cross"},{"surface":"муки","lemma":"мука","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of принял","gloss":"suffering"},{"surface":"послужит","lemma":"послужить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will serve"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тому","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тому","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of послужит","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ощутишь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of ощутишь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ощутишь","lemma":"ощутить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying тому","gloss":"feel"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, locative","role":"oblique complement of ощутишь","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies больший","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"больший","lemma":"больший","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies долг","gloss":"greater"},{"surface":"долг","lemma":"долг","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of ощутишь","gloss":"debt"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"этим","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of ощущением","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"беспрерывным","lemma":"беспрерывный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies ощущением","gloss":"ceaseless"},{"surface":"ощущением","lemma":"ощущение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of поможешь","gloss":"feeling"},{"surface":"впредь","lemma":"впредь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поможешь","gloss":"from now on"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизнь","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial modifier of поможешь","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"поможешь","lemma":"помочь","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with послужит","gloss":"help"},{"surface":"своему","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, dative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of возрождению","gloss":"your own"},{"surface":"возрождению","lemma":"возрождение","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of поможешь","gloss":"regeneration"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the idiom может быть (parenthetical)","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"comparative modifier of the clause","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пошел","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пошел","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"б","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"auxiliary of пошел","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"пошел","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on более","gloss":"had gone"},{"surface":"туда","lemma":"туда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пошел","gloss":"there"}]},{"number":77,"label":"77","id":"epi-c2-s77","source":"Потому что там ты не перенесешь и возропщешь и, может быть, впрямь наконец скажешь: «Я сквитался».","translation":"For there you would not endure, and you would murmur against it, and perhaps in the end you would say outright: 'I have squared my account.'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не перенесешь и возропщешь","title":"Chain of perfective futures","body":"«перенесёшь», «возропщешь», «скажешь» are all perfective futures lined up to project a sequence of completed acts: 'you would not endure, would murmur, would say.' English reads them as conditional, but Russian states them as future-perfective certainties."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"возропщешь","title":"«возроптать» — to murmur against","body":"«возроптать» (perfective of «роптать») is an elevated, biblical-flavored verb meaning to grumble or murmur in complaint, famously used of the Israelites murmuring against God in the wilderness. It carries a note of rebellion against one's lot, not mere irritation."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Я сквитался","title":"«сквитаться» — to settle the score","body":"«сквитаться» means to get even, square accounts, be quits — from «квит» ('quits, even'). Mitya imagines himself reaching the point of saying his suffering has 'paid off' the debt, the very self-justification Alyosha warns against."}],"words":[{"surface":"Потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of перенесешь (idiom потому что)","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase Потому","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies перенесешь","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of перенесешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies перенесешь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"перенесешь","lemma":"перенести","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"endure"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"возропщешь","lemma":"возроптать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with перенесешь","gloss":"murmur"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the idiom может быть (parenthetical)","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"впрямь","lemma":"впрямь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies скажешь","gloss":"outright"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies скажешь","gloss":"finally"},{"surface":"скажешь","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with перенесешь","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сквитался","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сквитался","lemma":"сквитаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"quoted clause, complement of скажешь","gloss":"squared accounts"}]},{"number":78,"label":"78","id":"epi-c2-s78","source":"Адвокат в этом случае правду сказал.","translation":"The lawyer spoke the truth in this case.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Адвокат","lemma":"адвокат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"the lawyer"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking случае","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of случае","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"случае","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сказал","gloss":"case"},{"surface":"правду","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of сказал","gloss":"the truth"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"spoke"}]},{"number":79,"label":"79","id":"epi-c2-s79","source":"Не всем бремена тяжкие, для иных они невозможны…","translation":"Not for everyone are the heavy burdens; for some they are impossible…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"бремена тяжкие","title":"«бремена тяжкие» — heavy burdens (Slavonic)","body":"Both words are Church-Slavonic in coloring: «бремена» is the elevated plural of «бремя» (burden), and «тяжкие» the bookish form of 'heavy/grievous.' The phrase echoes the Gospel ('they bind heavy burdens' — Matthew 23:4), lending Alyosha's aside a scriptural weight."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не всем... для иных они невозможны","title":"Dative «всем»/«иных» of the experiencer","body":"«Не всем бремена тяжкие» — 'the heavy burdens are not for everyone,' with the dative «всем» marking the people they are (not) laid upon. The parallel «для иных они невозможны» shifts to «для» + genitive «иных» ('for some'), the predicate «невозможны» a short-form adjective."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies всем","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"dative complement of the clause","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"бремена","lemma":"бремя","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of the clause","gloss":"burdens"},{"surface":"тяжкие","lemma":"тяжкий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies бремена","gloss":"heavy"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking иных","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"иных","lemma":"иной","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of невозможны","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of невозможны","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"невозможны","lemma":"невозможный","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"predicate, parallel to тяжкие","gloss":"impossible"}]},{"number":80,"label":"80","id":"epi-c2-s80","source":"Вот мои мысли, если они так тебе нужны.","translation":"There are my thoughts, if you have such need of them.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"если они так тебе нужны","title":"Dative of need: «тебе нужны»","body":"«тебе нужны» — 'if they are needful to you.' The predicate adjective «нужны» (short plural, agreeing with «они», the thoughts) takes the person who needs in the dative, «тебе». This dative-of-the-needer is the standard Russian way to say 'you need.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"мои","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of мысли","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"мысли","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of Вот","gloss":"thoughts"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of нужны","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of нужны","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нужны","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"тебе","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of нужны","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"нужны","lemma":"нужный","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"predicate of the если-clause","gloss":"needed"}]},{"number":81,"label":"81","id":"epi-c2-s81","source":"Если б за побег твой остались в ответе другие: офицеры, солдаты, то я бы тебе «не позволил» бежать, — улыбнулся Алеша.","translation":"If others — officers, soldiers — were to answer for your escape, then I would 'not allow' you to flee,\" Alyosha smiled.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Если б... остались... то я бы тебе «не позволил» бежать","title":"Two-clause counterfactual with «то»","body":"A full unreal conditional: protasis «если б… остались» and apodosis introduced by correlative «то» — «то я бы… не позволил». Both halves carry «бы» on a past-form verb. The «если бы…, то…» frame neatly brackets the hypothesis and its consequence."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"остались в ответе","title":"«остаться в ответе» — to be left answerable","body":"«остались в ответе» is an idiom: «быть/остаться в ответе» means 'to be answerable, to bear responsibility.' Literally 'to remain in [the] answer.' Alyosha's whole moral test turns on whether others — «офицеры, солдаты» — would be left to answer for the escape."}],"words":[{"surface":"Если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of остались","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"б","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"auxiliary of остались","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking побег","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"побег","lemma":"побег","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of остались","gloss":"escape"},{"surface":"твой","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of побег","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"остались","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on позволил","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ответе","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ответе","lemma":"ответ","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of остались","gloss":"answer"},{"surface":"другие","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"subject of остались","gloss":"others"},{"surface":"офицеры","lemma":"офицер","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to другие","gloss":"officers"},{"surface":"солдаты","lemma":"солдат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with офицеры","gloss":"soldiers"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the main clause (correlative of если)","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of позволил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of позволил","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"тебе","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of позволил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies позволил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"позволил","lemma":"позволить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"allow"},{"surface":"бежать","lemma":"бежать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of позволил","gloss":"to flee"},{"surface":"улыбнулся","lemma":"улыбнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical clause (narration)","gloss":"smiled"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of улыбнулся","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":82,"label":"82","id":"epi-c2-s82","source":"— Но говорят и уверяют (сам этот этапный Ивану говорил), что большого взыску, при умении, может и не быть и что отделаться можно пустяками.","translation":"\"But they say, and assure me (this very transit officer himself told Ivan), that with the right know-how there may be no great reckoning, and that one can get off with a trifle.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"говорят и уверяют","title":"Impersonal «говорят» — 'they say'","body":"«говорят и уверяют» is the subjectless third-person plural, the standard 'they say / it is said.' No 'they' is named; the verb ending alone supplies the indefinite source of rumor that frames the whole report."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"отделаться можно пустяками","title":"«отделаться пустяками» — to get off lightly","body":"«отделаться» (perfective) means to get off, be rid of a difficulty with minimal cost; «пустяками» is the instrumental of «пустяки» (trifles), 'by means of trifles.' The whole means 'one can get off with a mere trifle.' «при умении» — 'with skill / know-how' — sharpens the cynical practicality."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"говорят","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they say"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уверяют","lemma":"уверять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with говорят","gloss":"assure"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"intensifies этапный (subject)","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of этапный","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"этапный","lemma":"этапный","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"transit officer","note":"Used substantively: an official who escorted convicts/exiles by stages ('этап')."},{"surface":"Ивану","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of говорил","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause explaining уверяют","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of может","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"большого","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies взыску","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"взыску","lemma":"взыск","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"genitive subject of быть (genitive of negation)","gloss":"reckoning","note":"Archaic partitive genitive in -у (like 'снегу'), not dative."},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking умении","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"умении","lemma":"умение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"adverbial complement of может/быть","gloss":"know-how"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the что-clause, complement of уверяют","gloss":"there may"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies быть","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies быть","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of можно","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"отделаться","lemma":"отделаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on можно","gloss":"get off"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with может","gloss":"one can"},{"surface":"пустяками","lemma":"пустяк","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"instrumental complement of отделаться","gloss":"with a trifle"}]},{"number":83,"label":"83","id":"epi-c2-s83","source":"Конечно, подкупать нечестно даже и в этом случае, но тут уже я судить ни за что не возьмусь, потому, собственно, что если б мне, например, Иван и Катя поручили в этом деле для тебя орудовать, то я, знаю это, пошел бы и подкупил; это я должен тебе всю правду сказать.","translation":"Of course, bribery is dishonest even in this case, but here I won't undertake to judge at all, because, strictly speaking, if Ivan and Katya, for instance, charged me with managing this affair for you, then I — I know it — would go and bribe; this is the whole truth I must tell you.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"если б мне... поручили... то я... пошел бы и подкупил","title":"Counterfactual + dative «мне»","body":"Another «если бы…, то…» unreal conditional. In the protasis «мне» is the dative recipient of the charge ('if they entrusted me with…'), and «поручили» is the impersonal 'they.' The apodosis «пошёл бы и подкупил» chains two perfective past-form verbs under one «бы» — 'I would go and bribe.'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"орудовать","title":"«орудовать» — to handle, work a deal","body":"«орудовать» means to operate, manage, ply something — often with a shade of energetic or shady dealing (from «орудие», instrument/tool). Here 'to manage this affair for you,' with the faint sense of working the levers, fitting the talk of bribery."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"судить ни за что не возьмусь","title":"Emphatic «ни за что»","body":"«ни за что не возьмусь» — 'I will on no account undertake to judge.' «ни за что» is a fixed intensifier of refusal ('not for anything, on no account'), and Russian's negative concord keeps «не» on the verb «возьмусь» as well. «возьмусь» is the reflexive «взяться» (to take something on)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence adverb modifying нечестно","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"подкупать","lemma":"подкупать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"subject of нечестно","gloss":"bribery"},{"surface":"нечестно","lemma":"нечестно","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"is dishonest"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies случае","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"reinforces даже","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking случае","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of случае","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"случае","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of нечестно","gloss":"case"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies возьмусь","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies возьмусь","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of возьмусь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"судить","lemma":"судить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of возьмусь","gloss":"to judge"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что (idiom ни за что)","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of возьмусь","gloss":"anything","note":"Idiom 'ни за что' = 'not at all'."},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies возьмусь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"возьмусь","lemma":"взяться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"undertake"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces causal clause with что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"собственно","lemma":"собственно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies the что-clause","gloss":"strictly speaking"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the causal clause (correlates with потому)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of поручили","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"б","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"conditional marker with поручили","gloss":"would","note":"Shortened form of бы."},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of поручили","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"например","lemma":"например","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical adverb","gloss":"for instance"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поручили","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Катя","lemma":"Катя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with Иван","gloss":"Katya"},{"surface":"поручили","lemma":"поручить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the если-clause","gloss":"charged"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of деле","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"деле","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of орудовать","gloss":"affair"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебя","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of орудовать","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"орудовать","lemma":"орудовать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of поручили","gloss":"managing"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the apodosis (correlate of если)","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of пошел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical aside within the clause","gloss":"I know"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of знаю","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"пошел","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the apodosis (with бы)","gloss":"would go"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of пошел","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"подкупил","lemma":"подкупить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пошел","gloss":"bribe"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"fronted direct object, resumed by правду","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of должен","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"должен","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"main verb (predicate) of the sentence","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of должен","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of правду","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"правду","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of сказать","gloss":"truth"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of должен","gloss":"tell"}]},{"number":84,"label":"84","id":"epi-c2-s84","source":"А потому я тебе не судья в том, как ты сам поступишь.","translation":"And so I am no judge to you in how you yourself will act.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я тебе не судья","title":"Zero-copula 'I am not your judge'","body":"«я тебе не судья» — present-tense identity with no verb 'to be': nominative subject «я», predicate nominative «судья», negated by «не». «тебе» is the dative 'to you,' giving 'I am no judge to you.' The bare nominative predicate is the rule in the copula-less present."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как ты сам поступишь","title":"Intensive «сам» + perfective future","body":"«сам» ('yourself, of your own accord') intensifies the subject «ты»: 'how you yourself will act.' «поступишь» is the perfective future of «поступить» (to act, behave), naming the single future choice still open to Mitya."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies судья","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of судья","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of судья","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies судья","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"судья","lemma":"судья","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun, complement of я","gloss":"judge"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of судья, anticipates как-clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поступишь","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of поступишь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"intensifies ты","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"поступишь","lemma":"поступить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the как-clause (complement of том)","gloss":"will act"}]},{"number":85,"label":"85","id":"epi-c2-s85","source":"Но знай, что и тебя не осужу никогда.","translation":"But know that I shall never condemn you either.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"тебя не осужу никогда","title":"Negative concord with «никогда»","body":"'I shall never condemn you' uses negative concord: the negative adverb «никогда» ('never') still requires «не» on the verb «осужу». Two negatives, one meaning. «осужу» is perfective future, and «тебя» the fronted accusative object."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"знай","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of осужу","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тебя","gloss":"either"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of осужу","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies осужу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"осужу","lemma":"осудить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of знай","gloss":"I will condemn"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies осужу","gloss":"never"}]},{"number":86,"label":"86","id":"epi-c2-s86","source":"Да и странно, как бы мог я быть в этом деле твоим судьей?","translation":"And besides, it would be strange — how could I be your judge in this affair?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы мог я быть... твоим судьей","title":"«как бы мог я» — softened rhetorical question","body":"«как бы мог я быть…» fuses the irrealis «бы» into a rhetorical question — 'how could I (possibly) be…' The conditional softens it from a real question into wondering self-doubt. «твоим судьёй» is the predicate instrumental after «быть»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination (да и = 'and besides')","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"странно","lemma":"странный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"strange"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of мог","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of clause functioning as subject of странно","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of мог, copula linking to судьей","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of деле","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"деле","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies судьей","gloss":"affair"},{"surface":"твоим","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of судьей","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"судьей","lemma":"судья","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of быть","gloss":"judge"}]},{"number":87,"label":"87","id":"epi-c2-s87","source":"Ну, теперь я, кажется, всё рассмотрел.","translation":"Well, now I've covered everything, it seems.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"всё рассмотрел","title":"Perfective «рассмотрел» — the survey completed","body":"«рассмотрел» (perfective of «рассматривать») views the act as finished and total — 'I've gone over / covered everything.' The neuter «всё» ('everything') is its object. The aspect signals that Alyosha has now closed the whole survey of points."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рассмотрел","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of рассмотрел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"it seems"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of рассмотрел","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"рассмотрел","lemma":"рассмотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"covered"}]},{"number":88,"label":"88","id":"epi-c2-s88","source":"— Но зато я себя осужу! — воскликнул Митя.","translation":"\"But on the other hand, I shall condemn myself!\" cried Mitya.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Но зато я себя осужу","title":"Contrastive «зато» + reflexive «себя»","body":"«зато» means 'but in return / on the other hand,' offsetting a concession with a compensating point — Mitya answers Alyosha's 'I won't condemn you' with 'but I'll condemn myself.' «себя осужу» pairs the reflexive object «себя» with the perfective future «осужу»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"зато","lemma":"зато","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"on the other hand"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of осужу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of осужу","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"осужу","lemma":"осудить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will condemn"},{"surface":"воскликнул","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to осужу","gloss":"cried"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнул","gloss":"Mitya"}]},{"number":89,"label":"89","id":"epi-c2-s89","source":"— Я убегу, это и без тебя решено было: Митька Карамазов разве может не убежать?","translation":"\"I'll escape — that was decided even without you: how could Mitka Karamazov not escape?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"это и без тебя решено было","title":"Short passive participle «решено»","body":"«решено было» is a periphrastic passive: the neuter short-form past passive participle «решено» ('decided') plus the past «было» — 'it had been decided.' The short passive in -но/-ено joined to «быть» is the standard way to state a result without naming an agent."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Митька Карамазов","title":"«Митька» — the rough diminutive","body":"«Митька» is the blunt, even self-deprecating diminutive of Дмитрий (Дмитрий → Митя → Митька), the -ка suffix lending a coarse, devil-may-care swagger. Mitya speaks of himself in the third person by this nickname — 'can Mitka Karamazov really not escape?' — half boast, half self-mockery."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"разве может не убежать","title":"Rhetorical «разве»","body":"The particle «разве» turns the clause into an incredulous rhetorical question — 'can he really (not)…?', expecting the answer 'of course he can / will.' Here «разве может не убежать» = 'how could he possibly fail to escape?'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of убегу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"убегу","lemma":"убежать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will escape"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive решено","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тебя","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебя","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of решено","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"решено","lemma":"решить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main predicate, part of passive решено было","gloss":"decided"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of решено","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"Митька","lemma":"Митька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of может","gloss":"Mitka"},{"surface":"Карамазов","lemma":"Карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Митька","gloss":"Karamazov"},{"surface":"разве","lemma":"разве","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies может","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies убежать","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"убежать","lemma":"убежать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"escape"}]},{"number":90,"label":"90","id":"epi-c2-s90","source":"Но зато себя осужу и там буду замаливать грех вовеки!","translation":"But to make up for it I'll condemn myself, and there I'll pray away my sin forever!