{"work":{"slug":"karamazov","title":{"source":"Братья Карамазовы","translated":"The Brothers Karamazov"},"author":"Fyodor Dostoevsky","language":"Russian","languageCode":"ru","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov"},"unit":{"kind":"chapter","number":null,"id":"epi-c3","title":{"source":"III. Похороны Илюшечки. Речь у камня","translated":"Ilusha's Funeral. The Speech at the Stone"},"section":"Epilogue","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/epi-c3","lines":172},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/epi-c2","next":null,"license":"Source text: public domain (Fyodor Dostoevsky, d. 1881; Russian from the Nauka academic edition via ru.wikisource). English translation: original, © 1732 Studios (2026); rendered freshly from the public-domain Russian, not derived from any prior English translation. Sentence-aligned by 1732 Studios.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"epi-c3-s1","source":"Действительно, он опоздал.","translation":"He was late after all.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Действительно","lemma":"действительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentential adverb, parallel clause to опоздал","gloss":"Indeed","note":"Sentence-opening adverb (\"indeed\"); glossed here holistically since it colors the whole clause."},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of опоздал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"опоздал","lemma":"опоздать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was late"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"epi-c3-s2","source":"Его ждали и даже уже решились без него нести хорошенький, разубранный цветами гробик в церковь.","translation":"They had been waiting for him, and had even already resolved to carry the pretty little coffin, decked out with flowers, into the church without him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"гробик","title":"Diminutive «гробик»","body":"«гробик» ('little coffin') is the diminutive of «гроб» — here the suffix carries not smallness but tenderness and grief, a keynote of the whole chapter."}],"words":[{"surface":"Его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of ждали","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ждали","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had been waiting for"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies уже","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies решились","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"решились","lemma":"решиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with ждали","gloss":"resolved"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of the preposition без","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"нести","lemma":"нести","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of решились","gloss":"to carry"},{"surface":"хорошенький","lemma":"хорошенький","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies гробик","gloss":"pretty little"},{"surface":"разубранный","lemma":"разубрать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, accusative, perfective","role":"modifies гробик","gloss":"decorated"},{"surface":"цветами","lemma":"цветок","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"instrumental complement of разубранный","gloss":"flowers"},{"surface":"гробик","lemma":"гробик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of нести","gloss":"coffin"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking церковь","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"церковь","lemma":"церковь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of нести","gloss":"church"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"epi-c3-s3","source":"Это был гроб Илюшечки, бедного мальчика.","translation":"It was the coffin of little Ilusha, the poor boy.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Илюшечки","title":"Double diminutive «Илюшечка»","body":"«Илюшечки» (genitive) is an affectionate double diminutive of «Илья/Илюша» — the «-ечк-» suffix is maximally tender, the form the grieving narrator and father reach for."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of был/гроб","gloss":"It"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to гроб","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"гроб","lemma":"гроб","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"coffin"},{"surface":"Илюшечки","lemma":"Илюшечка","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies гроб","gloss":"little Ilusha's","note":"Diminutive of Илюша; declines like a feminine noun though the referent is a boy."},{"surface":"бедного","lemma":"бедный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мальчика","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"мальчика","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Илюшечки","gloss":"boy"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"epi-c3-s4","source":"Он скончался два дня спустя после приговора Мити.","translation":"He had died two days after Mitya's sentencing.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"скончался","title":"«скончаться» — to pass away","body":"«скончался» is the elevated, decorous verb for dying (cf. neutral «умер»), fitting a funeral register; it is reflexive in form («-ся»)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of скончался","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"скончался","lemma":"скончаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had died"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"depends on дня","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"дня","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of скончался","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"спустя","lemma":"спустя","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition reinforcing после приговора","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking приговора","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"приговора","lemma":"приговор","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of the preposition после","gloss":"sentencing"},{"surface":"Мити","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies приговора","gloss":"Mitya's"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"epi-c3-s5","source":"Алеша еще у ворот дома был встречен криками мальчиков, товарищей Илюшиных.","translation":"Even at the gate of the house Alyosha was met by the shouts of the boys, Ilusha's comrades.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"был встречен","title":"Periphrastic past passive","body":"«был встречен криками» ('was met by shouts') is an analytic passive: «быть» plus the short past passive participle «встречен», with the agent «криками» in the instrumental."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of passive встречен","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies встречен","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ворот","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ворот","lemma":"ворота","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"object of the preposition у","gloss":"the gate"},{"surface":"дома","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ворот","gloss":"of the house"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of встречен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"встречен","lemma":"встретить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"met"},{"surface":"криками","lemma":"крик","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of встречен","gloss":"by the shouts"},{"surface":"мальчиков","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies криками","gloss":"of the boys"},{"surface":"товарищей","lemma":"товарищ","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to мальчиков","gloss":"comrades"},{"surface":"Илюшиных","lemma":"Илюшин","morphology":"possessive adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies товарищей","gloss":"Ilusha's"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"epi-c3-s6","source":"Они все с нетерпением ждали его и обрадовались, что он наконец пришел.","translation":"They had all been waiting impatiently for him and were glad that he had come at last.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of ждали","gloss":"They"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of Они","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нетерпением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"нетерпением","lemma":"нетерпение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of ждали","gloss":"impatience"},{"surface":"ждали","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had been waiting"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of ждали","gloss":"for him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"обрадовались","lemma":"обрадоваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with ждали","gloss":"were glad"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пришел","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пришел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пришел","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"пришел","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of обрадовались","gloss":"had come"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"epi-c3-s7","source":"Всех их собралось человек двенадцать, все пришли со своими ранчиками и сумочками через плечо.","translation":"Some dozen of them had gathered in all, every one come with his satchel and his little bag slung over his shoulder.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"собралось человек двенадцать","title":"Approximate numeral by inversion","body":"Putting the noun before the numeral — «человек двенадцать» rather than «двенадцать человек» — means 'about twelve'; «человек» is the special genitive-plural counting form, and «собралось» stands neuter-impersonal."}],"words":[{"surface":"Всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of их","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"genitive complement of собралось (partitive)","gloss":"of them","note":"Genitive-of-quantity construction: \"of them all, about a dozen gathered.\""},{"surface":"собралось","lemma":"собраться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gathered"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of собралось","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"двенадцать","lemma":"двенадцать","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"twelve"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of пришли","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"пришли","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with собралось","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ранчиками","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"своими","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"determiner of ранчиками","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"ранчиками","lemma":"ранчик","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of пришли","gloss":"satchels"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сумочками","lemma":"сумочка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with ранчиками","gloss":"little bags"},{"surface":"через","lemma":"через","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking плечо","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"плечо","lemma":"плечо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"object of the preposition через, modifies сумочками","gloss":"shoulder"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"epi-c3-s8","source":"«Папа плакать будет, будьте с папой», — завещал им Илюша, умирая, и мальчики это запомнили.","translation":"\"Papa will cry, stay with papa,\" Ilusha had charged them as he was dying, and the boys had kept it in mind.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"умирая","title":"Imperfective gerund «умирая»","body":"«завещал им… умирая» ('charged them… as he was dying'): the imperfective gerund «умирая» sets the ongoing circumstance around the main verb «завещал»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Папа","lemma":"папа","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of плакать","gloss":"Papa"},{"surface":"плакать","lemma":"плакать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause (with будет)","gloss":"cry"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of плакать","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"будьте","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to плакать","gloss":"stay"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking папой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"папой","lemma":"папа","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of будьте","gloss":"papa"},{"surface":"завещал","lemma":"завещать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"reporting verb introducing the quoted speech","gloss":"had charged"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of завещал","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"Илюша","lemma":"Илюша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of завещал","gloss":"Ilusha"},{"surface":"умирая","lemma":"умирать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on завещал","gloss":"dying"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мальчики","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of запомнили","gloss":"the boys"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of запомнили","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"запомнили","lemma":"запомнить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with завещал","gloss":"had kept in mind"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"epi-c3-s9","source":"Во главе их был Коля Красоткин.","translation":"At their head stood Kolya Krasotkin.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition governing главе","gloss":"At"},{"surface":"главе","lemma":"глава","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"object of Во, predicate locative","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies главе","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking predicate главе to subject Коля","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"Коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"Красоткин","lemma":"Красоткин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Коля","gloss":"Krasotkin"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"epi-c3-s10","source":"— Как я рад, что вы пришли, Карамазов! — воскликнул он, протягивая Алеше руку. — Здесь ужасно. Право, тяжело смотреть. Снегирев не пьян, мы знаем наверно, что он ничего сегодня не пил, а как будто пьян… Я тверд всегда, но это ужасно. Карамазов, если не задержу вас, один бы только еще вопрос, прежде чем вы войдете?","translation":"— How glad I am that you've come, Karamazov! — he exclaimed, holding out his hand to Alyosha. — It is dreadful here. Truly, it is hard to watch. Snegiryov is not drunk — we know for certain that he has had nothing to drink today — and yet he seems drunk… I am always firm, but this is dreadful. Karamazov, if I'm not keeping you, might I ask just one more question before you go in?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я тверд","title":"Short adjective «тверд»","body":"«Я тверд всегда» ('I am always firm'): the short-form adjective «тверд» is the predicative form, used to assert a quality of the subject rather than to modify a noun."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"один бы только еще вопрос","title":"Softening «бы»","body":"«один бы только еще вопрос» ('just one more question, if I may'): the particle «бы» softens the request into a tentative, polite wish rather than a blunt demand."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"exclamative, modifies рад","gloss":"How"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of рад","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"рад","lemma":"рад","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"glad"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пришли","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of пришли","gloss":"you've"},{"surface":"пришли","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of рад","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"Карамазов","lemma":"Карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Karamazov"},{"surface":"воскликнул","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"reporting verb introducing the quoted speech","gloss":"exclaimed"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнул","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"протягивая","lemma":"протягивать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on воскликнул","gloss":"holding out"},{"surface":"Алеше","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of протягивая","gloss":"to Alyosha"},{"surface":"руку","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of протягивая","gloss":"his hand"},{"surface":"Здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ужасно","gloss":"Here"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"dreadful"},{"surface":"Право","lemma":"право","morphology":"particle","role":"parenthetical, modifies тяжело","gloss":"Truly"},{"surface":"тяжело","lemma":"тяжёлый","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"hard"},{"surface":"смотреть","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on тяжело","gloss":"to watch"},{"surface":"Снегирев","lemma":"Снегирев","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пьян","gloss":"Snegiryov"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пьян","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"пьян","lemma":"пьяный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"drunk"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of знаем","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"знаем","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to пьян","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"наверно","lemma":"наверно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знаем","gloss":"for certain"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of пил","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пил","gloss":"today"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"пил","lemma":"пить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of знаем","gloss":"drank"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and yet"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the second пьян (with будто)","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как будто","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"пьян","lemma":"пьяный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"contrasted with не пьян above","gloss":"drunk"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of тверд","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тверд","lemma":"твёрдый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"firm"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies тверд","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of ужасно","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with тверд","gloss":"dreadful"},{"surface":"Карамазов","lemma":"Карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Karamazov"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of задержу","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies задержу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"задержу","lemma":"задержать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"conditional clause modifying вопрос","gloss":"keep","note":"Finite future 1sg (\"I detain\"), not an infinitive as originally tagged."},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of задержу","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies вопрос","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional/optative","role":"marks polite request, attaches to вопрос","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies еще","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вопрос","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"вопрос","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"question"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of войдете (with чем)","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase прежде чем","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of войдете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"войдете","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"temporal clause modifying вопрос","gloss":"go in","note":"Future tense of войти (\"you will enter\"), not present as originally tagged."}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"epi-c3-s11","source":"— Что такое, Коля? — приостановился Алеша.","translation":"— What is it, Kolya? — Alyosha paused.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"What"},{"surface":"такое","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of Что","gloss":"is it"},{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative, addressed by Алеша to Коля","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"приостановился","lemma":"приостановиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"paused"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of приостановился","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"epi-c3-s12","source":"— Невинен ваш брат или виновен? Он отца убил или лакей? Как скажете, так и будет. Я четыре ночи не спал от этой идеи.","translation":"— Is your brother innocent or guilty? Was it he who killed his father, or the lackey? Whatever you say, that is how it will be for me. I have not slept for four nights over this idea.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Невинен… виновен","title":"Short adjectives in a question","body":"«Невинен ваш брат или виновен?» pits two short-form adjectives against each other ('innocent' vs 'guilty') — the short form is normal for such predicative either/or framing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Невинен","lemma":"невинный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective, head of the phrase","gloss":"innocent"},{"surface":"ваш","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of брат","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Невинен","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"виновен","lemma":"виновный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Невинен","gloss":"guilty"},{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of убил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of убил","gloss":"his father"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"killed"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"лакей","lemma":"лакей","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Он (alternative subject of убил)","gloss":"the lackey"},{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of скажете","gloss":"As"},{"surface":"скажете","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"verb of the clause introduced by Как","gloss":"you say"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"correlate of Как, modifies будет","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause так и будет","gloss":"it will be"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of спал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"четыре","lemma":"четыре","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on ночи","gloss":"four"},{"surface":"ночи","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"duration complement of спал (governed by четыре)","gloss":"nights"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies спал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"спал","lemma":"спать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"slept"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking идеи","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of идеи","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"идеи","lemma":"идея","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition от","gloss":"idea"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"epi-c3-s13","source":"— Убил лакей, а брат невинен, — ответил Алеша.","translation":"— The lackey did the killing, and my brother is innocent, — answered Alyosha.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did the killing"},{"surface":"лакей","lemma":"лакей","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Убил","gloss":"the lackey"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of невинен","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"невинен","lemma":"невинный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective of брат, clause coordinated with Убил лакей","gloss":"is innocent"},{"surface":"ответил","lemma":"ответить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ответил","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"epi-c3-s14","source":"— И я то же говорю! — прокричал вдруг мальчик Смуров.","translation":"— That's just what I say too! — the boy Smurov suddenly cried out.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говорю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of говорю","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I say"},{"surface":"прокричал","lemma":"прокричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прокричал","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"мальчик","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прокричал","gloss":"the boy"},{"surface":"Смуров","lemma":"смуров","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to мальчик","gloss":"Smurov"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"epi-c3-s15","source":"— Итак, он погибнет невинною жертвой за правду! — воскликнул Коля. — Хоть он и погиб, но он счастлив! Я готов ему завидовать!","translation":"— So he will perish, an innocent victim, for the truth! — exclaimed Kolya. — Though he is ruined, still he is fortunate! I am ready to envy him!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"погибнет невинною жертвой","title":"Instrumental predicate of role","body":"«погибнет… жертвой за правду» ('will perish as a victim for the truth'): the instrumental «жертвой» names the role or capacity in which the subject acts — a predicate instrumental. «-ою» in «невинною» is the archaic instrumental ending."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Хоть он и погиб","title":"Concessive «хоть… и»","body":"«Хоть он и погиб, но он счастлив» ('though he is ruined, yet he is happy'): «хоть… и… но» frames a concession — the «и» reinforces the conceded clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Итак","lemma":"итак","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies погибнет","gloss":"So"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of погибнет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"погибнет","lemma":"погибнуть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will perish"},{"surface":"невинною","lemma":"невинный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies жертвой","gloss":"innocent"},{"surface":"жертвой","lemma":"жертва","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of погибнет","gloss":"as a victim"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking правду","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"правду","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of погибнет","gloss":"the truth"},{"surface":"воскликнул","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"exclaimed"},{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнул","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"Хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of погиб","gloss":"Though"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of погиб","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies погиб","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"погиб","lemma":"погибнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is ruined"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of счастлив","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"счастлив","lemma":"счастливый","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with погиб","gloss":"is fortunate"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of готов","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"готов","lemma":"готовый","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"am ready"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of завидовать","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"завидовать","lemma":"завидовать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of готов","gloss":"to envy"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"epi-c3-s16","source":"— Что вы это, как это можно, и зачем? — воскликнул удивленный Алеша.","translation":"— What are you saying, how can that be, and what for? — exclaimed the astonished Alyosha.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the exclamation Что вы это","gloss":"What"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of the elliptical clause Что вы это","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"object complement in the clause Что вы это","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause как это можно","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of можно","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of the как это clause","gloss":"can be"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with можно","gloss":"what for"},{"surface":"воскликнул","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"exclaimed"},{"surface":"удивленный","lemma":"удивлённый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Алеша","gloss":"astonished"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнул","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"epi-c3-s17","source":"— О, если б и я мог хоть когда-нибудь принести себя в жертву за правду, — с энтузиазмом проговорил Коля.","translation":"— Oh, if only I too could someday offer myself up as a sacrifice for the truth, — Kolya said with enthusiasm.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"если б… мог… принести себя в жертву","title":"Counterfactual «бы» + reflexive","body":"«если б и я мог… принести себя в жертву» ('if only I too could offer myself up'): irrealis «бы/б» with past «мог», and the reflexive «себя» as object of «принести в жертву»."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Oh"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of мог","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"б","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks мог as conditional/irrealis","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies я (emphatic)","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"predicate of the clause introduced by если","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies когда-нибудь","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда-нибудь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies принести","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"когда-нибудь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies принести","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"принести","lemma":"принести","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"to offer"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of принести","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жертву","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"жертву","lemma":"жертва","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of принести","gloss":"a sacrifice"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking правду","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"правду","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of принести","gloss":"the truth"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking энтузиазмом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"энтузиазмом","lemma":"энтузиазм","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of проговорил","gloss":"enthusiasm"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"Kolya"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"epi-c3-s18","source":"— Но не в таком же деле, не с таким же позором, не с таким же ужасом! — сказал Алеша.","translation":"— But not in such a cause, not with such disgrace, not with such horror! — said Alyosha.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не… же… не… же","title":"Emphatic particle «же» in anaphora","body":"«не в таком же деле, не с таким же позором…»: the repeated «же» drives home the contrast ('not in *that* kind of cause'), reinforcing the triple anaphoric negation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies деле","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"таком","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of деле","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies таком","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"деле","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with позором and ужасом","gloss":"a cause"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies позором","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking позором","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"таким","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of позором","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies таким","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"позором","lemma":"позор","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with деле","gloss":"disgrace"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ужасом","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ужасом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"таким","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ужасом","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies таким","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"ужасом","lemma":"ужас","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with позором","gloss":"horror"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"epi-c3-s19","source":"— Конечно… я желал бы умереть за всё человечество, а что до позора, то всё равно: да погибнут наши имена. Вашего брата я уважаю!","translation":"— Of course… I would wish to die for all of humanity, and as for the disgrace, no matter: let our names perish. I respect your brother!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"да погибнут наши имена","title":"Optative «да» + verb","body":"«да погибнут наши имена» ('let our names perish'): «да» plus a third-person verb forms a solemn, bookish optative/imperative, familiar from liturgy ('да будет…')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Of course"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of желал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"желал","lemma":"желать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would wish"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks желал as conditional","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"умереть","lemma":"умереть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of желал","gloss":"to die"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking человечество","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of человечество","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"человечество","lemma":"человечество","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of умереть","gloss":"humanity"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of idiom что до (as for)","gloss":"as for","note":"«что до X» is an idiom meaning \"as for X\"."},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking позора, part of idiom что до","gloss":"regarding"},{"surface":"позора","lemma":"позор","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of что до","gloss":"the disgrace"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, resumptive","role":"resumptive particle introducing the main clause after что до","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of idiom всё равно (no matter)","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"равно","lemma":"равный","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"part of idiom всё равно","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"optative particle marking погибнут (let ... perish)","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"погибнут","lemma":"погибнуть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the optative clause да погибнут","gloss":"perish"},{"surface":"наши","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of имена","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"имена","lemma":"имя","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of погибнут","gloss":"names"},{"surface":"Вашего","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of брата","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"брата","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of уважаю","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of уважаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"уважаю","lemma":"уважать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"respect"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"epi-c3-s20","source":"— И я тоже! — вдруг и уже совсем неожиданно выкрикнул из толпы тот самый мальчик, который когда-то объявил, что знает, кто основал Трою, и, крикнув, точно так же, как и тогда, весь покраснел до ушей, как пион.","translation":"— And so do I! — suddenly, and now quite unexpectedly, there cried out from the crowd that very boy who had once declared that he knew who founded Troy, and, having cried it, just as he had then, flushed crimson up to his ears, like a peony.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"тот самый мальчик, который…","title":"Relative clause with «который»","body":"«тот самый мальчик, который… объявил, что знает, кто основал Трою»: «который» heads the relative clause, agreeing in gender/number with «мальчик» and taking its case from its own clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical clause (parallel to выкрикнул)","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выкрикнул","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies совсем","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies неожиданно","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"неожиданно","lemma":"неожиданно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with вдруг","gloss":"unexpectedly"},{"surface":"выкрикнул","lemma":"выкрикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking толпы","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"толпы","lemma":"толпа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выкрикнул","gloss":"the crowd"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of мальчик","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"самый","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мальчик","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"мальчик","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выкрикнул","gloss":"boy"},{"surface":"который","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of объявил","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда-то","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies объявил","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"когда-то","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies объявил","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"объявил","lemma":"объявить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on мальчик","gloss":"had declared"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of знает","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"знает","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of объявил","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of основал","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"основал","lemma":"основать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of знает","gloss":"founded"},{"surface":"Трою","lemma":"троя","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of основал","gloss":"Troy"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"крикнув","lemma":"крикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on покраснел","gloss":"having cried out"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies так","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies покраснел","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of тогда","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тогда","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"complement of как, correlate of так","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies покраснел (extent, agreeing with мальчик)","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"покраснел","lemma":"покраснеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with выкрикнул","gloss":"flushed"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ушей","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ушей","lemma":"ухо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of покраснел","gloss":"his ears"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"marks comparison with пион","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"пион","lemma":"пион","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of покраснел","gloss":"a peony"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"epi-c3-s21","source":"Алеша вошел в комнату.","translation":"Alyosha went into the room.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вошел","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"вошел","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнату","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"комнату","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вошел","gloss":"the room"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"epi-c3-s22","source":"В голубом, убранном белым рюшем гробе лежал, сложив ручки и закрыв глазки, Илюша.","translation":"In a pale-blue coffin trimmed with white ruching lay Ilusha, his hands folded and his eyes closed.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сложив ручки и закрыв глазки","title":"Perfective gerunds + inversion","body":"«лежал… сложив ручки и закрыв глазки, Илюша»: two past perfective gerunds describe the completed posture, and the subject «Илюша» follows its verb — emphatic verb-first word order."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ручки… глазки","title":"Tender diminutives","body":"«ручки» and «глазки» ('little hands', 'little eyes') are diminutives of «руки/глаза»; on a dead child they are almost unbearably tender."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гробе","gloss":"In"},{"surface":"голубом","lemma":"голубой","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies гробе","gloss":"a pale-blue"},{"surface":"убранном","lemma":"убрать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, locative, perfective","role":"coordinated with голубом, modifies гробе","gloss":"trimmed"},{"surface":"белым","lemma":"белый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies рюшем","gloss":"white"},{"surface":"рюшем","lemma":"рюш","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"instrumental complement of убранном","gloss":"ruching"},{"surface":"гробе","lemma":"гроб","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of лежал","gloss":"coffin"},{"surface":"лежал","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lay"},{"surface":"сложив","lemma":"сложить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on лежал","gloss":"having folded"},{"surface":"ручки","lemma":"ручка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of сложив","gloss":"his hands"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"закрыв","lemma":"закрыть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"coordinated with сложив","gloss":"having closed"},{"surface":"глазки","lemma":"глазок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of закрыв","gloss":"his eyes"},{"surface":"Илюша","lemma":"илюша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of лежал","gloss":"Ilusha"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"epi-c3-s23","source":"Черты исхудалого лица его совсем почти не изменились, и, странно, от трупа почти не было запаху.","translation":"The features of his wasted little face had scarcely changed at all, and, strangely, there was almost no smell from the body.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не было запаху","title":"Genitive of negation (+ partitive «-у»)","body":"«почти не было запаху» ('there was almost no smell'): negated existence forces the genitive «запаху», which here also shows the old partitive genitive ending «-у» (beside «-а»)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Черты","lemma":"черта","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of изменились","gloss":"The features"},{"surface":"исхудалого","lemma":"исхудалый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies лица","gloss":"wasted"},{"surface":"лица","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies Черты","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"possessive modifier of лица","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies почти","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies изменились","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies изменились","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"изменились","lemma":"измениться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had changed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"странно","lemma":"странно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies the clause","gloss":"strangely"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking трупа","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"трупа","lemma":"труп","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies запаху","gloss":"the body"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"existential verb (negated) governing запаху","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"запаху","lemma":"запах","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"genitive complement of было (negated existential)","gloss":"smell"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"epi-c3-s24","source":"Выражение лица было серьезное и как бы задумчивое.","translation":"The expression of his face was serious and, as it were, thoughtful.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Выражение","lemma":"выражение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было серьезное","gloss":"The expression"},{"surface":"лица","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies Выражение","gloss":"of his face"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to серьезное","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"серьезное","lemma":"серьёзный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"serious"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies задумчивое","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"it were"},{"surface":"задумчивое","lemma":"задумчивый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with серьезное","gloss":"thoughtful"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"epi-c3-s25","source":"Особенно хороши были руки, сложенные накрест, точно вырезанные из мрамора.","translation":"His hands were especially beautiful, folded crosswise, as though carved out of marble.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сложенные… вырезанные","title":"Past passive participles","body":"«руки, сложенные накрест, точно вырезанные из мрамора» ('hands folded crosswise, as though carved of marble'): long-form past passive participles used attributively, like adjectives."}],"words":[{"surface":"Особенно","lemma":"особенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хороши","gloss":"Especially"},{"surface":"хороши","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, short form, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"beautiful"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking to хороши","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of хороши","gloss":"the hands"},{"surface":"сложенные","lemma":"сложить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, nominative, perfective","role":"modifies руки","gloss":"folded"},{"surface":"накрест","lemma":"накрест","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сложенные","gloss":"crosswise"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вырезанные","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"вырезанные","lemma":"вырезать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, nominative, perfective","role":"coordinated with сложенные, modifies руки","gloss":"carved"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мрамора","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"мрамора","lemma":"мрамор","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вырезанные","gloss":"marble"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"epi-c3-s26","source":"В руки ему вложили цветов, да и весь гроб был уже убран снаружи и снутри цветами, присланными чем свет от Лизы Хохлаковой.","translation":"Flowers had been placed in his hands, and the whole coffin was already adorned, within and without, with the blossoms sent at first light by Liza Khokhlakova.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вложили цветов","title":"Partitive genitive object","body":"«вложили цветов» ('placed some flowers') uses the genitive «цветов» for an indefinite quantity — 'some flowers', not a fixed set; «присланными» is a past passive participle in the instrumental."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руки","gloss":"In"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of вложили","gloss":"his hands"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"possessive dative modifying руки","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"вложили","lemma":"вложить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had placed"},{"surface":"цветов","lemma":"цветок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of вложили","gloss":"flowers"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase да","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of гроб","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"гроб","lemma":"гроб","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of passive убран","gloss":"coffin"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of убран","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies убран","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"убран","lemma":"убрать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вложили","gloss":"adorned"},{"surface":"снаружи","lemma":"снаружи","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies убран","gloss":"outside"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"снутри","lemma":"снутри","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with снаружи, modifies убран","gloss":"inside","note":"Colloquial variant of «изнутри»."},{"surface":"цветами","lemma":"цветок","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"instrumental complement of убран","gloss":"with blossoms"},{"surface":"присланными","lemma":"прислать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, instrumental, plural, perfective","role":"clause modifying цветами","gloss":"sent"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of idiom чем свет (at first light)","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"свет","lemma":"свет","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"part of idiom чем свет, modifies присланными","gloss":"first light"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Лизы","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"Лизы","lemma":"лиза","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of присланными (sender)","gloss":"Liza"},{"surface":"Хохлаковой","lemma":"хохлакова","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Лизы","gloss":"Khokhlakova"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"epi-c3-s27","source":"Но прибыли и еще цветы от Катерины Ивановны, и когда Алеша отворил дверь, штабс-капитан с пучком цветов в дрожащих руках своих обсыпал ими снова своего дорогого мальчика.","translation":"But more flowers had arrived from Katerina Ivanovna as well, and when Alyosha opened the door, the staff-captain, a bunch of blossoms in his trembling hands, was once again strewing them over his beloved boy.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"прибыли","lemma":"прибыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had arrived"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies цветы","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"цветы","lemma":"цветок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of прибыли","gloss":"flowers"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Катерины","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Катерины","lemma":"катерина","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies цветы","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановны","lemma":"ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Катерины","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of отворил","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отворил","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"отворил","lemma":"отворить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the clause introduced by когда","gloss":"opened"},{"surface":"дверь","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of отворил","gloss":"the door"},{"surface":"штабс","lemma":"штабс-капитан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"part of compound noun штабс-капитан, subject of обсыпал","gloss":"staff-"},{"surface":"капитан","lemma":"штабс-капитан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"part of compound noun штабс-капитан, subject of обсыпал","gloss":"captain"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пучком","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"пучком","lemma":"пучок","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement modifying штабс-капитан","gloss":"a bunch"},{"surface":"цветов","lemma":"цветок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies пучком","gloss":"of blossoms"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руках","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"дрожащих","lemma":"дрожать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, plural, locative, imperfective","role":"modifies руках","gloss":"trembling"},{"surface":"руках","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"modifies пучком (location: in his hands)","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"своих","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of руках","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"обсыпал","lemma":"обсыпать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with прибыли","gloss":"was strewing"},{"surface":"ими","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of обсыпал","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"снова","lemma":"снова","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обсыпал","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of мальчика","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"дорогого","lemma":"дорогой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мальчика","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"мальчика","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of обсыпал","gloss":"boy"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"epi-c3-s28","source":"Он едва взглянул на вошедшего Алешу, да и ни на кого не хотел глядеть, даже на плачущую помешанную жену свою, свою «мамочку», которая всё старалась приподняться на свои больные ноги и заглянуть поближе на своего мертвого мальчика.","translation":"He scarcely glanced at the Alyosha who had come in, nor did he wish to look at anyone, not even at his weeping, deranged wife, his \"mamochka,\" who kept trying to raise herself on her ailing legs and peer closer at her dead boy.