{"work":{"slug":"karamazov","title":{"source":"Братья Карамазовы","translated":"The Brothers Karamazov"},"author":"Fyodor Dostoevsky","language":"Russian","languageCode":"ru","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov"},"unit":{"kind":"chapter","number":null,"id":"first-son","title":{"source":"II. Первого сына спровадил","translated":"II. He Gets Rid of His Eldest Son"},"section":"Book One: The History of a Family","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/first-son","lines":36},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/fyodor-pavlovitch","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/second-marriage","license":"Source text: public domain (Fyodor Dostoevsky, d. 1881; Russian from the Nauka academic edition via ru.wikisource). English translation: original, © 1732 Studios (2026); rendered freshly from the public-domain Russian, not derived from any prior English translation. Sentence-aligned by 1732 Studios.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"c2-s1","source":"Конечно, можно представить себе, каким воспитателем и отцом мог быть такой человек.","translation":"One can readily imagine, of course, what sort of guardian and father such a man could be.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"можно представить себе","title":"Impersonal «можно» + the reflexive себе","body":"«можно» is an invariable impersonal predicate ('one can / it is possible') taking a bare infinitive and no nominative subject — a classic subjectless frame. The dative reflexive «себе» here is the colloquial ethical dative of «представить себе», 'to picture to oneself'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"каким воспитателем и отцом мог быть","title":"Instrumental of the predicate after «быть»","body":"«каким воспитателем и отцом» stands in the instrumental because it is the predicate complement of «быть» in the past/modal frame «мог быть» — Russian frames a 'role' one fills (guardian, father) in the instrumental rather than the nominative."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"представить себе, каким… мог быть","title":"Embedded indirect question","body":"The comma introduces an indirect-question clause headed by the interrogative «каким» — the object of «представить себе». The narrator's «Конечно» ('of course') opens the chapter in his familiar buttonholing, chronicle voice."}],"words":[{"surface":"Конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifier of the sentence","gloss":"Of course"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb (predicative)","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"one can"},{"surface":"представить","lemma":"представить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on можно","gloss":"imagine"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of представить","gloss":"to oneself"},{"surface":"каким","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of воспитателем","gloss":"what sort of"},{"surface":"воспитателем","lemma":"воспитатель","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of быть","gloss":"guardian"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"отцом","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with воспитателем","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the object clause depending on представить","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of человек","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"a man"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"c2-s2","source":"С ним как с отцом именно случилось то, что должно было случиться, то есть он вовсе и совершенно бросил своего ребенка, прижитого с Аделаидой Ивановной, не по злобе к нему или не из каких-нибудь оскорбленно-супружеских чувств, а просто потому, что забыл о нем совершенно.","translation":"As a father, precisely what was bound to happen happened to him: that is, he abandoned the child he had begotten with Adelaida Ivanovna entirely and utterly — not out of malice toward the boy, nor from any wounded-husband feeling, but simply because he forgot all about him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"случилось то, что должно было случиться","title":"Impersonal «случилось» and the correlative то, что","body":"«случилось» ('it happened') is subjectless and neuter; its logical subject is the correlative «то, что…» ('that which…'), where «то» is the demonstrative head and «что» the relative. The perfective «случиться» frames the event as a single completed whole."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"прижитого с Аделаидой Ивановной","title":"Past passive participle modifying «ребенка»","body":"«прижитого» is a past passive participle ('begotten, fathered'), agreeing with «ребенка» in the animate-accusative/genitive; it compresses a whole relative clause ('the child he had begotten with…') into one declined word. «с Аделаидой Ивановной» is the accompaniment-instrumental after «с»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"прижитого","title":"«прижить» — to beget out of wedlock","body":"«прижить ребёнка» is a pointed verb meaning to father a child, with an undertone of irregular or illegitimate circumstances — fitting for Fyodor Pavlovitch. The matter-of-factness deepens the cruelty the sentence goes on to describe."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не по злобе… или не из… а просто потому, что","title":"Negation with не… не… а — corrected antithesis","body":"The «не X, не Y, а Z» frame negates two causes and substitutes the true one; «а» is the contrastive conjunction that pivots from what is denied to what is asserted. Note the preposition government: «по злобе» (dative of cause) versus «из… чувств» (genitive of source)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"оскорбленно-супружеских чувств","title":"«оскорблённо-супружеский» — a coined compound","body":"A nonce hyphenated compound, 'offended-marital (feelings)', i.e. wounded-husband sentiment. Such ad-hoc adjectival compounds are a Dostoevskian fingerprint, packing an ironic psychological diagnosis into a single epithet."}],"words":[{"surface":"С","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"With"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of случилось","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"comparative particle","role":"compares ним to отцом ('as with a father')","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отцом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"отцом","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"object of the comparison как с, referring to ним","gloss":"a father"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies случилось","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"случилось","lemma":"случиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"happened"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of случилось","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of должно было случиться","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"должно","lemma":"должно","morphology":"predicative adjective, neuter, singular","role":"predicate (with было) governing случиться","gloss":"was bound"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to должно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"случиться","lemma":"случиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of должно","gloss":"to happen"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle (fixed phrase то есть)","role":"part of the phrase то есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective (fixed phrase)","role":"part of the phrase то есть","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of бросил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бросил","gloss":"entirely"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"совершенно","lemma":"совершенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with вовсе","gloss":"completely"},{"surface":"бросил","lemma":"бросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause introduced by то есть","gloss":"abandoned"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ребенка","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"ребенка","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of бросил","gloss":"child"},{"surface":"прижитого","lemma":"прижитый","morphology":"participle, passive, past, accusative, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"modifies ребенка","gloss":"begotten"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Аделаидой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Аделаидой","lemma":"Аделаида","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прижитого","gloss":"Adelaida"},{"surface":"Ивановной","lemma":"Ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Аделаидой","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates по злобе","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking злобе","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"злобе","lemma":"злоба","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бросил","gloss":"malice"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of злобе","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates из... чувств","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чувств","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"каких","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of чувств (какой-нибудь = 'some sort of')","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle (indefinite marker)","role":"part of the indefinite determiner каких-нибудь","gloss":"-ever"},{"surface":"оскорбленно","lemma":"оскорблённый","morphology":"adjective (combining form of oскорблённо-супружеских)","role":"modifies чувств","gloss":"wounded"},{"surface":"супружеских","lemma":"супружеский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies чувств","gloss":"marital"},{"surface":"чувств","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated with злобе","gloss":"feelings"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"просто","lemma":"просто","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies потому","gloss":"simply"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb (fixed phrase потому что)","role":"part of the phrase потому что, gives the reason for бросил","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому что, introduces the clause of забыл","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"забыл","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the потому что-clause","gloss":"forgot"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of забыл","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"совершенно","lemma":"совершенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies забыл","gloss":"completely"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"c2-s3","source":"Пока он докучал всем своими слезами и жалобами, а дом свой обратил в развратный вертеп, трехлетнего мальчика Митю взял на свое попечение верный слуга этого дома Григорий, и не позаботься он тогда о нем, то, может быть, на ребенке некому было бы переменить рубашонку.","translation":"While he was wearying everyone with his tears and his complaints, and turning his own house into a den of debauchery, the three-year-old boy Mitya was taken into the care of Grigory, the faithful servant of that house; and had he not looked after him then, there might well have been no one to change the child's little shirt.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Пока он докучал… а дом свой обратил","title":"Imperfective «докучал» vs perfective «обратил»","body":"«Пока» ('while') frames a backdrop with the imperfective «докучал» (ongoing wearying), against which the perfective «обратил» ('turned [into]') marks a completed act. The reflexive-possessive «свой» ('his own') correctly ties the house back to the subject."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"развратный вертеп","title":"«вертеп» — a den of iniquity","body":"«вертеп» literally means a cave or, in the Nativity tradition, the cave of Christ's birth and its puppet-theatre depiction; here it carries its figurative sense, 'a den of debauchery'. Paired with «развратный» the phrase is biblical-tinged invective."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не позаботься он тогда о нем","title":"Imperative-form conditional «не позаботься он»","body":"A vivid hypothetical built not with «если» but by putting a perfective imperative-form verb first, inverted with its subject: 'had he not looked after him'. This bare-imperative conditional belongs to expressive, literary narration and equals «если бы он не позаботился». (Upgraded from the existing note, which lacked a concept id.)"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"некому было бы переменить рубашонку","title":"Dative-subject impersonal with «бы»","body":"«некому было бы переменить» is a subjectless construction: the negative «некому» ('there is no one to') governs a dative logical subject and a bare infinitive, and «было бы» adds the conditional. Literally 'there would have been no one to change [for] the child'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"рубашонку","title":"«рубашонка» — the little shirt (diminutive of pity)","body":"From «рубашка» 'shirt', the suffix «-онк-» here is not contemptuous but tender-pitying — 'the poor little shirt' of a neglected toddler. The diminutive does the emotional work the bare noun could not, underscoring the child's helplessness."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пока","lemma":"пока","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of докучал","gloss":"While"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of докучал and обратил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"докучал","lemma":"докучать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause modifying взял","gloss":"wearied"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of докучал","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"своими","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"determiner of слезами","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"слезами","lemma":"слеза","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of докучал","gloss":"tears"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"жалобами","lemma":"жалоба","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with слезами","gloss":"complaints"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"дом","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of обратил","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"свой","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of дом","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"обратил","lemma":"обратить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with докучал","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вертеп","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"развратный","lemma":"развратный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вертеп","gloss":"depraved"},{"surface":"вертеп","lemma":"вертеп","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обратил","gloss":"den"},{"surface":"трехлетнего","lemma":"трёхлетний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мальчика","gloss":"three-year-old"},{"surface":"мальчика","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of взял","gloss":"the boy"},{"surface":"Митю","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to мальчика","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"взял","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking попечение","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"свое","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of попечение","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"попечение","lemma":"попечение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of взял","gloss":"care"},{"surface":"верный","lemma":"верный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies слуга","gloss":"faithful"},{"surface":"слуга","lemma":"слуга","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of взял","gloss":"servant"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of дома","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"дома","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies слуга","gloss":"household"},{"surface":"Григорий","lemma":"Григорий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to слуга","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies позаботься","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"позаботься","lemma":"позаботиться","morphology":"verb, imperative form used in conditional sense, perfective","role":"introduces the conditional clause modifying было бы некому","gloss":"had not cared"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of позаботься","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies позаботься","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of позаботься","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative adverb","role":"introduces the resulting clause (некому было бы)","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective (parenthetical)","role":"part of the phrase может быть ('perhaps')","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ребенке","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"ребенке","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of некому","gloss":"the child"},{"surface":"некому","lemma":"некому","morphology":"negative existential pronoun, dative","role":"main predicate of the clause introduced by то, with было бы","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to некому","gloss":"would have been"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks the conditional mood of некому было","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"переменить","lemma":"переменить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on некому","gloss":"to change"},{"surface":"рубашонку","lemma":"рубашонка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of переменить","gloss":"little shirt"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"c2-s4","source":"К тому же так случилось, что родня ребенка по матери тоже как бы забыла о нем в первое время.","translation":"What is more, it so happened that the child's relatives on his mother's side also seemed, at first, to forget about him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"родня ребенка по матери… как бы забыла","title":"«как бы» softening the verb","body":"«как бы» ('as it were, seemingly') hedges «забыла», marking the narrator's tentative inference rather than asserted fact — a hallmark of his unreliable, gossiping voice. «по матери» means 'on the mother's side', the distributive «по» + dative."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"К тому же так случилось, что","title":"Impersonal «так случилось, что»","body":"Another subjectless «случилось» ('it so happened'), here a discourse-organising formula introducing a «что»-clause of fact. «К тому же» ('moreover') is a connective the chronicler-narrator leans on to pile circumstance upon circumstance."}],"words":[{"surface":"К","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase к тому же ('moreover')","gloss":"In addition to"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase к тому же","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase к тому же","gloss":"(emphasis)"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies случилось","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"случилось","lemma":"случиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"happened"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of забыла","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"родня","lemma":"родня","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of забыла","gloss":"relatives"},{"surface":"ребенка","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies родня","gloss":"of the child"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking матери","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"матери","lemma":"мать","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies родня ('on the mother's side')","gloss":"the mother's side"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies забыла","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle (fixed phrase как бы)","role":"part of the phrase как бы ('seemingly')","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"(seemingly)"},{"surface":"забыла","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of случилось","gloss":"forgot"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of забыла","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking время","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"первое","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies время","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of забыла ('at first')","gloss":"time"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"c2-s5","source":"Деда его, то есть самого господина Миусова, отца Аделаиды Ивановны, тогда уже не было в живых; овдовевшая супруга его, бабушка Мити, переехавшая в Москву, слишком расхворалась, сестры же повышли замуж, так что почти целый год пришлось Мите пробыть у слуги Григория и проживать у него в дворовой избе.","translation":"His grandfather — that is, old Mr. Miüsov himself, Adelaida Ivanovna's father — was by then no longer living; his widowed wife, Mitya's grandmother, had moved to Moscow and fallen gravely ill, while the sisters had all married off, so that for nearly a whole year Mitya had to stay with the servant Grigory and live with him in the cottage on the grounds.