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"замаливать грех вовеки","title":"«замаливать грех» — to pray away one's sin","body":"«замаливать» (imperfective; perfective «замолить») means to atone for, expiate by prayer — to 'pray off' a sin. «вовеки» is an elevated, Slavonic-flavored 'forever, unto the ages.' The pairing gives Mitya's vow a churchly, penitential ring."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"зато","lemma":"зато","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"to make up for it","note":"зато = 'in return/to compensate for that'."},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of осужу","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"осужу","lemma":"осудить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (coordinated with замаливать)","gloss":"I'll condemn"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies замаливать","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of замаливать","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"замаливать","lemma":"замаливать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with осужу","gloss":"pray away"},{"surface":"грех","lemma":"грех","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of замаливать","gloss":"sin"},{"surface":"вовеки","lemma":"вовеки","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies замаливать","gloss":"forever"}]},{"number":91,"label":"91","id":"epi-c2-s91","source":"Ведь этак иезуиты говорят, этак?","translation":"That's how the Jesuits talk, isn't it, like that?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ведь этак иезуиты говорят, этак?","title":"«этак» and tag-question «ведь»","body":"«этак» is a colloquial variant of «так» ('this way, like that'). The framing «ведь… этак?» turns the line into an appeal for agreement — 'that's how the Jesuits talk, isn't it?' — with «ведь» seeking confirmation and the repeated «этак?» as a tag."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говорят","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"этак","lemma":"этак","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорят","gloss":"like that"},{"surface":"иезуиты","lemma":"иезуит","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of говорят","gloss":"Jesuits"},{"surface":"говорят","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"talk"},{"surface":"этак","lemma":"этак","morphology":"adverb","role":"repeats этак as a tag question","gloss":"like that"}]},{"number":92,"label":"92","id":"epi-c2-s92","source":"Вот как мы теперь с тобой, а?","translation":"Just as we two are doing now, eh?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Вот как мы теперь с тобой, а?","title":"Elliptical «вот как… а?»","body":"A verbless, elliptical exclamation: 'just the way we [are] now, you and I, eh?' The colloquial tag «а?» invites assent. «с тобой» ('with you') and the dropped verb make it the loose, breathless speech of excited dialogue."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies как","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the elliptical clause","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of the elliptical clause","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies тобой","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тобой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"тобой","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"particle","role":"tag question particle","gloss":"eh"}]},{"number":93,"label":"93","id":"epi-c2-s93","source":"— Этак, — тихо улыбнулся Алеша.","translation":"\"Like that,\" Alyosha smiled quietly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"тихо улыбнулся Алеша","title":"Inverted word order in the dialogue tag","body":"The verb «улыбнулся» precedes its subject «Алёша» — verb-then-subject inversion typical of attributive 'said'-tags after quoted speech. Russian's free word order makes this reordering purely stylistic, the case endings keeping subject and meaning clear."}],"words":[{"surface":"Этак","lemma":"этак","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"like that"},{"surface":"тихо","lemma":"тихо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies улыбнулся","gloss":"quietly"},{"surface":"улыбнулся","lemma":"улыбнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"smiled"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of улыбнулся","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":94,"label":"94","id":"epi-c2-s94","source":"— Люблю я тебя за то, что ты всегда всю цельную правду скажешь и ничего не утаишь! — радостно смеясь, воскликнул Митя.","translation":"\"I love you for always speaking the whole, entire truth and never hiding anything!\" cried Mitya, laughing joyfully.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"радостно смеясь, воскликнул Митя","title":"Imperfective gerund «смеясь»","body":"«смеясь» is the imperfective present gerund (деепричастие) of «смеяться» — 'laughing,' an adverbial of attendant circumstance simultaneous with the main verb «воскликнул». It shares the subject «Митя» and compresses 'as he laughed, he exclaimed' into one clause, a hallmark of literary narration."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ничего не утаишь","title":"Negative concord + perfective future","body":"«ничего не утаишь» — 'you hide nothing': the negative pronoun «ничего» still demands «не» on the verb (negative concord). «утаишь» is perfective future of «утаить» (to conceal), and «ничего» is its genitive-shaped object under negation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Люблю","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I love"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Люблю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of Люблю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking то","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of Люблю","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of скажешь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of скажешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies скажешь","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of правду","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"цельную","lemma":"цельный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies правду","gloss":"entire"},{"surface":"правду","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of скажешь","gloss":"truth"},{"surface":"скажешь","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the что-clause (explains то)","gloss":"speak"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of утаишь","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies утаишь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"утаишь","lemma":"утаить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with скажешь","gloss":"hide"},{"surface":"радостно","lemma":"радостно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смеясь","gloss":"joyfully"},{"surface":"смеясь","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on воскликнул","gloss":"laughing"},{"surface":"воскликнул","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cried"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнул","gloss":"Mitya"}]},{"number":95,"label":"95","id":"epi-c2-s95","source":"— Значит, я Алешку моего иезуитом поймал!","translation":"\"So I've caught my Alyoshka being a Jesuit!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я Алешку моего иезуитом поймал","title":"Predicate instrumental «иезуитом»","body":"«поймал… иезуитом» — 'caught [him] being a Jesuit / as a Jesuit.' The predicate noun «иезуитом» stands in the instrumental, naming the role or state in which the object is caught — the same instrumental that follows «быть, стать, считать» and verbs of catching/finding someone in a capacity."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Алешку моего","title":"«Алёшка» — affectionate-rough diminutive","body":"«Алёшка» is the -ка diminutive of Алексей/Алёша, here warm and possessive rather than dismissive — reinforced by «моего» ('my'). The brusque suffix in a loving mouth becomes a caress; Mitya is delighting in his little brother."}],"words":[{"surface":"Значит","lemma":"значит","morphology":"particle, discourse marker","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of поймал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"Алешку","lemma":"Алешка","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of поймал","gloss":"Alyoshka"},{"surface":"моего","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Алешку","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"иезуитом","lemma":"иезуит","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поймал","gloss":"being a Jesuit"},{"surface":"поймал","lemma":"поймать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"caught"}]},{"number":96,"label":"96","id":"epi-c2-s96","source":"Расцеловать тебя всего надо за это, вот что!","translation":"I ought to smother you all over with kisses for this, that's what!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Расцеловать тебя всего надо","title":"Impersonal «надо» + infinitive","body":"«надо» ('one must / it is necessary') is an impersonal predicate taking an infinitive — «расцеловать» — with no nominative subject: 'one ought to kiss you all over.' «тебя всего» is the accusative object, «всего» ('all of you') agreeing with «тебя»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Расцеловать","title":"«расцеловать» — to smother with kisses","body":"The prefix «рас-» on «целовать» (to kiss) adds intensity and thoroughness — to kiss all over, cover with kisses. It conveys an overflowing, demonstrative affection, exactly Mitya's expansive warmth here."}],"words":[{"surface":"Расцеловать","lemma":"расцеловать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"kiss all over"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of Расцеловать","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies тебя","gloss":"all over"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"ought"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking это","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of надо","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"that's"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"parallel clause to надо","gloss":"what"}]},{"number":97,"label":"97","id":"epi-c2-s97","source":"Ну, слушай же теперь и остальное, разверну тебе и остальную половину души моей.","translation":"Well, listen now to the rest as well, I'll unfold for you the other half of my soul too.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"слушай же теперь и остальное","title":"Imperative + insistent «же»","body":"«слушай же» repeats the imperative-plus-«же» of insistence — 'now do listen.' «остальное» is a substantivized neuter adjective ('the rest'), the object of the listening, with «и» here meaning 'also, as well.'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"разверну тебе и остальную половину души моей","title":"«развернуть душу» — to unfold one's soul","body":"«разверну» (perfective future of «развернуть», to unroll/unfold) here is figurative — 'I'll unfold for you the other half of my soul.' The image of opening out a furled-up inner self is vivid and characteristically Dostoevskian. «тебе» is the dative recipient."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to слушай","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"слушай","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"listen"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies слушай","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies слушай","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies остальное","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"остальное","lemma":"остальное","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of слушай","gloss":"the rest"},{"surface":"разверну","lemma":"развернуть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of second clause (coordinated with слушай)","gloss":"I'll unfold"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of разверну","gloss":"for you"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies половину","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"остальную","lemma":"остальной","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies половину","gloss":"the other"},{"surface":"половину","lemma":"половина","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of разверну","gloss":"half"},{"surface":"души","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies половину","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"моей","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of души","gloss":"my"}]},{"number":98,"label":"98","id":"epi-c2-s98","source":"Вот что я выдумал и решил: если я и убегу, даже с деньгами и паспортом и даже в Америку, то меня еще ободряет та мысль, что не на радость убегу, не на счастье, а воистину на другую каторгу, не хуже, может быть, этой!","translation":"Here is what I've devised and decided: if I do escape, even with money and a passport and even to America, I'm still buoyed up by this thought — that I'll flee not toward joy, not toward happiness, but truly toward another penal servitude, no better, perhaps, than this one!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вот что я выдумал и решил","title":"Headless relative «вот что»","body":"«вот что…» — 'here is what…' — uses «что» as a free relative (the thing which), introducing what Mitya has «выдумал и решил» (devised and decided). Both verbs are perfective, marking the plan as fully formed and settled."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"если я и убегу, ... то меня еще ободряет та мысль","title":"Concessive «и» in the «если»-clause","body":"«если я и убегу» — 'even if I do escape': the «и» before the verb is concessive, conceding the case ('granted that I escape'). «убегу» is perfective future. The main clause «меня ободряет та мысль» fronts the accusative «меня» before the verb for emphasis."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"воистину на другую каторгу","title":"«каторга» and «воистину»","body":"«каторга» is penal servitude — hard forced labor in exile, the very sentence hanging over Mitya. «воистину» ('verily, in truth') is a solemn, churchly word (famous from the Paschal greeting «Воистину воскресе»), lending his vow a near-liturgical earnestness: even escape will be 'truly another katorga.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, relative, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of выдумал","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of выдумал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"выдумал","lemma":"выдумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"devised"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"решил","lemma":"решить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with выдумал","gloss":"decided"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of убегу","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of убегу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies убегу","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"убегу","lemma":"убежать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on ободряет","gloss":"escape"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies деньгами","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деньгами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"деньгами","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of убегу","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"паспортом","lemma":"паспорт","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with деньгами","gloss":"passport"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Америку","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Америку","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Америку","lemma":"Америка","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with деньгами","gloss":"America"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ободряет","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of ободряет","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ободряет","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"ободряет","lemma":"ободрять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the apodosis clause","gloss":"buoys up"},{"surface":"та","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of мысль","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"мысль","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of ободряет","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of убегу","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies радость","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking радость","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"радость","lemma":"радость","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of убегу","gloss":"joy"},{"surface":"убегу","lemma":"убежать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of ободряет","gloss":"flee"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies счастье","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking счастье","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"счастье","lemma":"счастье","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of убегу","gloss":"happiness"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"воистину","lemma":"воистину","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the phrase на каторгу (adverbial)","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking каторгу","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"другую","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies каторгу","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"каторгу","lemma":"каторга","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of убегу","gloss":"penal servitude"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хуже","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"хуже","lemma":"плохой","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicate describing каторгу (elliptical clause)","gloss":"better","note":"Literally 'worse'; the translation renders 'не хуже' idiomatically as 'no better than'."},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical (может быть = 'perhaps'), modifies хуже","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"genitive of comparison with хуже","gloss":"this one"}]},{"number":99,"label":"99","id":"epi-c2-s99","source":"Не хуже, Алексей, воистину говорю, что не хуже!","translation":"No better, Alexei, in truth I tell you, no better!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"воистину говорю","title":"«воистину говорю» — 'verily I say'","body":"The repeated «воистину говорю» deliberately echoes the Gospel formula 'verily I say unto you' (Slavonic «истинно/воистину глаголю вам»). Mitya, swearing his sincerity, slips into scriptural cadence — typical of how the novel's characters reach for sacred language at heightened moments."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хуже","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"хуже","lemma":"плохой","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"Алексей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alexei"},{"surface":"воистину","lemma":"воистину","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорю","gloss":"in truth"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I tell you"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of хуже","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хуже","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"хуже","lemma":"плохой","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"clausal complement of говорю","gloss":"better"}]},{"number":100,"label":"100","id":"epi-c2-s100","source":"Я эту Америку, черт ее дери, уже теперь ненавижу.","translation":"This America — devil take it — I already hate it now.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"черт ее дери","title":"«чёрт её дери» — 'devil take it'","body":"«чёрт её дери» (literally 'may the devil tear it') is a coarse curse-interjection of exasperation, «дери» the imperative of «драть» (to tear). The feminine «её» refers to «Америку». Such devil-oaths pepper Mitya's speech, marking his volcanic, unbuttoned temperament."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"уже теперь ненавижу","title":"Imperfective present «ненавижу»","body":"«ненавижу» (I hate) is imperfective present — «ненавидеть» has no perfective, naming an ongoing state. The pairing «уже теперь» ('already now') stresses that the hatred is present and active before the plan is even begun."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of ненавижу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of Америку","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"Америку","lemma":"Америка","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of ненавижу","gloss":"America"},{"surface":"черт","lemma":"чёрт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of дери","gloss":"devil"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of дери","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"дери","lemma":"драть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of parenthetical idiom (черт дери)","gloss":"take","note":"Idiom 'черт (её) дери' = 'devil take it' (mild curse)."},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies теперь","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ненавижу","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"ненавижу","lemma":"ненавидеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hate"}]},{"number":101,"label":"101","id":"epi-c2-s101","source":"Пусть Груша будет со мной, но посмотри на нее: ну американка ль она?","translation":"Let Grusha be with me, but look at her: is she an American woman, then?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ну американка ль она?","title":"Interrogative particle «ль» (= «ли»)","body":"«ль» is the clipped, poetic form of the yes/no particle «ли», here following the focused word «американка» — 'is she an American woman, then?' Fronting the predicate noun and tagging «ль» makes a pointed rhetorical question expecting 'no.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Пусть","lemma":"пусть","morphology":"particle","role":"optative particle, modifies будет","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"Груша","lemma":"Груша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of будет","gloss":"Grusha"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"copula, links Груша to со мной","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"со","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мной","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"мной","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"predicate complement of будет","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"посмотри","lemma":"посмотреть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause (imperative)","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of посмотри","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"американка","lemma":"американка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun, complement of она","gloss":"American woman"},{"surface":"ль","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle, interrogative","role":"marks the yes/no question","gloss":"really","note":"Contracted form of 'ли', the yes/no question particle."},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject (predicate: американка)","gloss":"she"}]},{"number":102,"label":"102","id":"epi-c2-s102","source":"Она русская, вся до косточки русская, она по матери родной земле затоскует, и я буду видеть каждый час, что это она для меня тоскует, для меня такой крест взяла, а чем она виновата?","translation":"She's Russian, Russian to the very marrow, she'll pine for her native mother-soil, and I'll see at every hour that it's for my sake she's pining, for my sake she's taken on such a cross — and how is she to blame?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вся до косточки русская","title":"«до косточки» — 'to the very bone'","body":"«до косточки» (literally 'down to the little bone,' the diminutive of «кость») is an idiom for 'through and through, to the marrow.' The diminutive «косточка» softens and intensifies at once — she is Russian to her very core. We render it 'Russian to the very marrow.'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"по матери родной земле затоскует","title":"«родная земля» — the native soil","body":"«родная земля» / «родная мать-земля» ('native mother-earth') is a charged Russian patriotic-spiritual image of the homeland as a mother. «затоскует» (perfective future of «затосковать») = 'will start to pine, ache with longing,' from «тоска», that untranslatable Russian yearning melancholy."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"для меня такой крест взяла","title":"«взять крест» + genitive «для меня»","body":"«такой крест взяла» — 'took on such a cross,' reprising the cross-bearing motif, now of Grushenka's sacrifice. «для меня» ('for my sake') is «для» + the genitive «меня» (the preposition «для» always governs the genitive; the dative would be «мне»), and the perfective «взяла» frames her choice as a single redemptive act undertaken on Mitya's behalf."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of русская","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"русская","lemma":"русский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate adjective of Она","gloss":"Russian"},{"surface":"вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"intensifies русская","gloss":"entirely"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking косточки","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"косточки","lemma":"косточка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"complement of до","gloss":"the marrow","note":"«до косточки» is an idiom meaning \"to the very core/marrow.\""},{"surface":"русская","lemma":"русский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"restates русская (w2), emphatic repetition","gloss":"Russian"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of затоскует","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking матери/земле","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"матери","lemma":"мать","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition with земле, object of по","gloss":"mother"},{"surface":"родной","lemma":"родной","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies земле","gloss":"native"},{"surface":"земле","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"object of по, oblique complement of затоскует","gloss":"soil"},{"surface":"затоскует","lemma":"затосковать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause, coordinated with видеть","gloss":"will pine"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of видеть","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of видеть","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"видеть","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb, coordinated with затоскует","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"каждый","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of час","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"час","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"time adverbial of видеть","gloss":"hour"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clausal complement of видеть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"expletive with тоскует","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of тоскует","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of тоскует","gloss":"my sake"},{"surface":"тоскует","lemma":"тосковать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the что-clause, complement of видеть","gloss":"is pining"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of взяла","gloss":"my sake"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of крест","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"крест","lemma":"крест","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of взяла","gloss":"cross"},{"surface":"взяла","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with тоскует, complement of видеть","gloss":"has taken on"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of виновата","gloss":"in what"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of виновата","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"виновата","lemma":"виноватый","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of the final clause","gloss":"is to blame"}]},{"number":103,"label":"103","id":"epi-c2-s103","source":"А я-то разве вынесу тамошних смердов, хоть они, может быть, все до одного лучше меня?","translation":"And shall I, for my part, ever endure those local boors, even though every last one of them may be better than I am?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А я-то разве вынесу","title":"Emphatic clitic «-то» on «я»","body":"«я-то» uses the topic-emphasizing clitic «-то» — 'as for me / I, for one.' Combined with rhetorical «разве» ('shall I really…?'), it sets Mitya pointedly against the locals: 'and I, for my part, will I ever endure them?' This «-то» highlights a known topic, distinct from the indefinite -то of «кто-то»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"тамошних смердов","title":"«смерд» — boor, churl","body":"«смерд» originally meant a peasant/serf of the lowest order in old Rus'; by the 19th century it survives as a contemptuous term for a coarse, base person — 'boor, churl.' «тамошних» ('those over there, local') is an adjective from «там». Mitya's scorn for the Americans speaks in deliberately archaic, lordly disdain."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of вынесу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes я","gloss":"for my part","note":"Enclitic «-то» adds emphasis to the preceding word; no independent meaning."},{"surface":"разве","lemma":"разве","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вынесу","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"вынесу","lemma":"вынести","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will I endure"},{"surface":"тамошних","lemma":"тамошний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies смердов","gloss":"those local"},{"surface":"смердов","lemma":"смерд","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of вынесу","gloss":"boors"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of лучше","gloss":"even though"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of лучше","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, modifies лучше","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"modifies они","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking одного","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"одного","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies все, idiom «до одного»","gloss":"the last one"},{"surface":"лучше","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicate of они","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of лучше","gloss":"than I"}]},{"number":104,"label":"104","id":"epi-c2-s104","source":"Ненавижу я эту Америку уж теперь!","translation":"I hate this America already now!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ненавижу я эту Америку уж теперь","title":"Fronted verb + intensifying «уж»","body":"By moving «ненавижу» to the front (verb before subject «я»), Mitya throws the hatred into relief — emphatic word order. «уж» (a clipped, emphatic «уже») reinforces 'even now, already.' The repetition of s100 with this reordering builds the rhetorical drumbeat."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ненавижу","lemma":"ненавидеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I hate"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Ненавижу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of Америку","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"Америку","lemma":"Америка","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of Ненавижу","gloss":"America"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies теперь","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Ненавижу","gloss":"now"}]},{"number":105,"label":"105","id":"epi-c2-s105","source":"И хоть будь они там все до единого машинисты необъятные какие али что — черт с ними, не мои они люди, не моей души!","translation":"And though every last one of them out there be some prodigious machinist or what-not — to the devil with them, they're not my people, not of my soul!