{"work":{"slug":"karamazov","title":{"source":"Братья Карамазовы","translated":"The Brothers Karamazov"},"author":"Fyodor Dostoevsky","language":"Russian","languageCode":"ru","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov"},"unit":{"kind":"chapter","number":null,"id":"fyodor-pavlovitch","title":{"source":"I. Фёдор Павлович Карамазов","translated":"I. Fyodor Pavlovitch Karamazov"},"section":"Book One: The History of a Family","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/fyodor-pavlovitch","lines":40},"previous":null,"next":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/first-son","license":"Source text: public domain (Fyodor Dostoevsky, d. 1881; Russian from the Nauka academic edition via ru.wikisource). English translation: original, © 1732 Studios (2026); rendered freshly from the public-domain Russian, not derived from any prior English translation. Sentence-aligned by 1732 Studios.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"c1-s1","source":"Алексей Федорович Карамазов был третьим сыном помещика нашего уезда Федора Павловича Карамазова, столь известного в свое время (да и теперь еще у нас припоминаемого) по трагической и темной кончине своей, приключившейся ровно тринадцать лет назад и о которой сообщу в своем месте.","translation":"Alexey Fyodorovitch Karamazov was the third son of Fyodor Pavlovitch Karamazov, a landowner of our district so well known in his day (and even now still recalled among us) for the dark and tragic manner of his death, which befell him exactly thirteen years ago and of which I shall give an account in its proper place.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"был третьим сыном","title":"Instrumental of the predicate","body":"After past-tense «был» the predicate noun «сыном» (and its ordinal «третьим») stands in the instrumental, not the nominative — the case Russian uses for a role held at a particular time. The same predicate-instrumental construction governs «(был) сыном» and «(был) третьим» here; in this chapter «помещик» appears not as an instrumental predicate but as a genitive («сыном помещика») and a nominative topic."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"приключившейся","title":"Past active participle «приключившейся»","body":"«приключившейся» is the past active participle of «приключиться» (to befall), in the -вш- form, agreeing with «кончине» in feminine dative. It compresses a который-clause ('which befell') into one bookish word — a hallmark of Dostoevsky's long opening sentence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"о которой сообщу","title":"The relative «который»","body":"«о которой» is the relative pronoun «который» ('which'), feminine to agree with its antecedent «кончине», but in the prepositional case after «о» because of its own role in the clause ('of which I shall give an account'). The verb «сообщу» is a perfective simple future ('I shall report'), conjugated like a present but pointing forward."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"уезда","title":"«уезд» — the district","body":"An «уезд» was the basic administrative subdivision of an imperial Russian province («губерния»), roughly a county. «помещик нашего уезда» places Fyodor Pavlovitch squarely in provincial gentry society, the world of the novel."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"кончине","title":"«кончина» — a solemn 'death'","body":"«кончина» (from «кончить», to end) is an elevated, somewhat ecclesiastical word for death — 'demise', 'passing' — far weightier than the neutral «смерть». Its bookish dignity sits in pointed contrast to the squalid 'death' it actually names."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"алексей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сыном","gloss":"Alexey"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Алексей","gloss":"Fyodorovitch"},{"surface":"Карамазов","lemma":"карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федорович","gloss":"Karamazov"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to сыном","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"третьим","lemma":"третий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сыном","gloss":"third"},{"surface":"сыном","lemma":"сын","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"помещика","lemma":"помещик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сыном","gloss":"of a landowner"},{"surface":"нашего","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of уезда","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"уезда","lemma":"уезд","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies помещика","gloss":"district"},{"surface":"Федора","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to помещика","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павловича","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федора","gloss":"Pavlovitch"},{"surface":"Карамазова","lemma":"карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федора","gloss":"Karamazov"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies известного","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"известного","lemma":"известный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies помещика","gloss":"known"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking время","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"свое","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of известного","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase да и","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase да и","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies припоминаемого","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies припоминаемого","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of припоминаемого","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"припоминаемого","lemma":"припоминать","morphology":"verb, present, passive, participle, genitive, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with известного, modifies помещика","gloss":"recalled"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кончине","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"трагической","lemma":"трагический","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies кончине","gloss":"tragic"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"темной","lemma":"тёмный","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with трагической","gloss":"dark"},{"surface":"кончине","lemma":"кончина","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of известного","gloss":"death"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, dative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of кончине","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"приключившейся","lemma":"приключиться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, dative, perfective","role":"participial clause modifying кончине","gloss":"which befell him"},{"surface":"ровно","lemma":"ровно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies тринадцать","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"тринадцать","lemma":"тринадцать","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on лет","gloss":"thirteen"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of приключившейся","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"назад","lemma":"назад","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лет","gloss":"ago"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которой","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"которой","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"refers to кончине, object of о","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"сообщу","lemma":"сообщить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on кончине","gloss":"I shall tell"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking месте","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"своем","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of месте","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"месте","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сообщу","gloss":"place"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"c1-s2","source":"Теперь же скажу об этом «помещике» (как его у нас называли, хотя он всю жизнь совсем почти не жил в своем поместье) лишь то, что это был странный тип, довольно часто, однако, встречающийся, именно тип человека не только дрянного и развратного, но вместе с тем и бестолкового, — но из таких, однако, бестолковых, которые умеют отлично обделывать свои имущественные делишки, и только, кажется, одни эти.","translation":"Of this \"landowner\" (as he was called among us, though he scarcely lived on his estate all his life) I shall say for now only this: that he was a strange type, yet one met with fairly often — precisely the type of a man who is not merely worthless and depraved but, along with that, muddle-headed too, and yet one of those muddle-headed men who know perfectly well how to manage their little property affairs, and that, it seems, is the one thing they manage.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Теперь же","title":"The emphatic particle «же»","body":"«же» here is not the conjunction but the emphatic particle, leaning on «теперь» to mark a contrastive shift — 'but now, for the present part'. It signals the narrator turning from background to the immediate point, a texture English can only render with stress."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"встречающийся","title":"Present active participle «встречающийся»","body":"«встречающийся» is the present active participle of reflexive «встречаться» (to be met with), in -ющ- + -ся, agreeing with «тип». It packs 'a type that is met with fairly often' into a single declined modifier, the bookish equivalent of a который-clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"которые умеют отлично обделывать свои имущественные делишки","title":"Relative clause with «который»","body":"«которые» ('who') is nominative plural, the subject of its own clause, agreeing in number with «бестолковых». «свои» is the reflexive possessive «свой» ('their own'), pointing back to the clause's subject — their own affairs, not someone else's."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"делишки","title":"«делишки» — petty little affairs","body":"«делишки» is «дела» ('affairs') with the dismissive-diminutive suffix -ишк-, which belittles rather than endears: 'shabby little dealings'. The narrator's contempt for Fyodor Pavlovitch's grubby property-grubbing is built right into the word."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"дрянного и развратного","title":"«дрянной», «развратный»","body":"«дрянной» means 'trashy, worthless, good-for-nothing' (from «дрянь», rubbish); «развратный» means 'depraved, dissolute'. Together they open the moral indictment of Fyodor Pavlovitch that the whole chapter unfolds."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"бестолкового","title":"«бестолковый» — the chapter's keyword","body":"«бестолковый» (from «толк», sense/meaning) means 'muddle-headed, senseless, without rhyme or reason'. The narrator insists on it as Fyodor Pavlovitch's defining trait — not stupidity but a peculiar incoherence — and returns to it repeatedly."}],"words":[{"surface":"Теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies скажу","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Теперь","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"скажу","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I shall say"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"этот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of помещике","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"помещике","lemma":"помещик","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of скажу","gloss":"landowner"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of называли","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of называли","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of называли","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"называли","lemma":"называть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause modifying помещике","gloss":"they called"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of жил","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of жил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"his whole"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of жил","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies почти","gloss":"almost entirely"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies жил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"жил","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of clause introduced by хотя","gloss":"lived"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking поместье","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"своем","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of поместье","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"поместье","lemma":"поместье","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of жил","gloss":"estate"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of скажу","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of был","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to тип","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"странный","lemma":"странный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies тип","gloss":"strange"},{"surface":"тип","lemma":"тип","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"type"},{"surface":"довольно","lemma":"довольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies часто","gloss":"fairly"},{"surface":"часто","lemma":"часто","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies встречающийся","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifying встречающийся","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"встречающийся","lemma":"встречаться","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"modifies тип","gloss":"met with"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тип","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"тип","lemma":"тип","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to тип (w29)","gloss":"type"},{"surface":"человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies тип","gloss":"of a man"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of не только... но и","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of не только... но и","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"дрянного","lemma":"дрянный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человека","gloss":"worthless"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"развратного","lemma":"развратный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with дрянного","gloss":"depraved"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вместе","lemma":"вместе","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of вместе с тем","gloss":"along"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тем","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of вместе с тем","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"бестолкового","lemma":"бестолковый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with дрянного","gloss":"muddle-headed"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бестолковых","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"таких","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of бестолковых","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifying бестолковых","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"бестолковых","lemma":"бестолковый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies тип (w29)","gloss":"muddle-headed ones"},{"surface":"которые","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of умеют","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"умеют","lemma":"уметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"relative clause on бестолковых","gloss":"know how to"},{"surface":"отлично","lemma":"отлично","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обделывать","gloss":"expertly"},{"surface":"обделывать","lemma":"обделывать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of умеют","gloss":"manage"},{"surface":"свои","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of делишки","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"имущественные","lemma":"имущественный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies делишки","gloss":"property"},{"surface":"делишки","lemma":"делишки","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of обделывать","gloss":"little affairs"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies одни","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"it seems"},{"surface":"одни","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"modifies эти","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"predicate complement referring to то","gloss":"these"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"c1-s3","source":"Федор Павлович, например, начал почти что ни с чем, помещик он был самый маленький, бегал обедать по чужим столам, норовил в приживальщики, а между тем в момент кончины его у него оказалось до ста тысяч рублей чистыми деньгами.","translation":"Fyodor Pavlovitch, for instance, began with next to nothing; he was the smallest sort of landowner, ran about dining at other men's tables, angled to live as a hanger-on, and yet at the moment of his death there turned out to be as much as a hundred thousand roubles in hard cash to his name.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ни с чем","title":"Negative pronoun «ничто» in «ни с чем»","body":"«начал… ни с чем» = 'began with nothing'. The negative pronoun «ничто» splits around its preposition — «ни с чем» — as Russian negatives regularly do (ни с кем, ни о чём). Note the genitive-of-negation flavour of starting 'from nothing'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"помещик он был самый маленький","title":"Topic-comment word order","body":"The fronted «помещик» is the topic ('as a landowner…'), with the comment «он был самый маленький' trailing for weight. Free case-marked word order lets Dostoevsky foreground 'landowner' and save the punchline — 'the very smallest sort' — for last."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"бегал… норовил","title":"Imperfective past for habit","body":"«бегал» (multidirectional 'ran about') and «норовил» ('kept angling') are imperfective pasts describing repeated, habitual behaviour — the standing background of his character — against which the perfective «оказалось» later marks the single surprising outcome."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"приживальщики","title":"«приживальщик» — a hanger-on","body":"A «приживальщик» is a hanger-on or sponger — a poor relation or guest who lives at a wealthy household's expense, flattering his hosts; we render it 'hanger-on'. «норовил в приживальщики» uses the accusative-plural-of-role construction ('aimed to become a hanger-on'). The word recurs as a key to Fyodor Pavlovitch's character."}],"words":[{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of начал","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Федор","gloss":"Pavlovitch"},{"surface":"например","lemma":"например","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifying начал","gloss":"for instance"},{"surface":"начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of почти что","gloss":"next to"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"particle","role":"part of почти что","gloss":"as it were","note":"'почти что' is a colloquial intensifier meaning 'just about, next to.'"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies чем","gloss":"not even"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чем","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of начал","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"помещик","lemma":"помещик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был (fronted)","gloss":"as a landowner"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to маленький","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"самый","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies маленький","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"маленький","lemma":"маленький","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"smallest"},{"surface":"бегал","lemma":"бегать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with начал","gloss":"ran about"},{"surface":"обедать","lemma":"обедать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of бегал","gloss":"to dine"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking столам","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"чужим","lemma":"чужой","morphology":"adjective, dative, plural","role":"modifies столам","gloss":"other people's"},{"surface":"столам","lemma":"стол","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of обедать","gloss":"tables"},{"surface":"норовил","lemma":"норовить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with начал","gloss":"angled"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking приживальщики","gloss":"to become"},{"surface":"приживальщики","lemma":"приживальщик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of норовил","gloss":"a hanger-on"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of между тем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of между тем","gloss":"the meantime"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking момент","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"момент","lemma":"момент","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of оказалось","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"кончины","lemma":"кончина","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies момент","gloss":"of death"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of кончины","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"in the possession of"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of оказалось","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"оказалось","lemma":"оказаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with начал","gloss":"there turned out to be"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рублей","gloss":"as much as"},{"surface":"ста","lemma":"сто","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies тысяч","gloss":"hundred"},{"surface":"тысяч","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"quantifies рублей","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"рублей","lemma":"рубль","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"subject of оказалось","gloss":"roubles"},{"surface":"чистыми","lemma":"чистый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies деньгами","gloss":"hard"},{"surface":"деньгами","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, instrumental, plural","role":"in apposition to рублей","gloss":"cash"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"c1-s4","source":"И в то же время он все-таки всю жизнь свою продолжал быть одним из бестолковейших сумасбродов по всему нашему уезду.","translation":"And at the same time he still went on, all his life, being one of the most muddle-headed madcaps in our whole district.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"бестолковейших","title":"Bookish superlative «бестолковейший»","body":"«бестолковейших» is the synthetic superlative of «бестолковый», formed with the -ейш- suffix ('most muddle-headed of all'), a markedly bookish alternative to the everyday «самый бестолковый». Dostoevsky favours these literary superlatives throughout the chapter."