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ни на кого не хотел глядеть","title":"Negative pronoun split by preposition","body":"«ни на кого не хотел глядеть» ('did not wish to look at anyone'): the negative pronoun «никого» splits around the preposition — «ни на кого» — and still requires the verbal «не»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of взглянул","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"едва","lemma":"едва","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies взглянул","gloss":"scarcely"},{"surface":"взглянул","lemma":"взглянуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"glanced"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вошедшего","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"вошедшего","lemma":"вошедший","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, accusative, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"modifies Алешу","gloss":"who had come in"},{"surface":"Алешу","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of взглянул","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase да","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кого","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кого","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"кого","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of глядеть","gloss":"anyone"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хотел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хотел","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with взглянул","gloss":"wished"},{"surface":"глядеть","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хотел","gloss":"to look"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies жену","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жену","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"плачущую","lemma":"плакать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, feminine, singular, accusative, imperfective","role":"modifies жену","gloss":"weeping"},{"surface":"помешанную","lemma":"помешанный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies жену","gloss":"deranged"},{"surface":"жену","lemma":"жена","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of глядеть","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жену","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of мамочку","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"мамочку","lemma":"мамочка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to жену","gloss":"mamochka"},{"surface":"которая","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of старалась","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies старалась","gloss":"kept"},{"surface":"старалась","lemma":"стараться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on мамочку","gloss":"was trying"},{"surface":"приподняться","lemma":"приподняться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of старалась","gloss":"to raise herself"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ноги","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"свои","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of ноги","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"больные","lemma":"больной","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies ноги","gloss":"ailing"},{"surface":"ноги","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of приподняться","gloss":"legs"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"заглянуть","lemma":"заглянуть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with приподняться","gloss":"to peer"},{"surface":"поближе","lemma":"близкий","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заглянуть","gloss":"closer"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мальчика","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of мальчика","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"мертвого","lemma":"мёртвый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мальчика","gloss":"dead"},{"surface":"мальчика","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заглянуть","gloss":"boy"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"epi-c3-s29","source":"Ниночку же дети приподняли с ее стулом и придвинули вплоть к гробу.","translation":"Ninochka, however, the children had lifted up, chair and all, and pushed right up against the coffin.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ниночку","lemma":"Ниночка","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of приподняли","gloss":"Ninochka"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Ниночку","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"дети","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of приподняли","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"приподняли","lemma":"приподнять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lifted up"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стулом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of стулом","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"стулом","lemma":"стул","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приподняли","gloss":"chair"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"придвинули","lemma":"придвинуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with приподняли","gloss":"pushed"},{"surface":"вплоть","lemma":"вплоть","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies к","gloss":"right up"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гробу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"гробу","lemma":"гроб","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of придвинули","gloss":"coffin"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"epi-c3-s30","source":"Она сидела, прижавшись к нему своею головой, и тоже, должно быть, тихо плакала.","translation":"She sat there, pressing her head close to it, and she too must have been weeping quietly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"прижавшись… своею головой","title":"Perfective gerund + reflexive possessive","body":"«прижавшись к нему своею головой» ('pressing her head to it'): «прижавшись» is a reflexive past gerund, and «своею» is the reflexive possessive «свой» (archaic instrumental «-ою») pointing back to the subject."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of сидела","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"сидела","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sat"},{"surface":"прижавшись","lemma":"прижаться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on сидела","gloss":"pressing"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прижавшись","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"своею","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of головой","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"головой","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прижавшись","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies плакала","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"должно","lemma":"должно","morphology":"adverb, invariable","role":"parenthetical modifying плакала","gloss":"must","note":"должно быть is a fixed parenthetical meaning 'evidently, presumably.'"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of должно","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"тихо","lemma":"тихо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies плакала","gloss":"quietly"},{"surface":"плакала","lemma":"плакать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сидела","gloss":"was weeping"}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"epi-c3-s31","source":"Лицо Снегирева имело вид оживленный, но как бы растерянный, а вместе с тем и ожесточенный.","translation":"Snegiryov's face had a look that was animated, yet somehow bewildered, and at the same time embittered.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of имело","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"Снегирева","lemma":"Снегирев","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Лицо","gloss":"Snegiryov's"},{"surface":"имело","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"вид","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of имело","gloss":"a look"},{"surface":"оживленный","lemma":"оживлённый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вид","gloss":"animated"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies растерянный","gloss":"as if","note":"как бы is a hedging idiom meaning 'as if, somehow.'"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"растерянный","lemma":"растерянный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with оживленный","gloss":"bewildered"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вместе","lemma":"вместе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ожесточенный","gloss":"at the same time"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тем","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of вместе","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"ожесточенный","lemma":"ожесточённый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with оживленный","gloss":"embittered"}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"epi-c3-s32","source":"В жестах его, в вырывавшихся словах его было что-то полоумное.","translation":"There was something half-witted in his gestures, in the words that broke from him.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жестах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"жестах","lemma":"жест","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"gestures"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies жестах","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking словах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"вырывавшихся","lemma":"вырываться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, locative, imperfective","role":"modifies словах","gloss":"that broke out"},{"surface":"словах","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies словах","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (existential)","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase что","gloss":"thing"},{"surface":"полоумное","lemma":"полоумный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of было","gloss":"half-witted"}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"epi-c3-s33","source":"«Батюшка, милый батюшка!» — восклицал он поминутно, смотря на Илюшу.","translation":"\"Little father, dear little father!\" he kept exclaiming every minute as he gazed at Ilusha.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Батюшка","lemma":"батюшка","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of восклицал (exclaimed address)","gloss":"Little father"},{"surface":"милый","lemma":"милый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies батюшка","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"батюшка","lemma":"батюшка","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Батюшка","gloss":"little father"},{"surface":"восклицал","lemma":"восклицать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"kept exclaiming"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of восклицал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"поминутно","lemma":"поминутно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies восклицал","gloss":"every minute"},{"surface":"смотря","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on восклицал","gloss":"gazing"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Илюшу","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Илюшу","lemma":"Илюша","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотря","gloss":"Ilusha"}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"epi-c3-s34","source":"У него была привычка, еще когда Илюша был в живых, говорить ему ласкаючи: «Батюшка, милый батюшка!»","translation":"He had had the habit, even while Ilusha was still alive, of saying to him caressingly: \"Little father, dear little father!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ласкаючи","title":"Archaic gerund «-ючи»","body":"«говорить ему ласкаючи» ('to say to him caressingly'): «ласкаючи» is a folk/archaic gerund in «-ючи» (vs standard «лаская») — Dostoevsky gives the captain's habit a homely, old-fashioned colour."}],"words":[{"surface":"У","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of была","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (existential)","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"привычка","lemma":"привычка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of была","gloss":"habit"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies когда","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of был","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"Илюша","lemma":"Илюша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"Ilusha"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to живых","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking живых","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"живых","lemma":"живой","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"oblique complement of был","gloss":"alive"},{"surface":"говорить","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of привычка","gloss":"to say"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of говорить","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"ласкаючи","lemma":"ласкать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective, archaic","role":"modifies говорить","gloss":"caressingly"},{"surface":"Батюшка","lemma":"батюшка","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of говорить (quoted words)","gloss":"Little father"},{"surface":"милый","lemma":"милый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies батюшка","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"батюшка","lemma":"батюшка","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Батюшка","gloss":"little father"}]},{"number":35,"label":"35","id":"epi-c3-s35","source":"— Папочка, дай и мне цветочков, возьми из его ручки, вот этот беленький, и дай! — всхлипывая попросила помешанная «мамочка».","translation":"— Papa, give me some little flowers too, take them from his hand, this little white one here, and give it to me! — the deranged \"mamochka\" begged, sobbing.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"дай… цветочков","title":"Imperatives + partitive diminutive","body":"«дай и мне цветочков… возьми… дай!»: a cluster of perfective imperatives, with «цветочков» a partitive genitive of the diminutive «цветочки» ('a few little flowers')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Папочка","lemma":"папочка","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative, addressee of дай","gloss":"Papa"},{"surface":"дай","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мне","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of дай","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"цветочков","lemma":"цветочек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of дай","gloss":"flowers"},{"surface":"возьми","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with дай","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ручки","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ручки","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"ручки","lemma":"ручка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of возьми","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies этот","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of беленький","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"беленький","lemma":"беленький","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of дай (second)","gloss":"the little white one"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"дай","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with дай","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"всхлипывая","lemma":"всхлипывать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on попросила","gloss":"sobbing"},{"surface":"попросила","lemma":"попросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"begged"},{"surface":"помешанная","lemma":"помешанный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мамочка","gloss":"deranged"},{"surface":"мамочка","lemma":"мамочка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of попросила","gloss":"mamochka"}]},{"number":36,"label":"36","id":"epi-c3-s36","source":"Или уж ей так понравилась маленькая беленькая роза, бывшая в руках Илюши, или то, что она из его рук захотела взять цветок на память, но она вся так и заметалась, протягивая за цветком руки.","translation":"Whether it was that the little white rose in Ilusha's hands had so taken her fancy, or that she wanted to take a flower from his very hands as a keepsake, she fell to thrashing all over, stretching out her hands for the flower.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ей… понравилась","title":"Dative experiencer of «нравиться»","body":"«ей так понравилась… роза» ('the rose had so taken her fancy'): «нравиться/понравиться» puts the experiencer in the dative («ей») and the thing liked in the nominative subject."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"бывшая в руках Илюши","title":"Past active participle «бывшая»","body":"«роза, бывшая в руках Илюши» ('the rose that had been in Ilusha's hands'): «бывшая» is the past active participle of «быть», compressing a whole relative clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies понравилась","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of понравилась","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies понравилась","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"понравилась","lemma":"понравиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had taken her fancy"},{"surface":"маленькая","lemma":"маленький","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies роза","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"беленькая","lemma":"беленький","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies роза","gloss":"white"},{"surface":"роза","lemma":"роза","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of понравилась","gloss":"rose"},{"surface":"бывшая","lemma":"бывший","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies роза","gloss":"that was"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руках","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"руках","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of бывшая","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"Илюши","lemma":"Илюша","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies руках","gloss":"Ilusha's"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with понравилась","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of захотела","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of захотела","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рук","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of рук","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"рук","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of взять","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"захотела","lemma":"захотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying то","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"взять","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of захотела","gloss":"to take"},{"surface":"цветок","lemma":"цветок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of взять","gloss":"a flower"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking память","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"память","lemma":"память","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of взять","gloss":"a keepsake"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of заметалась","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of она","gloss":"all over"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заметалась","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"positively"},{"surface":"заметалась","lemma":"заметаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fell to thrashing"},{"surface":"протягивая","lemma":"протягивать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on заметалась","gloss":"stretching out"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking цветком","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"цветком","lemma":"цветок","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of протягивая","gloss":"the flower"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of протягивая","gloss":"her hands"}]},{"number":37,"label":"37","id":"epi-c3-s37","source":"— Никому не дам, ничего не дам! — жестокосердно воскликнул Снегирев. — Его цветочки, а не твои. Всё его, ничего твоего!","translation":"— I'll give none to anyone, I'll give nothing! — cried Snegiryov hard-heartedly. — They are his flowers, not yours. Everything is his, nothing is yours!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Никому не дам, ничего не дам","title":"Stacked negation","body":"«Никому не дам, ничего не дам»: negative pronouns «никому» (dative) and «ничего» (genitive) each still demand the verbal «не» — Russian's obligatory double negation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Никому","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of дам","gloss":"to anyone"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дам","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"дам","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll give"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of дам","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дам","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"дам","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with дам","gloss":"I'll give"},{"surface":"жестокосердно","lemma":"жестокосердный","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies воскликнул","gloss":"hard-heartedly"},{"surface":"воскликнул","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cried"},{"surface":"Снегирев","lemma":"Снегирев","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнул","gloss":"Snegiryov"},{"surface":"Его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of цветочки","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"цветочки","lemma":"цветочек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"head of the phrase (predicate)","gloss":"flowers"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies твои","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"твои","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"coordinated with цветочки","gloss":"yours"},{"surface":"Всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject, predicate его understood","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of Всё","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"subject of твоего","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"твоего","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of ничего","gloss":"yours"}]},{"number":38,"label":"38","id":"epi-c3-s38","source":"— Папа, дайте маме цветок! — подняла вдруг свое смоченное слезами лицо Ниночка.","translation":"— Papa, give mama a flower! — Ninochka suddenly lifted her face, wet with tears.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"дайте маме цветок","title":"Imperative + dative recipient","body":"«дайте маме цветок» ('give mama a flower'): polite/plural imperative «дайте» with the recipient «маме» in the dative and the gift «цветок» in the accusative."}],"words":[{"surface":"Папа","lemma":"папа","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative, addressee of дайте","gloss":"Papa"},{"surface":"дайте","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"маме","lemma":"мама","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of дайте","gloss":"mama"},{"surface":"цветок","lemma":"цветок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of дайте","gloss":"a flower"},{"surface":"подняла","lemma":"поднять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lifted"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подняла","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"свое","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of лицо","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"смоченное","lemma":"смочить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, accusative, perfective","role":"modifies лицо","gloss":"wet"},{"surface":"слезами","lemma":"слеза","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"agent of смоченное","gloss":"with tears"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of подняла","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"Ниночка","lemma":"Ниночка","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of подняла","gloss":"Ninochka"}]},{"number":39,"label":"39","id":"epi-c3-s39","source":"— Ничего не дам, а ей пуще не дам! Она его не любила. Она у него тогда пушечку отняла, а он ей по-да-рил, — вдруг в голос прорыдал штабс-капитан при воспоминании о том, как Илюша уступил тогда свою пушечку маме.","translation":"— I'll give nothing, and to her least of all! She did not love him. She took his little cannon from him that time, and he gave it to her as a pre-sent, — the staff-captain suddenly broke into loud sobbing at the memory of how Ilusha had then given up his little cannon to his mama.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пуще","title":"Archaic comparative «пуще»","body":"«ей пуще не дам» ('to her least of all I'll give'): «пуще» is an archaic/folk comparative ('more, all the more') with no positive form in modern use."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of дам","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дам","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"дам","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll give"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of дам","gloss":"to her"},{"surface":"пуще","lemma":"пуще","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies дам","gloss":"even less"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дам","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"дам","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with дам","gloss":"I'll give"},{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of любила","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of любила","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies любила","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"любила","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"loved"},{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of отняла","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отняла","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отняла","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"пушечку","lemma":"пушечка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of отняла","gloss":"little cannon"},{"surface":"отняла","lemma":"отнять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"took away"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подарил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of подарил","gloss":"to her"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"подарить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective (hyphenated fragment 1 of 3)","role":"part of the hyphenated word по-да-рил, main verb of the clause","gloss":"gave","note":"The hyphens (по-да-рил) render Snegiryov's halting, sob-broken speech; the three fragments together spell подарил, 'gave [it to her] as a present.'"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"подарить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective (hyphenated fragment 2 of 3)","role":"part of the hyphenated word по-да-рил","gloss":"(cont'd)"},{"surface":"рил","lemma":"подарить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective (hyphenated fragment 3 of 3)","role":"part of the hyphenated word по-да-рил, coordinated with отняла","gloss":"(cont'd)"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прорыдал","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking голос","gloss":"aloud"},{"surface":"голос","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прорыдал","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"прорыдал","lemma":"прорыдать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"broke into sobs"},{"surface":"штабс","lemma":"штабс-капитан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular (part 1 of compound)","role":"part of the compound штабс-капитан, subject of прорыдал","gloss":"staff-"},{"surface":"капитан","lemma":"штабс-капитан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular (part 2 of compound)","role":"part of the compound штабс-капитан, subject of прорыдал","gloss":"captain"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking воспоминании","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"воспоминании","lemma":"воспоминание","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of прорыдал","gloss":"the memory"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies воспоминании","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of уступил","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"Илюша","lemma":"Илюша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of уступил","gloss":"Ilusha"},{"surface":"уступил","lemma":"уступить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying том","gloss":"had given up"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уступил","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of пушечку","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"пушечку","lemma":"пушечка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of уступил","gloss":"little cannon"},{"surface":"маме","lemma":"мама","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of уступил","gloss":"to his mama"}]},{"number":40,"label":"40","id":"epi-c3-s40","source":"Бедная помешанная так и залилась вся тихим плачем, закрыв лицо руками.","translation":"The poor madwoman dissolved entirely into quiet weeping, covering her face with her hands.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"залилась… тихим плачем, закрыв лицо","title":"Instrumental of manner + gerund","body":"«залилась… тихим плачем, закрыв лицо руками»: «тихим плачем» is an instrumental of manner ('dissolved in quiet weeping'), «руками» an instrumental of means, and «закрыв» a perfective gerund."}],"words":[{"surface":"Бедная","lemma":"бедный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies помешанная","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"помешанная","lemma":"помешанный","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of залилась","gloss":"madwoman"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies залилась","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"entirely"},{"surface":"залилась","lemma":"залиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"dissolved"},{"surface":"вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies помешанная","gloss":"entirely"},{"surface":"тихим","lemma":"тихий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies плачем","gloss":"quiet"},{"surface":"плачем","lemma":"плач","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of залилась","gloss":"weeping"},{"surface":"закрыв","lemma":"закрыть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on залилась","gloss":"covering"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of закрыв","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"руками","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of закрыв","gloss":"with her hands"}]},{"number":41,"label":"41","id":"epi-c3-s41","source":"Мальчики, видя, наконец, что отец не выпускает гроб от себя, а между тем пора нести, вдруг обступили гроб тесною кучкой и стали его подымать.","translation":"The boys, seeing at last that the father would not let the coffin go, and that meanwhile it was time to carry it out, suddenly surrounded the coffin in a tight little cluster and began to lift it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"видя… стали подымать","title":"Imperfective gerund + phase verb","body":"«видя… что отец не выпускает гроб» uses the imperfective gerund «видя» ('seeing'); «стали подымать» is the phase verb «стать» + imperfective infinitive marking the onset of an action."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мальчики","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of обступили","gloss":"the boys"},{"surface":"видя","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on обступили","gloss":"seeing"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies видя","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of выпускает","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выпускает","gloss":"the father"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies выпускает","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"выпускает","lemma":"выпускать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"complement clause of видя","gloss":"would let go"},{"surface":"гроб","lemma":"гроб","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of выпускает","gloss":"the coffin"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"oblique complement of выпускает","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тем","gloss":"meanwhile"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom между тем, modifies пора","gloss":"meanwhile"},{"surface":"пора","lemma":"пора","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"clausal complement of видя, coordinated with выпускает","gloss":"was time"},{"surface":"нести","lemma":"нести","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on пора","gloss":"to carry"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обступили","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"обступили","lemma":"обступить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"surrounded"},{"surface":"гроб","lemma":"гроб","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of обступили","gloss":"the coffin"},{"surface":"тесною","lemma":"тесный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies кучкой","gloss":"tight"},{"surface":"кучкой","lemma":"кучка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обступили","gloss":"cluster"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"стали","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with обступили","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of подымать","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"подымать","lemma":"подымать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стали","gloss":"to lift"}]},{"number":42,"label":"42","id":"epi-c3-s42","source":"— Не хочу в ограде хоронить! — возопил вдруг Снегирев, — у камня похороню, у нашего камушка! Так Илюша велел. Не дам нести!","translation":"— I don't want to bury him in the churchyard! — Snegiryov suddenly howled. — I'll bury him by the stone, by our little stone! Ilusha asked it so. I won't let you carry him!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"у камушка… велел","title":"Diminutive + «велеть» + infinitive","body":"«у нашего камушка! Так Илюша велел»: «камушка» is the diminutive of «камень» (the beloved 'little stone'); «велеть» governs an infinitive of command."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хочу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ограде","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ограде","lemma":"ограда","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of хоронить","gloss":"the churchyard"},{"surface":"хоронить","lemma":"хоронить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хочу","gloss":"to bury"},{"surface":"возопил","lemma":"возопить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"howled"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies возопил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"Снегирев","lemma":"Снегирев","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of возопил","gloss":"Snegiryov"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking камня","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"камня","lemma":"камень","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of похороню","gloss":"the stone"},{"surface":"похороню","lemma":"похоронить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll bury"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking камушка","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"нашего","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of камушка","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"камушка","lemma":"камушек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with камня","gloss":"little stone"},{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies велел","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"Илюша","lemma":"Илюша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of велел","gloss":"Ilusha"},{"surface":"велел","lemma":"велеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дам","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"дам","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"allow"},{"surface":"нести","lemma":"нести","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of дам","gloss":"carry"}]},{"number":43,"label":"43","id":"epi-c3-s43","source":"Он и прежде, все три дня говорил, что похоронит у камня; но вступились Алеша, Красоткин, квартирная хозяйка, сестра ее, все мальчики.","translation":"He had been saying for all three days before, too, that he would bury him by the stone; but Alyosha, Krasotkin, the landlady, her sister, and all the boys had argued against it.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прежде","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорил","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of три дня (duration)","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on дня","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"дня","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial time complement of говорил","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had been saying"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of похоронит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"похоронит","lemma":"похоронить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of говорил","gloss":"would bury him"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking камня","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"камня","lemma":"камень","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of похоронит","gloss":"the stone"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вступились","lemma":"вступиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with говорил","gloss":"objected"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вступились","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"Красоткин","lemma":"красоткин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Алеша","gloss":"Krasotkin"},{"surface":"квартирная","lemma":"квартирный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies хозяйка","gloss":"lodging-house"},{"surface":"хозяйка","lemma":"хозяйка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with Алеша","gloss":"the landlady"},{"surface":"сестра","lemma":"сестра","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with Алеша","gloss":"the sister"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"её","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies сестра","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of мальчики","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"мальчики","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with Алеша","gloss":"the boys"}]},{"number":44,"label":"44","id":"epi-c3-s44","source":"— Вишь, что выдумал, у камня поганого хоронить, точно бы удавленника, — строго проговорила старуха хозяйка. — Там в ограде земля со крестом. Там по нем молиться будут. Из церкви пение слышно, а дьякон так чисторечиво и словесно читает, что всё до него кажный раз долетит, точно бы над могилкой его читали.","translation":"— Look at what he's thought up, to bury him by an unhallowed stone, as if he were a man who'd hanged himself, — the old landlady said sternly. — There in the churchyard the ground has a cross on it. There they will pray for him. From the church the singing is heard, and the deacon reads so clearly and so eloquently that every word will reach him each time, just as if it were read over his very grave.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вишь, что выдумал… кажный","title":"Colloquial/dialect forms","body":"The landlady's «Вишь» (from «видишь», 'look!'), «кажный» (for «каждый»), and «точно бы» ('as if') mark her speech as folk and unschooled."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вишь","lemma":"вишь","morphology":"interjection/particle, dialectal","role":"discourse marker introducing выдумал","gloss":"look","note":"Colloquial contraction of \"видишь\" (\"you see\"), used to draw attention."},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of выдумал","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"выдумал","lemma":"выдумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he's dreamed up"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking камня","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"камня","lemma":"камень","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of хоронить","gloss":"the stone"},{"surface":"поганого","lemma":"поганый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies камня","gloss":"unhallowed"},{"surface":"хоронить","lemma":"хоронить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of выдумал","gloss":"to bury"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"adverb (comparative)","role":"introduces точно бы comparison on хоронить","gloss":"as if","note":"\"точно бы\" together means \"as though\"."},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"forms точно бы (\"as if\") with точно","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"удавленника","lemma":"удавленник","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of the elided verb in the точно бы comparison","gloss":"a hanged man"},{"surface":"строго","lemma":"строго","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорила","gloss":"sternly"},{"surface":"проговорила","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"старуха","lemma":"старуха","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of проговорила","gloss":"the old woman"},{"surface":"хозяйка","lemma":"хозяйка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to старуха","gloss":"landlady"},{"surface":"Там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase (elided есть)","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ограде","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ограде","lemma":"ограда","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Там","gloss":"the churchyard"},{"surface":"земля","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of the clause (elided есть)","gloss":"the ground"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"со","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking крестом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"крестом","lemma":"крест","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies земля","gloss":"a cross"},{"surface":"Там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies молиться будут","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of молиться","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"молиться","lemma":"молиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"pray"},{"surface":"будут","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of молиться","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"Из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking церкви","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"церкви","lemma":"церковь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of слышно","gloss":"the church"},{"surface":"пение","lemma":"пение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of слышно","gloss":"singing"},{"surface":"слышно","lemma":"слышный","morphology":"adjective (predicative), neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"can be heard"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"дьякон","lemma":"дьякон","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of читает","gloss":"the deacon"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies чисторечиво","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"чисторечиво","lemma":"чисторечиво","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies читает","gloss":"clearly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"словесно","lemma":"словесно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with чисторечиво","gloss":"eloquently"},{"surface":"читает","lemma":"читать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with слышно (clause introduced by а)","gloss":"reads"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of долетит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of долетит","gloss":"every word"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of долетит","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"кажный","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular, dialectal","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"every","note":"Dialectal form of \"каждый\" (\"every\")."},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of долетит","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"долетит","lemma":"долететь","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of читает","gloss":"will reach"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"adverb (comparative)","role":"introduces точно бы comparison on читали","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"forms точно бы (\"as if\") with точно","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking могилкой","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"могилкой","lemma":"могилка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of читали","gloss":"his grave"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies могилкой","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"читали","lemma":"читать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with долетит","gloss":"were being read"}]},{"number":45,"label":"45","id":"epi-c3-s45","source":"Штабс-капитан замахал наконец руками: «Несите, дескать, куда хотите!»","translation":"The staff-captain at last waved his hands: \"Carry him wherever you like, then!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Несите… дескать","title":"Imperative + reportative «дескать»","body":"«Несите… куда хотите!»: imperative «несите» ('carry'); «дескать» is a reportative particle flagging the words as the captain's gist rather than direct speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"Штабс","lemma":"штабс-капитан","morphology":"noun (first part of compound), indeclinable","role":"part of compound Штабс-капитан, subject of замахал","gloss":"staff"},{"surface":"капитан","lemma":"капитан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of замахал","gloss":"captain"},{"surface":"замахал","lemma":"замахать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"waved"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies замахал","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"руками","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of замахал","gloss":"his hands"},{"surface":"Несите","lemma":"нести","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted imperative clause","gloss":"carry him"},{"surface":"дескать","lemma":"дескать","morphology":"particle","role":"parenthetical particle marking reported speech","gloss":"so to speak","note":"Colloquial particle flagging the words as someone else's (reported) speech."},{"surface":"куда","lemma":"куда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хотите","gloss":"wherever"},{"surface":"хотите","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on Несите","gloss":"you like"}]},{"number":46,"label":"46","id":"epi-c3-s46","source":"Дети подняли гроб, но, пронося мимо матери, остановились пред ней на минутку и опустили его, чтоб она могла с Илюшей проститься.","translation":"The children raised the coffin, but, carrying it past the mother, they stopped before her for a moment and set it down, so that she might bid Ilusha farewell.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пронося… чтоб она могла проститься","title":"Gerund + purpose clause","body":"«пронося мимо матери» is an imperfective gerund; «чтоб она могла… проститься» is a purpose clause with «чтоб» + past-form verb (the subjunctive of purpose)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Дети","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of подняли","gloss":"the children"},{"surface":"подняли","lemma":"поднять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"raised"},{"surface":"гроб","lemma":"гроб","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of подняли","gloss":"the coffin"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"пронося","lemma":"проносить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on остановились","gloss":"carrying it"},{"surface":"мимо","lemma":"мимо","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking матери","gloss":"past"},{"surface":"матери","lemma":"мать","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пронося","gloss":"the mother"},{"surface":"остановились","lemma":"остановиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with подняли","gloss":"stopped"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of остановились","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минутку","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"минутку","lemma":"минутка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of остановились","gloss":"a minute"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"опустили","lemma":"опустить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with подняли","gloss":"lowered"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of опустили","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of могла","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of могла","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"могла","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on опустили","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Илюшей","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Илюшей","lemma":"илюша","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of могла","gloss":"Ilyusha"},{"surface":"проститься","lemma":"проститься","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могла","gloss":"say goodbye"}]},{"number":47,"label":"47","id":"epi-c3-s47","source":"Но увидав вдруг это дорогое личико вблизи, на которое все три дня смотрела лишь с некоторого расстояния, она вдруг вся затряслась и начала истерически дергать над гробом своею седою головой взад и вперед.","translation":"But catching sight all at once of that dear little face up close, the face she had looked at all three days only from some distance, she suddenly began to tremble all over and started jerking her gray head hysterically back and forth above the coffin.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"это… личико, на которое… смотрела","title":"Relative «на которое»","body":"«личико, на которое… смотрела» ('the little face she had been gazing at'): «на которое» keeps the case its own clause needs (here «на» + accusative) while pointing back to «личико»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"увидав","lemma":"увидать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on затряслась","gloss":"catching sight of"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies увидав","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of личико","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"дорогое","lemma":"дорогой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies личико","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"личико","lemma":"личико","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of увидав","gloss":"little face"},{"surface":"вблизи","lemma":"вблизи","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies увидав","gloss":"close up"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которое","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"которое","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотрела, refers to личико","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of три дня (duration)","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on дня","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"дня","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial time complement of смотрела","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"смотрела","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause modifying личико","gloss":"had looked"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies с некоторого расстояния","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking расстояния","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"некоторого","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of расстояния","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"расстояния","lemma":"расстояние","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотрела","gloss":"a distance"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of затряслась","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies затряслась","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies затряслась (adverbial \"all over\")","gloss":"all over"},{"surface":"затряслась","lemma":"затрястись","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began to tremble"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"начала","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with затряслась","gloss":"started"},{"surface":"истерически","lemma":"истерически","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дергать","gloss":"hysterically"},{"surface":"дергать","lemma":"дёргать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начала","gloss":"to jerk"},{"surface":"над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гробом","gloss":"above"},{"surface":"гробом","lemma":"гроб","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of дергать","gloss":"the coffin"},{"surface":"своею","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of головой","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"седою","lemma":"седой","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies головой","gloss":"gray"},{"surface":"головой","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of дергать","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"взад","lemma":"взад","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дергать","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вперед","lemma":"вперёд","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with взад","gloss":"forth"}]},{"number":48,"label":"48","id":"epi-c3-s48","source":"— Мама, окрести его, благослови его, поцелуй его, — прокричала ей Ниночка.","translation":"— Mama, cross him, bless him, kiss him, — Ninochka cried out to her.