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"хоть будь они там все до единого машинисты","title":"Concessive imperative «хоть будь»","body":"«хоть будь они… машинисты» uses the imperative «будь» in a concessive sense — 'even were they / let them be…' This 'imperative-as-concession' ('be it ever so') is an idiomatic way to grant a hypothetical: 'though they be the greatest mechanics.' «машинисты» is the predicate nominative after «будь»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"али что","title":"«али» — folk 'or'","body":"«али» is a folk/dialectal and archaic variant of «или» ('or'). Mitya peppers his speech with such peasant-flavored words — «али что» ('or what-not') — coloring his Russianness against the despised foreign 'machinists.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не мои они люди, не моей души","title":"Possessive «мой» / genitive «моей души»","body":"Two parallel negated predicates: «не мои они люди» ('they are not my people,' possessive «мои» agreeing with «люди') and «не моей души» ('not of my soul,' a genitive of belonging — 'not [people] of my soul'). The bare genitive «моей души» conveys 'of my kind/spirit.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause","gloss":"even if"},{"surface":"будь","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, imperative (concessive use), imperfective","role":"predicate of они","gloss":"may be"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of будь","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies будь","gloss":"out there"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"modifies они","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking единого","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"единого","lemma":"единый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies все, idiom «до единого»","gloss":"the last"},{"surface":"машинисты","lemma":"машинист","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"predicate noun of будь","gloss":"machinists"},{"surface":"необъятные","lemma":"необъятный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies машинисты","gloss":"prodigious"},{"surface":"какие","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"hedges машинисты","gloss":"or something"},{"surface":"али","lemma":"али","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links машинисты and что","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with машинисты","gloss":"what-not"},{"surface":"черт","lemma":"чёрт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the exclamation","gloss":"the devil","note":"«черт с ними» is an idiom: \"to the devil with them / never mind them.\""},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ними","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ними","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of черт","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мои","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мои","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"predicate complement, modifies люди","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of люди","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"люди","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"predicate noun, coordinated with черт","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies моей","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"моей","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of души","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"души","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"predicate genitive, coordinated with люди","gloss":"soul"}]},{"number":106,"label":"106","id":"epi-c2-s106","source":"Россию люблю, Алексей, русского бога люблю, хоть я сам и подлец!","translation":"I love Russia, Alexei, I love the Russian God, even though I myself am a scoundrel!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Россию люблю... русского бога люблю","title":"Object-first emphasis","body":"Both clauses front the accusative object («Россию», «русского бога») before the verb «люблю», throwing the weight onto what is loved. «русского бога» shows animate accusative (= genitive form) for «бог». «хоть… подлец» is a concessive 'even though I am a scoundrel.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Россию","lemma":"Россия","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of люблю","gloss":"Russia"},{"surface":"люблю","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I love"},{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"Алексей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alexei"},{"surface":"русского","lemma":"русский","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies бога","gloss":"Russian"},{"surface":"бога","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of люблю","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"люблю","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with люблю (w2)","gloss":"I love"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause","gloss":"even though"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of подлец","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"intensifies я","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes подлец","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"подлец","lemma":"подлец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of я","gloss":"a scoundrel"}]},{"number":107,"label":"107","id":"epi-c2-s107","source":"Да я там издохну! — воскликнул он вдруг, засверкав глазами.","translation":"Why, I'll perish there like a dog!\" he cried suddenly, his eyes flashing.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"издохнуть","title":"издохну — to die like a beast","body":"«издохнуть» is a coarse verb for dying, normally used of animals; the neutral human verb is «умереть». By using it of himself, Mitya speaks with violent self-contempt — which is why we render it \"perish there like a dog\" rather than a neutral \"die,\" to keep the brutal, self-degrading flavor of the Russian."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"засверкав глазами","title":"Perfective gerund «засверкав»","body":"«засверкав» is the perfective past gerund (деепричастие) of «засверкать» ('to begin to flash/sparkle') — strictly a prior/inceptive circumstance attending «воскликнул». «глазами» is the instrumental ('with his eyes'). Compressed into one phrase, it paints the eyes flashing as he cried out."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies издохну","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of издохну","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies издохну","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"издохну","lemma":"издохнуть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll perish"},{"surface":"воскликнул","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"narrative verb introducing the quote","gloss":"cried"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнул","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies воскликнул","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"засверкав","lemma":"засверкать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on воскликнул","gloss":"flashing"},{"surface":"глазами","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of засверкав","gloss":"his eyes"}]},{"number":108,"label":"108","id":"epi-c2-s108","source":"Голос его задрожал от слез.","translation":"His voice quivered with tears.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"задрожал от слез","title":"«от» + genitive of cause","body":"«от слёз» — 'from tears' — is the genitive of cause governed by «от»: the trembling arises out of the tears. «задрожал» (perfective, inceptive «за-») marks the voice 'beginning to quiver.' Russian regularly expresses the cause of an involuntary reaction with «от» + genitive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Голос","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of задрожал","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun (possessive, invariant)","role":"determiner of Голос","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"задрожал","lemma":"задрожать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"quivered"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking слез","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"слез","lemma":"слеза","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of задрожал","gloss":"tears"}]},{"number":109,"label":"109","id":"epi-c2-s109","source":"— Ну так вот как я решил, Алексей, слушай! — начал он опять, подавив волнение, — с Грушей туда приедем — и там тотчас пахать, работать, с дикими медведями, в уединении, где-нибудь подальше.","translation":"\"Well, here's how I've decided it, Alexei, listen!\" he began again, mastering his agitation, \"we'll go there with Grusha — and there at once to plow, to work, among wild bears, in seclusion, somewhere far off.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"подавив волнение","title":"Perfective gerund «подавив»","body":"«подавив волнение» — 'having mastered his agitation' — is the perfective past gerund of «подавить» (to suppress), an action completed just before the main verb «начал». It shares the subject 'he,' the typical way Russian stacks a prior circumstance onto a narrative verb."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"тотчас пахать, работать","title":"Bare infinitives of intention","body":"«тотчас пахать, работать» — 'at once to plow, to work' — strings bare imperfective infinitives to sketch a program of action without a finite verb, a vivid, breathless shorthand for 'we'll set straight to plowing and working.' The imperfectives stress the ongoing labor itself."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase так вот","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так вот","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of решил","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of решил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"решил","lemma":"решить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"decided"},{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"Алексей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alexei"},{"surface":"слушай","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"imperative clause, coordinated with решил","gloss":"listen"},{"surface":"начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"narrative verb, parallel to решил","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of начал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начал","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"подавив","lemma":"подавить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on начал","gloss":"mastering"},{"surface":"волнение","lemma":"волнение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of подавив","gloss":"his agitation"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Грушей","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Грушей","lemma":"Груша","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приедем","gloss":"Grusha"},{"surface":"туда","lemma":"туда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приедем","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"приедем","lemma":"приехать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"we'll go"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пахать","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пахать","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"пахать","lemma":"пахать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"infinitive clause coordinated with приедем","gloss":"to plow"},{"surface":"работать","lemma":"работать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with пахать","gloss":"to work"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking медведями","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"дикими","lemma":"дикий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies медведями","gloss":"wild"},{"surface":"медведями","lemma":"медведь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of работать","gloss":"bears"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking уединении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"уединении","lemma":"уединение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of работать","gloss":"seclusion"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of где-нибудь, modifies подальше","gloss":"somewhere"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"part of где-нибудь","gloss":"-ever"},{"surface":"подальше","lemma":"далёкий","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies пахать/работать","gloss":"further off"}]},{"number":110,"label":"110","id":"epi-c2-s110","source":"Ведь и там же найдется какое-нибудь место подальше!","translation":"Surely even out there some place far enough off will turn up!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"найдется какое-нибудь место","title":"Indefinite «-нибудь» — 'some place or other'","body":"«какое-нибудь место» uses the clitic «-нибудь» for a non-specific 'any / some… or other' — a place that surely exists but is not identified. Contrast «-то», which would mark a definite-but-unknown place. «найдётся» is the reflexive perfective future 'will turn up.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ведь и там же найдется","title":"Stacked particles «ведь… же»","body":"Mitya stacks particles for insistence: «ведь» ('after all') appeals to shared sense, «и» means 'even,' and «же» reinforces — 'surely even out there [some place] will turn up!' This pile-up of modal particles is exactly the conversational texture they exist to carry."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies найдется","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies там","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies найдется","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes там","gloss":"(emph.)"},{"surface":"найдется","lemma":"найтись","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will turn up"},{"surface":"какое","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of какое-нибудь, determiner of место","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"part of какое-нибудь","gloss":"-ever"},{"surface":"место","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of найдется","gloss":"place"},{"surface":"подальше","lemma":"далёкий","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies место","gloss":"far enough off"}]},{"number":111,"label":"111","id":"epi-c2-s111","source":"Там, говорят, есть еще краснокожие, где-то там у них на краю горизонта, ну так вот в тот край, к последним могиканам.","translation":"There, they say, there are still redskins, somewhere out there at the edge of the horizon, well, so off to that region, to the last of the Mohicans.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"краснокожие","title":"«краснокожие» — 'redskins'","body":"«краснокожие» (literally 'red-skinned ones') is the period Russian rendering of the dime-novel 'redskins,' a substantivized adjective. The whole sentence — vague «где-то там у них на краю горизонта» ('somewhere out there at the edge of the horizon') — captures Mitya's storybook geography of America."}],"words":[{"surface":"Там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies есть","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"говорят","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"they say"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there are"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies краснокожие","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"краснокожие","lemma":"краснокожий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"redskins"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of где-то","gloss":"somewhere"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of где-то","gloss":"(indef.)"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies краю","gloss":"out there"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement modifying краю","gloss":"their place"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking краю","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"краю","lemma":"край","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies там (locative complement)","gloss":"the edge"},{"surface":"горизонта","lemma":"горизонт","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies краю","gloss":"of the horizon"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase ну так вот","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase ну так вот","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking край","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of край","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"край","lemma":"край","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"elliptical clause, parallel to есть","gloss":"region"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking могиканам","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"последним","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, dative, plural","role":"modifies могиканам","gloss":"the last"},{"surface":"могиканам","lemma":"могиканин","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement, coordinated with край","gloss":"Mohicans"}]},{"number":112,"label":"112","id":"epi-c2-s112","source":"Ну и тотчас за грамматику, я и Груша.","translation":"And then straight to the grammar, Grusha and I.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"тотчас за грамматику","title":"«за» + accusative — 'set to'","body":"«за грамматику» — literally 'for the grammar' — with «за» + accusative idiomatically means 'to set about, get down to' a task ('взяться за работу'). The verb is elided: 'and then straight [down] to the grammar.' The terseness mimics Mitya's eager planning."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the elliptical verb (\"we went\")","gloss":"straightaway"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking грамматику","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"грамматику","lemma":"грамматика","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"the grammar"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"coordinated subject with Груша","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Груша","lemma":"Груша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with я","gloss":"Grusha"}]},{"number":113,"label":"113","id":"epi-c2-s113","source":"Работа и грамматика, и так чтобы года три.","translation":"Work and grammar, and like that for some three years.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"и так чтобы года три","title":"«чтобы» of intended duration + numeral","body":"«так чтобы года три» — 'and so [arranged] that [it last] about three years.' «года три» inverts numeral and noun («три года» → «года три») to mean 'roughly three years,' a common approximation device. «года» is genitive singular as required after «три»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Работа","lemma":"работа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"work"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"грамматика","lemma":"грамматика","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with Работа","gloss":"grammar"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the phrase так чтобы","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase так чтобы","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"года","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, singular","role":"governed by numeral три","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"coordinated with Работа","gloss":"three"}]},{"number":114,"label":"114","id":"epi-c2-s114","source":"В эти три года аглицкому языку научимся как самые что ни на есть англичане.","translation":"In those three years we'll learn the English tongue like the most genuine Englishmen there ever were.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"В эти три года... научимся","title":"«в» + accusative for span; perfective future","body":"«в эти три года» uses «в» + accusative to frame a span within which something is completed — 'in (the course of) these three years.' «научимся» is the perfective future of the reflexive «научиться» (to learn, master), taking its object «языку» in the dative."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"аглицкому языку","title":"«аглицкий» — folk 'English'","body":"«аглицкий» is a dialectal/old-fashioned form of «английский» (English), the kind of homespun, slightly comic word a Russian provincial would use. «как самые что ни на есть англичане» ('like the most genuine Englishmen there ever were') doubles down on the folksy hyperbole."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"самые что ни на есть англичане","title":"«что ни на есть» — emphatic superlative","body":"«самые что ни на есть» is a fixed colloquial intensifier meaning 'the very most genuine, the absolute,' an emphatic superlative grafted onto «самые». Built on the archaic «что ни на есть» ('whatever there may be'), it gives 'the most real Englishmen imaginable.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking года","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of года","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"modifies года","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"года","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, singular","role":"time adverbial complement of научимся","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"аглицкому","lemma":"аглицкий","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies языку","gloss":"English"},{"surface":"языку","lemma":"язык","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of научимся","gloss":"tongue"},{"surface":"научимся","lemma":"научиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"we'll learn"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison clause","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"самые","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"modifies англичане","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom что ни на есть","gloss":"genuine","note":"«самые что ни на есть» is an idiom meaning \"the most genuine, real ... there ever was.\""},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom что ни на есть","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom что ни на есть","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"part of the idiom что ни на есть","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"англичане","lemma":"англичанин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"predicate noun of the comparison clause","gloss":"Englishmen"}]},{"number":115,"label":"115","id":"epi-c2-s115","source":"И только что выучимся — конец Америке!","translation":"And the moment we've learned it — an end to America!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"только что выучимся","title":"«только что» + perfective future","body":"«только что выучимся» — 'the very moment we've learned it.' Here «только что» means 'as soon as, the instant,' and «выучимся» is the perfective future of «выучиться» (to learn thoroughly), the «вы-» prefix stressing completion. The structure paints the instant of mastery as a single finished point."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"конец Америке","title":"Dative «Америке» — 'an end to America'","body":"«конец Америке» — 'an end to America' — uses the dative «Америке» to mark what the end befalls. Verbless and abrupt, the exclamation lets the dative alone carry 'for America it's finished.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of только что, modifies выучимся","gloss":"as soon as"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"particle","role":"part of только что","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"выучимся","lemma":"выучиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the subordinate clause","gloss":"we've learned it"},{"surface":"конец","lemma":"конец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun of the exclamation","gloss":"an end"},{"surface":"Америке","lemma":"Америка","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies конец","gloss":"to America"}]},{"number":116,"label":"116","id":"epi-c2-s116","source":"Бежим сюда, в Россию, американскими гражданами.","translation":"We'll flee back here, to Russia, as American citizens.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Бежим сюда... американскими гражданами","title":"Instrumental «американскими гражданами» — 'as citizens'","body":"«американскими гражданами» is the instrumental, naming the capacity in which they return — 'as American citizens.' This instrumental-of-role ('come back as X') is the same construction as the predicate instrumental, here attached to a verb of motion. «Бежим» is the imperfective present (1st pl. of «бежать»), used with future/intentional force ('we'll flee'); it is not a perfective future (that would be «сбежим/побежим»)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Бежим","lemma":"бежать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"we'll flee"},{"surface":"сюда","lemma":"сюда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Бежим","gloss":"back here"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Россию","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Россию","lemma":"Россия","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with сюда, goal of Бежим","gloss":"Russia"},{"surface":"американскими","lemma":"американский","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies гражданами","gloss":"American"},{"surface":"гражданами","lemma":"гражданин","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"predicative complement of Бежим","gloss":"citizens"}]},{"number":117,"label":"117","id":"epi-c2-s117","source":"Не беспокойся, сюда в городишко не явимся.","translation":"Don't worry, we won't turn up here in this little town.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"городишко","title":"«городишко» — the pejorative diminutive","body":"«городишко» adds the contemptuous suffix «-ишк-» to «город»: not just a small town but a wretched, dismissible little town. The pejorative diminutive drips with Mitya's scorn for the provincial backwater that tried him. We render it 'this little town.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не беспокойся","title":"Negated imperative «не беспокойся»","body":"«не беспокойся» — 'don't worry' — is the negated imperative of the reflexive «беспокоиться». Negated commands strongly favor the imperfective (here «беспокойся»), the aspect for prohibiting an ongoing state rather than a single act."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies беспокойся","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"беспокойся","lemma":"беспокоиться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"worry"},{"surface":"сюда","lemma":"сюда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies явимся","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking городишко","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"городишко","lemma":"городишко","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of явимся","gloss":"this little town"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies явимся","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"явимся","lemma":"явиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, first, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with беспокойся","gloss":"we'll show up"}]},{"number":118,"label":"118","id":"epi-c2-s118","source":"Спрячемся куда-нибудь подальше, на север али на юг.","translation":"We'll hide ourselves somewhere far away, to the north or to the south.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Спрячемся куда-нибудь подальше","title":"Reflexive future + «-нибудь»","body":"«спрячемся» is perfective future of the reflexive «спрятаться» (to hide oneself) — the «-ся» making it intransitive 'we'll hide.' «куда-нибудь подальше» pairs the non-specific «-нибудь» ('somewhere or other') with the comparative «подальше' ('a bit farther off')."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"али на юг","title":"«али» again — 'or'","body":"Mitya keeps reaching for the folk «али» (= «или», 'or'): «на север али на юг» — 'to the north or to the south.' The recurrence stamps his speech as earthy and Russian even as he plots a foreign escape."}],"words":[{"surface":"Спрячемся","lemma":"спрятаться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"we'll hide"},{"surface":"куда","lemma":"куда","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of куда-нибудь, modifies Спрячемся","gloss":"somewhere"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"part of куда-нибудь","gloss":"-ever"},{"surface":"подальше","lemma":"далёкий","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies Спрячемся","gloss":"far away"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking север","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"север","lemma":"север","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with подальше","gloss":"the north"},{"surface":"али","lemma":"али","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links север and юг","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking юг","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"юг","lemma":"юг","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with север","gloss":"the south"}]},{"number":119,"label":"119","id":"epi-c2-s119","source":"Я к тому времени изменюсь, она тоже, там, в Америке, мне доктор какую-нибудь бородавку подделает, недаром же они механики.","translation":"By that time I'll have changed, and so will she, out there in America a doctor will fake some wart or other for me — they're not mechanics for nothing.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"мне доктор какую-нибудь бородавку подделает","title":"Dative of interest «мне» + «-нибудь»","body":"«мне… подделает» — 'will fake [for] me' — uses «мне» as a dative of interest, the person to whose benefit the action is done. «какую-нибудь бородавку» ('some wart or other') again uses non-specific «-нибудь». «подделает» is perfective future."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"недаром же они механики","title":"«недаром» + zero-copula predicate","body":"«недаром же они механики» — 'they're not mechanics for nothing.' «недаром» means 'not without reason, not for nothing'; «же» adds insistence; and «они механики» is a verbless present 'they [are] mechanics,' nominative predicate with no copula. The whole is Mitya's wry trust in American ingenuity."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of изменюсь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking времени","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, dative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of времени","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"времени","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of изменюсь","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"изменюсь","lemma":"измениться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll have changed"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical verb (\"will change too\")","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies она","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подделает","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Америке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Америке","lemma":"Америка","morphology":"proper noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with там, modifies подделает","gloss":"America"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of подделает","gloss":"for me"},{"surface":"доктор","lemma":"доктор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подделает","gloss":"a doctor"},{"surface":"какую","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"part of какую-нибудь, determiner of бородавку","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"part of какую-нибудь","gloss":"-ever"},{"surface":"бородавку","lemma":"бородавка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of подделает","gloss":"a wart"},{"surface":"подделает","lemma":"подделать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with изменюсь","gloss":"will fake"},{"surface":"недаром","lemma":"недаром","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies механики clause","gloss":"not for nothing"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes недаром","gloss":"(emph.)"