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сумасбродов","title":"«сумасброд» — a madcap","body":"A «сумасброд» (literally 'one whose mind wanders, сходить с ума') is a wild, erratic, harebrained person — 'madcap, crank, hothead'. It pairs with «бестолковый» to fix Fyodor Pavlovitch's type: not insane, but reckless and incoherent."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"продолжал быть","title":"Imperfective «продолжал» + infinitive","body":"«продолжал быть» ('went on being') uses the imperfective past «продолжал» with the infinitive «быть» to stress duration — phase verbs like продолжать, начинать, переставать take only imperfective infinitives, since they describe a process in progress."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking время","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"part of то же","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of продолжал","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of продолжал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все","morphology":"particle","role":"part of все-таки","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of все-таки","gloss":"nevertheless"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"his whole"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of продолжал","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"продолжал","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went on"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"copula linking to одним, complement of продолжал","gloss":"being"},{"surface":"одним","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of быть","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сумасбродов","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"бестолковейших","lemma":"бестолковый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural, superlative","role":"modifies сумасбродов","gloss":"most muddle-headed"},{"surface":"сумасбродов","lemma":"сумасброд","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies одним","gloss":"madcaps"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking уезду","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"всему","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of уезду","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"нашему","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of уезду","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"уезду","lemma":"уезд","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сумасбродов","gloss":"district"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"c1-s5","source":"Повторю еще: тут не глупость; большинство этих сумасбродов довольно умно и хитро, — а именно бестолковость, да еще какая-то особенная, национальная.","translation":"I will say it again: this was not stupidity; the majority of these madcaps are clever and cunning enough — it was precisely muddle-headedness, and of a particular kind at that, a national one.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Повторю","title":"Perfective future as narrative announcement","body":"«Повторю» ('I will repeat / let me repeat') is the perfective simple future of «повторить», conjugated like a present but pointing to a single completed act. The narrator uses these first-person perfective futures (cf. «сообщу», «скажу», «не стану») as conversational signposts."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"тут не глупость","title":"Zero copula with «не»","body":"«тут не глупость» = 'this is not stupidity' — present-tense 'is' is simply absent, and the predicate noun «глупость» stays nominative, negated by «не». Russian needs no verb to be in the present, only the negator before the predicate."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"да еще какая-то","title":"The indefinite «-то» in «какая-то»","body":"«какая-то» ('some kind of') is «какой» plus the clitic -то, marking a quality the narrator feels but cannot quite specify — 'a particular kind, of a sort'. The «да еще» before it ('and what's more') is an additive, intensifying turn of speech."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"национальная","title":"«национальная» bestолковость","body":"Calling Fyodor Pavlovitch's muddle-headedness 'national' («национальная») is a characteristic Dostoevskian aside: the narrator generalises a private vice into a diagnosis of the Russian character, a recurring move in the novel's self-examination."}],"words":[{"surface":"Повторю","lemma":"повторить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I will repeat"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Повторю","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies глупость","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies глупость","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"глупость","lemma":"глупость","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement (implied есть)","gloss":"stupidity"},{"surface":"большинство","lemma":"большинство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of умно","gloss":"the majority"},{"surface":"этих","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of сумасбродов","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"сумасбродов","lemma":"сумасброд","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies большинство","gloss":"madcaps"},{"surface":"довольно","lemma":"довольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies умно","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"умно","lemma":"умный","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of большинство","gloss":"clever"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"хитро","lemma":"хитрый","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with умно","gloss":"cunning"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies бестолковость","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"бестолковость","lemma":"бестолковость","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with глупость","gloss":"muddle-headedness"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies особенная","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"какая","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of особенная","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle, indefinite suffix","role":"part of какая-то","gloss":"(indefinite)","note":"'-то' is an indefinite suffix attached to какая, giving 'some kind of.'"},{"surface":"особенная","lemma":"особенный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies бестолковость","gloss":"particular"},{"surface":"национальная","lemma":"национальный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with особенная","gloss":"national"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"c1-s6","source":"Он был женат два раза, и у него было три сына: старший, Дмитрий Федорович, от первой супруги, а остальные два, Иван и Алексей, от второй.","translation":"He was married twice, and he had three sons: the eldest, Dmitri Fyodorovitch, by his first wife, and the other two, Ivan and Alexey, by his second.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"был женат","title":"Past tense of «быть»","body":"Russian has no present-tense 'is/are'; the past tense of «быть» (to be) agrees in gender and number: «был» (m.), «была» (f.), «было» (n.), «были» (pl.). «был женат» = 'was married', said of a man (a woman is «была замужем»)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"у него было три сына","title":"Possession with «у» + genitive","body":"Russian has no verb 'to have'; possession is framed as «у него было…» ('at him there was…'), with the possessor in the genitive after «у» and «быть» as the neuter «было». With the numeral «три» the counted noun takes the genitive singular «сына»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"а остальные два","title":"Contrastive «а»","body":"«а» ('and / while') here is the mild contrastive conjunction, marking a shift between the two groups of sons — the eldest by the first wife, «а» the other two by the second. It contrasts without real opposition, a constant hinge in Russian narration."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"супруги","title":"«супруга» — wife (elevated)","body":"«супруга» / «супруг» are the formal, slightly ceremonious words for wife and husband (cf. plain «жена», «муж»). The narrator's choice keeps a faintly ironic dignity around a marriage he is about to expose as a fiasco."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of женат","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to женат","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"женат","lemma":"женатый","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"married"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"depends on раза","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"раза","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of женат","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with женат","gloss":"there were"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on сына","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"сына","lemma":"сын","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"sons"},{"surface":"старший","lemma":"старший","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to сына","gloss":"the eldest"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to старший","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрий","gloss":"Fyodorovitch"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking супруги","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"первой","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies супруги","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"супруги","lemma":"супруга","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of старший","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"остальные","lemma":"остальной","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies два","gloss":"the other"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine","role":"coordinated with старший","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to два","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"алексей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Иван","gloss":"Alexey"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking второй","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"второй","lemma":"второй","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of два","gloss":"second"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"c1-s7","source":"Первая супруга Федора Павловича была из довольно богатого и знатного рода дворян Миусовых, тоже помещиков нашего уезда.","translation":"Fyodor Pavlovitch's first wife came of the Miusov family, gentry fairly rich and distinguished, themselves landowners of our district.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"была из… рода","title":"Origin with «из» + genitive","body":"«была из… рода дворян Миусовых» = 'came of the Miusov family of gentry'. The preposition «из» ('out of, from') governs the genitive throughout — «богатого и знатного рода», «дворян Миусовых» — stacking genitives to express descent."}],"words":[{"surface":"Первая","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies супруга","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"супруга","lemma":"супруга","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of была","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"Федора","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies супруга","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павловича","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федора","gloss":"Pavlovitch"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to рода","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рода","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"довольно","lemma":"довольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies богатого","gloss":"fairly"},{"surface":"богатого","lemma":"богатый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies рода","gloss":"rich"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"знатного","lemma":"знатный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with богатого","gloss":"distinguished"},{"surface":"рода","lemma":"род","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of была","gloss":"stock"},{"surface":"дворян","lemma":"дворянин","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies рода","gloss":"of the gentry"},{"surface":"Миусовых","lemma":"миусов","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies дворян","gloss":"Miusov"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies помещиков","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"помещиков","lemma":"помещик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to дворян","gloss":"landowners"},{"surface":"нашего","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of уезда","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"уезда","lemma":"уезд","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies помещиков","gloss":"district"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"c1-s8","source":"Как именно случилось, что девушка с приданым, да еще красивая и, сверх того, из бойких умниц, столь нередких у нас в теперешнее поколение, но появлявшихся уже и в прошлом, могла выйти замуж за такого ничтожного «мозгляка», как все его тогда называли, объяснять слишком не стану.","translation":"How it could have come about that a girl with a dowry — and a beautiful one besides, and, on top of that, one of those bright, spirited wits not at all rare among us in the present generation, though they had begun to appear already in the last — could marry such a worthless \"runt,\" as everyone then called him, I shall not undertake to explain at any length.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Как именно случилось, что… могла выйти замуж… объяснять слишком не стану","title":"A suspended subordinate frame","body":"The whole sentence hangs on «Как… случилось, что… объяснять не стану» — 'How it came about that… I shall not undertake to explain'. The «что»-clause (the reported fact) is stretched across many lines before the main verb «не стану» finally lands, a signature of Dostoevsky's deferred-syntax narration."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"появлявшихся","title":"Past active participle «появлявшихся»","body":"«появлявшихся» is the imperfective past active participle of «появляться» (to appear), genitive plural agreeing with «умниц». Imperfective stems give the participle an ongoing past sense — 'who had been appearing already' — and it replaces a full который-clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"выйти замуж за","title":"Idiom «выйти замуж за» + accusative","body":"A woman 'marries (a man)' with the fixed idiom «выйти замуж за» + accusative («за такого… мозгляка»). «замуж» (from за + муж, 'behind a husband') is used only of a woman; a man marries with «жениться на» + prepositional."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"умниц","title":"«умница» — a clever woman","body":"«умница» (here genitive plural «умниц») is an affectionate noun for a bright, sensible person, 'a clever one'. The narrator's «бойких умниц» ('spirited clever women') frames Adelaïda's set as the smart, restless young women of the day."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мозгляка","title":"«мозгляк» — a runt","body":"«мозгляк» is a contemptuous word for a puny, feeble, sickly little man — a 'runt, weakling, milksop'. Set in quotation marks as the village nickname, it captures how the whole district despised Fyodor Pavlovitch."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies случилось","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Как","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"случилось","lemma":"случиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"it happened"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of могла","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"девушка","lemma":"девушка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of могла","gloss":"a girl"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking приданым","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"приданым","lemma":"приданое","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of девушка","gloss":"a dowry"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of да еще","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies красивая","gloss":"what's more"},{"surface":"красивая","lemma":"красивый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies девушка","gloss":"pretty"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сверх","lemma":"сверх","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of сверх того","gloss":"on top of"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"part of сверх того","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking умниц","gloss":"one of"},{"surface":"бойких","lemma":"бойкий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies умниц","gloss":"lively"},{"surface":"умниц","lemma":"умница","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies девушка","gloss":"clever women"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нередких","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"нередких","lemma":"нередкий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies умниц","gloss":"not uncommon"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of нередких","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking поколение","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"теперешнее","lemma":"теперешний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies поколение","gloss":"present"},{"surface":"поколение","lemma":"поколение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of нередких","gloss":"generation"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"появлявшихся","lemma":"появляться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, genitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with нередких, modifies умниц","gloss":"that had already appeared"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies появлявшихся","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прошлом","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking прошлом","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"прошлом","lemma":"прошлое","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of появлявшихся","gloss":"the past"},{"surface":"могла","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the subordinate clause","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"выйти","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могла","gloss":"marry"},{"surface":"замуж","lemma":"замуж","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of выйти замуж","gloss":"married"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мозгляка","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"такого","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of мозгляка","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"ничтожного","lemma":"ничтожный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мозгляка","gloss":"worthless"},{"surface":"мозгляка","lemma":"мозгляк","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выйти","gloss":"a runt"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of называли","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of называли","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of называли","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies называли","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"называли","lemma":"называть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"comparative clause on мозгляка","gloss":"called"},{"surface":"объяснять","lemma":"объяснять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стану","gloss":"to explain"},{"surface":"слишком","lemma":"слишком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стану","gloss":"too much"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стану","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"стану","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with случилось","gloss":"I shall undertake"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"c1-s9","source":"Ведь знал же я одну девицу, еще в запрошлом «романтическом» поколении, которая после нескольких лет загадочной любви к одному господину, за которого, впрочем, всегда могла выйти замуж самым спокойным образом, кончила, однако же, тем, что сама навыдумала себе непреодолимые препятствия и в бурную ночь бросилась с высокого берега, похожего на утес, в довольно глубокую и быструю реку и погибла в ней решительно от собственных капризов, единственно из-за того, чтобы походить на шекспировскую Офелию, и даже так, что будь этот утес, столь давно ею намеченный и излюбленный, не столь живописен, а будь на его месте лишь прозаический плоский берег, то самоубийства, может быть, не произошло бы вовсе.","translation":"After all, I once knew a young lady, still of the last \"romantic\" generation, who, after several years of an enigmatic love for a certain gentleman — whom, by the way, she could always have married in the most untroubled manner — wound up, all the same, by inventing for herself insurmountable obstacles, and on a stormy night threw herself from a high, cliff-like bank into a fairly deep and swift river, perishing in it decidedly out of her own caprices, solely so as to resemble Shakespeare's Ophelia; and so much so that, had this cliff she had long marked out and cherished been less picturesque, had there stood in its place a merely prosaic, flat bank, then the suicide might very likely never have taken place at all.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"знал же я","title":"Particle «же» and inverted order","body":"«Ведь знал же я…» piles two particles: «ведь» appeals to shared knowledge ('after all, you know'), and «же» insists. The inverted «знал же я» (verb before subject) gives the storyteller's buttonholing, oral cadence as he launches the Ophelia anecdote."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"будь этот утес… не столь живописен, а будь… то самоубийства… не произошло бы","title":"Conditional with «бы» and imperative-as-condition","body":"The hypothetical is built on past-form + «бы»: «не произошло бы» ('might not have taken place'). Its 'if'-clause uses the bookish imperative-as-conditional «будь… не столь живописен» ('had the cliff been less picturesque') — a literary substitute for «если бы был»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"за которого… всегда могла выйти замуж","title":"Relative «который» in the accusative","body":"«за которого» is the relative «который», masculine to agree with «господину», but in the accusative because «выйти замуж за» governs the accusative. The case is dictated by its job inside the relative clause, not by its antecedent's case."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"навыдумала","title":"«навыдумать» — to dream up a heap","body":"«навыдумала» layers the prefix на- ('a quantity of') onto «выдумать' (to invent): 'invented a whole heap of, dreamt up no end of'. The на-…-себе construction (на + accumulation, dative/reflexive) conveys her piling imaginary obstacles upon herself."