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Деда его… тогда уже не было в живых","title":"Genitive of negation: «деда… не было»","body":"The negated existential «не было» forces its logical subject into the genitive: «Деда… не было» ('his grandfather was no more'). «в живых» is a frozen prepositional-plural idiom, 'among the living'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"овдовевшая… переехавшая в Москву","title":"Chained past active participles","body":"«овдовевшая» ('having been widowed') and «переехавшая» ('who had moved') are past active participles, both agreeing with «супруга» in feminine nominative singular; each replaces a «который»-clause, layering the woman's history into the noun phrase in the dense participial style of literary Russian."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сестры же повышли замуж","title":"The particle «же» as a connective pivot","body":"Here «же» is not emphatic but a soft adversative-connective, 'and the sisters, for their part…', shifting to a new sub-topic. «повышли» (perfective, prefix «по-») conveys 'one after another all went off [to marry]'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пришлось Мите пробыть","title":"Dative-subject «пришлось» — 'had to'","body":"«пришлось» is an impersonal perfective ('it fell to one, one had to') governing a dative experiencer, «Мите», plus an infinitive. There is no nominative subject — the obligation simply befalls Mitya, the experiencer-first framing Russian favours."}],"words":[{"surface":"Деда","lemma":"дед","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"genitive subject of не было (existential negation)","gloss":"grandfather"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular (possessive)","role":"determiner of Деда","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle (fixed phrase то есть)","role":"part of the phrase то есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective (fixed phrase)","role":"part of the phrase то есть","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies господина","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"господина","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Деда","gloss":"Mr."},{"surface":"Миусова","lemma":"Миусов","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to господина","gloss":"Miusov"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Миусова","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"Аделаиды","lemma":"Аделаида","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies отца","gloss":"Adelaida's"},{"surface":"Ивановны","lemma":"Ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Аделаиды","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies было","gloss":"by then"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies было","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause (existential negation, governs genitive Деда)","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking живых","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"живых","lemma":"живой","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural (substantivized)","role":"head of the phrase в живых ('among the living')","gloss":"the living"},{"surface":"овдовевшая","lemma":"овдоветь","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"modifies супруга","gloss":"widowed"},{"surface":"супруга","lemma":"супруга","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of расхворалась","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular (possessive)","role":"determiner of супруга","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"бабушка","lemma":"бабушка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to супруга","gloss":"grandmother"},{"surface":"Мити","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies бабушка","gloss":"Mitya's"},{"surface":"переехавшая","lemma":"переехать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying супруга","gloss":"having moved"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Москву","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Москву","lemma":"Москва","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of переехавшая","gloss":"Moscow"},{"surface":"слишком","lemma":"слишком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies расхворалась","gloss":"excessively"},{"surface":"расхворалась","lemma":"расхвораться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"fell gravely ill"},{"surface":"сестры","lemma":"сестра","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of повышли","gloss":"sisters"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сестры","gloss":"for their part"},{"surface":"повышли","lemma":"повыйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with расхворалась","gloss":"married off"},{"surface":"замуж","lemma":"замуж","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies повышли","gloss":"in marriage"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb (fixed phrase так что)","role":"introduces the clause of пришлось","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase так что","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies целый","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"целый","lemma":"целый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies год","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"год","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial of duration with пришлось","gloss":"a year"},{"surface":"пришлось","lemma":"прийтись","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the так что-clause","gloss":"had to"},{"surface":"Мите","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of пришлось","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"пробыть","lemma":"пробыть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on пришлось","gloss":"to stay"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking слуги","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"слуги","lemma":"слуга","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пробыть","gloss":"the servant"},{"surface":"Григория","lemma":"Григорий","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to слуги","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"проживать","lemma":"проживать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with пробыть","gloss":"to live"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of проживать","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking избе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"дворовой","lemma":"дворовый","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies избе","gloss":"servants'"},{"surface":"избе","lemma":"изба","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of проживать","gloss":"cottage"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"c2-s6","source":"Впрочем, если бы папаша о нем и вспомнил (не мог же он в самом деле не знать о его существовании), то и сам сослал бы его опять в избу, так как ребенок всё же мешал бы ему в его дебоширстве.","translation":"In any case, even had his papa remembered him (he surely could not, after all, have been ignorant of his existence), he would himself have packed him back off to the cottage, since the child would only have gotten in the way of his carousing.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"если бы папаша о нем и вспомнил… то и сам сослал бы","title":"Counterfactual conditional with «бы… бы»","body":"A full irrealis: «если бы… вспомнил» (protasis) and «сослал бы» (apodosis), both past-form verbs carrying «бы». The doubled construction reads 'even had he remembered… he would still have packed him off'. The «и» before «вспомнил» concedes ('even')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не мог же он… не знать","title":"«же» + double negation: rhetorical insistence","body":"«не мог… не знать» is a double negative meaning 'could not have failed to know'; the inserted «же» presses the point on the reader ('surely, after all'). This is the modal-particle texture that gives the narrator his confiding tone."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"папаша","title":"«папаша» — a faintly mocking 'papa'","body":"«папаша» is a colloquial, here ironic, term for father, warmer and lower than «отец» but tinged with the narrator's derision toward Fyodor Pavlovitch. «дебоширство» ('carousing, riotous living') in the same sentence keeps the contempt audible."}],"words":[{"surface":"Впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifier of the sentence","gloss":"However"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вспомнил","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks the conditional mood of вспомнил","gloss":"(conditional)"},{"surface":"папаша","lemma":"папаша","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вспомнил","gloss":"papa"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вспомнил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вспомнил","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"вспомнил","lemma":"вспомнить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the если-clause","gloss":"remembered"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the parenthetical clause","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"самом","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies деле","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"деле","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies мог (idiom в самом деле, 'indeed')","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знать","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знать","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking существовании","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner (possessive)","role":"determiner of существовании","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"существовании","lemma":"существование","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of знать","gloss":"existence"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative adverb","role":"introduces the resulting clause of сослал","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сам","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun (emphatic), nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphasizes the subject of сослал ('himself')","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"сослал","lemma":"сослать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sent away"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks the conditional mood of сослал","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of сослал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сослал","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking избу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"избу","lemma":"изба","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сослал","gloss":"the cottage"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb (fixed phrase так как)","role":"introduces the clause of мешал","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase так как","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"ребенок","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мешал","gloss":"the child"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle (fixed phrase всё же)","role":"part of the phrase всё же ('nonetheless')","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase всё же","gloss":"(emphasis)"},{"surface":"мешал","lemma":"мешать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the так как-clause","gloss":"would interfere"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks the conditional mood of мешал","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of мешал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дебоширстве","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner (possessive)","role":"determiner of дебоширстве","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"дебоширстве","lemma":"дебоширство","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of мешал","gloss":"carousing"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"c2-s7","source":"Но случилось так, что из Парижа вернулся двоюродный брат покойной Аделаиды Ивановны, Петр Александрович Миусов, многие годы сряду выживший потом за границей, тогда же еще очень молодой человек, но человек особенный между Миусовыми, просвещенный, столичный, заграничный и притом всю жизнь свою европеец, а под конец жизни либерал сороковых и пятидесятых годов.","translation":"But it so happened that the late Adelaida Ivanovna's first cousin, Pyotr Alexandrovich Miüsov, returned from Paris — a man who afterward spent many successive years abroad, then still very young, but a man set apart among the Miüsovs: enlightened, cosmopolitan, foreign-bred, and a European all his life into the bargain, and toward the end of it a liberal of the forties and fifties.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"из Парижа вернулся двоюродный брат","title":"Verb-first word order for presentational focus","body":"Placing «вернулся» before the long subject «двоюродный брат…» is presentational topic–comment order: the new character is the comment, introduced after the verb. «из Парижа» is the genitive of source after «из»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"многие годы сряду выживший потом за границей","title":"Past active participle «выживший»","body":"«выживший» here is a past active participle ('who had lived out / spent [time]'), governing the accusative duration «многие годы»; it modifies «брат». The bookish participle absorbs a whole biographical clause."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сряду","title":"«сряду» — running, in succession","body":"«сряду» (a variant of «подряд») means 'in a row, consecutively' — 'many years running'. It is a slightly archaic, colloquial adverb of the period, more textured than the neutral «подряд»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"человек особенный… просвещенный, столичный, заграничный","title":"Postposed adjectives in apposition","body":"The string of adjectives is stacked appositively after the noun («человек особенный…, просвещённый, столичный…»), a rhetorical列 that builds a portrait by accumulation. Postposing «особенный» after «человек» throws the weight onto the epithet."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"случилось","lemma":"случиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"it happened"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies случилось","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вернулся","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Парижа","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Парижа","lemma":"париж","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вернулся","gloss":"Paris"},{"surface":"вернулся","lemma":"вернуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"returned"},{"surface":"двоюродный","lemma":"двоюродный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies брат","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вернулся","gloss":"cousin"},{"surface":"покойной","lemma":"покойный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Аделаиды","gloss":"the late"},{"surface":"Аделаиды","lemma":"аделаида","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies брат","gloss":"Adelaida's"},{"surface":"Ивановны","lemma":"иванович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Аделаиды","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"Петр","lemma":"пётр","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"appositive to брат","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Александрович","lemma":"александрович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Петр","gloss":"Alexandrovich"},{"surface":"Миусов","lemma":"миусов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Петр","gloss":"Miüsov"},{"surface":"многие","lemma":"многий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies годы","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"годы","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of выживший","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"сряду","lemma":"сряду","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выживший","gloss":"in a row"},{"surface":"выживший","lemma":"выжить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"participial clause modifying брат","gloss":"who had spent"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выживший","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking границей","gloss":"beyond","note":"\"за границей\" is an idiom = 'abroad'; the gloss agent split the English word \"abroad\" into \"a\"/\"broad\" across за/границей, which is not what either Russian word means."},{"surface":"границей","lemma":"граница","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выживший","gloss":"the border"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тогда","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies очень","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies молодой","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"молодой","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"appositive to брат","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"appositive to брат","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"особенный","lemma":"особенный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"set apart"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Миусовыми","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"Миусовыми","lemma":"миусов","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of особенный","gloss":"the Miüsovs"},{"surface":"просвещенный","lemma":"просвещённый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with особенный","gloss":"enlightened"},{"surface":"столичный","lemma":"столичный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with особенный","gloss":"cosmopolitan"},{"surface":"заграничный","lemma":"заграничный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with особенный","gloss":"foreign-bred"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"притом","lemma":"притом","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with особенный","gloss":"into the bargain"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial accusative modifying европеец","gloss":"his life"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"европеец","lemma":"европеец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with особенный","gloss":"a European"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking конец","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"конец","lemma":"конец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of либерал","gloss":"the end"},{"surface":"жизни","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies конец","gloss":"of it"},{"surface":"либерал","lemma":"либерал","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with европеец","gloss":"a liberal"},{"surface":"сороковых","lemma":"сороковой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies годов","gloss":"of the forties"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пятидесятых","lemma":"пятидесятый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"coordinated with сороковых","gloss":"fifties"},{"surface":"годов","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies либерал","gloss":"years"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"c2-s8","source":"В продолжение своей карьеры он перебывал в связях со многими либеральнейшими людьми своей эпохи, и в России и за границей, знавал лично и Прудона и Бакунина и особенно любил вспоминать и рассказывать, уже под концом своих странствий, о трех днях февральской парижской революции сорок восьмого года, намекая, что чуть ли и сам он не был в ней участником на баррикадах.","translation":"In the course of his career he passed through acquaintance with many of the most liberal men of his age, both in Russia and abroad, knew Proudhon and Bakunin personally, and was especially fond — already toward the close of his wanderings — of recalling and recounting the three days of the February revolution in Paris in 'forty-eight, hinting that he himself had very nearly been a participant in it, there on the barricades.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"перебывал в связях… знавал лично… любил вспоминать","title":"Iterative imperfectives «перебывал», «знавал»","body":"«знавал» is the iterative/frequentative past of «знать» (the «-ыва-» form), meaning 'used to know, was acquainted with over time'; «перебывал» (prefix «пере-») means 'passed through, was successively in'. Both render habitual, drawn-out experience — pure imperfective background."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"намекая, что чуть ли и сам он не был… участником","title":"Present gerund «намекая» + «чуть ли не»","body":"«намекая» ('hinting') is an imperfective present gerund sharing the subject of «любил», adding simultaneous manner. «чуть ли не» ('all but, very nearly') is a hedging idiom; «участником» is the instrumental predicate after «был»."