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of механики","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"механики","lemma":"механик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"predicate noun of они","gloss":"mechanics"}]},{"number":120,"label":"120","id":"epi-c2-s120","source":"А нет, так я себе один глаз проколю, бороду отпущу в аршин, седую (по России-то поседею) — авось не узнают.","translation":"And if not, then I'll put out one of my own eyes, grow a beard a yard long, gray (I'll go gray over Russia anyway) — and maybe they won't recognize us.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А нет, так я себе один глаз проколю","title":"Elliptical «а нет, так» + dative «себе»","body":"«а нет, так…» is colloquial 'and if not, then…,' an elliptical conditional (the verb of the protasis dropped). «себе… проколю» pairs the perfective future «проколю» (I'll pierce) with the reflexive-interest dative «себе» — 'I'll put out one of my own eyes.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"по России-то поседею... авось не узнают","title":"Topic «-то» and the particle «авось»","body":"«по России-то» tags the known topic with emphatic «-то» ('over Russia, you know'). «авось» is the famously untranslatable particle of reckless Russian hope — 'maybe, with luck, who knows' — staking everything on chance: «авось не узнают» ('and maybe they won't recognize us'). «не узнают» is the impersonal 'they' in perfective future."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"elliptical conditional (\"if not\")","gloss":"if not"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проколю","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of проколю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of проколю","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"quantifies глаз","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"глаз","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of проколю","gloss":"eye"},{"surface":"проколю","lemma":"проколоть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll put out"},{"surface":"бороду","lemma":"борода","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of отпущу","gloss":"beard"},{"surface":"отпущу","lemma":"отпустить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with проколю","gloss":"I'll grow"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking аршин","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"аршин","lemma":"аршин","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отпущу","gloss":"a yard's length"},{"surface":"седую","lemma":"седой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies бороду","gloss":"gray"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking России","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"России","lemma":"Россия","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поседею","gloss":"Russia"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes России","gloss":"indeed","note":"Enclitic «-то» adds emphasis; no independent meaning."},{"surface":"поседею","lemma":"поседеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical clause, parallel to седую","gloss":"I'll go gray"},{"surface":"авось","lemma":"авось","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies узнают","gloss":"maybe"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies узнают","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"узнают","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"they'll recognize us"}]},{"number":121,"label":"121","id":"epi-c2-s121","source":"А узнают, пусть ссылают, всё равно, значит, не судьба!","translation":"And if they find us out, let them send us back — it makes no difference, it simply means it wasn't to be!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пусть ссылают","title":"«пусть» + present = third-person imperative","body":"«пусть ссылают» ('let them exile us') forms a command aimed at a third party by pairing the particle «пусть» with an ordinary present-tense verb — the standard Russian way to say 'let them…'."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"узнают","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, present/future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"they find us out"},{"surface":"пусть","lemma":"пусть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ссылают","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"ссылают","lemma":"ссылать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with узнают","gloss":"they exile us"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom всё равно","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"равно","lemma":"равный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom всё равно","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"значит","lemma":"значить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"it means"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies судьба","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"судьба","lemma":"судьба","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of the final clause","gloss":"fate"}]},{"number":122,"label":"122","id":"epi-c2-s122","source":"Здесь тоже будем где-нибудь в глуши землю пахать, а я всю жизнь американца из себя представлять буду.","translation":"There too we'll plough the earth somewhere off in the wilds, and I'll play the American my whole life long.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"будем… пахать… представлять буду","title":"Compound (imperfective) future","body":"Both verbs use the analytic future «быть» + imperfective infinitive — «будем пахать», «представлять буду» — describing ongoing, habitual future action rather than a single completed event."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"где-нибудь","title":"Indefinite «-нибудь»","body":"The clitic «-нибудь» marks a vague, unspecified referent — «где-нибудь» = 'somewhere or other', any place at all, in contrast to the more concrete «-то»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пахать","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пахать","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"будем","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of пахать","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of где-нибудь, modifies пахать","gloss":"somewhere"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"part of где-нибудь","gloss":"-ever"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глуши","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"глуши","lemma":"глушь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пахать","gloss":"the wilds"},{"surface":"землю","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of пахать","gloss":"the earth"},{"surface":"пахать","lemma":"пахать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will plow"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of представлять","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"time adverbial of представлять","gloss":"my whole life"},{"surface":"американца","lemma":"американец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of представлять (idiom из себя представлять)","gloss":"an American"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"part of the idiom из себя представлять","gloss":"myself","note":"«из себя представлять» is an idiom meaning \"to play the part of.\""},{"surface":"представлять","lemma":"представлять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with пахать","gloss":"will play"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of представлять","gloss":"will"}]},{"number":123,"label":"123","id":"epi-c2-s123","source":"Зато помрем на родной земле.","translation":"But at least we'll die on our native soil.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"помрём","title":"Colloquial «помереть»","body":"«помрём» (from «помереть») is a folksy, lower-register equivalent of «умереть» ('to die'); it colours Mitya's speech as earthy and unguarded."}],"words":[{"surface":"Зато","lemma":"зато","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but at least"},{"surface":"помрем","lemma":"помереть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"we'll die"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking земле","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"родной","lemma":"родной","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies земле","gloss":"native"},{"surface":"земле","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of помрем","gloss":"soil"}]},{"number":124,"label":"124","id":"epi-c2-s124","source":"Вот мой план, и сие непреложно.","translation":"There is my plan, and it is not to be altered.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сие","title":"Archaic demonstrative «сие»","body":"«сие» ('this') is the bookish/Church-Slavonic neuter demonstrative, long replaced by «это» in speech. Mitya uses it half-mockingly to give his 'plan' a solemn, official ring."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"here is"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of план","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"план","lemma":"план","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject/predicate of Вот","gloss":"plan"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сие","lemma":"сей","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of непреложно","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"непреложно","lemma":"непреложный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of сие, coordinated with Вот","gloss":"immutable"}]},{"number":125,"label":"125","id":"epi-c2-s125","source":"Одобряешь?","translation":"Do you approve?","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Одобряешь","lemma":"одобрять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do you approve"}]},{"number":126,"label":"126","id":"epi-c2-s126","source":"— Одобряю, — сказал Алеша, не желая ему противоречить.","translation":"\"I approve,\" said Alyosha, not wishing to contradict him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не желая","title":"Imperfective gerund «не желая»","body":"«не желая ему противоречить» ('not wishing to contradict him') is an imperfective gerund («деепричастие») expressing an attendant circumstance simultaneous with «сказал»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ему противоречить","title":"Dative governed by «противоречить»","body":"«противоречить» takes a dative object — «ему» ('him') — one of a family of verbs (помогать, верить, мешать) that govern the dative rather than the accusative."}],"words":[{"surface":"Одобряю","lemma":"одобрять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"I approve"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narration clause","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies желая","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"желая","lemma":"желать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on сказал","gloss":"wishing"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of противоречить","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"противоречить","lemma":"противоречить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of желая","gloss":"contradict"}]},{"number":127,"label":"127","id":"epi-c2-s127","source":"Митя на минуту смолк и вдруг проговорил:","translation":"Mitya fell silent for a moment, then suddenly spoke out:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"смолк… проговорил","title":"Perfective chain","body":"«смолк» ('fell silent') and «проговорил» ('uttered') are both perfective pasts, presenting two bounded, sequential events — the momentary hush and the sudden words that break it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of смолк (shared with coordinated проговорил)","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смолк","gloss":"a minute"},{"surface":"смолк","lemma":"смолкнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fell silent"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with смолк","gloss":"spoke out"}]},{"number":128,"label":"128","id":"epi-c2-s128","source":"— А как они в суде-то подвели?","translation":"\"But how they rigged it against me at the trial!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"подвели","title":"«подвести» — to set up / let down","body":"Here «подвели» means 'they framed / fixed it against me' (lit. 'led me up to it'); the verb's range runs from 'let someone down' to 'engineer someone's downfall'."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"discourse marker introducing contrast","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb, exclamatory","role":"modifies подвели","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of подвели","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking суде","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"суде","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подвели","gloss":"the trial"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic clitic attached to суде","gloss":"you know","note":"The clitic -то here adds emphasis to «суде» and has no separate translation."},{"surface":"подвели","lemma":"подвести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rigged it"}]},{"number":129,"label":"129","id":"epi-c2-s129","source":"Ведь как подвели!","translation":"How they rigged it!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ведь","title":"Particle «ведь»","body":"«Ведь» ('after all', 'you see') appeals to shared knowledge and adds emotional insistence — Mitya isn't asking, he's invoking what they both already feel about the trial."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies подвели","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb, exclamatory","role":"introduces the exclamation with подвели","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"подвели","lemma":"подвести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they rigged it"}]},{"number":130,"label":"130","id":"epi-c2-s130","source":"— Если б и не подвели, всё равно тебя б осудили, — проговорил, вздохнув, Алеша.","translation":"\"Even if they hadn't rigged it, you would have been convicted all the same,\" said Alyosha with a sigh.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Если б… осудили","title":"Counterfactual conditional with «бы/б»","body":"«Если б и не подвели… осудили» is an irrealis conditional: the particle «бы» (clipped to «б») plus past-tense verbs in both clauses yields 'even if they hadn't… you would have been'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause of подвели","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"б","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"conditional particle marking подвели as irrealis","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies подвели","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies подвели","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"подвели","lemma":"подвести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on осудили","gloss":"rigged it"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase всё равно, modifies осудили","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"равно","lemma":"равно","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase всё равно, modifies осудили","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of осудили","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"б","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"conditional particle marking осудили as irrealis","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"осудили","lemma":"осудить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"convicted"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narration clause","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"вздохнув","lemma":"вздохнуть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on проговорил","gloss":"sighing"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":131,"label":"131","id":"epi-c2-s131","source":"— Да, надоел здешней публике!","translation":"\"Yes, the public here has had its fill of me!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"надоел… публике","title":"Dative experiencer of «надоесть»","body":"«надоесть» constructs its experiencer in the dative: «надоел здешней публике» = 'the local public has had its fill of me' (lit. 'I have become tiresome to the public')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"надоел","lemma":"надоесть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"has tired"},{"surface":"здешней","lemma":"здешний","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies публике","gloss":"local"},{"surface":"публике","lemma":"публика","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of надоел","gloss":"the public"}]},{"number":132,"label":"132","id":"epi-c2-s132","source":"Бог с ними, а тяжело! — со страданием простонал Митя.","translation":"God be with them, but it's hard!\" Mitya groaned in his suffering.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Бог","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the idiom Бог с ними (elided verb)","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ними","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ними","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of с, forming the idiom with Бог","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"тяжело","lemma":"тяжело","morphology":"adverb, predicative","role":"predicate of the impersonal clause","gloss":"it's hard"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking страданием","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"страданием","lemma":"страдание","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of простонал","gloss":"suffering"},{"surface":"простонал","lemma":"простонать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"groaned"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of простонал","gloss":"Mitya"}]},{"number":133,"label":"133","id":"epi-c2-s133","source":"Опять на минуту смолкли.","translation":"Again they were silent for a moment.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смолкли","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смолкли","gloss":"a moment"},{"surface":"смолкли","lemma":"смолкнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fell silent"}]},{"number":134,"label":"134","id":"epi-c2-s134","source":"— Алеша, зарежь меня сейчас! — воскликнул он вдруг, — придет она сейчас или нет, говори!","translation":"\"Alyosha, cut my throat this instant!\" he cried out all at once. \"Is she coming now or not — tell me!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"зарежь","title":"Perfective imperative «зарежь»","body":"«зарежь меня» ('cut my throat') is a perfective imperative demanding a single decisive act — the perfective fits the violent, all-at-once image of Mitya's outburst."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"зарежь","lemma":"зарезать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cut my throat"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of зарежь","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies зарежь","gloss":"this instant"},{"surface":"воскликнул","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narration clause","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнул","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies воскликнул","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"придет","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted question","gloss":"is coming"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of придет","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies придет","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinated with придет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"говори","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the imperative clause","gloss":"tell me"}]},{"number":135,"label":"135","id":"epi-c2-s135","source":"Что сказала?","translation":"What did she say?","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сказала","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"сказала","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"}]},{"number":136,"label":"136","id":"epi-c2-s136","source":"Как сказала?","translation":"How did she say it?\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb, interrogative","role":"modifies сказала","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"сказала","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said it"}]},{"number":137,"label":"137","id":"epi-c2-s137","source":"— Сказала, что придет, но не знаю, сегодня ли.","translation":"\"She said she would come, but I don't know whether today.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сегодня ли","title":"Interrogative particle «ли»","body":"«не знаю, сегодня ли» embeds a yes/no question ('whether today'). The particle «ли» follows the focused word «сегодня» and turns it into the point in doubt."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сказала","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"she said"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clausal complement of Сказала","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"придет","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of Сказала","gloss":"she will come"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Сказала","gloss":"I know"},{"surface":"сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"clausal complement of знаю, modifying elided придет","gloss":"today"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сегодня","gloss":"whether"}]},{"number":138,"label":"138","id":"epi-c2-s138","source":"Трудно ведь ей! — робко посмотрел на брата Алеша.","translation":"It's hard for her, after all!\" Alyosha looked timidly at his brother.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Трудно… ей","title":"Dative-subject impersonal","body":"«Трудно ведь ей» ('it's hard for her, after all') is an impersonal construction: the predicative adverb «трудно» plus a dative experiencer «ей», with no grammatical subject."}],"words":[{"surface":"Трудно","lemma":"трудно","morphology":"adverb, predicative","role":"predicate of the impersonal clause","gloss":"it's hard"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Трудно","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of Трудно","gloss":"for her"},{"surface":"робко","lemma":"робко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies посмотрел","gloss":"timidly"},{"surface":"посмотрел","lemma":"посмотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking брата","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"брата","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of посмотрел","gloss":"his brother"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of посмотрел","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":139,"label":"139","id":"epi-c2-s139","source":"— Ну еще бы же нет, еще бы не трудно!","translation":"\"Well, of course it is, of course it's hard!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ещё бы","title":"«ещё бы» — of course!","body":"«Ещё бы (же) нет» is an emphatic idiom of agreement — 'and how!', 'you bet it is' — built on «бы» but frozen as a fixed exclamation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom ещё бы (rhetorical), modifies нет","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"part of the idiom ещё бы","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies бы, emphatic","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle, negative predicative","role":"head of the rhetorical exclamation","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom ещё бы (rhetorical), modifies трудно","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"part of the idiom ещё бы","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies трудно, rhetorical","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"трудно","lemma":"трудно","morphology":"adverb, predicative","role":"coordinated with нет","gloss":"hard"}]},{"number":140,"label":"140","id":"epi-c2-s140","source":"Алеша, я на этом с ума сойду.","translation":"Alyosha, I shall go out of my mind over this.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"с ума сойду","title":"«сойти с ума» — to go mad","body":"«я на этом с ума сойду» ('I'll go out of my mind over this'); «сойти с ума» (lit. 'to come down off one's mind') is the standard idiom for losing one's reason."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сойду","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сойду","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ума, part of idiom сойти с ума","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ума","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сойду, part of idiom","gloss":"my mind"},{"surface":"сойду","lemma":"сойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will go"}]},{"number":141,"label":"141","id":"epi-c2-s141","source":"Груша на меня всё смотрит.","translation":"Grusha keeps watching me.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Груша","title":"Diminutive «Груша»","body":"«Груша» is the intimate diminutive of «Грушенька / Аграфена». Russian builds a whole ladder of hypocoristic forms; the bare «Груша» is warm and familiar."}],"words":[{"surface":"Груша","lemma":"груша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of смотрит","gloss":"Grusha"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотрит","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смотрит","gloss":"keeps"},{"surface":"смотрит","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"watching"}]},{"number":142,"label":"142","id":"epi-c2-s142","source":"Понимает.","translation":"She understands.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Понимает","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understands"}]},{"number":143,"label":"143","id":"epi-c2-s143","source":"Боже, господи, смири меня: чего требую?","translation":"God, O Lord, humble me — what is it I'm demanding?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Боже, господи","title":"Vocative «Боже»","body":"«Боже» preserves the old vocative case (distinct from nominative «Бог»), surviving mainly in fixed religious exclamations like «Боже мой», «Господи»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чего требую","title":"Genitive governed by «требовать»","body":"«требовать» governs the genitive of the thing demanded — «чего требую» ('what I am demanding'), with «чего» the genitive of «что»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Боже","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"господи","lemma":"господь","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address, parallel to Боже","gloss":"Lord"},{"surface":"смири","lemma":"смирить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"humble"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of смири","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of требую","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"требую","lemma":"требовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"demanding"}]},{"number":144,"label":"144","id":"epi-c2-s144","source":"Катю требую!","translation":"It's Katya I'm demanding!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Катю требую","title":"Accusative with «требовать» for a person","body":"Against the usual genitive, «требовать» takes the accusative «Катю» when the object is a specific, individual person being demanded — concreteness pulls it to the accusative."}],"words":[{"surface":"Катю","lemma":"катя","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of требую","gloss":"Katya"},{"surface":"требую","lemma":"требовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"demanding"}]},{"number":145,"label":"145","id":"epi-c2-s145","source":"Смыслю ли, чего требую?","translation":"Do I even understand what I'm demanding?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Смыслю ли","title":"«ли» in a self-question","body":"«Смыслю ли, чего требую?» — the particle «ли» again frames a yes/no question, here turned inward: 'Do I even understand what I'm demanding?'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Смыслю","lemma":"смыслить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do I understand"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle, interrogative","role":"modifies Смыслю","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of требую","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"требую","lemma":"требовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of Смыслю","gloss":"demanding"}]},{"number":146,"label":"146","id":"epi-c2-s146","source":"Безудерж карамазовский, нечестивый!","translation":"Karamazov unrestraint, godless!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Безудерж карамазовский","title":"«безудерж» — unrestraint","body":"«Безудерж» is an expressive, almost coined noun ('unbridledness'); paired with the adjective «карамазовский» it names the family's signature reckless intensity."}],"words":[{"surface":"Безудерж","lemma":"безудерж","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Unrestraint"},{"surface":"карамазовский","lemma":"карамазовский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Безудерж","gloss":"Karamazov"},{"surface":"нечестивый","lemma":"нечестивый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Безудерж","gloss":"godless"}]},{"number":147,"label":"147","id":"epi-c2-s147","source":"Нет, к страданию я не способен!","translation":"No, I'm not made for suffering!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не способен","title":"Short adjective + «к» + dative","body":"«к страданию я не способен» ('I'm not capable of suffering'): the short-form adjective «способен» governs «к» + dative, a typical short-adjective complement pattern."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking страданию","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"страданию","lemma":"страдание","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of способен","gloss":"suffering"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of способен","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies способен","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"способен","lemma":"способный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular, predicative","role":"predicate of the clause","gloss":"made for"}]},{"number":148,"label":"148","id":"epi-c2-s148","source":"Подлец, и всё сказано!","translation":"A scoundrel, and that says it all!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"всё сказано","title":"Short passive participle «сказано»","body":"«и всё сказано» ('and everything's been said') uses the short neuter passive past participle «сказано», the normal way Russian forms an agentless resultative passive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Подлец","lemma":"подлец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"A scoundrel"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive сказано","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"сказано","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Подлец","gloss":"says it all"}]},{"number":149,"label":"149","id":"epi-c2-s149","source":"— Вот она! — воскликнул Алеша.","translation":"\"There she is!\" cried Alyosha.