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знал","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знал","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"одну","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies девицу","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"девицу","lemma":"девица","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of знал","gloss":"young lady"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies запрошлом","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking запрошлом","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"запрошлом","lemma":"запрошлый","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies поколении","gloss":"before-last"},{"surface":"романтическом","lemma":"романтический","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies поколении","gloss":"romantic"},{"surface":"поколении","lemma":"поколение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies девицу","gloss":"generation"},{"surface":"которая","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of кончила","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лет","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"нескольких","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies лет","gloss":"several"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of кончила","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"загадочной","lemma":"загадочный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies любви","gloss":"enigmatic"},{"surface":"любви","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies лет","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking господину","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"одному","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, dative, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies господину","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"господину","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies любви","gloss":"gentleman"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которого","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"которого","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of могла","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies могла","gloss":"by the way"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies могла","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"могла","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on которого/господину","gloss":"could have"},{"surface":"выйти","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могла","gloss":"married"},{"surface":"замуж","lemma":"замуж","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выйти","gloss":"in marriage"},{"surface":"самым","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies спокойным","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"спокойным","lemma":"спокойный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies образом","gloss":"calm"},{"surface":"образом","lemma":"образ","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выйти","gloss":"manner"},{"surface":"кончила","lemma":"кончить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of relative clause, subject которая","gloss":"wound up"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies кончила","gloss":"nonetheless"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies однако","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of кончила","gloss":"by this"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of навыдумала","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"сама","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"emphasizes the subject of навыдумала","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"навыдумала","lemma":"навыдумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"complement clause of тем","gloss":"invented"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of навыдумала","gloss":"for herself"},{"surface":"непреодолимые","lemma":"непреодолимый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies препятствия","gloss":"insurmountable"},{"surface":"препятствия","lemma":"препятствие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of навыдумала","gloss":"obstacles"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ночь","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"бурную","lemma":"бурный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ночь","gloss":"stormy"},{"surface":"ночь","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бросилась","gloss":"night"},{"surface":"бросилась","lemma":"броситься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with навыдумала","gloss":"threw herself"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking берега","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"высокого","lemma":"высокий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies берега","gloss":"high"},{"surface":"берега","lemma":"берег","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бросилась","gloss":"bank"},{"surface":"похожего","lemma":"похожий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies берега","gloss":"resembling"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking утес","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"утес","lemma":"утёс","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of похожего","gloss":"cliff"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking реку","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"довольно","lemma":"довольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies глубокую","gloss":"fairly"},{"surface":"глубокую","lemma":"глубокий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies реку","gloss":"deep"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"быструю","lemma":"быстрый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with глубокую","gloss":"swift"},{"surface":"реку","lemma":"река","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бросилась","gloss":"river"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"погибла","lemma":"погибнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with навыдумала","gloss":"perished"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of погибла","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"решительно","lemma":"решительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies погибла","gloss":"decidedly"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking капризов","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"собственных","lemma":"собственный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies капризов","gloss":"her own"},{"surface":"капризов","lemma":"каприз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of погибла","gloss":"caprices"},{"surface":"единственно","lemma":"единственно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies того","gloss":"solely"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из-за","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of compound preposition из-за","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"из-за","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of compound preposition из-за, marking того","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of погибла","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of походить","gloss":"so as to"},{"surface":"походить","lemma":"походить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement clause of того","gloss":"resemble"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Офелию","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"шекспировскую","lemma":"шекспировский","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Офелию","gloss":"Shakespeare's"},{"surface":"Офелию","lemma":"Офелия","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of походить","gloss":"Ophelia"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of так...что construction, modified by the что-clause below","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the result clause complementing так","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"будь","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"conditional copula linking утес (subject) to живописен (predicate)","gloss":"had...been"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of утес","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"утес","lemma":"утёс","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of живописен (in the будь-conditional)","gloss":"cliff"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies давно","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"давно","lemma":"давно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies намеченный","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"ею","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement (agent) of намеченный","gloss":"by her"},{"surface":"намеченный","lemma":"намеченный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies утес","gloss":"marked out"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"излюбленный","lemma":"излюбленный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with намеченный, modifies утес","gloss":"cherished"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies столь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies живописен","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"живописен","lemma":"живописный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular, short form","role":"predicate complement of будь, describing утес","gloss":"picturesque"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"будь","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"conditional existential copula, predicate берег located на месте","gloss":"had...stood"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking месте","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of месте","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"месте","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement (location) of будь","gloss":"place"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прозаический","gloss":"merely"},{"surface":"прозаический","lemma":"прозаический","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies берег","gloss":"prosaic"},{"surface":"плоский","lemma":"плоский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies берег","gloss":"flat"},{"surface":"берег","lemma":"берег","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of будь (second conditional)","gloss":"bank"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"conjunction","role":"resumptive particle introducing the consequent clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"самоубийства","lemma":"самоубийство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"subject of произошло (genitive under negation)","gloss":"the suicide"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, modifies произошло","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies произошло","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"произошло","lemma":"произойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the consequent (то-)clause","gloss":"have happened"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of произошло","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies произошло","gloss":"at all"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"c1-s10","source":"Факт этот истинный, и надо думать, что в нашей русской жизни, в два или три последние поколения, таких или однородных с ним фактов происходило немало.","translation":"This fact is a true one, and one must suppose that in our Russian life, over the last two or three generations, no small number of such facts, or of facts of the same kind, have occurred.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Факт этот истинный","title":"Postposed demonstrative «этот»","body":"«Факт этот» places the demonstrative «этот» after its noun rather than before — a bookish, slightly emphatic word order ('this fact, the one just told') common in 19th-century prose. The neutral order would be «этот факт»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"таких или однородных с ним фактов происходило немало","title":"Genitive subject with «немало»","body":"After the quantifier «немало» ('not a few') the counted noun stands in the genitive plural «фактов», and the verb is impersonal neuter «происходило». Quantity words behave like numerals, pulling their noun into the genitive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Факт","lemma":"факт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of истинный","gloss":"fact"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of истинный","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"истинный","lemma":"истинный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"predicative adverb","role":"main predicate, governs думать","gloss":"one must"},{"surface":"думать","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"suppose"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of происходило","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизни","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нашей","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизни","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"русской","lemma":"русский","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies жизни","gloss":"Russian"},{"surface":"жизни","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of происходило","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking поколения","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"quantifies поколения","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"coordinated with два","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"последние","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies поколения","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"поколения","lemma":"поколение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of происходило","gloss":"generations"},{"surface":"таких","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of фактов","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"однородных","lemma":"однородный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"coordinated with таких","gloss":"similar"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of однородных","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"фактов","lemma":"факт","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"subject of происходило","gloss":"facts"},{"surface":"происходило","lemma":"происходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of думать","gloss":"have occurred"},{"surface":"немало","lemma":"немало","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies происходило, quantifies фактов","gloss":"no small number"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"c1-s11","source":"Подобно тому и поступок Аделаиды Ивановны Миусовой был без сомнения отголоском чужих веяний и тоже пленной мысли раздражением.","translation":"In just the same way, the deed of Adelaïda Ivanovna Miusova was without doubt an echo of influences from elsewhere, and likewise the chafing of a mind held captive.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"был… отголоском… и… раздражением","title":"Two instrumental predicates after «был»","body":"Both predicates after «был» take the instrumental: «отголоском» ('an echo') and «раздражением» ('a chafing'). The case marks them as roles the deed represented rather than fixed identities — the standard instrumental complement of «быть» in the past."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пленной мысли раздражением","title":"«пленной мысли раздражением»","body":"A dense, almost untranslatable phrase: «раздражением пленной мысли» = 'the irritation/chafing of a captive thought' — a mind fretting against its confinement. The inverted genitive «пленной мысли раздражением» heightens its bookish, abstract weight; we render it 'the chafing of a mind held captive'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Подобно","lemma":"подобно","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тому","gloss":"similarly to"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"introduces comparison, modifies был","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle, modifies поступок","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"поступок","lemma":"поступок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"the act"},{"surface":"Аделаиды","lemma":"Аделаида","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies поступок","gloss":"Adelaida's"},{"surface":"Ивановны","lemma":"Ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Аделаиды","gloss":"Ivanovna's"},{"surface":"Миусовой","lemma":"Миусова","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Ивановны","gloss":"Miusova's"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking поступок to отголоском","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сомнения","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"сомнения","lemma":"сомнение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of без (parenthetical: without doubt)","gloss":"doubt"},{"surface":"отголоском","lemma":"отголосок","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"an echo"},{"surface":"чужих","lemma":"чужой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies веяний","gloss":"others'"},{"surface":"веяний","lemma":"веяние","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"modifies отголоском","gloss":"influences"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раздражением","gloss":"likewise"},{"surface":"пленной","lemma":"пленный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мысли","gloss":"captive"},{"surface":"мысли","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies раздражением","gloss":"mind's"},{"surface":"раздражением","lemma":"раздражение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with отголоском, predicate complement of был","gloss":"irritation"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"c1-s12","source":"Ей, может быть, захотелось заявить женскую самостоятельность, пойти против общественных условий, против деспотизма своего родства и семейства, а услужливая фантазия убедила ее, положим, на один только миг, что Федор Павлович, несмотря на свой чин приживальщика, все-таки один из смелейших и насмешливейших людей той, переходной ко всему лучшему, эпохи, тогда как он был только злой шут, и больше ничего.","translation":"She may, perhaps, have wished to assert feminine independence, to go against the conditions of society, against the despotism of her kin and her family — and an obliging fancy persuaded her, let us suppose for one moment only, that Fyodor Pavlovitch, for all his rank of hanger-on, was nonetheless one of the boldest and most mocking men of that age, an age in transition toward all that was better — whereas in fact he was only a spiteful buffoon, and nothing more.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ей… захотелось заявить","title":"Dative subject with «захотелось»","body":"«Ей… захотелось» is the classic impersonal-experiencer pattern: the person stands in the dative «ей» ('to her'), the reflexive verb «захотелось» is neuter and subjectless, and an infinitive follows — 'she came to feel a wish to assert'. The dative frames desire as something that happens to her, not a deliberate act."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"положим","title":"«положим» — let us suppose","body":"«положим» ('let us suppose, say, granted') is a first-person-plural imperative of «положить» used as a parenthetical concessive — the narrator hedging his own conjecture. Such imperatives-as-discourse-markers (cf. «допустим») are common in reasoning prose."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"смелейших и насмешливейших","title":"Bookish superlatives","body":"«смелейших» ('boldest') and «насмешливейших» ('most mocking') are again synthetic -ейш- superlatives, in the genitive plural after «один из» ('one of the…'). The piled-up literary superlatives mimic the inflated, romantic light in which the fancy painted Fyodor Pavlovitch."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"шут","title":"«шут» — buffoon","body":"A «шут» is a fool or buffoon — historically a court jester, here a clown who debases himself for effect. «злой шут» ('a spiteful buffoon') is the narrator's verdict, and buffoonery becomes Fyodor Pavlovitch's chosen mask through the novel."