{"work":{"slug":"karamazov","title":{"source":"Братья Карамазовы","translated":"The Brothers Karamazov"},"author":"Fyodor Dostoevsky","language":"Russian","languageCode":"ru","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov"},"unit":{"kind":"chapter","number":null,"id":"second-marriage","title":{"source":"III. Второй брак и вторые дети","translated":"III. The Second Marriage and the Second Family"},"section":"Book One: The History of a Family","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/second-marriage","lines":83},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/first-son","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/third-son-alyosha","license":"Source text: public domain (Fyodor Dostoevsky, d. 1881; Russian from the Nauka academic edition via ru.wikisource). English translation: original, © 1732 Studios (2026); rendered freshly from the public-domain Russian, not derived from any prior English translation. Sentence-aligned by 1732 Studios.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"c3-s1","source":"Федор Павлович, спровадив с рук четырехлетнего Митю, очень скоро после того женился во второй раз.","translation":"Fyodor Pavlovitch, having gotten four-year-old Mitya off his hands, married for the second time very soon afterward.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"спровадив с рук","title":"A perfective gerund opens the sentence","body":"«спровадив» is a perfective past gerund («деепричастие») of «спровадить» (to get rid of), naming a completed action prior to the main verb: 'having gotten [Mitya] off his hands, he then married.' It shares the subject Fyodor Pavlovitch and compresses a whole clause into one word — a hallmark of literary narration."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"спровадить с рук","title":"«спровадить с рук» — to palm off","body":"Colloquial and faintly contemptuous: «спровадить» is to send someone packing, to be rid of them, and «с рук» (literally 'off the hands') frames a child as an inconvenience offloaded — the narrator's dry judgement of Fyodor Pavlovitch's fatherhood."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"женился во второй раз","title":"Reflexive «-ся» and the perfective event","body":"«женился» (married) carries the reflexive clitic «-ся»; «жениться» is used of a man taking a wife. It is perfective here — a single completed event that moves the narrative forward, against the imperfective background of the surrounding description."}],"words":[{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of женился","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Федор","gloss":"Pavlovitch"},{"surface":"спровадив","lemma":"спровадить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on женился","gloss":"having gotten off"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рук","gloss":"off"},{"surface":"рук","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of спровадив","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"четырехлетнего","lemma":"четырёхлетний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Митю","gloss":"four-year-old"},{"surface":"Митю","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of спровадив","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies скоро","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"скоро","lemma":"скоро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies женился","gloss":"soon"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of женился","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"женился","lemma":"жениться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"married"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"второй","lemma":"второй","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"second"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of женился","gloss":"time"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"c3-s2","source":"Второй брак этот продолжался лет восемь.","translation":"This second marriage lasted some eight years.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"лет восемь","title":"Inverted numeral = 'about eight'","body":"Putting the noun before the numeral — «лет восемь» instead of «восемь лет» — signals approximation, 'some eight years, about eight.' «лет» is the genitive plural required after numerals of five and above."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"продолжался","title":"Imperfective for duration","body":"«продолжался» (lasted, went on) is imperfective with reflexive «-ся», viewing the marriage as an extended process across the eight years rather than a single bounded event."}],"words":[{"surface":"Второй","lemma":"второй","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies брак","gloss":"second"},{"surface":"брак","lemma":"брак","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of продолжался","gloss":"marriage"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of продолжался","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"продолжался","lemma":"продолжаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lasted"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of продолжался","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"восемь","lemma":"восемь","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on лет","gloss":"about eight"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"c3-s3","source":"Взял он эту вторую супругу свою, тоже очень молоденькую особу, Софью Ивановну, из другой губернии, в которую заехал по одному мелкоподрядному делу, с каким-то жидком в компании.","translation":"He took this second wife of his, also a very young woman, Sofya Ivanovna, from another province, into which he had traveled on some petty contracting business, in partnership with a little Jew.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Взял он эту вторую супругу свою","title":"Verb-first word order for narrative drive","body":"The sentence opens with the verb «взял» (took) before the subject «он», a marked inversion that throws weight onto the act and gives the storytelling a brisk, oral momentum. Russian's case endings free word order to serve emphasis rather than grammar."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"супругу свою","title":"Reflexive possessive «свою»","body":"«свою» (one's own) refers back to the clause's own subject — his own wife — where «его» would point to someone else's. The postposed order «супругу свою» (wife his-own) is a slightly bookish, rhythmic inversion."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в которую заехал","title":"Relative «который» taking its own case","body":"«в которую» (into which) agrees with its antecedent «губернии» (province) in feminine gender and number, but takes the accusative governed by «в» for motion-toward — its case is set by its role in the relative clause, not by the antecedent."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"молоденькую","title":"«молоденькую» — the tender diminutive","body":"Not just «молодую» (young) but «молоденькую», with the affectionate-diminutive «-еньк-» suffix: 'a very young little thing.' It colours the wife with a note of fragile youth — pointed, given the predator she is married to."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"с каким-то жидком","title":"«жидок» — a slur, diminished","body":"«жид» is a pejorative word for a Jew (the neutral term is «еврей»); «жидок» adds a belittling diminutive «-ок», 'some little Jew.' The casual contempt is Fyodor Pavlovitch's milieu, reported by the narrator; our English keeps the period flavour as 'a little Jew.' «каким-то» ('some sort of') deepens the dismissive vagueness."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"по одному мелкоподрядному делу","title":"«мелкоподрядное дело» — petty contracting","body":"A compound of «мелкий» (petty, small) and «подряд» (a contract for work or supply): some small-time contracting venture. The word casts Fyodor Pavlovitch's money-making as grubby and minor, matching his character."}],"words":[{"surface":"Взял","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Взял","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of супругу","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"вторую","lemma":"второй","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies супругу","gloss":"second"},{"surface":"супругу","lemma":"супруга","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of Взял","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of супругу","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies очень","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies молоденькую","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"молоденькую","lemma":"молоденький","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies особу","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"особу","lemma":"особа","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to супругу","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"Софью","lemma":"софья","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to особу","gloss":"Sofya"},{"surface":"Ивановну","lemma":"ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Софью","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking губернии","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies губернии","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"губернии","lemma":"губерния","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies особу, indicates her origin","gloss":"province"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которую","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"которую","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заехал","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"заехал","lemma":"заехать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on губернии","gloss":"he had traveled"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking делу","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"одному","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, dative, neuter, singular","role":"quantifies делу","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"мелкоподрядному","lemma":"мелкоподрядный","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies делу","gloss":"petty contracting"},{"surface":"делу","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of заехал","gloss":"business"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жидком","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"каким","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of жидком","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to каким (каким-то)","gloss":"or other"},{"surface":"жидком","lemma":"жидок","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заехал","gloss":"little Jew","note":"«Жидок» is a dated, ethnically pejorative diminutive for 'a Jew' — period usage, offensive by modern standards; the parse mistakenly read it as an adjective ('liquid')."},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking компании","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"компании","lemma":"компания","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заехал; idiom 'в компании' = in partnership","gloss":"partnership"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"c3-s4","source":"Федор Павлович хотя и кутил, и пил, и дебоширил, но никогда не переставал заниматься помещением своего капитала и устраивал делишки свои всегда удачно, хотя, конечно, почти всегда подловато.","translation":"Though Fyodor Pavlovitch caroused, and drank, and lived riotously, he never once left off seeing to the placing of his capital, and he always managed his little affairs successfully, if, of course, almost always somewhat shabbily.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"хотя и кутил, и пил, и дебоширил, но никогда не переставал","title":"«хотя… но» concession and a triple imperfective","body":"«хотя… но» ('although… yet') frames the concession. The three imperfective past verbs «кутил, и пил, и дебоширил» (caroused, drank, brawled) name habitual, ongoing behaviour — repeated states, not single acts — piled up by repeated «и» for rhythmic emphasis."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"никогда не переставал","title":"Negative concord with «никогда… не»","body":"Russian requires double negation: «никогда» (never) and the verbal «не» both appear — 'never not-ceased' for English 'never ceased.' The two negatives make one negation."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"устраивал делишки свои","title":"«делишки» — shady little affairs","body":"«делишки» is the pejorative diminutive of «дела» (affairs), formed with «-ишк-»: not honest 'business' but petty, slightly disreputable dealings. It primes the closing word «подловато»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"подловато","title":"«подловато» — a little on the low side","body":"From «подлый» (base, vile), softened by the prefix «под-» and the hedging suffix «-овато»: 'somewhat shabbily / a bit underhandedly.' The diminished form is wry understatement — his dealings were not merely shabby but reliably, characteristically low."}],"words":[{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of кутил","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Федор","gloss":"Pavlovitch"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of кутил","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кутил","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"кутил","lemma":"кутить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"caroused"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пил","lemma":"пить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with кутил","gloss":"drank"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"дебоширил","lemma":"дебоширить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with кутил","gloss":"lived riotously"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies переставал","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies переставал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"переставал","lemma":"переставать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with кутил","gloss":"stopped"},{"surface":"заниматься","lemma":"заниматься","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of переставал","gloss":"seeing to"},{"surface":"помещением","lemma":"помещение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of заниматься","gloss":"the placing"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of капитала","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"капитала","lemma":"капитал","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies помещением","gloss":"capital"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"устраивал","lemma":"устраивать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with кутил","gloss":"managed"},{"surface":"делишки","lemma":"делишко","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of устраивал","gloss":"little affairs"},{"surface":"свои","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of делишки","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies удачно","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"удачно","lemma":"удачно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies устраивал","gloss":"successfully"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of подловато","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies подловато clause","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies всегда","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подловато","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"подловато","lemma":"подловато","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies устраивал, parallel to удачно","gloss":"somewhat shabbily"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"c3-s5","source":"Софья Ивановна была из «сироток», безродная с детства, дочь какого-то темного дьякона, взросшая в богатом доме своей благодетельницы, воспитательницы и мучительницы, знатной генеральши-старухи, вдовы генерала Ворохова.","translation":"Sofya Ivanovna came of the \"little orphans,\" without kin from childhood, the daughter of some obscure deacon, and had grown up in the wealthy house of her benefactress, governess, and tormentor — a distinguished old general's widow, the widow of General Vorohov.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"из «сироток»","title":"«сиротка» — the little orphan","body":"«сиротка» is the affectionate-pitying diminutive of «сирота» (orphan). In quotation marks it names a recognised social category — charity-house orphan girls — and carries the narrator's tenderness toward Sofya."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"безродная","title":"«безродная» — without kin","body":"A bookish adjective from «без» (without) + «род» (family, lineage): having no family, no stock, nobody behind her. In a society organised by family standing, this is near-total social defencelessness."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"взросшая в богатом доме","title":"Past active participle «взросшая»","body":"«взросшая» (having grown up) is a past active participle, an adjective formed from a verb that replaces a «который»-clause ('who had grown up') and agrees with «Софья Ивановна» in feminine singular. The form «взросший» is archaic/bookish for «выросший»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"благодетельницы, воспитательницы и мучительницы","title":"Three feminine «-ница» nouns in a row","body":"The agent-suffix «-ница» builds the feminine triad 'benefactress, governess (rearer), and tormentress' — «благодетельница / воспитательница / мучительница». Stacked, they make a bitter crescendo: the same woman is all three, kindness and cruelty fused."}],"words":[{"surface":"Софья","lemma":"софья","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of была","gloss":"Sofya"},{"surface":"Ивановна","lemma":"ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Софья","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to сироток","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сироток","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"сироток","lemma":"сиротка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"predicate complement of была","gloss":"the little orphans"},{"surface":"безродная","lemma":"безродный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Софья, parenthetical","gloss":"without kin"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking детства","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"детства","lemma":"детство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of безродная","gloss":"childhood"},{"surface":"дочь","lemma":"дочь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with сироток, describes Софья","gloss":"daughter"},{"surface":"какого","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of дьякона","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to какого (какого-то)","gloss":"or other"},{"surface":"темного","lemma":"тёмный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дьякона","gloss":"obscure"},{"surface":"дьякона","lemma":"дьякон","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дочь","gloss":"deacon"},{"surface":"взросшая","lemma":"взрасти","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying дочь","gloss":"having grown up"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking доме","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"богатом","lemma":"богатый","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies доме","gloss":"wealthy"},{"surface":"доме","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of взросшая","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of благодетельницы","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"благодетельницы","lemma":"благодетельница","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies доме","gloss":"benefactress"},{"surface":"воспитательницы","lemma":"воспитательница","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with благодетельницы","gloss":"governess"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мучительницы","lemma":"мучительница","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with благодетельницы","gloss":"tormentor"},{"surface":"знатной","lemma":"знатный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies генеральши","gloss":"distinguished"},{"surface":"генеральши","lemma":"генеральша","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to благодетельницы, modified by знатной","gloss":"general's-wife"},{"surface":"старухи","lemma":"старуха","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"compound with генеральши (hyphenated apposition)","gloss":"old woman"},{"surface":"вдовы","lemma":"вдова","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with благодетельницы","gloss":"widow"},{"surface":"генерала","lemma":"генерал","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вдовы","gloss":"of General"},{"surface":"Ворохова","lemma":"ворохов","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to генерала","gloss":"Vorohov"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"c3-s6","source":"Подробностей не знаю, но слышал лишь то, что будто воспитанницу, кроткую, незлобивую и безответную, раз сняли с петли, которую она привесила на гвозде в чулане, — до того тяжело было ей переносить своенравие и вечные попреки этой, по-видимому не злой, старухи, но бывшей лишь нестерпимейшею самодуркой от праздности.","translation":"I do not know the particulars, but I have only heard that the ward — a meek, gentle, and uncomplaining girl — was once taken down from a noose she had hung on a nail in the storeroom, so unbearable had she found the willfulness and the everlasting reproaches of this old woman, who seemed not to be malicious but was simply the most insufferable petty tyrant out of sheer idleness.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Подробностей не знаю","title":"Genitive of negation","body":"Under negation the object «подробности» (particulars) shifts from accusative to genitive «подробностей» — 'I do not know the particulars.' Fronting it before the negated verb also throws the topic forward."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"будто… сняли с петли","title":"«будто» — reported, unverified","body":"«будто» ('as if, supposedly') flags the report as hearsay the narrator cannot vouch for; paired with «слышал лишь то, что» it keeps the gruesome anecdote at one remove. «сняли» is an impersonal third-person plural ('they took her down') with no named subject."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"кроткую, незлобивую и безответную","title":"Three Christian virtues of meekness","body":"«кроткая» (meek), «незлобивая» (free of malice, 'not-angry'), «безответная» (uncomplaining, who never answers back) form a triad of gospel gentleness. «незлобивый» and «безответный» are bookish negative compounds; the cluster paints Sofya as a Dostoevskian holy victim."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"до того тяжело было ей переносить","title":"Dative-subject impersonal: «ей тяжело было»","body":"There is no nominative subject: the sufferer stands in the dative «ей» and the predicate is the impersonal «тяжело было» ('it was hard for her [to bear]'). This experiencer-first construction, so characteristic of Russian inner life, makes the burden something done to her."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"самодуркой","title":"«самодурка» — a petty tyrant","body":"The feminine of «самодур» (from «сам» 'self' + «дурь» 'folly'): one who rules others by sheer arbitrary whim. It is a deeply Russian social type — the capricious domestic despot — and «нестерпимейшею самодуркой от праздности» calls her the most insufferable such tyrant 'out of idleness.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"нестерпимейшею самодуркой","title":"Bookish superlative in «-ейш-» + instrumental","body":"«нестерпимейшею» is the literary superlative suffix «-ейш-» on «нестерпимый» (unbearable) — 'most insufferable.' Its instrumental ending «-ею» (the archaic long form of «-ой») agrees with «самодуркой», the instrumental predicate after the participle «бывшей»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Подробностей","lemma":"подробность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of знаю","gloss":"the particulars"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I know"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"слышал","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with знаю","gloss":"I have heard"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of слышал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause complementing то","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces reported/hearsay nuance for the clause","gloss":"allegedly"},{"surface":"воспитанницу","lemma":"воспитанница","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of сняли","gloss":"the ward"},{"surface":"кроткую","lemma":"кроткий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies воспитанницу","gloss":"meek"},{"surface":"незлобивую","lemma":"незлобивый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with кроткую, modifies воспитанницу","gloss":"gentle"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"безответную","lemma":"безответный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with кроткую, modifies воспитанницу","gloss":"uncomplaining"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сняли","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"сняли","lemma":"снять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the subordinate clause (complement of то)","gloss":"was taken down"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking петли","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"петли","lemma":"петля","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сняли","gloss":"a noose"},{"surface":"которую","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of привесила","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of привесила","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"привесила","lemma":"привесить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on петли","gloss":"had hung"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гвозде","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"гвозде","lemma":"гвоздь","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of привесила","gloss":"a nail"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чулане","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"чулане","lemma":"чулан","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies гвозде","gloss":"the storeroom"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of тяжело","gloss":"such an extent"},{"surface":"тяжело","lemma":"тяжело","morphology":"predicative adverb, neuter","role":"predicate, main clause after the dash (explains сняли)","gloss":"hard"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to тяжело","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"dative experiencer with тяжело, logical subject of переносить","gloss":"for her"},{"surface":"переносить","lemma":"переносить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on тяжело","gloss":"to bear"},{"surface":"своенравие","lemma":"своенравие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of переносить","gloss":"the willfulness"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вечные","lemma":"вечный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies попреки","gloss":"the everlasting"},{"surface":"попреки","lemma":"попрёк","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with своенравие","gloss":"reproaches"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of старухи","gloss":"of this"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по-видимому","morphology":"adverb (part of set phrase)","role":"part of parenthetical phrase 'по-видимому' (apparently)","gloss":"apparently"},{"surface":"видимому","lemma":"по-видимому","morphology":"adverb (part of set phrase)","role":"part of parenthetical phrase 'по-видимому'","gloss":"apparently"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies злой","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"злой","lemma":"злой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies старухи","gloss":"malicious"},{"surface":"старухи","lemma":"старуха","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"genitive complement of попреки (whose reproaches)","gloss":"old woman"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"бывшей","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, genitive, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"modifies старухи, coordinated with злой","gloss":"who was"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нестерпимейшею","gloss":"simply"},{"surface":"нестерпимейшею","lemma":"нестерпимый","morphology":"adjective, superlative, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies самодуркой","gloss":"most insufferable"},{"surface":"самодуркой","lemma":"самодурка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of бывшей","gloss":"petty tyrant"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking праздности","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"праздности","lemma":"праздность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of самодуркой","gloss":"idleness"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"c3-s7","source":"Федор Павлович предложил свою руку, о нем справились и его прогнали, и вот тут-то он опять, как и в первом браке, предложил сиротке увоз.","translation":"Fyodor Pavlovitch offered his hand; inquiries were made about him and he was sent packing, and so once again, just as in his first marriage, he proposed to the little orphan that she elope with him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"предложил свою руку","title":"«предложить руку» — to offer one's hand","body":"The set idiom for proposing marriage: «предложить руку (и сердце)», to offer one's hand. The bare, formal phrase here makes Fyodor Pavlovitch's overture sound like the business transaction it really is."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"о нем справились и его прогнали","title":"Impersonal plural 'they'","body":"Both verbs lack a stated subject: «справились» (made inquiries) and «прогнали» (drove him off) are third-person plural used impersonally — 'inquiries were made… he was sent packing.' Russian often expresses an unspecified agent this way, where English reaches for the passive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вот тут-то он опять","title":"Emphatic «тут-то»","body":"The clitic «-то» fastens onto «тут» (here/then) to spotlight the moment — 'and it was just then that he…' Combined with «вот» it gives the storyteller's pointing gesture, marking a known, pivotal turn."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"увоз","title":"«увоз» — elopement by carrying off","body":"Literally 'a carrying-away,' the noun of «увезти». An «увоз» was a runaway marriage in which the suitor spirits the bride away — here «предложил сиротке увоз», 'proposed an elopement to the little orphan.' The word recurs as a sinister leitmotif of Fyodor Pavlovitch's two marriages."}],"words":[{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of предложил","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Федор","gloss":"Pavlovitch"},{"surface":"предложил","lemma":"предложить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"offered"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of руку","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"руку","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of предложил","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of справились","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"справились","lemma":"справиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with предложил","gloss":"inquiries were made"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of прогнали","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"прогнали","lemma":"прогнать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with предложил","gloss":"sent packing"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тут","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies предложил","gloss":"right then"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to тут (тут-то)","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of предложил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies предложил","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparative clause modifying предложил","gloss":"just as"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of phrase 'как и' (just as)","gloss":"(emphasis)"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking браке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"первом","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies браке","gloss":"his first"},{"surface":"браке","lemma":"брак","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement within comparative clause, refers to предложил","gloss":"marriage"},{"surface":"предложил","lemma":"предложить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with the first предложил (w3)","gloss":"proposed"},{"surface":"сиротке","lemma":"сиротка","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of предложил","gloss":"to the orphan girl"},{"surface":"увоз","lemma":"увоз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of предложил","gloss":"elopement"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"c3-s8","source":"Очень, очень может быть, что и она даже не пошла бы за него ни за что, если б узнала о нем своевременно побольше подробностей.","translation":"It may very, very well be that she would not have gone with him for anything on earth, had she learned a little more about him in good time.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не пошла бы за него ни за что, если б узнала","title":"Counterfactual conditional with «бы / если б»","body":"The irrealis is built from past-tense verbs plus «бы»: «не пошла бы» ('would not have gone') in the main clause, «если б узнала» ('if she had learned') in the «если бы» clause, here clipped to «если б». It frames a past that never happened."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ни за что","title":"«ни за что» — 'not for anything'","body":"An emphatic negative idiom built on intensifying «ни»: 'on no account, not for anything on earth.' It strengthens the already-negated «не пошла бы», a textbook case of Russian negative concord."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"своевременно побольше подробностей","title":"«побольше» — a softened 'a bit more'","body":"The prefix «по-» on the comparative «больше» means 'somewhat more, a little more': «побольше подробностей» = 'a little more in the way of particulars.' «своевременно» ('in good time, timely') adds the bitter point — had she only known sooner."}],"words":[{"surface":"Очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies может","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies может","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пошла","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пошла","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of пошла","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пошла","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пошла","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"пошла","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of может","gloss":"would have gone"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional/subjunctive marker","role":"conditional particle with пошла","gloss":"(conditional)"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пошла","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"for anything"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of пошла","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of узнала","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"б","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional/subjunctive marker","role":"conditional particle with узнала","gloss":"(conditional)"},{"surface":"узнала","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on пошла","gloss":"she learned"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of узнала","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"своевременно","lemma":"своевременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies узнала","gloss":"in good time"},{"surface":"побольше","lemma":"побольше","morphology":"adverb, comparative (quantifier)","role":"depends on подробностей","gloss":"a little more"},{"surface":"подробностей","lemma":"подробность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of узнала","gloss":"particulars"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"c3-s9","source":"Но дело было в другой губернии; да и что могла понимать шестнадцатилетняя девочка, кроме того, что лучше в реку, чем оставаться у благодетельницы.","translation":"But the affair was in another province; and besides, what could a girl of sixteen understand, except that it was better to throw herself into the river than to stay on with her benefactress?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что могла понимать шестнадцатилетняя девочка","title":"Rhetorical question with imperfective «понимать»","body":"A rhetorical question — 'what could she understand?' — expecting the answer 'nothing.' The imperfective infinitive «понимать» (to understand, as a faculty/process) after «могла» views comprehension as an ongoing capacity she lacked."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"да и что могла","title":"Connective «да и»","body":"Sentence-initial «да и» is a colloquial additive linker, 'and besides, and what's more.' It strings the narrator's reasoning onward conversationally, very much the storytelling voice of this chronicler-narrator."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"лучше в реку","title":"«лучше в реку» — better into the river","body":"An elliptical phrase with the verb of motion suppressed: 'better [to throw oneself] into the river.' The bare «в реку» (accusative of direction) leaves the suicide unspoken yet unmistakable — drowning as the orphan's only imagined escape."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"the affair"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to губернии","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking губернии","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies губернии","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"губернии","lemma":"губерния","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of было","gloss":"province"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, interrogative, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of понимать","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"могла","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the rhetorical question clause","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"понимать","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of могла","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"шестнадцатилетняя","lemma":"шестнадцатилетний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies девочка","gloss":"sixteen-year-old"},{"surface":"девочка","lemma":"девочка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of могла","gloss":"girl"},{"surface":"кроме","lemma":"кроме","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"except"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of могла","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of лучше","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"лучше","lemma":"хорошо","morphology":"adverb, comparative, predicative","role":"predicate, complement clause of того (impersonal 'better to')","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking реку","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"реку","lemma":"река","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of лучше","gloss":"the river"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of оставаться","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"оставаться","lemma":"оставаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on лучше","gloss":"to stay"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking благодетельницы","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"благодетельницы","lemma":"благодетельница","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of оставаться","gloss":"her benefactress"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"c3-s10","source":"Так и променяла бедняжка благодетельницу на благодетеля.","translation":"And so the poor thing exchanged a benefactress for a benefactor.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"благодетельницу на благодетеля","title":"A bitter pun in matched accusatives","body":"Dostoevsky pairs «благодетельница» (a female benefactor) with «благодетель» (a male benefactor) — the same root, but feminine versus masculine. The girl trades one 'benefactor' for another, which we render 'a benefactress for a benefactor.' The accusative endings «-ницу» and «-еля» mark both as direct objects of «променяла» (exchanged)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Так и променяла","title":"Resigned «так и»","body":"«так и» plus a perfective verb gives a tone of inevitable outcome — 'and so she just went and exchanged…' — closing the little tragic syllogism with a shrug. «променяла» is perfective, the single decisive act."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"бедняжка","title":"«бедняжка» — poor little thing","body":"The pitying diminutive of «бедняга/бедный» (poor one), with the soft «-жк-» suffix: 'the poor little thing.' The narrator's compassion is built right into the word."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies променяла","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase 'так и' (and so)","gloss":"(emphasis)"},{"surface":"променяла","lemma":"променять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"exchanged"},{"surface":"бедняжка","lemma":"бедняжка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of променяла","gloss":"the poor thing"},{"surface":"благодетельницу","lemma":"благодетельница","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of променяла","gloss":"a benefactress"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking благодетеля","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"благодетеля","lemma":"благодетель","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of променяла","gloss":"a benefactor"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"c3-s11","source":"Федор Павлович не взял в этот раз ни гроша, потому что генеральша рассердилась, ничего не дала и, сверх того, прокляла их обоих; но он и не рассчитывал на этот раз взять, а прельстился лишь замечательною красотой невинной девочки и, главное, ее невинным видом, поразившим его, сладострастника и доселе порочного любителя лишь грубой женской красоты.","translation":"Fyodor Pavlovitch took not a kopeck this time, for the general's widow flew into a rage, gave nothing, and on top of that cursed them both; but he had not reckoned on getting anything this time, and was tempted only by the remarkable beauty of the innocent girl and, above all, by her innocent air, which struck him — a sensualist who, until then, had been a depraved connoisseur of nothing but coarse female beauty.