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"окрести его, благослови его, поцелуй его","title":"Triad of imperatives","body":"«окрести… благослови… поцелуй»: three perfective imperatives. «окрестить» here means to make the sign of the cross over someone — a parting blessing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мама","lemma":"мама","morphology":"noun, vocative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Mama"},{"surface":"окрести","lemma":"окрестить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the imperative clause","gloss":"cross him"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of окрести","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"благослови","lemma":"благословить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with окрести","gloss":"bless"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of благослови","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"поцелуй","lemma":"поцеловать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with окрести","gloss":"kiss"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of поцелуй","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"прокричала","lemma":"прокричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of прокричала","gloss":"to her"},{"surface":"Ниночка","lemma":"ниночка","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of прокричала","gloss":"Ninochka"}]},{"number":49,"label":"49","id":"epi-c3-s49","source":"Но та, как автомат, всё дергалась своею головой и безмолвно, с искривленным от жгучего горя лицом, вдруг стала бить себя кулаком в грудь.","translation":"But she, like an automaton, kept jerking her head and, wordlessly, her face contorted with burning grief, suddenly began beating her breast with her fist.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"бить себя кулаком в грудь","title":"Reflexive object + instrumental","body":"«стала бить себя кулаком в грудь» ('began beating her breast with her fist'): reflexive «себя» as object, «кулаком» an instrumental of instrument."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"та","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of дергалась","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"comparative preposition","role":"introduces comparison автомат","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"автомат","lemma":"автомат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of как (comparison)","gloss":"an automaton"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дергалась","gloss":"kept on"},{"surface":"дергалась","lemma":"дёргаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"kept jerking"},{"surface":"своею","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of головой","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"головой","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of дергалась","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"безмолвно","lemma":"безмолвно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стала (бить)","gloss":"silently"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лицом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"искривленным","lemma":"искривлённый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies лицом","gloss":"contorted"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking горя","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"жгучего","lemma":"жгучий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies горя","gloss":"burning"},{"surface":"горя","lemma":"горе","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of искривленным","gloss":"grief"},{"surface":"лицом","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with безмолвно (describing та)","gloss":"her face"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стала","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"стала","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with дергалась","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"бить","lemma":"бить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стала","gloss":"to beat"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of бить","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"кулаком","lemma":"кулак","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"instrumental complement of бить","gloss":"with her fist"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking грудь","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"грудь","lemma":"грудь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бить","gloss":"the breast"}]},{"number":50,"label":"50","id":"epi-c3-s50","source":"Гроб понесли дальше.","translation":"The coffin was carried on.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Гроб","lemma":"гроб","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of понесли","gloss":"the coffin"},{"surface":"понесли","lemma":"понести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"carried"},{"surface":"дальше","lemma":"дальше","morphology":"adverb (comparative)","role":"modifies понесли","gloss":"onward"}]},{"number":51,"label":"51","id":"epi-c3-s51","source":"Ниночка в последний раз прильнула губами к устам покойного брата, когда проносили мимо нее.","translation":"Ninochka pressed her lips for the last time to the lips of her dead brother as they bore him past her.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"прильнула губами к устам","title":"Church-Slavonic «уста»","body":"«прильнула губами к устам покойного» ('pressed her lips to the lips of the deceased'): «уста» is the elevated Church-Slavonic word for «губы», and «покойного» is a substantivized adjective, 'the deceased'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ниночка","lemma":"ниночка","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of прильнула","gloss":"Ninochka"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"последний","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"the last"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прильнула","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"прильнула","lemma":"прильнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"pressed"},{"surface":"губами","lemma":"губа","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"instrumental complement of прильнула","gloss":"her lips"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking устам","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"устам","lemma":"уста","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of прильнула","gloss":"the lips"},{"surface":"покойного","lemma":"покойный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies брата","gloss":"dead"},{"surface":"брата","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies устам","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of проносили","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"проносили","lemma":"проносить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on прильнула","gloss":"they carried him"},{"surface":"мимо","lemma":"мимо","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"past"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of проносили","gloss":"her"}]},{"number":52,"label":"52","id":"epi-c3-s52","source":"Алеша, выходя из дому, обратился было к квартирной хозяйке с просьбой присмотреть за оставшимися, но та и договорить не дала:","translation":"Alyosha, going out of the house, turned to the landlady to ask her to look after those left behind, but she would not even let him finish:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"обратился было","title":"Particle «было» of cancelled action","body":"«обратился было… но та и договорить не дала»: the particle «было» marks an action begun but at once cut off — he 'started to turn' to ask, but she stopped him."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of обратился","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"выходя","lemma":"выходить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on обратился","gloss":"going out"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дому","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"дому","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выходя","gloss":"the house"},{"surface":"обратился","lemma":"обратиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"particle marking an attempted/interrupted action","role":"modifies обратился","gloss":"started to","note":"\"было\" here signals an action begun (or about to happen) but then interrupted — \"had turned, but...\"."},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking хозяйке","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"квартирной","lemma":"квартирный","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies хозяйке","gloss":"lodging-house"},{"surface":"хозяйке","lemma":"хозяйка","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обратился","gloss":"landlady"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking просьбой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"просьбой","lemma":"просьба","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обратился","gloss":"a request"},{"surface":"присмотреть","lemma":"присмотреть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"modifies просьбой","gloss":"to look after"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking оставшимися","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"оставшимися","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, instrumental, perfective","role":"oblique complement of присмотреть","gloss":"those who remained"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"та","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of дала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies договорить (emphatic)","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"договорить","lemma":"договорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of дала","gloss":"finish speaking"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дала","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"дала","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with обратился","gloss":"let"}]},{"number":53,"label":"53","id":"epi-c3-s53","source":"— Знамо дело, при них буду, христиане и мы тоже. — Старуха, говоря это, плакала.","translation":"— Of course, I'll be with them — we are Christians too. — The old woman was weeping as she said it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Знамо дело","title":"Folk «знамо» = «известно»","body":"«Знамо дело» ('of course', lit. 'a known thing') uses the dialectal short participle «знамо» for standard «известно» — the landlady's plain peasant speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"Знамо","lemma":"знамый","morphology":"adjective (short form), neuter, singular, dialectal","role":"modifies дело","gloss":"of course","note":"\"Знамо дело\" is a dialectal fixed phrase meaning \"of course, naturally.\""},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"a known thing"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, locative, plural","role":"oblique complement of буду","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"I'll be"},{"surface":"христиане","lemma":"христианин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"predicate of elided clause (мы... тоже)","gloss":"Christians"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of elided clause, coordinated with христиане","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies христиане","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"Старуха","lemma":"старуха","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of плакала","gloss":"the old woman"},{"surface":"говоря","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on плакала","gloss":"saying"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of говоря","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"плакала","lemma":"плакать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was weeping"}]},{"number":54,"label":"54","id":"epi-c3-s54","source":"Нести до церкви было недалеко, шагов триста, не более.","translation":"It was not far to carry him to the church, some three hundred paces, no more.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"шагов триста","title":"Approximate numeral","body":"«шагов триста, не более» ('some three hundred paces, no more'): noun-before-numeral inversion again signals approximation, with «шагов» in the genitive plural."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нести","lemma":"нести","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"subject of недалеко (impersonal construction)","gloss":"to carry him"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking церкви","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"церкви","lemma":"церковь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Нести","gloss":"the church"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to недалеко","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"недалеко","lemma":"недалеко","morphology":"adverb (predicative)","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"not far"},{"surface":"шагов","lemma":"шаг","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to недалеко (specifies the distance)","gloss":"paces"},{"surface":"триста","lemma":"триста","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"modifies шагов","gloss":"three hundred"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies более","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with недалеко","gloss":"more"}]},{"number":55,"label":"55","id":"epi-c3-s55","source":"День стал ясный, тихий; морозило, но немного.","translation":"The day had turned clear and still; it was freezing, but not hard.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"День","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стал","gloss":"the day"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had turned"},{"surface":"ясный","lemma":"ясный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"clear"},{"surface":"тихий","lemma":"тихий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with ясный","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"морозило","lemma":"морозить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective (impersonal)","role":"coordinated with стал","gloss":"it was freezing"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"немного","lemma":"немного","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies морозило","gloss":"not much"}]},{"number":56,"label":"56","id":"epi-c3-s56","source":"Благовестный звон еще раздавался.","translation":"The bell for service was still ringing out.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Благовестный","lemma":"благовестный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies звон","gloss":"for the service"},{"surface":"звон","lemma":"звон","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of раздавался","gloss":"the bell"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раздавался","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"раздавался","lemma":"раздаваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was ringing out"}]},{"number":57,"label":"57","id":"epi-c3-s57","source":"Снегирев суетливо и растерянно бежал за гробом в своем стареньком, коротеньком, почти летнем пальтишке, с непокрытою головой и с старою, широкополою, мягкою шляпой в руках.","translation":"Snegiryov ran after the coffin in a fluster and bewilderment, in his old, short little overcoat, almost a summer one, his head uncovered, with his old, broad-brimmed, soft hat in his hands.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пальтишке… с непокрытою головой","title":"Pejorative diminutive + archaic ending","body":"«пальтишке» is a disparaging diminutive ('shabby little coat'); «непокрытою» shows the archaic feminine instrumental «-ою» on a past passive participle ('with uncovered head')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Снегирев","lemma":"снегирев","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of бежал","gloss":"Snegiryov"},{"surface":"суетливо","lemma":"суетливо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бежал","gloss":"in a fluster"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"растерянно","lemma":"растерянно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with суетливо","gloss":"in bewilderment"},{"surface":"бежал","lemma":"бежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ran"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гробом","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"гробом","lemma":"гроб","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бежал","gloss":"the coffin"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пальтишке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"своем","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of пальтишке","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"стареньком","lemma":"старенький","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пальтишке","gloss":"shabby little"},{"surface":"коротеньком","lemma":"коротенький","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with стареньком","gloss":"short little"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies летнем","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"летнем","lemma":"летний","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with стареньком","gloss":"summer"},{"surface":"пальтишке","lemma":"пальтишко","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of бежал","gloss":"little overcoat"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking непокрытою","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"непокрытою","lemma":"непокрытый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies головой","gloss":"uncovered"},{"surface":"головой","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бежал","gloss":"his head"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking старою","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"старою","lemma":"старый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies шляпой","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"широкополою","lemma":"широкополый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with старою","gloss":"broad-brimmed"},{"surface":"мягкою","lemma":"мягкий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with старою","gloss":"soft"},{"surface":"шляпой","lemma":"шляпа","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with головой","gloss":"hat"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руках","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"руках","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"modifies шляпой","gloss":"his hands"}]},{"number":58,"label":"58","id":"epi-c3-s58","source":"Он был в какой-то неразрешимой заботе, то вдруг протягивал руку, чтоб поддержать изголовье гроба, и только мешал несущим, то забегал сбоку и искал, где бы хоть тут пристроиться.","translation":"He was in some sort of insoluble anxiety, now suddenly reaching out a hand to support the head of the coffin and only getting in the bearers' way, now darting along the side and looking for some place where he too might fit himself in.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"то… то…","title":"Correlative «то… то…»","body":"«то вдруг протягивал руку… то забегал сбоку»: the paired «то… то…» ('now… now…') coordinates alternating actions; «где бы… пристроиться» is «бы» + infinitive ('somewhere to fit himself in')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to заботе","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking заботе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of заботе","gloss":"some sort of"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle (indefinite marker)","role":"forms indefinite determiner какой-то with какой","gloss":"sort of"},{"surface":"неразрешимой","lemma":"неразрешимый","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies заботе","gloss":"insoluble"},{"surface":"заботе","lemma":"забота","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"anxiety"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle (correlative, то...то)","role":"correlative marker pairing with то (забегал)","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies протягивал","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"протягивал","lemma":"протягивать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the то-clause, coordinated with был","gloss":"would reach out"},{"surface":"руку","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of протягивал","gloss":"his hand"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of поддержать","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"поддержать","lemma":"поддержать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on протягивал","gloss":"support"},{"surface":"изголовье","lemma":"изголовье","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of поддержать","gloss":"the head-end"},{"surface":"гроба","lemma":"гроб","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies изголовье","gloss":"of the coffin"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мешал","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"мешал","lemma":"мешать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with протягивал","gloss":"got in the way"},{"surface":"несущим","lemma":"несущий","morphology":"noun (substantivized participle), dative, masculine, plural","role":"indirect object of мешал","gloss":"the bearers"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle (correlative, то...то)","role":"correlative marker pairing with то (протягивал)","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"забегал","lemma":"забегать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with протягивал","gloss":"would dart"},{"surface":"сбоку","lemma":"сбоку","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies забегал","gloss":"to the side"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"искал","lemma":"искать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with протягивал","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пристроиться","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle (conditional/subjunctive)","role":"auxiliary of пристроиться","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тут","gloss":"at least"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пристроиться","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"пристроиться","lemma":"пристроиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of искал","gloss":"fit himself in"}]},{"number":59,"label":"59","id":"epi-c3-s59","source":"Упал один цветок на снег, и он так и бросился подымать его, как будто от потери этого цветка бог знает что зависело.","translation":"One flower fell onto the snow, and he flung himself at once to pick it up, as though God knows what depended on the loss of that flower.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Упал","lemma":"упасть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fell"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies цветок","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"цветок","lemma":"цветок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Упал","gloss":"flower"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking снег","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"снег","lemma":"снег","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Упал","gloss":"the snow"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of бросился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бросился","gloss":"right away","note":"‘так и’ is a set phrase meaning ‘immediately, at once’."},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"(right away, cont'd)"},{"surface":"бросился","lemma":"броситься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Упал","gloss":"flung himself"},{"surface":"подымать","lemma":"подымать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of бросился","gloss":"to pick up"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of подымать","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of знает","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"(as though, cont'd)"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking потери","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"потери","lemma":"потеря","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of зависело","gloss":"the loss"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of цветка","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"цветка","lemma":"цветок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies потери","gloss":"flower"},{"surface":"бог","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знает","gloss":"God","note":"‘бог знает что’ is an idiom meaning ‘goodness knows what, so much’."},{"surface":"знает","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on бросился","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of зависело","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"зависело","lemma":"зависеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of знает","gloss":"depended"}]},{"number":60,"label":"60","id":"epi-c3-s60","source":"— А корочку-то, корочку-то забыли, — вдруг воскликнул он в страшном испуге.","translation":"— And the little crust, the little crust, we've forgotten it, — he suddenly exclaimed in dreadful alarm.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"корочку-то, корочку-то","title":"Emphatic particle «-то» + diminutive","body":"«А корочку-то, корочку-то забыли»: the clitic «-то» topicalizes and emphasizes ('the *crust*, the crust!'); «корочку» is the diminutive of «корка»."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"корочку","lemma":"корочка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of забыли","gloss":"the little crust"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to корочку","gloss":"(emphasis)","note":"colloquial ‘-то’ particle adds emphasis; it isn't translated as a separate word."},{"surface":"корочку","lemma":"корочка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with корочку","gloss":"the little crust"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to корочку","gloss":"(emphasis)"},{"surface":"забыли","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"forgot"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies воскликнул","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"воскликнул","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"exclaimed"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнул","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking испуге","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"страшном","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies испуге","gloss":"dreadful"},{"surface":"испуге","lemma":"испуг","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of воскликнул","gloss":"alarm"}]},{"number":61,"label":"61","id":"epi-c3-s61","source":"Но мальчики тотчас напомнили ему, что корочку хлебца он уже захватил еще давеча и что она у него в кармане.","translation":"But the boys reminded him at once that he had already taken the little crust of bread earlier and that it was in his pocket.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"корочку хлебца… давеча","title":"Partitive diminutive + archaic «давеча»","body":"«корочку хлебца» pairs two diminutives, «хлебца» a partitive genitive ('a bit of bread'); «давеча» is the archaic-colloquial 'a little while ago, earlier today'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"мальчики","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of напомнили","gloss":"the boys"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies напомнили","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"напомнили","lemma":"напомнить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"reminded"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of напомнили","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of захватил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"корочку","lemma":"корочка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of захватил","gloss":"the crust"},{"surface":"хлебца","lemma":"хлебец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies корочку","gloss":"of bread"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of захватил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies захватил","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"захватил","lemma":"захватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of напомнили","gloss":"had taken"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies давеча","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"давеча","lemma":"давеча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies захватил","gloss":"earlier"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of кармане","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of the clause headed by кармане","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies кармане","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кармане","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"кармане","lemma":"карман","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of она","gloss":"pocket"}]},{"number":62,"label":"62","id":"epi-c3-s62","source":"Он мигом выдернул ее из кармана и, удостоверившись, успокоился.","translation":"He pulled it out of his pocket in an instant and, having made sure, was reassured.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"удостоверившись, успокоился","title":"Perfective gerund of sequence","body":"«удостоверившись, успокоился» ('having made sure, he was reassured'): the past perfective gerund «удостоверившись» marks the completed action just before the main verb."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выдернул","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"мигом","lemma":"миг","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выдернул","gloss":"in an instant"},{"surface":"выдернул","lemma":"выдернуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"pulled out"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of выдернул","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кармана","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"кармана","lemma":"карман","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выдернул","gloss":"his pocket"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"удостоверившись","lemma":"удостовериться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on успокоился","gloss":"having made sure"},{"surface":"успокоился","lemma":"успокоиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with выдернул","gloss":"was reassured"}]},{"number":63,"label":"63","id":"epi-c3-s63","source":"— Илюшечка велел, Илюшечка, — пояснил он тотчас Алеше, — лежал он ночью, а я подле сидел, и вдруг приказал: «Папочка, когда засыплют мою могилку, покроши на ней корочку хлебца, чтоб воробушки прилетали, я услышу, что они прилетели, и мне весело будет, что я не один лежу».","translation":"— Ilushechka asked for it, Ilushechka, — he explained at once to Alyosha. — He was lying there at night, and I was sitting beside him, and suddenly he told me: \"Papa, when they cover over my little grave, crumble a crust of bread on it, so that the little sparrows will fly down, and I will hear that they have come, and it will gladden me that I am not lying alone.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"когда засыплют… покроши","title":"Perfective future in a «когда»-clause","body":"«когда засыплют мою могилку, покроши… корочку»: Russian uses the perfective future «засыплют» where English uses a present ('when they cover'), and «покроши» is a perfective imperative."}],"words":[{"surface":"Илюшечка","lemma":"илюшечка","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of велел","gloss":"Ilyushechka"},{"surface":"велел","lemma":"велеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"asked for it"},{"surface":"Илюшечка","lemma":"илюшечка","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"repeats the subject Илюшечка for emphasis","gloss":"Ilyushechka"},{"surface":"пояснил","lemma":"пояснить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to велел","gloss":"explained"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пояснил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пояснил","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"Алеше","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of пояснил","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"лежал","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to пояснил","gloss":"was lying"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of лежал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ночью","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of лежал","gloss":"at night"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сидел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"подле","lemma":"подле","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сидел","gloss":"beside him"},{"surface":"сидел","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with лежал","gloss":"was sitting"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приказал","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"приказал","lemma":"приказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with лежал","gloss":"told me"},{"surface":"Папочка","lemma":"папочка","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address opening the quoted speech","gloss":"Papa"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of засыплют","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"засыплют","lemma":"засыпать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on покроши","gloss":"they cover over"},{"surface":"мою","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of могилку","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"могилку","lemma":"могилка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of засыплют","gloss":"little grave"},{"surface":"покроши","lemma":"покрошить","morphology":"verb, imperative, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted sentence","gloss":"crumble"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of покроши","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"корочку","lemma":"корочка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of покроши","gloss":"a crust"},{"surface":"хлебца","lemma":"хлебец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies корочку","gloss":"of bread"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of прилетали","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"воробушки","lemma":"воробушек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of прилетали","gloss":"little sparrows"},{"surface":"прилетали","lemma":"прилетать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"purpose clause on покроши","gloss":"will fly down"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of услышу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"услышу","lemma":"услышать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with покроши","gloss":"will hear"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of прилетели","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of прилетели","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"прилетели","lemma":"прилететь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of услышу","gloss":"have come"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of весело","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"весело","lemma":"весело","morphology":"adverb, predicative","role":"coordinated with услышу","gloss":"glad"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to весело","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of лежу","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of лежу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies один","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies я","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"лежу","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of весело","gloss":"am lying"}]},{"number":64,"label":"64","id":"epi-c3-s64","source":"— Это очень хорошо, — сказал Алеша, — надо чаще носить.","translation":"— That is very good, — said Alyosha, — you must bring it often.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of хорошо","gloss":"That"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хорошо","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"хорошо","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of Это","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to хорошо","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb, predicative","role":"parallel clause to хорошо","gloss":"one must"},{"surface":"чаще","lemma":"чаще","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies носить","gloss":"more often"},{"surface":"носить","lemma":"носить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"bring it"}]},{"number":65,"label":"65","id":"epi-c3-s65","source":"— Каждый день, каждый день! — залепетал штабс-капитан, как бы весь оживившись.","translation":"— Every day, every day! — the staff-captain prattled, as if quite coming to life.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы… оживившись","title":"Perfective gerund «оживившись»","body":"«как бы весь оживившись» ('as if quite coming to life'): a reflexive past perfective gerund of attendant state; «как бы» hedges it ('as it were')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Каждый","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of день","gloss":"Every"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"каждый","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of день","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with день","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"залепетал","lemma":"залепетать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"prattled"},{"surface":"штабс","lemma":"штабс-капитан","morphology":"noun, indeclinable, part of compound title","role":"forms the compound title with капитан","gloss":"staff-"},{"surface":"капитан","lemma":"капитан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of залепетал","gloss":"captain"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оживившись","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"(as if, cont'd)"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies оживившись","gloss":"entirely"},{"surface":"оживившись","lemma":"оживиться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on залепетал","gloss":"having come alive"}]},{"number":66,"label":"66","id":"epi-c3-s66","source":"Прибыли наконец в церковь и поставили посреди ее гроб.","translation":"At last they reached the church and set the coffin down in the middle of it.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Прибыли","lemma":"прибыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"arrived"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Прибыли","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking церковь","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"церковь","lemma":"церковь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Прибыли","gloss":"the church"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"поставили","lemma":"поставить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with Прибыли","gloss":"set down"},{"surface":"посреди","lemma":"посреди","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ее","gloss":"in the middle of"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"complement of посреди","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"гроб","lemma":"гроб","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of поставили","gloss":"the coffin"}]},{"number":67,"label":"67","id":"epi-c3-s67","source":"Все мальчики обступили его кругом и чинно простояли так всю службу.","translation":"All the boys gathered round it and stood thus, decorously, through the whole service.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of мальчики","gloss":"All"},{"surface":"мальчики","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of обступили","gloss":"the boys"},{"surface":"обступили","lemma":"обступить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gathered round"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of обступили","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"кругом","lemma":"кругом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обступили","gloss":"all around"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"чинно","lemma":"чинно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies простояли","gloss":"decorously"},{"surface":"простояли","lemma":"простоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with обступили","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies простояли","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of службу","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"службу","lemma":"служба","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of простояли","gloss":"service"}]},{"number":68,"label":"68","id":"epi-c3-s68","source":"Церковь была древняя и довольно бедная, много икон стояло совсем без окладов, но в таких церквах как-то лучше молишься.","translation":"The church was ancient and rather poor; many of the icons stood quite without their covers, but in such churches one somehow prays the better.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"в таких церквах… лучше молишься","title":"Generalizing 2nd-person + comparative","body":"«в таких церквах… лучше молишься» ('in such churches one somehow prays better'): the 2nd-person singular «молишься» is generic ('one'), and «лучше» is the comparative of «хорошо»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Церковь","lemma":"церковь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of была","gloss":"The church"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to Церковь","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"древняя","lemma":"древний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Церковь","gloss":"ancient"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"довольно","lemma":"довольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бедная","gloss":"rather"},{"surface":"бедная","lemma":"бедный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with древняя","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of стояло","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"икон","lemma":"икона","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of много","gloss":"of the icons"},{"surface":"стояло","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies окладов","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking окладов","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"окладов","lemma":"оклад","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of стояло","gloss":"their covers"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking церквах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"таких","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of церквах","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"церквах","lemma":"церковь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of молишься","gloss":"churches"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лучше","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"(somehow, cont'd)"},{"surface":"лучше","lemma":"лучше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies молишься","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"молишься","lemma":"молиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the final clause (generic ‘one’)","gloss":"one prays"}]},{"number":69,"label":"69","id":"epi-c3-s69","source":"За обедней Снегирев как бы несколько попритих, хотя временами все-таки прорывалась в нем та же бессознательная и как бы сбитая с толку озабоченность: то он подходил к гробу оправлять покров, венчик, то, когда упала одна свечка из подсвечника, вдруг бросился вставлять ее и ужасно долго с ней провозился.","translation":"During the mass Snegiryov grew somewhat quieter, though at times there still broke out in him that same unconscious and, as it were, bewildered fretfulness: now he would go up to the coffin to set straight the pall, the wreath upon the brow, now, when one of the candles fell from its holder, he suddenly threw himself at putting it back and fussed with it a terribly long time.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"то подходил… то… бросился","title":"Aspect within «то… то…»","body":"Within the «то… то…» frame, imperfective «подходил» ('would go up', repeated) alternates with perfective «бросился» ('threw himself', a single jolt) — aspect carrying the rhythm of his fretting."}],"words":[{"surface":"За","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обедней","gloss":"During"},{"surface":"обедней","lemma":"обедня","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of попритих","gloss":"the mass"},{"surface":"Снегирев","lemma":"снегирев","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of попритих","gloss":"Snegiryov"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies попритих","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"(as if, cont'd)"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on попритих","gloss":"somewhat"},{"surface":"попритих","lemma":"попритихнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"grew quieter"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of прорывалась","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"временами","lemma":"временами","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прорывалась","gloss":"at times"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прорывалась","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"таки","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прорывалась","gloss":"(still, cont'd)"},{"surface":"прорывалась","lemma":"прорываться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the хотя-clause, modifies попритих","gloss":"broke out"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прорывалась","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"та","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of озабоченность","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies та","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"бессознательная","lemma":"бессознательный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies озабоченность","gloss":"unconscious"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сбитая","gloss":"as it were"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"(as it were, cont'd)"},{"surface":"сбитая","lemma":"сбить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"modifies озабоченность","gloss":"bewildered","note":"‘сбитая с толку’ is an idiom meaning ‘thrown off track, confused’."},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking толку","gloss":"off"},{"surface":"толку","lemma":"толк","morphology":"noun, partitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сбитая","gloss":"track"},{"surface":"озабоченность","lemma":"озабоченность","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of прорывалась","gloss":"fretfulness"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of подходил","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подходил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"подходил","lemma":"подходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the first то-clause","gloss":"would go up"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гробу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"гробу","lemma":"гроб","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подходил","gloss":"the coffin"},{"surface":"оправлять","lemma":"оправлять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of подходил","gloss":"to straighten"},{"surface":"покров","lemma":"покров","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of оправлять","gloss":"the pall"},{"surface":"венчик","lemma":"венчик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with покров","gloss":"the wreath"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of бросился","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of упала","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"упала","lemma":"упасть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on бросился","gloss":"fell"},{"surface":"одна","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies свечка","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"свечка","lemma":"свечка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of упала","gloss":"candle"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking подсвечника","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"подсвечника","lemma":"подсвечник","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies свечка","gloss":"its holder"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бросился","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"бросился","lemma":"броситься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with подходил","gloss":"threw himself"},{"surface":"вставлять","lemma":"вставлять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of бросился","gloss":"to put back"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of вставлять","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies долго","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"долго","lemma":"долго","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies провозился","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of провозился","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"провозился","lemma":"провозиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with бросился","gloss":"fussed"}]},{"number":70,"label":"70","id":"epi-c3-s70","source":"Затем уже успокоился и стал смирно у изголовья с тупо-озабоченным и как бы недоумевающим лицом.","translation":"After that he grew calm and stood meekly at the head of the coffin, with a dully fretful and, as it were, uncomprehending face.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Затем","lemma":"затем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies успокоился","gloss":"After that"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies успокоился","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"успокоился","lemma":"успокоиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"grew calm"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with успокоился","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"смирно","lemma":"смирно","morphology":"adverb","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"meekly"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking изголовья","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"изголовья","lemma":"изголовье","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of стал","gloss":"the head (of the coffin)"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лицом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"тупо","lemma":"тупо","morphology":"adjective (combining form), indeclinable","role":"modifies озабоченным","gloss":"dully","note":"‘тупо-‘ combines with the next adjective as one compound word, ‘dully fretful’."},{"surface":"озабоченным","lemma":"озабоченный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies лицом","gloss":"careworn"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies недоумевающим","gloss":"as it were"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"(as it were, cont'd)"},{"surface":"недоумевающим","lemma":"недоумевать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, instrumental, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"modifies лицом","gloss":"uncomprehending"},{"surface":"лицом","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of стал","gloss":"face"}]},{"number":71,"label":"71","id":"epi-c3-s71","source":"После Апостола он вдруг шепнул стоявшему подле его Алеше, что Апостола не так прочитали, но мысли своей, однако, не разъяснил.","translation":"After the Epistle he suddenly whispered to Alyosha, who stood beside him, that the Epistle had not been read properly, but he did not explain his thought.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"После","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Апостола","gloss":"After"},{"surface":"Апостола","lemma":"апостол","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of шепнул","gloss":"the Epistle reading"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of шепнул","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies шепнул","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"шепнул","lemma":"шепнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"whispered"},{"surface":"стоявшему","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, dative, imperfective","role":"modifies Алеше","gloss":"who stood"},{"surface":"подле","lemma":"подле","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking его","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"complement of подле","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"Алеше","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of шепнул","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of прочитали","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Апостола","lemma":"апостол","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of прочитали","gloss":"the Epistle"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прочитали","gloss":"properly"},{"surface":"прочитали","lemma":"прочитать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of шепнул","gloss":"read"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"мысли","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of разъяснил","gloss":"his thought"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of мысли","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies разъяснил","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies разъяснил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"разъяснил","lemma":"разъяснить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with шепнул","gloss":"explained"}]},{"number":72,"label":"72","id":"epi-c3-s72","source":"За Херувимской принялся было подпевать, но не докончил и, опустившись на колена, прильнул лбом к каменному церковному полу и пролежал так довольно долго.","translation":"During the Cherubic Hymn he set about singing along, but did not finish, and, sinking to his knees, pressed his forehead to the stone church floor and lay thus for quite a long while.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"За","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Херувимской","gloss":"During"},{"surface":"Херувимской","lemma":"херувимская","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of принялся","gloss":"the Cherubic Hymn"},{"surface":"принялся","lemma":"приняться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"set about"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"particle","role":"marks an interrupted action, modifies принялся","gloss":"started to","note":"‘X было Y’ marks an action begun and then abandoned or interrupted — ‘he started to Y but…’."},{"surface":"подпевать","lemma":"подпевать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of принялся","gloss":"to sing along"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies докончил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"докончил","lemma":"докончить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with принялся","gloss":"finished"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"опустившись","lemma":"опуститься","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on прильнул","gloss":"sinking down"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking колена","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"колена","lemma":"колено","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of опустившись","gloss":"his knees"},{"surface":"прильнул","lemma":"прильнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with принялся","gloss":"pressed"},{"surface":"лбом","lemma":"лоб","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прильнул","gloss":"with his forehead"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking полу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"каменному","lemma":"каменный","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies полу","gloss":"stone"},{"surface":"церковному","lemma":"церковный","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies полу","gloss":"church"},{"surface":"полу","lemma":"пол","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прильнул","gloss":"the floor"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пролежал","lemma":"пролежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with прильнул","gloss":"lay"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пролежал","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"довольно","lemma":"довольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies долго","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"долго","lemma":"долго","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пролежал","gloss":"a long while"}]},{"number":73,"label":"73","id":"epi-c3-s73","source":"Наконец приступили к отпеванию, роздали свечи.","translation":"At last they proceeded to the funeral rite, and candles were handed out.