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of захотелось","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, modifies захотелось","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"захотелось","lemma":"захотеться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wished"},{"surface":"заявить","lemma":"заявить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of захотелось","gloss":"to assert"},{"surface":"женскую","lemma":"женский","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies самостоятельность","gloss":"feminine"},{"surface":"самостоятельность","lemma":"самостоятельность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of заявить","gloss":"independence"},{"surface":"пойти","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with заявить","gloss":"to go"},{"surface":"против","lemma":"против","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking условий","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"общественных","lemma":"общественный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies условий","gloss":"society's"},{"surface":"условий","lemma":"условие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of пойти","gloss":"conditions"},{"surface":"против","lemma":"против","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деспотизма","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"деспотизма","lemma":"деспотизм","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пойти","gloss":"the despotism"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of родства","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"родства","lemma":"родство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies деспотизма","gloss":"kin"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"семейства","lemma":"семейство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with родства","gloss":"family"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"услужливая","lemma":"услужливый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies фантазия","gloss":"obliging"},{"surface":"фантазия","lemma":"фантазия","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of убедила","gloss":"fancy"},{"surface":"убедила","lemma":"убедить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with захотелось","gloss":"persuaded"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of убедила","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"положим","lemma":"положить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"parenthetical aside modifying убедила","gloss":"let us say"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking миг","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"quantifies миг","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies один","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"миг","lemma":"миг","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of убедила","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the complement clause of убедила","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"Фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of один (predicate nominal, implied copula)","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"Павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федор","gloss":"Pavlovitch"},{"surface":"несмотря","lemma":"несмотря на","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of compound preposition несмотря на","gloss":"despite"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"несмотря на","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of compound preposition несмотря на","gloss":"despite"},{"surface":"свой","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of чин","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"чин","lemma":"чин","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of несмотря на, concessive phrase modifying один","gloss":"rank"},{"surface":"приживальщика","lemma":"приживальщик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies чин","gloss":"of hanger-on"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of все-таки, modifies один","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of все-таки, modifies один","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of Федор Павлович (что-clause)","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking людей","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"смелейших","lemma":"смелый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural, superlative","role":"modifies людей","gloss":"boldest"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"насмешливейших","lemma":"насмешливый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural, superlative","role":"coordinated with смелейших","gloss":"most mocking"},{"surface":"людей","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies один","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"той","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of эпохи","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"переходной","lemma":"переходный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies эпохи","gloss":"transitional"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лучшему","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"всему","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, dative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of лучшему","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"лучшему","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of переходной","gloss":"that was better"},{"surface":"эпохи","lemma":"эпоха","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies людей","gloss":"of the age"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of тогда как, introduces the contrast clause","gloss":"whereas"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"тогда как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of тогда как","gloss":"whereas"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of шут","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to шут","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies шут","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"злой","lemma":"злой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies шут","gloss":"spiteful"},{"surface":"шут","lemma":"шут","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был, subject он","gloss":"buffoon"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies ничего","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"coordinated with шут","gloss":"nothing"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"c1-s13","source":"Пикантное состояло еще и в том, что дело обошлось увозом, а это очень прельстило Аделаиду Ивановну.","translation":"What gave the affair its extra piquancy was that it came off as an elopement, and this greatly captivated Adelaïda Ivanovna.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"состояло… в том, что","title":"Correlative «в том, что»","body":"«состояло… в том, что…» = 'consisted in the fact that…'. The correlative «в том» (prepositional of «то») anticipates the «что»-clause that follows — a frequent bookish frame for introducing the substance of a statement."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"увозом","title":"«увоз» — an elopement / abduction","body":"«увоз» (from «увезти», to carry off) is a 'carrying-off' — an elopement, often with a whiff of romantic abduction. «дело обошлось увозом» (instrumental of manner) = 'the affair came off as an elopement', the very scandal that thrilled Adelaïda."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пикантное","lemma":"пикантный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular, substantivized","role":"subject of состояло","gloss":"the piquant part"},{"surface":"состояло","lemma":"состоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"consisted"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies состояло","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle, modifies том","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of состояло","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of обошлось","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of обошлось","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"обошлось","lemma":"обойтись","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying том","gloss":"came off"},{"surface":"увозом","lemma":"увоз","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обошлось","gloss":"as an elopement"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of прельстило","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прельстило","gloss":"greatly"},{"surface":"прельстило","lemma":"прельстить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with состояло","gloss":"captivated"},{"surface":"Аделаиду","lemma":"Аделаида","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of прельстило","gloss":"Adelaida"},{"surface":"Ивановну","lemma":"Ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Аделаиду","gloss":"Ivanovna"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"c1-s14","source":"Федор же Павлович на все подобные пассажи был даже и по социальному своему положению весьма тогда подготовлен, ибо страстно желал устроить свою карьеру хотя чем бы то ни было; примазаться же к хорошей родне и взять приданое было очень заманчиво.","translation":"As for Fyodor Pavlovitch, his social standing alone made him thoroughly primed for any such escapades at that time, for he passionately longed to make his career by whatever means came to hand; and to attach himself to good kindred and lay hold of a dowry was very tempting indeed.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Федор же Павлович","title":"Particle «же» splitting the name","body":"The topic-shifting particle «же» ('as for…') is wedged between «Федор» and «Павлович», its normal second-position slot. It pivots the narration from the bride to the groom — 'As for Fyodor Pavlovitch…'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ибо","title":"«ибо» — archaic 'for, because'","body":"«ибо» is a solemn, archaic-bookish conjunction meaning 'for, because', felt as elevated and slightly biblical — the literary register's substitute for plain «потому что». Its use lends the narrator's reasoning a faint scriptural gravity."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хотя чем бы то ни было","title":"Concessive «чем бы то ни было»","body":"«чем бы то ни было» = 'by whatever means / anything whatsoever' — a fixed concessive built from interrogative + «бы… ни» («что бы то ни было», «как бы то ни было»). The «бы… ни» frame makes it sweepingly indefinite: 'no matter what'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"примазаться","title":"«примазаться» — to worm one's way in","body":"«примазаться» (reflexive, literally 'to smear/stick oneself onto') is a colloquial, contemptuous verb: 'to attach oneself to, latch onto, worm one's way in' for advantage. It exactly captures Fyodor Pavlovitch's opportunism toward «хорошей родне» (good kindred)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"Фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of passive подготовлен","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Федор","gloss":"for his part"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"Павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Федор","gloss":"Pavlovitch"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пассажи","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of пассажи","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"подобные","lemma":"подобный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies пассажи","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"пассажи","lemma":"пассаж","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of подготовлен","gloss":"escapades"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of подготовлен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies подготовлен","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking положению","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"социальному","lemma":"социальный","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies положению","gloss":"social"},{"surface":"своему","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, dative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of положению","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"положению","lemma":"положение","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of подготовлен","gloss":"standing"},{"surface":"весьма","lemma":"весьма","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подготовлен","gloss":"thoroughly"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подготовлен","gloss":"at that time"},{"surface":"подготовлен","lemma":"подготовить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"prepared"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of желал","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"страстно","lemma":"страстно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies желал","gloss":"passionately"},{"surface":"желал","lemma":"желать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of подготовлен","gloss":"longed"},{"surface":"устроить","lemma":"устроить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of желал","gloss":"to make"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of карьеру","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"карьеру","lemma":"карьера","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of устроить","gloss":"career"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom чем бы то ни было, modifies устроить","gloss":"by whatever"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of idiom чем бы то ни было","gloss":"means"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom чем бы то ни было","gloss":"-ever"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of idiom чем бы то ни было","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom чем бы то ни было","gloss":"-ever"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"part of idiom чем бы то ни было","gloss":"might be"},{"surface":"примазаться","lemma":"примазаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"infinitive subject of было заманчиво, coordinated with взять","gloss":"to attach oneself"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies примазаться","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking родне","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"хорошей","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies родне","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"родне","lemma":"родня","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of примазаться","gloss":"kindred"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"взять","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with примазаться","gloss":"lay hold of"},{"surface":"приданое","lemma":"приданое","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of взять","gloss":"a dowry"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to заманчиво","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заманчиво","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"заманчиво","lemma":"заманчивый","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular, short form","role":"predicate complement of было, subject примазаться...и взять приданое","gloss":"tempting"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"c1-s15","source":"Что же до обоюдной любви, то ее вовсе, кажется, не было — ни со стороны невесты, ни с его стороны, несмотря даже на красивость Аделаиды Ивановны.","translation":"As for any mutual love, there seems to have been none at all — neither on the bride's side nor on his, in spite even of Adelaïda Ivanovna's beauty.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что же до… то","title":"Topic frame «что (же) до… то»","body":"«Что же до обоюдной любви, то…» = 'As for mutual love, …' — the set topic-marking frame «что до X, то Y», which hoists a topic to the front and resumes with «то». The «же» adds the conversational 'now, as for…' nudge."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ее вовсе… не было — ни… ни","title":"Genitive of negation with «не было» and «ни… ни»","body":"«ее… не было» negates existence, forcing the subject 'love' into the genitive «ее» ('of it there was none'). The doubled «ни… ни» ('neither… nor') is negative concord intensifying the «не»: not on the bride's side, nor on his."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of idiom что до (as for), topicalizes любви","gloss":"as for"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Что","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking любви, part of idiom что до","gloss":"regarding"},{"surface":"обоюдной","lemma":"обоюдный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies любви","gloss":"mutual"},{"surface":"любви","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"object of до","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"resumptive particle introducing the main clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"subject of было (genitive under negation)","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies было","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, modifies было","gloss":"it seems"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"neither"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking невесты, part of phrase со стороны","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"стороны","lemma":"сторона","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"part of the phrase со стороны","gloss":"the side"},{"surface":"невесты","lemma":"невеста","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies стороны","gloss":"of the bride"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стороны","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of стороны","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"стороны","lemma":"сторона","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with стороны (невесты)","gloss":"side"},{"surface":"несмотря","lemma":"несмотря на","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of compound preposition несмотря на","gloss":"despite"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase несмотря на","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"несмотря на","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of compound preposition несмотря на, marking красивость","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"красивость","lemma":"красивость","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"object of несмотря на, concessive phrase modifying было","gloss":"beauty"},{"surface":"Аделаиды","lemma":"Аделаида","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies красивость","gloss":"of Adelaida"},{"surface":"Ивановны","lemma":"Ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Аделаиды","gloss":"Ivanovna"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"c1-s16","source":"Так что случай этот был, может быть, единственным в своем роде в жизни Федора Павловича, сладострастнейшего человека во всю свою жизнь, в один миг готового прильнуть к какой угодно юбке, только бы та его поманила.","translation":"So this case was perhaps unique of its kind in the life of Fyodor Pavlovitch, the most voluptuous man all his life long, ready in an instant to cling to any skirt at all, if only it beckoned to him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сладострастнейшего","title":"«сладострастный» — voluptuous","body":"«сладострастный» (literally 'sweet-passion', sweetness + lust) means 'voluptuous, sensual, lascivious'. Its synthetic superlative «сладострастнейшего» ('the most voluptuous') brands Fyodor Pavlovitch with the sensuality that the whole Karamazov line will be said to share."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"готового прильнуть к какой угодно юбке, только бы та его поманила","title":"Conditional «только бы» of desire","body":"«только бы та его поманила» = 'if only it would beckon to him' — the irrealis particle «бы» on a past-form verb expressing the sole condition. «только бы» ('if only, provided that') marks the minimal proviso, and «та» ('that one') points back to «юбке'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"к какой угодно юбке","title":"Idioms «какой угодно» and «юбка»","body":"«какой угодно» = 'any… at all, whatever' (interrogative + «угодно», 'as one pleases'). «юбка» literally 'skirt' is here metonymy for any woman — 'to cling to any skirt at all' — a crude flourish fitting the narrator's contempt."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"correlates with что (idiom 'так что' = 'so')","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase Так (idiom 'так что')","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"случай","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"case"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of случай","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to единственным","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, forms 'может быть' ('perhaps') modifying был","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"part of the parenthetical 'может быть'","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"единственным","lemma":"единственный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"unique"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking роде","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"своем","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of роде","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"роде","lemma":"род","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of единственным","gloss":"kind"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизни","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"жизни","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of единственным","gloss":"the life"},{"surface":"Федора","lemma":"Фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies жизни","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павловича","lemma":"Павлович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федора","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"сладострастнейшего","lemma":"сладострастный","morphology":"adjective, superlative, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человека, in apposition to Федора Павловича","gloss":"most voluptuous"},{"surface":"человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Федора Павловича","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизнь (idiom 'во всю жизнь')","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сладострастнейшего","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking миг","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"quantifies миг","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"миг","lemma":"миг","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of готового","gloss":"instant"},{"surface":"готового","lemma":"готовый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человека, in apposition to Федора Павловича","gloss":"ready"},{"surface":"прильнуть","lemma":"прильнуть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of готового","gloss":"to cling"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking юбке","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, dative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of юбке (idiom 'какой угодно')","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"угодно","lemma":"угодно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies какой (idiom 'какой угодно' = 'whatsoever')","gloss":"at all","note":"'какой угодно' is a fixed idiom meaning 'any... whatsoever', not two separately meaningful words."},{"surface":"юбке","lemma":"юбка","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прильнуть","gloss":"skirt"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase 'только бы' (idiom 'if only')","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"part of the phrase только (idiom 'только бы')","gloss":"if only"},{"surface":"та","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of поманила","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of поманила","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"поманила","lemma":"поманить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"beckoned"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"c1-s17","source":"А между тем одна только эта женщина не произвела в нем со страстной стороны никакого особенного впечатления.","translation":"And yet this one woman alone produced in him, on the side of passion, no particular impression whatever.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не произвела… никакого особенного впечатления","title":"Genitive of negation","body":"Under negation the object shifts from accusative to genitive: «не произвела… никакого… впечатления» ('produced no… impression'). The negative determiner «никакого» and noun «впечатления» both take the genitive, with «никакого… не» showing negative concord."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"А между тем","title":"Contrastive opener «а между тем»","body":"«А между тем» ('and yet, meanwhile') opens the sentence with the contrastive «а», pivoting against the previous claim. The fixed phrase «между тем» ('in the meantime / for all that') is one of the narrator's favourite hinges between observations."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"forms idiom 'между тем' ('yet') with тем","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase между (idiom 'между тем')","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"одна","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of женщина","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies одна","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of женщина","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"женщина","lemma":"женщина","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of произвела","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies произвела","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"произвела","lemma":"произвести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"produced"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of произвела","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стороны (idiom 'со стороны')","gloss":"on the side"},{"surface":"страстной","lemma":"страстный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies стороны","gloss":"passion"},{"surface":"стороны","lemma":"сторона","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of произвела","gloss":"side"},{"surface":"никакого","lemma":"никакой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of впечатления","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"особенного","lemma":"особенный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies впечатления","gloss":"particular"},{"surface":"впечатления","lemma":"впечатление","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of произвела","gloss":"impression"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"c1-s18","source":"Аделаида Ивановна, тотчас же после увоза, мигом разглядела, что мужа своего она только презирает и больше ничего.","translation":"Adelaïda Ivanovna, the moment the elopement was over, saw in a flash that for her husband she felt only contempt and nothing more.