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking продолжение","gloss":"In"},{"surface":"продолжение","lemma":"продолжение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of перебывал","gloss":"the course"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of карьеры","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"карьеры","lemma":"карьера","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies продолжение","gloss":"career"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of перебывал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"перебывал","lemma":"перебывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"passed through"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking связях","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"связях","lemma":"связь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of перебывал","gloss":"acquaintance"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking людьми","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"многими","lemma":"многий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies людьми","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"либеральнейшими","lemma":"либеральный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural, superlative","role":"modifies людьми","gloss":"most liberal"},{"surface":"людьми","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"modifies связях","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of эпохи","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"эпохи","lemma":"эпоха","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies людьми","gloss":"age"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking России","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"России","lemma":"россия","morphology":"proper noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with людьми","gloss":"Russia"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking границей","gloss":"beyond","note":"same \"a\"/\"broad\" splitting error as c2-s7-w21/w22 for the идиома \"за границей\"."},{"surface":"границей","lemma":"граница","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with России","gloss":"the border"},{"surface":"знавал","lemma":"знавать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with перебывал","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"лично","lemma":"лично","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знавал","gloss":"personally"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"Прудона","lemma":"прудон","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of знавал","gloss":"Proudhon"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Бакунина","lemma":"бакунин","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Прудона","gloss":"Bakunin"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"особенно","lemma":"особенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies любил","gloss":"especially"},{"surface":"любил","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with перебывал","gloss":"was fond"},{"surface":"вспоминать","lemma":"вспоминать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of любил","gloss":"recalling"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"рассказывать","lemma":"рассказывать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with вспоминать","gloss":"recounting"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies концом","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking концом","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"концом","lemma":"конец","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вспоминать","gloss":"the close"},{"surface":"своих","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of странствий","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"странствий","lemma":"странствие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"modifies концом","gloss":"wanderings"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking днях","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"трех","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, locative","role":"quantifies днях","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"днях","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of намекая","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"февральской","lemma":"февральский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies революции","gloss":"of the February"},{"surface":"парижской","lemma":"парижский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies революции","gloss":"Paris"},{"surface":"революции","lemma":"революция","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies днях","gloss":"revolution"},{"surface":"сорок","lemma":"сорок","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"modifies года","gloss":"forty-"},{"surface":"восьмого","lemma":"восьмой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies года","gloss":"eighth"},{"surface":"года","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies днях","gloss":"of the year"},{"surface":"намекая","lemma":"намекать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on любил","gloss":"hinting"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of участником","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"чуть","lemma":"чуть","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies участником","gloss":"very nearly"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies чуть","gloss":"nearly","note":"чуть ли не is an idiom meaning 'very nearly / almost'."},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сам","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies он","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of участником","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies был","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to участником","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies участником","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"участником","lemma":"участник","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of намекая","gloss":"a participant"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking баррикадах","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"баррикадах","lemma":"баррикада","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"modifies участником","gloss":"the barricades"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"c2-s9","source":"Это было одно из самых отраднейших воспоминаний его молодости.","translation":"This was one of the most cherished memories of his youth.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"одно из самых отраднейших воспоминаний","title":"Doubled superlative «самых отраднейших»","body":"Russian normally builds the superlative either with «самый» or with the suffix «-ейш-», but 19th-century literary style readily stacks both for emphasis: «самых отраднейших» ('the very most cherished'). «из… воспоминаний» is the partitive genitive plural after «одно из»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"отрадных","title":"«отрадный» — gladdening, consoling","body":"«отрадный» means bringing «отрада» — solace, gladness of heart — a warmer, more elevated word than «приятный» ('pleasant'). It frames the memory as a cherished consolation, with a faint irony given its self-aggrandising content."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of одно","gloss":"This"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to одно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"одно","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking воспоминаний","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"самых","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies отраднейших","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"отраднейших","lemma":"отрадный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural, superlative","role":"modifies воспоминаний","gloss":"cherished"},{"surface":"воспоминаний","lemma":"воспоминание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"modifies одно","gloss":"memories"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of молодости","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"молодости","lemma":"молодость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies воспоминаний","gloss":"youth"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"c2-s10","source":"Имел он состояние независимое, по прежней пропорции около тысячи душ.","translation":"He had an independent fortune, by the old reckoning some thousand souls.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Имел он состояние независимое","title":"Verb-first order and postposed adjective","body":"Fronting «Имел» before the subject «он» gives a brisk, narrating rhythm, and postposing «независимое» after «состояние» throws emphasis onto 'independent'. Both are stylistic word-order choices, free because the cases mark the roles."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"около тысячи душ","title":"Genitive after «около» and after the numeral","body":"«около» ('about, approximately') governs the genitive, hence «тысячи»; and «тысяча», functioning as a large numeral, then itself governs the genitive plural «душ». Two genitives stack to count the serfs."}],"words":[{"surface":"Имел","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"He had"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Имел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"состояние","lemma":"состояние","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of Имел","gloss":"a fortune"},{"surface":"независимое","lemma":"независимый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies состояние","gloss":"independent"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пропорции","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"прежней","lemma":"прежний","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies пропорции","gloss":"the old"},{"surface":"пропорции","lemma":"пропорция","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Имел","gloss":"reckoning"},{"surface":"около","lemma":"около","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking душ","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies душ","gloss":"a thousand"},{"surface":"душ","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies тысячи","gloss":"souls"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"c2-s11","source":"Превосходное имение его находилось сейчас же на выезде из нашего городка и граничило с землей нашего знаменитого монастыря, с которым Петр Александрович, еще в самых молодых летах, как только получил наследство, мигом начал нескончаемый процесс за право каких-то ловель в реке или порубок в лесу, доподлинно не знаю, но начать процесс с «клерикалами» почел даже своею гражданскою и просвещенною обязанностью.","translation":"His splendid estate lay just at the edge of our little town and bordered on the land of our celebrated monastery, with which Pyotr Alexandrovich — while still in his very youngest years, the moment he came into his inheritance — at once began an interminable lawsuit over the right to some sort of fishing in the river or felling in the forest; I do not know precisely which, but he reckoned launching a suit against the \"clericals\" to be positively his civic and enlightened duty.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"с которым Петр Александрович… начал… процесс","title":"Relative «который» in the instrumental","body":"«с которым» introduces a relative clause; «который» agrees with its antecedent «монастыря» in masculine singular, but takes the instrumental because the preposition «с» ('with') governs it inside its own clause. A textbook case of relative-pronoun case being set by its local role."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как только получил наследство, мигом начал","title":"Perfective sequence: «получил… начал»","body":"Two perfectives in tight succession — «получил» ('came into [the inheritance]') then «начал» ('began') — move the narrative event-by-event; «как только» ('the moment that') and «мигом» ('in a flash') compress the timeline, conveying Miüsov's eager litigiousness."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ловель… порубок","title":"«ловля» and «порубка» — fishing and felling rights","body":"«ловля» (here genitive plural «ловель») is the catching/fishing of fish; «порубка» (gen. pl. «порубок») is the felling of timber. Both are old legal terms for usufruct rights to a river or forest — the petty matter of the lawsuit."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"почел… своею гражданскою и просвещенною обязанностью","title":"Instrumental predicate with «почесть» (to deem)","body":"«почесть [X] [Y]-ом» ('to deem X to be Y') puts the predicate noun «обязанностью» and its agreeing adjectives in the instrumental of the predicate. «почёл» is the archaic perfective past of «почесть» — bookish for 'considered, reckoned'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Превосходное","lemma":"превосходный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies имение","gloss":"splendid"},{"surface":"имение","lemma":"имение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of находилось","gloss":"estate"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of имение","gloss":"His"},{"surface":"находилось","lemma":"находиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lay"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies находилось","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сейчас","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking выезде","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"выезде","lemma":"выезд","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of находилось","gloss":"the edge"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking городка","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"нашего","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of городка","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"городка","lemma":"городок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies выезде","gloss":"little town"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"граничило","lemma":"граничить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with находилось","gloss":"bordered"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking землей","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"землей","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of граничило","gloss":"the land"},{"surface":"нашего","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of монастыря","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"знаменитого","lemma":"знаменитый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies монастыря","gloss":"celebrated"},{"surface":"монастыря","lemma":"монастырь","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies землей","gloss":"monastery"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которым","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"которым","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of начал","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"Петр","lemma":"пётр","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of начал","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Александрович","lemma":"александрович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Петр","gloss":"Alexandrovich"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies молодых","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking летах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"самых","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies молодых","gloss":"his very"},{"surface":"молодых","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies летах","gloss":"youngest"},{"surface":"летах","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of начал","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of получил","gloss":"the moment"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"as soon as"},{"surface":"получил","lemma":"получить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on начал","gloss":"came into"},{"surface":"наследство","lemma":"наследство","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of получил","gloss":"his inheritance"},{"surface":"мигом","lemma":"миг","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies начал","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the relative clause on монастыря","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"нескончаемый","lemma":"нескончаемый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies процесс","gloss":"an interminable"},{"surface":"процесс","lemma":"процесс","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of начал","gloss":"lawsuit"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking право","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"право","lemma":"право","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies процесс","gloss":"the right"},{"surface":"каких","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of ловель","gloss":"some sort"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase каких-то","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ловель","lemma":"ловля","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies право","gloss":"fishing"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking реке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"реке","lemma":"река","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ловель","gloss":"the river"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"порубок","lemma":"порубка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with ловель","gloss":"felling"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лесу","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"лесу","lemma":"лес","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies порубок","gloss":"the forest"},{"surface":"доподлинно","lemma":"доподлинно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"do not"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"I know"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"начать","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on почел","gloss":"launching"},{"surface":"процесс","lemma":"процесс","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of начать","gloss":"a suit"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking клерикалами","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"клерикалами","lemma":"клерикал","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"modifies процесс","gloss":"the \"clericals\""},{"surface":"почел","lemma":"почесть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with начал","gloss":"he reckoned"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies обязанностью","gloss":"positively"},{"surface":"своею","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies обязанностью","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"гражданскою","lemma":"гражданский","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies обязанностью","gloss":"civic"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"просвещенною","lemma":"просвещённый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with гражданскою","gloss":"enlightened"},{"surface":"обязанностью","lemma":"обязанность","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"complement of почел","gloss":"duty"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"c2-s12","source":"Услышав всё про Аделаиду Ивановну, которую, разумеется, помнил и когда-то даже заметил, и узнав, что остался Митя, он, несмотря на всё молодое негодование свое и презрение к Федору Павловичу, в это дело ввязался.","translation":"Having heard the whole story of Adelaida Ivanovna — whom, naturally, he remembered, and had even once taken note of — and having learned that Mitya was left behind, he, for all his youthful indignation and contempt for Fyodor Pavlovitch, got himself involved in the matter.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Услышав всё… и узнав, что остался Митя","title":"Two perfective past gerunds open the sentence","body":"«Услышав» and «узнав» are perfective past gerunds ('having heard… and having learned…'), expressing actions completed before the main verb «ввязался», all sharing its subject «он». Front-loading prior circumstance in gerunds is the engine of Dostoevsky's long periods."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"несмотря на всё молодое негодование свое","title":"Concessive «несмотря на» + reflexive «свой»","body":"«несмотря на» ('in spite of') governs the accusative; the reflexive possessive «свое»/«своё» ties the indignation back to the clause subject «он». The postposed «свое» after the noun is an emphatic, period-flavoured order."