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приступили","gloss":"At last"},{"surface":"приступили","lemma":"приступить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"proceeded"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отпеванию","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"отпеванию","lemma":"отпевание","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of приступили","gloss":"the funeral rite"},{"surface":"роздали","lemma":"раздать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with приступили","gloss":"handed out"},{"surface":"свечи","lemma":"свеча","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of роздали","gloss":"candles"}]},{"number":74,"label":"74","id":"epi-c3-s74","source":"Обезумевший отец засуетился было опять, но умилительное, потрясающее надгробное пение пробудило и сотрясло его душу.","translation":"The maddened father began to fuss again, but the tender, shattering funeral chant awoke and shook his soul.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Обезумевший","lemma":"обезуметь","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"modifies отец","gloss":"maddened"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of засуетился","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"засуетился","lemma":"засуетиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began to fuss"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"particle","role":"marks an interrupted action, modifies засуетился","gloss":"started to","note":"same ‘было’ construction as elsewhere: an action begun and then broken off."},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies засуетился","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"умилительное","lemma":"умилительный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies пение","gloss":"tender"},{"surface":"потрясающее","lemma":"потрясать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, neuter, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"modifies пение","gloss":"shattering"},{"surface":"надгробное","lemma":"надгробный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies пение","gloss":"funeral"},{"surface":"пение","lemma":"пение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of пробудило","gloss":"chant"},{"surface":"пробудило","lemma":"пробудить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with засуетился","gloss":"awoke"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сотрясло","lemma":"сотрясти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пробудило","gloss":"shook"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of душу","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"душу","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of сотрясло","gloss":"soul"}]},{"number":75,"label":"75","id":"epi-c3-s75","source":"Он как-то вдруг весь съежился и начал часто, укороченно рыдать, сначала тая голос, а под конец громко всхлипывая.","translation":"He somehow suddenly shrank into himself all over and began to sob in quick, choked bursts, at first muffling his voice, and toward the end weeping aloud.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"тая голос","title":"Imperfective gerund «тая»","body":"«сначала тая голос» ('at first muffling his voice'): «тая», the imperfective gerund of «таить» ('to conceal'), describes the manner accompanying «начал рыдать»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of съежился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb, part of the phrase как-то","role":"modifies съежился","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, part of the phrase как-то","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies съежился","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies съежился","gloss":"all over"},{"surface":"съежился","lemma":"съёжиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shrank"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with съежился","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"часто","lemma":"часто","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рыдать","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"укороченно","lemma":"укороченно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рыдать","gloss":"in choked bursts"},{"surface":"рыдать","lemma":"рыдать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начал","gloss":"to sob"},{"surface":"сначала","lemma":"сначала","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies тая","gloss":"at first"},{"surface":"тая","lemma":"таить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on рыдать","gloss":"muffling"},{"surface":"голос","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of тая","gloss":"his voice"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking конец","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"конец","lemma":"конец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of всхлипывая","gloss":"the end"},{"surface":"громко","lemma":"громко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies всхлипывая","gloss":"loudly"},{"surface":"всхлипывая","lemma":"всхлипывать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with тая","gloss":"weeping"}]},{"number":76,"label":"76","id":"epi-c3-s76","source":"Когда же стали прощаться и накрывать гроб, он обхватил его руками, как бы не давая накрыть Илюшечку, и начал часто, жадно, не отрываясь целовать в уста своего мертвого мальчика.","translation":"And when they began to take their leave and to cover the coffin, he flung his arms around it, as though he would not let little Ilusha be covered, and began kissing the lips of his dead boy quickly, greedily, without breaking off.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"начал… целовать","title":"Imperfective infinitive of repeated action","body":"«начал… целовать в уста» ('began kissing the lips'): the imperfective «целовать» under «начал» conveys repeated, continuous kissing; «уста» is again the elevated Church-Slavonic word."}],"words":[{"surface":"Когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of обхватил","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Когда","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"стали","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the когда-clause","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"прощаться","lemma":"прощаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of стали","gloss":"to say goodbye"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"накрывать","lemma":"накрывать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with прощаться","gloss":"to cover"},{"surface":"гроб","lemma":"гроб","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of накрывать","gloss":"the coffin"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of обхватил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"обхватил","lemma":"обхватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"clasped"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of обхватил","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"руками","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of обхватил","gloss":"with his arms"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb, part of the phrase как бы","role":"modifies давая","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, part of the phrase как бы","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies давая","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"давая","lemma":"давать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on обхватил","gloss":"letting"},{"surface":"накрыть","lemma":"накрыть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of давая","gloss":"cover"},{"surface":"Илюшечку","lemma":"Илюшечка","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of накрыть","gloss":"little Ilyusha","note":"Diminutive of Ilyusha's name; grammatically feminine-declined but refers to the boy."},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with обхватил","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"часто","lemma":"часто","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies целовать","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"жадно","lemma":"жадно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies целовать","gloss":"greedily"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отрываясь","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"отрываясь","lemma":"отрываться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on целовать","gloss":"breaking off"},{"surface":"целовать","lemma":"целовать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начал","gloss":"to kiss"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking уста","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"уста","lemma":"уста","morphology":"noun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of целовать","gloss":"the lips","note":"Archaic plural-only noun for 'lips'."},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of мальчика","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"мертвого","lemma":"мёртвый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мальчика","gloss":"dead"},{"surface":"мальчика","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of целовать","gloss":"boy"}]},{"number":77,"label":"77","id":"epi-c3-s77","source":"Его наконец уговорили и уже свели было со ступеньки, но он вдруг стремительно протянул руку и захватил из гробика несколько цветков.","translation":"At last they coaxed him away and had already led him down from the step, when he suddenly stretched out his hand impulsively and snatched a few flowers from the little coffin.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of уговорили","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уговорили","gloss":"finally"},{"surface":"уговорили","lemma":"уговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"persuaded"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies свели","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"свели","lemma":"свести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with уговорили","gloss":"led down"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"marks near-completed action with свели","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"со","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ступеньки","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"ступеньки","lemma":"ступенька","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of свели","gloss":"the step"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of протянул","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies протянул","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"стремительно","lemma":"стремительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies протянул","gloss":"impulsively"},{"surface":"протянул","lemma":"протянуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the но-clause","gloss":"stretched out"},{"surface":"руку","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of протянул","gloss":"his hand"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"захватил","lemma":"захватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with протянул","gloss":"snatched"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гробика","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"гробика","lemma":"гробик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of захватил","gloss":"the little coffin"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on цветков","gloss":"a few"},{"surface":"цветков","lemma":"цветок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of захватил","gloss":"flowers"}]},{"number":78,"label":"78","id":"epi-c3-s78","source":"Он смотрел на них, и как бы новая какая идея осенила его, так что о главном он словно забыл на минуту.","translation":"He looked at them, and it was as though some new idea dawned on him, so that for a moment he seemed to forget what mattered most.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of смотрел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"смотрел","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of смотрел","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb, part of the phrase как бы","role":"modifies осенила","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, part of the phrase как бы","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"новая","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies идея","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"какая","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of идея","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"идея","lemma":"идея","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of осенила","gloss":"idea"},{"surface":"осенила","lemma":"осенить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with смотрел","gloss":"dawned on"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of осенила","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of забыл","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction, part of the phrase так","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking главном","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"главном","lemma":"главный","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of забыл","gloss":"the main thing"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of забыл","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"словно","lemma":"словно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies забыл","gloss":"seemed to"},{"surface":"забыл","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the так-что clause","gloss":"forgot"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of забыл","gloss":"a moment"}]},{"number":79,"label":"79","id":"epi-c3-s79","source":"Мало-помалу он как бы впал в задумчивость и уже не сопротивлялся, когда подняли и понесли гроб к могилке.","translation":"Little by little he sank, as it were, into a reverie and no longer resisted when the coffin was lifted and carried to the little grave.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Мало","lemma":"мало","morphology":"adverb, part of the phrase мало-помалу","role":"modifies впал","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"помалу","lemma":"помалу","morphology":"adverb, part of the phrase мало-помалу","role":"part of the phrase Мало","gloss":"by little"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of впал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb, part of the phrase как бы","role":"modifies впал","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, part of the phrase как бы","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"впал","lemma":"впасть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sank"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking задумчивость","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"задумчивость","lemma":"задумчивость","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of впал","gloss":"a reverie"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сопротивлялся","gloss":"any longer"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сопротивлялся","gloss":"no longer"},{"surface":"сопротивлялся","lemma":"сопротивляться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with впал","gloss":"resisted"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of подняли","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"подняли","lemma":"поднять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on сопротивлялся","gloss":"lifted"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"понесли","lemma":"понести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with подняли","gloss":"carried"},{"surface":"гроб","lemma":"гроб","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of понесли","gloss":"the coffin"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking могилке","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"могилке","lemma":"могилка","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of понесли","gloss":"the little grave"}]},{"number":80,"label":"80","id":"epi-c3-s80","source":"Она была недалеко, в ограде, у самой церкви, дорогая; заплатила за нее Катерина Ивановна.","translation":"It was not far off, within the churchyard, close by the church itself, and a costly one; Katerina Ivanovna had paid for it.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of была","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to недалеко","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"недалеко","lemma":"недалеко","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"not far"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ограде","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"ограде","lemma":"ограда","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with недалеко","gloss":"the enclosure"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking церкви","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"самой","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies церкви","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"церкви","lemma":"церковь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with недалеко","gloss":"the church"},{"surface":"дорогая","lemma":"дорогой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with недалеко","gloss":"costly"},{"surface":"заплатила","lemma":"заплатить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"had paid"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заплатила","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"Катерина","lemma":"Катерина","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of заплатила","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановна","lemma":"Ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Катерина","gloss":"Ivanovna"}]},{"number":81,"label":"81","id":"epi-c3-s81","source":"После обычного обряда могильщики гроб опустили.","translation":"After the customary rite the gravediggers lowered the coffin.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"гроб опустили","title":"Object-first word order","body":"«могильщики гроб опустили» fronts the object «гроб» before the verb — Russian's free word order lets the already-known coffin sit as topic, the new act «опустили» as comment."}],"words":[{"surface":"После","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обряда","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"обычного","lemma":"обычный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies обряда","gloss":"the customary"},{"surface":"обряда","lemma":"обряд","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of опустили","gloss":"rite"},{"surface":"могильщики","lemma":"могильщик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of опустили","gloss":"the gravediggers"},{"surface":"гроб","lemma":"гроб","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of опустили","gloss":"the coffin"},{"surface":"опустили","lemma":"опустить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lowered"}]},{"number":82,"label":"82","id":"epi-c3-s82","source":"Снегирев до того нагнулся, с своими цветочками в руках, над открытою могилой, что мальчики, в испуге, уцепились за его пальто и стали тянуть его назад.","translation":"Snegiryov bent so far down, his little flowers in his hands, over the open grave that the boys, in alarm, caught hold of his coat and began pulling him back.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"над открытою могилой","title":"Archaic instrumental «-ою»","body":"«над открытою могилой» ('over the open grave'): «-ою» is the literary/archaic variant of the feminine instrumental «-ой», pervasive in this chapter's elevated narration."}],"words":[{"surface":"Снегирев","lemma":"Снегирев","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of нагнулся","gloss":"Snegiryov"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of нагнулся","gloss":"such an extent"},{"surface":"нагнулся","lemma":"нагнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"bent down"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking цветочками","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"своими","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"determiner of цветочками","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"цветочками","lemma":"цветочек","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of нагнулся","gloss":"little flowers"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руках","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"руках","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"modifies цветочками","gloss":"his hands"},{"surface":"над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking могилой","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"открытою","lemma":"открытый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies могилой","gloss":"open"},{"surface":"могилой","lemma":"могила","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of нагнулся","gloss":"the grave"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of уцепились","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"мальчики","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of уцепились","gloss":"the boys"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking испуге","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"испуге","lemma":"испуг","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of уцепились","gloss":"alarm"},{"surface":"уцепились","lemma":"уцепиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause (result)","gloss":"caught hold"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пальто","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of пальто","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"пальто","lemma":"пальто","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of уцепились","gloss":"coat"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"стали","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with уцепились","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"тянуть","lemma":"тянуть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стали","gloss":"to pull"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of тянуть","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"назад","lemma":"назад","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies тянуть","gloss":"back"}]},{"number":83,"label":"83","id":"epi-c3-s83","source":"Но он как бы уже не понимал хорошо, что совершается.","translation":"But it was as if he no longer understood well what was happening.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что совершается","title":"Reflexive passive «совершается»","body":"«не понимал… что совершается» ('did not understand what was happening'): the «-ся» verb «совершаться» works as a passive/medial ('is being done, takes place') with no agent."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of понимал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb, part of the phrase как бы","role":"modifies понимал","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, part of the phrase как бы","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies понимал","gloss":"any longer"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies понимал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"понимал","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"хорошо","lemma":"хорошо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies понимал","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"introduces the clause of совершается","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"совершается","lemma":"совершаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"direct object clause of понимал","gloss":"was happening"}]},{"number":84,"label":"84","id":"epi-c3-s84","source":"Когда стали засыпать могилу, он вдруг озабоченно стал указывать на валившуюся землю и начинал даже что-то говорить, но разобрать никто ничего не мог, да и он сам вдруг утих.","translation":"When they began to fill in the grave, he suddenly started pointing fretfully at the falling earth and even began to say something, but no one could make out a word of it, and he himself suddenly fell silent.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"валившуюся землю… никто ничего не мог","title":"Active participle + stacked negation","body":"«указывать на валившуюся землю» uses the past active participle «валившуюся» ('the earth that was falling'); «разобрать никто ничего не мог» stacks «никто» + «ничего» + «не»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of стали","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"стали","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the когда-clause","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"засыпать","lemma":"засыпать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стали","gloss":"to fill in"},{"surface":"могилу","lemma":"могила","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of засыпать","gloss":"the grave"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стал","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"озабоченно","lemma":"озабоченно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стал","gloss":"anxiously"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"указывать","lemma":"указывать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"to point"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking землю","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"валившуюся","lemma":"валиться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, accusative, imperfective","role":"modifies землю","gloss":"falling"},{"surface":"землю","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of указывать","gloss":"the earth"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"начинал","lemma":"начинать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with стал","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies начинал","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, part of the phrase что-то","role":"direct object of говорить","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, part of the phrase что-то","role":"part of the phrase что","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"говорить","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начинал","gloss":"to say"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"разобрать","lemma":"разобрать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"make out"},{"surface":"никто","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of разобрать","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with стал","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction, part of the phrase да и","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction, part of the phrase да и","role":"part of the phrase да","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of утих","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, intensive, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphasizes он","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies утих","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"утих","lemma":"утихнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with стал","gloss":"fell silent"}]},{"number":85,"label":"85","id":"epi-c3-s85","source":"Тут напомнили ему, что надо покрошить корочку, и он ужасно заволновался, выхватил корку и начал щипать ее, разбрасывая по могилке кусочки: «Вот и прилетайте, птички, вот и прилетайте, воробушки!» — бормотал он озабоченно.","translation":"Here they reminded him that the little crust must be crumbled, and he grew terribly agitated, snatched out the crust and began crumbling it, scattering the little pieces over the grave: \"So come and fly down, little birds, come and fly down, little sparrows!\" he muttered fretfully.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"разбрасывая… прилетайте, птички","title":"Gerund + imperative + diminutives","body":"«разбрасывая… кусочки» is an imperfective gerund of manner; «прилетайте» an imperfective imperative; «птички, воробушки, могилке, кусочки, корочку» pile up tender diminutives."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies напомнили","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"напомнили","lemma":"напомнить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"reminded"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of напомнили","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of надо","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"clausal complement of напомнили","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"покрошить","lemma":"покрошить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"to crumble"},{"surface":"корочку","lemma":"корочка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of покрошить","gloss":"the little crust"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заволновался","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заволновался","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"заволновался","lemma":"заволноваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with напомнили","gloss":"grew agitated"},{"surface":"выхватил","lemma":"выхватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with напомнили","gloss":"snatched out"},{"surface":"корку","lemma":"корка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of выхватил","gloss":"the crust"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with напомнили","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"щипать","lemma":"щипать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начал","gloss":"to crumble"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of щипать","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"разбрасывая","lemma":"разбрасывать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on щипать","gloss":"scattering"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking могилке","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"могилке","lemma":"могилка","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of разбрасывая","gloss":"the grave"},{"surface":"кусочки","lemma":"кусочек","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of разбрасывая","gloss":"the little pieces"},{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle, part of the phrase вот и","role":"modifies прилетайте","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle, part of the phrase вот и","role":"part of the phrase Вот","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"прилетайте","lemma":"прилетать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"fly down"},{"surface":"птички","lemma":"птичка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"vocative address, coordinated with прилетайте","gloss":"little birds"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle, part of the phrase вот и","role":"modifies прилетайте","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle, part of the phrase вот и","role":"part of the phrase вот","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"прилетайте","lemma":"прилетать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with прилетайте","gloss":"fly down"},{"surface":"воробушки","lemma":"воробушек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address, coordinated with прилетайте","gloss":"little sparrows"},{"surface":"бормотал","lemma":"бормотать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quotation clause","gloss":"muttered"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of бормотал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"озабоченно","lemma":"озабоченно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бормотал","gloss":"anxiously"}]},{"number":86,"label":"86","id":"epi-c3-s86","source":"Кто-то из мальчиков заметил было ему, что с цветами в руках ему неловко щипать и чтоб он на время дал их кому подержать.","translation":"One of the boys remarked to him that it was awkward to crumble it with the flowers in his hands, and that he should give them to someone to hold for a while.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтоб он… дал кому подержать","title":"Purpose clause + indefinite «кому»","body":"«чтоб он… дал их кому подержать» ('that he should give them to someone to hold'): a «чтоб» purpose clause, with «кому» used indefinitely ('to someone')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, part of the phrase кто-то","role":"subject of заметил","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, part of the phrase кто-то","role":"part of the phrase Кто","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мальчиков","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"мальчиков","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of заметил","gloss":"the boys"},{"surface":"заметил","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remarked"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"marks the action with заметил","gloss":"did"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of заметил","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of неловко","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking цветами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"цветами","lemma":"цветок","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of неловко","gloss":"flowers"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руках","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"руках","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"modifies цветами","gloss":"his hands"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of неловко","gloss":"for him"},{"surface":"неловко","lemma":"неловкий","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"clausal complement of заметил","gloss":"awkward"},{"surface":"щипать","lemma":"щипать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on неловко","gloss":"to crumble"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of дал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of дал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking время","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of дал","gloss":"a while"},{"surface":"дал","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the чтоб-clause","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of дал","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"кому","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of подержать","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"подержать","lemma":"подержать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of дал","gloss":"to hold"}]},{"number":87,"label":"87","id":"epi-c3-s87","source":"Но он не дал, даже вдруг испугался за свои цветы, точно их хотели у него совсем отнять, и, поглядев на могилку и как бы удостоверившись, что всё уже сделано, кусочки покрошены, вдруг неожиданно и совсем даже спокойно повернулся и побрел домой.","translation":"But he would not give them up; he even took sudden fright for his flowers, as though they meant to take them from him altogether, and, having looked at the grave and, as it were, made sure that all was now done, the pieces crumbled, he suddenly, unexpectedly, and even quite calmly, turned and trudged off home.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"испугался за свои цветы","title":"Reflexive possessive «свои»","body":"«испугался за свои цветы» ('took fright for his flowers'): «свои» is the reflexive possessive, obligatory because the flowers belong to the subject of the clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of дал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"дал","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would give"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies испугался","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies испугался","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"испугался","lemma":"испугаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with дал","gloss":"took fright"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking цветы","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"свои","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of цветы","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"цветы","lemma":"цветок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of испугался","gloss":"his flowers"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of хотели","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of хотели","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"хотели","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the точно-clause","gloss":"meant"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отнять","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отнять","gloss":"completely"},{"surface":"отнять","lemma":"отнять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотели","gloss":"take away"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"поглядев","lemma":"поглядеть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on повернулся","gloss":"having looked"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking могилку","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"могилку","lemma":"могилка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поглядев","gloss":"the grave"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb, part of the phrase как бы","role":"modifies удостоверившись","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, part of the phrase как бы","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"удостоверившись","lemma":"удостовериться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"coordinated with поглядев","gloss":"having made sure"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сделано","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive сделано","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сделано","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"сделано","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of удостоверившись","gloss":"done"},{"surface":"кусочки","lemma":"кусочек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of passive покрошены","gloss":"the pieces"},{"surface":"покрошены","lemma":"покрошить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with сделано","gloss":"crumbled"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies повернулся","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"неожиданно","lemma":"неожиданно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies повернулся","gloss":"unexpectedly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спокойно","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies спокойно","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"спокойно","lemma":"спокойно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies повернулся","gloss":"calmly"},{"surface":"повернулся","lemma":"повернуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with дал","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"побрел","lemma":"побрести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with повернулся","gloss":"trudged off"},{"surface":"домой","lemma":"домой","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies побрел","gloss":"home"}]},{"number":88,"label":"88","id":"epi-c3-s88","source":"Шаг его, однако, становился всё чаще и уторопленнее, он спешил, чуть не бежал.","translation":"His step, however, kept growing quicker and more hurried; he was in haste, all but running.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"всё чаще и уторопленнее","title":"«всё» + comparative","body":"«становился всё чаще и уторопленнее» ('kept growing quicker and more hurried'): «всё» before a comparative means 'ever more, increasingly'; «чаще» and «уторопленнее» are comparatives."}],"words":[{"surface":"Шаг","lemma":"шаг","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of становился","gloss":"step"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"possessive determiner of Шаг","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies становился","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"становился","lemma":"становиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"kept growing"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies чаще","gloss":"increasingly"},{"surface":"чаще","lemma":"часто","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies становился","gloss":"quicker"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уторопленнее","lemma":"уторопленно","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"coordinated with чаще","gloss":"more hurried"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спешил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"спешил","lemma":"спешить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with становился","gloss":"was hurrying"},{"surface":"чуть","lemma":"чуть","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бежал, part of idiom чуть не","gloss":"all but","note":"«чуть не» together means 'almost, nearly' — the не here is not a true negation."},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies бежал, part of idiom чуть не","gloss":"nearly"},{"surface":"бежал","lemma":"бежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with спешил","gloss":"running"}]},{"number":89,"label":"89","id":"epi-c3-s89","source":"Мальчики и Алеша от него не отставали.","translation":"The boys and Alyosha did not fall behind him.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Мальчики","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of отставали","gloss":"boys"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Мальчики","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отставали","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отставали","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"отставали","lemma":"отставать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fell behind"}]},{"number":90,"label":"90","id":"epi-c3-s90","source":"— Мамочке цветочков, мамочке цветочков! Обидели мамочку, — начал он вдруг восклицать.","translation":"— Flowers for mamochka, flowers for mamochka! They've wronged mamochka, — he suddenly began to exclaim.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Мамочке цветочков","title":"Dative + partitive genitive","body":"«Мамочке цветочков» ('some flowers for mamochka'): recipient «мамочке» in the dative, the gift «цветочков» in the partitive genitive — both diminutives."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мамочке","lemma":"мамочка","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"for mamochka"},{"surface":"цветочков","lemma":"цветочек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies Мамочке","gloss":"flowers"},{"surface":"мамочке","lemma":"мамочка","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with Мамочке","gloss":"for mamochka"},{"surface":"цветочков","lemma":"цветочек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies мамочке","gloss":"flowers"},{"surface":"Обидели","lemma":"обидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted exclamation","gloss":"they wronged"},{"surface":"мамочку","lemma":"мамочка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of Обидели","gloss":"mamochka"},{"surface":"начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of начал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начал","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"восклицать","lemma":"восклицать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начал","gloss":"to exclaim"}]},{"number":91,"label":"91","id":"epi-c3-s91","source":"Кто-то крикнул ему, чтоб он надел шляпу, а то теперь холодно, но, услышав, он как бы в злобе шваркнул шляпу на снег и стал приговаривать: «Не хочу шляпу, не хочу шляпу!»","translation":"Someone called out to him to put on his hat, since it was cold now, but, hearing this, he flung his hat onto the snow as though in fury and began repeating: \"I don't want a hat, I don't want a hat!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтоб он надел шляпу, а то… холодно","title":"Purpose «чтоб» + «а то»","body":"«крикнул… чтоб он надел шляпу, а то теперь холодно»: «чтоб» + past «надел» is reported purpose/command; «а то» ('or else, since otherwise') gives the reason."}],"words":[{"surface":"Кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of крикнул, part of indefinite кто-то","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"forms the indefinite pronoun with Кто","gloss":"-one","note":"«кто-то» together means 'someone'; this -то is an indefinite-pronoun marker, not the demonstrative 'that'."},{"surface":"крикнул","lemma":"крикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"called out"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of крикнул","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of надел","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of надел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"надел","lemma":"надеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of крикнул","gloss":"put on"},{"surface":"шляпу","lemma":"шляпа","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of надел","gloss":"hat"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination, part of idiom а то","gloss":"since","note":"«а то» together means 'since / or else'."},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom а то, introduces the clause of холодно","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies холодно","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"холодно","lemma":"холодно","morphology":"adverb, predicate","role":"predicate of the clause introduced by то","gloss":"cold"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"услышав","lemma":"услышать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on шваркнул","gloss":"having heard"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of шваркнул","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы (as if), modifies злобе","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking злобе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"злобе","lemma":"злоба","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of шваркнул","gloss":"anger"},{"surface":"шваркнул","lemma":"шваркнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with крикнул","gloss":"flung"},{"surface":"шляпу","lemma":"шляпа","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of шваркнул","gloss":"hat"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking снег","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"снег","lemma":"снег","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of шваркнул","gloss":"snow"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with шваркнул","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"приговаривать","lemma":"приговаривать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"to repeat"},{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хочу","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to приговаривать","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"шляпу","lemma":"шляпа","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of хочу","gloss":"hat"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хочу","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with хочу","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"шляпу","lemma":"шляпа","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of хочу","gloss":"hat"}]},{"number":92,"label":"92","id":"epi-c3-s92","source":"Мальчик Смуров поднял ее и понес за ним.","translation":"The boy Smurov picked it up and carried it after him.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Мальчик","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поднял","gloss":"boy"},{"surface":"Смуров","lemma":"смуров","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Мальчик","gloss":"Smurov"},{"surface":"поднял","lemma":"поднять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"picked up"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of поднял","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"понес","lemma":"понести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with поднял","gloss":"carried"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of понес","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":93,"label":"93","id":"epi-c3-s93","source":"Все мальчики до единого плакали, а пуще всех Коля и мальчик, открывший Трою, и хоть Смуров, с капитанскою шляпой в руках, тоже ужасно как плакал, но успел-таки, чуть не на бегу, захватить обломок кирпичика, красневший на снегу дорожки, чтоб метнуть им в быстро пролетевшую стаю воробушков.","translation":"Every one of the boys was weeping, and most of all Kolya and the boy who had discovered Troy, and though Smurov, with the captain's hat in his hands, was also weeping dreadfully, he still managed, almost at a run, to snatch up a fragment of brick that showed red on the snow of the path, to fling it at a flock of sparrows darting swiftly past.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"красневший… успел-таки захватить","title":"Active participle + particle «-таки»","body":"«обломок кирпичика, красневший на снегу» uses the past active participle «красневший» ('that showed red'); «успел-таки» tacks on the emphatic «-таки» ('managed after all')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пуще всех","title":"Archaic superlative «пуще всех»","body":"«а пуще всех Коля» ('and most of all Kolya'): «пуще» as comparative + genitive «всех» yields a folk superlative, 'more than all the rest'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of мальчики","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"мальчики","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of плакали","gloss":"boys"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking единого, part of idiom до единого","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"единого","lemma":"единый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"complement of до, modifies мальчики","gloss":"the last one","note":"«до единого» is an idiom meaning 'every last one, to a man'."},{"surface":"плакали","lemma":"плакать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"were weeping"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пуще","lemma":"пуще","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies плакали","gloss":"most of all"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"complement of пуще (comparison)","gloss":"of all"},{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of плакали (elided repeat)","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мальчик","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Коля","gloss":"the boy"},{"surface":"открывший","lemma":"открыть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying мальчик","gloss":"who discovered"},{"surface":"Трою","lemma":"троя","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of открывший","gloss":"Troy"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause with Смуров","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"Смуров","lemma":"смуров","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of плакал","gloss":"Smurov"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking шляпой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"капитанскою","lemma":"капитанский","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies шляпой","gloss":"captain's"},{"surface":"шляпой","lemma":"шляпа","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition с, accompanying Смуров","gloss":"hat"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руках","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"руках","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"modifies шляпой","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies плакал","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies плакал","gloss":"dreadfully"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies ужасно","gloss":"so","note":"colloquial intensifier, 'ужасно как' ≈ 'so terribly'."},{"surface":"плакал","lemma":"плакать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the concessive clause (хоть Смуров...)","gloss":"was weeping"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"успел","lemma":"успеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with плакал","gloss":"managed"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"таки","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies успел","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"чуть","lemma":"чуть","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не, part of idiom чуть не","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies бегу, part of idiom чуть не","gloss":"nearly","note":"«чуть не» = 'almost', not a true negation."},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бегу","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"бегу","lemma":"бег","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies захватить","gloss":"a run"},{"surface":"захватить","lemma":"захватить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of успел","gloss":"to snatch up"},{"surface":"обломок","lemma":"обломок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of захватить","gloss":"a fragment"},{"surface":"кирпичика","lemma":"кирпичик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies обломок","gloss":"of brick"},{"surface":"красневший","lemma":"краснеть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying обломок","gloss":"that showed red"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking снегу","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"снегу","lemma":"снег","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of красневший","gloss":"snow"},{"surface":"дорожки","lemma":"дорожка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies снегу","gloss":"of the path"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause of захватить","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"метнуть","lemma":"метнуть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"purpose clause of захватить","gloss":"to fling"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"instrument of метнуть, refers to обломок","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стаю","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"быстро","lemma":"быстро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пролетевшую","gloss":"swiftly"},{"surface":"пролетевшую","lemma":"пролететь","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, accusative, perfective","role":"clause modifying стаю","gloss":"darting past"},{"surface":"стаю","lemma":"стая","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of метнуть","gloss":"flock"},{"surface":"воробушков","lemma":"воробушек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies стаю","gloss":"of sparrows"}]},{"number":94,"label":"94","id":"epi-c3-s94","source":"Конечно, не попал и продолжал бежать плача.","translation":"He missed, of course, and ran on weeping.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"продолжал бежать плача","title":"Phase verb + gerund","body":"«продолжал бежать плача» ('ran on weeping'): «продолжал» + imperfective infinitive, with the imperfective gerund «плача» layering a simultaneous action."