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не взял… ни гроша","title":"Genitive of negation with «ни»","body":"Under negation the object goes genitive: «ни гроша» (not a single farthing), with intensifying «ни». The whole phrase 'took not a kopeck' rests on negative concord plus the genitive of the negated object."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ни гроша","title":"«грош» — a farthing's worth","body":"A «грош» was a tiny copper coin (two kopecks, later half a kopeck); «ни гроша» means 'not a penny, not a brass farthing.' The idiom survives today as the very image of nothing at all."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"прокляла их обоих","title":"«проклясть» — to curse / lay a curse","body":"«проклясть» is weightier than mere swearing: to anathematise, to call down a curse. The widow's «прокляла их обоих» ('cursed them both') has an almost ritual, religious force, fitting a world where a curse was thought to take effect."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"поразившим его","title":"Past active participle governing its object","body":"«поразившим» (which had struck) is a past active participle agreeing with «видом» (air, look) in the instrumental — itself the object of «прельстился». The participle even keeps a verb's object, «его» (him): 'her innocent air, which struck him.' Such participial weight is pure 19th-century literary syntax."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сладострастника","title":"«сладострастник» — a voluptuary","body":"From «сладкий» (sweet) + «страсть» (passion): one given over to sensual pleasure, a sensualist or voluptuary. The word is a keynote of the whole Karamazov theme — «сладострастие» (carnal lust) is the family vice, and here Fyodor Pavlovitch wears the label."}],"words":[{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of взял","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Федор","gloss":"Pavlovitch"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies взял","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"взял","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of раз","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of взял","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"negative particle modifying гроша","gloss":"not a"},{"surface":"гроша","lemma":"грош","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of взял","gloss":"kopeck"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of рассердилась, with что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"генеральша","lemma":"генеральша","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of рассердилась","gloss":"the general's wife"},{"surface":"рассердилась","lemma":"рассердиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the causal clause introduced by потому что","gloss":"got angry"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of дала","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дала","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"дала","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with рассердилась","gloss":"gave"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сверх","lemma":"сверх","morphology":"preposition","role":"modifies прокляла, forming сверх того","gloss":"on top"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"complement of сверх","gloss":"of that"},{"surface":"прокляла","lemma":"проклясть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with рассердилась","gloss":"cursed"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of прокляла","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"обоих","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"modifies их","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of рассчитывал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies рассчитывал","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies рассчитывал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"рассчитывал","lemma":"рассчитывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with взял, contrasted by но","gloss":"reckoned"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of раз","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of взять","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"взять","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of рассчитывал","gloss":"getting"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"прельстился","lemma":"прельститься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with рассчитывал","gloss":"was tempted"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies замечательною","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"замечательною","lemma":"замечательный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies красотой","gloss":"remarkable"},{"surface":"красотой","lemma":"красота","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прельстился","gloss":"beauty"},{"surface":"невинной","lemma":"невинный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies девочки","gloss":"innocent"},{"surface":"девочки","lemma":"девочка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies красотой","gloss":"girl"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"главное","lemma":"главное","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies видом","gloss":"above all"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of видом","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"невинным","lemma":"невинный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies видом","gloss":"innocent"},{"surface":"видом","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with красотой","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"поразившим","lemma":"поразить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, instrumental, perfective","role":"clause modifying видом","gloss":"which struck"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of поразившим","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"сладострастника","lemma":"сладострастник","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to его","gloss":"the sensualist"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"доселе","lemma":"доселе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies порочного","gloss":"until then"},{"surface":"порочного","lemma":"порочный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies любителя","gloss":"depraved"},{"surface":"любителя","lemma":"любитель","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with сладострастника","gloss":"connoisseur"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies грубой","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"грубой","lemma":"грубый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies красоты","gloss":"coarse"},{"surface":"женской","lemma":"женский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies красоты","gloss":"female"},{"surface":"красоты","lemma":"красота","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"genitive complement of любителя","gloss":"beauty"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"c3-s12","source":"«Меня эти невинные глазки как бритвой тогда по душе полоснули», — говаривал он потом, гадко по-своему хихикая.","translation":"\"Those innocent little eyes slashed my soul that day like a razor,\" he used to say afterward, snickering nastily in his own fashion.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"глазки","title":"«глазки» — little eyes","body":"The diminutive of «глаза» (eyes): 'little eyes.' In Fyodor Pavlovitch's leering mouth the endearment is obscene — the tenderness of the suffix curdles into lechery, exactly the effect Dostoevsky wants."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бритвой… полоснули","title":"Instrumental of the instrument","body":"«бритвой» (with a razor) is the instrumental case naming the means of the action — 'slashed… as with a razor.' The simile fuses violence and desire in a single instrumental noun."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"говаривал","title":"«говаривал» — used to say (iterative)","body":"Not «говорил» but «говаривал», a special iterative-imperfective formed with «-ива-»: an action done repeatedly, habitually, over and over in the past — 'he would say, he used to say.' This frequentative form is archaic-flavoured and beloved of 19th-century prose."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"гадко… хихикая","title":"Imperfective gerund of attendant manner","body":"«хихикая» (snickering) is an imperfective present gerund in «-я», naming an action simultaneous with the main verb — he said it 'while snickering nastily.' It shares the subject «он» and adds the manner of the speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"Меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of полоснули","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of глазки","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"невинные","lemma":"невинный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies глазки","gloss":"innocent"},{"surface":"глазки","lemma":"глазок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of полоснули","gloss":"little eyes"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison with бритвой","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"бритвой","lemma":"бритва","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"comparative complement of полоснули","gloss":"a razor"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies полоснули","gloss":"that day"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking душе","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"душе","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of полоснули","gloss":"the soul","note":"«По душе полоснуть» is idiomatic for a wound that cuts straight to the heart."},{"surface":"полоснули","lemma":"полоснуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"slashed"},{"surface":"говаривал","lemma":"говаривать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the surrounding clause","gloss":"used to say"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говаривал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говаривал","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"гадко","lemma":"гадко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хихикая","gloss":"nastily"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"forms по-своему with своему, modifies хихикая","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"своему","lemma":"свой","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of по, modifies хихикая","gloss":"his own way"},{"surface":"хихикая","lemma":"хихикать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on говаривал","gloss":"snickering"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"c3-s13","source":"Впрочем, у развратного человека и это могло быть лишь сладострастным влечением.","translation":"In a debauched man, however, even this could have been no more than a sensual attraction.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"у развратного человека","title":"«у» + genitive locating a trait","body":"«у развратного человека» ('in / with a debauched man') uses «у» + genitive to situate the observation in a type of person — a frequent Russian way of saying 'in the case of…' The preposition «у» always governs the genitive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"и это могло быть лишь","title":"Emphatic «и» = 'even'","body":"Here «и» is not 'and' but the emphatic particle 'even, also': «и это» = 'even this.' Russian «и» does double duty as conjunction and intensifier, and reading which one is meant is a constant small decision."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Впрочем","title":"«впрочем» — the narrator's hinge","body":"«впрочем» ('however, then again, by the way') is the chronicler-narrator's favourite swivel word, used to qualify or walk back what he has just said. It recurs all through this chapter, giving his voice its musing, self-correcting texture."}],"words":[{"surface":"Впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies могло","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking человека","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"развратного","lemma":"развратный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человека","gloss":"debauched"},{"surface":"человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of могло","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies это","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of могло","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"могло","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"copula linking to влечением","gloss":"have been"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сладострастным влечением","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"сладострастным","lemma":"сладострастный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies влечением","gloss":"sensual"},{"surface":"влечением","lemma":"влечение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of могло быть","gloss":"an attraction"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"c3-s14","source":"Не взяв же никакого вознаграждения, Федор Павлович с супругой не церемонился и, пользуясь тем, что она, так сказать, пред ним «виновата» и что он ее почти «с петли снял», пользуясь, кроме того, ее феноменальным смирением и безответностью, даже попрал ногами самые обыкновенные брачные приличия.","translation":"Having taken no recompense, Fyodor Pavlovitch stood on no ceremony with his wife, and, taking advantage of the fact that she was, so to speak, \"in the wrong\" before him and that he had \"all but taken her down from the noose,\" and taking advantage, besides, of her phenomenal meekness and submissiveness, he trampled underfoot even the most ordinary decencies of married life.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не взяв же никакого вознаграждения","title":"Negated perfective gerund + genitive of negation","body":"«не взяв» is a perfective past gerund ('having taken') under negation, and its object goes genitive: «никакого вознаграждения» ('no recompense whatsoever'), with intensifying «никакого». The gerund sets the prior circumstance for the main clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пользуясь тем, что…","title":"Imperfective gerund «пользуясь» + correlative «тем, что»","body":"«пользуясь» (taking advantage) is an imperfective gerund governing the correlative «тем, что» ('the fact that'), where «тем» is the instrumental demonstral demanded by «пользоваться». Repeated twice, the gerund stacks his cynical calculations into one long sentence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"«с петли снял»","title":"Scare quotes carrying his own phrase","body":"The quotation marks lift Fyodor Pavlovitch's own self-serving phrase into the narration — 'all but taken her down from the noose.' «с петли» is genitive after «с» (from); the verb «снял» is perfective. Dostoevsky loves embedding a character's exact words, marked off, inside the narrator's report."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"попрал ногами","title":"«попрать» — to trample, Slavonic-solemn","body":"«попрать» (to trample, tread underfoot) is an elevated, Church-Slavonic-flavoured verb — one hears it in 'death, where is thy sting.' Yoked to the base «брачные приличия» (marital decencies) the lofty verb makes his profanation sound almost sacrilegious."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies взяв","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"взяв","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on церемонился","gloss":"having taken"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies взяв","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"никакого","lemma":"никакой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of вознаграждения","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"вознаграждения","lemma":"вознаграждение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of взяв","gloss":"recompense"},{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of церемонился","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Федор","gloss":"Pavlovitch"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking супругой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"супругой","lemma":"супруга","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of церемонился","gloss":"his wife"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies церемонился","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"церемонился","lemma":"церемониться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stood on ceremony"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пользуясь","lemma":"пользоваться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on церемонился","gloss":"taking advantage"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"complement of пользуясь","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of виновата","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of виновата","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказать","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"parenthetical modifying виновата","gloss":"to speak"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of виновата","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"виновата","lemma":"виноватый","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"clause modifying тем","gloss":"in the wrong"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of снял","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of снял","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of снял","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies снял","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking петли","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"петли","lemma":"петля","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of снял","gloss":"the noose"},{"surface":"снял","lemma":"снять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with виновата, complement of тем","gloss":"taken down"},{"surface":"пользуясь","lemma":"пользоваться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with пользуясь (тем, что...)","gloss":"taking advantage"},{"surface":"кроме","lemma":"кроме","morphology":"preposition","role":"modifies second пользуясь, forming кроме того","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"complement of кроме","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of смирением","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"феноменальным","lemma":"феноменальный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies смирением","gloss":"phenomenal"},{"surface":"смирением","lemma":"смирение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"complement of second пользуясь","gloss":"meekness"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"безответностью","lemma":"безответность","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with смирением","gloss":"submissiveness"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies попрал","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"попрал","lemma":"попрать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with церемонился","gloss":"trampled"},{"surface":"ногами","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"instrumental complement of попрал","gloss":"underfoot"},{"surface":"самые","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"modifies обыкновенные","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"обыкновенные","lemma":"обыкновенный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies приличия","gloss":"ordinary"},{"surface":"брачные","lemma":"брачный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies приличия","gloss":"marital"},{"surface":"приличия","lemma":"приличие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of попрал","gloss":"decencies"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"c3-s15","source":"В дом, тут же при жене, съезжались дурные женщины, и устраивались оргии.","translation":"Disreputable women would gather in the house, right there in the wife's presence, and orgies were got up.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"съезжались… устраивались","title":"Two imperfective «-ся» verbs for the habitual scene","body":"«съезжались» (would gather, drive in from around) and «устраивались» (were got up, would be arranged) are both imperfective with reflexive «-ся», painting a recurring, habitual state of affairs rather than one event. The «-ся» on «устраивались» reads as a middle/passive: 'orgies were got up.'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"дурные женщины","title":"«дурные женщины» — women of bad sort","body":"«дурной» means 'bad, ill, disreputable'; «дурные женщины» is a genteel euphemism for women of low morals — what English calls 'disreputable' or 'loose' women. The narrator declines the cruder word."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"тут же при жене","title":"«при» + prepositional = 'in the presence of'","body":"«при жене» uses «при» + prepositional to mean 'in the wife's presence, right there before her.' «при» governs only the prepositional case; reinforced by «тут же» ('right there') it sharpens the outrage — he did it before her very eyes."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дом","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"дом","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of съезжались","gloss":"the house"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies съезжались","gloss":"right there"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тут","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жене","gloss":"in the presence of"},{"surface":"жене","lemma":"жена","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of съезжались","gloss":"the wife"},{"surface":"съезжались","lemma":"съезжаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would gather"},{"surface":"дурные","lemma":"дурной","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies женщины","gloss":"disreputable"},{"surface":"женщины","lemma":"женщина","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of съезжались","gloss":"women"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"устраивались","lemma":"устраиваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with съезжались","gloss":"were got up"},{"surface":"оргии","lemma":"оргия","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of устраивались","gloss":"orgies"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"c3-s16","source":"Как характерную черту сообщу, что слуга Григорий, мрачный, глупый и упрямый резонер, ненавидевший прежнюю барыню Аделаиду Ивановну, на этот раз взял сторону новой барыни, защищал и бранился за нее с Федором Павловичем почти непозволительным для слуги образом, а однажды так даже разогнал оргию и всех наехавших безобразниц силой.","translation":"As a characteristic touch, I will report that the servant Grigory — a gloomy, stupid, and obstinate moralizer who had detested the former mistress, Adelaida Ivanovna — this time took the side of the new mistress, defending her and quarreling on her behalf with Fyodor Pavlovitch in a manner all but impermissible in a servant, and on one occasion even broke up an orgy and drove out by force all the disorderly women who had come.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ненавидевший прежнюю барыню","title":"Past active participle as character-sketch","body":"«ненавидевший» (who had hated) is a past active participle from imperfective «ненавидеть», agreeing with «резонер» — 'a moralizer who had detested the former mistress.' Stacking participial and adjectival modifiers around the noun is how Dostoevsky paints Grigory in a single breath."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"резонер","title":"«резонёр» — a sententious moralizer","body":"From French raisonneur: one forever reasoning and moralising, laying down the law in heavy maxims. Applied to the dour servant Grigory it is half-affectionate, half-mocking — he is the household's solemn, stubborn voice of righteousness."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"безобразниц","title":"«безобразницы» — the disorderly women","body":"From «безобразие» (disgrace, ugly disorder, literally 'lack of form/image'): the «безобразницы» are the women who make a shameful scene, 'the disorderly women.' «наехавших безобразниц» — the riotous women who had descended on the house."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"разогнал… силой","title":"Instrumental of means «силой»","body":"«силой» (by force) is the instrumental case naming the means by which Grigory drove the women out. The bare instrumental noun does the work of English 'by force / forcibly.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the phrase modifying сообщу","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"характерную","lemma":"характерный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies черту","gloss":"characteristic"},{"surface":"черту","lemma":"черта","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of сообщу","gloss":"trait"},{"surface":"сообщу","lemma":"сообщить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I will report"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of взял","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"слуга","lemma":"слуга","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of взял","gloss":"the servant"},{"surface":"Григорий","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to слуга","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"мрачный","lemma":"мрачный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies резонер","gloss":"gloomy"},{"surface":"глупый","lemma":"глупый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with мрачный","gloss":"stupid"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"упрямый","lemma":"упрямый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with мрачный","gloss":"obstinate"},{"surface":"резонер","lemma":"резонер","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Григорий","gloss":"moralizer"},{"surface":"ненавидевший","lemma":"ненавидеть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying резонер","gloss":"who detested"},{"surface":"прежнюю","lemma":"прежний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies барыню","gloss":"the former"},{"surface":"барыню","lemma":"барыня","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of ненавидевший","gloss":"mistress"},{"surface":"Аделаиду","lemma":"аделаида","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to барыню","gloss":"Adelaida"},{"surface":"Ивановну","lemma":"ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Аделаиду","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of раз","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of взял","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"взял","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause introduced by что","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"сторону","lemma":"сторона","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of взял","gloss":"the side"},{"surface":"новой","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies барыни","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"барыни","lemma":"барыня","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies сторону","gloss":"mistress"},{"surface":"защищал","lemma":"защищать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with взял","gloss":"defended"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"бранился","lemma":"браниться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with взял","gloss":"quarreled"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"on behalf of"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бранился","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Федором","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Федором","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бранился","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павловичем","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Федором","gloss":"Pavlovitch"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies непозволительным","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"непозволительным","lemma":"непозволительный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies образом","gloss":"impermissible"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking слуги","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"слуги","lemma":"слуга","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of непозволительным","gloss":"a servant"},{"surface":"образом","lemma":"образ","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"manner complement of защищал/бранился","gloss":"manner"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"однажды","lemma":"однажды","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies разогнал","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies разогнал","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"разогнал","lemma":"разогнать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with взял","gloss":"broke up"},{"surface":"оргию","lemma":"оргия","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of разогнал","gloss":"an orgy"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of безобразниц","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"наехавших","lemma":"наехать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, accusative, perfective","role":"modifies безобразниц","gloss":"who had descended"},{"surface":"безобразниц","lemma":"безобразница","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of разогнал, coordinated with оргию","gloss":"disorderly women"},{"surface":"силой","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"instrumental complement of разогнал","gloss":"by force"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"c3-s17","source":"Впоследствии с несчастною, с самого детства запуганною молодою женщиной произошло вроде какой-то нервной женской болезни, встречаемой чаще всего в простонародье у деревенских баб, именуемых за эту болезнь кликушами.","translation":"In time there developed in the unhappy young woman — terrified from her earliest childhood — a sort of nervous female ailment, met with most often among the common folk, among peasant women, who for this affliction are called klikushi.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"с… молодою женщиной произошло вроде какой-то… болезни","title":"Subjectless 'there developed' construction","body":"The grammatical subject is vague — «произошло вроде какой-то болезни», 'something like an ailment came about' — with the affected person in «с» + instrumental («с… женщиной»). Russian readily frames such onsets impersonally, with «вроде» ('something like') softening the diagnosis."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"запуганною","title":"Short/long past passive participle «запуганная»","body":"«запуганною» (terrified, cowed) is a past passive participle from perfective «запугать», agreeing with «женщиной» in the instrumental — 'a young woman terrified from earliest childhood.' The «-ою» ending is the bookish long-form instrumental for «-ой»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в простонародье… у деревенских баб","title":"«простонародье» and «баба»","body":"«простонародье» is the 'common people, the plain folk' (literally 'simple-people'); «баба» is a peasant woman, blunt and a touch rough (versus the polite «женщина»). The pair locates the affliction firmly among the lower, rural classes — the social distance the narrator marks."}],"words":[{"surface":"Впоследствии","lemma":"впоследствии","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies произошло","gloss":"in time"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking несчастною","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"несчастною","lemma":"несчастный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies женщиной","gloss":"unhappy"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking детства","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies детства","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"детства","lemma":"детство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of запуганною","gloss":"childhood"},{"surface":"запуганною","lemma":"запуганный","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, instrumental, perfective","role":"modifies женщиной","gloss":"terrified"},{"surface":"молодою","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies женщиной","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"женщиной","lemma":"женщина","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of произошло","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"произошло","lemma":"произойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there developed"},{"surface":"вроде","lemma":"вроде","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking болезни","gloss":"a sort of"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of болезни","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase какой","gloss":"kind of"},{"surface":"нервной","lemma":"нервный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies болезни","gloss":"nervous"},{"surface":"женской","lemma":"женский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies болезни","gloss":"female"},{"surface":"болезни","lemma":"болезнь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вроде","gloss":"ailment"},{"surface":"встречаемой","lemma":"встречать","morphology":"verb, present, passive, participle, feminine, singular, genitive, imperfective","role":"clause modifying болезни","gloss":"met with"},{"surface":"чаще","lemma":"часто","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies встречаемой","gloss":"more often"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"complement of чаще, forming чаще всего","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking простонародье","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"простонародье","lemma":"простонародье","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of встречаемой","gloss":"the common folk"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking баб","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"деревенских","lemma":"деревенский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies баб","gloss":"peasant"},{"surface":"баб","lemma":"баба","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with простонародье","gloss":"women"},{"surface":"именуемых","lemma":"именовать","morphology":"verb, present, passive, participle, plural, genitive, imperfective","role":"clause modifying баб","gloss":"called"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking болезнь","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of болезнь","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"болезнь","lemma":"болезнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of именуемых","gloss":"affliction"},{"surface":"кликушами","lemma":"кликуша","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"predicate complement of именуемых","gloss":"klikushi","note":"Klikushi were peasant women believed to be possessed, prone to shrieking fits; the term is left untranslated in Garnett's version."}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"c3-s18","source":"От этой болезни, со страшными истерическими припадками, больная временами даже теряла рассудок.","translation":"From this ailment, with its dreadful hysterical fits, the sick woman would at times even lose her reason.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"временами даже теряла рассудок","title":"Imperfective «теряла» for recurrence","body":"«теряла» (would lose) is imperfective past, and «временами» ('at times, from time to time') marks the recurrence: she lost her reason repeatedly, not once. The aspect carries the sense of an intermittent, habitual relapse."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"истерическими припадками","title":"«припадок» — a fit, a seizure","body":"A «припадок» is a fit, attack, or seizure — here «истерические припадки», hysterical fits. The word recurs throughout Dostoevsky for the convulsive episodes of his suffering, nervous characters, including the klikushi and later Smerdyakov's seizures."}],"words":[{"surface":"От","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking болезни","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of болезни","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"болезни","lemma":"болезнь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of теряла","gloss":"ailment"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking припадками","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"страшными","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies припадками","gloss":"dreadful"},{"surface":"истерическими","lemma":"истерический","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies припадками","gloss":"hysterical"},{"surface":"припадками","lemma":"припадок","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with болезни","gloss":"fits"},{"surface":"больная","lemma":"больной","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of теряла","gloss":"the sick woman"},{"surface":"временами","lemma":"временами","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies теряла","gloss":"at times"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies теряла","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"теряла","lemma":"терять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would lose"},{"surface":"рассудок","lemma":"рассудок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of теряла","gloss":"her reason"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"c3-s19","source":"Родила она, однако же, Федору Павловичу двух сыновей, Ивана и Алексея, первого в первый год брака, а второго три года спустя.","translation":"She bore Fyodor Pavlovitch two sons, however — Ivan and Alexey — the first in the first year of the marriage, the second three years later.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Родила она, однако же, Федору Павловичу двух сыновей","title":"Dative of the beneficiary + verb-first inversion","body":"«Федору Павловичу» is the dative — she bore the sons 'to / for' Fyodor Pavlovitch (indirect object). The sentence opens with the verb «Родила» before the subject «она», a marked inversion that lands the storyteller's weight on the act of bearing."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"двух сыновей","title":"Genitive after «два»","body":"Here «двух сыновей» is genitive plural because the numeral phrase is itself the accusative object of «родила» and «сын» is animate, so the whole counted phrase declines. With the animate noun, «два» governs forms that surface as «двух… сыновей»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"однако же","title":"Particle «же» reinforcing «однако»","body":"«однако» means 'however'; the appended particle «же» intensifies and insists — 'and yet, for all that.' The modal «же» adds the spoken texture of a narrator pausing to mark the surprising fact that this broken woman did, after all, bear two sons."}],"words":[{"surface":"Родила","lemma":"родить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"bore"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of Родила","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Родила","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies однако","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"Федору","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of Родила","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павловичу","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Федору","gloss":"Pavlovitch"},{"surface":"двух","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"quantifies сыновей","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"сыновей","lemma":"сын","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of Родила","gloss":"sons"},{"surface":"Ивана","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to сыновей","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Алексея","lemma":"алексей","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to сыновей","gloss":"Alexey"},{"surface":"первого","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"refers to Ивана","gloss":"the first"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking год","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"первый","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies год","gloss":"the first"},{"surface":"год","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of первого (w12)","gloss":"year"},{"surface":"брака","lemma":"брак","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies год","gloss":"of the marriage"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"второго","lemma":"второй","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"refers to Алексея","gloss":"the second"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"quantifies года","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"года","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies спустя","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"спустя","lemma":"спустя","morphology":"postposition","role":"postposition governing года, modifies второго","gloss":"later"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"c3-s20","source":"Когда она померла, мальчик Алексей был по четвертому году, и хоть и странно это, но я знаю, что он мать запомнил потом на всю жизнь, — как сквозь сон разумеется.","translation":"When she died, the boy Alexey was in his fourth year, and, strange as it is, I know that he remembered his mother afterward for the rest of his life — as though through a dream, of course.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Когда она померла","title":"Perfective «померла» for the single event","body":"«померла» (died) is perfective, the one completed event that anchors the «когда» (when) clause. «помереть» is a colloquial, slightly folksy variant of «умереть», matching the chronicler's homely register."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"был по четвертому году","title":"«по четвёртому году» — in his fourth year","body":"An idiomatic age expression: «по четвёртому году» means the child was in his fourth year (i.e. three-going-on-four), not literally four. «по» + dative for an ordinal age is an older, colloquial turn of phrase."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хоть и странно это, но","title":"Concessive «хоть и… но»","body":"«хоть и… но» ('though… yet') concedes a point before the main clause — 'and strange as it is, yet I know that…' The inverted «странно это» (predicate before subject) gives a light conversational lilt."