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ввязался","title":"«ввязаться» — to get oneself mixed up in","body":"The reflexive «ввязаться в [дело]» means to get entangled or embroiled in an affair, often with a hint of rashness or where one need not. The «-ся» here marks the middle 'get oneself into' sense, and colours Miüsov's involvement as impulsive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Услышав","lemma":"услышать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on ввязался","gloss":"Having heard"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of Услышав","gloss":"the whole story"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Аделаиду","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Аделаиду","lemma":"аделаида","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Услышав","gloss":"Adelaida"},{"surface":"Ивановну","lemma":"иванович","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Аделаиду","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"которую","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of помнил","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"разумеется","lemma":"разуметься","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies помнил","gloss":"naturally"},{"surface":"помнил","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on Аделаиду","gloss":"he remembered"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда-то","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase когда-то","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"когда-то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase когда-то","gloss":"-"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies заметил","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"заметил","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with помнил","gloss":"taken note of"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"узнав","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on ввязался","gloss":"having learned"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of остался","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"остался","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of узнав","gloss":"was left behind"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of остался","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ввязался","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"несмотря","lemma":"несмотря","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the compound preposition несмотря на","gloss":"despite"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking негодование","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of негодование","gloss":"all his"},{"surface":"молодое","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies негодование","gloss":"youthful"},{"surface":"негодование","lemma":"негодование","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of ввязался","gloss":"indignation"},{"surface":"свое","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of негодование","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"презрение","lemma":"презрение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with негодование","gloss":"contempt"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Федору","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"Федору","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies презрение","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павловичу","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федору","gloss":"Pavlovitch"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дело","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of дело","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of ввязался","gloss":"matter"},{"surface":"ввязался","lemma":"ввязаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"got involved"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"c2-s13","source":"Тут-то он с Федором Павловичем в первый раз и познакомился.","translation":"It was then, in fact, that he first made the acquaintance of Fyodor Pavlovitch.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Тут-то он… в первый раз и познакомился","title":"Emphatic «-то» and «и» pinpointing the moment","body":"The clitic «-то» fastens emphasis onto «Тут» ('right then'), and the particle «и» before the verb adds 'it was precisely then that…'. Together they single out this meeting as the significant turning point — a favourite focusing device of the narrator."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"он с Федором Павловичем… познакомился","title":"Reciprocal «-ся» of «познакомиться»","body":"«познакомиться с [кем]» ('to make the acquaintance of') is a reflexive-reciprocal verb: the «-ся» encodes the mutual 'get acquainted with each other', and the partner stands in the instrumental after «с»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies познакомился","gloss":"It was then"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Тут","gloss":"in fact"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of познакомился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Федором","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Федором","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of познакомился","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павловичем","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федором","gloss":"Pavlovitch"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"for the"},{"surface":"первый","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of познакомился","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"познакомился","lemma":"познакомиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"made the acquaintance"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"c2-s14","source":"Он прямо ему объявил, что желал бы взять воспитание ребенка на себя.","translation":"He declared to him straight out that he would like to take the boy's upbringing upon himself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"желал бы взять воспитание ребенка на себя","title":"Polite conditional «желал бы» + reflexive «на себя»","body":"«желал бы» (past form + «бы») is the softening conditional, 'he would like' — politer and more tentative than the bare «желал». «взять на себя» ('to take upon oneself') uses the reflexive pronoun «себя» pointing back to the subject."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Он прямо ему объявил","title":"Dative indirect object «ему»","body":"«объявить [кому] [что]» ('to announce to someone') takes a dative addressee, here «ему» — the person told. The adverb «прямо» ('straight out, point-blank') intensifies the directness of the declaration."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of объявил","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies объявил","gloss":"straight out"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of объявил","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"объявил","lemma":"объявить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"declared"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of желал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"желал","lemma":"желать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of объявил","gloss":"would like"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of желал","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"взять","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of желал","gloss":"to take"},{"surface":"воспитание","lemma":"воспитание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of взять","gloss":"the upbringing"},{"surface":"ребенка","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies воспитание","gloss":"of the boy"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of взять","gloss":"himself"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"c2-s15","source":"Он долго потом рассказывал, в виде характерной черты, что когда он заговорил с Федором Павловичем о Мите, то тот некоторое время имел вид совершенно не понимающего, о каком таком ребенке идет дело, и даже как бы удивился, что у него есть где-то в доме маленький сын.","translation":"He used to tell long afterward, as a characteristic touch, how when he first spoke to Fyodor Pavlovitch about Mitya, the man for some while wore the look of someone who utterly failed to grasp which child was even meant, and seemed even to be astonished that he had a little son somewhere in the house.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"имел вид совершенно не понимающего","title":"Present active participle «понимающего» (substantivized)","body":"«не понимающего» is a present active participle ('one not understanding') used substantivally and put in the genitive after «вид» — literally 'had the look of one who did not understand'. The participle compresses a whole relative clause into the portrait."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"о каком таком ребенке идет дело","title":"Embedded question «о каком… ребёнке»","body":"An indirect question depending on «не понимающего»: the interrogative «каком» (prepositional after «о») asks 'which child'. The colloquial reinforcer «такой» ('what child even') and the idiom «идёт дело» ('it is a question of') give the dazed register."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы удивился, что у него есть… сын","title":"Hedging «как бы» + existential «у него есть»","body":"«как бы» again softens the verb ('seemed even to be astonished'). «у него есть… сын» is the standard Russian possession frame — 'at him there is a son' — with the possessor in the genitive after «у»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of рассказывал","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"долго","lemma":"долго","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рассказывал","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рассказывал","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"рассказывал","lemma":"рассказывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"used to tell"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking виде","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"виде","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase в виде","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"характерной","lemma":"характерный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies черты","gloss":"characteristic"},{"surface":"черты","lemma":"черта","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of рассказывал","gloss":"touch"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the complement clause of рассказывал","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of заговорил","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заговорил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"заговорил","lemma":"заговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on имел","gloss":"first spoke"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Федором","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Федором","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заговорил","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павловичем","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федором","gloss":"Pavlovitch"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Мите","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"Мите","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заговорил","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"conjunction","role":"correlative resuming the main clause, introduces имел","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of имел","gloss":"the man"},{"surface":"некоторое","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of имел","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"имел","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of рассказывал","gloss":"wore"},{"surface":"вид","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of имел","gloss":"the look"},{"surface":"совершенно","lemma":"совершенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"utterly"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies понимающего","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"понимающего","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, genitive, singular, masculine, imperfective","role":"clause modifying вид","gloss":"grasping"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ребенке","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"каком","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ребенке","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"таком","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ребенке","gloss":"on earth","note":"каком таком is a colloquial intensifier, like 'which on earth.'"},{"surface":"ребенке","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of идет","gloss":"child"},{"surface":"идет","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of понимающего","gloss":"was even meant"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of идет","gloss":"the matter"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies удивился","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"seemed"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"удивился","lemma":"удивиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with имел","gloss":"be astonished"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"-"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of есть","gloss":"he had"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of удивился","gloss":"there is"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где-то","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase где-то","gloss":"somewhere"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"где-то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase где-то","gloss":"-"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking доме","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"доме","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of есть","gloss":"the house"},{"surface":"маленький","lemma":"маленький","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сын","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"сын","lemma":"сын","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"son"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"c2-s16","source":"Если в рассказе Петра Александровича могло быть преувеличение, то всё же должно было быть и нечто похожее на правду.","translation":"Even if there might have been some exaggeration in Pyotr Alexandrovich's account, there must all the same have been something in it close to the truth.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Если… могло быть преувеличение, то… должно было быть и нечто","title":"Real conditional «если… то» (indicative)","body":"Unlike the earlier «если бы» counterfactuals, this is a real/factual conditional: indicative «могло быть… должно было быть», correlated by «если… то». The narrator weighs a genuine possibility rather than an unreal one."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"нечто похожее на правду","title":"Indefinite «нечто» + «похожее на» + accusative","body":"«нечто» is the bookish indefinite 'something'; «похожее на правду» ('something resembling truth') uses «похожий на» which governs the accusative «правду». The whole is the neuter logical subject of the impersonal «должно было быть»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the если-clause governing могло","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рассказе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"рассказе","lemma":"рассказ","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of быть","gloss":"account"},{"surface":"Петра","lemma":"пётр","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies рассказе","gloss":"Pyotr's"},{"surface":"Александровича","lemma":"александрович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Петра","gloss":"Alexandrovich's"},{"surface":"могло","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the если-clause, governs быть","gloss":"there might"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of могло","gloss":"have been"},{"surface":"преувеличение","lemma":"преувеличение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of быть","gloss":"exaggeration"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative particle","role":"correlate of Если, introduces the main clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase всё же, adverbial modifier of должно","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase всё же, modifies должно","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"должно","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective (predicative), neuter, singular","role":"modal predicate, head of the main clause","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to должно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of должно","gloss":"have been"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"нечто","lemma":"нечто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of быть (второе)","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"похожее","lemma":"похожий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies нечто","gloss":"resembling"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking правду","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"правду","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of похожее","gloss":"the truth"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"c2-s17","source":"Но действительно Федор Павлович всю жизнь свою любил представляться, вдруг проиграть пред вами какую-нибудь неожиданную роль, и, главное, безо всякой иногда надобности, даже в прямой ущерб себе, как в настоящем, например, случае.","translation":"But in truth Fyodor Pavlovitch was fond, all his life, of striking a pose — of suddenly playing out before you some unexpected role — and, above all, sometimes with no need whatever for it, even to his own plain disadvantage, as in the present instance.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"любил представляться, вдруг проиграть… роль","title":"Reflexive «представляться» and aspect contrast","body":"«представляться» ('to put on an act, pose') is a reflexive verb whose «-ся» gives the middle 'present oneself' sense; the imperfective marks the habitual trait. Beside it the perfective «проиграть [роль]» ('to play out a role [to the end]') names the single performed act."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пред вами… в прямой ущерб себе","title":"Archaic «пред» and reflexive «себе»","body":"«пред» is the bookish/archaic form of «перед» ('before, in front of'), governing the instrumental «вами». «в ущерб себе» ('to one's own detriment') uses the reflexive «себе» pointing to the subject Fyodor Pavlovitch."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"безо всякой… надобности","title":"«безо» and «надобность» — period flavour","body":"«безо» is the variant of «без» used before some consonant clusters («безо всякой»); «надобность» is a slightly old-fashioned word for 'need, necessity'. Both lend the sentence a 19th-century texture, and both govern/sit in the genitive after «без»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"действительно","lemma":"действительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies любил","gloss":"in truth"},{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of любил","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федор","gloss":"Pavlovitch"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial of duration modifying любил","gloss":"his life"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"любил","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was fond of"},{"surface":"представляться","lemma":"представляться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of любил","gloss":"posing"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проиграть","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"проиграть","lemma":"проиграть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with представляться, complement of любил","gloss":"playing out"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вами","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"вами","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of проиграть","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"какую","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of роль, part of какую-нибудь","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"indefinite suffix attached to какую","gloss":"or other"},{"surface":"неожиданную","lemma":"неожиданный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies роль","gloss":"unexpected"},{"surface":"роль","lemma":"роль","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of проиграть","gloss":"role"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"главное","lemma":"главное","morphology":"parenthetical adverb","role":"parenthetical modifying the clause","gloss":"above all"},{"surface":"безо","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking надобности","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"всякой","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies надобности","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"иногда","lemma":"иногда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies надобности","gloss":"sometimes"},{"surface":"надобности","lemma":"надобность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of безо","gloss":"need"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ущерб","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ущерб","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"прямой","lemma":"прямой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ущерб","gloss":"plain"},{"surface":"ущерб","lemma":"ущерб","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of любил","gloss":"disadvantage"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of ущерб","gloss":"to himself"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparison, marking случае","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking случае","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"настоящем","lemma":"настоящий","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies случае","gloss":"present"},{"surface":"например","lemma":"например","morphology":"parenthetical adverb","role":"parenthetical modifying случае","gloss":"for example"},{"surface":"случае","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of как","gloss":"instance"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"c2-s18","source":"Черта эта, впрочем, свойственна чрезвычайно многим людям, и даже весьма умным, не то что Федору Павловичу.","translation":"This trait, however, is shared by a great many people, even very clever ones, and not only by the likes of Fyodor Pavlovitch.