}],"words":[{"surface":"Конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifier of попал","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies попал","gloss":"did not"},{"surface":"попал","lemma":"попасть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hit"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"продолжал","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with попал","gloss":"kept on"},{"surface":"бежать","lemma":"бежать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of продолжал","gloss":"running"},{"surface":"плача","lemma":"плакать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on бежать","gloss":"weeping"}]},{"number":95,"label":"95","id":"epi-c3-s95","source":"На половине дороги Снегирев внезапно остановился, постоял с полминуты как бы чем-то пораженный и вдруг, поворотив назад к церкви, пустился бегом к оставленной могилке.","translation":"Halfway along the road Snegiryov suddenly stopped, stood for half a minute as if struck by something, and suddenly, turning back toward the church, set off at a run to the abandoned little grave.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"поворотив назад… пустился бегом","title":"Archaic perfective gerund","body":"«поворотив назад к церкви» ('having turned back'): «поворотив» is the perfective gerund of the older «поворотить» (vs «повернуть»); «пустился бегом» = 'set off at a run'."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking половине","gloss":"halfway"},{"surface":"половине","lemma":"половина","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of остановился","gloss":"halfway"},{"surface":"дороги","lemma":"дорога","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies половине","gloss":"of the road"},{"surface":"Снегирев","lemma":"снегирев","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of остановился","gloss":"Snegiryov"},{"surface":"внезапно","lemma":"внезапно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies остановился","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"остановился","lemma":"остановиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stopped"},{"surface":"постоял","lemma":"постоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with остановился","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking полминуты","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"полминуты","lemma":"полминуты","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of постоял","gloss":"half a minute"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom как бы (as if)","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom как бы","gloss":"(as if)"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"instrumental complement of пораженный, part of чем-то","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"forms the indefinite pronoun with чем","gloss":"(indefinite marker)"},{"surface":"пораженный","lemma":"поражённый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate participle describing Снегирев (as if struck)","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пустился","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"поворотив","lemma":"поворотить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on пустился","gloss":"turning"},{"surface":"назад","lemma":"назад","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поворотив","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking церкви","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"церкви","lemma":"церковь","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поворотив","gloss":"the church"},{"surface":"пустился","lemma":"пуститься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with остановился","gloss":"set off"},{"surface":"бегом","lemma":"бег","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial modifier of пустился (manner)","gloss":"at a run"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking могилке","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"оставленной","lemma":"оставленный","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies могилке","gloss":"abandoned"},{"surface":"могилке","lemma":"могилка","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пустился","gloss":"grave"}]},{"number":96,"label":"96","id":"epi-c3-s96","source":"Но мальчики мигом догнали его и уцепились за него со всех сторон.","translation":"But the boys caught up with him in an instant and clung to him on every side.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"мигом догнали","title":"Instrumental adverb «мигом»","body":"«мигом догнали» ('caught up in an instant'): «мигом», a frozen instrumental of «миг», works adverbially to mean 'in a flash'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"мальчики","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of догнали","gloss":"the boys"},{"surface":"мигом","lemma":"миг","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of догнали","gloss":"instantly"},{"surface":"догнали","lemma":"догнать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"caught up with"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of догнали","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уцепились","lemma":"уцепиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with догнали","gloss":"clung"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of уцепились","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сторон","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of сторон","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"сторон","lemma":"сторона","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of уцепились","gloss":"sides"}]},{"number":97,"label":"97","id":"epi-c3-s97","source":"Тут он, как в бессилии, как сраженный, пал на снег и, биясь, вопия и рыдая, начал выкрикивать: «Батюшка, Илюшечка, милый батюшка!»","translation":"Then he, as if all strength had left him, as if struck down, fell upon the snow and, writhing, wailing and sobbing, began to cry out: \"Little father, Ilushechka, dear little father!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"биясь, вопия и рыдая","title":"Church-Slavonic gerunds","body":"«биясь, вопия и рыдая» ('writhing, wailing and sobbing'): «вопия» (from «вопить») and «биясь» are archaic/Church-Slavonic gerund forms; «пал» ('fell') is likewise the elevated verb. The register lifts the captain's collapse to near-liturgical lament."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пал","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как в бессилии (as if)","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бессилии","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"бессилии","lemma":"бессилие","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of пал","gloss":"helplessness"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сраженный (as if)","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"сраженный","lemma":"сражённый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate participle describing он (as if struck down)","gloss":"struck down"},{"surface":"пал","lemma":"пасть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fell"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking снег","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"снег","lemma":"снег","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пал","gloss":"snow"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"биясь","lemma":"биться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on начал, coordinated with вопия","gloss":"writhing"},{"surface":"вопия","lemma":"вопить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on начал, coordinated with биясь","gloss":"wailing"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"рыдая","lemma":"рыдать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with вопия","gloss":"sobbing"},{"surface":"начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пал","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"выкрикивать","lemma":"выкрикивать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начал","gloss":"to cry out"},{"surface":"Батюшка","lemma":"батюшка","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"exclamation, content of выкрикивать","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"Илюшечка","lemma":"илюшечка","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Батюшка","gloss":"Ilushechka"},{"surface":"милый","lemma":"милый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies батюшка","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"батюшка","lemma":"батюшка","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Батюшка","gloss":"father"}]},{"number":98,"label":"98","id":"epi-c3-s98","source":"Алеша и Коля стали поднимать его, упрашивать и уговаривать.","translation":"Alyosha and Kolya set about raising him, beseeching and exhorting him.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стали","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Алеша","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"стали","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"set about"},{"surface":"поднимать","lemma":"поднимать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стали","gloss":"to raise"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of поднимать","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"упрашивать","lemma":"упрашивать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with поднимать","gloss":"to beseech"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уговаривать","lemma":"уговаривать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with поднимать","gloss":"to persuade"}]},{"number":99,"label":"99","id":"epi-c3-s99","source":"— Капитан, полноте, мужественный человек обязан переносить, — бормотал Коля.","translation":"— Captain, enough, a manly man is bound to bear it, — muttered Kolya.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"полноте… обязан переносить","title":"Archaic «полноте» + short adjective","body":"«полноте» is an archaic plural imperative-interjection ('enough! come now!'); «обязан переносить» pairs the short adjective «обязан» ('bound, obliged') with an infinitive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Капитан","lemma":"капитан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase (vocative)","gloss":"Captain"},{"surface":"полноте","lemma":"полно","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation, coordinated with Капитан","gloss":"enough"},{"surface":"мужественный","lemma":"мужественный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"manly"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of обязан","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"обязан","lemma":"обязанный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular, short form","role":"main predicate of the clause, with человек","gloss":"is obliged"},{"surface":"переносить","lemma":"переносить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of обязан","gloss":"to bear"},{"surface":"бормотал","lemma":"бормотать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"reporting clause, parallel to обязан","gloss":"muttered"},{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of бормотал","gloss":"Kolya"}]},{"number":100,"label":"100","id":"epi-c3-s100","source":"— Цветы-то вы испортите, — проговорил и Алеша, — а «мамочка» ждет их, она сидит плачет, что вы давеча ей не дали цветов от Илюшечки. Там постелька Илюшина еще лежит…","translation":"— You'll spoil the flowers, — said Alyosha as well, — and \"mamochka\" is waiting for them, she is sitting and weeping that you gave her no flowers from Ilushechka earlier. Ilusha's little bed is still lying there…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Цветы-то вы испортите… постелька","title":"Particle «-то» + diminutive","body":"«Цветы-то вы испортите» ('you'll spoil the flowers'): «-то» topicalizes «цветы»; «испортите» is perfective future; «постелька» is the diminutive of «постель»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Цветы","lemma":"цветок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of испортите (fronted)","gloss":"flowers"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle on Цветы","gloss":"(emphasis)"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of испортите","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"испортите","lemma":"испортить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will spoil"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"reporting clause, parallel to испортите","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Алеша","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мамочка","lemma":"мамочка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of ждет","gloss":"mamochka"},{"surface":"ждет","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with испортите","gloss":"is waiting for"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of ждет","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of сидит","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"сидит","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with ждет","gloss":"sits"},{"surface":"плачет","lemma":"плакать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сидит","gloss":"weeping"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of дали","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of дали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"давеча","lemma":"давеча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дали","gloss":"earlier"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of дали","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дали","gloss":"did not"},{"surface":"дали","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of плачет","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"цветов","lemma":"цветок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of дали","gloss":"flowers"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Илюшечки","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Илюшечки","lemma":"Илюшечка","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies цветов","gloss":"Ilushechka"},{"surface":"Там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лежит","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"постелька","lemma":"постелька","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of лежит","gloss":"little bed"},{"surface":"Илюшина","lemma":"Илюшин","morphology":"possessive adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies постелька","gloss":"Ilusha's"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лежит","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"лежит","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is lying"}]},{"number":101,"label":"101","id":"epi-c3-s101","source":"— Да, да, к мамочке! — вспомнил вдруг опять Снегирев. — Постельку уберут, уберут! — прибавил он как бы в испуге, что и в самом деле уберут, вскочил и опять побежал домой.","translation":"— Yes, yes, to mamochka! — Snegiryov suddenly remembered again. — They'll take the little bed away, they'll take it away! — he added, as if in fright that they really would take it away, and he sprang up and ran off home again.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"exclamation","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"exclamation","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мамочке","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"мамочке","lemma":"мамочка","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"mamochka"},{"surface":"вспомнил","lemma":"вспомнить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remembered"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вспомнил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вспомнил","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"Снегирев","lemma":"снегирев","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вспомнил","gloss":"Snegiryov"},{"surface":"Постельку","lemma":"постелька","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of уберут","gloss":"the little bed"},{"surface":"уберут","lemma":"убрать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the exclamation","gloss":"will take away"},{"surface":"уберут","lemma":"убрать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with уберут","gloss":"will take away"},{"surface":"прибавил","lemma":"прибавить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"reporting clause, parallel to уберут","gloss":"added"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прибавил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies испуге (as if)","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"(as if)"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking испуге","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"испуге","lemma":"испуг","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прибавил","gloss":"fright"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of уберут","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies уберут","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деле, part of idiom в самом деле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"самом","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies деле, part of idiom в самом деле","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"деле","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"adverbial idiom modifying уберут","gloss":"indeed","note":"«в самом деле» is an idiom meaning 'really, indeed'."},{"surface":"уберут","lemma":"убрать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of что","gloss":"will take away"},{"surface":"вскочил","lemma":"вскочить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with прибавил","gloss":"sprang up"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies побежал","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"побежал","lemma":"побежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вскочил","gloss":"ran off"},{"surface":"домой","lemma":"домой","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies побежал","gloss":"home"}]},{"number":102,"label":"102","id":"epi-c3-s102","source":"Но было уже недалеко, и все прибежали вместе.","translation":"But it was no longer far, and they all came running up together.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to недалеко","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies недалеко","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"недалеко","lemma":"недалеко","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"not far"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of прибежали","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"прибежали","lemma":"прибежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with недалеко","gloss":"came running"},{"surface":"вместе","lemma":"вместе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прибежали","gloss":"together"}]},{"number":103,"label":"103","id":"epi-c3-s103","source":"Снегирев стремительно отворил дверь и завопил жене, с которою давеча так жестокосердно поссорился.","translation":"Snegiryov impulsively flung open the door and cried out to his wife, with whom he had quarreled so hard-heartedly earlier:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"жене, с которою… поссорился","title":"Relative «с которою» + dative","body":"«завопил жене, с которою… поссорился»: «жене» is the dative addressee of «завопить»; «с которою» is the relative pronoun in the instrumental (archaic «-ою»), governed by «поссориться с»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Снегирев","lemma":"снегирев","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отворил","gloss":"Snegiryov"},{"surface":"стремительно","lemma":"стремительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отворил","gloss":"impulsively"},{"surface":"отворил","lemma":"отворить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"flung open"},{"surface":"дверь","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of отворил","gloss":"the door"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"завопил","lemma":"завопить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with отворил","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"жене","lemma":"жена","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of завопил","gloss":"to his wife"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которою","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"которою","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поссорился","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"давеча","lemma":"давеча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поссорился","gloss":"earlier"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies жестокосердно","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"жестокосердно","lemma":"жестокосердно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поссорился","gloss":"hard-heartedly"},{"surface":"поссорился","lemma":"поссориться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with завопил","gloss":"quarreled"}]},{"number":104,"label":"104","id":"epi-c3-s104","source":"— Мамочка, дорогая, Илюшечка цветочков тебе прислал, ножки твои больные! — прокричал он, протягивая ей пучочек цветов, померзших и поломанных, когда он бился сейчас об снег.","translation":"— Mamochka, my dear, Ilushechka has sent you some little flowers, you with your poor sick legs! — he cried, holding out to her the little bunch of flowers, frozen and broken when he had thrown himself down on the snow just now.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"цветочков тебе прислал… померзших и поломанных","title":"Partitive + participles","body":"«цветочков тебе прислал» ('sent you some little flowers'): partitive genitive «цветочков», dative «тебе»; «померзших и поломанных» are participles in the genitive plural agreeing with «цветов»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мамочка","lemma":"мамочка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative, head of the phrase","gloss":"Mamochka"},{"surface":"дорогая","lemma":"дорогой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Мамочка (vocative)","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"Илюшечка","lemma":"илюшечка","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прислал","gloss":"Ilyushechka"},{"surface":"цветочков","lemma":"цветочек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of прислал (partitive genitive)","gloss":"some flowers"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of прислал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"прислал","lemma":"прислать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb, predicate of Илюшечка","gloss":"has sent"},{"surface":"ножки","lemma":"ножка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of больные","gloss":"legs"},{"surface":"твои","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of ножки","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"больные","lemma":"больной","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"predicate of ножки","gloss":"poor sick"},{"surface":"прокричал","lemma":"прокричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quotative frame","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прокричал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"протягивая","lemma":"протягивать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on прокричал","gloss":"holding out"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of протягивая","gloss":"to her"},{"surface":"пучочек","lemma":"пучочек","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of протягивая","gloss":"little bunch"},{"surface":"цветов","lemma":"цветок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies пучочек","gloss":"of flowers"},{"surface":"померзших","lemma":"помёрзнуть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, genitive, perfective","role":"clause modifying цветов","gloss":"frozen"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"поломанных","lemma":"поломанный","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, genitive, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with померзших","gloss":"broken"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of бился","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of бился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"бился","lemma":"биться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on померзших и поломанных","gloss":"had thrashed"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бился","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking снег","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"снег","lemma":"снег","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бился","gloss":"the snow"}]},{"number":105,"label":"105","id":"epi-c3-s105","source":"Но в это самое мгновение увидел он перед постелькой Илюши, в уголку, Илюшины сапожки, стоявшие оба рядышком, только что прибранные хозяйкой квартиры, — старенькие, порыжевшие, закорузлые сапожки, с заплатками.","translation":"But at that very instant he caught sight, before Ilusha's little bed, in the corner, of Ilusha's little boots, standing both side by side, just then tidied up by the landlady of the lodging — old little boots, gone reddish-brown, stiff and crusted, with patches on them.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сапожки, стоявшие… прибранные хозяйкой","title":"Active + passive participles, agent","body":"«сапожки, стоявшие… рядышком, только что прибранные хозяйкой»: «стоявшие» (past active, 'standing') and «прибранные» (past passive, 'tidied') stack on one noun, with «хозяйкой» the instrumental of agent."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мгновение","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of мгновение","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"самое","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies мгновение","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"мгновение","lemma":"мгновение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"complement of preposition в","gloss":"instant"},{"surface":"увидел","lemma":"увидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"caught sight"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of увидел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"перед","lemma":"перед","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking постелькой","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"постелькой","lemma":"постелька","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of увидел","gloss":"the little bed"},{"surface":"Илюши","lemma":"илюша","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies постелькой","gloss":"Ilusha's"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking уголку","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"уголку","lemma":"уголок","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with постелькой","gloss":"the corner"},{"surface":"Илюшины","lemma":"илюшин","morphology":"possessive adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies сапожки","gloss":"Ilusha's"},{"surface":"сапожки","lemma":"сапожки","morphology":"noun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of увидел","gloss":"little boots"},{"surface":"стоявшие","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, accusative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying сапожки","gloss":"standing"},{"surface":"оба","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"modifies сапожки","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"рядышком","lemma":"рядышком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стоявшие","gloss":"side by side"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase только что, modifies прибранные","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase только что","gloss":"(now)"},{"surface":"прибранные","lemma":"прибрать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, accusative, perfective","role":"clause modifying сапожки","gloss":"tidied up"},{"surface":"хозяйкой","lemma":"хозяйка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"agent of прибранные","gloss":"by the landlady"},{"surface":"квартиры","lemma":"квартира","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies хозяйкой","gloss":"of the lodging"},{"surface":"старенькие","lemma":"старенький","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies сапожки (second)","gloss":"old little"},{"surface":"порыжевшие","lemma":"порыжеть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, accusative, perfective","role":"coordinated with старенькие","gloss":"gone reddish-brown"},{"surface":"закорузлые","lemma":"закорузлый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"coordinated with старенькие","gloss":"stiff and crusted"},{"surface":"сапожки","lemma":"сапожки","morphology":"noun, accusative, plural","role":"in apposition to сапожки, direct object of увидел","gloss":"boots"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking заплатками","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"заплатками","lemma":"заплатка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"modifies сапожки (second)","gloss":"patches"}]},{"number":106,"label":"106","id":"epi-c3-s106","source":"Увидав их, он поднял руки и так и бросился к ним, пал на колени, схватил один сапожок и, прильнув к нему губами, начал жадно целовать его, выкрикивая: «Батюшка, Илюшечка, милый батюшка, ножки-то твои где?»","translation":"Catching sight of them, he raised his arms and flung himself toward them, fell to his knees, seized one little boot and, pressing his lips to it, began greedily kissing it, crying out: \"Little father, Ilushechka, dear little father, where are your little feet?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"прильнув к нему губами… начал целовать","title":"Gerund + imperfective infinitive","body":"«прильнув к нему губами, начал… целовать» ('pressing his lips to it, began kissing'): perfective gerund «прильнув», instrumental «губами», and imperfective «целовать» for the repeated kissing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Увидав","lemma":"увидать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on поднял","gloss":"having caught sight of"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of Увидав","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поднял","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"поднял","lemma":"поднять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"raised"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of поднял","gloss":"his arms"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бросился","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так и, intensifies бросился","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"бросился","lemma":"броситься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with поднял","gloss":"flung himself"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"oblique complement of бросился","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"пал","lemma":"пасть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with поднял","gloss":"fell"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking колени","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"колени","lemma":"колено","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of пал","gloss":"his knees"},{"surface":"схватил","lemma":"схватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with поднял","gloss":"seized"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"quantifies сапожок","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"сапожок","lemma":"сапожок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of схватил","gloss":"little boot"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"прильнув","lemma":"прильнуть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on начал","gloss":"pressing close"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прильнув","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"губами","lemma":"губа","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"instrumental complement of прильнув","gloss":"with his lips"},{"surface":"начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with поднял","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"жадно","lemma":"жадно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies целовать","gloss":"greedily"},{"surface":"целовать","lemma":"целовать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начал","gloss":"to kiss"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of целовать","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"выкрикивая","lemma":"выкрикивать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on целовать","gloss":"crying out"},{"surface":"Батюшка","lemma":"батюшка","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative, content of выкрикивая","gloss":"little father"},{"surface":"Илюшечка","lemma":"илюшечка","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Батюшка","gloss":"Ilyushechka"},{"surface":"милый","lemma":"милый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies батюшка (second)","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"батюшка","lemma":"батюшка","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Батюшка","gloss":"little father"},{"surface":"ножки","lemma":"ножка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of где","gloss":"little feet"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic clitic attached to ножки","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"твои","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of ножки","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate asking location of ножки","gloss":"where"}]},{"number":107,"label":"107","id":"epi-c3-s107","source":"— Куда ты его унес? Куда ты его унес? — раздирающим голосом завопила помешанная.","translation":"— Where have you taken him? Where have you taken him? — the madwoman wailed in a heart-rending voice.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Куда","lemma":"куда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies унес","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of унес","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of унес","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"унес","lemma":"унести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have taken"},{"surface":"Куда","lemma":"куда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies унес","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of унес","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of унес","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"унес","lemma":"унести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have taken"},{"surface":"раздирающим","lemma":"раздирающий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies голосом","gloss":"heart-rending"},{"surface":"голосом","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of завопила","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"завопила","lemma":"завопить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wailed"},{"surface":"помешанная","lemma":"помешанный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of завопила","gloss":"the madwoman"}]},{"number":108,"label":"108","id":"epi-c3-s108","source":"Тут уж зарыдала и Ниночка.","translation":"At this Ninochka, too, broke into sobs.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"зарыдала","title":"Inceptive prefix «за-»","body":"«зарыдала» ('burst into sobs'): the prefix «за-» on «рыдать» makes a perfective of inception — the very onset of weeping."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies зарыдала","gloss":"at this"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies зарыдала","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"зарыдала","lemma":"зарыдать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"broke into sobs"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Ниночка","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"Ниночка","lemma":"ниночка","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of зарыдала","gloss":"Ninochka"}]},{"number":109,"label":"109","id":"epi-c3-s109","source":"Коля выбежал из комнаты, за ним стали выходить и мальчики.","translation":"Kolya ran out of the room, and after him the boys too began to leave.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выбежал","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"выбежал","lemma":"выбежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ran out"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнаты","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"комнаты","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выбежал","gloss":"the room"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выходить","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"стали","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with выбежал","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"выходить","lemma":"выходить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стали","gloss":"to leave"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мальчики","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"мальчики","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of стали","gloss":"the boys"}]},{"number":110,"label":"110","id":"epi-c3-s110","source":"Вышел наконец за ними и Алеша.","translation":"At last Alyosha went out after them as well.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Вышел","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went out"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Вышел","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ними","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"ними","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of Вышел","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Алеша","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Вышел","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":111,"label":"111","id":"epi-c3-s111","source":"«Пусть переплачут, — сказал он Коле, — тут уж конечно нельзя утешать. Переждем минутку и воротимся».","translation":"\"Let them weep their fill, — he said to Kolya, — there is, of course, no consoling them now. Let us wait a moment and then go back in.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Пусть переплачут… воротимся","title":"«пусть» imperative + archaic «воротимся»","body":"«Пусть переплачут» ('let them weep it out'): «пусть» + 3rd-person verb, the prefix «пере-» meaning 'through, to the end'; «воротимся» is the archaic equivalent of «вернёмся»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пусть","lemma":"пусть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies переплачут","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"переплачут","lemma":"переплакать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have their cry out"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quotative frame","gloss":"he said"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"Коле","lemma":"коля","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of сказал","gloss":"to Kolya"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нельзя","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нельзя","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нельзя","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"нельзя","lemma":"нельзя","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate, parallel clause to переплачут","gloss":"there's no"},{"surface":"утешать","lemma":"утешать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on нельзя","gloss":"consoling them"},{"surface":"Переждем","lemma":"переждать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"let's wait out"},{"surface":"минутку","lemma":"минутка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of Переждем","gloss":"a moment"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"воротимся","lemma":"воротиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, first, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with Переждем","gloss":"go back"}]},{"number":112,"label":"112","id":"epi-c3-s112","source":"— Да, нельзя, это ужасно, — подтвердил Коля. — Знаете, Карамазов, — понизил он вдруг голос, чтоб никто не услышал, — мне очень грустно, и если б только можно было его воскресить, то я бы отдал всё на свете!","translation":"— Yes, there's no consoling them, it is dreadful, — Kolya agreed. — You know, Karamazov, — he suddenly lowered his voice so that no one would hear, — I am very sad, and if only it were possible to bring him back to life, I would give everything in the world!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"если б… можно было… я бы отдал","title":"Counterfactual conditional","body":"«если б только можно было его воскресить, то я бы отдал всё» ('if only it were possible… I would give everything'): full irrealis conditional, «бы/б» in both protasis and apodosis."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse particle opening the sentence","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"нельзя","lemma":"нельзя","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"there's no consoling them"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of ужасно","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with нельзя","gloss":"is dreadful"},{"surface":"подтвердил","lemma":"подтвердить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quotative frame","gloss":"agreed"},{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подтвердил","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"Знаете","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"Карамазов","lemma":"карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Karamazov"},{"surface":"понизил","lemma":"понизить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the next clause","gloss":"he lowered"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of понизил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies понизил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"голос","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of понизил","gloss":"his voice"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of услышал","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"никто","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of услышал","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies услышал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"услышал","lemma":"услышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on понизил","gloss":"would hear"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"dative subject of грустно","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies грустно","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"грустно","lemma":"грустно","morphology":"predicative adverb","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"am sad"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of можно","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"б","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"conditional particle modifying можно","gloss":"(conditional particle)"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies можно","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb","role":"main predicate of the если-clause","gloss":"were possible"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to можно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of воскресить","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"воскресить","lemma":"воскресить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on можно","gloss":"to bring back to life"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the то-clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of отдал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"conditional auxiliary of отдал","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"отдал","lemma":"отдать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the то-clause","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of отдал","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking свете","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"свете","lemma":"свет","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отдал","gloss":"the world"}]},{"number":113,"label":"113","id":"epi-c3-s113","source":"— Ах, и я тоже, — сказал Алеша.","translation":"— Ah, and so would I, — said Alyosha.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ах","lemma":"ах","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"coordinated with Ах","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies я","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quotative frame","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":114,"label":"114","id":"epi-c3-s114","source":"— Как вы думаете, Карамазов, приходить нам сюда сегодня вечером? Ведь он напьется.","translation":"— What do you think, Karamazov, should we come here this evening? He is sure to get drunk.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"приходить нам сюда… Ведь он напьётся","title":"Dative + infinitive deliberative","body":"«приходить нам сюда сегодня вечером?» ('should we come here?'): dative subject «нам» + infinitive forms a deliberative question; «Ведь» is the appeal-to-shared-knowledge particle; «напьётся» is reflexive perfective future."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of думаете","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of думаете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"думаете","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do you think"},{"surface":"Карамазов","lemma":"карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Karamazov"},{"surface":"приходить","lemma":"приходить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement clause of думаете","gloss":"should we come"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"dative subject of приходить","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"сюда","lemma":"сюда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приходить","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приходить","gloss":"today"},{"surface":"вечером","lemma":"вечер","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приходить","gloss":"this evening"},{"surface":"Ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies напьется","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of напьется","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"напьется","lemma":"напиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will get drunk"}]},{"number":115,"label":"115","id":"epi-c3-s115","source":"— Может быть, и напьется. Придем мы с вами только вдвоем, вот и довольно, чтоб посидеть с ними часок, с матерью и с Ниночкой, а если все придем разом, то им опять всё напомним, — посоветовал Алеша.","translation":"— Perhaps he will get drunk. Let the two of us come alone, just the two, that will be enough, to sit an hour with them, with the mother and with Ninochka; but if we all come at once, we'll remind them of everything all over again, — Alyosha advised.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"посидеть… часок","title":"Delimitative «по-» + diminutive","body":"«чтоб посидеть с ними часок» ('to sit with them an hour or so'): «посидеть» is the delimitative «по-» perfective ('to do a bit of'); «часок» is the cosy diminutive of «час»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the phrase может быть, modifies напьется","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of Может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies напьется","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"напьется","lemma":"напиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will get drunk"},{"surface":"Придем","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"let's come"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of Придем","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"вами","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies мы","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вдвоем","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"вдвоем","lemma":"вдвоём","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Придем","gloss":"the two of us"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies довольно","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"довольно","lemma":"довольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate, parallel clause to Придем","gloss":"will be enough"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of посидеть","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"посидеть","lemma":"посидеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"purpose clause modifying довольно","gloss":"sit"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ними","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ними","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of посидеть","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"часок","lemma":"часок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"duration complement of посидеть","gloss":"an hour"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking матерью","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"матерью","lemma":"мать","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of посидеть","gloss":"the mother"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Ниночкой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Ниночкой","lemma":"ниночка","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with матерью","gloss":"Ninochka"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of придем","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of придем","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"придем","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"protasis of если, conditional clause","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"разом","lemma":"разом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies придем","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the apodosis of если","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of напомним","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies напомним","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of напомним","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"напомним","lemma":"напомнить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the то-clause","gloss":"will remind"},{"surface":"посоветовал","lemma":"посоветовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quotative frame","gloss":"advised"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of посоветовал","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":116,"label":"116","id":"epi-c3-s116","source":"— Там у них теперь хозяйка стол накрывает, — эти поминки, что ли, будут, поп придет; возвращаться нам сейчас туда, Карамазов, иль нет?","translation":"— The landlady there is setting the table for them now — there'll be a funeral meal, I suppose, and the priest will come; should we go back there now, Karamazov, or not?","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies накрывает","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of накрывает","gloss":"their place"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies накрывает","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"хозяйка","lemma":"хозяйка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of накрывает","gloss":"the landlady"},{"surface":"стол","lemma":"стол","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of накрывает","gloss":"the table"},{"surface":"накрывает","lemma":"накрывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is setting"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of поминки","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"поминки","lemma":"поминки","morphology":"noun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of будут","gloss":"funeral meal"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase что ли","gloss":"(I suppose)"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase что ли, modifies поминки будут","gloss":"or something"},{"surface":"будут","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb, predicate of поминки","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"поп","lemma":"поп","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of придет","gloss":"the priest"},{"surface":"придет","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with будут","gloss":"will come"},{"surface":"возвращаться","lemma":"возвращаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (infinitive question)","gloss":"should we go back"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"dative subject of возвращаться","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies возвращаться","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"туда","lemma":"туда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies возвращаться","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"Карамазов","lemma":"карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Karamazov"},{"surface":"иль","lemma":"иль","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links alternative to возвращаться","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"completes the alternative question (иль нет)","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":117,"label":"117","id":"epi-c3-s117","source":"— Непременно, — сказал Алеша.","translation":"— By all means, — said Alyosha.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"certainly"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quotative frame","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":118,"label":"118","id":"epi-c3-s118","source":"— Странно всё это, Карамазов, такое горе, и вдруг какие-то блины, как это всё неестественно по нашей религии!","translation":"— How strange all this is, Karamazov, such grief, and then suddenly pancakes of some sort — how unnatural it all is by our religion!","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Странно","lemma":"странный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"how strange"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of это","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of Странно","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"Карамазов","lemma":"карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Karamazov"},{"surface":"такое","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of горе","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"горе","lemma":"горе","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with это, in apposition","gloss":"grief"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies блины","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"какие","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of блины","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase какие-то, modifies блины","gloss":"sort of"},{"surface":"блины","lemma":"блин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with горе","gloss":"pancakes"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of неестественно","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of неестественно","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies это","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"неестественно","lemma":"неестественный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"main predicate of the clause","gloss":"unnatural"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking религии","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"нашей","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, dative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of религии","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"религии","lemma":"религия","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of неестественно","gloss":"religion"}]},{"number":119,"label":"119","id":"epi-c3-s119","source":"— У них там и семга будет, — громко заметил вдруг мальчик, открывший Трою.","translation":"— They'll have salmon there too, — the boy who had discovered Troy suddenly remarked aloud.