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"как сквозь сон","title":"«как сквозь сон» — as though through a dream","body":"An idiom of dim, half-remembered perception: 'as if through a dream, hazily.' It frames Alyosha's earliest memory of his mother as something glimpsed rather than known — a tender, blurred image that the novel will return to."}],"words":[{"surface":"Когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of померла","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of померла","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"померла","lemma":"помереть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on был","gloss":"died"},{"surface":"мальчик","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"the boy"},{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"алексей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to мальчик","gloss":"Alexey"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to году","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking году","gloss":"in his"},{"surface":"четвертому","lemma":"четвёртый","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies году","gloss":"fourth"},{"surface":"году","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of был","gloss":"year"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies странно","gloss":"although"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies странно","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"странно","lemma":"странный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"predicate, modifies это","gloss":"strange"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of странно","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause, contrasted by но","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of запомнил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of запомнил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"мать","lemma":"мать","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of запомнил","gloss":"his mother"},{"surface":"запомнил","lemma":"запомнить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of знаю","gloss":"remembered"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies запомнил","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизнь","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of запомнил","gloss":"his life"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison сквозь сон","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"сквозь","lemma":"сквозь","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сон","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"сон","lemma":"сон","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"comparative complement of запомнил","gloss":"a dream"},{"surface":"разумеется","lemma":"разуметься","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical modifying the phrase как сквозь сон","gloss":"of course"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"c3-s21","source":"По смерти ее с обоими мальчиками случилось почти точь-в-точь то же самое, что и с первым, Митей: они были совершенно забыты и заброшены отцом и попали всё к тому же Григорию и также к нему в избу.","translation":"After her death almost exactly the same thing befell both boys as had befallen the first, Mitya: they were utterly forgotten and abandoned by their father, and ended up with the same Grigory, and likewise in his cottage.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"с обоими мальчиками случилось… то же самое, что и с первым","title":"Impersonal «случилось» with «с» + instrumental","body":"«случилось» (happened, befell) is an impersonal neuter past; the ones it happens to stand in «с» + instrumental — «с обоими мальчиками», «с первым». Russian frames events as happening 'with/to' people rather than people doing them, foregrounding the boys as helpless objects of fate."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"были… забыты и заброшены отцом","title":"Periphrastic passive with agent in the instrumental","body":"«забыты и заброшены» are short past passive participles forming a быть-passive ('were forgotten and abandoned'), and the agent goes in the instrumental: «отцом» ('by their father'). This is the textbook passive construction — short participle + instrumental agent."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в избу","title":"«изба» — the peasant cottage","body":"An «изба» is the traditional log cottage of a Russian peasant. That the master's sons «попали… в избу» — ended up in the servant Grigory's hut — quietly registers how far they have fallen out of the gentry world into which they were born."}],"words":[{"surface":"По","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking смерти","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"смерти","lemma":"смерть","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition По, adverbial of case","gloss":"death"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies смерти","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мальчиками","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"обоими","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, instrumental, masculine","role":"modifies мальчиками","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"мальчиками","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"object of preposition с","gloss":"boys"},{"surface":"случилось","lemma":"случиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"befell"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the idiom точь-в-точь","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"точь","lemma":"точь-в-точь","morphology":"adverb (fixed idiom)","role":"modifies случилось","gloss":"exactly","note":"точь-в-точь is a fixed idiom meaning 'exactly the same way'; split across three tokens here."},{"surface":"в","lemma":"точь-в-точь","morphology":"preposition (fixed idiom)","role":"part of the idiom точь-в-точь","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"точь","lemma":"точь-в-точь","morphology":"adverb (fixed idiom)","role":"part of the idiom точь-в-точь","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of случилось","gloss":"thing"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то, forms то же самое","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"самое","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies то","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison clause (elided случилось) with первым","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies первым","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking первым","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"первым","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of elided случилось","gloss":"the first"},{"surface":"Митей","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to первым","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of были забыты и заброшены","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of забыты и заброшены","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"совершенно","lemma":"совершенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies забыты","gloss":"utterly"},{"surface":"забыты","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, perfective","role":"predicate with были, coordinated with заброшены","gloss":"forgotten"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"заброшены","lemma":"забросить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with забыты","gloss":"abandoned"},{"surface":"отцом","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"agent complement of забыты и заброшены","gloss":"by their father"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"попали","lemma":"попасть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with забыты","gloss":"ended up"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies попали","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Григорию","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Григорию","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тому","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"Григорию","lemma":"Григорий","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of попали","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"также","lemma":"также","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies попали (second destination)","gloss":"likewise"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of попали, repeating Григорию","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking избу","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"избу","lemma":"изба","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of попали","gloss":"cottage"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"c3-s22","source":"В избе их и нашла старуха самодурка генеральша, благодетельница и воспитательница их матери.","translation":"It was in the cottage that they were found by the old tyrant, the general's widow — the benefactress and governess of their mother.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"В избе их и нашла старуха","title":"Fronted locative + emphatic «и»","body":"The sentence leads with the place, «В избе» ('in the cottage'), and the particle «и» before the verb emphasises it — 'it was right there in the cottage that the old woman found them.' Topic-comment fronting puts the setting in focus."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"старуха самодурка генеральша","title":"Three nouns in apposition","body":"Dostoevsky strings three nouns together — «старуха самодурка генеральша», 'the old woman, the petty tyrant, the general's widow' — letting each repeat and re-characterise the figure. The accumulation is a deliberate, almost incantatory tic of this narrator's style."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking избе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"избе","lemma":"изба","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of нашла","gloss":"the cottage"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of нашла","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes избе (cleft construction)","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"нашла","lemma":"найти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"старуха","lemma":"старуха","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of нашла","gloss":"old woman"},{"surface":"самодурка","lemma":"самодурка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to старуха","gloss":"tyrant"},{"surface":"генеральша","lemma":"генеральша","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to старуха","gloss":"the general's widow"},{"surface":"благодетельница","lemma":"благодетельница","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with генеральша","gloss":"benefactress"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"воспитательница","lemma":"воспитательница","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with благодетельница","gloss":"governess"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of матери","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"матери","lemma":"мать","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies воспитательница and благодетельница","gloss":"mother"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"c3-s23","source":"Она еще была в живых и всё время, все восемь лет, не могла забыть обиды, ей нанесенной.","translation":"She was still living, and all that time, the whole eight years, she had been unable to forget the injury done to her.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"была в живых","title":"«быть в живых» — to be among the living","body":"A set phrase, «быть в живых» ('to be alive, among the living'), where «в живых» is a frozen prepositional-plural of the substantivised adjective «живой». Russian prefers this idiom to a plain «была жива» for the solemn fact of still being alive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не могла забыть обиды","title":"Genitive of negation: «обиды»","body":"Under the negated «не могла забыть», the object «обида» (injury, grievance) appears as genitive «обиды» — 'could not forget the injury.' Abstract objects especially favour the genitive of negation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"обиды, ей нанесенной","title":"Past passive participle with dative","body":"«нанесённой» (inflicted, done) is a past passive participle agreeing with «обиды» in the genitive feminine, postposed for weight: 'the injury done to her.' Its dative «ей» ('to her') marks the one wronged — «нанести обиду кому-либо», to do someone an injury."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of была and могла","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies была","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to живых","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"forms idiom в живых (=alive), complement of была","gloss":"alive"},{"surface":"живых","lemma":"живой","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"oblique complement of была","gloss":"alive","note":"в живых is idiomatic for 'alive, among the living'."},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"temporal adverbial modifying могла","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of восемь лет","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"восемь","lemma":"восемь","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on лет","gloss":"eight"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"in apposition to время, temporal adverbial of могла","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могла","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могла","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"забыть","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могла","gloss":"forget"},{"surface":"обиды","lemma":"обида","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of забыть","gloss":"the injury"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of нанесенной","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"нанесенной","lemma":"нанесённый","morphology":"adjective (past passive participle), genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies обиды","gloss":"inflicted"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"c3-s24","source":"О житье-бытье ее «Софьи» все восемь лет она имела из-под руки самые точные сведения и, слыша, как она больна и какие безобразия ее окружают, раза два или три произнесла вслух своим приживалкам: «Так ей и надо, это ей бог за неблагодарность послал».","translation":"Of her \"Sofya's\" manner of life she had, all those eight years, the most exact intelligence, gathered on the sly, and, hearing how ill she was and what abominations surrounded her, she remarked aloud to her hangers-on, two or three times: \"It serves her right; God has sent it to her for her ingratitude.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"О житье-бытье","title":"«житьё-бытьё» — manner of life","body":"A rhyming, folk-flavoured doublet from «жить» (to live) and «быть» (to be): one's whole 'living and being,' way of life, how one gets on. The hyphenated reduplication gives it a homely, almost fairy-tale ring."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"из-под руки","title":"«из-под руки» — on the sly","body":"An idiom (literally 'from under the hand') meaning covertly, secretly, through quiet back-channels. The widow gathered her 'most exact intelligence' about Sofya «из-под руки» — surreptitiously, behind the scenes."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"приживалкам","title":"«приживалка» — the female hanger-on","body":"A «приживалка» (feminine of «приживальщик») is a poor dependent woman who lives in a wealthy household on sufferance, a hanger-on or 'lady companion' kept for company and errands. The dative plural «приживалкам» names the captive audience to whom the widow vents — a quintessential figure of the period's great houses."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking житье","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"житье","lemma":"житьё","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition О, part of compound житьё-бытьё","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"бытье","lemma":"бытьё","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with житье","gloss":"doings"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner referring to Софьи","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"Софьи","lemma":"Софья","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to ее, modifies житье-бытье","gloss":"Sofya's"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of восемь лет","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"восемь","lemma":"восемь","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on лет","gloss":"eight"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"temporal adverbial of имела","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of имела","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"имела","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из-под","morphology":"preposition (part of compound)","role":"forms compound preposition with под, marking руки","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"из-под","morphology":"preposition (part of compound)","role":"forms compound preposition with из, marking руки","gloss":"under","note":"из-под руки is idiomatic for 'on the sly, secondhand'."},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"object of из-под, adverbial of имела","gloss":"the sly"},{"surface":"самые","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies точные","gloss":"the most"},{"surface":"точные","lemma":"точный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies сведения","gloss":"exact"},{"surface":"сведения","lemma":"сведение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of имела","gloss":"information"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"слыша","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on произнесла","gloss":"hearing"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of больна","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of больна","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"больна","lemma":"больной","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"clausal complement of слыша","gloss":"ill"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"какие","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of безобразия","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"безобразия","lemma":"безобразие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of окружают","gloss":"outrages"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of окружают","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"окружают","lemma":"окружать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of слыша, coordinated with больна","gloss":"surround"},{"surface":"раза","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"governed by numeral два, adverbial of произнесла","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"quantifies раза, adverbial of произнесла","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"coordinated with два","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"произнесла","lemma":"произнести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with имела","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"вслух","lemma":"вслух","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies произнесла","gloss":"aloud"},{"surface":"своим","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"determiner of приживалкам","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"приживалкам","lemma":"приживалка","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, plural","role":"indirect object of произнесла","gloss":"hangers-on"},{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"complement of надо","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb (predicate)","role":"predicate of the clause Так ей и надо","gloss":"deserved"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of послал","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of послал","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"бог","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of послал","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking неблагодарность","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"неблагодарность","lemma":"неблагодарность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of послал","gloss":"ingratitude"},{"surface":"послал","lemma":"послать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to надо, within the quoted speech","gloss":"sent"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"c3-s25","source":"Ровно три месяца по смерти Софьи Ивановны генеральша вдруг явилась в наш город лично и прямо на квартиру Федора Павловича и всего-то пробыла в городке с полчаса, но много сделала.","translation":"Exactly three months after Sofya Ivanovna's death the general's widow suddenly appeared in our town in person, going straight to Fyodor Pavlovitch's lodging, and altogether spent no more than half an hour in the little town — but she accomplished a great deal.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вдруг явилась… и… пробыла… но много сделала","title":"A chain of perfectives drives the action","body":"«явилась» (appeared), «пробыла» (stayed), «сделала» (accomplished) are all perfective past, each a single completed step that pushes the story forward — the eventline against which earlier imperfectives gave standing background."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"всего-то… с полчаса… в городке","title":"Belittling diminutives «городок», «всего-то»","body":"«городок» is the diminutive of «город» (town) — 'the little town' — and «всего-то» ('a mere, only') plus «с полчаса» ('about half an hour') heap up the smallness, all to set off the punch of «но много сделала» ('but she got a great deal done'). The contrast is the sentence's whole point."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ровно","lemma":"ровно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies три месяца","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on месяца","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"месяца","lemma":"месяц","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"temporal adverbial modifying явилась","gloss":"months"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking смерти","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"смерти","lemma":"смерть","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies месяца","gloss":"the death"},{"surface":"Софьи","lemma":"Софья","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies смерти","gloss":"Sofya"},{"surface":"Ивановны","lemma":"Ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Софьи","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"генеральша","lemma":"генеральша","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of явилась","gloss":"the general's widow"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies явилась","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"явилась","lemma":"явиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"appeared"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking город","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"наш","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of город","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"город","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of явилась","gloss":"town"},{"surface":"лично","lemma":"лично","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies явилась","gloss":"in person"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies явилась","gloss":"straight"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking квартиру","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"квартиру","lemma":"квартира","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"second oblique complement of явилась, coordinated with город","gloss":"lodging"},{"surface":"Федора","lemma":"Фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies квартиру","gloss":"Fyodor's"},{"surface":"Павловича","lemma":"Павлович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федора","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всего-то","morphology":"adverb (part of idiom)","role":"modifies пробыла","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"всего-то","morphology":"particle (part of idiom)","role":"part of the idiom всего-то","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"пробыла","lemma":"пробыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with явилась","gloss":"stayed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking городке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"городке","lemma":"городок","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пробыла","gloss":"the little town"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking полчаса","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"полчаса","lemma":"полчаса","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пробыла","gloss":"half an hour"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сделала","gloss":"a great deal"},{"surface":"сделала","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with явилась","gloss":"accomplished"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"c3-s26","source":"Был тогда час вечерний.","translation":"It was the evening hour then.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Был тогда час вечерний","title":"Verb-first staging and postposed adjective","body":"A short scene-setting sentence inverted for atmosphere: «Был тогда час вечерний» — verb first, and the adjective «вечерний» placed after its noun «час», a poetic word order that lends the moment a faintly solemn, stagey hush."}],"words":[{"surface":"Был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to вечерний","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Был","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"час","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Был","gloss":"hour"},{"surface":"вечерний","lemma":"вечерний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies час","gloss":"evening"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"c3-s27","source":"Федор Павлович, которого она все восемь лет не видала, вышел к ней пьяненький.","translation":"Fyodor Pavlovitch, whom she had not set eyes on in all those eight years, came out to her tipsy.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"которого она все восемь лет не видала","title":"Relative «которого» in the genitive of negation","body":"«которого» agrees with «Федор Павлович» (masc. sing.) but takes its case from its own clause: object of the negated «не видала», hence genitive — 'whom she had not set eyes on.' The relative pronoun's case always follows its role inside the relative clause."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вышел к ней пьяненький","title":"«пьяненький» — tipsily endearing","body":"The diminutive of «пьяный» (drunk): «пьяненький» softens it to 'tipsy, a bit tight,' even faintly indulgent — almost cosy. The affectionate suffix on so squalid a state is pure Dostoevskian irony, making Fyodor Pavlovitch ridiculous rather than menacing in the moment."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вышел к ней","title":"Prefixed verb of motion «выйти к»","body":"«вышел» is the perfective of «выходить/выйти» (to come/go out), a prefixed verb of motion; «к ней» (к + dative) gives the direction 'out to her.' The prefix «вы-» supplies both the completion and the 'out' of the movement."}],"words":[{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"Фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вышел","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"Павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Федор","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"которого","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of видала","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of видала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of восемь лет","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"восемь","lemma":"восемь","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on лет","gloss":"eight"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"temporal adverbial of видала","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies видала","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"видала","lemma":"видать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on Федор","gloss":"set eyes on"},{"surface":"вышел","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came out"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вышел","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"пьяненький","lemma":"пьяненький","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective describing Федор during вышел","gloss":"tipsy"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"c3-s28","source":"Повествуют, что она мигом, безо всяких объяснений, только что увидала его, задала ему две знатные и звонкие пощечины и три раза рванула его за вихор сверху вниз, затем, не прибавив ни слова, направилась прямо в избу к двум мальчикам.","translation":"It is told that, the moment she laid eyes on him, without any explanation whatsoever, she dealt him two sound, ringing slaps on the face and yanked him three times by the forelock, top to bottom, and then, without adding a single word, made straight for the cottage to the two boys.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Повествуют, что","title":"Impersonal 'it is told'","body":"«Повествуют» is third-person plural with no subject — 'they tell, it is told' — the narrator distancing himself from a piece of town legend. «повествовать» is itself a bookish, elevated verb for 'to narrate,' lending the gossip a mock-epic dignity."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"только что увидала его, задала… рванула… направилась","title":"Perfective chain after «только что увидала»","body":"«только что увидала» ('the moment she saw') sets the trigger, then a salvo of perfectives — «задала» (dealt), «рванула» (yanked), «направилась» (made straight for) — fire off the rapid sequence of completed actions. The perfective is what gives the slapstick violence its staccato speed."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"две знатные и звонкие пощечины","title":"«знатные и звонкие пощёчины»","body":"«пощёчина» is a slap on the cheek. «знатные» here is colloquial for 'fine, hefty, first-rate' (not 'noble'), and «звонкие» means 'ringing, resounding' — 'two sound, ringing slaps.' The earthy, almost admiring adjectives relish the comeuppance."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не прибавив ни слова","title":"Negated gerund + genitive of negation","body":"«не прибавив» is a negated perfective gerund ('without adding'), and its object goes genitive: «ни слова» ('a single word'), with intensive «ни». The gerund neatly subordinates the manner — she left 'without adding a word.'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"за вихор","title":"«вихор» — the forelock","body":"A «вихор» is a tuft or lock of hair, a forelock or cowlick. To yank a man «за вихор» (за + accusative, 'by the forelock') is a humiliating, schoolboy-punishment grip — the widow treats the grown debauchee like a naughty child."}],"words":[{"surface":"Повествуют","lemma":"повествовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"it is told"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of задала","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of задала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"мигом","lemma":"мигом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies задала","gloss":"instantly"},{"surface":"безо","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking объяснений","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"всяких","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of объяснений","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"объяснений","lemma":"объяснение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"object of preposition безо","gloss":"explanation"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только что","morphology":"particle (part of idiom)","role":"forms idiom только что with что, temporal modifier of задала","gloss":"as soon as","note":"только что = 'the moment that, as soon as'."},{"surface":"что","lemma":"только что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction (part of idiom)","role":"part of the idiom только что","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"увидала","lemma":"увидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"temporal clause modifying задала","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of увидала","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"задала","lemma":"задать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of Повествуют","gloss":"dealt"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of задала","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"две","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine","role":"depends on пощечины","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"знатные","lemma":"знатный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies пощечины","gloss":"resounding"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"звонкие","lemma":"звонкий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"coordinated with знатные","gloss":"ringing"},{"surface":"пощечины","lemma":"пощёчина","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of задала","gloss":"slaps"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on раза","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"раза","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial quantifier of рванула","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"рванула","lemma":"рвануть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with задала","gloss":"yanked"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of рванула","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вихор","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"вихор","lemma":"вихор","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition за","gloss":"the forelock"},{"surface":"сверху","lemma":"сверху","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рванула","gloss":"top"},{"surface":"вниз","lemma":"вниз","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with сверху, modifies рванула","gloss":"down"},{"surface":"затем","lemma":"затем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies направилась","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прибавив","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"прибавив","lemma":"прибавить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on направилась","gloss":"adding"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies negation with слова","gloss":"not a"},{"surface":"слова","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of прибавив","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"направилась","lemma":"направиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with задала","gloss":"headed"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies направилась","gloss":"straight"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking избу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"избу","lemma":"изба","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of направилась","gloss":"the cottage"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мальчикам","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"двум","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, dative","role":"quantifies мальчикам","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"мальчикам","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"second oblique complement of направилась, coordinated with избу","gloss":"boys"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"c3-s29","source":"С первого взгляда заметив, что они не вымыты и в грязном белье, она тотчас же дала еще пощечину самому Григорию и объявила ему, что увозит обоих детей к себе, затем вывела их в чем были, завернула в плед, посадила в карету и увезла в свой город.","translation":"Noticing at the first glance that they were unwashed and in dirty linen, she at once gave another slap to Grigory himself and announced to him that she was carrying off both children to her own home, then led them out just as they were, wrapped them in a plaid rug, set them in a carriage, and bore them away to her own town.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"С первого взгляда заметив","title":"Perfective gerund framing the action","body":"«заметив» (having noticed) is a perfective past gerund setting the prior circumstance — 'noticing at first glance that…, she at once…' It shares the subject «она» and compresses a whole when-clause into a single adverbial."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"дала… объявила… вывела… завернула… посадила… увезла","title":"A breathless chain of six perfectives","body":"The whole abduction is told in six consecutive perfective verbs — slap, announce, lead out, wrap, set in, carry off — each a single completed move. Strung by «и» and «затем», they give the old woman's decisive, unstoppable energy."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в чем были","title":"«в чём были» — just as they were","body":"An idiom: «вывела их в чём были» = 'led them out in whatever they had on, just as they were.' The elliptical «в чём (они) были» captures the haste — no time to dress them, she swept them up on the spot."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"увозит обоих детей к себе","title":"Reflexive «к себе» — to her own place","body":"«к себе» uses the reflexive pronoun «себя» (here dative «себе» after «к»), referring back to the subject: 'to her own home.' «себя» has no nominative and points to whoever is the clause's subject — here the widow."}],"words":[{"surface":"С","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking взгляда","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"первого","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies взгляда","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"взгляда","lemma":"взгляд","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition С, adverbial of заметив","gloss":"glance"},{"surface":"заметив","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on дала","gloss":"noticing"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вымыты","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of вымыты","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вымыты","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"вымыты","lemma":"вымыть","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of заметив","gloss":"washed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking белье","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"грязном","lemma":"грязный","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies белье","gloss":"dirty"},{"surface":"белье","lemma":"бельё","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"second predicate complement coordinated with вымыты","gloss":"linen"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of дала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дала","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies тотчас","gloss":"right away"},{"surface":"дала","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with посадила","gloss":"gave"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пощечину","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"пощечину","lemma":"пощёчина","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of дала","gloss":"slap"},{"surface":"самому","lemma":"сам","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Григорию","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"Григорию","lemma":"Григорий","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of дала","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"объявила","lemma":"объявить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with дала","gloss":"announced"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of объявила","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of увозит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"увозит","lemma":"увозить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of объявила","gloss":"was taking away"},{"surface":"обоих","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"quantifies детей","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"детей","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of увозит","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"oblique complement of увозит","gloss":"her own place"},{"surface":"затем","lemma":"затем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вывела","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"вывела","lemma":"вывести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with дала","gloss":"led out"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of вывела","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of вывела","gloss":"whatever"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of the clause в чем были, modifying вывела","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"завернула","lemma":"завернуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вывела","gloss":"wrapped"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking плед","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"плед","lemma":"плед","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of завернула","gloss":"a blanket"},{"surface":"посадила","lemma":"посадить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with дала","gloss":"put"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking карету","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"карету","lemma":"карета","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of посадила","gloss":"the carriage"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"увезла","lemma":"увезти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with посадила","gloss":"carried off"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking город","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"свой","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of город","gloss":"her own"},{"surface":"город","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of увезла","gloss":"town"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"c3-s30","source":"Григорий снес эту пощечину как преданный раб, не сгрубил ни слова, и когда провожал старую барыню до кареты, то, поклонившись ей в пояс, внушительно произнес, что ей «за сирот бог заплатит».","translation":"Grigory bore that slap like a devoted serf, did not utter a single rude word, and when he saw the old lady to her carriage he bowed to her from the waist and pronounced impressively that God would \"repay her for the orphans.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не сгрубил ни слова","title":"Negative concord + genitive of negation","body":"«не сгрубил ни слова» — 'did not utter a single rude word' — combines the verbal «не», the intensifier «ни», and the genitive object «слова» under negation. Three strokes of negation cooperate to make one emphatic 'not a word.'