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies она","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of the exclamation (elided есть)","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"воскликнул","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cried"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнул","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":150,"label":"150","id":"epi-c2-s150","source":"В этот миг на пороге вдруг появилась Катя.","translation":"At that very instant Katya suddenly appeared in the doorway.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"появилась","title":"Reflexive «-ся» verb «появиться»","body":"«появилась» ('appeared') carries the reflexive ending «-ся» (here «-сь» after a vowel); «появиться» exists only as a «-ся» verb — the suffix is lexical, not a true reflexive."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking миг","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of миг","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"миг","lemma":"миг","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of появилась","gloss":"instant"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пороге","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"пороге","lemma":"порог","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of появилась","gloss":"the doorway"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies появилась","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"появилась","lemma":"появиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"appeared"},{"surface":"Катя","lemma":"катя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of появилась","gloss":"Katya"}]},{"number":151,"label":"151","id":"epi-c2-s151","source":"На мгновение она приостановилась, каким-то потерянным взглядом озирая Митю.","translation":"For a moment she halted, gazing at Mitya with a kind of lost, bewildered look.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"озирая","title":"Imperfective gerund «озирая»","body":"«озирая Митю» ('gazing over Mitya') is an imperfective gerund of attendant manner, running simultaneously with «приостановилась»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"каким-то взглядом","title":"Instrumental of manner + «-то»","body":"«потерянным взглядом» stands in the instrumental of manner ('with a lost look'), and «каким-то» adds the vague indefinite «-то» ('some kind of')."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мгновение","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"мгновение","lemma":"мгновение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of приостановилась","gloss":"a moment"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of приостановилась","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"приостановилась","lemma":"приостановиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"halted"},{"surface":"каким","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of взглядом, part of indefinite каким-то","gloss":"some kind of"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"indefinite particle attached to каким","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"потерянным","lemma":"потерянный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies взглядом","gloss":"lost"},{"surface":"взглядом","lemma":"взгляд","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of озирая","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"озирая","lemma":"озирать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on приостановилась","gloss":"gazing at"},{"surface":"Митю","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of озирая","gloss":"Mitya"}]},{"number":152,"label":"152","id":"epi-c2-s152","source":"Тот стремительно вскочил на ноги, лицо его выразило испуг, он побледнел, но тотчас же робкая, просящая улыбка замелькала на его губах, и он вдруг, неудержимо, протянул к Кате обе руки.","translation":"He sprang impetuously to his feet, his face showed fright, he turned pale, but at once a timid, pleading smile flickered across his lips, and suddenly, helplessly, he stretched out both hands toward Katya.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вскочил… выразило… побледнел… протянул","title":"Perfective verbs of sudden action","body":"A string of perfective pasts — «вскочил», «выразило», «побледнел», «протянул» — packs Mitya's reaction into a rapid sequence of discrete, completed jolts."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вскочил","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"стремительно","lemma":"стремительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вскочил","gloss":"impetuously"},{"surface":"вскочил","lemma":"вскочить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sprang"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ноги","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ноги","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of вскочил","gloss":"his feet"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of выразило","gloss":"his face"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of лицо, possessive","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"выразило","lemma":"выразить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вскочил","gloss":"showed"},{"surface":"испуг","lemma":"испуг","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of выразило","gloss":"fright"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of побледнел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"побледнел","lemma":"побледнеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вскочил","gloss":"turned pale"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies замелькала","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас, emphatic","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"робкая","lemma":"робкий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies улыбка","gloss":"timid"},{"surface":"просящая","lemma":"просить","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, feminine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"modifies улыбка","gloss":"pleading"},{"surface":"улыбка","lemma":"улыбка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of замелькала","gloss":"smile"},{"surface":"замелькала","lemma":"замелькать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вскочил","gloss":"flickered"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking губах","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of губах, possessive","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"губах","lemma":"губа","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of замелькала","gloss":"lips"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of протянул","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies протянул","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"неудержимо","lemma":"неудержимо","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with вдруг","gloss":"uncontrollably"},{"surface":"протянул","lemma":"протянуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вскочил","gloss":"stretched out"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Кате","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"Кате","lemma":"катя","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of протянул","gloss":"Katya"},{"surface":"обе","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine","role":"depends on руки","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of протянул","gloss":"hands"}]},{"number":153,"label":"153","id":"epi-c2-s153","source":"Завидев это, та стремительно к нему бросилась.","translation":"Seeing this, she rushed headlong toward him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Завидев","title":"Perfective gerund «завидев»","body":"«Завидев это» ('having caught sight of this') is a past perfective gerund marking the completed action that immediately precedes «бросилась»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"та","title":"Demonstrative «та» as pronoun","body":"«та» ('that one') stands in for Katya — Russian often uses a bare demonstrative «тот/та» as a third-person pronoun to track a referent across clauses."}],"words":[{"surface":"Завидев","lemma":"завидеть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on бросилась","gloss":"seeing"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of Завидев","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"та","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of бросилась","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"стремительно","lemma":"стремительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бросилась","gloss":"headlong"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бросилась","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"бросилась","lemma":"броситься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rushed"}]},{"number":154,"label":"154","id":"epi-c2-s154","source":"Она схватила его за руки и почти силой усадила на постель, сама села подле и, всё не выпуская рук его, крепко, судорожно сжимала их.","translation":"She seized him by the hands and almost by force sat him down on the bed, sat down herself beside him, and, still not letting go of his hands, pressed them hard, convulsively.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"схватила… сжимала","title":"Perfective vs imperfective contrast","body":"«схватила» and «усадила» (perfective: single completed acts) give way to «сжимала» (imperfective: drawn-out, repeated pressing), and «не выпуская» is a negated imperfective gerund of continuous state."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of схватила","gloss":"She"},{"surface":"схватила","lemma":"схватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seized"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of схватила","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руки","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of схватила","gloss":"the hands"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies силой","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"силой","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of усадила","gloss":"by force"},{"surface":"усадила","lemma":"усадить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with схватила","gloss":"sat him down"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking постель","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"постель","lemma":"постель","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of усадила","gloss":"the bed"},{"surface":"сама","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, emphatic, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies subject of села, emphatic","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"села","lemma":"сесть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with схватила","gloss":"sat down"},{"surface":"подле","lemma":"подле","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies села","gloss":"beside him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выпуская","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies выпуская","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"выпуская","lemma":"выпускать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on сжимала","gloss":"letting go of"},{"surface":"рук","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of выпуская","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of рук, possessive","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"крепко","lemma":"крепко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сжимала","gloss":"hard"},{"surface":"судорожно","lemma":"судорожно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сжимала","gloss":"convulsively"},{"surface":"сжимала","lemma":"сжимать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with схватила","gloss":"pressed"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of сжимала","gloss":"them"}]},{"number":155,"label":"155","id":"epi-c2-s155","source":"Несколько раз оба порывались что-то сказать, но останавливались и опять молча, пристально, как бы приковавшись, с странною улыбкой смотрели друг на друга; так прошло минуты две.","translation":"Several times both of them made as if to say something, but they checked themselves and again, in silence, fixedly, as though riveted in place, gazed at one another with a strange smile; so passed some two minutes.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"минуты две","title":"Numeral inversion for approximation","body":"Reversing noun and numeral — «минуты две» instead of «две минуты» — signals approximation: 'a couple of minutes or so'. The genitive singular «минуты» follows «две»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on раз","gloss":"several"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"adverbial of measure on порывались","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"оба","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine","role":"subject of порывались","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"порывались","lemma":"порываться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"made as if to"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of сказать, part of indefinite что-то","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"indefinite particle attached to что","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of порывались","gloss":"to say"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"останавливались","lemma":"останавливаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with порывались","gloss":"checked themselves"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смотрели","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"молча","lemma":"молча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смотрели","gloss":"silently"},{"surface":"пристально","lemma":"пристально","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смотрели","gloss":"fixedly"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приковавшись, part of как бы","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of как бы, modifies приковавшись","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"приковавшись","lemma":"приковаться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on смотрели","gloss":"riveted"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking улыбкой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"странною","lemma":"странный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies улыбкой","gloss":"strange"},{"surface":"улыбкой","lemma":"улыбка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотрели","gloss":"a smile"},{"surface":"смотрели","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with порывались","gloss":"gazed"},{"surface":"друг","lemma":"друг","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"part of the idiom друг на друга, oblique complement of смотрели","gloss":"each other"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom друг на друга","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"друга","lemma":"друг","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"part of the idiom друг на друга","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прошло","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"прошло","lemma":"пройти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"passed"},{"surface":"минуты","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of прошло","gloss":"minutes"},{"surface":"две","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, nominative, feminine","role":"quantifier of минуты, subject of прошло","gloss":"two"}]},{"number":156,"label":"156","id":"epi-c2-s156","source":"— Простила или нет? — пролепетал наконец Митя и в тот же миг, повернувшись к Алеше, с искаженным от радости лицом прокричал ему:","translation":"\"Have you forgiven me or not?\" Mitya stammered at last, and in the same instant, turning to Alyosha, his face distorted with joy, he shouted to him:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"повернувшись","title":"Perfective gerund «повернувшись»","body":"«повернувшись к Алеше» ('having turned to Alyosha') is a reflexive past perfective gerund; «к» + dative «Алеше» marks the direction."}],"words":[{"surface":"Простила","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted question","gloss":"did you forgive"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinated with Простила","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"пролепетал","lemma":"пролепетать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narration clause","gloss":"stammered"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пролепетал","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пролепетал","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking миг","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of миг","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тот","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"миг","lemma":"миг","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прокричал","gloss":"instant"},{"surface":"повернувшись","lemma":"повернуться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on прокричал","gloss":"turning"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Алеше","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Алеше","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of повернувшись","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лицом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"искаженным","lemma":"исказить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, instrumental, perfective","role":"modifies лицом","gloss":"distorted"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking радости","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"радости","lemma":"радость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of искаженным","gloss":"joy"},{"surface":"лицом","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of прокричал","gloss":"his face"},{"surface":"прокричал","lemma":"прокричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пролепетал","gloss":"shouted"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of прокричал","gloss":"to him"}]},{"number":157,"label":"157","id":"epi-c2-s157","source":"— Слышишь, что спрашиваю, слышишь!","translation":"\"Do you hear what I'm asking, do you hear!\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Слышишь","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do you hear"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of спрашиваю","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"спрашиваю","lemma":"спрашивать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of Слышишь","gloss":"I'm asking"},{"surface":"слышишь","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"repeated main verb, emphatic repetition of Слышишь","gloss":"do you hear"}]},{"number":158,"label":"158","id":"epi-c2-s158","source":"— За то и любила тебя, что ты сердцем великодушен! — вырвалось вдруг у Кати.","translation":"\"That is the very thing I loved you for — that you are great-hearted!\" the words burst suddenly from Katya.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сердцем великодушен","title":"Instrumental of respect + short adjective","body":"«ты сердцем великодушен» ('you are great-hearted'): the short adjective «великодушен» predicates a quality, and «сердцем» is an instrumental of respect specifying in what way."}],"words":[{"surface":"За","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking то","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of любила","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle modifying любила","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"любила","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I loved"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of любила","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of великодушен","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of великодушен","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сердцем","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of великодушен","gloss":"at heart"},{"surface":"великодушен","lemma":"великодушный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular, predicative","role":"clausal complement of любила","gloss":"great-hearted"},{"surface":"вырвалось","lemma":"вырваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"burst out"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вырвалось","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Кати","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Кати","lemma":"катя","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вырвалось","gloss":"Katya"}]},{"number":159,"label":"159","id":"epi-c2-s159","source":"— Да и не надо тебе мое прощение, а мне твое; всё равно, простишь аль нет, на всю жизнь в моей душе язвой останешься, а я в твоей — так и надо… — она остановилась перевести дух.","translation":"\"And besides, you don't need my forgiveness, nor I yours; it's all the same whether you forgive or not — for all my life you'll remain a wound in my soul, and I in yours — and so it must be...\" She paused to catch her breath.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не надо тебе","title":"Dative subject with «надо»","body":"«не надо тебе мое прощение» ('you have no need of my forgiveness'): the modal predicative «надо» takes a dative experiencer «тебе» and no nominative subject."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"аль","title":"Dialectal «аль» = «или»","body":"«простишь аль нет» ('whether you forgive or not'): «аль» is a folk/archaic variant of «или» ('or'), giving Katya's speech a heightened, almost balladic register."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination (Да и = 'and besides')","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase Да и (=and besides)","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate, governs тебе/прощение","gloss":"is needed"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"dative experiencer of надо","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"мое","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of прощение","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"прощение","lemma":"прощение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"object of надо (impersonal predicate, no true subject)","gloss":"forgiveness"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"dative experiencer of elided надо","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"твое","lemma":"твой","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"object of elided надо, coordinated with мое прощение","gloss":"yours"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase всё равно (=it's all the same)","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"равно","lemma":"равно","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase всё равно","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"простишь","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the alternative clause простишь аль нет","gloss":"you forgive"},{"surface":"аль","lemma":"аль","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates простишь and нет","gloss":"or","note":"archaic/dialectal form of 'или' (or)."},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinated with простишь (elided verb, =or not)","gloss":"or not"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизнь","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of останешься","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking душе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"моей","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of душе","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"душе","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of останешься","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"язвой","lemma":"язва","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of останешься","gloss":"a wound"},{"surface":"останешься","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"you'll remain"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of elided останешься (parallel clause)","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking твоей","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"твоей","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies elided душе (=in your soul)","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так и надо","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate, elided repetition of надо","gloss":"it must be"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of остановилась","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"остановилась","lemma":"остановиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stopped"},{"surface":"перевести","lemma":"перевести","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of остановилась","gloss":"to catch"},{"surface":"дух","lemma":"дух","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of перевести","gloss":"breath"}]},{"number":160,"label":"160","id":"epi-c2-s160","source":"— Я для чего пришла? — исступленно и торопливо начала она опять, — ноги твои обнять, руки сжать, вот так до боли, помнишь, как в Москве тебе сжимала, опять сказать тебе, что ты бог мой, радость моя, сказать тебе, что безумно люблю тебя, — как бы простонала она в муке и вдруг жадно приникла устами к руке его.","translation":"\"Why did I come?\" she began again, frantically and in haste. \"To embrace your feet, to clasp your hands, like this, until it hurts — remember how I used to clasp them in Moscow — to tell you once more that you are my god, my joy, to tell you that I love you madly,\" she said as though groaning in her torment, and suddenly, hungrily, she pressed her lips to his hand.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"устами","title":"Church-Slavonic «уста» (instrumental)","body":"«приникла устами к руке» ('pressed her lips to his hand'): «уста» ('lips/mouth') is the elevated Church-Slavonic word for «губы», here in the instrumental — markedly poetic."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ноги обнять, руки сжать","title":"Infinitives of purpose","body":"The bare infinitives «обнять… сжать… сказать» answer «для чего пришла?» ('why did I come?') — strings of purpose infinitives conveying Katya's rush of motive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of пришла","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чего","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of пришла","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"пришла","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did I come"},{"surface":"исступленно","lemma":"исступленно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начала","gloss":"frantically"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"торопливо","lemma":"торопливо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начала","gloss":"hastily"},{"surface":"начала","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of начала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начала","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"ноги","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of обнять","gloss":"feet"},{"surface":"твои","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of обнять","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"обнять","lemma":"обнять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"parallel clause to начала","gloss":"to embrace"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of сжать","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"сжать","lemma":"сжать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with обнять","gloss":"to clasp"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сжать (=squeeze like this)","gloss":"like this"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking боли","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"боли","lemma":"боль","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of так (=until it hurts)","gloss":"the point of pain"},{"surface":"помнишь","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical aside (=remember)","gloss":"remember"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of сжимала, complement of помнишь","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Москве","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Москве","lemma":"москва","morphology":"proper noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сжимала","gloss":"Moscow"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of сжимала","gloss":"for you"},{"surface":"сжимала","lemma":"сжимать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of помнишь","gloss":"I used to clasp"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказать","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of сжимала","gloss":"to say"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of сказать","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of бог","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of бог","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"бог","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of сказать","gloss":"god"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of бог","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"радость","lemma":"радость","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with бог мой (=my joy)","gloss":"joy"},{"surface":"моя","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of радость","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"parallel infinitive to first сказать","gloss":"to say"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of сказать","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of люблю","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"безумно","lemma":"безумно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies люблю","gloss":"madly"},{"surface":"люблю","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of сказать","gloss":"I love"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of люблю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies простонала","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"forms как бы (=as though) with как","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"простонала","lemma":"простонать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to начала","gloss":"she moaned"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of простонала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking муке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"муке","lemma":"мука","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of простонала","gloss":"torment"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приникла","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"жадно","lemma":"жадно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приникла","gloss":"hungrily"},{"surface":"приникла","lemma":"приникнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with простонала","gloss":"pressed"},{"surface":"устами","lemma":"уста","morphology":"noun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of приникла (instrumental of means, =with her lips)","gloss":"with her lips"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руке","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"руке","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приникла","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of руке (=his)","gloss":"his"}]},{"number":161,"label":"161","id":"epi-c2-s161","source":"Слезы хлынули из ее глаз.","translation":"Tears gushed from her eyes.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Слезы","lemma":"слеза","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of хлынули","gloss":"tears"},{"surface":"хлынули","lemma":"хлынуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gushed"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глаз","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of глаз","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"глаз","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of хлынули","gloss":"eyes"}]},{"number":162,"label":"162","id":"epi-c2-s162","source":"Алеша стоял безмолвный и смущенный; он никак не ожидал того, что увидел.","translation":"Alyosha stood speechless and abashed; he had in no way expected what he was seeing.