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"У","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of будет","gloss":"their place"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies будет","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies семга","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"семга","lemma":"сёмга","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of будет","gloss":"salmon"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"громко","lemma":"громко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заметил","gloss":"loudly"},{"surface":"заметил","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quotative frame","gloss":"remarked"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заметил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"мальчик","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заметил","gloss":"the boy"},{"surface":"открывший","lemma":"открыть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying мальчик","gloss":"who had discovered"},{"surface":"Трою","lemma":"троя","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of открывший","gloss":"Troy"}]},{"number":120,"label":"120","id":"epi-c3-s120","source":"— Я вас серьезно прошу, Карташов, не вмешиваться более с вашими глупостями, особенно когда с вами не говорят и не хотят даже знать, есть ли вы на свете, — раздражительно отрезал в его сторону Коля.","translation":"— I earnestly beg you, Kartashov, not to meddle anymore with your foolishness, especially when no one is speaking to you and no one even wishes to know whether you are alive at all, — Kolya snapped irritably in his direction.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не хотят… знать, есть ли вы на свете","title":"Embedded «ли» question","body":"«не хотят… знать, есть ли вы на свете» ('don't even wish to know whether you exist'): «ли» introduces the embedded yes/no question after the focused «есть»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of прошу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of прошу","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"серьезно","lemma":"серьезно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прошу","gloss":"earnestly"},{"surface":"прошу","lemma":"просить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I beg"},{"surface":"Карташов","lemma":"карташов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address, not a syntactic argument","gloss":"Kartashov"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вмешиваться","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"вмешиваться","lemma":"вмешиваться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of прошу","gloss":"to meddle"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вмешиваться","gloss":"anymore"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глупостями","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"вашими","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"determiner of глупостями","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"глупостями","lemma":"глупость","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of вмешиваться","gloss":"foolishness"},{"surface":"особенно","lemma":"особенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the когда-clause","gloss":"especially"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of говорят","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"вами","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of говорят","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говорят","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"говорят","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"verb of the когда-clause, modifies вмешиваться","gloss":"are speaking"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links говорят and хотят","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хотят","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хотят","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with говорят","gloss":"wish"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знать","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"знать","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хотят","gloss":"to know"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, invariant existential form","role":"clausal complement of знать","gloss":"are","note":"'есть ли вы на свете' uses the fixed existential 'есть' (\"is/are there\"), not agreement with вы."},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies есть","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking свете","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"свете","lemma":"свет","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of есть","gloss":"the world","note":"'на свете' = idiom for 'alive, in existence'."},{"surface":"раздражительно","lemma":"раздражительный","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отрезал","gloss":"irritably"},{"surface":"отрезал","lemma":"отрезать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb reporting the quoted speech","gloss":"snapped"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сторону","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of сторону","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"сторону","lemma":"сторона","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отрезал","gloss":"direction"},{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отрезал","gloss":"Kolya"}]},{"number":121,"label":"121","id":"epi-c3-s121","source":"Мальчик так и вспыхнул, но ответить ничего не осмелился.","translation":"The boy flushed crimson, but did not dare answer a word.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ответить ничего не осмелился","title":"Genitive of negation","body":"«ответить ничего не осмелился» ('did not dare answer a thing'): the negated «ничего» appears in the genitive, the genitive of negation reinforced by «не»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мальчик","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вспыхнул","gloss":"the boy"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вспыхнул","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the intensifying phrase так и","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"вспыхнул","lemma":"вспыхнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"flushed"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ответить","lemma":"ответить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of осмелился","gloss":"to answer"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of ответить","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies осмелился","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"осмелился","lemma":"осмелиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вспыхнул","gloss":"dared"}]},{"number":122,"label":"122","id":"epi-c3-s122","source":"Между тем все тихонько брели по тропинке, и вдруг Смуров воскликнул:","translation":"Meanwhile they were all trudging quietly along the little path, and suddenly Smurov exclaimed:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"брели по тропинке","title":"Determinate motion verb «брести»","body":"«все тихонько брели по тропинке» ('they trudged along the path'): «брести» is the determinate (unidirectional) verb of motion, paired with the indeterminate «бродить»; it conveys slow, dejected single-direction walking."}],"words":[{"surface":"Между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тем","gloss":"mean"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тем","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom между тем, modifies брели","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"subject of брели","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"тихонько","lemma":"тихонько","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies брели","gloss":"quietly"},{"surface":"брели","lemma":"брести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"were trudging"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тропинке","gloss":"along"},{"surface":"тропинке","lemma":"тропинка","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of брели","gloss":"the path"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies воскликнул","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"Смуров","lemma":"смуров","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнул","gloss":"Smurov"},{"surface":"воскликнул","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with брели","gloss":"exclaimed"}]},{"number":123,"label":"123","id":"epi-c3-s123","source":"— Вот Илюшин камень, под которым его хотели похоронить!","translation":"\"There is Ilusha's stone, the one they wanted to bury him under!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"камень, под которым… хотели похоронить","title":"Relative «под которым»","body":"«камень, под которым его хотели похоронить» ('the stone they wanted to bury him under'): the relative «которым» takes the instrumental governed by «под», pointing back to «камень»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"presentative particle, modifies камень","gloss":"there is"},{"surface":"Илюшин","lemma":"илюшин","morphology":"adjective (possessive), nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies камень","gloss":"Ilusha's"},{"surface":"камень","lemma":"камень","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"stone"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которым","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"которым","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of похоронить","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of похоронить","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"хотели","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"relative clause on камень","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"похоронить","lemma":"похоронить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотели","gloss":"to bury"}]},{"number":124,"label":"124","id":"epi-c3-s124","source":"Все молча остановились у большого камня.","translation":"They all came to a halt in silence by the big stone.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Все","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of остановились","gloss":"they all"},{"surface":"молча","lemma":"молча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies остановились","gloss":"in silence"},{"surface":"остановились","lemma":"остановиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came to a halt"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking камня","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"большого","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies камня","gloss":"big"},{"surface":"камня","lemma":"камень","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of остановились","gloss":"stone"}]},{"number":125,"label":"125","id":"epi-c3-s125","source":"Алеша посмотрел, и целая картина того, что Снегирев рассказывал когда-то об Илюшечке, как тот, плача и обнимая отца, восклицал: «Папочка, папочка, как он унизил тебя!» — разом представилась его воспоминанию.","translation":"Alyosha looked, and the whole scene that Snegiryov had once described about Ilusha — how the boy, weeping and clinging to his father, had cried out, \"Papa, papa, how he humiliated you!\" — rose up before his memory all at once.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"плача и обнимая… восклицал","title":"Paired imperfective gerunds","body":"«как тот, плача и обнимая отца, восклицал»: two imperfective gerunds «плача» and «обнимая» frame the simultaneous manner of «восклицал»; «того, что» is a correlative head."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of посмотрел","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"посмотрел","lemma":"посмотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the two main clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"целая","lemma":"целый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies картина","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"картина","lemma":"картина","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of представилась","gloss":"scene"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies картина","gloss":"of that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of рассказывал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Снегирев","lemma":"снегирев","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of рассказывал","gloss":"Snegiryov"},{"surface":"рассказывал","lemma":"рассказывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying того","gloss":"had told"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда-то","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase когда-то, modifies рассказывал","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"когда-то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase когда-то, modifies рассказывал","gloss":"at some time","note":"когда-то ('once, at some point') is split by the tagger into когда + то."},{"surface":"об","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Илюшечке","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"Илюшечке","lemma":"илюшечка","morphology":"proper noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of рассказывал","gloss":"dear Ilusha"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of восклицал","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of восклицал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"плача","lemma":"плакать","morphology":"verb, present, active, gerund (adverbial participle), imperfective","role":"modifies восклицал","gloss":"weeping"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"обнимая","lemma":"обнимать","morphology":"verb, present, active, gerund (adverbial participle), imperfective","role":"coordinated with плача, modifies восклицал","gloss":"embracing"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of обнимая","gloss":"his father"},{"surface":"восклицал","lemma":"восклицать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause introduced by как","gloss":"had cried out"},{"surface":"Папочка","lemma":"папочка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"direct address, quoted by восклицал","gloss":"Papa"},{"surface":"папочка","lemma":"папочка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"repetition of Папочка for emphasis","gloss":"papa"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of унизил","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of унизил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"унизил","lemma":"унизить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause introduced by как","gloss":"humiliated"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of унизил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"разом","lemma":"разом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies представилась","gloss":"all at once"},{"surface":"представилась","lemma":"представиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence's second clause, coordinated with посмотрел","gloss":"rose up"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of воспоминанию","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"воспоминанию","lemma":"воспоминание","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of представилась","gloss":"memory"}]},{"number":126,"label":"126","id":"epi-c3-s126","source":"Что-то как бы сотряслось в его душе.","translation":"Something seemed to shudder within his soul.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of сотряслось","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the indefinite pronoun что-то","gloss":"(indefinite marker)"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы, modifies сотряслось","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"как бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"(as if)"},{"surface":"сотряслось","lemma":"сотрястись","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shuddered"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking душе","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of душе","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"душе","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сотряслось","gloss":"soul"}]},{"number":127,"label":"127","id":"epi-c3-s127","source":"Он с серьезным и важным видом обвел глазами все эти милые, светлые лица школьников, Илюшиных товарищей, и вдруг сказал им:","translation":"With a grave and earnest look he ran his eyes over all those dear, bright faces of the schoolboys, Ilusha's comrades, and suddenly said to them:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"обвёл глазами… лица","title":"Instrumental of means","body":"«обвёл глазами все эти… лица» ('ran his eyes over all those faces'): «глазами» is an instrumental of means, the standard partner of «обвести» in this idiom."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of обвел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking видом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"серьезным","lemma":"серьёзный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies видом","gloss":"grave"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"важным","lemma":"важный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with серьезным","gloss":"earnest"},{"surface":"видом","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обвел","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"обвел","lemma":"обвести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ran"},{"surface":"глазами","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"complement of обвел","gloss":"his eyes"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of лица","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of лица","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"милые","lemma":"милый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies лица","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"светлые","lemma":"светлый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"coordinated with милые","gloss":"bright"},{"surface":"лица","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of обвел","gloss":"faces"},{"surface":"школьников","lemma":"школьник","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies лица","gloss":"of the schoolboys"},{"surface":"Илюшиных","lemma":"илюшин","morphology":"adjective (possessive), genitive, plural","role":"modifies товарищей","gloss":"Ilusha's"},{"surface":"товарищей","lemma":"товарищ","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to школьников","gloss":"comrades"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказал","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with обвел","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of сказал","gloss":"to them"}]},{"number":128,"label":"128","id":"epi-c3-s128","source":"— Господа, мне хотелось бы вам сказать здесь, на этом самом месте, одно слово.","translation":"\"Gentlemen, I should like to say one word to you here, on this very spot.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"мне хотелось бы вам сказать","title":"Dative impersonal + softening «бы»","body":"«мне хотелось бы вам сказать… одно слово» ('I should like to say one word to you'): impersonal «хотелось» with a dative experiencer «мне», softened by «бы» — a markedly polite, gentle opening."}],"words":[{"surface":"Господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, vocative (nominative plural form used as address), masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Gentlemen"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of хотелось","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"хотелось","lemma":"хотеться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would like"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"auxiliary of хотелось","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of сказать","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотелось","gloss":"to say"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказать","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking месте","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of месте","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"самом","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies месте","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"месте","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сказать","gloss":"spot"},{"surface":"одно","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"quantifies слово","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"слово","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сказать","gloss":"word"}]},{"number":129,"label":"129","id":"epi-c3-s129","source":"Мальчики обступили его и тотчас устремили на него пристальные, ожидающие взгляды.","translation":"The boys gathered around him and at once fixed their intent, expectant eyes upon him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ожидающие взгляды","title":"Present active participle","body":"«ожидающие взгляды» ('expectant looks'): «ожидающие» is the present active participle of «ожидать», used attributively like an adjective."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мальчики","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of обступили","gloss":"the boys"},{"surface":"обступили","lemma":"обступить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gathered around"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of обступили","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies устремили","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"устремили","lemma":"устремить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with обступили","gloss":"fixed"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of устремили","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"пристальные","lemma":"пристальный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies взгляды","gloss":"intent"},{"surface":"ожидающие","lemma":"ожидать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, plural, accusative, imperfective","role":"coordinated with пристальные","gloss":"expectant"},{"surface":"взгляды","lemma":"взгляд","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of устремили","gloss":"gazes"}]},{"number":130,"label":"130","id":"epi-c3-s130","source":"— Господа, мы скоро расстанемся. Я теперь пока несколько времени с двумя братьями, из которых один пойдет в ссылку, а другой лежит при смерти. Но скоро я здешний город покину, может быть очень надолго. Вот мы и расстанемся, господа. Согласимся же здесь, у Илюшина камушка, что не будем никогда забывать — во-первых, Илюшечку, а во-вторых, друг об друге.","translation":"\"Gentlemen, we shall soon part. For the time being I am here for a while with my two brothers, of whom one is going off into exile and the other lies at death's door. But soon I shall leave this town, perhaps for a very long while. And so we shall part, gentlemen. Let us agree here, by Ilusha's little stone, that we shall never forget — first, dear Ilusha, and second, one another.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Согласимся же здесь","title":"1st-person-plural hortative + «же»","body":"«Согласимся же здесь… что не будем… забывать» ('let us agree here…'): the perfective 1pl «согласимся» serves as a hortative ('let us'), and «же» urges it on. «из которых» is a relative."}],"words":[{"surface":"Господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, vocative (nominative plural form used as address), masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Gentlemen"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of расстанемся","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"скоро","lemma":"скоро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies расстанемся","gloss":"soon"},{"surface":"расстанемся","lemma":"расстаться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shall part"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of the clause (verb elided)","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies времени","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"пока","lemma":"пока","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies времени","gloss":"for the time being"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on времени","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"времени","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking братьями","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"двумя","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, instrumental","role":"quantifies братьями","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"братьями","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"modifies времени","gloss":"brothers"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которых","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"которых","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of пойдет","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пойдет","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"пойдет","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on братьями","gloss":"will go"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ссылку","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"ссылку","lemma":"ссылка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пойдет","gloss":"exile"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of лежит","gloss":"the other"},{"surface":"лежит","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with пойдет","gloss":"lies"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking смерти","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"смерти","lemma":"смерть","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of лежит","gloss":"death's door"},{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"скоро","lemma":"скоро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies покину","gloss":"soon"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of покину","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"здешний","lemma":"здешний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies город","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"город","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of покину","gloss":"town"},{"surface":"покину","lemma":"покинуть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shall leave"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"может быть","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom может быть, modifies покину","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"может быть","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom может быть","gloss":"(perhaps)","note":"'может быть' is a fixed parenthetical meaning 'perhaps', not a full copula clause."},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies надолго","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"надолго","lemma":"надолго","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies покину","gloss":"for long"},{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies расстанемся","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of расстанемся","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifying particle modifying расстанемся","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"расстанемся","lemma":"расстаться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shall part"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"Согласимся","lemma":"согласиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"let us agree"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Согласимся","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Согласимся","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking камушка","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"Илюшина","lemma":"илюшин","morphology":"adjective (possessive), genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies камушка","gloss":"Ilusha's"},{"surface":"камушка","lemma":"камушек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Согласимся","gloss":"little stone"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of забывать","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies забывать","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"будем","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of забывать","gloss":"shall"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies забывать","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"забывать","lemma":"забывать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause, complement of Согласимся","gloss":"forget"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"во-первых","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase во-первых, modifies забывать","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"первых","lemma":"во-первых","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase во-первых, modifies забывать","gloss":"(first)","note":"во-первых ('firstly') is split by the tagger into во + первых."},{"surface":"Илюшечку","lemma":"илюшечка","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of забывать","gloss":"dear Ilusha"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"во-вторых","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase во-вторых, modifies забывать","gloss":"second"},{"surface":"вторых","lemma":"во-вторых","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase во-вторых, modifies забывать","gloss":"(second)","note":"во-вторых ('secondly') is split by the tagger into во + вторых."},{"surface":"друг","lemma":"друг друга","morphology":"pronoun, reciprocal","role":"part of the reciprocal phrase друг о друге, direct object of забывать","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the reciprocal phrase друг о друге","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"друге","lemma":"друг друга","morphology":"pronoun, reciprocal, locative","role":"part of the reciprocal phrase друг о друге","gloss":"another","note":"друг о друге = 'about one another', a fixed reciprocal expression."}]},{"number":131,"label":"131","id":"epi-c3-s131","source":"И что бы там ни случилось с нами потом в жизни, хотя бы мы и двадцать лет потом не встречались, — все-таки будем помнить о том, как мы хоронили бедного мальчика, в которого прежде бросали камни, помните, там у мостика-то? — а потом так все его полюбили.","translation":"\"And whatever may happen to us afterward in life, even if we do not meet again for twenty years, let us still remember how we buried the poor boy at whom they once threw stones — you recall, there by the little bridge? — and how afterward everyone came to love him so.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что бы там ни случилось","title":"Concessive «бы… ни»","body":"«что бы там ни случилось с нами» ('whatever may happen to us'): the «бы… ни» frame builds a universal concessive ('no matter what'); «хотя бы» ('even if') extends it."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of случилось","gloss":"whatever"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"auxiliary of случилось","gloss":"(subjunctive)"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom что бы там ни, modifies случилось","gloss":"-ever","note":"'что бы там ни случилось' is idiomatic for 'whatever might happen'; там is not literal 'there'."},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies случилось","gloss":"-ever"},{"surface":"случилось","lemma":"случиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the concessive clause","gloss":"happens"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нами","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нами","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of случилось","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies случилось","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизни","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"жизни","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of случилось","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of встречались","gloss":"even if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"auxiliary of встречались","gloss":"(subjunctive)"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of встречались","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies двадцать","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"двадцать","lemma":"двадцать","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on лет","gloss":"twenty"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of встречались","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies встречались","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies встречались","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"встречались","lemma":"встречаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause modifying помнить","gloss":"meet"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase все-таки, modifies помнить","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"все-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase все-таки, modifies помнить","gloss":"(still)"},{"surface":"будем","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of помнить","gloss":"shall"},{"surface":"помнить","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remember"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of помнить","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of хоронили","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of хоронили","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"хоронили","lemma":"хоронить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"clause modifying том","gloss":"buried"},{"surface":"бедного","lemma":"бедный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мальчика","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"мальчика","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of хоронили","gloss":"boy"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которого","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"которого","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бросали","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бросали","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"бросали","lemma":"бросать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"relative clause on мальчика","gloss":"threw"},{"surface":"камни","lemma":"камень","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of бросали","gloss":"stones"},{"surface":"помните","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"parenthetical verb, addresses the listeners","gloss":"you remember"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies помните","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мостика","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"мостика","lemma":"мостик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of помните","gloss":"the little bridge"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle, enclitic","role":"enclitic particle attached to мостика","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies полюбили","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies полюбили","gloss":"so much"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of полюбили","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of полюбили","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"полюбили","lemma":"полюбить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came to love"}]},{"number":132,"label":"132","id":"epi-c3-s132","source":"Он был славный мальчик, добрый и храбрый мальчик, чувствовал честь и горькую обиду отцовскую, за которую и восстал.","translation":"\"He was a fine boy, a kind and brave boy, who felt his honor and his father's bitter wrong, and rose up to avenge it.\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to мальчик","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"славный","lemma":"славный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мальчик","gloss":"fine"},{"surface":"мальчик","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"boy"},{"surface":"добрый","lemma":"добрый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мальчик","gloss":"kind"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"храбрый","lemma":"храбрый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with добрый","gloss":"brave"},{"surface":"мальчик","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to мальчик","gloss":"boy"},{"surface":"чувствовал","lemma":"чувствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with был, second main verb","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"честь","lemma":"честь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of чувствовал","gloss":"honor"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"горькую","lemma":"горький","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies обиду","gloss":"bitter"},{"surface":"обиду","lemma":"обида","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with честь","gloss":"wrong"},{"surface":"отцовскую","lemma":"отцовский","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies обиду","gloss":"his father's"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которую","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"которую","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of восстал","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle, modifies восстал","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"восстал","lemma":"восстать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on обиду","gloss":"rose up"}]},{"number":133,"label":"133","id":"epi-c3-s133","source":"Итак, во-первых, будем помнить его, господа, во всю нашу жизнь.","translation":"\"And so, first, let us remember him, gentlemen, all our lives long.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"будем помнить","title":"Compound (imperfective) future","body":"«будем помнить его… во всю нашу жизнь» ('we shall remember him all our lives'): «быть» + imperfective infinitive forms the future of an ongoing, lasting action."}],"words":[{"surface":"Итак","lemma":"итак","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies помнить","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"во-первых","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase во-первых, modifies помнить","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"первых","lemma":"во-первых","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase во-первых, modifies помнить","gloss":"(first)"},{"surface":"будем","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of помнить","gloss":"let us"},{"surface":"помнить","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remember"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of помнить","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, vocative (nominative plural form used as address), masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизнь","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"нашу","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of помнить","gloss":"life"}]},{"number":134,"label":"134","id":"epi-c3-s134","source":"И хотя бы мы были заняты самыми важными делами, достигли почестей или впали бы в какое великое несчастье — всё равно не забывайте никогда, как нам было раз здесь хорошо, всем сообща, соединенным таким хорошим и добрым чувством, которое и нас сделало на это время любви нашей к бедному мальчику, может быть, лучшими, чем мы есть в самом деле.","translation":"\"And though we may be caught up in the most important affairs, or attain to honors, or fall into some great misfortune — never, all the same, forget how good it once was for us here, all together, joined by such a good and kindly feeling, which, for this time of our love for the poor boy, made us perhaps better than we really are.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"нам было… хорошо… сделало… лучшими","title":"Dative subject + predicate instrumental","body":"«как нам было… хорошо» is the dative-experiencer impersonal ('how good it was for us'); «сделало… нас… лучшими» predicates a resulting state in the instrumental ('made us better')."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause (with бы)","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"forms хотя бы 'even if' with хотя","gloss":"(conditional)"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of passive заняты","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of заняты","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"заняты","lemma":"занять","morphology":"verb, short-form passive participle, plural, perfective","role":"predicate with были; parallel to достигли/впали under хотя бы","gloss":"caught up"},{"surface":"самыми","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural (superlative marker)","role":"modifies важными","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"важными","lemma":"важный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies делами","gloss":"important"},{"surface":"делами","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of заняты","gloss":"affairs"},{"surface":"достигли","lemma":"достигнуть","morphology":"verb, past, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with заняты, parallel under хотя бы","gloss":"attained"},{"surface":"почестей","lemma":"почесть","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of достигли","gloss":"honors"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"впали","lemma":"впасть","morphology":"verb, past, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with достигли","gloss":"fell"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"auxiliary of впали","gloss":"(conditional)"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking несчастье","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"какое","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of несчастье","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"великое","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies несчастье","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"несчастье","lemma":"несчастие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of впали","gloss":"misfortune"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular (idiom всё равно)","role":"forms idiom всё равно with равно, modifies забывайте","gloss":"all","note":"Idiom 'всё равно' = 'all the same, nonetheless.'"},{"surface":"равно","lemma":"равно","morphology":"adverb (idiom всё равно)","role":"forms idiom всё равно with всё","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle, negative","role":"modifies забывайте","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"забывайте","lemma":"забывать","morphology":"verb, imperative, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"forget"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies забывайте","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of хорошо","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of хорошо","gloss":"for us"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"copula verb, past, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to хорошо","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies было/хорошо","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хорошо","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"хорошо","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, predicate, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement in the clause introduced by как, object of забывайте","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental/dative, plural (idiom всем сообща)","role":"forms idiom всем сообща with сообща","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"сообща","lemma":"сообща","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хорошо (manner), coordinated with здесь","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"соединенным","lemma":"соединить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, dative, plural, perfective","role":"participial phrase modifying нам, joined by чувством","gloss":"joined"},{"surface":"таким","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of чувством","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"хорошим","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies чувством","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"добрым","lemma":"добрый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with хорошим","gloss":"kindly"},{"surface":"чувством","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of соединенным","gloss":"feeling"},{"surface":"которое","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of сделало","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нас","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of сделало","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"сделало","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, past, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on чувством","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking время","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сделало","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"любви","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies время","gloss":"of love"},{"surface":"нашей","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of любви","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мальчику","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"бедному","lemma":"бедный","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мальчику","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"мальчику","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of любви (object of к)","gloss":"boy"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, third, singular, imperfective (idiom может быть)","role":"forms idiom может быть with быть","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"infinitive, imperfective (idiom может быть)","role":"complement of может","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"лучшими","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, comparative, instrumental, plural","role":"predicate complement of сделало","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison clause of есть","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"copula verb, present, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of лучшими","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition (idiom в самом деле)","role":"preposition marking деле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"самом","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular (idiom в самом деле)","role":"modifies деле","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"деле","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of есть","gloss":"fact","note":"'в самом деле' = 'really, in fact.'"}]},{"number":135,"label":"135","id":"epi-c3-s135","source":"Голубчики мои, — дайте я вас так назову — голубчиками, потому что вы все очень похожи на них, на этих хорошеньких сизых птичек, теперь, в эту минуту, как я смотрю на ваши добрые, милые лица, — милые мои деточки, может быть, вы не поймете, что я вам скажу, потому что я говорю часто очень непонятно, но вы все-таки запомните и потом когда-нибудь согласитесь с моими словами.","translation":"\"My little doves — let me call you that, little doves, because you all look so like them, like those pretty grey-blue birds, now, at this moment, as I gaze at your kind, dear faces — my dear little children, perhaps you will not understand what I am about to tell you, for I often speak very unintelligibly, but you will remember it all the same and someday come to agree with my words.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Голубчики мои… дайте я вас назову","title":"Endearment + «дайте» + 1st person","body":"«Голубчики мои» ('my little doves') is a tender diminutive address; «дайте я вас… назову» ('let me call you…') uses imperative «дайте» before a 1st-person verb to mean 'let me'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Голубчики","lemma":"голубчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural (vocative address)","role":"head of the address, modified by мои","gloss":"little doves"},{"surface":"мои","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"modifies Голубчики","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"дайте","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, imperative, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb; дайте + я...назову = 'let me call'","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of назову","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of назову","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies назову","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"назову","lemma":"назвать","morphology":"verb, future, first, singular, perfective","role":"complement clause of дайте","gloss":"call"},{"surface":"голубчиками","lemma":"голубчик","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"predicate complement of назову","gloss":"little doves"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb (idiom потому что)","role":"introduces the causal clause of похожи","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction (idiom потому что)","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of похожи","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"modifies вы","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies похожи","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"похожи","lemma":"похожий","morphology":"adjective, predicate, plural","role":"predicate of the causal clause (потому что), modifies вы","gloss":"look alike"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of похожи","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking птичек, in apposition to них","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"этих","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of птичек","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"хорошеньких","lemma":"хорошенький","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies птичек","gloss":"pretty"},{"surface":"сизых","lemma":"сизый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies птичек","gloss":"grey-blue"},{"surface":"птичек","lemma":"птичка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of на, in apposition to них","gloss":"birds"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смотрю","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуту","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of в, modifies смотрю","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of смотрю","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of смотрю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"смотрю","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, present, first, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause modifying похожи","gloss":"gaze"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лица","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ваши","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of добрые","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"добрые","lemma":"добрый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies лица","gloss":"kind"},{"surface":"милые","lemma":"милый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"coordinated with добрые","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"лица","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of смотрю (на)","gloss":"faces"},{"surface":"милые","lemma":"милый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies деточки","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"мои","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of деточки","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"деточки","lemma":"деточка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural (vocative address)","role":"vocative address, new sentence begins after","gloss":"little children"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, third, singular, imperfective (idiom может быть)","role":"forms idiom может быть with быть","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"infinitive, imperfective (idiom может быть)","role":"complement of может","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of поймете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle, negative","role":"modifies поймете","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"поймете","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, future, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"introduces the object clause of скажу","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of скажу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of скажу","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"скажу","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, first, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of поймете","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb (idiom потому что)","role":"introduces the causal clause of говорю","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction (idiom потому что)","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говорю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, first, singular, imperfective","role":"predicate of causal clause modifying поймете","gloss":"speak"},{"surface":"часто","lemma":"часто","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies непонятно","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies непонятно","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"непонятно","lemma":"непонятно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорю","gloss":"unintelligibly"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of запомните","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"particle (idiom всё-таки)","role":"forms idiom всё-таки with таки","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"таки","morphology":"particle (idiom всё-таки)","role":"forms idiom всё-таки with все","gloss":"the same","note":"'всё-таки' = 'nevertheless, all the same.'"},{"surface":"запомните","lemma":"запомнить","morphology":"verb, future, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb, coordinated with поймете (contrast introduced by но)","gloss":"remember"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies согласитесь","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"adverb (idiom когда-нибудь)","role":"forms idiom когда-нибудь with нибудь","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle (idiom когда-нибудь)","role":"forms idiom когда-нибудь with когда","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"согласитесь","lemma":"согласиться","morphology":"verb, future, second, plural, middle, perfective","role":"main verb, coordinated with запомните","gloss":"agree"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking словами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"моими","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"determiner of словами","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"словами","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of согласитесь","gloss":"words"}]},{"number":136,"label":"136","id":"epi-c3-s136","source":"Знайте же, что ничего нет выше, и сильнее, и здоровее, и полезнее впредь для жизни, как хорошее какое-нибудь воспоминание, и особенно вынесенное еще из детства, из родительского дома.","translation":"\"Know, then, that there is nothing higher, or stronger, or more wholesome, or more useful for life hereafter than some good memory, and above all one carried out of childhood, out of the parental home.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ничего нет выше, и сильнее…","title":"Genitive of negation + comparatives","body":"«ничего нет выше, и сильнее, и здоровее, и полезнее… как…» ('nothing is higher, stronger… than…'): existential negation takes the genitive «ничего», strung with a chain of comparatives."