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"как преданный раб","title":"«раб» — slave / bondservant","body":"«раб» is literally 'slave'; «преданный раб» = 'a devoted bondman.' Of the serf Grigory it is half-literal (he is a serf), half a Christian self-understanding — «раб Божий», 'servant of God.' His meekness toward the slap is framed as religious humility."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"поклонившись ей в пояс","title":"Perfective gerund + dative","body":"«поклонившись» (having bowed) is a perfective past gerund; «ей» is the dative governed by «поклониться» (to bow to someone). 'Having bowed to her from the waist, he pronounced…' — the gerund stages the prior, deferential gesture."}],"words":[{"surface":"Григорий","lemma":"Григорий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of снес","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"снес","lemma":"снести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"bore"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of пощечину","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"пощечину","lemma":"пощёчина","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of снес","gloss":"slap"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"comparative marker introducing раб","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"преданный","lemma":"преданный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раб","gloss":"devoted"},{"surface":"раб","lemma":"раб","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate comparison for Григорий (как... раб)","gloss":"serf"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сгрубил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сгрубил","lemma":"сгрубить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with снес","gloss":"was rude"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies negation with слова","gloss":"not a"},{"surface":"слова","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сгрубил","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of провожал","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"провожал","lemma":"провожать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with снес (temporal clause)","gloss":"was seeing off"},{"surface":"старую","lemma":"старый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies барыню","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"барыню","lemma":"барыня","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of провожал","gloss":"lady"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кареты","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"кареты","lemma":"карета","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of провожал","gloss":"the carriage"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"correlative particle introducing the main clause (произнес)","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"поклонившись","lemma":"поклониться","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on произнес","gloss":"bowing"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of поклонившись","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пояс","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"пояс","lemma":"пояс","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition в, complement of поклонившись","gloss":"the waist","note":"поклониться в пояс = 'to bow from the waist', a deep, deferential bow."},{"surface":"внушительно","lemma":"внушительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies произнес","gloss":"impressively"},{"surface":"произнес","lemma":"произнести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with снес","gloss":"pronounced"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of заплатит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of заплатит","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сирот","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"сирот","lemma":"сирота","morphology":"noun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of заплатит","gloss":"the orphans"},{"surface":"бог","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заплатит","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"заплатит","lemma":"заплатить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of произнес","gloss":"will repay"}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"c3-s31","source":"«А все-таки ты балбес!» — крикнула ему генеральша, отъезжая.","translation":"\"You're a blockhead all the same!\" the general's widow shouted at him as she drove off.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"балбес","title":"«балбес» — blockhead, dolt","body":"A colloquial term of abuse for a big, stupid, idle fellow: 'blockhead, dunce, lout.' The widow's parting «А все-таки ты балбес!» ('You're a blockhead all the same!') is gruff and almost fond — she scolds the very man who has just rebuked her."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"отъезжая","title":"Imperfective gerund of simultaneous action","body":"«отъезжая» (driving off) is an imperfective present gerund in «-я» from the prefixed motion verb «отъезжать», naming an action simultaneous with «крикнула» — she shouted it 'as she was driving away.' It shares the subject «генеральша»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"А все-таки ты балбес","title":"Contrastive «а» + concessive «всё-таки»","body":"Sentence-initial «А» is the mild contrastive 'and/but' that pivots the topic, and «всё-таки» ('all the same, still') concedes against Grigory's dignified bow — 'and yet, for all that, you're a fool.' The pairing captures her grudging, contrary affection."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the exclamation","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle (part of idiom)","role":"part of the idiom всё-таки, modifies ты балбес","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle (part of idiom)","role":"part of the idiom всё-таки","gloss":"the same","note":"всё-таки is a fixed idiom meaning 'all the same, nevertheless'."},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of балбес","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"балбес","lemma":"балбес","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun of ты (nominal sentence)","gloss":"blockhead"},{"surface":"крикнула","lemma":"крикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb framing the quotation","gloss":"shouted"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of крикнула","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"генеральша","lemma":"генеральша","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of крикнула","gloss":"the general's widow"},{"surface":"отъезжая","lemma":"отъезжать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on крикнула","gloss":"driving off"}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"c3-s32","source":"Федор Павлович, сообразив всё дело, нашел, что оно дело хорошее и в формальном согласии своем насчет воспитания детей у генеральши не отказал потом ни в одном пункте.","translation":"Fyodor Pavlovitch, having weighed the whole matter, decided it was a good thing, and afterward did not refuse on a single point his formal consent regarding the children's upbringing with the general's widow.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сообразив всё дело","title":"Perfective gerund 'having weighed'","body":"«сообразив» (having figured out, weighed up) is a perfective past gerund setting the prior step before «нашёл» ('found, decided'). It shares the subject Fyodor Pavlovitch — first he reckoned, then he concluded."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не отказал… ни в одном пункте","title":"Negative concord with «ни в одном»","body":"«не отказал… ни в одном пункте» — 'did not refuse on a single point' — pairs verbal «не» with «ни в одном» ('not in one'), the locative «в… пункте» governed by «отказать в» (to refuse / deny something). Negative concord again yields a single emphatic negation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"у генеральши","title":"«у» + genitive for custody","body":"«воспитания детей у генеральши» uses «у» + genitive to mean 'the children's upbringing at / in the keeping of the general's widow' — the «у» locating where and with whom they will be raised. «у» always governs the genitive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of нашел","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Федор","gloss":"Pavlovitch"},{"surface":"сообразив","lemma":"сообразить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on нашел","gloss":"having weighed"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of дело","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сообразив","gloss":"matter"},{"surface":"нашел","lemma":"найти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"decided"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of оно","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"оно","lemma":"оно","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the оно-clause (complement of нашел)","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate noun of оно (complement of нашел)","gloss":"a thing"},{"surface":"хорошее","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies дело","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking согласии","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"формальном","lemma":"формальный","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies согласии","gloss":"formal"},{"surface":"согласии","lemma":"согласие","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of отказал","gloss":"consent"},{"surface":"своем","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of согласии","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"насчет","lemma":"насчёт","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking воспитания","gloss":"regarding"},{"surface":"воспитания","lemma":"воспитание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies согласии","gloss":"upbringing"},{"surface":"детей","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies воспитания","gloss":"the children's"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking генеральши","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"генеральши","lemma":"генеральша","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies согласии","gloss":"the general's widow"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отказал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"отказал","lemma":"отказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"second conjunct of the что-clause introduced by что (coordinated with оно...хорошее, not with нашел itself)","gloss":"refused"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отказал","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies одном (part of не...ни negation)","gloss":"not even"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пункте","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"одном","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, locative, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies пункте","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"пункте","lemma":"пункт","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отказал","gloss":"point"}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"c3-s33","source":"О полученных же пощечинах сам ездил рассказывать по всему городу.","translation":"As for the slaps he had received, he himself went around telling the whole town about them.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"О полученных же пощечинах сам ездил рассказывать","title":"Fronted topic + «о» + prepositional","body":"The sentence fronts its topic — «О полученных… пощёчинах», 'as for the slaps received' — in «о» + prepositional, marking what the comment is about before the verb arrives. Topic-first ordering lets Russian signal 'as for X' purely by position."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сам ездил рассказывать","title":"Multidirectional «ездил» + intensive «сам»","body":"«ездил» is the multidirectional (round-trip, habitual) motion verb 'went about / drove around,' fitting his repeated tours of the town; «рассказывать» is the imperfective infinitive of purpose. «сам» ('himself') stresses that he, of all people, broadcast his own humiliation."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пощечинах","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"полученных","lemma":"получить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, locative, plural, perfective","role":"clause modifying пощечинах","gloss":"received"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies О (topicalizing emphasis)","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"пощечинах","lemma":"пощечина","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"object of preposition О","gloss":"slaps"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphasizes the subject of ездил","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"ездил","lemma":"ездить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went around"},{"surface":"рассказывать","lemma":"рассказывать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of ездил","gloss":"telling"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking городу","gloss":"throughout"},{"surface":"всему","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of городу","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"городу","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ездил","gloss":"town"}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"c3-s34","source":"Случилось так, что и генеральша скоро после того умерла, но выговорив, однако, в завещании обоим малюткам по тысяче рублей каждому «на их обучение, и чтобы все эти деньги были на них истрачены непременно, но с тем, чтобы хватило вплоть до совершеннолетия, потому что слишком довольно и такой подачки для этаких детей, а если кому угодно, то пусть сам раскошеливается», и проч., и проч.","translation":"It so happened that the general's widow too died soon afterward, having, however, stipulated in her will a thousand rubles for each of the two little ones, \"for their education, and that all this money be spent on them without fail, but in such a way that it last clear up to their coming of age, since such a handout is more than enough for children of this sort — and if anyone wishes otherwise, let him loosen his own purse,\" and so on, and so forth.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"выговорив… в завещании","title":"Perfective gerund 'having stipulated'","body":"«выговорив» (having stipulated, secured by agreement) is a perfective past gerund attached to the main clause about her death — she died, 'having however stipulated in her will…' The gerund hangs the legal proviso onto the bare fact of dying."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"по тысяче рублей каждому","title":"Distributive «по» + dative","body":"«по тысяче рублей каждому» uses distributive «по» — 'a thousand rubles apiece, to each one.' Distributive «по» governs the dative («каждому»), spreading the sum out one-per-head; «рублей» is genitive plural after the numeral."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы все эти деньги были… истрачены… чтобы хватило","title":"Purpose «чтобы» + past-form irrealis","body":"Twice the willed condition is set by «чтобы» plus a past-tense form — «были истрачены» (be spent), «хватило» (would suffice) — the irrealis that «чтобы» requires for a stipulated, not-yet-real outcome. «истрачены» is also a short past passive participle in a быть-passive."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"малюткам","title":"«малютка» — the tiny mite","body":"A tender diminutive from «малый» (small): a 'little one, tiny tot, mite.' The widow's will speaks of the boys as «малютки» even while sneering at them — the affectionate word jars against «для этаких детей» ('for children of this sort')."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"подачки… раскошеливается","title":"«подачка» and «раскошелиться» — contemptuous money-talk","body":"«подачка» is a contemptuous 'handout, dole, scrap thrown to a dog'; «раскошелиться» is colloquial 'to loosen one's purse-strings, fork out.' The will's coarse, grudging diction — 'such a handout is plenty… let him fork out himself' — paints the widow's flinty character even in death. «этаких» is dialectal for «таких» ('such')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Случилось","lemma":"случиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"it happened"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Случилось","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of умерла","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies генеральша","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"генеральша","lemma":"генеральша","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of умерла","gloss":"the general's widow"},{"surface":"скоро","lemma":"скоро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies умерла","gloss":"soon"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of после","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"умерла","lemma":"умереть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the что-clause (complement of Случилось)","gloss":"died"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"выговорив","lemma":"выговорить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on умерла","gloss":"having stipulated"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выговорив","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking завещании","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"завещании","lemma":"завещание","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of выговорив","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"обоим","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, dative, masculine","role":"quantifies малюткам","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"малюткам","lemma":"малютка","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"beneficiary named in завещании","gloss":"the little ones"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тысяче","gloss":"apiece"},{"surface":"тысяче","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"complement of по (distributive)","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"рублей","lemma":"рубль","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies тысяче","gloss":"rubles"},{"surface":"каждому","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to малюткам (distributive)","gloss":"each"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обучение","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of обучение","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"обучение","lemma":"обучение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of истрачены","gloss":"education"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of истрачены","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of деньги","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of деньги","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of passive истрачены","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of истрачены","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of истрачены","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"истрачены","lemma":"истратить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, perfective","role":"main predicate of the чтобы-clause","gloss":"spent"},{"surface":"непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies истрачены","gloss":"without fail"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom с тем, чтобы (='so that')","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of idiom с тем, чтобы, modifies истрачены","gloss":"that","note":"'с тем, чтобы' is an idiom meaning 'in such a way that / so that'."},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of хватило","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"хватило","lemma":"хватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main predicate of the чтобы-clause (complement of тем)","gloss":"would last"},{"surface":"вплоть","lemma":"вплоть","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies до (idiom вплоть до = 'clear up to')","gloss":"clear"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking совершеннолетия","gloss":"up to"},{"surface":"совершеннолетия","lemma":"совершеннолетие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of хватило","gloss":"coming of age"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces reason clause (потому что = 'because'), modifies хватило","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"слишком","lemma":"слишком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies довольно","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"довольно","lemma":"довольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of the потому-что clause (subject: подачки)","gloss":"enough"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies подачки (emphatic 'even')","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of подачки","gloss":"such a"},{"surface":"подачки","lemma":"подачка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"subject of довольно","gloss":"handout"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking детей","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"этаких","lemma":"этакий","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"modifies детей","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"детей","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of для, modifies довольно","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of раскошеливается","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"кому","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"dative experiencer of угодно","gloss":"anyone"},{"surface":"угодно","lemma":"угодно","morphology":"adverb","role":"impersonal predicate (кому угодно = 'if anyone wishes')","gloss":"wishes"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the main clause (resumptive 'then')","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"пусть","lemma":"пусть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies раскошеливается","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphasizes the subject of раскошеливается","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"раскошеливается","lemma":"раскошеливаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the если-clause consequent","gloss":"loosens his purse"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"проч","lemma":"прочее","morphology":"abbreviation, indeclinable ('and so on')","role":"parenthetical tag on the whole sentence","gloss":"so on"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"проч","lemma":"прочее","morphology":"abbreviation, indeclinable ('and so forth')","role":"parenthetical tag on the whole sentence","gloss":"so forth"}]},{"number":35,"label":"35","id":"c3-s35","source":"Я завещания сам не читал, но слышал, что именно было что-то странное в этом роде и слишком своеобразно выраженное.","translation":"I did not read the will myself, but I have heard that there really was something strange of this kind in it, expressed in too peculiar a manner.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я завещания сам не читал","title":"Genitive of negation: «завещания»","body":"Under the negated «не читал», the object «завещание» (the will) takes the genitive «завещания» — 'I did not read the will myself.' Fronting it before the verb topicalises the document the chronicler is admitting he never saw."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"слишком своеобразно выраженное","title":"Short/long past passive participle «выраженное»","body":"«выраженное» (expressed) is a past passive participle agreeing with «что-то» (something) in the neuter; «слишком своеобразно» ('too peculiarly') modifies it — 'something expressed in too peculiar a way.' The participle lets the narrator hedge: he only heard about the will's odd wording."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of читал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"завещания","lemma":"завещание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of читал","gloss":"the will"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphasizes the subject of читал","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies читал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"читал","lemma":"читать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"read"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"слышал","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with читал","gloss":"heard"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of было","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"existential main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"there was"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular (part of что-то)","role":"subject of было (part of что-то='something')","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular (part of что-то)","role":"subject of было (part of что-то='something')","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"странное","lemma":"странный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies что-то","gloss":"strange"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking роде","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of роде","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"роде","lemma":"род","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of странное","gloss":"kind"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"слишком","lemma":"слишком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies своеобразно","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"своеобразно","lemma":"своеобразно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выраженное","gloss":"peculiarly"},{"surface":"выраженное","lemma":"выраженный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with странное, modifies что-то","gloss":"expressed"}]},{"number":36,"label":"36","id":"c3-s36","source":"Главным наследником старухи оказался, однако же, честный человек, губернский предводитель дворянства той губернии Ефим Петрович Поленов.","translation":"The chief heir of the old woman turned out, however, to be an honest man, the provincial Marshal of the Nobility of that province, Yefim Petrovitch Polenov.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"оказался… честный человек","title":"Nominative complement after «оказаться»","body":"«оказался» ('turned out to be') here takes a nominative complement, «честный человек» ('an honest man'), rather than the instrumental — both are possible with this verb, and the nominative gives a flatter, more matter-of-fact 'turned out to be X.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Главным","lemma":"главный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies наследником","gloss":"chief"},{"surface":"наследником","lemma":"наследник","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of оказался","gloss":"heir"},{"surface":"старухи","lemma":"старуха","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies наследником","gloss":"the old woman's"},{"surface":"оказался","lemma":"оказаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"turned out"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оказался","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies однако","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"честный","lemma":"честный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"honest"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of оказался","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"губернский","lemma":"губернский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies предводитель","gloss":"provincial"},{"surface":"предводитель","lemma":"предводитель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to человек","gloss":"Marshal"},{"surface":"дворянства","lemma":"дворянство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies предводитель","gloss":"of the Nobility"},{"surface":"той","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of губернии","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"губернии","lemma":"губерния","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies дворянства","gloss":"province"},{"surface":"Ефим","lemma":"ефим","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to предводитель","gloss":"Yefim"},{"surface":"Петрович","lemma":"петрович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Ефим","gloss":"Petrovitch"},{"surface":"Поленов","lemma":"поленов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Ефим","gloss":"Polenov"}]},{"number":37,"label":"37","id":"c3-s37","source":"Списавшись с Федором Павловичем и мигом угадав, что от него денег на воспитание его же детей не вытащишь (хотя тот прямо никогда не отказывал, а только всегда в этаких случаях тянул, иногда даже изливаясь в чувствительностях), он принял в сиротах участие лично и особенно полюбил младшего из них, Алексея, так что тот долгое время даже и рос в его семействе.","translation":"Having corresponded with Fyodor Pavlovitch and grasped at once that there was no getting money out of him for the upbringing of his own children (though the man never refused outright, but in such cases always temporized, sometimes even gushing with sentiment), he took a personal interest in the orphans and grew especially fond of the younger of the two, Alexey, so that the boy even grew up for a long while in his household.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Списавшись… и… угадав","title":"Two perfective gerunds open the clause","body":"«Списавшись» (having corresponded) and «угадав» (having guessed) are perfective past gerunds, both prior to the main verb «принял» — 'having corresponded… and grasped…, he took an interest.' Doubling the gerund is a favourite way to stack the antecedents of one act."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"денег… не вытащишь","title":"Generalising 2nd-person + genitive of negation","body":"«не вытащишь» is a generalising second-person singular ('you won't drag [money] out of him' = 'there's no getting…'), with the negated object «денег» in the genitive. The 'you' has no specific referent — a common Russian way of stating a general truth."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"изливаясь в чувствительностях","title":"Imperfective gerund of manner","body":"«изливаясь» (pouring himself out, gushing) is an imperfective present gerund describing how he temporised — 'always temporized, sometimes even gushing with sentiment.' «чувствительности» (sentimentalities) in the prepositional after «в» names what he overflowed with."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"тянул","title":"«тянуть» — to drag one's feet","body":"Literally 'to pull, drag,' but idiomatically «тянул» here means 'kept stalling, dragged it out, temporized.' It captures Fyodor Pavlovitch's evasive technique — never a flat refusal, just endless delay."}],"words":[{"surface":"Списавшись","lemma":"списаться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on принял","gloss":"having corresponded"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Федором","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Федором","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Списавшись","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павловичем","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федором","gloss":"Pavlovitch"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мигом","lemma":"миг","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies угадав","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"угадав","lemma":"угадать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"coordinated with Списавшись (adverbial clause on принял)","gloss":"having grasped"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вытащишь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вытащишь","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"денег","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"direct object of вытащишь","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking воспитание","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"воспитание","lemma":"воспитание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies денег","gloss":"upbringing"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of детей","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies его","gloss":"own"},{"surface":"детей","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies воспитание","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вытащишь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"вытащишь","lemma":"вытащить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause (complement of угадав)","gloss":"get out"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of отказывал","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отказывал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отказывал","gloss":"outright"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отказывал","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отказывал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"отказывал","lemma":"отказывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the хотя-clause","gloss":"refused"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies всегда","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies тянул","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking случаях","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этаких","lemma":"этакий","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies случаях","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"случаях","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of тянул","gloss":"cases"},{"surface":"тянул","lemma":"тянуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with отказывал","gloss":"temporized"},{"surface":"иногда","lemma":"иногда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies изливаясь","gloss":"sometimes"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies изливаясь","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"изливаясь","lemma":"изливаться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on тянул","gloss":"gushing"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чувствительностях","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"чувствительностях","lemma":"чувствительность","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of изливаясь","gloss":"sentiment"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of принял","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"принял","lemma":"принять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сиротах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"сиротах","lemma":"сирота","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of принял","gloss":"the orphans"},{"surface":"участие","lemma":"участие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of принял","gloss":"interest"},{"surface":"лично","lemma":"лично","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies принял","gloss":"personally"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"особенно","lemma":"особенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies полюбил","gloss":"especially"},{"surface":"полюбил","lemma":"полюбить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with принял","gloss":"grew fond of"},{"surface":"младшего","lemma":"младший","morphology":"adjective (substantivized), accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of полюбил","gloss":"the younger one"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies младшего","gloss":"the two"},{"surface":"Алексея","lemma":"алексей","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to младшего","gloss":"Alexey"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of рос","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of рос","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"долгое","lemma":"долгий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies время","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of рос","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies рос","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies рос","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"рос","lemma":"расти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the так-что clause","gloss":"grew up"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking семействе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of семействе","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"семействе","lemma":"семейство","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of рос","gloss":"household"}]},{"number":38,"label":"38","id":"c3-s38","source":"Это я прошу читателя заметить с самого начала.","translation":"This I beg the reader to note from the very start.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это я прошу читателя заметить","title":"Fronted object «Это» for emphasis","body":"The object «Это» ('this') is moved to the front, ahead of subject «я» and verb — 'this I beg the reader to note.' The inversion presses the point on the reader, a direct narratorial aside in marked word order."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of заметить (fronted)","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of прошу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"прошу","lemma":"просить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"beg"},{"surface":"читателя","lemma":"читатель","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of прошу","gloss":"the reader"},{"surface":"заметить","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of прошу","gloss":"to note"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking начала","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies начала","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"начала","lemma":"начало","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of заметить","gloss":"start"}]},{"number":39,"label":"39","id":"c3-s39","source":"И если кому обязаны были молодые люди своим воспитанием и образованием на всю свою жизнь, то именно этому Ефиму Петровичу, благороднейшему и гуманнейшему человеку, из таких, какие редко встречаются.","translation":"And if to anyone the young men owed their upbringing and education for the whole of their lives, it was precisely to this Yefim Petrovitch — a most noble and humane man, of the kind one rarely meets.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"если кому обязаны были… то именно этому Ефиму Петровичу","title":"Conditional «если… то» + dative of obligation","body":"The «если… то» frame ('if to anyone…, then precisely to…') is answered by the dative: one is 'indebted to' someone in the dative — «кому… этому Ефиму Петровичу». «именно» ('precisely') and «то» drive the emphasis onto him."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"благороднейшему и гуманнейшему","title":"Bookish superlatives in «-ейш-»","body":"«благороднейшему» (most noble) and «гуманнейшему» (most humane) are the literary suffixal superlative «-ейш-», declined in the dative to agree with «человеку». This synthetic superlative is markedly bookish, lending the praise a formal, elevated ring."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of обязаны","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"кому","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of обязаны","gloss":"to anyone"},{"surface":"обязаны","lemma":"обязанный","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"predicate adjective, main predicate of если-clause (with были)","gloss":"owed"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking to обязаны","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"молодые","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies люди","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"люди","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of обязаны","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"своим","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of воспитанием","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"воспитанием","lemma":"воспитание","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of обязаны","gloss":"upbringing"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"образованием","lemma":"образование","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with воспитанием","gloss":"education"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизнь","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of на, modifies обязаны","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the main clause (resumptive 'then', untranslated)","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"этому","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Ефиму","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"Ефиму","lemma":"ефим","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of обязаны (dative, resumed by то)","gloss":"Yefim"},{"surface":"Петровичу","lemma":"петрович","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Ефиму","gloss":"Petrovitch"},{"surface":"благороднейшему","lemma":"благородный","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular, superlative","role":"modifies Ефиму (in apposition)","gloss":"most noble"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"гуманнейшему","lemma":"гуманный","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular, superlative","role":"modifies человеку","gloss":"most humane"},{"surface":"человеку","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Ефиму","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking таких","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"таких","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"modifies человеку (partitive из таких)","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"какие","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"subject of встречаются","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"редко","lemma":"редко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies встречаются","gloss":"rarely"},{"surface":"встречаются","lemma":"встречаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, plural, imperfective","role":"relative clause on таких","gloss":"are met"}]},{"number":40,"label":"40","id":"c3-s40","source":"Он сохранил малюткам по их тысяче, оставленной генеральшей, неприкосновенно, так что они к совершеннолетию их возросли процентами, каждая до двух, воспитал же их на свои деньги и уж, конечно, гораздо более, чем по тысяче, издержал на каждого.","translation":"He kept intact for the little ones their thousand rubles apiece, left by the general's widow, so that by the time they came of age each sum had grown with interest to two thousand; and he educated them at his own expense, spending, of course, far more than a thousand on each.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сохранил… неприкосновенно… воспитал… издержал","title":"Perfective verbs summing up his stewardship","body":"«сохранил» (kept intact), «воспитал» (raised/educated), «издержал» (spent) are perfectives, each a single completed achievement totting up Yefim Petrovitch's faithful stewardship — the eventline of a settled, finished account."