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Черта эта… свойственна… многим людям","title":"Short adjective «свойственна» + dative","body":"«свойственна» is the short (predicative) form of «свойственный» ('characteristic of, inherent in'), agreeing with «черта» in feminine; such short adjectives can only predicate, never attribute. It governs a dative of the person — «многим людям» ('to many people')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"даже весьма умным, не то что Федору Павловичу","title":"«не то что» — 'and not just'","body":"«не то что» here means 'and not merely / let alone', extending the claim from clever people to (the implicitly less clever) Fyodor Pavlovitch. Both «умным» and «Фёдору Павловичу» continue the dative governed by «свойственна»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Черта","lemma":"черта","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of свойственна","gloss":"trait"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of Черта","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"parenthetical adverb","role":"parenthetical modifying свойственна","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"свойственна","lemma":"свойственный","morphology":"adjective (predicative), feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"is shared by"},{"surface":"чрезвычайно","lemma":"чрезвычайно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies многим","gloss":"extremely"},{"surface":"многим","lemma":"многий","morphology":"adjective, dative, plural","role":"modifies людям","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"людям","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"indirect object of свойственна","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies умным","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"весьма","lemma":"весьма","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies умным","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"умным","lemma":"умный","morphology":"adjective, dative, plural","role":"coordinated with людям","gloss":"clever ones"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom не то что","gloss":"to mention"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the idiom не то что","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Федору","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"contrasted with людям in the idiom не то что","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павловичу","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федору","gloss":"Pavlovitch"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"c2-s19","source":"Петр Александрович повел дело горячо и даже назначен был (купно с Федором Павловичем) в опекуны ребенку, потому что всё же после матери оставалось именьице — дом и поместье.","translation":"Pyotr Alexandrovich pressed the matter warmly, and was even appointed (jointly with Fyodor Pavlovitch) one of the child's guardians, since after all a little property did remain from the mother — a house and an estate.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"назначен был… в опекуны ребенку","title":"Short passive participle «назначен» + «в опекуны»","body":"«назначен был» is the periphrastic passive: short past passive participle «назначен» ('was appointed') plus «был». «в опекуны» uses the special nominative-shaped plural «в + role» idiom ('into [the post of] guardians'), and «ребёнку» is the dative 'for the child'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"после матери оставалось именьице","title":"Imperfective «оставалось» of lingering state","body":"«оставалось» (imperfective) frames the property as something that 'remained, was left standing' — a continuing state rather than a single event. «после матери» = 'after [the death of] the mother', genitive after «после»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"именьице","title":"«именьице» — a modest little estate","body":"Diminutive of «имение» ('estate'), the «-ице» suffix shrinks and slightly belittles it — 'a little property', not a grand one. The narrator's diminutive gently scales down what was at stake."}],"words":[{"surface":"Петр","lemma":"пётр","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of повел","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Александрович","lemma":"александрович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Петр","gloss":"Alexandrovich"},{"surface":"повел","lemma":"повести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"pressed"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of повел","gloss":"the matter"},{"surface":"горячо","lemma":"горячо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies повел","gloss":"warmly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies назначен","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"назначен","lemma":"назначить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with повел","gloss":"appointed"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to назначен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"купно","lemma":"купно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies назначен","gloss":"jointly"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Федором","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Федором","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of купно","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павловичем","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федором","gloss":"Pavlovitch"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking опекуны","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"опекуны","lemma":"опекун","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of назначен","gloss":"guardian"},{"surface":"ребенку","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of опекуны","gloss":"of the child"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the two-word conjunction потому что","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase всё же, modifies оставалось","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase всё же, modifies оставалось","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking матери","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"матери","lemma":"мать","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of оставалось","gloss":"the mother"},{"surface":"оставалось","lemma":"оставаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the clause introduced by потому что","gloss":"remained"},{"surface":"именьице","lemma":"именьице","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of оставалось","gloss":"a little property"},{"surface":"дом","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to именьице","gloss":"a house"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"поместье","lemma":"поместье","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with дом","gloss":"an estate"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"c2-s20","source":"Митя действительно переехал к этому двоюродному дяде, но собственного семейства у того не было, а так как сам он, едва лишь уладив и обеспечив свои денежные получения с своих имений, немедленно поспешил опять надолго в Париж, то ребенка и поручил одной из своих двоюродных теток, одной московской барыне.","translation":"Mitya did in fact move in with this cousin-uncle; but the latter had no family of his own, and since he himself, the moment he had settled and secured the money coming to him from his estates, hurried off again to Paris for a long stay, he entrusted the child to one of his cousin-aunts (his parents' female first cousins), a certain Moscow lady.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"собственного семейства у того не было","title":"Genitive of negation with «у того не было»","body":"Negated possession forces the genitive: «собственного семейства… не было» ('he had no family of his own'), with the possessor «у того» (genitive of the demonstrative «тот», here = 'the latter'). A pure genitive-of-negation existential."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"едва лишь уладив и обеспечив… немедленно поспешил","title":"Perfective gerunds «уладив, обеспечив» of prior action","body":"«уладив» and «обеспечив» are perfective past gerunds ('having settled and secured'), marking actions completed just before the main perfective «поспешил» ('hurried off'); «едва лишь» ('the moment, as soon as') tightens the sequence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ребенка и поручил одной из своих двоюродных теток","title":"Dative recipient with «поручить»","body":"«поручить [кого/что] [кому]» ('to entrust') takes a dative recipient: «одной из… тёток» ('to one of his cousins'). The fronted accusative object «ребёнка» plus focusing «и» ('the child, then, he entrusted…') is marked word order."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of переехал","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"действительно","lemma":"действительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies переехал","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"переехал","lemma":"переехать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"moved"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дяде","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"этому","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of дяде","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"двоюродному","lemma":"двоюродный","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дяде","gloss":"cousin"},{"surface":"дяде","lemma":"дядя","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of переехал","gloss":"uncle"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"собственного","lemma":"собственный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies семейства","gloss":"of his own"},{"surface":"семейства","lemma":"семейство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"genitive subject of было (negated)","gloss":"family"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"at (marks possessor: у того не было = \"he did not have\")"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of у","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause introduced by но","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the two-word conjunction так как","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase так как","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies он","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поспешил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"едва","lemma":"едва","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase едва лишь, modifies уладив","gloss":"hardly"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase едва лишь","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"уладив","lemma":"уладить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on поспешил","gloss":"having settled"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"обеспечив","lemma":"обеспечить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"coordinated with уладив","gloss":"having secured"},{"surface":"свои","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of получения","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"денежные","lemma":"денежный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies получения","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"получения","lemma":"получение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of обеспечив","gloss":"income"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking имений","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"своих","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of имений","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"имений","lemma":"имение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of получения","gloss":"estates"},{"surface":"немедленно","lemma":"немедленно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поспешил","gloss":"immediately"},{"surface":"поспешил","lemma":"поспешить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the так как clause","gloss":"hurried"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies надолго","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"надолго","lemma":"надолго","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поспешил","gloss":"for a long stay"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Париж","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Париж","lemma":"париж","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поспешил","gloss":"Paris"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative particle","role":"correlate of так как, introduces the main clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ребенка","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of поручил","gloss":"the child"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"поручил","lemma":"поручить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the main clause (subject он)","gloss":"entrusted"},{"surface":"одной","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of поручил","gloss":"to one"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking теток","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"своих","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of теток","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"двоюродных","lemma":"двоюродный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies теток","gloss":"cousin"},{"surface":"теток","lemma":"тётка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies одной","gloss":"aunts"},{"surface":"одной","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, dative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to одной (w41), determiner of барыне","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"московской","lemma":"московский","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies барыне","gloss":"Moscow"},{"surface":"барыне","lemma":"барыня","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to теток, indirect object of поручил","gloss":"lady"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"c2-s21","source":"Случилось так, что, обжившись в Париже, и он забыл о ребенке, особенно когда настала та самая февральская революция, столь поразившая его воображение и о которой он уже не мог забыть всю свою жизнь.","translation":"It so happened that, once settled into life in Paris, he too forgot about the child — especially when that very February revolution broke out, which so struck his imagination that he could not forget it for the rest of his life.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"обжившись в Париже, и он забыл о ребенке","title":"Perfective gerund «обжившись» + echoing «и он»","body":"«обжившись» ('having settled into life') is a perfective past gerund of the reflexive «обжиться», its «-сь» marking the middle 'make oneself at home'. The «и» before «он» means 'he too forgot' — echoing the father's identical neglect."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"столь поразившая его воображение и о которой","title":"Participle and relative clause sharing one antecedent","body":"«революция» is modified twice: first by the past active participle «поразившая» ('which so struck', agreeing feminine), then by a coordinated «который»-clause «о которой… не мог забыть» (prepositional after «о»). The bookish double modifier piles the revolution's hold on him."}],"words":[{"surface":"Случилось","lemma":"случиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"it happened"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Случилось","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of забыл","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"обжившись","lemma":"обжиться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on забыл","gloss":"having settled in"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Париже","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Париже","lemma":"париж","morphology":"proper noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обжившись","gloss":"Paris"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies он","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of забыл","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"забыл","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the что-clause","gloss":"forgot"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ребенке","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"ребенке","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of забыл","gloss":"the child"},{"surface":"особенно","lemma":"особенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies настала","gloss":"especially"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of настала","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"настала","lemma":"настать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on забыл","gloss":"broke out"},{"surface":"та","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of революция","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"самая","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"intensifies революция","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"февральская","lemma":"февральский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies революция","gloss":"February"},{"surface":"революция","lemma":"революция","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of настала","gloss":"revolution"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поразившая","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"поразившая","lemma":"поразить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying революция","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of воображение","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"воображение","lemma":"воображение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of поразившая","gloss":"imagination"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которой","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"которой","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of забыть (via о)","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"any longer"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the relative clause on революция","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"забыть","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"forget"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial of duration modifying мог забыть","gloss":"life"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"c2-s22","source":"Московская же барыня умерла, и Митя перешел к одной из замужних ее дочерей.","translation":"The Moscow lady died, and Mitya passed on to one of her married daughters.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Московская же барыня умерла","title":"Topic-shifting particle «же»","body":"«же» here is the connective-adversative 'and, for her part / meanwhile', re-fronting «московская барыня» as the new topic and pivoting the narrative to her. Two terse perfectives, «умерла» and «перешёл», move events briskly forward."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Митя перешел к одной из замужних ее дочерей","title":"Prefixed motion verb «перешёл» + «к» + dative","body":"«перешёл» is the perfective prefixed motion verb ('passed over, moved to'); the directional prefix «пере-» makes it perfective, and the destination is «к одной из… дочерей» — «к» governing the dative of the person moved to."}],"words":[{"surface":"Московская","lemma":"московский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies барыня","gloss":"Moscow"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies барыня","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"барыня","lemma":"барыня","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of умерла","gloss":"lady"},{"surface":"умерла","lemma":"умереть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"died"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of перешел","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"перешел","lemma":"перейти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with умерла","gloss":"passed on"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking одной","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"одной","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of перешел","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дочерей","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"замужних","lemma":"замужний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies дочерей","gloss":"married"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of дочерей","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"дочерей","lemma":"дочь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies одной","gloss":"daughters"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"c2-s23","source":"Кажется, он и еще потом переменил в четвертый раз гнездо.","translation":"It seems he later changed his nest yet a fourth time.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Кажется, он и еще потом переменил… гнездо","title":"Evidential «кажется» framing the report","body":"The parenthetical «кажется» ('it seems') flags the narrator's uncertainty, his habitual hedging of secondhand facts. «и ещё потом» piles up 'and moreover later still', and the perfective «переменил» reports the single further change."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"переменил… гнездо","title":"«гнездо» — 'nest' for a home","body":"«гнездо» literally 'nest' is used metaphorically for a household or home; 'changed his nest a fourth time' captures the rootless shuttling of the boy among households, with a touch of pathos."