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"никак не ожидал","title":"Emphatic double negation «никак не»","body":"«он никак не ожидал» ('he in no way expected'): the negative adverb «никак» obligatorily co-occurs with the verbal negation «не» — Russian piles up negatives for emphasis."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стоял","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"стоял","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"безмолвный","lemma":"безмолвный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of стоял","gloss":"speechless"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"смущенный","lemma":"смущённый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with безмолвный","gloss":"abashed"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ожидал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"никак","lemma":"никак","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ожидал (with не, =had in no way)","gloss":"in no way"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ожидал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ожидал","lemma":"ожидать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with стоял","gloss":"expected"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of ожидал, antecedent of что...увидел","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"direct object of увидел","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"увидел","lemma":"увидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying того","gloss":"he saw"}]},{"number":163,"label":"163","id":"epi-c2-s163","source":"— Любовь прошла, Митя! — начала опять Катя, — но дорого до боли мне то, что прошло.","translation":"\"Love is gone, Mitya!\" Katya began again, \"but what is gone is achingly dear to me.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"дорого… мне","title":"Dative experiencer + «то, что»","body":"«дорого… мне то, что прошло» ('what is past is dear to me'): a dative experiencer «мне» with predicative «дорого», and the correlative «то, что» heading a noun-clause subject."}],"words":[{"surface":"Любовь","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of прошла","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"прошла","lemma":"пройти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"has passed"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative, direct address","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"начала","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"reporting verb, parenthetical to the quote","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начала","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"Катя","lemma":"катя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of начала","gloss":"Katya"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"дорого","lemma":"дорого","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of the second clause (=is dear)","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking боли","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"боли","lemma":"боль","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of дорого","gloss":"the point of pain"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of дорого","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of дорого","gloss":"that which"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of прошло","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"прошло","lemma":"пройти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on то","gloss":"has passed"}]},{"number":164,"label":"164","id":"epi-c2-s164","source":"Это узнай навек.","translation":"Know that forever.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of узнай","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"узнай","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"навек","lemma":"навек","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies узнай","gloss":"forever"}]},{"number":165,"label":"165","id":"epi-c2-s165","source":"Но теперь, на одну минутку, пусть будет то, что могло бы быть, — с искривленною улыбкой пролепетала она, опять радостно смотря ему в глаза.","translation":"But now, for one little minute, let there be what might have been,\" she stammered with a twisted smile, again looking joyfully into his eyes.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пусть будет то, что могло бы быть","title":"«пусть» imperative + «бы» conditional","body":"Two irrealis devices meet: «пусть будет» ('let there be') is a third-person imperative, and «могло бы быть» ('what might have been') is a past + «бы» counterfactual."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies будет","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минутку","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"одну","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies минутку","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"минутку","lemma":"минутка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of будет (=for one minute)","gloss":"little minute"},{"surface":"пусть","lemma":"пусть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies будет","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"let there be"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of будет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of могло","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"могло","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying то","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"conditional marker with могло","gloss":"[conditional particle]"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of могло","gloss":"been"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking искривленною","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"искривленною","lemma":"искривлённый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies улыбкой","gloss":"twisted"},{"surface":"улыбкой","lemma":"улыбка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пролепетала","gloss":"smile"},{"surface":"пролепетала","lemma":"пролепетать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to будет","gloss":"stammered"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of пролепетала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies радостно","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"радостно","lemma":"радостно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смотря","gloss":"joyfully"},{"surface":"смотря","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on пролепетала","gloss":"looking"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of смотря","gloss":"at him"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глаза","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of смотря","gloss":"eyes"}]},{"number":166,"label":"166","id":"epi-c2-s166","source":"— И ты теперь любишь другую, и я другого люблю, а все-таки тебя вечно буду любить, а ты меня, знал ли ты это?","translation":"\"And now you love another, and I love another, and yet I shall love you forever, and you me — did you know that?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"буду любить","title":"Compound future + «ли»","body":"«вечно буду любить» is the imperfective compound future ('I shall go on loving'); the tag «знал ли ты это?» closes with the interrogative particle «ли»."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of любишь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies любишь","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"любишь","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you love"},{"surface":"другую","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of любишь","gloss":"another woman"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of люблю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"другого","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of люблю","gloss":"another man"},{"surface":"люблю","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with любишь","gloss":"I love"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and yet"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase все-таки (=nevertheless)","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase все-таки (=nevertheless)","gloss":"nevertheless"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of любить","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"вечно","lemma":"вечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies любить","gloss":"forever"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of любить","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"любить","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with любишь","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of elided future будешь любить (=and you will love me)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of elided future будешь любить","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the tag question (=did you know)","gloss":"did you know"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знал","gloss":"[question particle]"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of знал","gloss":"that"}]},{"number":167,"label":"167","id":"epi-c2-s167","source":"Слышишь, люби меня, всю твою жизнь люби! — воскликнула она с каким-то почти угрожающим дрожанием в голосе.","translation":"Do you hear, love me, love me your whole life long!\" she cried with a kind of almost menacing tremor in her voice.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"люби","title":"Imperfective imperative «люби»","body":"«люби меня, всю жизнь люби!» — the imperfective imperative commands an ongoing, lifelong state rather than a single act; perfective «полюби» would mean 'come to love'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Слышишь","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do you hear"},{"surface":"люби","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Слышишь","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of люби","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"твою","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of люби","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"люби","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"repeated for emphasis, coordinated with first люби","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"воскликнула","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Слышишь","gloss":"she cried"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнула","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дрожанием","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"каким","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase каким-то","gloss":"some kind of"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase каким-то (=some kind of)","gloss":"[indefinite marker]"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies угрожающим","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"угрожающим","lemma":"угрожающий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies дрожанием","gloss":"threatening"},{"surface":"дрожанием","lemma":"дрожание","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of воскликнула","gloss":"tremor"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking голосе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"голосе","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дрожанием","gloss":"her voice"}]},{"number":168,"label":"168","id":"epi-c2-s168","source":"— Буду любить и… знаешь, Катя, — переводя дух на каждом слове, заговорил и Митя, — знаешь, я тебя, пять дней тому, в тот вечер любил…","translation":"\"I shall love you, and... you know, Katya,\" Mitya too began to speak, drawing breath at every word, \"you know, five days ago, that evening, I loved you...","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"переводя дух","title":"Imperfective gerund «переводя»","body":"«переводя дух на каждом слове» ('catching his breath at every word') is an imperfective gerund of manner accompanying «заговорил»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of любить","gloss":"I will"},{"surface":"любить","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links to знаешь","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"знаешь","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to любить","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"Катя","lemma":"катя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative, direct address","gloss":"Katya"},{"surface":"переводя","lemma":"переводить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on заговорил","gloss":"catching"},{"surface":"дух","lemma":"дух","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of переводя","gloss":"breath"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking слове","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"каждом","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of слове","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"слове","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies дух","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"заговорил","lemma":"заговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to любить","gloss":"began to speak"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Митя (=Mitya too)","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заговорил","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"знаешь","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, repeated","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of любил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of любил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"пять","lemma":"пять","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on дней","gloss":"five"},{"surface":"дней","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of тому","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тот","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the temporal phrase пять дней тому (=ago), modifies любил","gloss":"ago"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вечер","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of вечер","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вечер","lemma":"вечер","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of любил","gloss":"evening"},{"surface":"любил","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with знаешь","gloss":"I loved"}]},{"number":169,"label":"169","id":"epi-c2-s169","source":"Когда ты упала, и тебя понесли…","translation":"When you collapsed and they carried you out...","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of упала","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of упала","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"упала","lemma":"упасть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on понесли","gloss":"fell"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of понесли","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"понесли","lemma":"понести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they carried"}]},{"number":170,"label":"170","id":"epi-c2-s170","source":"Всю жизнь!","translation":"All my life!","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"life"}]},{"number":171,"label":"171","id":"epi-c2-s171","source":"Так и будет, так вечно будет…","translation":"And so it will be, so it will be forever...\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies будет","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies будет","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"it will be"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вечно","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"вечно","lemma":"вечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies будет","gloss":"forever"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with будет","gloss":"it will be"}]},{"number":172,"label":"172","id":"epi-c2-s172","source":"Так оба они лепетали друг другу речи почти бессмысленные и исступленные, может быть даже и неправдивые, но в эту-то минуту всё было правдой, и сами они верили себе беззаветно.","translation":"So the two of them babbled to each other speeches that were almost senseless and frantic, perhaps not even truthful, but in that very minute it was all true, and they themselves believed in what they said without reserve.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"верили себе","title":"Dative governed by «верить»","body":"«сами они верили себе» ('they believed themselves'): «верить» governs the dative, here the reflexive «себе», not the accusative."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лепетали","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"оба","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine","role":"depends on они","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of лепетали","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"лепетали","lemma":"лепетать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"babbled"},{"surface":"друг","lemma":"друг","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"part of the phrase друг другу (=to each other)","gloss":"each"},{"surface":"другу","lemma":"друг","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"part of the phrase друг другу (=to each other)","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"речи","lemma":"речь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of лепетали","gloss":"speeches"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бессмысленные","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"бессмысленные","lemma":"бессмысленный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies речи","gloss":"senseless"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"исступленные","lemma":"исступлённый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"coordinated with бессмысленные","gloss":"frantic"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the phrase может быть (=perhaps)","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"part of the phrase может быть (=perhaps)","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies неправдивые","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies неправдивые","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"неправдивые","lemma":"неправдивый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"complement of может быть, coordinated with бессмысленные","gloss":"untruthful"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуту","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to эту (=that very)","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"minute"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to правдой","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"правдой","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of было (=was true)","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"modifies они","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of верили","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"верили","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with было","gloss":"believed"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of верили","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"беззаветно","lemma":"беззаветно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies верили","gloss":"unreservedly"}]},{"number":173,"label":"173","id":"epi-c2-s173","source":"— Катя, — воскликнул вдруг Митя, — веришь, что я убил?","translation":"\"Katya,\" Mitya cried out suddenly, \"do you believe that I killed him?","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Катя","lemma":"катя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative, direct address","gloss":"Katya"},{"surface":"воскликнул","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Катя","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies воскликнул","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнул","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"веришь","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to Катя","gloss":"do you believe"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of убил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of убил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of веришь","gloss":"killed him"}]},{"number":174,"label":"174","id":"epi-c2-s174","source":"Знаю, что теперь не веришь, но тогда… когда показывала… Неужто, неужто верила!","translation":"I know you don't believe it now, but then... when you were testifying... Surely, surely you didn't believe it!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"показывала","title":"Imperfective «показывать» = to testify","body":"«когда показывала» ('when you were testifying'): the imperfective «показывать» (a legal sense, 'give testimony') stresses the drawn-out act on the stand, against perfective «показать»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Неужто","title":"«неужто» — surely not?","body":"«Неужто… верила!» is an archaic-colloquial variant of «неужели», an incredulous particle: 'you can't possibly have believed it!'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I know"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of веришь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies веришь","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies веришь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"веришь","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of Знаю","gloss":"you believe"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with веришь","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of показывала","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"показывала","lemma":"показывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause modifying тогда (=when you testified)","gloss":"you were testifying"},{"surface":"Неужто","lemma":"неужто","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies верила, repeated for emphasis","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"неужто","lemma":"неужто","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies верила, repeated for emphasis","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"верила","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did you believe"}]},{"number":175,"label":"175","id":"epi-c2-s175","source":"— И тогда не верила!","translation":"\"Not even then did I believe it!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"И тогда не верила","title":"Negation across tenses","body":"«И тогда не верила! Никогда не верила!» — verbal «не» plus the negative adverb «никогда» build the categorical double negative Russian requires."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тогда (=even)","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies верила","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies верила","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"верила","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I believed"}]},{"number":176,"label":"176","id":"epi-c2-s176","source":"Никогда не верила!","translation":"I never believed it!","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies верила","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies верила","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"верила","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I believed"}]},{"number":177,"label":"177","id":"epi-c2-s177","source":"Ненавидела тебя и вдруг себя уверила, вот на тот миг… Когда показывала… уверила и верила… а когда кончила показывать, тотчас опять перестала верить.","translation":"I hated you, and suddenly I convinced myself, just for that one moment... When I was testifying... I convinced myself and believed it... but the moment I was done testifying, at once I stopped believing it again.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"уверила… верила","title":"Perfective/imperfective pair «уверить/верить»","body":"«уверила себя… верила… перестала верить»: perfective «уверила» ('convinced', one act) sits against imperfective «верила» ('went on believing'), tracing the rise and collapse of her conviction."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ненавидела","lemma":"ненавидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I hated"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"тебя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of Ненавидела","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уверила","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of уверила","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"уверила","lemma":"уверить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Ненавидела","gloss":"convinced"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies миг","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking миг","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of миг","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"миг","lemma":"миг","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of уверила","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"Когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of показывала","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"показывала","lemma":"показывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on уверила","gloss":"I was testifying"},{"surface":"уверила","lemma":"уверить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"convinced myself"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"верила","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with уверила","gloss":"believed"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of кончила","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"кончила","lemma":"кончить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on перестала","gloss":"finished"},{"surface":"показывать","lemma":"показывать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of кончила","gloss":"testifying"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies перестала","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies перестала","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"перестала","lemma":"перестать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stopped"},{"surface":"верить","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of перестала","gloss":"believing"}]},{"number":178,"label":"178","id":"epi-c2-s178","source":"Знай это всё.","translation":"Know all of this.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Знай","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Know"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies всё","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of Знай","gloss":"all"}]},{"number":179,"label":"179","id":"epi-c2-s179","source":"Я забыла, что я себя казнить пришла! — с каким-то вдруг совсем новым выражением проговорила она, совсем непохожим на недавний, сейчашний любовный лепет.","translation":"I had forgotten that I came to punish myself!\" she said with some altogether new expression, quite unlike the loving babble of a moment before.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"себя казнить","title":"Reflexive pronoun «себя»","body":"«я себя казнить пришла» ('I came to punish myself'): the reflexive pronoun «себя» is the object, declining for case but never for person — it always points back to the subject."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of забыла","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"забыла","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had forgotten"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пришла","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of пришла","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of казнить","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"казнить","lemma":"казнить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of пришла","gloss":"to punish"},{"surface":"пришла","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause introduced by что","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking проговорила","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"каким","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of проговорила","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle","role":"particle forming indefinite каким-то","gloss":"indefinite marker","note":"-то attached to a question word makes it indefinite: каким-то = 'some kind of'."},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies новым","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies новым","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"новым","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies выражением","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"выражением","lemma":"выражение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of проговорила","gloss":"expression"},{"surface":"проговорила","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of проговорила","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies непохожим","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"непохожим","lemma":"непохожий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies выражением","gloss":"unlike"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking недавний","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"недавний","lemma":"недавний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies лепет","gloss":"recent"},{"surface":"сейчашний","lemma":"сейчашний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with недавний","gloss":"of a moment ago"},{"surface":"любовный","lemma":"любовный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies лепет","gloss":"loving"},{"surface":"лепет","lemma":"лепет","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of непохожим (object of на)","gloss":"babble"}]},{"number":180,"label":"180","id":"epi-c2-s180","source":"— Тяжело тебе, женщина! — как-то совсем безудержно вырвалось вдруг у Мити.","translation":"\"It's hard for you, woman!\" broke suddenly and quite uncontrollably from Mitya.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Тяжело тебе, женщина","title":"Dative-subject + nominative of address","body":"«Тяжело тебе» ('it is hard for you') is again the impersonal dative-experiencer pattern; «женщина» is a bare nominative used as a vocative form of address."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тяжело","lemma":"тяжело","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"hard"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"тебе","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of Тяжело","gloss":"for you"},{"surface":"женщина","lemma":"женщина","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вырвалось","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle","role":"particle forming indefinite как-то","gloss":"indefinite marker"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies безудержно","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"безудержно","lemma":"безудержно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вырвалось","gloss":"uncontrollably"},{"surface":"вырвалось","lemma":"вырваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"burst out"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вырвалось","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Мити","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Мити","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вырвалось","gloss":"Mitya"}]},{"number":181,"label":"181","id":"epi-c2-s181","source":"— Пусти меня, — прошептала она, — я еще приду, теперь тяжело!..","translation":"\"Let me go,\" she whispered, \"I'll come again, it's hard for me now!..\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Пусти меня","title":"Imperative «пусти»","body":"«Пусти» is the singular imperative of perfective «пустить» (to let go, release), with «меня» as its accusative object. The single perfective command frames the release as one decisive act she begs for."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"тяжело","title":"Impersonal «тяжело»","body":"«Тяжело» is an invariable neuter predicative — here a subjectless state, 'it is hard / oppressive'. With an implied dative («мне»), it is the experiencer-first construction Russian uses for inner weight where English needs a subject."