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"по их тысяче… по тысяче","title":"Distributive «по» — a thousand each","body":"«по их тысяче» and «по тысяче на каждого» use distributive «по» to mean 'their thousand apiece, a thousand on each' — «по» spreading the equal share head by head, as in the widow's will. The construction recurs as a quiet motif of the bequest."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"возросли процентами, каждая до двух","title":"«проценты» — interest on capital","body":"«проценты» here means 'interest' (on the principal); «возросли процентами… до двух» = 'grew with interest to two [thousand].' The instrumental «процентами» names the means of growth. The careful financial detail underlines Yefim Petrovitch's honesty against Fyodor Pavlovitch's grasping."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сохранил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"сохранил","lemma":"сохранить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"kept"},{"surface":"малюткам","lemma":"малютка","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"indirect object of сохранил","gloss":"for the little ones"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тысяче","gloss":"each"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of тысяче","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"тысяче","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сохранил","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"оставленной","lemma":"оставленный","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, dative, feminine, singular","role":"clause modifying тысяче","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"генеральшей","lemma":"генеральша","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"agent of оставленной","gloss":"the general's widow"},{"surface":"неприкосновенно","lemma":"неприкосновенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сохранил","gloss":"intact"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of возросли","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of возросли","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking совершеннолетию","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"совершеннолетию","lemma":"совершеннолетие","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of возросли","gloss":"coming of age"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"determiner (invariable possessive 'their')","role":"determiner of совершеннолетию","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"возросли","lemma":"возрасти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the так-что clause","gloss":"had grown"},{"surface":"процентами","lemma":"процент","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of возросли","gloss":"with interest"},{"surface":"каждая","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to они (distributive 'each')","gloss":"each"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking двух","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"двух","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"complement of до","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"воспитал","lemma":"воспитать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with сохранил (main verb of the sentence)","gloss":"educated"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies воспитал","gloss":"in turn"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of воспитал","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деньги","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"свои","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of деньги","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of воспитал","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies конечно","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies издержал","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"гораздо","lemma":"гораздо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies более","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies издержал","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of тысяче","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тысяче","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"тысяче","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of более","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"издержал","lemma":"издержать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with воспитал","gloss":"spent"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking каждого","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"каждого","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of издержал","gloss":"each"}]},{"number":41,"label":"41","id":"c3-s41","source":"В подробный рассказ их детства и юности я опять пока не вступаю, а обозначу лишь самые главные обстоятельства.","translation":"Into a detailed account of their childhood and youth I will again not enter for now, but will indicate only the most essential circumstances.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не вступаю, а обозначу","title":"Contrastive «а»: imperfective present vs perfective future","body":"«не вступаю» (I do not enter — imperfective present) is set against «обозначу» (I will indicate — perfective, future in meaning) by the contrastive «а». The aspect switch itself carries the contrast: ongoing refusal here, single intended act there."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"опять пока не вступаю","title":"Narratorial «пока» — 'for now'","body":"«пока» ('for the time being, for now') plus «опять» ('again') marks this as a recurring narratorial deferral — the chronicler keeps promising to tell the full story later. It is part of the self-aware, digressive voice that frames the whole novel."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рассказ","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"подробный","lemma":"подробный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies рассказ","gloss":"detailed"},{"surface":"рассказ","lemma":"рассказ","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вступаю","gloss":"account"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of детства","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"детства","lemma":"детство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies рассказ","gloss":"childhood"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"юности","lemma":"юность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with детства","gloss":"youth"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of вступаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вступаю","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"пока","lemma":"пока","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вступаю","gloss":"for now"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вступаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"вступаю","lemma":"вступать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"enter"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"обозначу","lemma":"обозначить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вступаю","gloss":"will indicate"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies самые","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"самые","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies главные","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"главные","lemma":"главный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies обстоятельства","gloss":"essential"},{"surface":"обстоятельства","lemma":"обстоятельство","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of обозначу","gloss":"circumstances"}]},{"number":42,"label":"42","id":"c3-s42","source":"Впрочем, о старшем, Иване, сообщу лишь то, что он рос каким-то угрюмым и закрывшимся сам в себе отроком, далеко не робким, но как бы еще с десяти лет проникнувшим в то, что растут они все-таки в чужой семье и на чужих милостях и что отец у них какой-то такой, о котором даже и говорить стыдно, и проч., и проч.","translation":"Of the elder, Ivan, however, I will report only this: that he grew up a somewhat morose lad, closed within himself, far from timid, but seemingly already from the age of ten penetrating to the fact that they were, after all, growing up in another family's home, on another's charity, and that they had a father of some sort it was shameful even to speak of, and so on, and so forth.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"закрывшимся сам в себе… проникнувшим в то, что","title":"Past active participles as dense modifiers","body":"«закрывшимся» (who had shut himself away) and «проникнувшим» (who had penetrated) are past active participles, both in the instrumental agreeing with «отроком». They pack two whole «который»-clauses into the description of the boy — the participial density typical of the literary register."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"отроком","title":"«отрок» — a youth, bookish","body":"«отрок» is an archaic, bookish (and Church-Slavonic-tinged) word for a boy between child and young man, a 'lad, stripling.' Its elevated tone lends the sketch of the young Ivan a slightly solemn, almost hagiographic colour. In the instrumental «отроком» it is the predicate of «рос»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"закрывшимся сам в себе","title":"Reflexive «-ся» verb + reflexive «в себе»","body":"«закрыться» carries the middle-voice «-ся» ('to close oneself off'), and the phrase doubles it with «в себе» ('within himself'), the reflexive pronoun «себя» in the prepositional. Together they render a boy turned wholly inward — 'closed within himself.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the sentence, contrasting with what precedes","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces topic старшем","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"старшем","lemma":"старший","morphology":"adjective (comparative), locative, masculine, singular, used as a noun","role":"object of о (topic of сообщу)","gloss":"the elder [son]"},{"surface":"Иване","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to старшем","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"сообщу","lemma":"сообщить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I will tell"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сообщу","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause explaining то","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of рос","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"рос","lemma":"расти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the clause explaining то","gloss":"grew up"},{"surface":"каким","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"part of the indefinite каким-то, determiner of угрюмым","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"indefinite particle completing каким-то","gloss":"kind of"},{"surface":"угрюмым","lemma":"угрюмый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies отроком","gloss":"morose"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links угрюмым and закрывшимся","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"закрывшимся","lemma":"закрыться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, instrumental, perfective","role":"coordinated with угрюмым, modifies отроком","gloss":"withdrawn into himself"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun (emphatic), nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphasizes the implied subject он of закрывшимся","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks себе","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, locative","role":"oblique complement of закрывшимся","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"отроком","lemma":"отрок","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of рос","gloss":"as a boy"},{"surface":"далеко","lemma":"далеко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не робким (intensifies the negation)","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates робким","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"робким","lemma":"робкий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with угрюмым/закрывшимся, modifies отроком","gloss":"timid"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom как бы, modifying проникнувшим","gloss":"as if","note":"как бы = 'as if/seemingly', an idiom split across two tokens."},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle (conditional)","role":"part of the idiom как бы","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies с десяти лет / проникнувшим","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks лет","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"десяти","lemma":"десять","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies лет","gloss":"ten"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of проникнувшим","gloss":"years old"},{"surface":"проникнувшим","lemma":"проникнуть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, instrumental, perfective","role":"coordinated with закрывшимся, modifies отроком","gloss":"having grasped"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks то","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"object of проникнувшим","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause explaining то (w32)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"растут","lemma":"расти","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"verb of the clause explaining то","gloss":"they grow up"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of растут","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom все-таки","gloss":"still","note":"все-таки = 'nevertheless, after all'."},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom все-таки","gloss":"all the same"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks семье","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"чужой","lemma":"чужой","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies семье","gloss":"someone else's"},{"surface":"семье","lemma":"семья","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of растут","gloss":"family"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links семье and милостях","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks милостях","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"чужих","lemma":"чужой","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies милостях","gloss":"others'"},{"surface":"милостях","lemma":"милость","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with семье, oblique complement of растут","gloss":"charity"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the two что-clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the second clause (about отец), coordinated with что (w33)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of такой","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks них, possessive construction","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"possessive complement of отец (у них = 'their')","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the indefinite какой-то, determiner of такой","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"indefinite particle completing какой-то","gloss":"or other"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of отец, antecedent of котором","gloss":"such a one"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks котором","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"котором","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of говорить, refers to такой","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говорить","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic doubling of даже","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"говорить","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on стыдно","gloss":"to speak"},{"surface":"стыдно","lemma":"стыдно","morphology":"adverb (predicate)","role":"predicate of the relative clause modifying такой","gloss":"is shameful"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links to проч.","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"проч","lemma":"прочее","morphology":"noun (abbreviated), accusative, neuter, singular","role":"parenthetical tag on the whole sentence","gloss":"so on"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links to the second проч.","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"проч","lemma":"прочее","morphology":"noun (abbreviated), accusative, neuter, singular","role":"repeats w60, parenthetical tag","gloss":"so forth"}]},{"number":43,"label":"43","id":"c3-s43","source":"Этот мальчик очень скоро, чуть не в младенчестве (как передавали по крайней мере), стал обнаруживать какие-то необыкновенные и блестящие способности к учению.","translation":"This boy very soon, almost in infancy (so it was related, at least), began to display certain extraordinary and brilliant aptitudes for learning.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"стал обнаруживать… способности","title":"«стать» + imperfective infinitive (inceptive)","body":"«стал обнаруживать» — perfective «стать» plus the imperfective infinitive «обнаруживать» (to display) — is the standard inceptive 'began to display.' «стать» here means 'to begin,' and the imperfective infinitive keeps the displaying as an unfolding process."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"чуть не в младенчестве","title":"«чуть не» — 'all but, almost'","body":"«чуть не» means 'all but, very nearly, almost' (literally 'barely not'): «чуть не в младенчестве» = 'almost in infancy.' It recurs in this chapter («чуть ли не тринадцати лет») as the narrator's hedge for an unverified detail. «младенчество» is bookish for babyhood."}],"words":[{"surface":"Этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of мальчик","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"мальчик","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стал","gloss":"boy"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies скоро","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"скоро","lemma":"скоро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стал","gloss":"soon"},{"surface":"чуть","lemma":"чуть","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom чуть не (almost), modifying в младенчестве","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom чуть не","gloss":"almost","note":"чуть не = 'almost, nearly'."},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks младенчестве","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"младенчестве","lemma":"младенчество","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"adverbial, coordinated with скоро, modifies стал","gloss":"infancy"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the parenthetical clause передавали","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"передавали","lemma":"передавать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause modifying младенчестве","gloss":"it was said"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase по крайней мере, marks мере","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"крайней","lemma":"крайний","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the phrase по крайней мере, modifies мере","gloss":"least"},{"surface":"мере","lemma":"мера","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the idiom по крайней мере","gloss":"measure","note":"по крайней мере = 'at least'."},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"обнаруживать","lemma":"обнаруживать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"to display"},{"surface":"какие","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"part of the indefinite какие-то, determiner of способности","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"indefinite particle completing какие-то","gloss":"or other"},{"surface":"необыкновенные","lemma":"необыкновенный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies способности","gloss":"extraordinary"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"блестящие","lemma":"блестящий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"coordinated with необыкновенные, modifies способности","gloss":"brilliant"},{"surface":"способности","lemma":"способность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of обнаруживать","gloss":"aptitudes"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks учению","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"учению","lemma":"учение","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies способности","gloss":"learning"}]},{"number":44,"label":"44","id":"c3-s44","source":"В точности не знаю, но как-то так случилось, что с семьей Ефима Петровича он расстался чуть ли не тринадцати лет, перейдя в одну из московских гимназий и на пансион к какому-то опытному и знаменитому тогда педагогу, другу с детства Ефима Петровича.","translation":"I do not know exactly, but somehow it came about that he parted from Yefim Petrovitch's family at scarcely thirteen, going over to one of the Moscow gymnasiums and boarding with some experienced and, at that time, celebrated pedagogue, a friend of Yefim Petrovitch's from childhood.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"перейдя в одну из московских гимназий","title":"Perfective gerund of prefixed motion «перейдя»","body":"«перейдя» (having transferred / gone over) is a perfective past gerund from the prefixed motion verb «перейти», naming the move that accompanied his parting — 'going over to one of the Moscow gymnasiums.' The prefix «пере-» supplies the 'across/over' of the transfer."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чуть ли не тринадцати лет","title":"Genitive of age + hedging «чуть ли не»","body":"«тринадцати лет» is the genitive used to state age ('at thirteen years'); «чуть ли не» ('all but, very nearly') hedges it — 'at scarcely thirteen.' The bare genitive of age, without a preposition, is the idiomatic Russian way to say 'aged X.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom в точности, marks точности","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"точности","lemma":"точность","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of знаю (в точности = 'exactly')","gloss":"exactness"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates знаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"I know"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the two clauses","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom как-то так (somehow)","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"indefinite particle completing как-то","gloss":"or other"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies случилось","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"случилось","lemma":"случиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"it happened"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of расстался","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks семьей","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"семьей","lemma":"семья","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of расстался","gloss":"the family"},{"surface":"Ефима","lemma":"Ефим","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies семьей","gloss":"Yefim's"},{"surface":"Петровича","lemma":"Петрович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Ефима","gloss":"Petrovich"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of расстался","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"расстался","lemma":"расстаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of случилось","gloss":"parted"},{"surface":"чуть","lemma":"чуть","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom чуть ли не (scarcely), modifying тринадцати","gloss":"scarcely"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom чуть ли не","gloss":"scarcely","note":"чуть ли не = 'scarcely, almost'."},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom чуть ли не","gloss":"scarcely"},{"surface":"тринадцати","lemma":"тринадцать","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies лет","gloss":"thirteen"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of расстался (age)","gloss":"years old"},{"surface":"перейдя","lemma":"перейти","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on расстался","gloss":"going over"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks одну","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"одну","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of перейдя","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks гимназий","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"московских","lemma":"московский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies гимназий","gloss":"Moscow"},{"surface":"гимназий","lemma":"гимназия","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies одну (partitive)","gloss":"gymnasiums"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks пансион","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"пансион","lemma":"пансион","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with одну, object of перейдя","gloss":"board"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks педагогу","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"какому","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the indefinite какому-то, determiner of педагогу","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"indefinite particle completing какому-то","gloss":"or other"},{"surface":"опытному","lemma":"опытный","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies педагогу","gloss":"experienced"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"знаменитому","lemma":"знаменитый","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with опытному, modifies педагогу","gloss":"celebrated"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знаменитому","gloss":"at that time"},{"surface":"педагогу","lemma":"педагог","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"object of к","gloss":"pedagogue"},{"surface":"другу","lemma":"друг","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to педагогу","gloss":"a friend"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks детства","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"детства","lemma":"детство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies другу","gloss":"childhood"},{"surface":"Ефима","lemma":"Ефим","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies другу","gloss":"Yefim's"},{"surface":"Петровича","lemma":"Петрович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Ефима","gloss":"Petrovich"}]},{"number":45,"label":"45","id":"c3-s45","source":"Сам Иван рассказывал потом, что всё произошло, так сказать, от «пылкости к добрым делам» Ефима Петровича, увлекшегося идеей, что гениальных способностей мальчик должен и воспитываться у гениального воспитателя.","translation":"Ivan himself related afterward that the whole thing came about, so to speak, out of Yefim Petrovitch's \"ardor for good works,\" the man having been carried away by the idea that a boy of genius must also be brought up by a tutor of genius.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"увлекшегося идеей, что…","title":"Past active participle + correlative","body":"«увлекшегося» (who had been carried away) is a past active participle with reflexive «-ся», agreeing with «Ефима Петровича» in the genitive — 'Yefim Petrovitch, having been carried away by the idea that…' The participle launches a «что»-clause stating the idea."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"должен… воспитываться у гениального воспитателя","title":"Reflexive/passive «-ся» under «должен»","body":"«воспитываться» (to be brought up) is the imperfective with reflexive «-ся» reading as a passive — 'must be educated [by]', with the educator framed by «у» + genitive. «должен» supplies the modal 'must.'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"«пылкости к добрым делам»","title":"«пылкость к добрым делам» — ardor for good works","body":"«пылкость» (ardour, fervour, from «пылкий», ablaze) «к добрым делам» (toward good deeds). In scare quotes it is Ivan's own wry phrase for his benefactor's zeal. «добрые дела» ('good works') faintly echoes the religious idiom of charitable deeds."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun (emphatic), nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphasizes Иван","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of рассказывал","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"рассказывал","lemma":"рассказывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"related"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рассказывал","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of произошло","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of произошло","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"произошло","lemma":"произойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of рассказывал","gloss":"came about"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom так сказать","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"part of the idiom так сказать, adverbial on произошло","gloss":"to speak"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks пылкости","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"пылкости","lemma":"пылкость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of произошло","gloss":"ardor"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks делам","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"добрым","lemma":"добрый","morphology":"adjective, dative, plural","role":"modifies делам","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"делам","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, plural","role":"modifies пылкости","gloss":"deeds"},{"surface":"Ефима","lemma":"Ефим","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пылкости","gloss":"Yefim's"},{"surface":"Петровича","lemma":"Петрович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Ефима","gloss":"Petrovich"},{"surface":"увлекшегося","lemma":"увлечься","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, perfective","role":"clause modifying Ефима Петровича","gloss":"carried away"},{"surface":"идеей","lemma":"идея","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of увлекшегося","gloss":"the idea"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of должен","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"гениальных","lemma":"гениальный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies способностей","gloss":"of genius"},{"surface":"способностей","lemma":"способность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"genitive of quality modifying мальчик","gloss":"abilities"},{"surface":"мальчик","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of должен","gloss":"a boy"},{"surface":"должен","lemma":"должен","morphology":"adjective (short form, predicate), masculine, singular","role":"predicate of the clause, clausal complement of что (w19)","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies воспитываться","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"воспитываться","lemma":"воспитываться","morphology":"verb, passive, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of должен","gloss":"be brought up"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks воспитателя","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"гениального","lemma":"гениальный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies воспитателя","gloss":"of genius"},{"surface":"воспитателя","lemma":"воспитатель","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of воспитываться","gloss":"a tutor"}]},{"number":46,"label":"46","id":"c3-s46","source":"Впрочем, ни Ефима Петровича, ни гениального воспитателя уже не было в живых, когда молодой человек, кончив гимназию, поступил в университет.","translation":"However, neither Yefim Petrovitch nor the tutor of genius was any longer among the living when the young man, having finished the gymnasium, entered the university.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ни Ефима Петровича, ни… воспитателя уже не было в живых","title":"«ни… ни» + genitive of the negated subject","body":"The existential «не было» ('was not'), negated, forces its subject into the genitive — «ни Ефима Петровича, ни… воспитателя» — with paired «ни… ни» for 'neither… nor.' This is the obligatory genitive of an absent subject under «не было»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"кончив гимназию, поступил","title":"Perfective gerund 'having finished'","body":"«кончив» (having finished) is a perfective past gerund preceding the main perfective «поступил» (entered) — 'having finished the gymnasium, he entered the university.' Two completed steps, the gerund marking the earlier one."}],"words":[{"surface":"Впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the sentence, contrasting with what precedes","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"conjunction","role":"correlative 'neither', links Ефима Петровича and воспитателя","gloss":"neither"},{"surface":"Ефима","lemma":"Ефим","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"genitive subject under negation, complement of было","gloss":"Yefim"},{"surface":"Петровича","lemma":"Петрович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Ефима","gloss":"Petrovich"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"conjunction","role":"correlative 'nor'","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"гениального","lemma":"гениальный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies воспитателя","gloss":"of genius"},{"surface":"воспитателя","lemma":"воспитатель","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Ефима, genitive subject under negation","gloss":"tutor"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не было (no longer)","gloss":"any longer"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates было","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"existential verb, head of не было в живых","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom в живых (among the living)","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"живых","lemma":"живой","morphology":"adjective (substantivized), locative, plural","role":"head of the phrase в живых","gloss":"the living"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of поступил","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"молодой","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поступил","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"кончив","lemma":"кончить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on поступил","gloss":"having finished"},{"surface":"гимназию","lemma":"гимназия","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of кончив","gloss":"the gymnasium"},{"surface":"поступил","lemma":"поступить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the temporal clause introduced by когда","gloss":"entered"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks университет","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"университет","lemma":"университет","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поступил","gloss":"the university"}]},{"number":47,"label":"47","id":"c3-s47","source":"Так как Ефим Петрович плохо распорядился и получение завещанных самодуркой генеральшей собственных детских денег, возросших с тысячи уже на две процентами, замедлилось по разным совершенно неизбежимым у нас формальностям и проволочкам, то молодому человеку в первые его два года в университете пришлось очень солоно, так как он принужден был всё это время кормить и содержать себя сам и в то же время учиться.","translation":"Since Yefim Petrovitch had managed things poorly, and the receipt of the children's own money bequeathed by the tyrannical general's widow — grown with interest from a thousand to two — was held up by various formalities and delays utterly unavoidable with us, the young man had a very hard time of it in his first two years at the university, since he was compelled all that while to feed and keep himself, and at the same time to study.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Так как… то молодому человеку… пришлось очень солоно","title":"Causal «так как… то» + dative-subject «пришлось»","body":"«так как… то» ('since… then') frames the cause. The result is impersonal with a dative experiencer: «молодому человеку… пришлось» — 'the young man had it [hard],' literally 'to the young man it fell.' No nominative subject; the person stands in the dative."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пришлось очень солоно","title":"«солоно пришлось» — a hard time of it","body":"An idiom built on «солоно» ('saltily,' from «соль», salt): «солоно пришлось кому-то» = 'someone had a rough time, a bitter time of it.' The taste-metaphor for hardship is vivid and colloquial — Ivan's first years were 'salty,' i.e. harsh."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"возросших с тысячи… на две процентами","title":"Past active participle + instrumental of means","body":"«возросших» (which had grown) is a past active participle agreeing with «денег» (genitive) — 'the money, grown with interest.' «процентами» is the instrumental naming the means of growth, and «с тысячи… на две» ('from one thousand to two') the range. The financial motif of the doubled bequest returns."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"был принужден… кормить и содержать себя сам","title":"Passive participle + reflexive «себя»","body":"«был принуждён» is a быть-passive (short past passive participle: 'was compelled'), and «кормить и содержать себя» uses the reflexive object pronoun «себя» ('to feed and keep himself'), reinforced by intensive «сам». «себя» has no nominative and points back to the subject."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom так как (since), pairs with то (w32)","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the idiom так как","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"Ефим","lemma":"Ефим","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of распорядился","gloss":"Yefim"},{"surface":"Петрович","lemma":"Петрович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Ефим","gloss":"Petrovich"},{"surface":"плохо","lemma":"плохо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies распорядился","gloss":"poorly"},{"surface":"распорядился","lemma":"распорядиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"first clause of the так как causal clause, coordinated with замедлилось","gloss":"had managed things"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links распорядился and получение...замедлилось","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"получение","lemma":"получение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of замедлилось","gloss":"the receipt"},{"surface":"завещанных","lemma":"завещанный","morphology":"adjective (participle), genitive, plural","role":"modifies денег","gloss":"bequeathed"},{"surface":"самодуркой","lemma":"самодурка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to генеральшей","gloss":"a tyrant"},{"surface":"генеральшей","lemma":"генеральша","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"agent complement of завещанных","gloss":"the general's widow"},{"surface":"собственных","lemma":"собственный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies денег","gloss":"own"},{"surface":"детских","lemma":"детский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies денег","gloss":"children's"},{"surface":"денег","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies получение","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"возросших","lemma":"возрасти","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, genitive, perfective","role":"clause modifying денег","gloss":"grown"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks тысячи","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of возросших","gloss":"a thousand"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies на две процентами","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks две (elided тысячи)","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"две","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine","role":"depends on на (elided тысячи)","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"процентами","lemma":"процент","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of возросших (manner)","gloss":"with interest"},{"surface":"замедлилось","lemma":"замедлиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"second clause of the так как causal clause","gloss":"was delayed"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks формальностям","gloss":"due to"},{"surface":"разным","lemma":"разный","morphology":"adjective, dative, plural","role":"modifies формальностям","gloss":"various"},{"surface":"совершенно","lemma":"совершенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies неизбежимым","gloss":"utterly"},{"surface":"неизбежимым","lemma":"неизбежимый","morphology":"adjective, dative, plural","role":"modifies формальностям","gloss":"unavoidable"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks нас","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of неизбежимым (у нас = 'here, in our country')","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"формальностям","lemma":"формальность","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of замедлилось","gloss":"formalities"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"проволочкам","lemma":"проволочка","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with формальностям","gloss":"delays"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative particle","role":"introduces the main clause, correlative with так как","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"молодому","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человеку","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"человеку","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object (experiencer) of пришлось","gloss":"the young man"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks года","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"первые","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies года","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of года","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"depends on года","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"года","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular (paucal)","role":"oblique complement of пришлось (temporal)","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks университете","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"университете","lemma":"университет","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пришлось","gloss":"the university"},{"surface":"пришлось","lemma":"прийтись","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause introduced by то","gloss":"it fell to him"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies солоно","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"солоно","lemma":"солоно","morphology":"adverb (predicate)","role":"predicate complement of пришлось","gloss":"hard"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom так как (since), introduces causal clause","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the idiom так как","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был принужден","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"принужден","lemma":"принудить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle (short form), masculine, singular, perfective","role":"predicate complement with был","gloss":"was compelled"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula with принужден","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"temporal oblique complement of кормить/содержать","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"кормить","lemma":"кормить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of принужден","gloss":"to feed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"содержать","lemma":"содержать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with кормить","gloss":"support"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of кормить/содержать","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun (emphatic), nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphasizes он (subject)","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks время, part of the idiom в то же время","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время, part of в то же время","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes то (то же = 'the same')","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"temporal oblique complement of учиться","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"учиться","lemma":"учиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with кормить/содержать","gloss":"to study"}]},{"number":48,"label":"48","id":"c3-s48","source":"Заметить надо, что он даже и попытки не захотел тогда сделать списаться с отцом, — может быть, из гордости, из презрения к нему, а может быть, вследствие холодного здравого рассуждения, подсказавшего ему, что от папеньки никакой чуть-чуть серьезной поддержки не получит.","translation":"It should be noted that he did not even wish to attempt to write to his father then — perhaps out of pride, out of contempt for him, or perhaps in consequence of a cold, sober calculation that whispered to him that from his papa he would not get the slightest serious support.