}],"words":[{"surface":"Кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical modifying переменил","gloss":"it seems"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of переменил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies еще","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies потом","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies переменил","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"переменил","lemma":"переменить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"changed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"четвертый","lemma":"четвёртый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"fourth"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of переменил","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"гнездо","lemma":"гнездо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of переменил","gloss":"his nest"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"c2-s24","source":"Об этом я теперь распространяться не стану, тем более что много еще придется рассказывать об этом первенце Федора Павловича, а теперь лишь ограничиваюсь самыми необходимыми о нем сведениями, без которых мне и романа начать невозможно.","translation":"I shall not dwell on this now, the more so since there will be much yet to tell about this firstborn of Fyodor Pavlovitch, and for the moment I confine myself to the barest necessary particulars about him, without which I cannot even begin my novel.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"распространяться не стану","title":"«не стану» as imperfective future of intention","body":"«стану» (perfective future of «стать») here serves as an auxiliary forming a future with the imperfective infinitive «распространяться» — 'I shall not [go on to] expatiate'. The negated future expresses the narrator's deliberate refusal to dwell."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"много еще придется рассказывать… без которых… невозможно","title":"Dative-subject «придётся» and «невозможно»","body":"«придётся рассказывать» is the impersonal 'one will have to tell' (dative subject implied), and «мне… невозможно [начать]» is another subjectless predicate with dative experiencer «мне» — both frame obligation and inability without a nominative subject."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"первенце","title":"«первенец» — the firstborn","body":"«первенец» ('firstborn son') is an elevated, slightly biblical noun (cf. the firstborn of Scripture), weightier than «старший сын». It echoes the chapter title «Первого сына» and frames Mitya's primacy."}],"words":[{"surface":"Об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of распространяться","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of стану","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стану","gloss":"for now"},{"surface":"распространяться","lemma":"распространяться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стану","gloss":"dwelling"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стану","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"стану","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shall"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тем","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom тем более что","gloss":"all the more"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom тем более что, modifies придется","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the idiom тем более что","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies придется","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies придется","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"придется","lemma":"прийтись","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the что-clause, causal to стану","gloss":"will be necessary"},{"surface":"рассказывать","lemma":"рассказывать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on придется","gloss":"to tell"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking первенце","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of первенце","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"первенце","lemma":"первенец","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of рассказывать","gloss":"firstborn"},{"surface":"Федора","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies первенце","gloss":"Fyodor's"},{"surface":"Павловича","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федора","gloss":"Pavlovitch's"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ограничиваюсь","gloss":"for now"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ограничиваюсь","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"ограничиваюсь","lemma":"ограничиваться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with стану","gloss":"I confine myself"},{"surface":"самыми","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies необходимыми","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"необходимыми","lemma":"необходимый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies сведениями","gloss":"necessary"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of необходимыми","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"сведениями","lemma":"сведение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of ограничиваюсь","gloss":"particulars"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которых","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"которых","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of невозможно","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"dative experiencer subject of невозможно","gloss":"for me"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies романа","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"романа","lemma":"роман","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of начать (genitive of negation)","gloss":"the novel"},{"surface":"начать","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on невозможно","gloss":"to begin"},{"surface":"невозможно","lemma":"невозможный","morphology":"adjective (predicative), neuter, singular","role":"main predicate, head of the final clause","gloss":"impossible"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"c2-s25","source":"Во-первых, этот Дмитрий Федорович был один только из трех сыновей Федора Павловича, который рос в убеждении, что он всё же имеет некоторое состояние и когда достигнет совершенных лет, то будет независим.","translation":"In the first place, this Dmitri Fyodorovitch was the only one of Fyodor Pavlovitch's three sons who grew up in the conviction that he did, after all, possess some fortune, and that on coming of age he would be independent.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"один только из трех сыновей… который рос","title":"Relative «который» after the partitive head","body":"«который рос…» is a relative clause whose antecedent is «один… из трёх сыновей» ('the only one of the three sons'); «который» agrees masculine singular and is nominative as subject of its own clause. «из трёх сыновей» is the genitive-after-numeral partitive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"когда достигнет совершенных лет, то будет независим","title":"Perfective future «достигнет» + compound future «будет»","body":"Inside the conviction-clause: «достигнет» is a perfective simple future ('will come of age'), while «будет независим» is a compound — future of «быть» + the short adjective «независим». Two future types side by side, the perfective for the event, «быть» for the resulting state."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"рос в убеждении, что… всё же имеет некоторое состояние","title":"Reported-fact clause with «что» and particle «всё же»","body":"«что он… имеет состояние» is a «что»-clause of reported fact (indicative, not «чтобы»). «всё же» ('all the same, after all') is the concessive particle coloring the conviction. «состояние» here means 'fortune, wealth'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Во","lemma":"во-первых","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom Во-первых, parenthetical","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"первых","lemma":"во-первых","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom Во-первых","gloss":"the first place"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Дмитрий","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of один","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрий","gloss":"Fyodorovitch"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to один","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был, head of the phrase","gloss":"the only one"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies один","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сыновей","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"трех","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies сыновей","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"сыновей","lemma":"сын","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies один","gloss":"sons"},{"surface":"Федора","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сыновей","gloss":"Fyodor's"},{"surface":"Павловича","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федора","gloss":"Pavlovitch's"},{"surface":"который","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of рос","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"рос","lemma":"расти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on Дмитрий","gloss":"grew up"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking убеждении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"убеждении","lemma":"убеждение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of рос","gloss":"the conviction"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of имеет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of имеет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase всё же, modifies имеет","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase всё же","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"имеет","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying убеждении","gloss":"possessed"},{"surface":"некоторое","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of состояние","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"состояние","lemma":"состояние","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of имеет","gloss":"fortune"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of достигнет","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"достигнет","lemma":"достигнуть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with имеет","gloss":"he would reach"},{"surface":"совершенных","lemma":"совершенный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies лет","gloss":"full"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of достигнет","gloss":"age"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative particle","role":"correlate of когда, introduces the final clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to независим","gloss":"would be"},{"surface":"независим","lemma":"независимый","morphology":"adjective (predicative), masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of будет, head of the final clause","gloss":"independent"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"c2-s26","source":"Юность и молодость его протекли беспорядочно: в гимназии он не доучился, попал потом в одну военную школу, потом очутился на Кавказе, выслужился, дрался на дуэли, был разжалован, опять выслужился, много кутил и сравнительно прожил довольно денег.","translation":"His boyhood and youth ran their course in disorder: he never finished at the gymnasium, then landed in a military school, then turned up in the Caucasus, rose in the service, fought a duel, was reduced to the ranks, rose again, caroused a great deal, and ran through a fair amount of money for his means.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не доучился… попал… очутился… выслужился… был разжалован","title":"A chain of perfectives narrating a wild youth","body":"A rapid string of perfective pasts — «не доучился, попал, очутился, выслужился, дрался, был разжалован, опять выслужился, кутил, прожил» — each a completed event, propelling the disorderly biography forward in staccato. «был разжалован» is a short-participle passive ('was reduced to the ranks')."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"выслужился… разжалован","title":"Military advancement and disgrace","body":"«выслужиться» is to rise by service, earn promotion; «разжаловать» (here passive «разжалован») is the formal military penalty of stripping rank, reducing an officer to the ranks. The pair sketches a turbulent army career — rise, fall, rise again."}],"words":[{"surface":"Юность","lemma":"юность","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of протекли","gloss":"boyhood"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"молодость","lemma":"молодость","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with Юность","gloss":"youth"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"modifies молодость","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"протекли","lemma":"протечь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ran their course"},{"surface":"беспорядочно","lemma":"беспорядочно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies протекли","gloss":"in disorder"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гимназии","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"гимназии","lemma":"гимназия","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of доучился","gloss":"the gymnasium"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of доучился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies доучился","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"доучился","lemma":"доучиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with протекли","gloss":"finished (school)"},{"surface":"попал","lemma":"попасть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with доучился","gloss":"landed"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies попал","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking школу","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"одну","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies школу","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"военную","lemma":"военный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies школу","gloss":"military"},{"surface":"школу","lemma":"школа","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of попал","gloss":"school"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies очутился","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"очутился","lemma":"очутиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with доучился","gloss":"turned up"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Кавказе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Кавказе","lemma":"кавказ","morphology":"proper noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of очутился","gloss":"the Caucasus"},{"surface":"выслужился","lemma":"выслужиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with доучился","gloss":"rose in rank"},{"surface":"дрался","lemma":"драться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with доучился","gloss":"fought"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дуэли","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"дуэли","lemma":"дуэль","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of дрался","gloss":"a duel"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of разжалован","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"разжалован","lemma":"разжаловать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with доучился","gloss":"reduced to the ranks"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выслужился","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"выслужился","lemma":"выслужиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with доучился","gloss":"rose"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies кутил","gloss":"a great deal"},{"surface":"кутил","lemma":"кутить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with доучился","gloss":"caroused"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сравнительно","lemma":"сравнительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прожил","gloss":"comparatively"},{"surface":"прожил","lemma":"прожить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with доучился","gloss":"ran through"},{"surface":"довольно","lemma":"довольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies денег","gloss":"a fair amount of"},{"surface":"денег","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of прожил","gloss":"money"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"c2-s27","source":"Стал же получать их от Федора Павловича не раньше совершеннолетия, а до тех пор наделал долгов.","translation":"He began to receive any of it from Fyodor Pavlovitch only on coming of age, and until then ran himself into debt.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Стал же получать их… не раньше совершеннолетия","title":"Inceptive «стал» + imperfective infinitive","body":"«стал получать» ('began to receive') uses «стать» as an inceptive auxiliary with the imperfective infinitive «получать», naming the onset of a repeated/ongoing action. The «же» softly links back to the preceding money theme, and «их» refers to the funds."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не раньше совершеннолетия","title":"Genitive after the comparative «раньше»","body":"«раньше» ('earlier than') is a comparative that governs the genitive of comparison, hence «совершеннолетия» ('than [his] coming of age'). The negation «не раньше» = 'not before, only upon'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Стал","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"получать","lemma":"получать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on Стал","gloss":"to receive"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of получать","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Федора","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Федора","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of получать","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павловича","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федора","gloss":"Pavlovitch"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies раньше","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"раньше","lemma":"ранний","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies получать","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"совершеннолетия","lemma":"совершеннолетие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of раньше","gloss":"coming of age"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пор","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"тех","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"part of the phrase до тех пор","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"пор","lemma":"пора","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"part of the phrase до тех пор","gloss":"time","note":"«до тех пор» is a fixed idiom meaning \"until then.\""},{"surface":"наделал","lemma":"наделать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Стал","gloss":"ran up"},{"surface":"долгов","lemma":"долг","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of наделал","gloss":"debts"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"c2-s28","source":"Федора Павловича, отца своего, узнал и увидал в первый раз уже после совершеннолетия, когда нарочно прибыл в наши места объясниться с ним насчет своего имущества.","translation":"He came to know and laid eyes on Fyodor Pavlovitch, his father, for the first time only after coming of age, when he deliberately arrived in our parts to have it out with him about his property.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Федора Павловича, отца своего, узнал и увидал","title":"Fronted animate-accusative object + «свой»","body":"The object «Фёдора Павловича» is fronted before its verbs «узнал и увидал» for emphasis; being animate masculine, its accusative is identical to the genitive. The appositive «отца своего» uses the reflexive «свой» to mark 'his own father', with marked postposition."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"когда нарочно прибыл… объясниться","title":"Prefixed motion verb «прибыл» + purpose infinitive","body":"«прибыл» (perfective, prefix «при-» 'arrival') is a prefixed motion verb; «объясниться» ('to have it out, settle things') is a reflexive infinitive of purpose. «нарочно» ('deliberately, on purpose') stresses the intent behind the journey."}],"words":[{"surface":"Федора","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of узнал","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павловича","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Федора","gloss":"Pavlovitch"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Федора","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of отца","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"узнал","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came to know"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"увидал","lemma":"увидать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with узнал","gloss":"laid eyes on"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"первый","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of увидал","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies после","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking совершеннолетия","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"совершеннолетия","lemma":"совершеннолетие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of после","gloss":"coming of age"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of прибыл","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"нарочно","lemma":"нарочно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прибыл","gloss":"deliberately"},{"surface":"прибыл","lemma":"прибыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on узнал","gloss":"arrived"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking места","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"наши","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of места","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"места","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of прибыл","gloss":"parts"},{"surface":"объясниться","lemma":"объясниться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of прибыл","gloss":"to have it out"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of объясниться","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"насчет","lemma":"насчёт","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking имущества","gloss":"regarding"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of имущества","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"имущества","lemma":"имущество","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of насчет","gloss":"property"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"c2-s29","source":"Кажется, родитель ему и тогда не понравился; пробыл он у него недолго и уехал поскорей, успев лишь получить от него некоторую сумму и войдя с ним в некоторую сделку насчет дальнейшего получения доходов с имения, которого (факт достопримечательный) ни доходности, ни стоимости он в тот раз от Федора Павловича так и не добился.","translation":"It seems his parent did not take to him even then; he stayed with him only a short while and left again as quickly as he could, having managed merely to get a certain sum out of him and to enter with him into a certain arrangement regarding the future receipt of income from the estate — of which (a fact worth noting) he obtained from Fyodor Pavlovitch, that time, neither the yield nor the value.