}],"words":[{"surface":"Знайте","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, imperative, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Знайте","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of нет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"subject of нет","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"verb, present, negative existential","role":"clausal complement of Знайте","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"выше","lemma":"высокий","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"modifies ничего","gloss":"higher"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"сильнее","lemma":"сильный","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"coordinated with выше","gloss":"stronger"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"здоровее","lemma":"здоровый","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"coordinated with выше","gloss":"more wholesome"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"полезнее","lemma":"полезный","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"coordinated with выше","gloss":"more useful"},{"surface":"впредь","lemma":"впредь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies полезнее","gloss":"hereafter"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизни","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"жизни","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of полезнее","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison, marks воспоминание","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"хорошее","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies воспоминание","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"какое","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular (idiom какой-нибудь)","role":"forms idiom какое-нибудь with нибудь","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle (idiom какой-нибудь)","role":"forms idiom какое-нибудь with какое","gloss":"kind of","note":"'какой-нибудь' = 'some, some kind of.'"},{"surface":"воспоминание","lemma":"воспоминание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"compared complement, object of как (than)","gloss":"memory"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"особенно","lemma":"особенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вынесенное","gloss":"especially"},{"surface":"вынесенное","lemma":"вынести","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"participle modifying воспоминание, coordinated with хорошее","gloss":"carried"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies из детства","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking детства","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"детства","lemma":"детство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of вынесенное","gloss":"childhood"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дома","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"родительского","lemma":"родительский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дома","gloss":"parental"},{"surface":"дома","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with детства","gloss":"home"}]},{"number":137,"label":"137","id":"epi-c3-s137","source":"Вам много говорят про воспитание ваше, а вот какое-нибудь этакое прекрасное, святое воспоминание, сохраненное с детства, может быть, самое лучшее воспитание и есть.","translation":"\"Much is said to you about your upbringing, but some such beautiful, sacred memory, kept from childhood, may perhaps be the very best upbringing there is.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"самое лучшее воспитание","title":"Superlative «самое лучшее»","body":"«самое лучшее воспитание и есть» ('is the very best upbringing'): the superlative is built analytically with «самый» + the already-irregular «лучший» ('best')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of говорят","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорят","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"говорят","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, third, plural, imperfective (impersonal 'they say')","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is said"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking воспитание","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"воспитание","lemma":"воспитание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорят","gloss":"upbringing"},{"surface":"ваше","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of воспитание","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies воспоминание","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"какое","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular (idiom какой-нибудь)","role":"forms idiom какое-нибудь with нибудь","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle (idiom какой-нибудь)","role":"forms idiom какое-нибудь with какое","gloss":"kind of"},{"surface":"этакое","lemma":"этакий","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies воспоминание","gloss":"such a"},{"surface":"прекрасное","lemma":"прекрасный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies воспоминание","gloss":"beautiful"},{"surface":"святое","lemma":"святой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with прекрасное","gloss":"sacred"},{"surface":"воспоминание","lemma":"воспоминание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of быть/есть","gloss":"memory"},{"surface":"сохраненное","lemma":"сохранить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying воспоминание","gloss":"kept"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking детства","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"детства","lemma":"детство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сохраненное","gloss":"childhood"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, third, singular, imperfective (idiom может быть)","role":"forms idiom может быть with быть","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"copula infinitive, imperfective","role":"copula, complement of может, links воспоминание to воспитание","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"самое","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular (superlative)","role":"modifies лучшее","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"лучшее","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, superlative, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies воспитание","gloss":"best"},{"surface":"воспитание","lemma":"воспитание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate nominal complement of быть","gloss":"upbringing"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle, emphatic","role":"modifies есть","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"copula verb, present, third, singular, imperfective","role":"emphatic copula reinforcing быть, predicate of воспоминание","gloss":"is"}]},{"number":138,"label":"138","id":"epi-c3-s138","source":"Если много набрать таких воспоминаний с собою в жизнь, то спасен человек на всю жизнь.","translation":"\"If a man gathers many such memories with him into life, he is saved for his whole life.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"спасён человек… с собою","title":"Short passive participle + reflexive","body":"«то спасён человек на всю жизнь» ('then a man is saved for life'): the short past passive participle «спасён» forms a resultative passive; «с собою» is the reflexive «себя» in the instrumental."}],"words":[{"surface":"Если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of набрать","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies набрать","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"набрать","lemma":"набрать","morphology":"verb, infinitive, perfective (impersonal, subjectless)","role":"adverbial clause on спасен","gloss":"gathers"},{"surface":"таких","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of воспоминаний","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"воспоминаний","lemma":"воспоминание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of набрать","gloss":"memories"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking собою","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"собою","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, reflexive","role":"oblique complement of с, modifies набрать","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизнь","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of набрать","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative particle (если...то)","role":"introduces the clause of спасен","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"спасен","lemma":"спасти","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"saved"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of passive спасен","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизнь","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"his whole"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of спасен","gloss":"life"}]},{"number":139,"label":"139","id":"epi-c3-s139","source":"И даже если и одно только хорошее воспоминание при нас останется в нашем сердце, то и то может послужить когда-нибудь нам во спасение.","translation":"\"And even if only one good memory remains with us in our heart, that too may serve someday for our salvation.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"во спасение","title":"Church-Slavonic «во спасение»","body":"«может послужить… во спасение» ('may serve unto salvation'): the preposition «во» + accusative «спасение» is a Church-Slavonic turn meaning 'for/unto salvation', lifting the register to the liturgical."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies если","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of останется","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle, emphatic","role":"modifies одно","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"одно","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"quantifies воспоминание","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies одно","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"хорошее","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies воспоминание","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"воспоминание","lemma":"воспоминание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of останется","gloss":"memory"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of останется","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"останется","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, future, third, singular, middle, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on может","gloss":"remains"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сердце","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нашем","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of сердце","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of останется","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative particle (если...то)","role":"introduces the clause of может","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle, emphatic","role":"modifies то","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of может","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"послужить","lemma":"послужить","morphology":"verb, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"serve"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"adverb (idiom когда-нибудь)","role":"forms idiom когда-нибудь with нибудь","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle (idiom когда-нибудь)","role":"forms idiom когда-нибудь with когда","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of послужить","gloss":"for us"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking спасение","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"спасение","lemma":"спасение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of послужить","gloss":"salvation"}]},{"number":140,"label":"140","id":"epi-c3-s140","source":"Может быть, мы станем даже злыми потом, даже пред дурным поступком устоять будем не в силах, над слезами человеческими будем смеяться и над теми людьми, которые говорят; вот как давеча Коля воскликнул: «Хочу пострадать за всех людей», — и над этими людьми, может быть, злобно издеваться будем.","translation":"\"Perhaps we shall even grow wicked afterward, perhaps we shall lack the strength to hold back even from a base deed, perhaps we shall laugh at human tears and at those people who say — as Kolya cried out just now: 'I want to suffer for all mankind' — perhaps we shall even jeer maliciously at such people.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"станем… злыми… над слезами… смеяться","title":"Predicate instrumental + «над» + instrumental","body":"«станем… злыми» ('shall become wicked') predicates the resulting state in the instrumental; «над слезами… смеяться» shows «смеяться над» governing the instrumental ('to laugh at')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, third, singular, imperfective (idiom может быть)","role":"forms idiom может быть with быть","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"infinitive, imperfective (idiom может быть)","role":"complement of Может","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of станем","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"станем","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, future, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shall become"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies злыми","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"злыми","lemma":"злой","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"predicate complement of станем","gloss":"wicked"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies станем","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies устоять","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking поступком","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"дурным","lemma":"дурной","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies поступком","gloss":"base"},{"surface":"поступком","lemma":"поступок","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of устоять","gloss":"a deed"},{"surface":"устоять","lemma":"устоять","morphology":"verb, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of силах (idiom не в силах = unable)","gloss":"resist"},{"surface":"будем","lemma":"быть","morphology":"copula verb, future, first, plural, imperfective","role":"copula, main verb 'we shall be'","gloss":"shall be"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle, negative (idiom не в силах)","role":"negates силах, forms не в силах = unable","gloss":"un-"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition (idiom в силах)","role":"part of idiom в силах","gloss":"(idiom)"},{"surface":"силах","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural (idiom не в силах)","role":"predicate complement with будем (idiom не в силах = unable)","gloss":"able","note":"'не в силах' = 'unable, lacking the strength.'"},{"surface":"над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking слезами","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"слезами","lemma":"слеза","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of смеяться","gloss":"tears"},{"surface":"человеческими","lemma":"человеческий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies слезами","gloss":"human"},{"surface":"будем","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, future, first, plural, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of смеяться","gloss":"shall"},{"surface":"смеяться","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, infinitive, middle, imperfective","role":"coordinated with устоять","gloss":"laugh"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking людьми","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"теми","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"determiner of людьми","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"людьми","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of смеяться","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"которые","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of говорят","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"говорят","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, third, plural, imperfective","role":"relative clause on людьми","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies давеча","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the parenthetical clause of воскликнул","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"давеча","lemma":"давеча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies воскликнул","gloss":"a moment ago","note":"'давеча' is an archaic/colloquial adverb meaning 'a little while ago, just now.'"},{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"Коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнул","gloss":"Kolya","note":"Kolya (Nikolai Krasotkin), a boy from the novel."},{"surface":"воскликнул","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical clause, parallel to говорят","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"Хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"пострадать","lemma":"пострадать","morphology":"verb, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of Хочу","gloss":"to suffer"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking людей","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of людей","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"людей","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of пострадать","gloss":"mankind"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking людьми","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"этими","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"determiner of людьми","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"людьми","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of издеваться","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, third, singular, imperfective (idiom может быть)","role":"forms idiom может быть with быть","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"infinitive, imperfective (idiom может быть)","role":"complement of может","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"злобно","lemma":"злобно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies издеваться","gloss":"maliciously"},{"surface":"издеваться","lemma":"издеваться","morphology":"verb, infinitive, middle, imperfective","role":"complement of будем (auxiliary future)","gloss":"jeer"},{"surface":"будем","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, future, first, plural, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of издеваться","gloss":"shall"}]},{"number":141,"label":"141","id":"epi-c3-s141","source":"А все-таки как ни будем мы злы, чего не дай бог, но как вспомним про то, как мы хоронили Илюшу, как мы любили его в последние дни и как вот сейчас говорили так дружно и так вместе у этого камня, то самый жестокий из нас человек и самый насмешливый, если мы такими сделаемся, все-таки не посмеет внутри себя посмеяться над тем, как он был добр и хорош в эту теперешнюю минуту!","translation":"\"And yet, however wicked we may become — which God forbid — when we recall how we buried Ilusha, how we loved him in his last days, and how we have just been talking so warmly and so together by this stone, then even the most cruel and most mocking man among us, if such we should become, will still not dare within himself to laugh at how good and kind he was in this present minute!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как ни будем мы злы","title":"Concessive «как ни» + short adjective","body":"«Как ни» means 'however much / no matter how', conceding whatever follows: 'however wicked we may become'. «Злы» is the predicative short form of «злой», the form Russian reserves for the predicate after the copula; here it pairs with the future «будем»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"чего не дай бог","title":"«не дай бог» — 'God forbid'","body":"A frozen optative interjection, literally 'may God not give (it)', tucked in parenthetically. The «чего» loosely picks up the preceding clause: 'which God forbid'. The phrase is everywhere in spoken Russian and lends Alyosha's speech its warm, prayerful colour."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как мы хоронили Илюшу","title":"Imperfective «хоронили» — the remembered scene","body":"«Хоронили» is imperfective past: it pictures the burial as a remembered process unfolding, not a single point. The whole string «как… как… как…» recreates the scene in the mind's eye, which is exactly the work the imperfective does."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"то самый жестокий из нас человек","title":"«то» answering «как вспомним»","body":"The «как… то…» frame works like 'when (we recall)…, then…': «то» heads the main clause. «Самый жестокий» is the periphrastic superlative with «самый» ('the most cruel'), declined together with the adjective."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не посмеет внутри себя посмеяться","title":"Reflexive «себя» vs. reflexive verb «посмеяться»","body":"Two distinct reflexives sit side by side: the full pronoun «себя» ('within himself', here in the accusative/genitive after «внутри»), and the verb «посмеяться над», which carries -ся as a bound clitic. «Себя» has no nominative and always points back to the clause's subject."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and yet"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase все-таки, modifies будем","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"все-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase все-таки","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause of будем (как...ни)","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the concessive phrase как...ни","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"будем","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking to злы","gloss":"may become"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of злы","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"злы","lemma":"злой","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"wicked"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of дай","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дай","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"дай","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical clause (не дай бог), modifies злы","gloss":"forbid","note":"«не дай бог» is a fixed idiom meaning \"God forbid\"."},{"surface":"бог","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of дай","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вспомним","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"вспомним","lemma":"вспомнить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"verb of the как-clause, correlates with то","gloss":"we recall"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking то","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of вспомним","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хоронили","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of хоронили","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"хоронили","lemma":"хоронить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"complement clause of то","gloss":"buried"},{"surface":"Илюшу","lemma":"илюша","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of хоронили","gloss":"Ilyusha"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of любили","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of любили","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"любили","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with хоронили, complement of то","gloss":"loved"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of любили","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дни","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"последние","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies дни","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"дни","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of любили","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорили","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как вот, modifies говорили","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорили","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"говорили","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with любили, complement of то","gloss":"were talking"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дружно","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"дружно","lemma":"дружно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорили","gloss":"warmly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вместе","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"вместе","lemma":"вместе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорили","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking камня","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of камня","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"камня","lemma":"камень","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорили","gloss":"stone"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"adverb","role":"correlative adverb, introduces the main clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"самый","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies жестокий","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"жестокий","lemma":"жестокий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"cruel"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of жестокий","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of посмеет","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"самый","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies насмешливый","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"насмешливый","lemma":"насмешливый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with жестокий, modifies человек","gloss":"mocking"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сделаемся","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of сделаемся","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"такими","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"predicate complement of сделаемся","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"сделаемся","lemma":"сделаться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, first, plural, perfective","role":"conditional clause modifying посмеет","gloss":"we become"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase все-таки, modifies посмеет","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"все-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase все-таки","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies посмеет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"посмеет","lemma":"посметь","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will dare"},{"surface":"внутри","lemma":"внутри","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"oblique complement of посмеет","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"посмеяться","lemma":"посмеяться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of посмеет","gloss":"to laugh"},{"surface":"над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тем","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of посмеяться","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of добр","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of добр","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to добр","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"добр","lemma":"добрый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"clause modifying тем","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"хорош","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with добр","gloss":"kind"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуту","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"теперешнюю","lemma":"теперешний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies минуту","gloss":"present"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of добр/хорош","gloss":"minute"}]},{"number":142,"label":"142","id":"epi-c3-s142","source":"Мало того, может быть, именно это воспоминание одно его от великого зла удержит, и он одумается и скажет: «Да, я был тогда добр, смел и честен».","translation":"\"What is more, this one memory alone may perhaps hold him back from some great evil, and he will think better of it and say: 'Yes, I was good then, and brave, and honest.'\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"его от великого зла удержит","title":"Fronted object «его» and genitive after «от»","body":"Word order foregrounds «его» ('him') before the verb «удержит» ('will hold back'), the new information trailing as in Russian's topic-comment flow. «От великого зла» is genitive governed by the preposition «от» ('from')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"удержит… одумается… скажет","title":"Chain of perfective futures","body":"All three verbs are perfective verbs conjugated like a present, which yields the simple future: 'will hold back… will think better… will say'. Each names a single completed act, driving the imagined sequence forward step by step."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"одумается","title":"«одуматься» — to come to one's senses","body":"A perfective -ся verb meaning to reconsider, to think better of something one was about to do. The «о-» prefix plus reflexive gives the sense of a mind turning back on itself; English 'think better of it' captures the change of heart."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мало","lemma":"мало того","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase мало того","gloss":"what's more"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"мало того","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase мало того","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical (может быть), modifies удержит","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"part of the parenthetical может быть","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies это","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of воспоминание","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"воспоминание","lemma":"воспоминание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of удержит","gloss":"memory"},{"surface":"одно","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies воспоминание","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of удержит","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking зла","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"великого","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies зла","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"зла","lemma":"зло","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of удержит","gloss":"evil"},{"surface":"удержит","lemma":"удержать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will hold back"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of одумается","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"одумается","lemma":"одуматься","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with удержит","gloss":"will think better of it"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"скажет","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with удержит","gloss":"will say"},{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse particle opening the quotation","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of добр","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to добр","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies добр","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"добр","lemma":"добрый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of скажет","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"смел","lemma":"смелый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with добр","gloss":"brave"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"честен","lemma":"честный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with добр","gloss":"honest"}]},{"number":143,"label":"143","id":"epi-c3-s143","source":"Пусть усмехнется про себя, это ничего, человек часто смеется над добрым и хорошим; это лишь от легкомыслия; но уверяю вас, господа, что как усмехнется, так тотчас же в сердце скажет: «Нет, это я дурно сделал, что усмехнулся, потому что над этим нельзя смеяться!»","translation":"\"Let him smile to himself — that is nothing; a man often laughs at what is good and kind, and only out of frivolity; but I assure you, gentlemen, that the moment he smiles, in his heart he will at once say: 'No, it was wrong of me to smile, for this is not a thing to laugh at!'\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Пусть усмехнется про себя","title":"«пусть» + 3rd person = let-imperative","body":"Russian forms a third-person command with the particle «пусть» plus a finite verb: 'let him smile'. The verb «усмехнётся» is a perfective future form; «пусть» grants permission or concedes the act."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"усмехнется","title":"«усмехнуться» — a wry half-smile","body":"Not the open «улыбнуться» (to smile) but «усмехнуться» — to smirk, to give a sceptical or self-mocking grin. The distinction matters here: Alyosha imagines a man's faint, dismissive smile at goodness, which his heart will then rebuke."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"от легкомыслия","title":"«легкомыслие» — light-mindedness","body":"A bookish abstract noun, literally 'light-thinking', i.e. frivolity, thoughtlessness. The genitive after «от» frames it as the cause: the smile is 'only out of frivolity'. The -ие ending marks the elevated, almost moralising register of Alyosha's diction."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что усмехнулся","title":"«что» reporting the deed","body":"«Это я дурно сделал, что усмехнулся» uses «что» not as 'what' but as the subordinator 'that / in that' — 'it was wrong of me that I smiled'. This «то, что» pattern nominalises the action so it can be judged."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пусть","lemma":"пусть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies усмехнется","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"усмехнется","lemma":"усмехнуться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he smiles"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of усмехнется","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of ничего","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"predicate of это","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of смеется","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"часто","lemma":"часто","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смеется","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"смеется","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"laughs"},{"surface":"над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking добрым","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"добрым","lemma":"добрый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смеется","gloss":"the good"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"хорошим","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with добрым","gloss":"the kind"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the clause","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies легкомыслия","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking легкомыслия","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"легкомыслия","lemma":"легкомыслие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of это","gloss":"frivolity"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"уверяю","lemma":"уверять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I assure"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of уверяю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address to уверяю","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clausal complement of уверяю","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of усмехнется (as soon as)","gloss":"as soon as"},{"surface":"усмехнется","lemma":"усмехнуться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the как-clause, correlates with так","gloss":"he smiles"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"correlative adverb, modifies скажет","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies скажет","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сердце","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of скажет","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"скажет","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of уверяю","gloss":"will say"},{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse particle opening the quotation","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сделал","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сделал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"дурно","lemma":"дурно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сделал","gloss":"badly"},{"surface":"сделал","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of скажет","gloss":"did"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of усмехнулся","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"усмехнулся","lemma":"усмехнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of сделал","gloss":"I smiled"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому что","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"потому что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этим","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"этим","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of нельзя","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"нельзя","lemma":"нельзя","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of the потому что clause","gloss":"one must not"},{"surface":"смеяться","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on нельзя","gloss":"laugh"}]},{"number":144,"label":"144","id":"epi-c3-s144","source":"— Это непременно так будет, Карамазов, я вас понимаю, Карамазов! — воскликнул, сверкнув глазами, Коля.","translation":"\"That is exactly how it will be, Karamazov, I understand you, Karamazov!\" cried Kolya, his eyes flashing.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сверкнув глазами","title":"Perfective gerund «сверкнув»","body":"«Сверкнув» is a perfective деепричастие (adverbial participle) in -в: 'having flashed / with a flash of his eyes'. It compresses an attendant action sharing Kolya's subject into the verb of speech «воскликнул». «Глазами» is the instrumental of means — flashing with the eyes."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"воскликнул… Коля","title":"Verb-before-subject in a dialogue tag","body":"The speaker «Коля» follows his verb «воскликнул», the standard inversion for quotation tags in Russian narrative. Free case marking lets the subject sit at the very end without ambiguity."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of так","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies так","gloss":"certainly"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to так","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"Карамазов","lemma":"карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Karamazov"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of понимаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of понимаю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"понимаю","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the second clause, loosely joined to будет","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"Карамазов","lemma":"карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Karamazov"},{"surface":"воскликнул","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"cried"},{"surface":"сверкнув","lemma":"сверкнуть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on воскликнул","gloss":"flashing"},{"surface":"глазами","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of сверкнув","gloss":"his eyes"},{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнул","gloss":"Kolya"}]},{"number":145,"label":"145","id":"epi-c3-s145","source":"Мальчики заволновались и тоже хотели что-то воскликнуть, но сдержались, пристально и умиленно смотря на оратора.","translation":"The boys grew agitated and were eager to cry out something too, but they held back, gazing intently and with tender emotion at the speaker.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"заволновались… сдержались","title":"Reflexive verbs of inner motion","body":"Both verbs carry -ся: «заволноваться» (to grow agitated, the «за-» marking the onset) and «сдержаться» (to restrain oneself). The -ся here is the 'middle' kind — a change of inner state with no external object — typical of how Russian renders feeling."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пристально и умиленно смотря","title":"Imperfective gerund «смотря»","body":"«Смотря» is the imperfective present gerund: 'gazing', an ongoing action simultaneous with «сдержались». It lets the boys hold back and keep looking at once. «Умилённо» ('with tender emotion') is a key Dostoevskian adverb of softened, moved feeling."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"оратора","title":"«оратор» — the orator / speaker","body":"A faintly elevated word for a public speaker, here applied to Alyosha at the stone. It dignifies the boyish scene, casting his improvised words as something like an oration — gently, without irony."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мальчики","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of заволновались","gloss":"the boys"},{"surface":"заволновались","lemma":"заволноваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"grew agitated"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хотели","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"хотели","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with заволновались","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"part of the phrase что-то, direct object of воскликнуть","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase что-то","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"воскликнуть","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотели","gloss":"to cry out"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"сдержались","lemma":"сдержаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with заволновались","gloss":"held back"},{"surface":"пристально","lemma":"пристально","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смотря","gloss":"intently"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"умиленно","lemma":"умиленно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with пристально","gloss":"with tender emotion"},{"surface":"смотря","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial converb modifying сдержались","gloss":"gazing"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking оратора","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"оратора","lemma":"оратор","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотря","gloss":"the speaker"}]},{"number":146,"label":"146","id":"epi-c3-s146","source":"— Это я говорю на тот страх, что мы дурными сделаемся, — продолжал Алеша, — но зачем нам и делаться дурными, не правда ли, господа? Будем, во-первых и прежде всего, добры, потом честны, а потом — не будем никогда забывать друг об друге.","translation":"\"I say this against the fear that we may turn out wicked,\" Alyosha went on, \"but why should we turn wicked at all, is it not so, gentlemen? Let us be, first and above all, kind, then honest, and then — let us never forget one another.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"на тот страх, что","title":"«на тот страх, что» — against the fear that","body":"An idiomatic construction: 'in case of, as a guard against the fear that…'. The «тот… что» correlative points forward to the clause it introduces. It frames Alyosha's warning as a precaution, not a prophecy."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"зачем нам и делаться дурными","title":"Dative «нам» + infinitive in a rhetorical question","body":"An impersonal frame: 'why should we (нам, dative) turn wicked at all?'. The dative names the persons concerned with no nominative subject, and the particle «и» adds 'even, at all'. «Делаться дурными» takes the instrumental predicate."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"делаться дурными","title":"Instrumental predicate after «делаться»","body":"«Делаться» ('to become') links the subject to a predicate adjective in the instrumental, «дурными», just as «стать» does. The instrumental frames the becoming as a change into a role or state rather than a fixed identity."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Будем… добры, потом честны","title":"Hortative «будем» + short adjectives","body":"«Будем» plus the predicate is a 'let us be' exhortation. The qualities come as short-form adjectives «добры… честны», the predicative forms proper to a copula. The mounting list — kind, then honest, then never forgetting — is the moral core of the speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of говорю","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говорю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking страх","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of страх","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"страх","lemma":"страх","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорю","gloss":"fear"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сделаемся","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of сделаемся","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"дурными","lemma":"дурной","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"predicate complement of сделаемся","gloss":"wicked"},{"surface":"сделаемся","lemma":"сделаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of страх","gloss":"we turn out"},{"surface":"продолжал","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"reporting verb, parenthetical","gloss":"continued"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of продолжал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the rhetorical question, modifies делаться","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"dative subject of делаться","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies делаться","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"делаться","lemma":"делаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the rhetorical question","gloss":"become"},{"surface":"дурными","lemma":"дурной","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"complement of делаться","gloss":"wicked"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies правда","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"правда","lemma":"правда","morphology":"adverb","role":"tag question, parenthetical","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies правда","gloss":"(question particle)"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"Будем","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the imperative clause","gloss":"let us be"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"во-первых","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase во-первых","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"первых","lemma":"во-первых","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase во-первых","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде всего","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase прежде всего","gloss":"above"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"прежде всего","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase прежде всего","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"добры","lemma":"добрый","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"predicate complement of Будем","gloss":"kind"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies честны","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"честны","lemma":"честный","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"coordinated with добры, predicate complement of Будем","gloss":"honest"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies забывать","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies забывать","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"будем","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of забывать","gloss":"let us"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies забывать","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"забывать","lemma":"забывать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Будем, second imperative clause","gloss":"forget"},{"surface":"друг","lemma":"друг о друге","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"part of the reciprocal phrase друг о друге","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"друг о друге","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the reciprocal phrase друг о друге","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"друге","lemma":"друг","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of забывать","gloss":"another"}]},{"number":147,"label":"147","id":"epi-c3-s147","source":"Это я опять-таки повторяю.","translation":"\"This I repeat once again.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это я опять-таки повторяю","title":"Fronted «это» for emphasis","body":"Object «это» stands first, before subject «я» and verb «повторяю», throwing weight onto 'this' — 'this I repeat once more'. The particle «-таки» ('after all, nonetheless') tacked onto «опять» insists on the repetition."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of повторяю","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of повторяю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять-таки","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase опять-таки, modifies повторяю","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"опять-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase опять-таки","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"повторяю","lemma":"повторять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I repeat"}]},{"number":148,"label":"148","id":"epi-c3-s148","source":"Я слово вам даю от себя, господа, что я ни одного из вас не забуду; каждое лицо, которое на меня теперь, сейчас, смотрит, припомню, хоть бы и чрез тридцать лет.","translation":"\"I give you my word, gentlemen, for my part, that I shall not forget a single one of you; every face that is looking at me now, this very moment, I shall remember, even thirty years from now.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ни одного из вас не забуду","title":"Negative concord with «ни одного»","body":"«Ни одного» ('not a single one') reinforces the verbal negation «не забуду» — Russian requires both negatives together. «Одного» stands in the genitive of negation, the natural case for the object of a negated verb."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"каждое лицо, которое… смотрит, припомню","title":"Relative «который» nominative subject","body":"«Которое» agrees with «лицо» in neuter gender and singular number but takes the nominative because it is the subject of its own clause ('every face that is looking'). The whole noun phrase is then the object of «припомню»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"хоть бы и чрез тридцать лет","title":"«хоть бы и» and archaic «чрез»","body":"«Хоть бы и» means 'even if it be, even as much as' — 'even thirty years from now'. Note «чрез», the bookish, contracted form of «через» ('through, after'), a period-elevated spelling that suits the solemn vow."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of даю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"слово","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of даю","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of даю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"даю","lemma":"давать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"oblique complement of даю","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of забуду","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of забуду","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase ни одного","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"одного","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of забуду","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies одного","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies забуду","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"забуду","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of даю","gloss":"will forget"},{"surface":"каждое","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of лицо","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of припомню","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"которое","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of смотрит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотрит","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смотрит","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смотрит","gloss":"right now"},{"surface":"смотрит","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause verb, modifies лицо","gloss":"looks"},{"surface":"припомню","lemma":"припомнить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb, coordinated with забуду","gloss":"I will remember"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть бы и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase хоть бы и (even if)","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"хоть бы и","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"part of the phrase хоть бы и","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"хоть бы и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase хоть бы и","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"чрез","lemma":"чрез","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лет, adverbial phrase on припомню","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"тридцать","lemma":"тридцать","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on лет","gloss":"thirty"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of чрез","gloss":"years"}]},{"number":149,"label":"149","id":"epi-c3-s149","source":"Давеча вот Коля сказал Карташову, что мы будто бы не хотим знать, «есть он или нет на свете?»","translation":"\"Just now Kolya said to Kartashov that we supposedly do not care to know 'whether he exists in the world or not.'\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Давеча","title":"«давеча» — 'a little while ago'","body":"A colloquial, slightly old-fashioned adverb meaning 'just now, earlier today'. It belongs to an everyday, almost folksy register and dates the action to the recent past of the same scene."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"будто бы не хотим знать","title":"«будто бы» — reported supposedly","body":"«Будто бы» ('as if, supposedly') flags the following claim as alleged, something Kolya is reported to have said and that Alyosha distances himself from. The «бы» here is the irrealis particle fused into the hearsay marker."