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Заметить надо, что","title":"Impersonal «надо» + infinitive","body":"«Заметить надо» is an impersonal necessity construction: invariable «надо» ('it is necessary') plus the perfective infinitive «заметить» ('to note'), with no nominative subject. Russian frames duties and necessities this subjectless way — 'it should be noted that…'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"даже и попытки не захотел… сделать","title":"Genitive of negation: «попытки»","body":"Under the negated «не захотел… сделать», the object «попытка» (attempt) goes genitive — «попытки» — 'did not even wish to make an attempt.' «даже и» ('even') heightens the emphasis on his refusal to so much as try."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"от папеньки","title":"«папенька» — the saccharine 'papa'","body":"«папенька» is an old-fashioned, over-sweet diminutive of «папа», once a child's affectionate 'papa, daddy.' Used here of the loathed Fyodor Pavlovitch it drips with irony — the tender word turned bitter, mocking the father who deserves no such address."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"подсказавшего ему","title":"Past active participle + dative object","body":"«подсказавшего» (which had prompted/whispered) is a past active participle agreeing with «рассуждения» in the genitive, and it governs the dative «ему» ('to him') — 'a sober calculation that whispered to him.' The participle even carries the verb's indirect object."}],"words":[{"surface":"Заметить","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"to note"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"predicate adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"one must"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of захотел","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of захотел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies попытки","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic doubling of даже","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"попытки","lemma":"попытка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object (genitive under negation) of сделать","gloss":"an attempt"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates захотел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"захотел","lemma":"захотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of надо","gloss":"wished"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сделать","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"сделать","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of захотел","gloss":"to make"},{"surface":"списаться","lemma":"списаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of сделать","gloss":"to write"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks отцом","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"отцом","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of списаться","gloss":"his father"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the parenthetical может быть","gloss":"maybe"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может (может быть = 'perhaps')","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks гордости","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"гордости","lemma":"гордость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"reason adjunct of захотел","gloss":"pride"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks презрения","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"презрения","lemma":"презрение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with гордости","gloss":"contempt"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks нему","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies презрения","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with the first может, part of parenthetical может быть","gloss":"maybe"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"вследствие","lemma":"вследствие","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks рассуждения","gloss":"owing to"},{"surface":"холодного","lemma":"холодный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies рассуждения","gloss":"cold"},{"surface":"здравого","lemma":"здравый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies рассуждения","gloss":"sober"},{"surface":"рассуждения","lemma":"рассуждение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"reason adjunct of захотел, coordinated with гордости/презрения","gloss":"reasoning"},{"surface":"подсказавшего","lemma":"подсказать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, neuter, singular, genitive, perfective","role":"clause modifying рассуждения","gloss":"that suggested"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of подсказавшего","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of получит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks папеньки","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"папеньки","lemma":"папенька","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of получит","gloss":"papa"},{"surface":"никакой","lemma":"никакой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of поддержки","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"чуть","lemma":"чуть","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom чуть-чуть, modifying серьезной","gloss":"the slightest"},{"surface":"чуть","lemma":"чуть","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom чуть-чуть","gloss":"bit"},{"surface":"серьезной","lemma":"серьёзный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies поддержки","gloss":"serious"},{"surface":"поддержки","lemma":"поддержка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object (genitive under negation) of получит","gloss":"support"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates получит","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"получит","lemma":"получить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of подсказавшего","gloss":"will get"}]},{"number":49,"label":"49","id":"c3-s49","source":"Как бы там ни было, молодой человек не потерялся нисколько и добился-таки работы, сперва уроками в двугривенный, а потом бегая по редакциям газет и доставляя статейки в десять строчек об уличных происшествиях, за подписью «Очевидец».","translation":"Be that as it may, the young man was not in the least at a loss, and did manage to find work — first by giving lessons at twenty kopecks an hour, and then by running about the newspaper offices and supplying ten-line little items on street incidents, signed \"An Eyewitness.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Как бы там ни было","title":"Concessive idiom with «бы… ни»","body":"«Как бы там ни было» ('be that as it may, however that may be') is a frozen concessive built on the irrealis «бы» plus the universal-concessive «ни» — the construction 'however X may be.' It dismisses the foregoing speculation to push on."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не потерялся нисколько… добился-таки","title":"Reflexive «-ся» + emphatic «-таки»","body":"«не потерялся» ('was not at a loss') and «добился» ('did achieve') both carry reflexive «-ся»; «нисколько» ('not at all') reinforces the negation, and the clitic «-таки» on «добился-таки» means 'after all, in spite of everything' — he did manage it. «-таки» adds the satisfied, against-the-odds note."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"бегая по редакциям… и доставляя статейки","title":"Two imperfective gerunds of means","body":"«бегая» (running about) and «доставляя» (supplying) are imperfective present gerunds in «-я», naming the ongoing activities by which he found work. «бегая» is from the multidirectional «бегать» (to run around, here and there), fitting his scrambling between newspaper offices."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"уроками в двугривенный… статейки","title":"«двугривенный» and «статейки»","body":"A «двугривенный» was a twenty-kopeck coin (from «гривна»), so «уроками в двугривенный» = giving lessons at twenty kopecks each — a pittance. «статейки» is the diminutive of «статья» (article): little squibs, ten-line filler items. Both diminutives stress how scrappy and underpaid Ivan's beginnings were."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of idiom как бы ни было, modifies было","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"part of idiom, with Как ... было","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of idiom, modifies было","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle, concessive","role":"part of idiom, modifies было","gloss":"-ever","note":"«как бы там ни было» is a fixed idiom, literally \"however it might have been there\" = \"be that as it may.\""},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the idiomatic clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"молодой","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of потерялся","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies потерялся","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"потерялся","lemma":"потеряться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb, coordinated with добился","gloss":"was at a loss"},{"surface":"нисколько","lemma":"нисколько","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies потерялся","gloss":"in the least"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"добился","lemma":"добиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb, coordinated with потерялся","gloss":"managed to get"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"таки","morphology":"particle, emphatic","role":"particle modifying добился","gloss":"indeed","note":"«добился-таки» hyphenates the emphatic particle таки onto the verb, roughly \"did manage after all.\""},{"surface":"работы","lemma":"работа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of добился","gloss":"work"},{"surface":"сперва","lemma":"сперва","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уроками","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"уроками","lemma":"урок","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"means complement of добился","gloss":"by giving lessons"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking двугривенный","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"двугривенный","lemma":"двугривенный","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition в, modifies уроками","gloss":"twenty kopecks","note":"A двугривенный is a twenty-kopeck coin; \"уроками в двугривенный\" means lessons priced at twenty kopecks."},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бегая","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"бегая","lemma":"бегать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"means complement of добился, coordinated with уроками","gloss":"running about"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking редакциям","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"редакциям","lemma":"редакция","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of бегая","gloss":"the offices"},{"surface":"газет","lemma":"газета","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies редакциям","gloss":"of newspapers"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"доставляя","lemma":"доставлять","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with бегая","gloss":"supplying"},{"surface":"статейки","lemma":"статейка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of доставляя","gloss":"little items"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking строчек","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"десять","lemma":"десять","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"quantifies строчек","gloss":"ten"},{"surface":"строчек","lemma":"строчка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies статейки","gloss":"lines"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking происшествиях","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"уличных","lemma":"уличный","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies происшествиях","gloss":"street"},{"surface":"происшествиях","lemma":"происшествие","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"modifies статейки","gloss":"incidents"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking подписью","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"подписью","lemma":"подпись","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies статейки","gloss":"the signature"},{"surface":"Очевидец","lemma":"очевидец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to подписью","gloss":"Eyewitness"}]},{"number":50,"label":"50","id":"c3-s50","source":"Статейки эти, говорят, были так всегда любопытно и пикантно составлены, что быстро пошли в ход, и уж в этом одном молодой человек оказал всё свое практическое и умственное превосходство над тою многочисленною, вечно нуждающеюся и несчастною частью нашей учащейся молодежи обоего пола, которая в столицах, по обыкновению, с утра до ночи обивает пороги разных газет и журналов, не умея ничего лучше выдумать, кроме вечного повторения одной и той же просьбы о переводах с французского или о переписке.","translation":"These little items, they say, were always so curiously and piquantly put together that they quickly caught on, and in this alone the young man showed all his practical and intellectual superiority over that numerous, perpetually needy and wretched part of our studying youth of both sexes who, in the capitals, as a rule, from morning till night wear out the thresholds of various newspapers and journals, unable to think of anything better than the eternal repetition of one and the same request — for translations from the French or for copying work.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"которая… обивает пороги","title":"A long «который»-clause anchoring the digression","body":"«которая» (which) opens a sweeping relative clause describing 'that part of our studying youth' — agreeing with «частью» (fem. sing.) but standing as nominative subject of «обивает» within its own clause. The relative pronoun's case is set by its role inside the clause, not by its antecedent's instrumental."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"обивает пороги","title":"«обивать пороги» — to wear out thresholds","body":"A vivid idiom: «обивать пороги» (literally 'to knock the thresholds bare') means to haunt someone's door begging, to dance attendance fruitlessly. The needy students 'wear out the thresholds' of editors — endlessly importuning for hack-work."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"многочисленною, вечно нуждающеюся и несчастною частью","title":"Present active participle + bookish long-form endings","body":"«нуждающеюся» (perpetually needy) is a present active participle from «нуждаться», declined like an adjective and agreeing with «частью» in the instrumental. Its «-ею» ending (and «-ою» on «многочисленною», «несчастною») is the archaic, literary long-form instrumental for «-ей/-ой»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Статейки","lemma":"статейка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of составлены","gloss":"these items"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of Статейки","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"говорят","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"they say"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking to составлены","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"correlates with что-clause, modifies любопытно/пикантно","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies составлены","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"любопытно","lemma":"любопытно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies составлены","gloss":"curiously"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пикантно","lemma":"пикантно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies составлены","gloss":"piquantly"},{"surface":"составлены","lemma":"составить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"composed"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пошли","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"быстро","lemma":"быстро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пошли","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"пошли","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause (result)","gloss":"caught on","note":"«пойти в ход» is an idiom meaning to come into circulation/catch on."},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ход","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"ход","lemma":"ход","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пошли","gloss":"circulation"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies оказал","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of оказал","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"одном","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies этом (intensifier: this alone)","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"молодой","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of оказал","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"оказал","lemma":"оказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second coordinated clause","gloss":"showed"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of превосходство","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"свое","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of превосходство","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"практическое","lemma":"практический","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies превосходство","gloss":"practical"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"умственное","lemma":"умственный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with практическое","gloss":"intellectual"},{"surface":"превосходство","lemma":"превосходство","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of оказал","gloss":"superiority"},{"surface":"над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking частью","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"тою","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of частью","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"многочисленною","lemma":"многочисленный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies частью","gloss":"numerous"},{"surface":"вечно","lemma":"вечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нуждающеюся","gloss":"perpetually"},{"surface":"нуждающеюся","lemma":"нуждаться","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, feminine, singular, instrumental, imperfective","role":"modifies частью","gloss":"needy"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"несчастною","lemma":"несчастный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies частью","gloss":"wretched"},{"surface":"частью","lemma":"часть","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition над","gloss":"part"},{"surface":"нашей","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of молодежи","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"учащейся","lemma":"учащийся","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, genitive, perfective","role":"modifies молодежи","gloss":"studying"},{"surface":"молодежи","lemma":"молодёжь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies частью","gloss":"youth"},{"surface":"обоего","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пола","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"пола","lemma":"пол","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies молодежи","gloss":"sexes"},{"surface":"которая","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of обивает","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking столицах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"столицах","lemma":"столица","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of обивает","gloss":"the capitals"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обыкновению","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"обыкновению","lemma":"обыкновение","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies обивает","gloss":"usual","note":"«по обыкновению» is a fixed idiom meaning \"as usual.\""},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking утра","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"утра","lemma":"утро","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of обивает","gloss":"morning"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ночи","gloss":"till"},{"surface":"ночи","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with утра, complement of обивает","gloss":"night"},{"surface":"обивает","lemma":"обивать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the relative clause introduced by которая","gloss":"wears out","note":"«обивать пороги» is an idiom meaning to haunt/wear out the doorsteps of offices."},{"surface":"пороги","lemma":"порог","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of обивает","gloss":"the thresholds"},{"surface":"разных","lemma":"разный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies газет","gloss":"various"},{"surface":"газет","lemma":"газета","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies пороги","gloss":"newspapers"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"журналов","lemma":"журнал","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with газет","gloss":"journals"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies умея","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"умея","lemma":"уметь","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on обивает","gloss":"knowing how"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of выдумать","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"лучше","lemma":"лучше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выдумать","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"выдумать","lemma":"выдумать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of умея","gloss":"to invent"},{"surface":"кроме","lemma":"кроме","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking повторения","gloss":"except"},{"surface":"вечного","lemma":"вечный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies повторения","gloss":"eternal"},{"surface":"повторения","lemma":"повторение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of выдумать","gloss":"repetition"},{"surface":"одной","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies просьбы","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"той","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"part of idiom одной и той же, modifies просьбы","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies той","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"просьбы","lemma":"просьба","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies повторения","gloss":"request"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking переводах","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"переводах","lemma":"перевод","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"modifies просьбы","gloss":"translations"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking французского","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"французского","lemma":"французский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies переводах","gloss":"the French"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking переписке","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"переписке","lemma":"переписка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with переводах, modifies просьбы","gloss":"copying work"}]},{"number":51,"label":"51","id":"c3-s51","source":"Познакомившись с редакциями, Иван Федорович всё время потом не разрывал связей с ними и в последние свои годы в университете стал печатать весьма талантливые разборы книг на разные специальные темы, так что даже стал в литературных кружках известен.","translation":"Having made the acquaintance of the editorial offices, Ivan Fyodorovitch never afterward severed his ties with them, and in his last years at the university he began to publish highly talented reviews of books on various specialized subjects, so that he even became known in literary circles.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Познакомившись с редакциями","title":"Perfective gerund + instrumental after «с»","body":"«Познакомившись» (having got acquainted) is a perfective past gerund; «с редакциями» (with the editorial offices) is «с» + instrumental, the case this verb demands for the party one becomes acquainted with. The gerund sets the prior step before the main verbs."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"стал печатать… разборы… стал… известен","title":"Inceptive «стать» + short adjective predicate","body":"«стал печатать» is inceptive 'began to publish' (with imperfective infinitive); «стал… известен» pairs «стать» with the short-form adjective «известен» ('became known'). The short adjective, used only predicatively, is the bookish predicate form after «стать»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"разборы книг","title":"«разбор» — a critical review","body":"A «разбор» (from «разобрать», to take apart, analyse) is a critical analysis or review — 'highly talented reviews of books.' The word frames Ivan as a serious critic, not a mere journalist, marking his ascent in «литературные кружки» (literary circles)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Познакомившись","lemma":"познакомиться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on разрывал","gloss":"having become acquainted"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking редакциями","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"редакциями","lemma":"редакция","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of Познакомившись","gloss":"the editorial offices"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of разрывал","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of разрывал","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies разрывал","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies разрывал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"разрывал","lemma":"разрывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"severed"},{"surface":"связей","lemma":"связь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of разрывал","gloss":"the ties"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ними","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ними","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies связей","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking годы","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"последние","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies годы","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"свои","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of годы","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"годы","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"temporal complement of стал","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking университете","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"университете","lemma":"университет","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of годы","gloss":"the university"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with разрывал","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"печатать","lemma":"печатать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"to publish"},{"surface":"весьма","lemma":"весьма","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies талантливые","gloss":"highly"},{"surface":"талантливые","lemma":"талантливый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies разборы","gloss":"talented"},{"surface":"разборы","lemma":"разбор","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of печатать","gloss":"reviews"},{"surface":"книг","lemma":"книга","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies разборы","gloss":"of books"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking темы","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"разные","lemma":"разный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies темы","gloss":"various"},{"surface":"специальные","lemma":"специальный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies темы","gloss":"specialized"},{"surface":"темы","lemma":"тема","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"modifies разборы","gloss":"subjects"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the так-что result clause","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стал","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the так-что result clause","gloss":"became"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кружках","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"литературных","lemma":"литературный","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies кружках","gloss":"literary"},{"surface":"кружках","lemma":"кружок","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of известен","gloss":"circles"},{"surface":"известен","lemma":"известный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"known"}]},{"number":52,"label":"52","id":"c3-s52","source":"Впрочем, лишь в самое только последнее время ему удалось случайно обратить на себя вдруг особенное внимание в гораздо большем круге читателей, так что его весьма многие разом тогда отметили и запомнили.","translation":"It was only quite recently, however, that he chanced to draw upon himself the particular attention of a far wider circle of readers, so that a great many people then at once took notice of him and remembered him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ему удалось… обратить на себя… внимание","title":"Dative-subject «удалось» + reflexive «на себя»","body":"«удалось» ('it succeeded, he managed') is impersonal with a dative experiencer «ему» — 'he chanced to / managed to.' Its complement «обратить на себя внимание» ('to draw attention to oneself') uses the reflexive «себя», pointing back to Ivan."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в самое только последнее время","title":"«в самое последнее время» — only very recently","body":"An emphatic time-phrase: «самое» (the very) + «последнее время» (the latest time), with «только» ('only') — 'only quite recently.' The piling of intensifiers ('only very lately indeed') flags that the narrator is steering us toward the novel's present and the famous article to come."}],"words":[{"surface":"Впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"introductory adverb, modifies удалось","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies время","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking время","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"самое","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies время","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies последнее","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"последнее","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies время","gloss":"recent"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of удалось","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"logical subject (dative) of удалось","gloss":"he","note":"«ему удалось» is an impersonal dative construction: literally \"it succeeded to him\" = \"he happened to.\""},{"surface":"удалось","lemma":"удаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"happened to"},{"surface":"случайно","lemma":"случайно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обратить","gloss":"by chance"},{"surface":"обратить","lemma":"обратить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on удалось","gloss":"to draw"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of обратить","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обратить","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"особенное","lemma":"особенный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies внимание","gloss":"particular"},{"surface":"внимание","lemma":"внимание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of обратить","gloss":"attention"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking круге","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"гораздо","lemma":"гораздо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies большем","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"большем","lemma":"больший","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies круге","gloss":"wider"},{"surface":"круге","lemma":"круг","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обратить","gloss":"circle"},{"surface":"читателей","lemma":"читатель","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies круге","gloss":"of readers"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of отметили","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of отметили","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"весьма","lemma":"весьма","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies многие","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"многие","lemma":"многие","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of отметили","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"разом","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies отметили","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отметили","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"отметили","lemma":"отметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the так-что result clause","gloss":"took notice"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"запомнили","lemma":"запомнить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with отметили","gloss":"remembered"}]},{"number":53,"label":"53","id":"c3-s53","source":"Это был довольно любопытный случай.","translation":"It was a rather curious case.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это был довольно любопытный случай","title":"Zero-copula past with «был» + nominative","body":"«Это был… случай» — past tense of 'to be' with a nominative complement «случай» ('it was a rather curious case'). In the past Russian uses «был», agreeing in gender with the predicate noun; the complement here stays nominative (a definitional 'X was Y')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of случай","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to случай","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"довольно","lemma":"довольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies любопытный","gloss":"rather"},{"surface":"любопытный","lemma":"любопытный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies случай","gloss":"curious"},{"surface":"случай","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"case"}]},{"number":54,"label":"54","id":"c3-s54","source":"Уже выйдя из университета и приготовляясь на свои две тысячи съездить за границу, Иван Федорович вдруг напечатал в одной из больших газет одну странную статью, обратившую на себя внимание даже и неспециалистов, и, главное, по предмету, по-видимому, вовсе ему незнакомому, потому что кончил он курс естественником.","translation":"Having already left the university and preparing to go abroad on his two thousand, Ivan Fyodorovitch suddenly published in one of the large newspapers a strange article that drew attention even from non-specialists, and, above all, on a subject seemingly quite alien to him, since he had completed his course as a natural scientist.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"выйдя из университета и приготовляясь… съездить","title":"Perfective + imperfective gerunds side by side","body":"«выйдя» (having left — perfective, prior) and «приготовляясь» (preparing — imperfective, simultaneous) are two gerunds with contrasting aspect: one names a completed step behind him, the other an ongoing state he was in. The aspect choice tells you the time-relation of each to the main verb."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"обратившую на себя внимание","title":"Past active participle + reflexive «на себя»","body":"«обратившую» (which drew) is a past active participle agreeing with «статью» (accusative), and it keeps the reflexive object «на себя» ('to itself') — 'an article that drew attention to itself.' The participle condenses a whole 'which drew…' clause."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"кончил он курс естественником","title":"«естественник» + predicate instrumental","body":"An «естественник» is a student of the natural sciences. The instrumental «естественником» is a predicate instrumental — 'finished his course as a natural scientist,' framing the capacity/role he ended in. The irony: a scientist publishing on the ecclesiastical courts."}],"words":[{"surface":"Уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выйдя","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"выйдя","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on напечатал","gloss":"having left"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking университета","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"университета","lemma":"университет","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выйдя","gloss":"the university"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"приготовляясь","lemma":"приготовляться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with выйдя","gloss":"preparing"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тысячи","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"свои","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of тысячи","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"две","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine","role":"quantifies тысячи","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition на, complement of приготовляясь","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"съездить","lemma":"съездить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of приготовляясь","gloss":"to travel"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking границу","gloss":"abroad"},{"surface":"границу","lemma":"граница","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of съездить","gloss":"abroad"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of напечатал","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies напечатал","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"напечатал","lemma":"напечатать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"published"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking одной","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"одной","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of напечатал","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking газет","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"больших","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies газет","gloss":"large"},{"surface":"газет","lemma":"газета","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies одной","gloss":"newspapers"},{"surface":"одну","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies статью","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"странную","lemma":"странный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies статью","gloss":"strange"},{"surface":"статью","lemma":"статья","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of напечатал","gloss":"article"},{"surface":"обратившую","lemma":"обратить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, accusative, perfective","role":"clause modifying статью","gloss":"that drew"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of обратившую","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"внимание","lemma":"внимание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of обратившую","gloss":"attention"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies неспециалистов","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"reinforces даже","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"неспециалистов","lemma":"неспециалист","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies внимание","gloss":"non-specialists"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"главное","lemma":"главное","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, introduces по предмету","gloss":"above all"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking предмету","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"предмету","lemma":"предмет","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"topic complement of обратившую, modified by незнакомому","gloss":"a subject"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom по-видимому, modifies незнакомому","gloss":"apparently"},{"surface":"видимому","lemma":"видимый","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of idiom по-видимому, modifies незнакомому","gloss":"apparently"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies незнакомому","gloss":"entirely"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of незнакомому","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"незнакомому","lemma":"незнакомый","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies предмету","gloss":"unfamiliar"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of кончил","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"кончил","lemma":"кончить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on напечатал","gloss":"had completed"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of кончил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"курс","lemma":"курс","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of кончил","gloss":"the course"},{"surface":"естественником","lemma":"естественник","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of кончил","gloss":"as a natural scientist"}]},{"number":55,"label":"55","id":"c3-s55","source":"Статья была написана на поднявшийся повсеместно тогда вопрос о церковном суде.","translation":"The article was written on the question, then raised everywhere, of the ecclesiastical courts.