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"родитель ему и тогда не понравился","title":"Dative experiencer with «понравиться»","body":"«понравиться» ('to please, take a liking to') inverts English: the one who pleases is the subject «родитель», and the one who likes stands in the dative — «ему» ('to him'). So 'his parent did not please him', i.e. he did not take to his father."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"успев лишь получить… и войдя… в… сделку","title":"Perfective gerunds «успев» and «войдя»","body":"«успев» ('having managed to') and «войдя» ('having entered into') are perfective past gerunds describing what Mitya accomplished before leaving — actions prior to the main «уехал». «войдя в сделку» = 'having struck a deal', «в» + accusative of entering-into."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ни доходности, ни стоимости… так и не добился","title":"Negative concord with «ни… ни… не»","body":"«ни… ни… не добился» is negative concord: paired «ни» ('neither… nor') reinforce the verbal negation «не». The verb «добиться» ('to obtain by effort') governs the genitive, so «доходности» and «стоимости» are genitive — sharpened here as genitive-of-negation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical modifying понравился","gloss":"it seems"},{"surface":"родитель","lemma":"родитель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of понравился","gloss":"his parent"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of понравился","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тогда","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies понравился","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies понравился","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"понравился","lemma":"понравиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"took a liking"},{"surface":"пробыл","lemma":"пробыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with понравился","gloss":"stayed"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пробыл","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пробыл","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"недолго","lemma":"недолго","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пробыл","gloss":"only a short while"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уехал","lemma":"уехать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пробыл","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"поскорей","lemma":"поскорей","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уехал","gloss":"as quickly as he could"},{"surface":"успев","lemma":"успеть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on уехал","gloss":"having managed"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies получить","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"получить","lemma":"получить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of успев","gloss":"to get"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of получить","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"некоторую","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of сумму","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"сумму","lemma":"сумма","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of получить","gloss":"sum"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"войдя","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"coordinated with успев","gloss":"having entered"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of войдя","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сделку","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"некоторую","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of сделку","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"сделку","lemma":"сделка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of войдя","gloss":"arrangement"},{"surface":"насчет","lemma":"насчёт","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking получения","gloss":"regarding"},{"surface":"дальнейшего","lemma":"дальнейший","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies получения","gloss":"future"},{"surface":"получения","lemma":"получение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of насчет","gloss":"receipt"},{"surface":"доходов","lemma":"доход","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies получения","gloss":"income"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking имения","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"имения","lemma":"имение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies доходов","gloss":"the estate"},{"surface":"которого","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"relative pronoun referring to имения, governs доходности/стоимости","gloss":"of which"},{"surface":"факт","lemma":"факт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"parenthetical","gloss":"a fact"},{"surface":"достопримечательный","lemma":"достопримечательный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to факт","gloss":"worth noting"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"neither"},{"surface":"доходности","lemma":"доходность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of добился","gloss":"yield"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"стоимости","lemma":"стоимость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with доходности","gloss":"value"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of добился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of раз","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of добился","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Федора","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Федора","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of добился","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павловича","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федора","gloss":"Pavlovitch"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase так и не","gloss":"so","note":"«так и не» is an idiom meaning \"never did, after all.\""},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так и не","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies добился","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"добился","lemma":"добиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the relative clause introduced by которого","gloss":"obtained"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"c2-s30","source":"Федор Павлович заметил тогда, с первого разу (и это надо запомнить), что Митя имеет о своем состоянии понятие преувеличенное и неверное.","translation":"Fyodor Pavlovitch noticed then, from the very first (and this is to be borne in mind), that Mitya held an exaggerated and false notion of his fortune.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"имеет о своем состоянии понятие преувеличенное и неверное","title":"Past passive participle «преувеличенное» as adjective","body":"«преувеличенное» ('exaggerated') is a long-form past passive participle used attributively, agreeing with «понятие» (neuter); paired with «неверное» it postmodifies the noun for emphasis. «о своём состоянии» uses reflexive «своём» + prepositional after «о»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"и это надо запомнить","title":"Impersonal «надо» + infinitive","body":"The parenthetical «(и это надо запомнить)» is an impersonal-modal frame: invariable «надо» ('one must, it is necessary') + infinitive «запомнить», with no nominative subject — the narrator nudging the reader directly to remember."}],"words":[{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заметил","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Федор","gloss":"Pavlovitch"},{"surface":"заметил","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"noticed"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заметил","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking разу","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"первого","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies разу","gloss":"the very first"},{"surface":"разу","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, genitive (partitive), masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of с","gloss":"go","note":"«с первого разу» is a colloquial idiom meaning \"from the very outset.\""},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of надо","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb (predicative)","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"запомнить","lemma":"запомнить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"bear in mind"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of имеет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of имеет","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"имеет","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of заметил","gloss":"held"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking состоянии","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"своем","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of состоянии","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"состоянии","lemma":"состояние","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of имеет","gloss":"fortune"},{"surface":"понятие","lemma":"понятие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of имеет","gloss":"a notion"},{"surface":"преувеличенное","lemma":"преувеличенный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies понятие","gloss":"exaggerated"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"неверное","lemma":"неверный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with преувеличенное","gloss":"false"}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"c2-s31","source":"Федор Павлович был очень этим доволен, имея в виду свои особые расчеты.","translation":"Fyodor Pavlovitch was very well pleased by this, having his own particular calculations in view.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"был очень этим доволен","title":"Short adjective «доволен» + instrumental","body":"«доволен» is the short predicative form of «довольный» ('satisfied, pleased'), agreeing masculine; like many short adjectives of feeling it governs the instrumental of cause — «этим» ('by this'). 'He was very pleased by this.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"имея в виду свои особые расчеты","title":"Present gerund «имея» of attendant circumstance","body":"«имея в виду» ('bearing in mind, having in view') is an imperfective present gerund expressing the simultaneous circumstance behind his pleasure; «свои» (reflexive) ties the «расчёты» ('calculations, designs') to the subject."}],"words":[{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of доволен","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Федор","gloss":"Pavlovitch"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to доволен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies доволен","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"этим","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of доволен","gloss":"by this"},{"surface":"доволен","lemma":"довольный","morphology":"adjective (short form), masculine, singular","role":"head of the predicate","gloss":"pleased"},{"surface":"имея","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on доволен","gloss":"having"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking виду","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"виду","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase в виду","gloss":"view","note":"«иметь в виду» is a fixed idiom meaning \"to have in mind/keep in view.\""},{"surface":"свои","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of расчеты","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"особые","lemma":"особый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies расчеты","gloss":"particular"},{"surface":"расчеты","lemma":"расчёт","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of имея","gloss":"calculations"}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"c2-s32","source":"Он вывел лишь, что молодой человек легкомыслен, буен, со страстями, нетерпелив, кутила и которому только чтобы что-нибудь временно перехватить, и он хоть на малое время, разумеется, но тотчас успокоится.","translation":"He merely concluded that the young man was frivolous, hot-headed, ruled by his passions, impatient, a carouser, who needed only to grab some money on the spur of the moment and would, for a little while at least, of course, be instantly pacified.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что молодой человек легкомыслен, буен… нетерпелив","title":"Strings of short adjectives as predicates","body":"«легкомыслен, буен, нетерпелив» are short predicative adjectives ('frivolous, hot-headed, impatient'), the bookish form used to state qualities after the implied 'is'. Their clipped endings give a brisk diagnostic list of the young man's character."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"только чтобы что-нибудь временно перехватить","title":"Purpose «чтобы» + non-specific «что-нибудь»","body":"«чтобы… перехватить» is a purpose clause ('only to grab something'); «что-нибудь» with «-нибудь» is the non-specific indefinite — 'anything at all, some money or other', not a particular sum. «перехватить» colloquially = 'to grab/borrow [cash] on the fly'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вывел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вывел","lemma":"вывести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"concluded"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вывел","gloss":"merely"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of легкомыслен","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"молодой","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of легкомыслен","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"легкомыслен","lemma":"легкомысленный","morphology":"adjective (short form), masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of вывел","gloss":"frivolous"},{"surface":"буен","lemma":"буйный","morphology":"adjective (short form), masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with легкомыслен","gloss":"hot-headed"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"со","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking страстями","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"страстями","lemma":"страсть","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"passions"},{"surface":"нетерпелив","lemma":"нетерпеливый","morphology":"adjective (short form), masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with легкомыслен","gloss":"impatient"},{"surface":"кутила","lemma":"кутила","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with легкомыслен","gloss":"a carouser"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"которому","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"dative experiencer, refers to человек, subject of elliptical нужно перехватить","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies перехватить","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of перехватить","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что-нибудь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of перехватить","gloss":"some-","note":"«что-нибудь» (\"something\") is split across two tokens, что + нибудь."},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"что-нибудь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of перехватить","gloss":"-thing"},{"surface":"временно","lemma":"временно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies перехватить","gloss":"temporarily"},{"surface":"перехватить","lemma":"перехватить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of которому (elliptical нужно)","gloss":"to grab"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of успокоится","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies время","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking время","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"малое","lemma":"малый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies время","gloss":"a little"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"adverbial complement of успокоится (via на)","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"разумеется","lemma":"разуметься","morphology":"adverb (parenthetical)","role":"parenthetical modifying успокоится","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies успокоится","gloss":"instantly"},{"surface":"успокоится","lemma":"успокоиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with легкомыслен","gloss":"will be pacified"}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"c2-s33","source":"Вот это и начал эксплуатировать Федор Павлович, то есть отделываться малыми подачками, временными высылками, и в конце концов так случилось, что когда, уже года четыре спустя, Митя, потеряв терпение, явился в наш городок в другой раз, чтобы совсем уж покончить дела с родителем, то вдруг оказалось, к его величайшему изумлению, что у него уже ровно нет ничего, что и сосчитать даже трудно, что он перебрал уже деньгами всю стоимость своего имущества у Федора Павловича, может быть еще даже сам должен ему; что по таким-то и таким-то сделкам, в которые сам тогда-то и тогда пожелал вступить, он и права не имеет требовать ничего более, и проч., и проч.","translation":"This, then, is what Fyodor Pavlovitch set about exploiting — fobbing him off, that is, with small handouts and occasional remittances; and in the end it came about that when, already some four years later, Mitya, having lost his patience, turned up in our little town a second time to finish his affairs with his parent once and for all, it suddenly emerged, to his utmost astonishment, that he had now exactly nothing left, that it was hard even to make the reckoning, that he had already drawn from Fyodor Pavlovitch in cash the whole value of his property — that he might, perhaps, even owe him still; that under such-and-such agreements, into which he himself had chosen to enter at this and that time, he had no right to demand anything further, and so on, and so on.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Митя, потеряв терпение, явился… чтобы совсем уж покончить дела","title":"Perfective gerund «потеряв» + purpose «чтобы»","body":"«потеряв терпение» ('having lost patience') is a perfective past gerund of prior cause, framing why Mitya «явился» ('turned up'); «чтобы… покончить» is the purpose clause. The intensifier «совсем уж» ('once and for all') stresses finality."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"у него уже ровно нет ничего","title":"Genitive of negation with «нет ничего»","body":"«нет ничего» pairs the negative existential «нет» with the genitive negative pronoun «ничего» — negative concord plus genitive of negation: 'there is exactly nothing'. «у него» (genitive after «у») names the possessor."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"по таким-то и таким-то сделкам… тогда-то и тогда","title":"Vague-reference clitic «-то»: 'such-and-such'","body":"The clitic «-то» on «таким-то», «тогда-то» creates deliberately vague placeholders — 'under such-and-such agreements', 'at this and that time' — mimicking the slippery legalese Fyodor Pavlovitch hides behind. This is the topic-marking «-то», distinct from indefinite «что-то»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"он и права не имеет требовать ничего более","title":"Genitive object under negation: «не имеет права… ничего»","body":"Under the negated «не имеет», both the object «права» ('right') and «ничего» ('anything') stand in the genitive — the genitive of negation operating twice. «требовать» itself governs the genitive of the thing demanded."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies это","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of начал","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies начал","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"эксплуатировать","lemma":"эксплуатировать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начал","gloss":"to exploit"},{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of начал","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Федор","gloss":"Pavlovitch"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase то есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb (fixed idiom), present, indicative","role":"part of the phrase то есть","gloss":"is","note":"«то есть» is the fixed phrase \"that is (to say).