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"есть он или нет на свете","title":"Embedded yes/no with «или нет»","body":"An indirect alternative question: 'whether he exists or not'. Russian frames it with «или нет» appended to the proposition. «Есть» is the bare existential 'is/exists', and «на свете» ('in the world') is the fixed locative phrase for being alive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Давеча","lemma":"давеча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказал","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase давеча вот, modifies сказал","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Карташову","lemma":"карташов","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of сказал","gloss":"to Kartashov"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of хотим","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of хотим","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase будто бы, modifies хотим","gloss":"supposedly"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"будто бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"part of the phrase будто бы","gloss":"supposedly"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хотим","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хотим","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of сказал","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"знать","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хотим","gloss":"to know"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the embedded question","gloss":"exists"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinated with есть","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking свете","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"свете","lemma":"свет","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of есть","gloss":"the world"}]},{"number":150,"label":"150","id":"epi-c3-s150","source":"Да разве я могу забыть, что Карташов есть на свете и что вот он не краснеет уж теперь, как тогда, когда Трою открыл, а смотрит на меня своими славными, добрыми, веселыми глазками.","translation":"\"But how could I forget that Kartashov does exist in the world, and that now he no longer blushes as he did then, when he discovered who founded Troy, but looks at me with his fine, kind, merry little eyes.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да разве я могу забыть","title":"«да разве» — incredulous rhetorical question","body":"«Разве» asks a question expecting the answer 'no', expressing disbelief: 'but how could I forget?'. The opening «да» is not 'yes' but an emphatic discourse particle launching the protest."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"глазками","title":"Diminutive «глазки» — dear little eyes","body":"«Глазки» is the affectionate diminutive of «глаза» (eyes), here in the instrumental «глазками» after «смотрит». Paired with «славными, добрыми, веселыми», the diminutive bathes Kartashov in tenderness — a constant emotional signal in this scene."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse particle, part of the phrase Да разве","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"разве","lemma":"разве","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of могу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"забыть","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могу","gloss":"forget"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Карташов","lemma":"карташов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"Kartashov"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of забыть","gloss":"exists"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking свете","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"свете","lemma":"свет","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of есть","gloss":"the world"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of краснеет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies краснеет","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of краснеет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies краснеет","gloss":"no longer"},{"surface":"краснеет","lemma":"краснеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with есть","gloss":"blushes"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies теперь","gloss":"any more"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies краснеет","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of тогда","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"correlate of как, modifies краснеет","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of открыл","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"Трою","lemma":"троя","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of открыл","gloss":"Troy"},{"surface":"открыл","lemma":"открыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on тогда","gloss":"discovered"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"смотрит","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with краснеет","gloss":"looks"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотрит","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"своими","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"determiner of славными","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"славными","lemma":"славный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies глазками","gloss":"fine"},{"surface":"добрыми","lemma":"добрый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"coordinated with славными","gloss":"kind"},{"surface":"веселыми","lemma":"весёлый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"coordinated with славными","gloss":"merry"},{"surface":"глазками","lemma":"глазок","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of смотрит","gloss":"little eyes"}]},{"number":151,"label":"151","id":"epi-c3-s151","source":"Господа, милые мои господа, будем все великодушны и смелы, как Илюшечка, умны, смелы и великодушны, как Коля ( но который будет гораздо умнее, когда подрастет), и будем такими же стыдливыми, но умненькими и милыми, как Карташов.","translation":"\"Gentlemen, my dear gentlemen, let us all be magnanimous and brave, like Ilusha, clever, brave, and magnanimous like Kolya (who will, however, be far cleverer when he grows up), and let us be as bashful, yet clever and dear, as Kartashov.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"будем все великодушны и смелы","title":"Hortative «будем» + short adjectives","body":"Again 'let us all be magnanimous and brave', with the qualities as predicative short forms «великодушны… смелы». The piling of short adjectives gives the exhortation its rhetorical lift."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"будет гораздо умнее, когда подрастет","title":"Comparative «умнее» + intensifier «гораздо»","body":"«Умнее» is the invariable predicative comparative of «умный» ('cleverer'), strengthened by «гораздо» ('far, much'). «Подрастёт» is a perfective future ('grows up'), the result-bearing partner of the pair."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"умненькими и милыми","title":"Expressive diminutive «умненький»","body":"«Умненький» softens «умный» with the affectionate -еньк- suffix — 'dear and clever' rather than merely 'clever'. Note the contrast: bashful Kartashov gets the tender diminutives, while bold Kolya is 'clever' outright."}],"words":[{"surface":"Господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Gentlemen"},{"surface":"милые","lemma":"милый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies господа (w4)","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"мои","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of господа (w4)","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to Господа (w1)","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"будем","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking to великодушны","gloss":"let us be"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"quantifies the implied subject (we)","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"великодушны","lemma":"великодушный","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"magnanimous"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"смелы","lemma":"смелый","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"coordinated with великодушны","gloss":"brave"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison with Илюшечка","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"Илюшечка","lemma":"илюшечка","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"standard of comparison for великодушны/смелы","gloss":"Ilusha"},{"surface":"умны","lemma":"умный","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"coordinated with великодушны","gloss":"clever"},{"surface":"смелы","lemma":"смелый","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"coordinated with великодушны","gloss":"brave"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"великодушны","lemma":"великодушный","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"coordinated with великодушны","gloss":"magnanimous"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison with Коля","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"standard of comparison","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the parenthetical clause","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"который","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of будет умнее","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to умнее","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"гораздо","lemma":"гораздо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies умнее","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"умнее","lemma":"умный","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicate complement of будет","gloss":"cleverer"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of подрастет","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"подрастет","lemma":"подрасти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on умнее","gloss":"grows up"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"будем","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking to стыдливыми","gloss":"let us be"},{"surface":"такими","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"determiner of стыдливыми","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies такими","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"стыдливыми","lemma":"стыдливый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"predicate complement of будем","gloss":"bashful"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"умненькими","lemma":"умненький","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"coordinated with стыдливыми","gloss":"clever"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"милыми","lemma":"милый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"coordinated with стыдливыми","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison with Карташов","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"Карташов","lemma":"карташов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"standard of comparison","gloss":"Kartashov"}]},{"number":152,"label":"152","id":"epi-c3-s152","source":"Да чего я говорю про них обоих!","translation":"\"But why do I speak of only those two!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да чего я говорю про них обоих!","title":"«да чего» exclamatory + genitive «обоих»","body":"An exclamatory rhetorical question, 'but why am I talking of those two!' — «чего» here is colloquial for «зачем/почему». «Обоих» is the animate genitive/accusative of «оба» ('both'), agreeing with «них»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говорю","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"adverbial modifier of говорю (why)","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говорю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do speak"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of говорю","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"обоих","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"in apposition to них","gloss":"those two"}]},{"number":153,"label":"153","id":"epi-c3-s153","source":"Все вы, господа, милы мне отныне, всех вас заключу в мое сердце, а вас прошу заключить и меня в ваше сердце!","translation":"\"All of you, gentlemen, are dear to me from this day on; I shall hold every one of you within my heart, and I ask you to hold me, too, within yours!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Все вы, господа, милы мне","title":"Dative «мне» of the experiencer","body":"'You are all dear to me' frames the feeling with the short adjective «милы» and the dative «мне» naming the one to whom they are dear. This dative-experiencer pattern is how Russian routes the inner life through the affected person."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"всех вас заключу в мое сердце","title":"Genitive-accusative «всех вас» + perfective future","body":"«Всех вас» is the animate accusative (borrowed from the genitive) — the object of «заключу», a perfective future, 'I shall enclose/hold'. The chiastic answering clause «прошу заключить и меня» mirrors the gesture: hold me too."}],"words":[{"surface":"Все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of вы","gloss":"All"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of милы","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to вы","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"милы","lemma":"милый","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"predicate of вы","gloss":"are dear"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of милы","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"отныне","lemma":"отныне","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies милы","gloss":"from now on"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of вас","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of заключу","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"заключу","lemma":"заключить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"will hold"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сердце","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"мое","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of сердце","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of заключу","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of прошу","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"прошу","lemma":"просить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"I ask"},{"surface":"заключить","lemma":"заключить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of прошу","gloss":"to hold"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies меня","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of заключить","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сердце","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"ваше","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of сердце","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of заключить","gloss":"heart"}]},{"number":154,"label":"154","id":"epi-c3-s154","source":"Ну, а кто нас соединил в этом добром хорошем чувстве, об котором мы теперь всегда, всю жизнь вспоминать будем и вспоминать намерены, кто как не Илюшечка, добрый мальчик, милый мальчик, дорогой для нас мальчик на веки веков!","translation":"\"And who was it that joined us together in this good, kindly feeling — the one we shall now remember always, all our lives long, and mean to remember — who if not dear Ilusha, the good boy, the dear boy, the boy precious to us for ever and ever!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"об котором мы… вспоминать будем","title":"Relative «о котором» + compound future","body":"«О котором» (with the older «об» before a consonant) is the relative in the prepositional case after «о» ('about which'). «Вспоминать будем» is the imperfective compound future — быte-form plus imperfective infinitive — naming an ongoing, lifelong remembering."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"кто как не Илюшечка","title":"«кто как не…» — who if not…","body":"A rhetorical formula, 'who if not…', supplying its own emphatic answer. It rounds the long question back to its real subject, Ilusha, named with the tender diminutive."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Илюшечка","title":"«Илюшечка» — the doubly tender diminutive","body":"From «Илья» → «Илюша» → «Илюшечка»: the -ечк- ladder of affection. By using the most tender form of the boy's name at the climax, Alyosha caresses his memory; the name itself is the emotion."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse particle opening the sentence","gloss":"Well"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of соединил","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of соединил","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"соединил","lemma":"соединить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"joined"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чувстве","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of чувстве","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"добром","lemma":"добрый","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies чувстве","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"хорошем","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies чувстве","gloss":"kindly"},{"surface":"чувстве","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of соединил","gloss":"feeling"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking котором","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"котором","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of вспоминать","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of вспоминать","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вспоминать","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вспоминать","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial modifier of вспоминать (duration)","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"вспоминать","lemma":"вспоминать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of будем","gloss":"remember"},{"surface":"будем","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of вспоминать","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вспоминать","lemma":"вспоминать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of намерены","gloss":"remember"},{"surface":"намерены","lemma":"намерен","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"coordinated with будем","gloss":"intend"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"resumptive subject, parallel to кто (w3)","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces как не Илюшечка (if not)","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Илюшечка","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"Илюшечка","lemma":"илюшечка","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of кто (w23)","gloss":"Ilusha","note":"\"кто как не X\" is an idiom meaning \"who if not X\"."},{"surface":"добрый","lemma":"добрый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мальчик (w28)","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"мальчик","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Илюшечка","gloss":"boy"},{"surface":"милый","lemma":"милый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мальчик (w30)","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"мальчик","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Илюшечка","gloss":"boy"},{"surface":"дорогой","lemma":"дорогой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мальчик (w34)","gloss":"precious"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of дорогой","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"мальчик","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Илюшечка","gloss":"boy"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom на веки веков","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"веки","lemma":"век","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"part of the idiom на веки веков","gloss":"ages","note":"\"на веки веков\" is an idiom meaning \"for ever and ever\"."},{"surface":"веков","lemma":"век","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies веки","gloss":"of ages"}]},{"number":155,"label":"155","id":"epi-c3-s155","source":"Не забудем же его никогда, вечная ему и хорошая память в наших сердцах, отныне и во веки веков!","translation":"\"Let us never forget him, then; eternal and good be his memory in our hearts, from this day on and for ever and ever!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не забудем же его никогда","title":"Hortative negative + particles «же» and «никогда»","body":"«Не забудем» is a 'let us not forget' exhortation; «же» insists ('then, do'), and «никогда» adds an ни-word in negative concord with «не». Three layers — exhortation, particle, double negation — press the plea home."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вечная ему и хорошая память","title":"Dative «ему» of benefit, copula-less","body":"An optative with no verb: 'eternal and good (be) his memory'. «Ему» is the dative of the person to whom the memory belongs/benefits, and the nominative «память» with its adjectives forms the wish around it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies забудем","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"забудем","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"let us forget"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies забудем","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of забудем","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies забудем","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"вечная","lemma":"вечный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies память","gloss":"eternal"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of память (whose memory)","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"хорошая","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies память","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"память","lemma":"память","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the exclamatory clause","gloss":"memory"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сердцах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"наших","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of сердцах","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"сердцах","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"modifies память","gloss":"hearts"},{"surface":"отныне","lemma":"отныне","morphology":"adverb","role":"temporal modifier of the exclamatory clause","gloss":"from now on"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom во веки веков","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"веки","lemma":"век","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"part of the idiom во веки веков","gloss":"ages","note":"\"во веки веков\" is an idiom meaning \"for ever and ever\"."},{"surface":"веков","lemma":"век","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies веки","gloss":"of ages"}]},{"number":156,"label":"156","id":"epi-c3-s156","source":"— Так, так, вечная, вечная, — прокричали все мальчики своими звонкими голосами, с умиленными лицами.","translation":"\"Yes, yes, eternal, eternal,\" all the boys cried out in their ringing voices, their faces full of tender feeling.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"прокричали все мальчики своими звонкими голосами","title":"Instrumental of means + reflexive «свой»","body":"«Своими звонкими голосами» is the instrumental of means, 'with their ringing voices', and «свои» is the reflexive possessive pointing back to the boys themselves. Reflexive «свой» is required because the voices belong to the clause's own subject."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"умиленными лицами","title":"«умилённый» — moved to tenderness","body":"«Умилённый» (and the noun «умиление») is a key Dostoevskian word for a softened, tearful tenderness, a melting of the heart, often with a spiritual colour. It recurs through this scene as the emotional keynote of the boys' grief."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the exclamation","gloss":"Yes"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with Так","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"вечная","lemma":"вечный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"parallel exclamation to так","gloss":"eternal"},{"surface":"вечная","lemma":"вечный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with вечная","gloss":"eternal"},{"surface":"прокричали","lemma":"прокричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of мальчики","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"мальчики","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of прокричали","gloss":"boys"},{"surface":"своими","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"determiner of голосами","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"звонкими","lemma":"звонкий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies голосами","gloss":"ringing"},{"surface":"голосами","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of прокричали","gloss":"voices"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лицами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"умиленными","lemma":"умилить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, instrumental, perfective","role":"modifies лицами","gloss":"tender"},{"surface":"лицами","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated with голосами","gloss":"faces"}]},{"number":157,"label":"157","id":"epi-c3-s157","source":"— Будем помнить и лицо его, и платье его, и бедненькие сапожки его, и гробик его, и несчастного грешного отца его, и о том, как он смело один восстал на весь класс за него!","translation":"\"Let us remember his face too, and his clothes, and his poor little boots, and his little coffin, and his unhappy, sinful father, and how he bravely stood up alone against the whole class for him!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"бедненькие сапожки его, и гробик его","title":"A cluster of pitying diminutives","body":"«Бедненькие» (poor-dear), «сапожки» (little boots), «гробик» (little coffin) heap diminutive suffixes to wring out tenderness and pity. The diminutive of «гроб» ('coffin') is almost unbearable — it makes the death a child's death in the very grammar."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"восстал на весь класс за него","title":"Perfective «восстал» + «на» of opposition","body":"«Восстать на» ('to rise up against') takes «на» + accusative «весь класс». «Восстал» is a perfective past, capturing the single brave act of standing up; the elevated verb dignifies Ilusha's schoolyard defiance."}],"words":[{"surface":"Будем","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of помнить","gloss":"let us"},{"surface":"помнить","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remember"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies лицо","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of помнить","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies лицо","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"платье","lemma":"платье","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with лицо","gloss":"clothes"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies платье","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"бедненькие","lemma":"бедненький","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies сапожки","gloss":"poor little"},{"surface":"сапожки","lemma":"сапожок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with лицо","gloss":"little boots"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сапожки","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"гробик","lemma":"гробик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with лицо","gloss":"little coffin"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies гробик","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"несчастного","lemma":"несчастный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies отца","gloss":"unhappy"},{"surface":"грешного","lemma":"грешный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies отца","gloss":"sinful"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with лицо","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies отца","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of помнить","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of восстал","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of восстал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"смело","lemma":"смело","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies восстал","gloss":"bravely"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"describes он (alone)","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"восстал","lemma":"восстать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of о том","gloss":"stood up"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking класс","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of класс","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"класс","lemma":"класс","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of восстал","gloss":"class"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of восстал","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":158,"label":"158","id":"epi-c3-s158","source":"— Будем, будем помнить! — прокричали опять мальчики, — он был храбрый, он был добрый!","translation":"\"We will, we will remember!\" the boys cried out again. \"He was brave, he was good!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Будем, будем помнить!","title":"Compound future as a vow","body":"«Будем помнить» is the imperfective compound future ('we will remember'), repeated for fervour. The doubling «будем, будем» turns a tense into a cry of commitment — they will keep remembering, ongoingly."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"храбрый","title":"«храбрый» — valiant","body":"«Храбрый» is a warmer, more heroic word for 'brave' than the plainer «смелый» used elsewhere; it suits the boys' fierce admiration. Paired with «добрый», it sums up Ilusha as both valiant and good."}],"words":[{"surface":"Будем","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of помнить (repeated)","gloss":"we will"},{"surface":"будем","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of помнить","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"помнить","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"remember"},{"surface":"прокричали","lemma":"прокричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прокричали","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"мальчики","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of прокричали","gloss":"boys"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of храбрый","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to храбрый","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"храбрый","lemma":"храбрый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of он","gloss":"brave"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of добрый","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to добрый","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"добрый","lemma":"добрый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with храбрый","gloss":"good"}]},{"number":159,"label":"159","id":"epi-c3-s159","source":"— Ах как я любил его! — воскликнул Коля.","translation":"\"Ah, how I loved him!\" exclaimed Kolya.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ах как я любил его!","title":"Exclamatory «как» + imperfective «любил»","body":"Here «как» is the exclamatory 'how!', not 'as'. «Любил» is imperfective past, the proper aspect for an enduring feeling rather than a single act — 'how I loved him' across all that time."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ах","lemma":"ах","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection opening the sentence","gloss":"Ah"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of любил","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of любил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"любил","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"loved"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of любил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"воскликнул","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to любил","gloss":"exclaimed"},{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнул","gloss":"Kolya"}]},{"number":160,"label":"160","id":"epi-c3-s160","source":"— Ах, деточки, ах, милые друзья, не бойтесь жизни! Как хороша жизнь, когда что-нибудь сделаешь хорошее и правдивое!","translation":"\"Ah, children, ah, dear friends, do not be afraid of life! How good life is when you do something good and true!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"деточки","title":"«деточки» — dear little children","body":"The double diminutive of «дети» (children): «детки» → «деточки», brimming with tenderness. It is how one addresses small children one loves, and it sets the gentle, fatherly tone of Alyosha's closing words."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не бойтесь жизни","title":"Negated imperative «бойтесь» + genitive object","body":"«Бойтесь» is the plural/polite imperative of the -ся verb «бояться» ('to fear'), here negated: 'do not be afraid'. «Бояться» governs its object in the genitive, hence «жизни» — fear is fear *of* something."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"когда что-нибудь сделаешь хорошее","title":"Indefinite «что-нибудь» + generic 'you'","body":"«Что-нибудь» is the non-specific indefinite ('something, anything'), built with the -нибудь suffix. «Сделаешь» is a 2nd-person perfective future used generically ('when one does'), a common way to state a timeless truth — the novel's final, ringing affirmation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ах","lemma":"ах","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection","gloss":"Ah"},{"surface":"деточки","lemma":"деточка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"ах","lemma":"ах","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"милые","lemma":"милый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies друзья","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"друзья","lemma":"друг","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address, coordinated with деточки","gloss":"friends"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies бойтесь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"бойтесь","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"be afraid"},{"surface":"жизни","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of бойтесь","gloss":"of life"},{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of хороша","gloss":"How"},{"surface":"хороша","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of хороша","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сделаешь","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что-нибудь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of сделаешь (part of что-нибудь)","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"что-нибудь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"part of the phrase что-нибудь","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"сделаешь","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on хороша","gloss":"you do"},{"surface":"хорошее","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сделаешь","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"правдивое","lemma":"правдивый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with хорошее","gloss":"true"}]},{"number":161,"label":"161","id":"epi-c3-s161","source":"— Да, да, — восторженно повторили мальчики.","translation":"\"Yes, yes,\" the boys repeated rapturously.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"exclamation","gloss":"Yes"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinated with Да","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"восторженно","lemma":"восторженно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies повторили","gloss":"rapturously"},{"surface":"повторили","lemma":"повторить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"repeated"},{"surface":"мальчики","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of повторили","gloss":"boys"}]},{"number":162,"label":"162","id":"epi-c3-s162","source":"— Карамазов, мы вас любим! — воскликнул неудержимо один голос, кажется Карташова.","translation":"\"Karamazov, we love you!\" a single voice cried out irrepressibly — Kartashov's, it seemed.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Карамазов","lemma":"карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Karamazov"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of любим","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of любим","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"любим","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"воскликнул","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narration","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"неудержимо","lemma":"неудержимо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies воскликнул","gloss":"irrepressibly"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine","role":"quantifies голос","gloss":"a single"},{"surface":"голос","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнул","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, modifies голос","gloss":"it seemed"},{"surface":"Карташова","lemma":"карташов","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"genitive complement of кажется (whose voice)","gloss":"Kartashov's"}]},{"number":163,"label":"163","id":"epi-c3-s163","source":"— Мы вас любим, мы вас любим, — подхватили и все.","translation":"\"We love you, we love you,\" they all took it up.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of любим","gloss":"We"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of любим","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"любим","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of любим","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of любим","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"любим","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with любим","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"подхватили","lemma":"подхватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the narration","gloss":"took it up"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies все","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of подхватили","gloss":"all"}]},{"number":164,"label":"164","id":"epi-c3-s164","source":"У многих сверкали на глазах слезинки.","translation":"In many of their eyes little tears were glistening.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"У","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking многих","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"многих","lemma":"многий","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of сверкали","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"сверкали","lemma":"сверкать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"were glistening"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глазах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"глазах","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of сверкали","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"слезинки","lemma":"слезинка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of сверкали","gloss":"little tears"}]},{"number":165,"label":"165","id":"epi-c3-s165","source":"— Ура Карамазову! — восторженно провозгласил Коля.","translation":"\"Hurrah for Karamazov!\" Kolya proclaimed rapturously.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ура Карамазову","title":"Dative with «ура»","body":"«Ура Карамазову!» ('Hurrah for Karamazov!'): the exclamation «ура» takes its object in the dative — the one being cheered."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ура","lemma":"ура","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Hurrah"},{"surface":"Карамазову","lemma":"карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Ура","gloss":"for Karamazov"},{"surface":"восторженно","lemma":"восторженно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies провозгласил","gloss":"rapturously"},{"surface":"провозгласил","lemma":"провозгласить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"proclaimed"},{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of провозгласил","gloss":"Kolya"}]},{"number":166,"label":"166","id":"epi-c3-s166","source":"— И вечная память мертвому мальчику! — с чувством прибавил опять Алеша.","translation":"\"And eternal memory to the dead boy!\" Alyosha added once more, with feeling.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"вечная","lemma":"вечный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies память","gloss":"eternal"},{"surface":"память","lemma":"память","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"memory"},{"surface":"мертвому","lemma":"мёртвый","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мальчику","gloss":"dead"},{"surface":"мальчику","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of память","gloss":"boy"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чувством","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"чувством","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of прибавил","gloss":"feeling"},{"surface":"прибавил","lemma":"прибавить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"added"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прибавил","gloss":"once more"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прибавил","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":167,"label":"167","id":"epi-c3-s167","source":"— Вечная память! — подхватили снова мальчики.","translation":"\"Eternal memory!\" the boys took up again.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Вечная","lemma":"вечный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies память","gloss":"Eternal"},{"surface":"память","lemma":"память","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"memory"},{"surface":"подхватили","lemma":"подхватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the narration","gloss":"took up"},{"surface":"снова","lemma":"снова","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подхватили","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"мальчики","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of подхватили","gloss":"boys"}]},{"number":168,"label":"168","id":"epi-c3-s168","source":"— Карамазов! — крикнул Коля, — неужели и взаправду религия говорит, что мы все встанем из мертвых, и оживем, и увидим опять друг друга, и всех, и Илюшечку?","translation":"\"Karamazov!\" cried Kolya. \"Can it be that religion truly says we shall all rise from the dead, and come to life, and see one another again, all of us, and Ilusha too?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"встанем… оживём, и увидим","title":"Chain of perfective futures","body":"«мы все встанем из мёртвых, и оживём, и увидим…» ('we shall rise, and come to life, and see…'): a chain of perfective futures, each a single completed future event — the grammar of resurrection."}],"words":[{"surface":"Карамазов","lemma":"карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Karamazov"},{"surface":"крикнул","lemma":"крикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narration","gloss":"cried"},{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of крикнул","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"неужели","lemma":"неужели","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говорит","gloss":"can it be that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies взаправду","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"взаправду","lemma":"взаправду","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорит","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"религия","lemma":"религия","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of говорит","gloss":"religion"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"says"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of встанем","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of встанем","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"modifies мы","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"встанем","lemma":"встать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of говорит","gloss":"shall rise"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мертвых","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"мертвых","lemma":"мёртвый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of встанем","gloss":"the dead"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"оживем","lemma":"ожить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with встанем","gloss":"come to life"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"увидим","lemma":"увидеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with встанем","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies увидим","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"друг","lemma":"друг друга","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"oblique complement of увидим (part of друг друга)","gloss":"one another","note":"\"друг друга\" is a fixed idiom meaning \"one another\"."},{"surface":"друга","lemma":"друг друга","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"part of the phrase друг друга","gloss":"one another"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"coordinated with друг друга","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Илюшечку","lemma":"илюшечка","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with друг друга","gloss":"Ilusha too"}]},{"number":169,"label":"169","id":"epi-c3-s169","source":"— Непременно восстанем, непременно увидим и весело, радостно расскажем друг другу всё, что было, — полусмеясь, полу в восторге ответил Алеша.","translation":"\"Without fail we shall rise, without fail we shall see one another, and we shall tell one another gladly and joyfully all that has been,\" Alyosha answered, half laughing, half in rapture.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Непременно восстанем","title":"Church-Slavonic «восстать»","body":"«Непременно восстанем» ('without fail we shall rise'): «восстать» is the elevated Church-Slavonic verb for rising (from the dead), grander than plain «встать»; «полусмеясь» is a gerund."}],"words":[{"surface":"Непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies восстанем","gloss":"without fail"},{"surface":"восстанем","lemma":"восстать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"we shall rise"},{"surface":"непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies увидим","gloss":"without fail"},{"surface":"увидим","lemma":"увидеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with восстанем","gloss":"we shall see"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"весело","lemma":"весело","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies расскажем","gloss":"gladly"},{"surface":"радостно","lemma":"радостно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies расскажем","gloss":"joyfully"},{"surface":"расскажем","lemma":"рассказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with восстанем","gloss":"we shall tell"},{"surface":"друг","lemma":"друг","morphology":"pronoun, invariable, first part of reciprocal phrase","role":"part of the reciprocal phrase друг другу","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"другу","lemma":"друг","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of расскажем (reciprocal: one another)","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of расскажем","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the relative clause modifying всё","gloss":"has been"},{"surface":"полусмеясь","lemma":"полусмеясь","morphology":"converb (gerund), present, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on ответил","gloss":"half-laughing"},{"surface":"полу","lemma":"полу-","morphology":"adverbial combining form (half-)","role":"modifies в восторге, parallel to полусмеясь","gloss":"half"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking восторге","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"восторге","lemma":"восторг","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ответил","gloss":"rapture"},{"surface":"ответил","lemma":"ответить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (reporting verb)","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ответил","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":170,"label":"170","id":"epi-c3-s170","source":"— Ах, как это будет хорошо! — вырвалось у Коли.","translation":"\"Ah, how good that will be!\" broke from Kolya.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ах","lemma":"ах","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection, independent of the clause","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хорошо","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of хорошо","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking это to хорошо","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"хорошо","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of будет","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"вырвалось","lemma":"вырваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"broke"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Коли","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Коли","lemma":"коля","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вырвалось","gloss":"Kolya"}]},{"number":171,"label":"171","id":"epi-c3-s171","source":"— Ну, а теперь кончим речи и пойдемте на его поминки. Не смущайтесь, что блины будем есть. Это ведь старинное, вечное, и тут есть хорошее, — засмеялся Алеша. — Ну пойдемте же! Вот мы теперь и идем рука в руку.","translation":"\"Well, now let us end our speeches and go to his memorial feast. Don't be embarrassed that we'll be eating pancakes. It is, after all, an old, eternal custom, and there is something good in it,\" Alyosha laughed. \"Well, let us go! And here we go now, hand in hand.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"кончим… пойдёмте… Не смущайтесь","title":"Hortative & negative imperatives","body":"«кончим речи и пойдёмте» ('let us end and go'): perfective 1pl «кончим» as hortative, plus «пойдёмте» with the polite «-те»; «Не смущайтесь» is a negative reflexive imperative ('don't be embarrassed')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies кончим","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"кончим","lemma":"кончить","morphology":"verb, future (hortative), indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"let us end"},{"surface":"речи","lemma":"речь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of кончим","gloss":"speeches"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пойдемте","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, imperative (hortative), active, first, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with кончим","gloss":"let us go"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking поминки","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of поминки","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"поминки","lemma":"поминки","morphology":"noun, accusative, plural (pluralia tantum)","role":"oblique complement of пойдемте","gloss":"memorial feast"},{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смущайтесь","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"смущайтесь","lemma":"смущаться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"be embarrassed"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"блины","lemma":"блин","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of есть","gloss":"pancakes"},{"surface":"будем","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"auxiliary forming the future tense with есть","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"есть","morphology":"verb, infinitive, active, imperfective","role":"infinitival complement of будем","gloss":"eating"},{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of старинное","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies старинное","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"старинное","lemma":"старинный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement (zero copula) of Это","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"вечное","lemma":"вечный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with старинное","gloss":"eternal"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies есть","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"existential verb, coordinated with старинное","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"хорошее","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"something good"},{"surface":"засмеялся","lemma":"засмеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (reporting verb)","gloss":"laughed"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of засмеялся","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"пойдемте","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, imperative (hortative), active, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"let us go"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пойдемте","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies идем","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of идем","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies идем","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies идем","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"идем","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"we go"},{"surface":"рука","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial phrase modifying идем (hand in hand), part of the idiom рука в руку","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руку","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"руку","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the idiom рука в руку, modifying идем","gloss":"hand"}]},{"number":172,"label":"172","id":"epi-c3-s172","source":"— И вечно так, всю жизнь рука в руку! Ура Карамазову! — еще раз восторженно прокричал Коля, и еще раз все мальчики подхватили его восклицание.","translation":"\"And for ever so, hand in hand all our lives long! Hurrah for Karamazov!\" Kolya cried out once more in rapture, and once more all the boys took up his cheer.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"рука в руку","title":"«рука в руку» — hand in hand","body":"«всю жизнь рука в руку» ('hand in hand all our lives'): a set phrase of fellowship; the novel ends on this image of the boys joined to Alyosha and to one another."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вечно","lemma":"вечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies так","gloss":"forever"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"accusative of duration, parallel to вечно так","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"рука","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the idiom рука в руку","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руку","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"руку","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the idiom рука в руку","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"Ура","lemma":"ура","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection, independent of the clause","gloss":"hurrah"},{"surface":"Карамазову","lemma":"карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"dative complement of Ура (hurrah for...)","gloss":"for Karamazov"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial accusative modifying прокричал","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"восторженно","lemma":"восторженно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прокричал","gloss":"in rapture"},{"surface":"прокричал","lemma":"прокричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (reporting verb)","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прокричал","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial accusative modifying подхватили","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of мальчики","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"мальчики","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of подхватили","gloss":"boys"},{"surface":"подхватили","lemma":"подхватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with прокричал","gloss":"took up"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of восклицание","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"восклицание","lemma":"восклицание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of подхватили","gloss":"cheer"}]}]}