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"мужа своего она только презирает","title":"Reflexive possessive «свой» + fronted object","body":"«мужа своего» ('her [own] husband') uses the reflexive possessive «свой», correctly pointing to the clause subject «она». Note too the fronting of the object «мужа своего' before the subject for focus — free word order weighting 'her husband' as the topic."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мигом","title":"«мигом» — in a flash","body":"«мигом» is the frozen instrumental of «миг» ('instant') used adverbially: 'in a flash, in a trice'. Paired with «тотчас же» ('at once'), it stresses how instantly Adelaïda saw through her husband."}],"words":[{"surface":"Аделаида","lemma":"Аделаида","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of разглядела","gloss":"Adelaida"},{"surface":"Ивановна","lemma":"Ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Аделаида","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies разглядела (idiom 'тотчас же после')","gloss":"immediately"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking увоза","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"увоза","lemma":"увоз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of после","gloss":"the elopement"},{"surface":"мигом","lemma":"миг","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial oblique complement of разглядела","gloss":"in a flash"},{"surface":"разглядела","lemma":"разглядеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of презирает","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"мужа","lemma":"муж","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of презирает","gloss":"husband"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of мужа","gloss":"her own"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of презирает","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies презирает","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"презирает","lemma":"презирать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of разглядела","gloss":"despises"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links больше ничего to презирает","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ничего (idiom 'больше ничего')","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"coordinated with мужа as object of презирает","gloss":"nothing"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"c1-s19","source":"Таким образом, следствия брака обозначились с чрезвычайною быстротой.","translation":"Thus the consequences of the marriage made themselves plain with extraordinary speed.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"обозначились","title":"Reflexive -ся as middle voice","body":"«обозначились» ('became apparent, defined themselves') is the -ся middle of «обозначить»: no external agent, the consequences simply showed themselves. The reflexive turns a transitive 'to mark out' into an intransitive 'to take shape'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с чрезвычайною быстротой","title":"Archaic instrumental ending «-ою»","body":"«с чрезвычайною быстротой» shows the older feminine instrumental adjective ending «-ою» (for modern «-ой»): «чрезвычайною». This longer form is a period flavour of 19th-century literary Russian, metrically and stylistically weightier than the modern «-ой»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Таким","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of образом","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"образом","lemma":"образ","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial (idiom 'таким образом' = 'thus') modifying обозначились","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"следствия","lemma":"следствие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of обозначились","gloss":"consequences"},{"surface":"брака","lemma":"брак","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies следствия","gloss":"of the marriage"},{"surface":"обозначились","lemma":"обозначиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"became apparent"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking быстротой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"чрезвычайною","lemma":"чрезвычайный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies быстротой","gloss":"extraordinary"},{"surface":"быстротой","lemma":"быстрота","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обозначились","gloss":"speed"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"c1-s20","source":"Несмотря на то что семейство даже довольно скоро примирилось с событием и выделило беглянке приданое, между супругами началась самая беспорядочная жизнь и вечные сцены.","translation":"Although her family even came round to the event fairly soon and allotted the runaway her dowry, between the spouses there began the most disorderly life and endless scenes.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Несмотря на то что","title":"Concessive «несмотря на то что»","body":"«Несмотря на то что…» = 'despite the fact that, although' — the bookish concessive built on «несмотря на» ('not looking at') plus the correlative «то» and «что». It opens a subordinate clause of concession before the main 'but there began…' clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"выделило беглянке приданое","title":"Dative indirect object «беглянке»","body":"«выделило беглянке приданое» = 'allotted the runaway her dowry': «приданое» is the direct object (accusative), «беглянке» the indirect object in the dative ('to the runaway'). The dative marks the recipient — to or for whom the dowry was given."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"беглянке","title":"«беглянка» — the runaway (f.)","body":"«беглянка» (from «бежать», to flee) is a feminine 'runaway, fugitive' — the -янк- suffix giving the female counterpart of «беглец». The narrator's tag for Adelaïda foreshadows her flight in segment s25."}],"words":[{"surface":"Несмотря","lemma":"несмотря","morphology":"adverb","role":"forms compound preposition 'несмотря на' ('although') with на","gloss":"although"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase Несмотря (idiom 'несмотря на')","gloss":"despite"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase 'несмотря на то, что' correlating with что-clause","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of примирилось","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"семейство","lemma":"семейство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of примирилось","gloss":"family"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies довольно скоро","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"довольно","lemma":"довольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies скоро","gloss":"fairly"},{"surface":"скоро","lemma":"скоро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies примирилось","gloss":"soon"},{"surface":"примирилось","lemma":"примириться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the concessive clause (несмотря на то что)","gloss":"came to terms"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking событием","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"событием","lemma":"событие","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of примирилось","gloss":"the event"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"выделило","lemma":"выделить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with примирилось","gloss":"allotted"},{"surface":"беглянке","lemma":"беглянка","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of выделило","gloss":"the runaway"},{"surface":"приданое","lemma":"приданое","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of выделило","gloss":"dowry"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking супругами","gloss":"between"},{"surface":"супругами","lemma":"супруг","morphology":"noun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of началась","gloss":"the spouses"},{"surface":"началась","lemma":"начаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"самая","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"forms superlative with беспорядочная","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"беспорядочная","lemma":"беспорядочный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies жизнь","gloss":"disorderly"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of началась","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вечные","lemma":"вечный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies сцены","gloss":"endless"},{"surface":"сцены","lemma":"сцена","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with жизнь as subject of началась","gloss":"scenes"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"c1-s21","source":"Рассказывали, что молодая супруга выказала при том несравненно более благородства и возвышенности, нежели Федор Павлович, который, как известно теперь, подтибрил у нее тогда же, разом, все ее денежки, до двадцати пяти тысяч, только что она их получила, так что тысячки эти с тех пор решительно как бы канули для нее в воду.","translation":"It was told that the young wife showed in all this an incomparably greater nobility and loftiness of spirit than did Fyodor Pavlovitch, who, as is now known, filched from her at that very time, in one swoop, all her little funds, up to twenty-five thousand, the instant she received them, so that from then on those few thousands sank, for her, as if into water for good.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Рассказывали, что","title":"Subjectless 'they say' plural","body":"«Рассказывали, что…» ('it was told that, they recounted that') uses a bare third-person-plural verb with no subject — Russian's standard impersonal 'they/people say'. The narrator leans on this hearsay frame (cf. «говорят» in s37) to relay village gossip."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"несравненно более благородства… нежели","title":"Comparative «более… нежели»","body":"The comparison uses periphrastic «более» ('more') intensified by «несравненно» ('incomparably'), with the archaic-bookish «нежели» for 'than' (modern «чем»). «нежели» is a literary register marker frequent in Dostoevsky."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"подтибрил","title":"«подтибрить» — to pinch, filch","body":"«подтибрить» is low colloquial slang for 'to swipe, pinch, filch' — petty thieving with a sly air. Using it of Fyodor Pavlovitch robbing his own wife's money strips any dignity from the act; we render it 'filched'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"денежки… тысячки","title":"Dismissive diminutives «денежки», «тысячки»","body":"«денежки» (from «деньги') and «тысячки» (from «тысячи') carry the -к- diminutive, here with a pitying-dismissive colour — 'her little money, her poor few thousands'. The endearing-belittling suffix dramatises how lightly so large a sum vanished."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"канули… в воду","title":"Idiom «как в воду кануть»","body":"«как бы канули… в воду» echoes the idiom «как в воду кануть» ('to vanish as if into water', without a trace). The verb «кануть» is itself archaic-poetic for 'to sink, drop'. The money disappeared utterly, gone for good."}],"words":[{"surface":"Рассказывали","lemma":"рассказывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (impersonal)","gloss":"it was told"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of выказала","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"молодая","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies супруга","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"супруга","lemma":"супруга","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of выказала","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"выказала","lemma":"выказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of Рассказывали","gloss":"showed"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"forms idiom 'при том' ('in this connection') with том","gloss":"in this"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase при (idiom 'при том')","gloss":"connection"},{"surface":"несравненно","lemma":"несравненно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies более","gloss":"incomparably"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"comparative quantifier of благородства и возвышенности","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"благородства","lemma":"благородство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of выказала, quantified by более","gloss":"nobility"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"возвышенности","lemma":"возвышенность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with благородства","gloss":"loftiness"},{"surface":"нежели","lemma":"нежели","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison clause with Федор Павлович","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"Фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical verb in the нежели-clause","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"Павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федор","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"который","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подтибрил","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the parenthetical clause of известно","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"известно","lemma":"известный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"parenthetical clause (как известно теперь) modifying the который-clause","gloss":"known"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies известно","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"подтибрил","lemma":"подтибрить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause verb, predicate of который","gloss":"filched"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подтибрил","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подтибрил","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тогда (idiom 'тогда же' = 'that very time')","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"разом","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial modifier of подтибрил ('at once')","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of денежки","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of денежки","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"денежки","lemma":"денежка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of подтибрил","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тысяч","gloss":"up to"},{"surface":"двадцати","lemma":"двадцать","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"part of compound numeral 'двадцать пять' quantifying тысяч","gloss":"twenty"},{"surface":"пяти","lemma":"пять","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"part of compound numeral 'двадцать пять' quantifying тысяч","gloss":"five"},{"surface":"тысяч","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"object of до, in apposition to денежки","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase 'только что' ('the instant')","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase только (idiom 'только что')","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of получила","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of получила","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"получила","lemma":"получить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial temporal clause on подтибрил ('the instant she received them')","gloss":"received"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase 'так что' introducing the result clause","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase так (idiom 'так что')","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"тысячки","lemma":"тысячка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of канули","gloss":"the sums"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of тысячки","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"forms idiom 'с тех пор' ('since then') with тех пор","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"тех","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"part of the phrase с (idiom 'с тех пор')","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"пор","lemma":"пора","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"part of the phrase с (idiom 'с тех пор')","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"решительно","lemma":"решительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies канули","gloss":"utterly"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase 'как бы' ('as if') modifying канули","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как (idiom 'как бы')","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"канули","lemma":"кануть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the result clause (так что)","gloss":"sank","note":"'как бы канули в воду' is a fixed idiom meaning 'vanished without a trace'."},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of канули","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking воду","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"воду","lemma":"вода","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of канули","gloss":"water"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"c1-s22","source":"Деревеньку же и довольно хороший городской дом, которые тоже пошли ей в приданое, он долгое время и изо всех сил старался перевести на свое имя чрез совершение какого-нибудь подходящего акта и наверно бы добился того из одного, так сказать, презрения и отвращения к себе, которое он возбуждал в своей супруге ежеминутно своими бесстыдными вымогательствами и вымаливаниями, из одной ее душевной усталости, только чтоб отвязался.","translation":"As for the small village and the fairly good town house that also came to her as part of the dowry, he tried for a long while and with all his might to have them transferred into his own name by drawing up some suitable deed, and he would surely have gained his end, out of the sheer contempt and revulsion toward himself, so to speak, that he aroused in his wife every minute of the day by his shameless extortions and beggings — out of her sheer spiritual exhaustion, just to be rid of him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"наверно бы добился того","title":"Conditional «бы» without an 'if'","body":"«наверно бы добился» ('he would surely have achieved it') is the irrealis «бы» on a past-form perfective, the apodosis of an unspoken condition — he would have succeeded, had the family not intervened (s23). Russian lets the «бы»-clause stand while leaving the condition implicit."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"которые… пошли ей в приданое","title":"Relative «которые» and dative «ей»","body":"«которые… пошли ей в приданое» — relative «которые» (nominative plural, subject) refers to «деревеньку… и дом»; «ей» is the dative recipient ('to her'), and «в приданое' an accusative-of-purpose ('as a dowry'). A compact lattice of cases inside one clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"только чтоб отвязался","title":"Purpose «чтоб» with the irrealis past","body":"«чтоб отвязался» = 'just so that he would leave [her] alone' — «чтоб(ы)» (the fused «что» + «бы») introduces purpose and demands the past-form verb «отвязался», Russian's irrealis after чтобы. The clipped «чтоб» for «чтобы' is colloquial."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"чрез","title":"«чрез» — archaic «через»","body":"«чрез» is the truncated, bookish form of the preposition «через» ('through, by means of'), here + accusative «совершение… акта» ('through the drawing-up of a deed'). The shortened «чрез» is a stock 19th-century literary spelling."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вымогательствами и вымаливаниями","title":"«вымогательство», «вымаливание»","body":"A telling pair: «вымогательства» 'extortions, blackmailing demands' and «вымаливания» 'wheedlings, begging-and-imploring' (from «вымаливать», to beg out of someone). Both share the вы- prefix of 'extracting'; together they sketch Fyodor Pavlovitch alternating threats with grovelling."}],"words":[{"surface":"Деревеньку","lemma":"деревенька","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"fronted (topicalized) direct object of старался перевести","gloss":"the little village","note":"The direct object is fronted before the subject он for emphasis; it is not resumed until перевести near the end of the clause."