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"приду","title":"Perfective future «приду»","body":"«Приду» — the conjugated form of perfective «прийти» (to arrive) — carries future meaning with no auxiliary: 'I will come (and arrive).' It is a prefixed verb of motion, the perfective partner of imperfective «приходить»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пусти","lemma":"пустить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"let go"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"меня","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of Пусти","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"прошептала","lemma":"прошептать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Пусти","gloss":"whispered"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of прошептала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of приду","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приду","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"приду","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of я еще приду","gloss":"will come"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies тяжело","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"тяжело","lemma":"тяжело","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with приду","gloss":"hard"}]},{"number":182,"label":"182","id":"epi-c2-s182","source":"Она поднялась было с места, но вдруг громко вскрикнула и отшатнулась назад.","translation":"She had begun to rise from her place, but suddenly she gave a loud cry and recoiled backward.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"поднялась было","title":"The particle «было»","body":"«Было» after a perfective past marks an action that was begun or set in motion but then interrupted or undone — 'she had started to rise (but…)'. The very next clause cancels it. This is a distinctly literary, untranslatable nuance."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вскрикнула и отшатнулась","title":"Chain of perfectives","body":"«Вскрикнула» (gave a cry) and «отшатнулась» (recoiled) are perfective pasts that move the action forward as two sudden, completed events — against the imperfective background of the scene."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"отшатнулась","title":"Reflexive «-ся» of bodily recoil","body":"«Отшатнуться» carries the reflexive clitic «-ся» («-сь» here after a vowel), marking a self-directed, intransitive movement of the body — she flings herself back. Such «-ся» verbs of involuntary motion fill scenes of shock."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of поднялась","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"поднялась","lemma":"подняться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rise"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"auxiliary particle marking an interrupted action","role":"modifies поднялась","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking места","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"места","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of поднялась","gloss":"place"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вскрикнула","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"громко","lemma":"громко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вскрикнула","gloss":"loudly"},{"surface":"вскрикнула","lemma":"вскрикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with поднялась","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"отшатнулась","lemma":"отшатнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with поднялась","gloss":"recoiled"},{"surface":"назад","lemma":"назад","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отшатнулась","gloss":"backward"}]},{"number":183,"label":"183","id":"epi-c2-s183","source":"В комнату внезапно, хотя и совсем тихо, вошла Грушенька.","translation":"Grushenka had come into the room abruptly, though quite quietly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"В комнату внезапно, хотя и совсем тихо, вошла Грушенька","title":"Subject held to the end","body":"The clause front-loads the setting and manner («В комнату… внезапно… тихо») and saves the subject «Грушенька» for last — the new, dramatic information. Free case-marked word order lets Russian land the name as the punch."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"В комнату вошла","title":"Accusative of motion-toward","body":"«В комнату» (into the room) uses «в» + accusative because there is movement into a space; the same phrase with the prepositional, «в комнате», would mean static location. «Вошла» is a prefixed perfective of motion."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнату","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"комнату","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вошла","gloss":"the room"},{"surface":"внезапно","lemma":"внезапно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вошла","gloss":"abruptly"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of тихо","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies совсем","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies тихо","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"тихо","lemma":"тихо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вошла (concessive)","gloss":"quietly"},{"surface":"вошла","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had entered"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of вошла","gloss":"Grushenka"}]},{"number":184,"label":"184","id":"epi-c2-s184","source":"Никто ее не ожидал.","translation":"No one had expected her.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Никто ее не ожидал","title":"Negative concord","body":"Russian requires double negation: the «ни»-pronoun «никто» (nobody) still needs «не» on the verb. Three-word stretches like «никто… не…» express a single English negative — 'no one expected her.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Никто","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ожидал","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of ожидал","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ожидал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ожидал","lemma":"ожидать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had expected"}]},{"number":185,"label":"185","id":"epi-c2-s185","source":"Катя стремительно шагнула к дверям, но, поравнявшись с Грушенькой, вдруг остановилась, вся побелела как мел, и тихо, почти шепотом, простонала ей:","translation":"Katya strode swiftly toward the door, but on coming level with Grushenka she suddenly stopped, went white as chalk all over, and softly, almost in a whisper, moaned to her:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"поравнявшись с Грушенькой","title":"Perfective gerund «поравнявшись»","body":"«Поравнявшись» is a perfective adverbial participle (деепричастие) in «-вшись»: 'having come level (with)'. It sets a prior, completed circumstance sharing Katya's subject, before the main verbs «остановилась… простонала». The «-сь» is the reflexive clitic."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вся побелела как мел","title":"«вся» — agreement and idiom","body":"«Вся» (the whole of her, all over) is the feminine form of «весь», agreeing with Katya; «побелела как мел» = 'went white as chalk', a fixed simile. The perfective «побелела» marks the completed change of color."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"простонала ей","title":"Dative of the addressee","body":"«Ей» (to her) is the dative — the person spoken to. Russian routinely marks the recipient of speech in the dative even with vivid verbs like «простонать» (to moan out)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"стремительно","title":"«стремительно» — headlong","body":"A bookish adverb meaning 'impetuously, headlong, with a rush'. Dostoevsky uses it (and «стремительно обратился» below) to render sudden, almost violent movement of body or will."}],"words":[{"surface":"Катя","lemma":"Катя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of шагнула","gloss":"Katya"},{"surface":"стремительно","lemma":"стремительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies шагнула","gloss":"swiftly"},{"surface":"шагнула","lemma":"шагнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"strode"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дверям","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"дверям","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of шагнула","gloss":"the door"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"поравнявшись","lemma":"поравняться","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on остановилась","gloss":"coming level"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Грушенькой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Грушенькой","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поравнявшись","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies остановилась","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"остановилась","lemma":"остановиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with шагнула","gloss":"stopped"},{"surface":"вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies побелела (describes the subject)","gloss":"all over"},{"surface":"побелела","lemma":"побелеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with шагнула","gloss":"turned white"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"conjunction","role":"preposition marking мел","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"мел","lemma":"мел","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of побелела","gloss":"chalk"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тихо","lemma":"тихо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies простонала","gloss":"softly"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies шепотом","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"шепотом","lemma":"шёпот","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies простонала (manner)","gloss":"in a whisper"},{"surface":"простонала","lemma":"простонать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with шагнула","gloss":"moaned"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of простонала","gloss":"to her"}]},{"number":186,"label":"186","id":"epi-c2-s186","source":"— Простите меня!","translation":"\"Forgive me!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Простите меня","title":"Polite imperative «простите»","body":"«Простите» is the «-те» (plural/polite) imperative of perfective «простить» (to forgive), with accusative «меня». The polite form marks the formal «вы» distance between Katya and Grushenka even in pleading."}],"words":[{"surface":"Простите","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Forgive"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"меня","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of Простите","gloss":"me"}]},{"number":187,"label":"187","id":"epi-c2-s187","source":"Та посмотрела на нее в упор и, переждав мгновение, ядовитым, отравленным злобой голосом ответила:","translation":"The other stared point-blank at her and, after a moment's pause, answered in a venomous voice poisoned with malice:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Та посмотрела на нее","title":"«Та» as 'the other one'","body":"The demonstrative «та» (that one, fem.) is used pronominally to track the second of two women — Grushenka — without naming her. Russian often uses «тот/та» this way to mark a shift of reference between two parties."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"переждав мгновение","title":"Perfective gerund «переждав»","body":"«Переждав» is a perfective past gerund in «-в»: 'having waited out (a moment)'. The prefix «пере-» gives 'wait through / let pass'. It packs a prior completed action into one word before «ответила»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ядовитым, отравленным злобой голосом","title":"Instrumental of manner","body":"«Голосом» and its modifiers stand in the instrumental — the case of means/manner: she answered 'with a venomous voice'. «Отравленным злобой» is a past passive participle ('poisoned by malice'), its agent «злобой» also instrumental."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в упор","title":"«в упор» — point-blank","body":"A fixed adverbial phrase, 'point-blank, straight in the face'. «Посмотреть в упор» is to fix someone with an unflinching, confrontational stare."}],"words":[{"surface":"Та","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of посмотрела","gloss":"The other one"},{"surface":"посмотрела","lemma":"посмотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of посмотрела","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking упор","gloss":"straight"},{"surface":"упор","lemma":"упор","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of посмотрела","gloss":"point-blank","note":"'в упор' is a fixed idiom meaning 'point-blank, straight at'."},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"переждав","lemma":"переждать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on ответила","gloss":"having waited out"},{"surface":"мгновение","lemma":"мгновение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of переждав","gloss":"a moment"},{"surface":"ядовитым","lemma":"ядовитый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies голосом","gloss":"venomous"},{"surface":"отравленным","lemma":"отравить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, instrumental, perfective","role":"clause modifying голосом","gloss":"poisoned"},{"surface":"злобой","lemma":"злоба","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отравленным","gloss":"with malice"},{"surface":"голосом","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ответила","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"ответила","lemma":"ответить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with посмотрела","gloss":"answered"}]},{"number":188,"label":"188","id":"epi-c2-s188","source":"— Злы мы, мать, с тобой!","translation":"\"We're wicked, you and I, my dear!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Злы мы, мать, с тобой","title":"Short adjective «злы», fronted","body":"«Злы» is the short (predicative) form of «злой» (wicked, plural). Short adjectives can only predicate, and here it is fronted for force: 'Wicked, we are.' The bare short form sounds blunt and absolute — fitting Grushenka's verdict."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мать","title":"«мать» as folksy address","body":"Literally 'mother', but here a coarse, intimate term of address between women — roughly 'my dear, my girl'. It is condescending and familiar at once, marking Grushenka's earthy, lower-class register against the aristocratic Katya."}],"words":[{"surface":"Злы","lemma":"злой","morphology":"adjective, short form, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"wicked"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of Злы","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"мать","lemma":"мать","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тобой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"тобой","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"completes the idiom мы с тобой (=you and I)","gloss":"you","note":"'мы с тобой' is idiomatic for 'you and I'."}]},{"number":189,"label":"189","id":"epi-c2-s189","source":"Обе злы!","translation":"Both of us wicked!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Обе злы","title":"«обе» + short adjective","body":"«Обе» is the feminine form of the numeral 'both'; «злы» repeats the short predicative adjective. The clipped verbless line — 'Both wicked!' — relies on the zero copula of the Russian present."}],"words":[{"surface":"Обе","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, nominative, feminine","role":"depends on злы","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"злы","lemma":"злой","morphology":"adjective, short form, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"wicked"}]},{"number":190,"label":"190","id":"epi-c2-s190","source":"Где уж нам простить, тебе да мне?","translation":"How are the likes of us to forgive, you and me?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Где уж нам простить, тебе да мне?","title":"Dative + infinitive of (im)possibility","body":"«Нам… простить» is the dative-subject pattern: the dative «нам / тебе да мне» plus a bare infinitive expresses what is (not) possible for someone — 'how are we to forgive?'. With «где уж» it becomes a rhetorical 'as if we could!'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"уж","title":"The particle «уж»","body":"Here «уж» is not 'already' but the emphatic modal particle that sharpens the rhetorical despair: «где уж нам» ≈ 'how on earth could the likes of us…'. It colours the line with bitter self-deprecation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"тебе да мне","title":"Folksy «да» for «и»","body":"«Да» here is the colloquial, folk-flavored coordinator 'and' (= «и»): 'you and me'. It belongs to Grushenka's plain-spoken peasant register, as does the whole rhythm of the line."}],"words":[{"surface":"Где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies простить","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Где","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"logical subject of простить","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"простить","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"main verb (infinitive) of the sentence","gloss":"to forgive"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of простить, coordinated with мне","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links тебе and мне","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of простить, coordinated with тебе","gloss":"me"}]},{"number":191,"label":"191","id":"epi-c2-s191","source":"Вот спаси его, и всю жизнь молиться на тебя буду.","translation":"Save him, and I'll pray for you all my life.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вот спаси его","title":"Imperative as condition","body":"«Спаси» is the perfective imperative of «спасти» (save). Coupled with «Вот» and the following clause, the command works as a hypothesis — 'just save him, and (then)…' — a common Russian use of the imperative to mean 'if you save him'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"молиться на тебя буду","title":"Compound imperfective future","body":"«Буду молиться» (here split by word order, «молиться… буду») is the compound future: «буду» + imperfective infinitive, naming an ongoing future action — 'I will (keep) praying'. The imperfective fits 'all my life'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"молиться на тебя","title":"«молиться на» — to worship","body":"«Молиться» normally takes the dative ('to pray to'), but «молиться на кого-то» with «на» + accusative means to all but worship a person, to revere them like an icon. Grushenka offers Katya near-religious devotion if she saves Mitya."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies спаси","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"спаси","lemma":"спасти","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"save"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of спаси","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial complement of молиться (duration)","gloss":"my life"},{"surface":"молиться","lemma":"молиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with спаси","gloss":"will pray"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебя","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of молиться","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of молиться","gloss":"will"}]},{"number":192,"label":"192","id":"epi-c2-s192","source":"— А простить не хочешь! — прокричал Митя Грушеньке, с безумным упреком.","translation":"\"But you won't forgive!\" Mitya cried out to Grushenka, with mad reproach.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А простить не хочешь","title":"Contrastive «а» + negated «не хочешь» + infinitive","body":"The line opens on contrastive «а» ('and yet, but'). «Простить не хочешь» is a negated modal «не хочешь» governing the bare infinitive «простить» ('you won't forgive') — there is no nominal object and no genitive here, just plain verbal negation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"прокричал Митя Грушеньке","title":"Dative addressee «Грушеньке»","body":"«Грушеньке» is dative — the one shouted to. The name shows the diminutive «-еньк-» suffix («Груша → Грушенька»), an affectionate-familiar form; declined here, it ends in dative «-е»."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"простить","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хочешь","gloss":"to forgive"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хочешь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хочешь","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"прокричал","lemma":"прокричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to хочешь","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прокричал","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"Грушеньке","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of прокричал","gloss":"to Grushenka"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking упреком","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"безумным","lemma":"безумный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies упреком","gloss":"mad"},{"surface":"упреком","lemma":"упрёк","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прокричал","gloss":"reproach"}]},{"number":193,"label":"193","id":"epi-c2-s193","source":"— Будь покойна, спасу его тебе! — быстро прошептала Катя и выбежала из комнаты.","translation":"\"Rest easy, I'll save him for you!\" Katya whispered rapidly and ran out of the room.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Будь покойна","title":"Imperative «будь» + short adjective","body":"«Будь» is the imperative of «быть» (to be); «покойна» is the short feminine adjective 'calm, at peace'. Together «будь покойна» is a set phrase, 'rest easy, don't worry'. The short adjective is required as a predicate after «будь»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"спасу его тебе","title":"Perfective future + dative of interest","body":"«Спасу» is the perfective future ('I will save him'). «Тебе» is a dative of interest — 'for you, for your sake'. Russian uses the bare dative to mark the person on whose behalf an act is done."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"выбежала из комнаты","title":"Prefixed motion «вы-» + «из» + genitive","body":"«Выбежала» (ran out) is a perfective of motion with «вы-» (out). It pairs naturally with «из комнаты», where «из» governs the genitive to mean 'out of'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Будь","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to покойна","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"покойна","lemma":"покойный","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"at ease"},{"surface":"спасу","lemma":"спасти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with покойна","gloss":"I'll save"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of спасу","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of спасу","gloss":"for you"},{"surface":"быстро","lemma":"быстро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прошептала","gloss":"rapidly"},{"surface":"прошептала","lemma":"прошептать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"whispered"},{"surface":"Катя","lemma":"Катя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of прошептала","gloss":"Katya"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"выбежала","lemma":"выбежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with прошептала","gloss":"ran out"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнаты","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"комнаты","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выбежала","gloss":"the room"}]},{"number":194,"label":"194","id":"epi-c2-s194","source":"— И ты могла не простить ей, после того как она сама же сказала тебе: «Прости»? — горько воскликнул опять Митя.","translation":"\"And you could refuse to forgive her, after she herself said 'Forgive me' to you?\" Mitya exclaimed again, bitterly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"И ты могла не простить ей","title":"Modal «могла» + negated infinitive","body":"«Могла» (could, fem. past of «мочь») governs the negated perfective infinitive «не простить» — 'could refuse to forgive'. «Ей» is the dative object of «простить». The whole is an incredulous rhetorical reproach."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"после того как она сама же сказала","title":"«после того как» + emphatic «сама же»","body":"«После того как» is the subordinating phrase 'after (the moment) that…'. «Сама же» stacks the intensifier «сама» ('she herself') with the particle «же» for insistence — 'when she herself, of all people, said…'."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of могла","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"могла","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies простить","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"простить","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могла","gloss":"forgive"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of простить","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of после, part of the idiom после того как (=after)","gloss":"that","note":"'после того как' is a fixed phrase meaning 'after'."},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сказала","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of сказала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"сама","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies она (emphatic)","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сама","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"сказала","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause introduced by как","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of сказала","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"Прости","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"quoted content, object of сказала","gloss":"Forgive me"},{"surface":"горько","lemma":"горько","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies воскликнул","gloss":"bitterly"},{"surface":"воскликнул","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"exclaimed"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies воскликнул","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнул","gloss":"Mitya"}]},{"number":195,"label":"195","id":"epi-c2-s195","source":"— Митя, не смей ее упрекать, права не имеешь! — горячо крикнул на брата Алеша.","translation":"\"Mitya, don't you dare reproach her, you've no right to!\" Alyosha shouted hotly at his brother.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не смей ее упрекать","title":"Negative imperative «не смей»","body":"«Не смей» is the imperative of «сметь» (to dare) — 'don't you dare'. With an imperfective infinitive («упрекать») the negated command forbids the very attempt. Imperfective is the norm for prohibitions."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"права не имеешь","title":"Genitive of negation «права»","body":"«Не имеешь права» — the object of the negated «иметь» shifts to genitive «права» (of «право», right). 'You have no right' is built on this genitive-of-negation pattern. Word order fronts «права» for emphasis."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смей","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"смей","lemma":"сметь","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"dare"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of упрекать","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"упрекать","lemma":"упрекать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of смей","gloss":"reproach"},{"surface":"права","lemma":"право","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of имеешь","gloss":"the right"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies имеешь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"имеешь","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"горячо","lemma":"горячо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies крикнул","gloss":"hotly"},{"surface":"крикнул","lemma":"крикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shouted"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking брата","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"брата","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of крикнул","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of крикнул","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":196,"label":"196","id":"epi-c2-s196","source":"— Уста ее говорили гордые, а не сердце, — с каким-то омерзением произнесла Грушенька.","translation":"\"It was her proud lips that spoke, not her heart,\" Grushenka brought out with a kind of loathing.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Уста ее говорили гордые, а не сердце","title":"Splayed word order for antithesis","body":"The adjective «гордые» (proud) is split off from its noun «уста» and held back to balance against «а не сердце» ('and not the heart'). This inverted, almost biblical arrangement heightens the antithesis of lips versus heart."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Уста","title":"«уста» — lips (elevated)","body":"«Уста» is the high, Church-Slavonic / poetic word for 'lips, mouth' (everyday Russian is «губы», «рот»). It carries a solemn, scriptural weight — Grushenka's plain feeling rises into near-liturgical diction."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"омерзением","title":"«омерзение» — loathing","body":"A strong bookish noun for revulsion, disgust, loathing — stronger than «отвращение». In the instrumental «с… омерзением» it colours how Grushenka brings the words out."}],"words":[{"surface":"Уста","lemma":"уста","morphology":"noun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of говорили","gloss":"lips"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, possessive","role":"modifies Уста (possessive)","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"говорили","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"гордые","lemma":"гордый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies Уста (predicate adjective)","gloss":"proud"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сердце","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with Уста (elliptical clause)","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking омерзением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"каким","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of омерзением","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle","role":"particle forming indefinite каким-то","gloss":"indefinite marker"},{"surface":"омерзением","lemma":"омерзение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of произнесла","gloss":"loathing"},{"surface":"произнесла","lemma":"произнести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to говорили","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of произнесла","gloss":"Grushenka"}]},{"number":197,"label":"197","id":"epi-c2-s197","source":"— Избавит тебя — всё прощу…","translation":"\"If she delivers you, I'll forgive everything...\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Избавит тебя — всё прощу","title":"Two perfective futures, conditional","body":"Both verbs are perfective futures: «избавит» ('she will deliver') and «прощу» ('I'll forgive'). Set side by side with no «если», the first reads as a condition — 'if she delivers you, I'll forgive everything.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Избавит","lemma":"избавить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"delivers"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of Избавит","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of прощу","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"прощу","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Избавит","gloss":"I'll forgive"}]},{"number":198,"label":"198","id":"epi-c2-s198","source":"Она замолкла, как бы что задавив в душе.","translation":"She fell silent, as though stifling something in her soul.