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Статья была написана","title":"Periphrastic passive: быть + short participle","body":"«была написана» is the textbook past passive: the verb «быть» (была) plus the short past passive participle «написана», agreeing with «статья» in feminine singular — 'the article was written.' The short participle states the result, the быть supplies the past tense."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"на поднявшийся… вопрос о церковном суде","title":"Past active participle + reflexive «-ся»","body":"«поднявшийся» (which had arisen) is a past active participle with reflexive «-ся» from «подняться», agreeing with «вопрос» (accusative after «на») — 'the question, then raised everywhere.' The middle/intransitive «-ся» gives 'arose' rather than 'was raised by someone.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Статья","lemma":"статья","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of написана","gloss":"the article"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of написана","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"написана","lemma":"написать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"written"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вопрос","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"поднявшийся","lemma":"подняться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, accusative, perfective","role":"clause modifying вопрос","gloss":"that had arisen"},{"surface":"повсеместно","lemma":"повсеместно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поднявшийся","gloss":"everywhere"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поднявшийся","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"вопрос","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of написана","gloss":"the question"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking суде","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"церковном","lemma":"церковный","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies суде","gloss":"ecclesiastical"},{"surface":"суде","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вопрос","gloss":"the court"}]},{"number":56,"label":"56","id":"c3-s56","source":"Разбирая некоторые уже поданные мнения об этом вопросе, он высказал и свой личный взгляд.","translation":"Analyzing certain opinions already advanced on this question, he also set forth his own personal view.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Разбирая некоторые… мнения","title":"Imperfective gerund of accompanying action","body":"«Разбирая» (analysing) is an imperfective present gerund in «-я», naming the activity going on as he set forth his view — 'analysing certain opinions…, he also set forth his own.' It shares the subject «он» and frames the main clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"уже поданные мнения","title":"Past passive participle as attribute","body":"«поданные» (already advanced/submitted) is a past passive participle from perfective «подать», used attributively before «мнения» and agreeing in accusative plural — 'opinions already advanced.' The long-form passive participle modifies the noun like an adjective."}],"words":[{"surface":"Разбирая","lemma":"разбирать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on высказал","gloss":"analyzing"},{"surface":"некоторые","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of мнения","gloss":"certain"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поданные","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"поданные","lemma":"подать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, accusative, perfective","role":"clause modifying мнения","gloss":"advanced"},{"surface":"мнения","lemma":"мнение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of Разбирая","gloss":"opinions"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вопросе","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of вопросе","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"вопросе","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мнения","gloss":"question"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of высказал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"высказал","lemma":"высказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"set forth"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies взгляд","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"свой","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of взгляд","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"личный","lemma":"личный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies взгляд","gloss":"personal"},{"surface":"взгляд","lemma":"взгляд","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of высказал","gloss":"view"}]},{"number":57,"label":"57","id":"c3-s57","source":"Главное было в тоне и в замечательной неожиданности заключения.","translation":"The main thing lay in the tone and in the remarkable unexpectedness of the conclusion.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Главное было в тоне и в… неожиданности","title":"Substantivised adjective «главное» as subject","body":"«Главное» ('the main thing') is a neuter adjective used as a noun — the subject of «было» — with the predicate located by «в» + prepositional: «в тоне… в неожиданности» ('lay in the tone… in the unexpectedness'). Russian freely turns adjectives into abstract nouns this way."}],"words":[{"surface":"Главное","lemma":"главное","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of тоне","gloss":"the main thing"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to тоне","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тоне","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"тоне","lemma":"тон","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"the tone"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking неожиданности","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"замечательной","lemma":"замечательный","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies неожиданности","gloss":"remarkable"},{"surface":"неожиданности","lemma":"неожиданность","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with тоне","gloss":"unexpectedness"},{"surface":"заключения","lemma":"заключение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies неожиданности","gloss":"of the conclusion"}]},{"number":58,"label":"58","id":"c3-s58","source":"А между тем многие из церковников решительно сочли автора за своего.","translation":"And yet many among the churchmen decidedly counted the author as one of their own.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А между тем","title":"Adversative «а между тем»","body":"«А между тем» ('and yet, meanwhile, all the while') opens with the mild contrastive «а» plus «между тем» ('in the meantime'), pivoting to the surprising reaction. It is the narrator's hinge into the article's paradoxical reception."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сочли автора за своего","title":"«счесть… за» + accusative","body":"«сочли… за своего» ('counted the author as one of their own') uses «счесть кого-то за кого-то» — to reckon someone as something, with «за» + accusative for the 'as.' «своего» (their own) is the reflexive possessive «свой» in the animate accusative."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"церковников","title":"«церковник» — a churchman","body":"A «церковник» is a 'churchman,' a partisan of the Church and clergy (sometimes faintly disparaging, 'clerical'). The narrator sets the «церковники» against the «гражданственники» and «атеисты» of the next sentence — the rival camps Ivan's slippery article somehow pleased all at once."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and yet"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тем","gloss":"meanwhile"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies сочли","gloss":"meanwhile","note":"«между тем» is a fixed idiom meaning \"meanwhile/yet.\""},{"surface":"многие","lemma":"многие","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of сочли","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking церковников","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"церковников","lemma":"церковник","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies многие","gloss":"the churchmen"},{"surface":"решительно","lemma":"решительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сочли","gloss":"decidedly"},{"surface":"сочли","lemma":"счесть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"counted"},{"surface":"автора","lemma":"автор","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of сочли","gloss":"the author"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking своего","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сочли","gloss":"one of their own"}]},{"number":59,"label":"59","id":"c3-s59","source":"И вдруг рядом с ними не только гражданственники, но даже сами атеисты принялись и с своей стороны аплодировать.","translation":"And suddenly, alongside them, not only the civic-minded but even the atheists themselves set about applauding for their part as well.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не только… но даже сами атеисты… принялись… аплодировать","title":"«не только… но даже» + inceptive «приняться»","body":"The correlative «не только… но даже» ('not only… but even') stages the escalation; «принялись… аплодировать» is «приняться» + imperfective infinitive, an inceptive 'set about applauding.' «сами атеисты» ('the atheists themselves') uses intensive «сам» for the punchline."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"гражданственники","title":"«гражданственники» — the civic-minded","body":"A coinage from «гражданственность» (civic-mindedness, citizenship): roughly 'the civic party, the secular liberals' who championed civil authority over the Church's. The narrator lines up the era's ideological factions — clergy, liberals, atheists — to show how Ivan's article confounded them all."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies принялись","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"рядом","lemma":"рядом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies принялись","gloss":"alongside"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ними","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ними","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of рядом","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom не только...но, links the coordination","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase не","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"гражданственники","lemma":"гражданственник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of принялись, coordinated with атеисты","gloss":"the civic-minded"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сами","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"modifies атеисты","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"атеисты","lemma":"атеист","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of принялись","gloss":"the atheists"},{"surface":"принялись","lemma":"приняться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"set about"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стороны","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стороны","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of стороны","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"стороны","lemma":"сторона","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of аплодировать","gloss":"part","note":"«со своей стороны» is an idiom meaning \"for their part.\""},{"surface":"аплодировать","lemma":"аплодировать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of принялись","gloss":"to applaud"}]},{"number":60,"label":"60","id":"c3-s60","source":"В конце концов некоторые догадливые люди решили, что вся статья есть лишь дерзкий фарс и насмешка.","translation":"In the end certain shrewd people decided that the whole article was nothing but an insolent farce and a mockery.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вся статья есть лишь дерзкий фарс","title":"The bookish copula «есть»","body":"Russian normally drops the present-tense 'to be,' but here it keeps «есть» — «статья есть лишь… фарс» ('the article is nothing but a farce'). The overt «есть» is bookish and emphatic, lending the verdict a formal, almost logical finality. The complement «фарс» stays nominative."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"догадливые люди","title":"«догадливый» — quick to guess","body":"«догадливый» (from «догадаться», to guess, twig) means shrewd, quick on the uptake, good at reading between the lines — 'certain shrewd people.' The word credits these readers with seeing through the article to the «дерзкий фарс» (insolent farce) beneath — Ivan's characteristic double game."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom «в конце концов»","gloss":"in","note":"«в конце концов» is a fixed idiom meaning \"in the end.\""},{"surface":"конце","lemma":"конец","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the idiom «в конце концов»","gloss":"the end"},{"surface":"концов","lemma":"конец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"part of the idiom «в конце концов»","gloss":"of ends"},{"surface":"некоторые","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of люди","gloss":"certain"},{"surface":"догадливые","lemma":"догадливый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies люди","gloss":"shrewd"},{"surface":"люди","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of решили","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"решили","lemma":"решить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"decided"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of статья","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"статья","lemma":"статья","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"article"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking статья to фарс","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies фарс","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"дерзкий","lemma":"дерзкий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies фарс","gloss":"insolent"},{"surface":"фарс","lemma":"фарс","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun with есть","gloss":"farce"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"насмешка","lemma":"насмешка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with фарс","gloss":"mockery"}]},{"number":61,"label":"61","id":"c3-s61","source":"Упоминаю о сем случае особенно потому, что статья эта своевременно проникла и в подгородный знаменитый наш монастырь, где возникшим вопросом о церковном суде вообще интересовались, — проникла и произвела совершенное недоумение.","translation":"I mention this case in particular because the article in due course also penetrated to our famous monastery near the town, where the question that had arisen about the ecclesiastical courts was of general interest — penetrated, and produced utter bewilderment.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"о сем случае","title":"«сей» — the bookish 'this'","body":"«сем» is the prepositional of «сей» (this), an archaic literary demonstrative that 19th-century prose keeps where speech would use «этот». The narrator's «о сем случае» (about this case) lends the chronicle a faintly old-fashioned, deliberate dignity."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"потому, что","title":"«потому что» — explaining the cause","body":"The subordinating conjunction «потому что» (because) opens a dependent clause giving the reason: he mentions the case because the article reached the monastery. Note the comma falling inside the pair, an older punctuation habit."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"возникшим вопросом","title":"Past active participle «возникшим»","body":"«возникшим» is the past active participle of «возникнуть» (to arise), here in the instrumental to agree with «вопросом» after «интересовались». It compresses a whole relative clause — 'the question that had arisen' — into a single modifier, a hallmark of literary narration."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вопросом ... интересовались","title":"«интересоваться» governs the instrumental","body":"The reflexive verb «интересоваться» (to be interested in) takes its object in the instrumental, not the accusative: «интересовались возникшим вопросом» — they took an interest in the question that had arisen."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"проникла и произвела","title":"Perfective verbs move the action forward","body":"The repeated perfective past pair «проникла ... произвела» (penetrated ... produced) reports two single completed events; the rhetorical repetition of «проникла» frames the second clause as the punchline. Perfectives like these carry the narrative's forward steps against the imperfective background."}],"words":[{"surface":"Упоминаю","lemma":"упоминать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I mention"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking случае","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"сем","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of случае","gloss":"this","note":"Archaic form of «этот»."},{"surface":"случае","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Упоминаю","gloss":"case"},{"surface":"особенно","lemma":"особенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies потому","gloss":"particularly"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Упоминаю","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of проникла","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"статья","lemma":"статья","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of проникла","gloss":"article"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of статья","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"своевременно","lemma":"своевременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проникла","gloss":"in due course"},{"surface":"проникла","lemma":"проникнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"penetrated"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies проникла","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking монастырь","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"подгородный","lemma":"подгородный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies монастырь","gloss":"near-town"},{"surface":"знаменитый","lemma":"знаменитый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies монастырь","gloss":"famous"},{"surface":"наш","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of монастырь","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"монастырь","lemma":"монастырь","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of проникла","gloss":"monastery"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces relative clause on монастырь","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"возникшим","lemma":"возникнуть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, instrumental, perfective","role":"modifies вопросом","gloss":"that had arisen"},{"surface":"вопросом","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of интересовались","gloss":"question"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking суде","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"церковном","lemma":"церковный","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies суде","gloss":"ecclesiastical"},{"surface":"суде","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"object of о, modifying вопросом","gloss":"court"},{"surface":"вообще","lemma":"вообще","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies интересовались","gloss":"in general"},{"surface":"интересовались","lemma":"интересоваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"relative clause on монастырь","gloss":"were interested"},{"surface":"проникла","lemma":"проникнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence, resumed after the где-clause","gloss":"penetrated"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"произвела","lemma":"произвести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with проникла","gloss":"produced"},{"surface":"совершенное","lemma":"совершенный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies недоумение","gloss":"utter"},{"surface":"недоумение","lemma":"недоумение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of произвела","gloss":"bewilderment"}]},{"number":62,"label":"62","id":"c3-s62","source":"Узнав же имя автора, заинтересовались и тем, что он уроженец нашего города и сын «вот этого самого Федора Павловича».","translation":"On learning the author's name, they grew interested too in the fact that he was a native of our town and the son of \"that very same Fyodor Pavlovitch.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Узнав же имя автора","title":"Perfective gerund «узнав»","body":"«узнав» is the perfective adverbial participle (деепричастие) of «узнать» (to learn, find out): 'having learned the author's name'. It names a completed prior action sharing the main subject of the clause (the townspeople)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"же","title":"The particle «же» as a soft hinge","body":"Here «же» is unstressed and lightly resumptive — 'and on learning...', 'now, on learning...' — nudging the narrative onward rather than insisting. It is one of the small modal particles that give Russian narration its conversational texture."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"заинтересовались и тем, что","title":"Correlative «тем, что»","body":"«заинтересоваться» again takes the instrumental, here the demonstrative «тем» pointing forward to the «что»-clause: literally 'grew interested in that [fact], that he was...'. The correlative «тем, что» is the standard way Russian hangs a content clause on a verb that wants a case."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"уроженец","title":"«уроженец» — a native of","body":"«уроженец» means a native, someone born in a given place (here «нашего города», our town). It is a slightly formal, register-neutral word that fixes a person to a birthplace — exactly the rootedness the narrator likes to track."}],"words":[{"surface":"Узнав","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on заинтересовались","gloss":"on learning"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Узнав","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"имя","lemma":"имя","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of Узнав","gloss":"name"},{"surface":"автора","lemma":"автор","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies имя","gloss":"author's"},{"surface":"заинтересовались","lemma":"заинтересоваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"grew interested"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тем","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of заинтересовались","gloss":"in the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of уроженец, modifying тем","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of уроженец","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"уроженец","lemma":"уроженец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun of the что-clause","gloss":"a native"},{"surface":"нашего","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of города","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"города","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies уроженец","gloss":"town"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сын","lemma":"сын","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with уроженец","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies этого","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Федора","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Федора","gloss":"very same"},{"surface":"Федора","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to сын","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павловича","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федора","gloss":"Pavlovich"}]},{"number":63,"label":"63","id":"c3-s63","source":"А тут вдруг к самому этому времени явился к нам и сам автор.","translation":"And then suddenly, just about this very time, the author himself appeared among us.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А тут вдруг","title":"«А» as a narrative pivot","body":"Sentence-initial «А» is the mild contrastive coordinator — not quite 'but', more a turning of the camera: 'and now, just then'. Paired with «тут вдруг» (suddenly, right then) it springs the surprise of the author's own arrival."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"явился к нам и сам автор","title":"Comment-last word order","body":"The new, weighted information «сам автор» (the author himself) lands at the very end, after the verb and adverbials — the topic-comment rhythm Russian's free word order allows. English must front the subject; Russian saves it for the climax."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"явился","title":"«явиться» — to appear, turn up","body":"«явился» is the perfective past of the reflexive «явиться» (to appear, present oneself). The -ся here is the lexicalized middle: the verb simply means 'show up', a touch more vivid and sudden than «приехать»."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies явился","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies явился","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking времени","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"самому","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies этому","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"этому","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, dative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of времени","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"времени","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of явился","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"явился","lemma":"явиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"appeared"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нам","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"oblique complement of явился","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies автор","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies автор","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"автор","lemma":"автор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of явился","gloss":"author"}]},{"number":64,"label":"64","id":"c3-s64","source":"Зачем приехал тогда к нам Иван Федорович, — я, помню, даже и тогда еще задавал себе этот вопрос с каким-то почти беспокойством.","translation":"Why Ivan Fyodorovitch had come to us then — I remember that even at the time I kept putting this question to myself with a sort of almost uneasy feeling.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Зачем приехал тогда к нам Иван Федорович","title":"Fronted question word, inverted subject","body":"The embedded question opens with «Зачем» (why, to what end) and pushes the subject «Иван Федорович» behind the verb — interrogative-first order. The whole clause is the narrator's remembered question, set off before the main 'I kept asking myself'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"задавал себе этот вопрос","title":"Reflexive pronoun «себе» + imperfective for repetition","body":"«себе» is the dative of the reflexive «себя» (to oneself), referring back to the narrator. The imperfective «задавал» (was putting/kept putting) signals a repeated, habitual action — he asked himself again and again, not once."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с каким-то почти беспокойством","title":"Indefinite «-то» — a vague unease","body":"«каким-то» is «какой» plus the clitic «-то», marking a specific but unnameable quality: 'with a sort of, some kind of, uneasiness'. The «-то» captures the narrator's inability to pin the feeling down — a recurring Dostoevskian hedge."}],"words":[{"surface":"Зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приехал","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"приехал","lemma":"приехать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had come"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приехал","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нам","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"oblique complement of приехал","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of приехал","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovitch"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of задавал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"помню","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"I remember"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies задавал","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тогда","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies задавал","gloss":"at the time"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies задавал","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"задавал","lemma":"задавать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause (subject я)","gloss":"kept asking"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of задавал","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of вопрос","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"вопрос","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of задавал","gloss":"question"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking беспокойством","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"каким","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of беспокойством, part of «каким-то»","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"indefinite suffix forming «каким-то» with каким","gloss":"kind of","note":"«каким-то» = \"some kind of.\""},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies беспокойством","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"беспокойством","lemma":"беспокойство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of задавал","gloss":"uneasiness"}]},{"number":65,"label":"65","id":"c3-s65","source":"Столь роковой приезд этот, послуживший началом ко стольким последствиям, для меня долго потом, почти всегда, оставался делом неясным.","translation":"This so fateful arrival, which served as the beginning of so many consequences, remained for me long afterward, almost always, an obscure business.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"роковой","title":"«роковой» — fateful, fatal","body":"«роковой» (from «рок», fate/doom) means fateful in the heavy sense of decreed by destiny, often with a foreboding of disaster. The narrator flags this arrival as the seed of «стольких последствий» — so many consequences — to come."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"послуживший началом ко стольким последствиям","title":"Past active participle + dative-governing «к»","body":"«послуживший» (which served) is a past active participle agreeing with «приезд». The verb «послужить» pairs with «к» + dative, giving «началом ко стольким последствиям» — served as the beginning to so many consequences; «началом» itself is the instrumental of the predicate."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"оставался делом неясным","title":"Instrumental of the predicate after «оставаться»","body":"«оставаться» (to remain), like «быть» and «стать», takes its predicate noun in the instrumental: «оставался делом неясным» — remained an obscure business. The instrumental frames the state as one that held over time rather than an inherent identity."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ко стольким","title":"«ко» — the lengthened «к»","body":"The preposition «к» becomes «ко» before certain awkward consonant clusters («ко стольким», «ко мне»). It is purely euphonic — the same dative-governing 'to/toward' — and the bookish «столь/стольким» (so/so many) heightens the rhetorical weight."}],"words":[{"surface":"Столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies роковой","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"роковой","lemma":"роковой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies приезд","gloss":"fateful"},{"surface":"приезд","lemma":"приезд","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of оставался","gloss":"arrival"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of приезд","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"послуживший","lemma":"послужить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying приезд","gloss":"which served"},{"surface":"началом","lemma":"начало","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of послуживший","gloss":"as beginning"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking последствиям","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"стольким","lemma":"столький","morphology":"adjective, dative, plural","role":"modifies последствиям","gloss":"so many"},{"surface":"последствиям","lemma":"последствие","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of послуживший","gloss":"consequences"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of оставался","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"долго","lemma":"долго","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оставался","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оставался","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies всегда","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оставался","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"оставался","lemma":"оставаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remained"},{"surface":"делом","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"complement of оставался","gloss":"a matter"},{"surface":"неясным","lemma":"неясный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"complement of оставался","gloss":"obscure"}]},{"number":66,"label":"66","id":"c3-s66","source":"Вообще судя, странно было, что молодой человек, столь ученый, столь гордый и осторожный на вид, вдруг явился в такой безобразный дом, к такому отцу, который всю жизнь его игнорировал, не знал его и не помнил, и хоть не дал бы, конечно, денег ни за что и ни в каком случае, если бы сын у него попросил, но всё же всю жизнь боялся, что и сыновья, Иван и Алексей, тоже когда-нибудь придут да и попросят денег.","translation":"Judging in general, it was strange that a young man, so learned, so proud and outwardly so cautious, should suddenly turn up in such an unseemly house, to such a father — one who had ignored him his whole life, neither knew nor remembered him, and who, though he would of course never have given him money on any account whatsoever had his son asked for it, yet all his life feared that the sons too, Ivan and Alexey, would someday come and ask him for money.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вообще судя","title":"Gerund in the set phrase «судя»","body":"«судя» is the imperfective gerund of «судить» (to judge); «вообще судя» means 'judging in general, all things considered'. The same gerund survives in the fixed «судя по» (judging by), one of the few деепричастия that has hardened into an everyday connective."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"столь ученый, столь гордый и осторожный","title":"Bookish «столь» and stacked adjectives","body":"«столь» (so, to such a degree) is the literary equivalent of «такой/так», piling up qualities — so learned, so proud and cautious. The triple «столь» is rhetorical inversion building the portrait before the surprising main verb «явился»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"который ... игнорировал, не знал его и не помнил","title":"«который»-clause with negation","body":"The relative «который» (nominative, the father as subject) heads a long clause; within it «не знал ... и не помнил» negates two verbs with «не». 'Did not know and did not remember' lays bare the father's total neglect through plain serial negation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не дал бы ... если бы сын у него попросил","title":"Counterfactual conditional with «бы ... если бы»","body":"This is a full irrealis: the past-form verbs plus «бы» in both halves — «не дал бы» (would not have given) and «если бы ... попросил» (had [his son] asked). Russian's single conditional mood handles both the unrealized condition and its result."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ни за что и ни в каком случае","title":"«ни за что» — not on any account","body":"A doubled emphatic negative: «ни за что» (not for anything) reinforced by «ни в каком случае» (in no case whatsoever). The «ни ... ни» piling drives the father's absolute refusal home — Russian negative concord at full rhetorical stretch."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"придут да и попросят денег","title":"«да и» + object-of-request genitive «денег»","body":"«да и» here is the folksy, expressive 'and then just' (придут да и попросят — would come and just ask). «денег» is the genitive that «попросить» demands (the object-of-request genitive, akin to the partitive: просить денег, помощи, совета); the clause is fully affirmative and contains no negation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вообще","lemma":"вообще","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies судя","gloss":"generally"},{"surface":"судя","lemma":"судить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial phrase modifying было","gloss":"judging"},{"surface":"странно","lemma":"странный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"predicate adjective, complement of было","gloss":"strange"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to странно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of явился","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"молодой","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of явился","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ученый","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ученый","lemma":"учёный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"parenthetical description of человек","gloss":"learned"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies гордый","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"гордый","lemma":"гордый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"parenthetical description of человек","gloss":"proud"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"осторожный","lemma":"осторожный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with гордый","gloss":"cautious"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вид","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"вид","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of осторожный","gloss":"appearance"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies явился","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"явился","lemma":"явиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause (subject человек)","gloss":"turned up"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дом","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of дом","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"безобразный","lemma":"безобразный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дом","gloss":"unseemly"},{"surface":"дом","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of явился","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отцу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"такому","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of отцу","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"отцу","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of явился (parallel to дом)","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"который","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of игнорировал","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"his whole"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial accusative of duration modifying игнорировал","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of игнорировал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"игнорировал","lemma":"игнорировать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on отцу","gloss":"ignored"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with игнорировал (relative clause on отцу)","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of знал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies помнил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"помнил","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with знал","gloss":"remembered"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause of дал","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"дал","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the хоть-clause (subject отец, implied)","gloss":"would have given"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of дал","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дал","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"денег","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of дал","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom «ни за что»","gloss":"not","note":"«ни за что и ни в каком случае» = \"for nothing and in no case whatsoever.