},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"marks Деревеньку as the topic","gloss":"as for"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"довольно","lemma":"довольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хороший","gloss":"fairly"},{"surface":"хороший","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дом","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"городской","lemma":"городской","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дом","gloss":"town"},{"surface":"дом","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Деревеньку as fronted object","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"которые","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of пошли","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пошли","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"пошли","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"relative clause on Деревеньку и дом","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of пошли","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking приданое (idiom 'пойти в приданое')","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"приданое","lemma":"приданое","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of пошли","gloss":"dowry"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of старался","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"долгое","lemma":"долгий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies время","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"adverbial complement of старался (duration)","gloss":"a long while"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"изо","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сил (idiom 'изо всех сил')","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of сил","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"сил","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"adverbial phrase (idiom 'изо всех сил' = 'with all his might') modifying старался","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"старался","lemma":"стараться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tried"},{"surface":"перевести","lemma":"перевести","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of старался","gloss":"to transfer"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking имя","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"свое","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of имя","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"имя","lemma":"имя","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of перевести","gloss":"name"},{"surface":"чрез","lemma":"через","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking совершение","gloss":"by means of"},{"surface":"совершение","lemma":"совершение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of чрез, modifying перевести","gloss":"the drawing up"},{"surface":"какого","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of акта (idiom 'какой-нибудь' = 'some sort of')","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle, indefinite","role":"part of the phrase какого (idiom 'какой-нибудь')","gloss":"or other"},{"surface":"подходящего","lemma":"подходящий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies акта","gloss":"suitable"},{"surface":"акта","lemma":"акт","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies совершение","gloss":"deed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"наверно","lemma":"наверно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies добился","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks the conditional mood of добился","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"добился","lemma":"добиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with старался","gloss":"achieved"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of добился","gloss":"his end"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking одного (out of the contempt)","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"одного","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies презрения ('sheer')","gloss":"sheer"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical (idiom 'так сказать')","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"parenthetical (idiom 'так сказать' = 'so to speak')","gloss":"to speak"},{"surface":"презрения","lemma":"презрение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of из","gloss":"contempt"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"отвращения","lemma":"отвращение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with презрения","gloss":"revulsion"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"modifies отвращения и презрения","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"которое","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of возбуждал","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of возбуждал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"возбуждал","lemma":"возбуждать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause modifying презрения и отвращения","gloss":"aroused"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking супруге","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of супруге","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"супруге","lemma":"супруга","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of возбуждал","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"ежеминутно","lemma":"ежеминутно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies возбуждал","gloss":"every minute"},{"surface":"своими","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"determiner of вымогательствами","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"бесстыдными","lemma":"бесстыдный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies вымогательствами","gloss":"shameless"},{"surface":"вымогательствами","lemma":"вымогательство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of возбуждал","gloss":"extortions"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вымаливаниями","lemma":"вымаливание","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated with вымогательствами","gloss":"beggings"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking усталости","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"одной","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies усталости ('sheer')","gloss":"sheer"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of усталости","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"душевной","lemma":"душевный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies усталости","gloss":"spiritual"},{"surface":"усталости","lemma":"усталость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"object of из (w58), coordinated with презрения и отвращения as second reason for добился","gloss":"exhaustion"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies чтоб","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause of отвязался","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"отвязался","lemma":"отвязаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"purpose clause modifying добился","gloss":"be rid of him"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"c1-s23","source":"Но, к счастию, вступилось семейство Аделаиды Ивановны и ограничило хапугу.","translation":"But, by good fortune, Adelaïda Ivanovna's family stepped in and reined the grasping fellow back.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"к счастию","title":"Dative «к счастию» (archaic ending)","body":"«к счастию» = 'fortunately' — «к» + dative of «счастье», with the older bookish dative ending «-ию» for modern «-ью/-ью» (счастию vs счастью). The phrase is a fixed sentence-adverbial, and the archaic ending is period flavour."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вступилось","title":"Reflexive -ся 'to intervene'","body":"«вступилось» is the -ся form of «вступить» specialised to mean 'stepped in, intervened on behalf of' (cf. «вступиться за»). The reflexive shifts the plain 'to step in' toward 'to take someone's part', the family acting to protect Adelaïda."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"хапугу","title":"«хапуга» — a grasping grabber","body":"«хапуга» (from «хапать», to grab/snatch greedily) is a contemptuous word for a rapacious money-grubber, 'a grasping fellow, a grabber'. The accusative «хапугу» (animate) names Fyodor Pavlovitch by his defining greed."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking счастию (idiom 'к счастию')","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"счастию","lemma":"счастие","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of вступилось","gloss":"fortune"},{"surface":"вступилось","lemma":"вступиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stepped in"},{"surface":"семейство","lemma":"семейство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of вступилось","gloss":"family"},{"surface":"Аделаиды","lemma":"Аделаида","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies семейство","gloss":"Adelaida's"},{"surface":"Ивановны","lemma":"Ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Аделаиды","gloss":"Ivanovna's"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ограничило","lemma":"ограничить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вступилось","gloss":"reined in"},{"surface":"хапугу","lemma":"хапуга","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of ограничило","gloss":"the grasping fellow"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"c1-s24","source":"Положительно известно, что между супругами происходили нередкие драки, но, по преданию, бил не Федор Павлович, а била Аделаида Ивановна, дама горячая, смелая, смуглая, нетерпеливая, одаренная замечательною физическою силой.","translation":"It is positively known that frequent brawls broke out between the spouses, but, by tradition, it was not Fyodor Pavlovitch who beat the other but Adelaïda Ivanovna who did the beating — a hot-tempered lady, bold, dark-complexioned, impatient, endowed with remarkable physical strength.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"бил не Федор Павлович, а била Аделаида Ивановна","title":"Contrastive «не… а» with fronted verbs","body":"The sharp antithesis «бил не X, а била Y» ('it was not X who beat but Y who did the beating') uses «не… а» ('not… but') and fronts the gendered past verbs «бил» (m.) / «била» (f.) for emphasis, the agreement itself spotlighting who struck whom."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"одаренная замечательною физическою силой","title":"Short/past passive participle «одаренная»","body":"«одаренная» is the past passive participle of «одарить» (to endow), here long-form attributive, with the agent's gift «силой» in the instrumental ('endowed with strength'). The string of feminine adjectives «горячая, смелая, смуглая, нетерпеливая» agrees with «дама»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"смуглая","title":"«смуглый» — dark-complexioned","body":"«смуглая» means 'swarthy, dark-skinned, olive-complexioned'. In the catalogue of Adelaïda's traits it signals a fiery, southern-looking vigour, of a piece with «горячая» (hot-tempered) and her «замечательная физическая сила»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Положительно","lemma":"положительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies известно","gloss":"positively"},{"surface":"известно","lemma":"известный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"head of the impersonal predicate","gloss":"known"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of происходили","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking супругами","gloss":"between"},{"surface":"супругами","lemma":"супруг","morphology":"noun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of происходили","gloss":"the spouses"},{"surface":"происходили","lemma":"происходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of известно","gloss":"occurred"},{"surface":"нередкие","lemma":"нередкий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies драки","gloss":"frequent"},{"surface":"драки","lemma":"драка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of происходили","gloss":"brawls"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking преданию (idiom 'по преданию')","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"преданию","lemma":"предание","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"adverbial (idiom 'по преданию') modifying бил/била","gloss":"tradition"},{"surface":"бил","lemma":"бить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the contrastive clause (не Федор Павлович, а Аделаида Ивановна)","gloss":"beat"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Федор","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"Фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of бил","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"Павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федор","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"била","lemma":"бить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with бил","gloss":"beat"},{"surface":"Аделаида","lemma":"Аделаида","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of била","gloss":"Adelaida"},{"surface":"Ивановна","lemma":"Ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Аделаида","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"дама","lemma":"дама","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Аделаида Ивановна","gloss":"a lady"},{"surface":"горячая","lemma":"горячий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies дама","gloss":"hot-tempered"},{"surface":"смелая","lemma":"смелый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with горячая","gloss":"bold"},{"surface":"смуглая","lemma":"смуглый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with горячая","gloss":"dark-complexioned"},{"surface":"нетерпеливая","lemma":"нетерпеливый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with горячая","gloss":"impatient"},{"surface":"одаренная","lemma":"одарённый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with горячая, modifies дама","gloss":"endowed"},{"surface":"замечательною","lemma":"замечательный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies силой","gloss":"remarkable"},{"surface":"физическою","lemma":"физический","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies силой","gloss":"physical"},{"surface":"силой","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of одаренная","gloss":"strength"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"c1-s25","source":"Наконец она бросила дом и сбежала от Федора Павловича с одним погибавшим от нищеты семинаристом-учителем, оставив Федору Павловичу на руках трехлетнего Митю.","translation":"At last she abandoned the house and fled from Fyodor Pavlovitch with a seminary-student-turned-schoolmaster who was perishing of poverty, leaving Fyodor Pavlovitch with little three-year-old Mitya on his hands.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"оставив… на руках","title":"Perfective gerund «оставив»","body":"«оставив» is the perfective past gerund («деепричастие») of «оставить' (to leave): 'having left'. It names a completed action attendant on the main verbs «бросила… и сбежала», sharing their subject — she fled, leaving Mitya behind. The idiom «на руках» = 'on [his] hands, in [his] care'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"погибавшим от нищеты","title":"Past active participle «погибавшим»","body":"«погибавшим» is the imperfective past active participle of «погибать» (to perish), instrumental to agree with «семинаристом» after «с». The imperfective stem gives 'who was [in the process of] perishing of poverty' — an ongoing state, not a completed event."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Митю","title":"«Митя» — diminutive of Dmitri","body":"«Митю» (accusative of «Митя») is the affectionate diminutive of «Дмитрий» — the eldest son Dmitri Fyodorovitch. The intimate nickname for the abandoned three-year-old quietly invites our sympathy; Russian names ladder from Дмитрий to Митя to Митенька by warmth."}],"words":[{"surface":"Наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бросила","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of бросила","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"бросила","lemma":"бросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"abandoned"},{"surface":"дом","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of бросила","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сбежала","lemma":"сбежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with бросила","gloss":"fled"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Федора","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Федора","lemma":"Фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сбежала","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павловича","lemma":"Павлович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федора","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking семинаристом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"одним","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies семинаристом","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"погибавшим","lemma":"погибать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, instrumental, imperfective","role":"modifies семинаристом","gloss":"who was perishing"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нищеты","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"нищеты","lemma":"нищета","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of погибавшим","gloss":"poverty"},{"surface":"семинаристом","lemma":"семинарист","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сбежала","gloss":"seminarian"},{"surface":"учителем","lemma":"учитель","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to семинаристом","gloss":"teacher","note":"'семинаристом-учителем' is a hyphenated compound: a former seminary student now working as a schoolteacher."},{"surface":"оставив","lemma":"оставить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on сбежала","gloss":"leaving"},{"surface":"Федору","lemma":"Фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of оставив","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павловичу","lemma":"Павлович","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федору","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руках (idiom 'на руках' = 'on his hands')","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"руках","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of оставив","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"трехлетнего","lemma":"трёхлетний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Митю","gloss":"three-year-old"},{"surface":"Митю","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of оставив","gloss":"Mitya"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"c1-s26","source":"Федор Павлович мигом завел в доме целый гарем и самое забубённое пьянство, а в антрактах ездил чуть не по всей губернии и слезно жаловался всем и каждому на покинувшую его Аделаиду Ивановну, причем сообщал такие подробности, которые слишком бы стыдно было сообщать супругу о своей брачной жизни.","translation":"Fyodor Pavlovitch promptly set up a whole harem in the house and the most riotous drinking, and in the intervals drove about nearly the entire province, tearfully complaining to anyone and everyone of Adelaïda Ivanovna, who had forsaken him, all the while disclosing such details as it would be far too shameful for a husband to tell about his married life.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"завел… ездил… жаловался","title":"Mixed aspect: perfective onset, imperfective habit","body":"«завел» (perfective, 'set up') marks a single completed act, then the imperfectives «ездил» ('kept driving about') and «жаловался» ('went on complaining') paint the ongoing, repeated aftermath. The aspect switch sets one event against a standing background of behaviour."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"на покинувшую его Аделаиду Ивановну","title":"Past active participle «покинувшую»","body":"«покинувшую» is the perfective past active participle of «покинуть» (to forsake), accusative feminine agreeing with «Аделаиду Ивановну» after «на» — 'about Adelaïda Ivanovna, who had forsaken him'. The participle compresses a который-clause and is placed, bookishly, before its noun."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"забубённое","title":"«забубённый» — riotous, devil-may-care","body":"«забубённое пьянство» — «забубённый» is a vivid colloquial-folk epithet for wild, reckless, devil-may-care abandon ('riotous, headlong'). It belongs to the same expressive register as the drinking and 'whole harem' it describes."}],"words":[{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of завел","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Федор","gloss":"Pavlovitch"},{"surface":"мигом","lemma":"миг","morphology":"adverb (instrumental of миг used adverbially)","role":"modifies завел","gloss":"promptly"},{"surface":"завел","lemma":"завести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"set up"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking доме","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"доме","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of завел","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"целый","lemma":"целый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies гарем","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"гарем","lemma":"гарем","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of завел","gloss":"harem"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"самое","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular (superlative marker)","role":"intensifies забубённое","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"забубённое","lemma":"забубённый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies пьянство","gloss":"riotous"},{"surface":"пьянство","lemma":"пьянство","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with гарем","gloss":"drinking"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking антрактах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"антрактах","lemma":"антракт","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of ездил","gloss":"the intervals"},{"surface":"ездил","lemma":"ездить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with завел","gloss":"drove about"},{"surface":"чуть","lemma":"чуть","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase чуть не (nearly)","gloss":"nearly","note":"чуть не is a fixed idiom meaning 'almost/nearly', not a literal negation."},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase чуть не","gloss":"nearly"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking губернии","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"всей","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, dative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of губернии","gloss":"the entire"},{"surface":"губернии","lemma":"губерния","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ездил","gloss":"province"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"слезно","lemma":"слезно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies жаловался","gloss":"tearfully"},{"surface":"жаловался","lemma":"жаловаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with завел","gloss":"complained"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of жаловался","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"каждому","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with всем","gloss":"each one"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Аделаиду","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"покинувшую","lemma":"покинуть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, accusative, perfective","role":"clause modifying Аделаиду","gloss":"who had forsaken"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of покинувшую","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"Аделаиду","lemma":"аделаида","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of жаловался","gloss":"Adelaida"},{"surface":"Ивановну","lemma":"ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Аделаиду","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"причем","lemma":"причём","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"moreover"},{"surface":"сообщал","lemma":"сообщать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with завел","gloss":"disclosed"},{"surface":"такие","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of подробности","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"подробности","lemma":"подробность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of сообщал","gloss":"details"},{"surface":"которые","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of сообщать (relative, refers to подробности)","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"слишком","lemma":"слишком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стыдно","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks стыдно as conditional","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"стыдно","lemma":"стыдный","morphology":"adverb (predicative)","role":"predicate of the relative clause","gloss":"shameful"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to стыдно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"сообщать","lemma":"сообщать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on стыдно","gloss":"to tell"},{"surface":"супругу","lemma":"супруг","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of сообщать","gloss":"a husband"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизни","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизни","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"брачной","lemma":"брачный","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies жизни","gloss":"married"},{"surface":"жизни","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сообщать","gloss":"life"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"c1-s27","source":"Главное, ему как будто приятно было и даже льстило разыгрывать пред всеми свою смешную роль обиженного супруга и с прикрасами даже расписывать подробности о своей обиде.","translation":"The main thing was that he seemed actually pleased, and even flattered, to play out before everyone his absurd role of the wronged husband, and even to embroider, with trimmings, the particulars of his grievance.