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы что задавив в душе","title":"Gerund «задавив» + «как бы»","body":"«Задавив» is a perfective gerund ('having crushed / stifled'). «Как бы» ('as if, as it were') softens it into a simile of attendant action — 'as though stifling something'. «Что» here is the indefinite 'something'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of замолкла","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"замолкла","lemma":"замолкнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fell silent"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies задавив","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы (=as though)","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of задавив","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"задавив","lemma":"задавить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"complement of замолкла","gloss":"stifling"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking душе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"душе","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of задавив","gloss":"soul"}]},{"number":199,"label":"199","id":"epi-c2-s199","source":"Она еще не могла опомниться.","translation":"She still could not come to herself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не могла опомниться","title":"«-ся» verb «опомниться»","body":"«Опомниться» (to come to oneself, recover one's wits) exists only in the reflexive «-ся» form — a change-of-state intransitive. With «не могла» it states she could not yet collect herself."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of могла","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies могла","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могла","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могла","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"опомниться","lemma":"опомниться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могла","gloss":"come to herself"}]},{"number":200,"label":"200","id":"epi-c2-s200","source":"Вошла она, как оказалось потом, совсем нечаянно, вовсе ничего не подозревая и не ожидая встретить, что встретила.","translation":"She had come in, as it turned out afterward, quite by chance, suspecting nothing at all and not expecting to meet what she met.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вошла она, как оказалось потом","title":"Verb-first + parenthetical","body":"The sentence opens with the verb «вошла» before its subject «она», throwing weight onto the action, then folds in the parenthetical «как оказалось потом» ('as it turned out afterward') — typical of Dostoevsky's retrospective narration."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ничего не подозревая и не ожидая","title":"Imperfective gerunds + negative concord","body":"«Подозревая» and «ожидая» are imperfective present gerunds in «-я», naming simultaneous states ('suspecting… expecting…'). «Ничего… не» is negative concord: the «ни»-word plus «не» on each gerund."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"нечаянно","title":"«нечаянно» — by chance","body":"'Accidentally, inadvertently, by chance'. The word stresses that Grushenka's entrance was wholly unintended — she stumbled into the scene."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вошла","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had come in"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of Вошла","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of оказалось","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"оказалось","lemma":"оказаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Вошла","gloss":"turned out"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оказалось","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нечаянно","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"нечаянно","lemma":"нечаянно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with Вошла","gloss":"by chance"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подозревая","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of подозревая","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies подозревая","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"подозревая","lemma":"подозревать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on Вошла","gloss":"suspecting"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ожидая","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ожидая","lemma":"ожидать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with подозревая","gloss":"expecting"},{"surface":"встретить","lemma":"встретить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of ожидая","gloss":"to meet"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of встретила, complement clause of встретить","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"встретила","lemma":"встретить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the relative clause (object of встретить)","gloss":"she met"}]},{"number":201,"label":"201","id":"epi-c2-s201","source":"— Алеша, беги за ней! — стремительно обратился к брату Митя, — скажи ей… не знаю что… не дай ей так уйти!","translation":"\"Alyosha, run after her!\" Mitya turned impetuously to his brother. \"Tell her... I don't know what... don't let her go off like this!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"беги за ней","title":"Imperative «беги» + «за» + instrumental","body":"«Беги» is the imperative of «бежать» (run). «За ней» uses «за» + instrumental to mean 'after / in pursuit of her' — the same «за + instr.» recurs in «побежал за Катей», «нагнал»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не дай ей так уйти","title":"Negative imperative + dative","body":"«Не дай» (don't let, imperative of «дать») governs the dative «ей» plus the infinitive «уйти» — 'don't let her leave (like this)'. «Уйти» is a prefixed perfective of motion, 'go away'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"беги","lemma":"бежать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"run"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of беги (object of за)","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"стремительно","lemma":"стремительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обратился","gloss":"impetuously"},{"surface":"обратился","lemma":"обратиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking брату","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"брату","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обратился","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of обратился","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"скажи","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to обратился","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of скажи","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the parenthetical clause","gloss":"I know"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of знаю","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дай","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"дай","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of дай","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уйти","gloss":"like this"},{"surface":"уйти","lemma":"уйти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of дай","gloss":"go away"}]},{"number":202,"label":"202","id":"epi-c2-s202","source":"— Приду к тебе перед вечером! — крикнул Алеша и побежал за Катей.","translation":"\"I'll come to you before evening!\" Alyosha cried, and ran off after Katya.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Приду к тебе перед вечером","title":"Perfective future + «к» + dative","body":"«Приду» is the perfective future of «прийти» ('I'll come'). «К тебе» uses «к» + dative for motion 'to (a person)'. «Перед вечером» = 'toward / before evening', «перед» + instrumental."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"побежал за Катей","title":"Prefixed motion «по-»","body":"«Побежал» — perfective «по-» on «бежать» — marks the onset of running, 'set off running'. «За Катей» (instrumental) gives the goal of pursuit, 'after Katya'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Приду","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"I'll come"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебе","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"oblique complement of Приду","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"перед","lemma":"перед","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вечером","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"вечером","lemma":"вечер","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Приду","gloss":"evening"},{"surface":"крикнул","lemma":"крикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cried"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of крикнул","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"побежал","lemma":"побежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with крикнул","gloss":"ran off"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Катей","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"Катей","lemma":"Катя","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of побежал","gloss":"Katya"}]},{"number":203,"label":"203","id":"epi-c2-s203","source":"Он нагнал ее уже вне больничной ограды.","translation":"He overtook her already beyond the hospital fence.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вне больничной ограды","title":"«вне» + genitive","body":"«Вне» (outside, beyond) governs the genitive: «больничной ограды» (of the hospital fence). «Больничной» is an adjective agreeing in feminine genitive with «ограды»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of нагнал","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"нагнал","lemma":"нагнать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"caught up with"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of нагнал","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нагнал","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"вне","lemma":"вне","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ограды","gloss":"beyond"},{"surface":"больничной","lemma":"больничный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ограды","gloss":"hospital's"},{"surface":"ограды","lemma":"ограда","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"object of the preposition вне","gloss":"fence"}]},{"number":204,"label":"204","id":"epi-c2-s204","source":"Она шла скоро, спешила, но как только нагнал ее Алеша, быстро проговорила ему:","translation":"She was walking fast, hurrying, but the moment Alyosha caught up with her she said to him rapidly:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"шла скоро, спешила","title":"Imperfective past for ongoing motion","body":"«Шла» (was walking) and «спешила» (was hurrying) are imperfective pasts giving the continuous background; «шла» is the unidirectional motion verb «идти», fitting a single onward course."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как только нагнал ее Алеша","title":"«как только» + perfective","body":"«Как только» ('as soon as, the moment') introduces a temporal clause; the perfective «нагнал» (caught up, completed) marks the instant that triggers the main verb «проговорила». Verb-before-subject order keeps the focus on the act."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of шла","gloss":"She"},{"surface":"шла","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was walking"},{"surface":"скоро","lemma":"скоро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies шла","gloss":"fast"},{"surface":"спешила","lemma":"спешить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with шла","gloss":"was hurrying"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of нагнал (with только)","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как только","gloss":"soon as"},{"surface":"нагнал","lemma":"нагнать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on проговорила","gloss":"caught up"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of нагнал","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of нагнал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"быстро","lemma":"быстро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорила","gloss":"rapidly"},{"surface":"проговорила","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with шла","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of проговорила","gloss":"to him"}]},{"number":205,"label":"205","id":"epi-c2-s205","source":"— Нет, перед этой не могу казнить себя!","translation":"\"No, before that woman I cannot punish myself!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"перед этой не могу казнить себя","title":"«перед этой» + reflexive «себя»","body":"«Перед этой» (before this woman) is «перед» + instrumental of the demonstrative «эта», used scornfully for Grushenka. «Казнить себя» pairs the verb with the reflexive pronoun «себя» ('punish myself'), object distinct from the verbal «-ся»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"казнить себя","title":"«казнить» — to punish / torment","body":"«Казнить» literally means to execute or put to death; «казнить себя» is an intense idiom, 'to punish/torture oneself, to mortify oneself'. Katya frames her plea for forgiveness as an act of self-mortification."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to могу","gloss":"No"},{"surface":"перед","lemma":"перед","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этой","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of казнить","gloss":"that woman"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"казнить","lemma":"казнить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of могу","gloss":"punish"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of казнить","gloss":"myself"}]},{"number":206,"label":"206","id":"epi-c2-s206","source":"Я сказала ей «прости меня», потому что хотела казнить себя до конца.","translation":"I said 'forgive me' to her because I wanted to punish myself to the very end.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"потому что хотела казнить себя до конца","title":"«потому что» causal clause","body":"«Потому что» ('because') opens the reason clause. «Хотела казнить» = imperfective past 'wanted' + infinitive; «до конца» ('to the end') with «до» + genitive marks the limit she drove herself to."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сказала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сказала","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of сказала","gloss":"to her"},{"surface":"прости","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"complement of сказала (quoted)","gloss":"forgive"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of прости","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of хотела (with что)","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому что","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"хотела","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on сказала","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"казнить","lemma":"казнить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хотела","gloss":"punish"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of казнить","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking конца","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"конца","lemma":"конец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of the preposition до","gloss":"the end"}]},{"number":207,"label":"207","id":"epi-c2-s207","source":"Она не простила…","translation":"She did not forgive me...","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Она не простила","title":"Perfective negated past","body":"«Не простила» is the negated perfective past of «простить» — 'she did not forgive (and so the act never happened)'. Perfective under negation reports a completed event's non-occurrence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of простила","gloss":"She"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies простила","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"простила","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"forgave"}]},{"number":208,"label":"208","id":"epi-c2-s208","source":"Люблю ее за это! — искаженным голосом прибавила Катя, и глаза ее сверкнули дикою злобой.","translation":"I love her for that!\" Katya added in a distorted voice, and her eyes flashed with a wild malice.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Люблю ее за это","title":"«за» + accusative of cause","body":"«За это» (for this) uses «за» + accusative to give the ground of an emotion — 'I love her for that'. The dropped subject «я» is recoverable from «люблю»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"дикою злобой","title":"Archaic instrumental «-ою»","body":"«Дикою злобой» = 'with wild malice', instrumental of manner. The feminine adjective ending «-ою» (for modern «-ой») is the older, bookish-poetic variant common in 19th-century prose."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"искаженным голосом","title":"«искажённый» — distorted","body":"«Искажённый» (distorted, contorted) is a past passive participle from «исказить». 'In a distorted voice' conveys that emotion has warped Katya's very speech, instrumental of manner «голосом»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Люблю","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I love"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of Люблю","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking это","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of Люблю","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"искаженным","lemma":"искажённый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies голосом","gloss":"distorted"},{"surface":"голосом","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прибавила","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"прибавила","lemma":"прибавить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"added"},{"surface":"Катя","lemma":"Катя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of прибавила","gloss":"Katya"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of сверкнули","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"possessive modifier of глаза","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"сверкнули","lemma":"сверкнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with прибавила","gloss":"flashed"},{"surface":"дикою","lemma":"дикий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies злобой","gloss":"wild","note":"archaic instrumental ending -ою (= modern дикой)."},{"surface":"злобой","lemma":"злоба","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сверкнули","gloss":"malice"}]},{"number":209,"label":"209","id":"epi-c2-s209","source":"— Брат совсем не ожидал, — пробормотал было Алеша, — он был уверен, что она не придет…","translation":"\"My brother hadn't expected it at all,\" Alyosha started to murmur, \"he was sure she wouldn't come...\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пробормотал было Алеша","title":"«было» — an interrupted start","body":"Again «было» after the perfective «пробормотал» marks an action begun but cut short — Alyosha 'started to murmur' before being interrupted. The particle is invariable and signals a thwarted attempt."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"уверен, что она не придет","title":"Short adjective «уверен» + «что»-clause","body":"«Уверен» is the short masculine adjective 'sure, certain', predicating with the dropped «был». It heads a «что»-clause of reported fact; «не придёт» is the negated perfective future, 'she would not come'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ожидал","gloss":"My brother"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ожидал","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ожидал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ожидал","lemma":"ожидать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"expected"},{"surface":"пробормотал","lemma":"пробормотать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"reporting verb of the quoted speech","gloss":"murmured"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"particle","role":"marks an interrupted/attempted action, modifies пробормотал","gloss":"started to","note":"«глагол + было» marks an action begun then cut off — \"started to murmur.\""},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пробормотал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of уверен","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to уверен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"уверен","lemma":"уверенный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective, main clause with он был","gloss":"certain"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of придет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of придет","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies придет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"придет","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of уверен","gloss":"would come"}]},{"number":210,"label":"210","id":"epi-c2-s210","source":"— Без сомнения.","translation":"\"No doubt of it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Без сомнения","title":"«без сомнения» — no doubt","body":"A fixed phrase, 'without doubt, no doubt of it', «без» + genitive «сомнения». Katya's curt agreement closes the topic before she abruptly changes it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сомнения","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"сомнения","lemma":"сомнение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"doubt"}]},{"number":211,"label":"211","id":"epi-c2-s211","source":"Оставим это, — отрезала она.","translation":"Let's leave that,\" she cut him off.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Оставим это","title":"First-person plural imperative «оставим»","body":"«Оставим» is the conjugated perfective form used hortatively — 'let's leave that'. Russian forms the 'let's …' exhortation simply with the perfective first-plural, no «давайте» needed."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"отрезала","title":"«отрезать» — to cut off (a remark)","body":"Literally 'to cut off, slice off'; figuratively «отрезать» of speech means to say something curtly and finally, snapping off further talk. The verb itself enacts Katya cutting Alyosha short."}],"words":[{"surface":"Оставим","lemma":"оставить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Let's leave"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of Оставим","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"отрезала","lemma":"отрезать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"reporting verb, parallel clause to Оставим","gloss":"cut in"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of отрезала","gloss":"she"}]},{"number":212,"label":"212","id":"epi-c2-s212","source":"— Слушайте: я с вами туда на похороны идти теперь не могу.","translation":"\"Listen: I can't go there with you to the funeral now.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Слушайте","title":"Polite imperative «слушайте»","body":"«Слушайте» — imperfective imperative of «слушать» with the polite «-те» — is the conversational 'listen here, look'. The «вы»-form keeps the formal distance between Katya and Alyosha."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"идти теперь не могу","title":"Imperfective infinitive of inability","body":"«Не могу… идти» — negated «мочь» plus the imperfective infinitive «идти» (a unidirectional motion verb) — states 'I can't go (there) now', a single intended journey she refuses."}],"words":[{"surface":"Слушайте","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Listen"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of могу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"вами","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of идти","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"туда","lemma":"туда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies идти","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking похороны","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"похороны","lemma":"похороны","morphology":"noun, accusative, plural","role":"object of the preposition на","gloss":"the funeral"},{"surface":"идти","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of могу","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to Слушайте","gloss":"can"}]},{"number":213,"label":"213","id":"epi-c2-s213","source":"Я послала им на гробик цветов.","translation":"I sent them flowers for the little coffin.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я послала им на гробик цветов","title":"Partitive genitive «цветов»","body":"«Цветов» is genitive plural after «послала» in a partitive sense — 'sent some flowers'. «Им» is the dative recipient, «на гробик» the purpose ('for the coffin'), «на» + accusative."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"гробик","title":"Diminutive «гробик»","body":"«Гробик» is the diminutive of «гроб» (coffin): 'little coffin'. The suffix «-ик» is not playful here but tender and grievous — it marks the coffin as a child's, heavy with pity."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of послала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"послала","lemma":"послать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sent"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of послала","gloss":"to them"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гробик","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"гробик","lemma":"гробик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of послала","gloss":"little coffin"},{"surface":"цветов","lemma":"цветок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of послала (partitive genitive)","gloss":"flowers","note":"genitive of quantity used for an indefinite amount sent, not a modifier of гробик."}]},{"number":214,"label":"214","id":"epi-c2-s214","source":"Деньги еще есть у них, кажется.","translation":"They still have money, I think.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Деньги еще есть у них","title":"«у них есть» possession","body":"Russian renders 'they have' as «у них есть» — «у» + genitive «них» of the possessor, with «есть» ('there is'). «Деньги» (money, a plural-only noun) is the grammatical subject. «Кажется» softens it to 'I think'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies есть","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there is"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of есть","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, parallel clause to есть","gloss":"it seems"}]},{"number":215,"label":"215","id":"epi-c2-s215","source":"Если надо будет, скажите, что в будущем я никогда их не оставлю…","translation":"If need be, tell them that in the future I shall never abandon them...","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Если надо будет","title":"Impersonal «надо будет»","body":"«Надо будет» is the future of the impersonal necessity word «надо» ('it will be necessary'), a subjectless construction. With «если» it sets the condition — 'if (it) need be'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я никогда их не оставлю","title":"Negative concord + perfective future","body":"«Никогда… не оставлю» chains the «ни»-adverb «никогда» (never) with «не» on the verb — obligatory negative concord. «Оставлю» is the perfective future, a firm 'I shall never abandon them'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of надо","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial clause on скажите","gloss":"need be"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to надо","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"скажите","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of оставлю","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking будущем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"будущем","lemma":"будущее","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of оставлю","gloss":"the future"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of оставлю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оставлю","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of оставлю","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies оставлю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"оставлю","lemma":"оставить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of скажите","gloss":"abandon"}]},{"number":216,"label":"216","id":"epi-c2-s216","source":"Ну, теперь оставьте меня, оставьте, пожалуйста.","translation":"Now, leave me, leave me, please.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"оставьте меня, оставьте","title":"Repeated polite imperative","body":"«Оставьте» — perfective polite imperative of «оставить» (to leave) — is doubled for urgency: 'leave me, leave me'. The repetition with «пожалуйста» conveys Katya's frayed, pleading exhaustion."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to оставьте","gloss":"Now"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оставьте","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"оставьте","lemma":"оставить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"leave"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of оставьте","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"оставьте","lemma":"оставить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with оставьте","gloss":"leave"},{"surface":"пожалуйста","lemma":"пожалуйста","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to оставьте","gloss":"please"}]},{"number":217,"label":"217","id":"epi-c2-s217","source":"Вы уж туда опоздали, к поздней обедне звонят…","translation":"You're already late for there — they're ringing for the late mass...","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вы уж туда опоздали","title":"Particle «уж» + perfective «опоздали»","body":"«Опоздали» is the perfective past 'you've (already) been late / missed it'. «Уж» is the emphatic particle reinforcing the accomplished fact — 'you're already too late as it is'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"к поздней обедне звонят","title":"Impersonal «звонят» + «к» + dative","body":"«Звонят» is a third-plural verb used impersonally — 'they're ringing / the bells are ringing', no named subject. «К поздней обедне» ('for the late mass') is «к» + dative, here marking the service the ringing summons to."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of опоздали","gloss":"You're"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies опоздали","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"туда","lemma":"туда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies опоздали","gloss":"for there"},{"surface":"опоздали","lemma":"опоздать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are late"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обедне","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"поздней","lemma":"поздний","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies обедне","gloss":"late"},{"surface":"обедне","lemma":"обедня","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of звонят","gloss":"mass"},{"surface":"звонят","lemma":"звонить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with опоздали","gloss":"are ringing"}]},{"number":218,"label":"218","id":"epi-c2-s218","source":"Оставьте меня, пожалуйста!","translation":"Leave me, please!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Оставьте меня, пожалуйста","title":"Closing imperative","body":"The chapter shuts on the same polite imperative «оставьте меня» ('leave me'), now standing alone — its bare insistence ends the exchange. The perfective frames her dismissal as final."}],"words":[{"surface":"Оставьте","lemma":"оставить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Leave"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of Оставьте","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"пожалуйста","lemma":"пожалуйста","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to Оставьте","gloss":"please"}]}]}