\""},{"surface":"отделываться","lemma":"отделываться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"restates эксплуатировать","gloss":"fobbing him off"},{"surface":"малыми","lemma":"малый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies подачками","gloss":"small"},{"surface":"подачками","lemma":"подачка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of отделываться","gloss":"handouts"},{"surface":"временными","lemma":"временной","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies высылками","gloss":"occasional"},{"surface":"высылками","lemma":"высылка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with подачками","gloss":"remittances"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking конце","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"конце","lemma":"конец","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase в конце концов","gloss":"end"},{"surface":"концов","lemma":"конец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"part of the phrase в конце концов","gloss":"end","note":"«в конце концов» is a fixed idiom meaning \"in the end.\""},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies случилось","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"случилось","lemma":"случиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with начал","gloss":"it happened"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of оказалось","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of явился","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спустя","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"года","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"quantified by четыре","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"четыре","lemma":"четыре","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies года","gloss":"about four"},{"surface":"спустя","lemma":"спустя","morphology":"preposition (postposition)","role":"preposition marking года","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of явился","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"потеряв","lemma":"потерять","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on явился","gloss":"having lost"},{"surface":"терпение","lemma":"терпение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of потеряв","gloss":"patience"},{"surface":"явился","lemma":"явиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the temporal clause introduced by когда","gloss":"turned up"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking городок","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"наш","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of городок","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"городок","lemma":"городок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of явился","gloss":"little town"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"a second"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of явился","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of покончить","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уж","gloss":"completely"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies покончить","gloss":"once and for all"},{"surface":"покончить","lemma":"покончить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"purpose clause on явился","gloss":"to finish"},{"surface":"дела","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of покончить","gloss":"affairs"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking родителем","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"родителем","lemma":"родитель","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of с","gloss":"his parent"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"resumes the main clause (correlate of когда), introduces оказалось","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оказалось","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"оказалось","lemma":"оказаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of случилось","gloss":"it turned out"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking изумлению","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of изумлению","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"величайшему","lemma":"величайший","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies изумлению","gloss":"utmost"},{"surface":"изумлению","lemma":"изумление","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of к, parenthetical modifying оказалось","gloss":"astonishment"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of нет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of нет","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ровно","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"ровно","lemma":"ровно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нет","gloss":"absolutely"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"predicative particle (negative existential)","role":"clausal complement of оказалось","gloss":"there is no"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"genitive complement of нет","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of трудно","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сосчитать","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"сосчитать","lemma":"сосчитать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on трудно","gloss":"to reckon"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies трудно","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"трудно","lemma":"трудный","morphology":"adjective (predicative), neuter, singular","role":"further что-clause elaborating оказалось","gloss":"difficult"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of перебрал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of перебрал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"перебрал","lemma":"перебрать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of оказалось","gloss":"had drawn"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies перебрал","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"деньгами","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of перебрал","gloss":"in cash"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of стоимость","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"стоимость","lemma":"стоимость","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of перебрал","gloss":"value"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of имущества","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"имущества","lemma":"имущество","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies стоимость","gloss":"property"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Федора","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Федора","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of у","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павловича","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федора","gloss":"Pavlovitch"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the phrase может быть (parenthetical: perhaps)","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"part of the phrase может быть","gloss":"be","note":"«может быть» is the fixed phrase \"perhaps.\""},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies даже","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сам","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun (emphatic), nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphasizes он, modifies должен","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"должен","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective (short form, predicative), masculine, singular","role":"complement of может быть","gloss":"owes"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of должен","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces another clausal complement of оказалось","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сделкам","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"таким","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"determiner of сделкам","gloss":"such-and-such"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle (indefinite suffix)","role":"part of the phrase таким-то","gloss":"-such"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"таким","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"determiner of сделкам","gloss":"such-and-such"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle (indefinite suffix)","role":"part of the phrase таким-то","gloss":"-such"},{"surface":"сделкам","lemma":"сделка","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of по","gloss":"agreements"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которые","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"которые","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of вступить (via в)","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun (emphatic), nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphasizes он, modifies пожелал","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пожелал","gloss":"at such"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle (indefinite suffix)","role":"part of the phrase тогда-то","gloss":"-such"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пожелал","gloss":"such a time","note":"«тогда-то и тогда» is an idiom meaning \"at such and such a time.\""},{"surface":"пожелал","lemma":"пожелать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on сделкам","gloss":"chose"},{"surface":"вступить","lemma":"вступить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of пожелал","gloss":"to enter"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of имеет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies имеет (emphatic)","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"права","lemma":"право","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of имеет (genitive under negation)","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies имеет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"имеет","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of оказалось","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"требовать","lemma":"требовать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of имеет","gloss":"to demand"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of требовать","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies требовать","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"проч","lemma":"прочее","morphology":"noun (abbreviated), neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom и проч., и проч.","gloss":"so on","note":"«и проч.» abbreviates «и прочее», \"and so on.\""},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"проч","lemma":"прочее","morphology":"noun (abbreviated), neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom и проч., и проч.","gloss":"so on"}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"c2-s34","source":"Молодой человек был поражен, заподозрил неправду, обман, почти вышел из себя и как бы потерял ум.","translation":"The young man was thunderstruck, suspected falsehood, deceit, nearly went out of his mind, and seemed to lose his reason altogether.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"был поражен, заподозрил… почти вышел из себя","title":"Short passive «поражён» then perfective verbs","body":"«был поражён» is a short past-passive-participle predicate ('was thunderstruck'); it is followed by perfective pasts «заподозрил, вышел, потерял» that narrate the cascade of reaction. «выйти из себя» is the idiom 'to lose one's temper / go out of one's mind'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы потерял ум","title":"Hedging «как бы» softening «потерял ум»","body":"«как бы» ('as if, seemingly') tempers the strong claim 'lost his reason' into the narrator's cautious impression. «вышел из себя» / «потерял ум» are set idioms; the reflexive «себя» in «из себя» points back to the subject."}],"words":[{"surface":"Молодой","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поражен","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of поражен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"поражен","lemma":"поразить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thunderstruck"},{"surface":"заподозрил","lemma":"заподозрить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with поражен","gloss":"suspected"},{"surface":"неправду","lemma":"неправда","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of заподозрил","gloss":"falsehood"},{"surface":"обман","lemma":"обман","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with неправду","gloss":"deceit"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вышел","gloss":"nearly"},{"surface":"вышел","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with поражен","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"oblique complement of вышел","gloss":"his mind","note":"Idiom «выйти из себя» = to lose one's composure/mind, literally 'go out of oneself.'"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase 'как бы' (seemingly), modifies потерял","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase 'как бы'","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"потерял","lemma":"потерять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with поражен","gloss":"lost"},{"surface":"ум","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of потерял","gloss":"his reason"}]},{"number":35,"label":"35","id":"c2-s35","source":"Вот это-то обстоятельство и привело к катастрофе, изложение которой и составит предмет моего первого вступительного романа или, лучше сказать, его внешнюю сторону.","translation":"It was this very circumstance that led to the catastrophe, the account of which will form the subject of my first, introductory novel — or, better put, its outward side.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вот это-то обстоятельство и привело к катастрофе","title":"Emphatic «это-то… и» pointing the cause","body":"«Вот… -то… и» triple-marks the focus: «вот» presents, the clitic «-то» fastens onto «это», and «и» before the verb means 'it was precisely this that…'. «привело к катастрофе» uses «к» + dative of the result reached."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"изложение которой… составит предмет… романа","title":"Relative «которой» in the genitive","body":"«которой» refers back to «катастрофе» (feminine), but stands in the genitive because it depends on «изложение» ('the account of which'). «составит» is a perfective simple future ('will form/constitute') projecting the book to come."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"моего первого вступительного романа","title":"'My first, introductory novel'","body":"Dostoevsky's narrator presents this whole book as merely the «вступительный роман» ('introductory novel'), promising a sequel that was never written. The phrase belongs to the famous preface-fiction of the Karamazov narrator, who treats his story as one of two."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle, modifies обстоятельство","gloss":"it was"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of обстоятельство","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to это (это-то)","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"обстоятельство","lemma":"обстоятельство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of привело","gloss":"circumstance"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle, modifies привело","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"привело","lemma":"привести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"led"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking катастрофе","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"катастрофе","lemma":"катастрофа","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of привело","gloss":"the catastrophe"},{"surface":"изложение","lemma":"изложение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of составит","gloss":"the account"},{"surface":"которой","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"refers to катастрофе; genitive complement of изложение","gloss":"of which"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies составит","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"составит","lemma":"составить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the relative clause on катастрофе","gloss":"will form"},{"surface":"предмет","lemma":"предмет","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of составит","gloss":"the subject"},{"surface":"моего","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of романа","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"первого","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies романа","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"вступительного","lemma":"вступительный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies романа","gloss":"introductory"},{"surface":"романа","lemma":"роман","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies предмет","gloss":"novel"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"лучше","lemma":"лучше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказать","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"parenthetical infinitive introducing alternative phrasing","gloss":"put"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of сторону","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"внешнюю","lemma":"внешний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies сторону","gloss":"outward"},{"surface":"сторону","lemma":"сторона","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"second direct object of составит, coordinated with предмет","gloss":"side"}]},{"number":36,"label":"36","id":"c2-s36","source":"Но, пока перейду к этому роману, нужно еще рассказать и об остальных двух сыновьях Федора Павловича, братьях Мити, и объяснить, откуда те-то взялись.","translation":"But before I pass on to that novel, I must still tell of Fyodor Pavlovitch's two other sons, Mitya's brothers, and explain where they sprang from.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пока перейду к этому роману","title":"Perfective future «перейду» after «пока»","body":"«перейду» is the perfective simple future of the prefixed motion verb «перейти» ('I shall pass on to'); after «пока» it reads 'before I pass on'. «к этому роману» = «к» + dative of the goal moved toward."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"нужно еще рассказать… и объяснить, откуда те-то взялись","title":"Impersonal «нужно» + topic clitic «те-то»","body":"«нужно рассказать… и объяснить» is the impersonal-modal frame ('it is necessary to…') with bare infinitives. In the embedded question «откуда те-то взялись» ('where those ones, for their part, sprang from'), the clitic «-то» on «те» marks the brothers as the topic now in focus."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"пока","lemma":"пока","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of перейду","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"перейду","lemma":"перейти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on нужно","gloss":"I pass on"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking роману","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"этому","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of роману","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"роману","lemma":"роман","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of перейду","gloss":"novel"},{"surface":"нужно","lemma":"нужно","morphology":"predicative, impersonal, neuter","role":"main predicate of the sentence, governs рассказать","gloss":"it is necessary"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рассказать","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"рассказать","lemma":"рассказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on нужно","gloss":"to tell"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"additive particle before об остальных, modifies рассказать","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сыновьях","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"остальных","lemma":"остальной","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies сыновьях","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"двух","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, locative","role":"quantifies сыновьях","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"сыновьях","lemma":"сын","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of рассказать","gloss":"sons"},{"surface":"Федора","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сыновьях","gloss":"Fyodor's"},{"surface":"Павловича","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федора","gloss":"Pavlovitch's"},{"surface":"братьях","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to сыновьях","gloss":"brothers"},{"surface":"Мити","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies братьях","gloss":"Mitya's"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"объяснить","lemma":"объяснить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with рассказать","gloss":"to explain"},{"surface":"откуда","lemma":"откуда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies взялись","gloss":"where from"},{"surface":"те","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"subject of взялись","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to те (те-то)","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"взялись","lemma":"взяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of объяснить","gloss":"sprang"}]}]}