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ему… приятно было и даже льстило","title":"Dative-experiencer with impersonal predicate","body":"«ему… приятно было» is the impersonal-experiencer pattern: «ему» in the dative, «приятно» an invariable predicative, «было» neuter — 'it was pleasant to him'. The parallel «льстило» ('it flattered [him]') is likewise subjectless, with the infinitive «разыгрывать» as the logical subject."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пред всеми","title":"Archaic «пред» for «перед»","body":"«пред всеми» ('before everyone') uses the truncated bookish «пред» for modern «перед» (+ instrumental). Like «чрез» and «чрез», these clipped prepositions are markers of the 19th-century literary register."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"с прикрасами","title":"«прикрасы» — embellishments","body":"«прикрасы» (from «прикрасить', to prettify) are 'embellishments, fancy trimmings, decorative exaggerations'. «расписывать… с прикрасами» = to paint up his grievance with added flourishes — Fyodor Pavlovitch improving on his own humiliation for the audience."}],"words":[{"surface":"Главное","lemma":"главный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular (used as parenthetical)","role":"parenthetical introducing the clause","gloss":"the main thing"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of приятно","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как будто","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как будто","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"приятно","lemma":"приятный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular (predicative)","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"pleasant"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to приятно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies льстило","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"льстило","lemma":"льстить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with приятно","gloss":"flattered"},{"surface":"разыгрывать","lemma":"разыгрывать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of приятно/льстило","gloss":"to play out"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всеми","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"всеми","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"object of preposition пред","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of роль","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"смешную","lemma":"смешной","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies роль","gloss":"absurd"},{"surface":"роль","lemma":"роль","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of разыгрывать","gloss":"role"},{"surface":"обиженного","lemma":"обиженный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies супруга","gloss":"wronged"},{"surface":"супруга","lemma":"супруг","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"genitive modifier of роль","gloss":"husband"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking прикрасами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"прикрасами","lemma":"прикраса","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of расписывать","gloss":"trimmings"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies расписывать","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"расписывать","lemma":"расписывать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with разыгрывать","gloss":"to embroider"},{"surface":"подробности","lemma":"подробность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of расписывать","gloss":"particulars"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обиде","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of обиде","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"обиде","lemma":"обида","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies подробности","gloss":"grievance"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"c1-s28","source":"«Подумаешь, что вы, Федор Павлович, чин получили, так вы довольны, несмотря на всю вашу горесть», — говорили ему насмешники.","translation":"\"One would think, Fyodor Pavlovitch, that you had been given a promotion, you are so content, in spite of all your sorrow,\" the scoffers would say to him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Подумаешь","title":"«подумаешь» — generalised 'you'","body":"«Подумаешь, что…» uses the second-person singular «подумаешь» ('one would think') as an impersonal, generalised 'you' — Russian's way of saying 'anyone would suppose'. It is colloquial and dismissive in tone, fitting the mocking speakers."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"так вы довольны","title":"Short adjective predicate «довольны»","body":"«довольны» is the short (predicative) form of «довольный», used here as the predicate 'you are content/satisfied'. Short adjectives can only predicate, never attribute, and carry a flavour of a present, particular state — apt for the scoffers' jab."}],"words":[{"surface":"Подумаешь","lemma":"подумать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective (idiomatic, impersonal)","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"one would think","note":"«Подумаешь» here is a fixed conversational idiom, not a literal 'you will think'."},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of получили","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of получили","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to вы (direct address)","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федор","gloss":"Pavlovitch"},{"surface":"чин","lemma":"чин","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of получили","gloss":"a promotion"},{"surface":"получили","lemma":"получить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of Подумаешь","gloss":"received"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies довольны","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of довольны","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"довольны","lemma":"довольный","morphology":"adjective, plural (predicative)","role":"predicate, parallel clause to получили","gloss":"content"},{"surface":"несмотря","lemma":"несмотря","morphology":"preposition (part of несмотря на, compound)","role":"preposition marking горесть, together with на","gloss":"despite","note":"несмотря на is a compound preposition meaning 'despite/in spite of'."},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition (part of несмотря на)","role":"part of the phrase несмотря","gloss":"despite"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of горесть","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"вашу","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of горесть","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"горесть","lemma":"горесть","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"object of несмотря на, modifying довольны","gloss":"sorrow"},{"surface":"говорили","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb framing the quotation","gloss":"would say"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of говорили","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"насмешники","lemma":"насмешник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of говорили","gloss":"scoffers"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"c1-s29","source":"Многие даже прибавляли, что он рад явиться в подновленном виде шута и что нарочно, для усиления смеха, делает вид, что не замечает своего комического положения.","translation":"Many even added that he was glad to appear in the freshened-up guise of a buffoon, and that, on purpose, to heighten the laughter, he pretended not to notice his own comic situation.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что он рад… и что нарочно… делает вид","title":"Two reported «что»-clauses","body":"«прибавляли, что… и что…» strings two parallel «что»-clauses of reported fact under «прибавляли». «что» (plain reporting 'that') contrasts with «чтобы» (purpose/willed) seen elsewhere — here it simply relays what people claimed."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"явиться в подновленном виде","title":"Past passive participle «подновленном»","body":"«подновленном» is the past passive participle of «подновить» (to freshen up, renew), prepositional agreeing with «виде» after «в» — 'in a freshened-up guise'. The participle works as an ordinary adjective once it agrees in case, gender, and number."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"делает вид","title":"Idiom «делать вид, что»","body":"«делает вид, что не замечает» = 'pretends not to notice'. The set idiom «делать вид, что…» ('to make the appearance that, to feign') is the standard Russian way to say 'pretend'; «вид» here is 'outward appearance, semblance'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Многие","lemma":"многие","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of прибавляли","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прибавляли","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"прибавляли","lemma":"прибавлять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"added"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of рад","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of рад","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"рад","lemma":"рад","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular (predicative)","role":"clausal complement of прибавляли","gloss":"glad"},{"surface":"явиться","lemma":"явиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of рад","gloss":"to appear"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking виде","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"подновленном","lemma":"подновлённый","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies виде","gloss":"freshened-up"},{"surface":"виде","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of явиться","gloss":"guise"},{"surface":"шута","lemma":"шут","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies виде","gloss":"buffoon"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of делает","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"нарочно","lemma":"нарочно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies делает","gloss":"on purpose"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking усиления","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"усиления","lemma":"усиление","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"purpose adjunct of делает","gloss":"heightening"},{"surface":"смеха","lemma":"смех","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies усиления","gloss":"laughter"},{"surface":"делает","lemma":"делать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of прибавляли, coordinated with рад-clause","gloss":"pretends"},{"surface":"вид","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of делает (idiom делать вид = 'to pretend')","gloss":"show","note":"делать вид is the idiom 'to pretend'."},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of замечает","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies замечает","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"замечает","lemma":"замечать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of делает вид","gloss":"notices"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of положения","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"комического","lemma":"комический","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies положения","gloss":"comic"},{"surface":"положения","lemma":"положение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of замечает","gloss":"situation"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"c1-s30","source":"Кто знает впрочем, может быть, было это в нем и наивно.","translation":"Who knows, though — perhaps in his case it was even done in all naïveté.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Кто знает","title":"Interrogative «кто» as rhetorical 'who knows'","body":"«Кто знает» ('who knows') uses the interrogative pronoun «кто», which always takes masculine singular agreement, as a rhetorical opener. With «впрочем» ('though, however') it marks the narrator stepping back to qualify his own surmise."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"может быть, было это в нем и наивно","title":"Impersonal «было… наивно»","body":"«было это… наивно» is an impersonal/neuter construction: «это» refers vaguely to his behaviour, «наивно» is an invariable predicative ('done in naïveté'), «было» neuter. The little «и» before «наивно» ('even, after all') softens the concession."}],"words":[{"surface":"Кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of знает","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"знает","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знает","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective (part of idiom может быть)","role":"parenthetical modifying было","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective (part of idiom может быть)","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to наивно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of было (on his part)","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies наивно","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"наивно","lemma":"наивный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular (predicative)","role":"predicate of было","gloss":"naive"}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"c1-s31","source":"Наконец ему удалось открыть следы своей беглянки.","translation":"At last he managed to track down his runaway.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ему удалось открыть","title":"Dative «ему удалось» + infinitive","body":"«ему удалось открыть» = 'he managed/succeeded in tracking down'. The construction is impersonal: «удалось» (neuter -ся verb) with the person in the dative «ему» and an infinitive — success framed as something that befell him, not an achievement he owns."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"своей беглянки","title":"Reflexive possessive «своей»","body":"«своей беглянки» ('his [own] runaway') uses the reflexive possessive «свой» in the genitive (object of «открыть следы»), pointing back to the clause subject — his runaway. «беглянка» recurs as the narrator's wry epithet for Adelaïda."}],"words":[{"surface":"Наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies удалось","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of удалось","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"удалось","lemma":"удаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"managed"},{"surface":"открыть","lemma":"открыть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on удалось","gloss":"to track down"},{"surface":"следы","lemma":"след","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of открыть","gloss":"the traces"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of беглянки","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"беглянки","lemma":"беглянка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies следы","gloss":"runaway"}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"c1-s32","source":"Бедняжка оказалась в Петербурге, куда перебралась с своим семинаристом и где беззаветно пустилась в самую полную эмансипацию.","translation":"The poor thing turned out to be in Petersburg, where she had moved with her seminarist and where she had flung herself, without reserve, into the fullest emancipation.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"куда… где","title":"«куда» (whither) vs «где» (where)","body":"Russian distinguishes direction from location: «куда перебралась» ('whither she had moved', motion) and «где… пустилась» ('where she flung herself', static). English collapses both into 'where'; Russian keeps the goal-of-motion «куда» apart from the locative «где»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Бедняжка","title":"«бедняжка» — poor little thing","body":"«бедняжка» is «бедная» ('poor woman') with the affectionate-pitying diminutive -яжк-: 'poor thing, poor dear'. After all the contempt, the narrator's sudden tenderness toward the doomed Adelaïda is carried entirely by this suffix."}],"words":[{"surface":"Бедняжка","lemma":"бедняжка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of оказалась","gloss":"poor thing"},{"surface":"оказалась","lemma":"оказаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"turned out to be"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Петербурге","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Петербурге","lemma":"петербург","morphology":"proper noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of оказалась","gloss":"Petersburg"},{"surface":"куда","lemma":"куда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies перебралась","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"перебралась","lemma":"перебраться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on Петербурге","gloss":"had moved"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking семинаристом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"своим","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of семинаристом","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"семинаристом","lemma":"семинарист","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of перебралась","gloss":"seminarist"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пустилась","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"беззаветно","lemma":"беззаветно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пустилась","gloss":"without reserve"},{"surface":"пустилась","lemma":"пуститься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with перебралась","gloss":"flung herself"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking эмансипацию","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"самую","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular (superlative marker)","role":"intensifies полную","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"полную","lemma":"полный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies эмансипацию","gloss":"full"},{"surface":"эмансипацию","lemma":"эмансипация","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пустилась","gloss":"emancipation"}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"c1-s33","source":"Федор Павлович немедленно захлопотал и стал собираться в Петербург, — для чего? — он, конечно, и сам не знал.","translation":"Fyodor Pavlovitch at once bestirred himself and began making ready to go to Petersburg — for what purpose? — he, of course, did not himself know.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"захлопотал и стал собираться","title":"Inceptive perfectives «захлопотал», «стал»","body":"Both verbs are perfective inceptives marking the start of activity: «захлопотал» (за- 'began bustling') and «стал собираться» ('began to make ready', phase verb «стать» + imperfective infinitive). Together they snap the narration into sudden motion."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"для чего? — он… и сам не знал","title":"Intensifier «сам» + negation","body":"«он… и сам не знал» = 'he didn't even know himself'. The intensive pronoun «сам» ('himself, oneself') reinforces the subject, and «и… не» ('not even') heightens the negation. The dash-set rhetorical question «для чего?» is the narrator voicing Fyodor Pavlovitch's own bafflement."}],"words":[{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of захлопотал","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Федор","gloss":"Pavlovitch"},{"surface":"немедленно","lemma":"немедленно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies захлопотал","gloss":"immediately"},{"surface":"захлопотал","lemma":"захлопотать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"bestirred himself"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with захлопотал","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"собираться","lemma":"собираться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"to get ready"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Петербург","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Петербург","lemma":"петербург","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of собираться","gloss":"Petersburg"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чего","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition для, parenthetical question","gloss":"what purpose"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifying знал","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сам","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies знал (emphatic)","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knew"}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"c1-s34","source":"Право, может быть, он бы тогда и поехал; но, предприняв такое решение, тотчас же почел себя в особенном праве, для бодрости, пред дорогой, пуститься вновь в самое безбрежное пьянство.","translation":"Truly, he might perhaps have gone then; but, having undertaken such a resolve, he immediately reckoned himself within his special rights — for courage, before the road — to plunge anew into the most boundless drinking.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"он бы тогда и поехал","title":"Conditional «бы» of the unrealised","body":"«он бы… и поехал» ('he might perhaps have gone') is the irrealis «бы» on a past perfective, naming an outcome that did not happen — he was about to go, but the drinking intervened. The «бы» leans on the early «он» rather than the verb, as it often does."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"предприняв такое решение","title":"Perfective gerund «предприняв»","body":"«предприняв» is the perfective past gerund of «предпринять» (to undertake): 'having undertaken'. It expresses an action completed before the main verb «почел», sharing the subject — having resolved, he then reckoned himself entitled to drink."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"почел себя в… праве","title":"«почесть» — archaic 'to deem'","body":"«почел» is the perfective past of the bookish «почесть» (to deem, account, consider) — 'he reckoned himself within his rights'. The verb is archaic-literary (cf. «честь», to esteem); modern Russian would use «счёл». «пред дорогой» again shows the archaic «пред»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Право","lemma":"право","morphology":"adverb (parenthetical)","role":"parenthetical modifying the sentence","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective (part of idiom может быть)","role":"parenthetical modifying поехал","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective (part of idiom может быть)","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поехал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks поехал as conditional","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поехал","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поехал","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"поехал","lemma":"поехать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gone"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"предприняв","lemma":"предпринять","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on почел","gloss":"having undertaken"},{"surface":"такое","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of решение","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"решение","lemma":"решение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of предприняв","gloss":"resolve"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies почел","gloss":"immediately"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes тотчас","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"почел","lemma":"почесть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with поехал","gloss":"reckoned"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of почел","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking праве","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"особенном","lemma":"особенный","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies праве","gloss":"special"},{"surface":"праве","lemma":"право","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of почел","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бодрости","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"бодрости","lemma":"бодрость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"purpose adjunct of пуститься","gloss":"courage"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дорогой","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"дорогой","lemma":"дорога","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пуститься","gloss":"the road"},{"surface":"пуститься","lemma":"пуститься","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of почел (себя в праве ... пуститься)","gloss":"to plunge"},{"surface":"вновь","lemma":"вновь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пуститься","gloss":"anew"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пьянство","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"самое","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular (superlative marker)","role":"intensifies безбрежное","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"безбрежное","lemma":"безбрежный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies пьянство","gloss":"boundless"},{"surface":"пьянство","lemma":"пьянство","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of пуститься","gloss":"drinking"}]},{"number":35,"label":"35","id":"c1-s35","source":"И вот в это-то время семейством его супруги получилось известие о смерти ее в Петербурге.","translation":"And it was at just this time that his wife's family received the news of her death in Petersburg.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"семейством его супруги получилось известие","title":"Reflexive-passive «получилось»","body":"«получилось известие» ('the news was received') is the -ся middle/passive of «получить»: the news arrived as if of itself, with the recipient «семейством» in the instrumental (the agent of a passive). The subject «известие» is nominative — what was received."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в это-то время","title":"Emphatic clitic «-то» in «это-то»","body":"«в это-то время» = 'at just this time'. The hyphenated clitic «-то» here is the emphatic topic-marker (distinct from the indefinite -то of «кто-то»), spotlighting the precise moment — exactly then, of all times, the death-news came."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes время","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking время","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle (emphatic suffix -то)","role":"emphasizes это время","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of получилось","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"семейством","lemma":"семейство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"agent (instrumental) of получилось","gloss":"family"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of супруги","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"супруги","lemma":"супруг","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies семейством","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"получилось","lemma":"получиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"arrived"},{"surface":"известие","lemma":"известие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of получилось","gloss":"news"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking смерти","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"смерти","lemma":"смерть","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies известие","gloss":"death"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies смерти","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Петербурге","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Петербурге","lemma":"петербург","morphology":"proper noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies смерти","gloss":"Petersburg"}]},{"number":36,"label":"36","id":"c1-s36","source":"Она как-то вдруг умерла, где-то на чердаке, по одним сказаниям — от тифа, а по другим — будто бы с голоду.","translation":"She had somehow died all at once, somewhere in a garret, by some accounts of typhus, and by others, as it were, of starvation.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как-то вдруг… где-то на чердаке","title":"Indefinite «-то»: «как-то», «где-то»","body":"«как-то» ('somehow') and «где-то» ('somewhere') are interrogatives + the indefinite clitic «-то», marking a manner and place that are real but unknown to the narrator. The vagueness — somehow, somewhere in a garret — heightens the squalid mystery of Adelaïda's death."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"по одним сказаниям… а по другим","title":"«по» + dative for 'according to'","body":"«по одним сказаниям… по другим» = 'by some accounts… by others'. The preposition «по» governs the dative «сказаниям / другим», here in its 'according to' sense. The «а» between the clauses contrasts the two rival versions."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"будто бы с голоду","title":"«будто бы» and «с голоду»","body":"«будто бы» ('as it were, supposedly') flags hearsay the narrator won't vouch for. «с голоду» = 'of hunger/starvation' — note the special partitive-genitive ending «-у» (голоду, not голода) that survives in such fixed causal phrases (умереть с голоду)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of умерла","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb (part of как-то)","role":"part of the phrase как-то","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle (indefinite suffix -то)","role":"part of the phrase как-то","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies умерла","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"умерла","lemma":"умереть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"died"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb (part of где-то)","role":"part of the phrase где-то","gloss":"somewhere"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle (indefinite suffix -то)","role":"part of the phrase где-то","gloss":"somewhere"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чердаке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"чердаке","lemma":"чердак","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of умерла","gloss":"garret"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сказаниям","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"одним","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"quantifies сказаниям","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"сказаниям","lemma":"сказание","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, plural","role":"parenthetical adjunct to умерла","gloss":"accounts"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тифа","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"тифа","lemma":"тиф","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of от, parallel adjunct to умерла","gloss":"typhus"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking другим","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"другим","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, dative, plural","role":"elliptical determiner of the ellipted сказаниям (parallel to по одним сказаниям)","gloss":"others"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"particle (part of будто бы)","role":"modifies голоду","gloss":"as it were"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle (part of будто бы)","role":"part of the phrase будто","gloss":"as it were"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking голоду","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"голоду","lemma":"голод","morphology":"noun, genitive (partitive), masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with тифа","gloss":"starvation"}]},{"number":37,"label":"37","id":"c1-s37","source":"Федор Павлович узнал о смерти своей супруги пьяный; говорят, побежал по улице и начал кричать, в радости воздевая руки к небу: «Ныне отпущаеши», а по другим — плакал навзрыд как маленький ребенок, и до того, что, говорят, жалко даже было смотреть на него, несмотря на всё к нему отвращение.","translation":"Fyodor Pavlovitch learned of his wife's death while drunk; they say he ran down the street and began to shout, raising his hands to heaven in joy, \"Now lettest Thou depart,\" while by other accounts he wept aloud like a little child, and so much so that, they say, it was pitiful even to look at him, for all the revulsion felt toward him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"отпущаеши","title":"Church-Slavonic 2nd-person «-ши»","body":"«отпущаеши» ('Thou lettest depart') carries the Church-Slavonic second-person singular ending «-ши» (modern Russian «отпускаешь»), plus the Slavonic stem «отпущ-». Such forms instantly mark a register as sacred and liturgical — the language of prayer, not of the street."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"узнал… пьяный","title":"Depictive secondary predicate «пьяный»","body":"«узнал… пьяный» — the nominative adjective «пьяный» agrees with the subject and describes his state while acting: 'learned of it [while] drunk'. This depictive use (predicate adjective doubling as an adverbial of state) is common where English needs 'while drunk'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"воздевая руки к небу","title":"Imperfective gerund «воздевая»","body":"«воздевая» is the imperfective present gerund of the archaic-Slavonic «воздевать» (to raise up, lift): 'raising [his hands]'. It expresses an action simultaneous with «начал кричать», sharing the subject. The lofty «воздевать руки' (cf. plain «поднимать») heightens the mock-liturgical gesture."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"навзрыд","title":"«навзрыд» — sobbing aloud","body":"«навзрыд» is an adverb meaning 'with loud sobs, breaking into open weeping' (from «рыдать», to sob). «плакал навзрыд как маленький ребенок» — wept aloud like a small child — paints the second, opposite account of Fyodor Pavlovitch's reaction."}],"words":[{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of узнал","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Федор","gloss":"Pavlovitch"},{"surface":"узнал","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"learned"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking смерти","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"смерти","lemma":"смерть","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of узнал","gloss":"death"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of супруги","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"супруги","lemma":"супруг","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies смерти","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"пьяный","lemma":"пьяный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular (predicative)","role":"predicative modifier of Федор Павлович (while drunk)","gloss":"drunk"},{"surface":"говорят","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"parenthetical (they say)","gloss":"they say"},{"surface":"побежал","lemma":"побежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with узнал","gloss":"ran"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking улице","gloss":"down"},{"surface":"улице","lemma":"улица","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of побежал","gloss":"the street"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with побежал","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"кричать","lemma":"кричать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начал","gloss":"to shout"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking радости","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"радости","lemma":"радость","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of воздевая","gloss":"joy"},{"surface":"воздевая","lemma":"воздевать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on кричать","gloss":"raising"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of воздевая","gloss":"his hands"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking небу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"небу","lemma":"небо","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of воздевая","gloss":"heaven"},{"surface":"Ныне","lemma":"ныне","morphology":"adverb (Church Slavonic)","role":"modifies отпущаеши","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"отпущаеши","lemma":"отпущати","morphology":"verb, present, second, singular (Church Slavonic)","role":"quoted predicate, parallel to кричать","gloss":"lettest depart","note":"Quotes the Nunc Dimittis (Luke 2:29), 'Now lettest Thou Thy servant depart in peace.'"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking другим","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"другим","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, dative, plural","role":"parenthetical adjunct to плакал","gloss":"others"},{"surface":"плакал","lemma":"плакать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with кричать","gloss":"wept"},{"surface":"навзрыд","lemma":"навзрыд","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies плакал","gloss":"aloud"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"preposition marking ребенок","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"маленький","lemma":"маленький","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ребенок","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"ребенок","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of плакал","gloss":"child"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of до, correlative with the что-clause","gloss":"such a degree"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of жалко","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"говорят","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"parenthetical (they say)","gloss":"they say"},{"surface":"жалко","lemma":"жалкий","morphology":"adverb (predicative)","role":"predicate of the что-clause, correlative to того","gloss":"pitiful"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies жалко","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to жалко","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"смотреть","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of жалко","gloss":"to look"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотреть","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"несмотря","lemma":"несмотря","morphology":"preposition (part of несмотря на, compound)","role":"preposition marking всё отвращение, together with на","gloss":"despite","note":"несмотря на = 'despite/in spite of'."},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition (part of несмотря на)","role":"part of the phrase несмотря","gloss":"despite"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of отвращение","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies отвращение","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"отвращение","lemma":"отвращение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"object of несмотря на","gloss":"revulsion"}]},{"number":38,"label":"38","id":"c1-s38","source":"Очень может быть, что было и то, и другое, то есть что и радовался он своему освобождению, и плакал по освободительнице — всё вместе.","translation":"Very possibly both were true — that is, that he both rejoiced at his deliverance and wept for her who had delivered him — all together.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"и… и… — всё вместе","title":"Correlative «и… и» ('both… and')","body":"The repeated «и… и» ('both… and') yokes the two contradictory truths — «и радовался… и плакал» — that he both rejoiced and wept. The closing «всё вместе» ('all together') insists Dostoevsky's signature point: opposite feelings held at once."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"освободительнице","title":"«освободительница» — she who freed him","body":"«освободительнице» (dative of «освободительница') is the feminine agent-noun 'female liberator/deliverer', formed with -тельниц-. Calling the dead wife the one who 'delivered' him by dying is bitter irony — «плакал по освободительнице» ('wept for his liberatress')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies может","gloss":"Very"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (может быть = 'it may be')","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of было","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the что-clause, clausal complement of может","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то (и...и... = 'both...and')","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"другое","lemma":"другой","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with то, subject of было","gloss":"the other"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle (fixed phrase то есть)","role":"part of the phrase то есть ('that is')","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective (fixed phrase)","role":"part of the phrase то есть","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of радовался and плакал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies радовался","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"радовался","lemma":"радоваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the что-clause, coordinated with плакал","gloss":"he rejoiced"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of радовался and плакал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"своему","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, dative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of освобождению","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"освобождению","lemma":"освобождение","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of радовался","gloss":"deliverance"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"плакал","lemma":"плакать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with радовался","gloss":"wept"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking освободительнице","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"освободительнице","lemma":"освободительница","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of плакал","gloss":"his deliveress"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вместе","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"вместе","lemma":"вместе","morphology":"adverb","role":"summarizes радовался and плакал ('all together')","gloss":"together"}]},{"number":39,"label":"39","id":"c1-s39","source":"В большинстве случаев люди, даже злодеи, гораздо наивнее и простодушнее, чем мы вообще о них заключаем.","translation":"In the majority of cases people, even villains, are far more naïve and simple-hearted than we generally conclude about them.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"гораздо наивнее и простодушнее, чем","title":"Comparatives «наивнее», «простодушнее»","body":"«наивнее» and «простодушнее» are the predicative comparatives in -ее ('more naïve', 'more simple-hearted'), intensified by «гораздо» ('far, much') and completed by «чем» ('than'). These invariable -ее forms are the everyday way to compare in the predicate."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"злодеи","title":"«злодей» — villain, evildoer","body":"«злодеи» (nominative plural of «злодей», from «зло» evil + «деять» to do) are 'evildoers, villains'. The narrator's claim that even villains are 'more naïve than we suppose' is a thesis statement for the novel's whole moral psychology."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking большинстве","gloss":"In"},{"surface":"большинстве","lemma":"большинство","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"part of adverbial phrase modifying наивнее","gloss":"the majority"},{"surface":"случаев","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies большинстве","gloss":"of cases"},{"surface":"люди","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of наивнее","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies злодеи","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"злодеи","lemma":"злодей","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to люди","gloss":"villains"},{"surface":"гораздо","lemma":"гораздо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies наивнее","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"наивнее","lemma":"наивный","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"head of the phrase, predicate of люди","gloss":"more naive"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"простодушнее","lemma":"простодушный","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"coordinated with наивнее","gloss":"more simple-hearted"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of заключаем","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of заключаем","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"вообще","lemma":"вообще","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заключаем","gloss":"generally"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, locative, plural","role":"oblique complement of заключаем","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"заключаем","lemma":"заключать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"verb of the чем-clause","gloss":"conclude"}]},{"number":40,"label":"40","id":"c1-s40","source":"Да и мы сами тоже.","translation":"And so, for that matter, are we ourselves.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да и мы сами тоже","title":"«да и» + intensifier «сами»","body":"«Да и мы сами тоже» = 'And we ourselves, for that matter, too'. The opener «да и» adds and amplifies ('and indeed'), «сами» is the intensive 'ourselves', and «тоже» 'also' — three small words turning the verdict on villains back onto the reader. The verb is left out, carried over from the previous sentence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"head of the phrase да и ('and, for that matter')","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase да и","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of тоже","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"modifies мы","gloss":"ourselves"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"too"}]}]}