\""},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of дал, part of «ни за что»","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies случае","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking случае","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"каком","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of случае","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"случае","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дал, coordinated with «ни за что»","gloss":"case"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause of попросил","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of попросил","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"сын","lemma":"сын","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of попросил","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of попросил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"попросил","lemma":"попросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the если-clause, modifying дал","gloss":"had asked"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase «всё же»","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase «всё же» (nevertheless)","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"his whole"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial accusative of duration modifying боялся","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"боялся","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on отцу, coordinated with игнорировал/знал/помнил","gloss":"feared"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of придут","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сыновья","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"сыновья","lemma":"сын","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of придут","gloss":"sons"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with сыновья","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"алексей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with сыновья","gloss":"Alexey"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies придут","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom «когда-нибудь», modifies придут","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom «когда-нибудь»","gloss":"day","note":"«когда-нибудь» = \"someday.\""},{"surface":"придут","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of боялся","gloss":"will come"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the idiom «да и», links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the idiom «да и», links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"попросят","lemma":"попросить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with придут","gloss":"will ask"},{"surface":"денег","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of попросят","gloss":"money"}]},{"number":67,"label":"67","id":"c3-s67","source":"И вот молодой человек поселяется в доме такого отца, живет с ним месяц и другой, и оба уживаются как не надо лучше.","translation":"And here the young man takes up lodging in the house of such a father, lives with him a month and another, and the two of them get on as well as could possibly be.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"поселяется ... живет ... уживаются","title":"Historic present in imperfective","body":"The narrator switches to the vivid present — «поселяется» (takes up lodging), «живет» (lives), «уживаются» (get along) — though the events are past. Only imperfectives form a present, and this 'historic present' pulls the reader into the scene as if watching it unfold."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"уживаются","title":"«уживаться» — to get along under one roof","body":"«уживаться/ужиться» (with the «-ся» middle) means to live together harmoniously, to rub along. The root «жить» (to live) plus the prefix «у-» gives 'manage to coexist' — pointedly used of two such incompatible men."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"как не надо лучше","title":"«как не надо лучше» — couldn't be better","body":"A colloquial idiom: literally 'as no better is needed', i.e. as well as could possibly be, splendidly. The casual phrasing winks at how absurdly the mismatched pair hit it off."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies молодой","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"молодой","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поселяется","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"поселяется","lemma":"поселяться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"takes up lodging"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking доме","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"доме","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поселяется","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"такого","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of отца","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies доме","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"живет","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with поселяется","gloss":"lives"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of живет","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"месяц","lemma":"месяц","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial accusative of duration modifying живет","gloss":"a month"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with месяц","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"оба","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine","role":"subject of уживаются","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"уживаются","lemma":"уживаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with поселяется","gloss":"get along"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the idiom «как не надо лучше»","gloss":"as","note":"«как не надо лучше» is an idiom meaning \"couldn't be better.\""},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial clause on уживаются","gloss":"need"},{"surface":"лучше","lemma":"лучше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"better"}]},{"number":68,"label":"68","id":"c3-s68","source":"Последнее даже особенно удивило не только меня, но и многих других.","translation":"This last point astonished not only me, but many others as well.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Последнее","title":"Substantivized neuter adjective «последнее»","body":"«Последнее» (the last [thing/point]) is an adjective used as a noun in the neuter, summing up the whole preceding clause — 'this last fact'. Russian readily nominalizes adjectives this way to refer back to a situation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не только меня, но и многих других","title":"Correlative «не только ..., но и ...»","body":"The framework «не только X, но и Y» (not only X but also Y) coordinates the two objects «меня» and «многих других» (both accusative/genitive after «удивило»). It is the standard additive correlative, escalating from the narrator to the wider community."}],"words":[{"surface":"Последнее","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of удивило","gloss":"this last point"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies особенно","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"особенно","lemma":"особенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies удивило","gloss":"particularly"},{"surface":"удивило","lemma":"удивить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"astonished"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase «не только... но и», modifies только","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase «не только»","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of удивило","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase «но и»","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"многих","lemma":"многие","morphology":"numeral, accusative, plural","role":"modifies других","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"других","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"coordinated with меня","gloss":"others"}]},{"number":69,"label":"69","id":"c3-s69","source":"Петр Александрович Миусов, о котором я говорил уже выше, дальний родственник Федора Павловича по его первой жене, случился тогда опять у нас, в своем подгородном имении, пожаловав из Парижа, в котором уже совсем поселился.","translation":"Pyotr Alexandrovitch Miüsov, of whom I have already spoken above, a distant relative of Fyodor Pavlovitch's through his first wife, happened to be among us again at that time, on his estate near the town, having come over from Paris, in which he had by then settled altogether.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пожаловав из Парижа","title":"Perfective gerund «пожаловав»","body":"«пожаловав» is the perfective gerund of the archaic-genteel «пожаловать» (to deign to come, to arrive): 'having come over'. The word carries an ironic courtliness fitting Miüsov's grand manner, and as a gerund it bundles the prior action onto the main «случился»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"о котором я говорил уже выше","title":"Relative «о котором» in the prepositional","body":"«который» here takes the prepositional after «о» (about whom), while still agreeing in masculine singular with Miüsov. It shows the rule cleanly: «который» borrows gender/number from its antecedent but its case from its own job in the clause."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"случился ... опять у нас","title":"«случиться» — to happen to be present","body":"Beyond 'to happen', «случиться» can mean to chance to be somewhere: «случился тогда опять у нас» — happened to be among us again. The «-ся» verb conveys the accidental, unplanned quality of his being on his estate just then."}],"words":[{"surface":"Петр","lemma":"пётр","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of случился","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Александрович","lemma":"александрович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Петр","gloss":"Alexandrovitch"},{"surface":"Миусов","lemma":"миусов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Петр","gloss":"Miüsov"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking котором","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"котором","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорил","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on Петр","gloss":"have spoken"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выше","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"выше","lemma":"выше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорил","gloss":"above"},{"surface":"дальний","lemma":"дальний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies родственник","gloss":"distant"},{"surface":"родственник","lemma":"родственник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Петр","gloss":"relative"},{"surface":"Федора","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies родственник","gloss":"Fyodor's"},{"surface":"Павловича","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федора","gloss":"Pavlovich's"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жене","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of жене","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"первой","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies жене","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"жене","lemma":"жена","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies родственник","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"случился","lemma":"случиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"happened to be"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies случился","gloss":"at that time"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies случился","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of случился","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking имении","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"своем","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of имении","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"подгородном","lemma":"подгородный","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies имении","gloss":"near-town"},{"surface":"имении","lemma":"имение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of случился (parallel to у нас)","gloss":"estate"},{"surface":"пожаловав","lemma":"пожаловать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on случился","gloss":"having come"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Парижа","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Парижа","lemma":"париж","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пожаловав","gloss":"Paris"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking котором","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"котором","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поселился","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies совсем","gloss":"by then"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поселился","gloss":"completely"},{"surface":"поселился","lemma":"поселиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on Парижа","gloss":"had settled"}]},{"number":70,"label":"70","id":"c3-s70","source":"Помню, он-то именно и дивился всех более, познакомившись с заинтересовавшим его чрезвычайно молодым человеком, с которым он не без внутренней боли пикировался иногда познаниями.","translation":"I remember that it was he, in fact, who marveled most of all, on becoming acquainted with the young man, who interested him exceedingly, and with whom he would now and then, not without an inward pang, fence in matters of learning.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"он-то именно","title":"Emphatic clitic «-то» on the pronoun","body":"«он-то» uses the stressing «-то» (distinct from the indefinite «-то»): 'it was he, of all people'. Reinforced by «именно» (precisely), it singles Miüsov out as the very one who marveled most — emphatic topic-marking."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"познакомившись с ... молодым человеком","title":"Perfective gerund + instrumental after «с»","body":"«познакомившись» is the perfective gerund of «познакомиться» (to make acquaintance): 'on becoming acquainted'. The verb governs «с» + instrumental — «с молодым человеком» — so the gerund drags its whole instrumental phrase along."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"заинтересовавшим его чрезвычайно молодым человеком","title":"Past active participle modifying «человеком»","body":"«заинтересовавшим» (which had greatly interested [him]) is a past active participle in the instrumental, agreeing with «человеком». Russian comfortably stacks a participial phrase before its noun where English needs a 'who'-clause: 'the young man who interested him exceedingly'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пикировался ... познаниями","title":"«пикироваться» — to spar verbally","body":"«пикироваться» (from French piquer) means to exchange barbed remarks, to fence in words. «пикировался познаниями» — sparred with [his] learning, in the instrumental of means — and «не без внутренней боли» (not without inward pain) betrays Miüsov's wounded vanity at being outmatched."}],"words":[{"surface":"Помню","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"I remember"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of дивился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes он","gloss":"in particular","note":"«он-то» = \"he in particular / it was he.\""},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дивился","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дивился","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"дивился","lemma":"дивиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"marveled"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies более","gloss":"of all"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дивился","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"познакомившись","lemma":"познакомиться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on дивился","gloss":"on becoming acquainted"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking человеком","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"заинтересовавшим","lemma":"заинтересовать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, instrumental, perfective","role":"clause modifying человеком","gloss":"who interested"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of заинтересовавшим","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"чрезвычайно","lemma":"чрезвычайно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заинтересовавшим","gloss":"exceedingly"},{"surface":"молодым","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человеком","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"человеком","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of познакомившись","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которым","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"которым","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пикировался","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пикировался","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase «не без», modifies боли","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking боли","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"внутренней","lemma":"внутренний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies боли","gloss":"inward"},{"surface":"боли","lemma":"боль","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пикировался","gloss":"pang"},{"surface":"пикировался","lemma":"пикироваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on человеком","gloss":"would fence"},{"surface":"иногда","lemma":"иногда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пикировался","gloss":"now and then"},{"surface":"познаниями","lemma":"познание","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of пикировался","gloss":"in matters of learning"}]},{"number":71,"label":"71","id":"c3-s71","source":"«Он горд, — говорил он нам тогда про него, — всегда добудет себе копейку, у него и теперь есть деньги на заграницу — чего ж ему здесь надо?","translation":"\"He is proud,\" he used to say to us then about him; \"he will always scrape together a kopeck for himself; even now he has money for going abroad — so what does he need here?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Он горд","title":"Short-form adjective «горд»","body":"«горд» is the short (predicative) form of «гордый» (proud), used here as the bald assertion of a trait: 'He is proud.' The short form is bookish and gives a crisp, almost verdict-like quality to Miüsov's pronouncement."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"добудет себе копейку","title":"Perfective future «добудет»","body":"«добудет» is the perfective future of «добыть» (to get, procure) — conjugated like a present but meaning 'he will [manage to] get'. With «себе» (dative reflexive, for himself) it predicts a completed, successful acquisition: he'll always scrape a kopeck together."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чего ж ему здесь надо?","title":"Dative subject + genitive object with «надо»","body":"Impersonal «надо» (one needs) takes the experiencer in the dative — «ему» (he needs) — and no nominative subject. «чего» is the genitive of «что» governed by «надо» (to need something), and «ж» is reduced «же», sharpening the rhetorical 'so what on earth does he need here?'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of горд","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"горд","lemma":"гордый","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of the quoted clause","gloss":"is proud"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the frame clause","gloss":"used to say"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of говорил","gloss":"to us"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорил","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies добудет","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"добудет","lemma":"добыть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of the quoted clause","gloss":"will scrape together"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative, reflexive","role":"indirect object of добудет","gloss":"for himself"},{"surface":"копейку","lemma":"копейка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of добудет","gloss":"a kopeck"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него (possessive construction)","gloss":"at","note":"«у него есть» is the Russian possessive construction, literally 'at him there is,' meaning 'he has.'"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of есть","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies теперь","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies есть","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, invariable, imperfective","role":"existential predicate, coordinated with добудет","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking заграницу","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"заграницу","lemma":"заграница","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies деньги","gloss":"going abroad"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"subject of надо","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ж","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle modifying чего","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"experiencer of надо","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"predicative adverb","role":"predicate governing чего","gloss":"need"}]},{"number":72,"label":"72","id":"c3-s72","source":"Всем ясно, что он приехал к отцу не за деньгами, потому что во всяком случае отец их не даст.","translation":"It is clear to everyone that he has not come to his father for money, for in any case his father will not give it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Всем ясно","title":"Dative experiencer with «ясно»","body":"«Всем ясно» is the impersonal pattern: the neuter predicative «ясно» (it is clear) plus the dative «всем» (to everyone). There is no nominative subject — the clarity is felt by the people, framed as happening to them."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"приехал ... не за деньгами","title":"«за» + instrumental = to fetch","body":"«за» with the instrumental means 'after, to fetch': «за деньгами» — for [the purpose of getting] money. Negated here — he did not come for money — it pairs with the next clause's reason."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"отец их не даст","title":"Perfective future under negation","body":"«не даст» is the negated perfective future of «дать» (to give): 'will not give'. Aspect makes it a flat, final refusal — not 'won't be giving' but 'won't give [it], full stop'. «их» (them, i.e. the money) is the object pronoun."}],"words":[{"surface":"Всем","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of ясно","gloss":"to everyone"},{"surface":"ясно","lemma":"ясный","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular, used predicatively","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"clear"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of приехал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of приехал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"приехал","lemma":"приехать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of ясно","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отцу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"отцу","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приехал","gloss":"his father"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies за деньгами","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деньгами","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"деньгами","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of приехал","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking случае","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"всяком","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of случае","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"случае","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of даст","gloss":"case","note":"«во всяком случае» is a fixed idiom, 'in any case.'"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of даст","gloss":"his father"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of даст","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies даст","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"даст","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the потому что clause","gloss":"will give"}]},{"number":73,"label":"73","id":"c3-s73","source":"Пить вино и развратничать он не любит, а между тем старик и обойтись без него не может, до того ужились!»","translation":"He is not fond of drinking wine or of debauchery, and yet the old man cannot do without him — so well have the two of them hit it off!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"развратничать","title":"«развратничать» — to lead a dissolute life","body":"«развратничать» (from «разврат», debauchery) is an imperfective verb meaning to live loosely, to indulge in vice. The «-ничать» suffix forms verbs of habitual behavior; here it sums up exactly the life old Karamazov leads and Ivan does not."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"а между тем","title":"Contrastive «а» + «между тем»","body":"«а» is the gentle adversative 'and yet / whereas', and «между тем» (meanwhile, all the same) reinforces the turn: the son shuns vice, yet the old man can't do without him. This «а»-hinge is the constant pivot of Russian argument."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"обойтись без него не может","title":"«без» + genitive; negated modal","body":"«без» governs the genitive — «без него» (without him) — and «не может обойтись» means 'cannot do without'. The reflexive «обойтись» (to manage, make do) plus genitive complement is the idiomatic way to say one cannot dispense with someone."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"до того ужились!","title":"«до того ... !» — to such a degree","body":"«до того» (to such an extent) caps the exclamation: 'so well have they hit it off!' The perfective «ужились» (have grown to live together) with the exclamatory «до того» conveys astonished emphasis — the very point Miüsov keeps marveling at."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пить","lemma":"пить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of любит","gloss":"drinking"},{"surface":"вино","lemma":"вино","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of Пить","gloss":"wine"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"развратничать","lemma":"развратничать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Пить","gloss":"debauchery"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of любит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies любит","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"любит","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is fond of"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and yet"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тем (idiom)","gloss":"meanwhile"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase между тем","gloss":"while","note":"«между тем» is a fixed idiom meaning 'meanwhile'/'yet.'"},{"surface":"старик","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of может","gloss":"the old man"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies обойтись","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"обойтись","lemma":"обойтись","morphology":"verb, reflexive, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"do without"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обойтись","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies может","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"predicate coordinated with любит","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того (idiom)","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase до того","gloss":"such a degree","note":"«до того ... ужились» = 'they've gotten along so well.'"},{"surface":"ужились","lemma":"ужиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the до того clause","gloss":"have they gotten along"}]},{"number":74,"label":"74","id":"c3-s74","source":"Это была правда; молодой человек имел даже видимое влияние на старика; тот почти начал его иногда как будто слушаться, хотя был чрезвычайно и даже злобно подчас своенравен; даже вести себя начал иногда приличнее...","translation":"This was the truth; the young man even had a visible influence over the old man, who almost began at times as though to obey him, though he was exceedingly, and at times even spitefully, willful; he even began on occasion to behave more decently...","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"тот почти начал ... слушаться","title":"«тот» distinguishing the referents","body":"«тот» (that one) is used to pin reference on the father — the more remote of the two just mentioned — keeping 'the young man' and 'the old man' apart without repeating names. This is the demonstrative doing the topic-tracking that free word order requires."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"слушаться","title":"«слушаться» + genitive — to obey","body":"«слушаться» (to obey, heed) is a «-ся» verb that governs the genitive of the person obeyed (here «его» understood). Distinct from plain «слушать» (to listen to + accusative), the reflexive form specifically means submitting to someone's will."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"своенравен","title":"«своенравный» — willful, headstrong","body":"«своенравен» is the short form of «своенравный» (literally 'of one's own temper' — «свой» + «нрав»), meaning self-willed, capricious. The short form makes it a predicate: 'he was willful'; «злобно подчас» (at times spitefully) sharpens it into the old man's malice."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вести себя начал ... приличнее","title":"Comparative «приличнее»","body":"«приличнее» is the invariable predicative comparative of «приличный» (decent, proper): 'more decently'. Built with -ее, it stands as an adverb after «вести себя» (to behave) — the old man began conducting himself more properly."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of правда","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to правда","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"правда","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"the truth"},{"surface":"молодой","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of имел","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"имел","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies видимое","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"видимое","lemma":"видимый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies влияние","gloss":"visible"},{"surface":"влияние","lemma":"влияние","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of имел","gloss":"influence"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking старика","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"старика","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies влияние","gloss":"the old man"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of начал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начал","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the third clause","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of слушаться","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"иногда","lemma":"иногда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies слушаться","gloss":"at times"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как будто","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как будто","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"слушаться","lemma":"слушаться","morphology":"verb, reflexive, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начал","gloss":"to obey"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of своенравен","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to своенравен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"чрезвычайно","lemma":"чрезвычайно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies своенравен","gloss":"exceedingly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies злобно","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"злобно","lemma":"злобно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with чрезвычайно","gloss":"spitefully"},{"surface":"подчас","lemma":"подчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies своенравен","gloss":"at times"},{"surface":"своенравен","lemma":"своенравный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"willful"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вести","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"вести","lemma":"вести","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начал","gloss":"to behave","note":"«вести себя» is the fixed idiom for 'to behave.'"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"direct object of вести","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the fourth clause","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"иногда","lemma":"иногда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вести","gloss":"on occasion"},{"surface":"приличнее","lemma":"прилично","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies вести","gloss":"more decently"}]},{"number":75,"label":"75","id":"c3-s75","source":"Только впоследствии объяснилось, что Иван Федорович приезжал отчасти по просьбе и по делам своего старшего брата, Дмитрия Федоровича, которого в первый раз отроду узнал и увидал тоже почти в это же самое время, в этот самый приезд, но с которым, однако же, по одному важному случаю, касавшемуся более Дмитрия Федоровича, вступил еще до приезда своего из Москвы в переписку.","translation":"Only afterward did it come to light that Ivan Fyodorovitch had come partly at the request and on the affairs of his elder brother, Dmitri Fyodorovitch, whom he came to know and saw for the first time in his life at almost this very same period, on this very visit, but with whom, however, on a certain important matter that concerned Dmitri Fyodorovitch more nearly, he had entered into correspondence even before his arrival from Moscow.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"объяснилось, что","title":"Reflexive «объясниться» as impersonal 'it came to light'","body":"«объяснилось» (it became clear, came to light) is the «-ся» form used impersonally, with the «что»-clause as its real content. The middle voice removes any agent — the truth simply emerged — a favourite Dostoevskian way of letting facts surface on their own."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"которого ... узнал ... но с которым ... вступил ... в переписку","title":"Two «который»-clauses, two cases","body":"The same antecedent (the brother Dmitri) heads two relatives: «которого ... узнал» (accusative/genitive object, 'whom he came to know') and «с которым ... вступил в переписку» (instrumental after «с», 'with whom he entered correspondence'). Each takes the case its own clause demands."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"касавшемуся более Дмитрия Федоровича","title":"Past active participle «касавшийся»","body":"«касавшемуся» is the past active participle of «касаться» (to concern, touch upon), in the dative agreeing with «случаю». «касаться» governs the genitive — «касавшемуся ... Дмитрия Федоровича» (concerning Dmitri) — so the participle carries its genitive object with it."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"отроду","title":"«отроду» — in one's life, ever","body":"«отроду» (from «от роду», from birth) is an adverbial meaning 'in [his] whole life', usually with a negative or 'first time' sense: «в первый раз отроду узнал» — came to know for the first time in his life. A compact, slightly folksy fossil phrase."}],"words":[{"surface":"Только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies впоследствии","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"впоследствии","lemma":"впоследствии","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies объяснилось","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"объяснилось","lemma":"объясниться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came to light"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of приезжал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of приезжал","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovitch"},{"surface":"приезжал","lemma":"приезжать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of объяснилось","gloss":"had come"},{"surface":"отчасти","lemma":"отчасти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приезжал","gloss":"partly"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking просьбе","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"просьбе","lemma":"просьба","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приезжал","gloss":"the request"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking делам","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"делам","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated with просьбе","gloss":"the affairs"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of брата","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"старшего","lemma":"старший","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies брата","gloss":"elder"},{"surface":"брата","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies просьбе and делам","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"Дмитрия","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to брата","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федоровича","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрия","gloss":"Fyodorovitch"},{"surface":"которого","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of узнал","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"первый","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of узнал","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"отроду","lemma":"отроду","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies узнал","gloss":"in his life","note":"«отроду» is an archaic adverb meaning 'in one's whole life,' used with 'first time.'"},{"surface":"узнал","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on Дмитрия","gloss":"came to know"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"увидал","lemma":"увидать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with узнал","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies увидал","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies время","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking время","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies это","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"самое","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies время","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of увидал","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking приезд","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of приезд","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"самый","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies приезд","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"приезд","lemma":"приезд","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with время","gloss":"visit"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которым","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"которым","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вступил","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase однако же","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase однако же","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking случаю","gloss":"concerning"},{"surface":"одному","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, dative, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies случаю","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"важному","lemma":"важный","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies случаю","gloss":"important"},{"surface":"случаю","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вступил","gloss":"matter"},{"surface":"касавшемуся","lemma":"касаться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, dative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying случаю","gloss":"that concerned"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Дмитрия","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"Дмитрия","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of касавшемуся","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федоровича","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрия","gloss":"Fyodorovitch"},{"surface":"вступил","lemma":"вступить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with приезжал","gloss":"had entered"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приезда","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking приезда","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"приезда","lemma":"приезд","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вступил","gloss":"his arrival"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies приезда","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Москвы","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Москвы","lemma":"москва","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies приезда","gloss":"Moscow"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking переписку","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"переписку","lemma":"переписка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вступил","gloss":"correspondence"}]},{"number":76,"label":"76","id":"c3-s76","source":"Какое это было дело, читатель вполне узнает в свое время в подробности.","translation":"What that matter was, the reader will learn fully in due time and in detail.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Какое это было дело, читатель ... узнает","title":"Fronted clause as topic","body":"The whole indirect question «Какое это было дело» (what that matter was) is hauled to the front as topic, before the main clause names «читатель» (the reader) and the verb «узнает». Russian's information-structure lets the unanswered question hang first, the resolution promised after."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"узнает","title":"Perfective future «узнает»","body":"«узнает» is the perfective future of «узнать» (to find out): 'will learn'. The perfective promises a complete, eventual revelation — the narrator's recurring direct address to «читатель» (reader), deferring the full story to its proper time."}],"words":[{"surface":"Какое","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of дело","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of дело","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to дело","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"matter"},{"surface":"читатель","lemma":"читатель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of узнает","gloss":"the reader"},{"surface":"вполне","lemma":"вполне","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies узнает","gloss":"fully"},{"surface":"узнает","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"will learn"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking время","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"свое","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"due"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of узнает","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking подробности","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"подробности","lemma":"подробность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of узнает","gloss":"detail"}]},{"number":77,"label":"77","id":"c3-s77","source":"Тем не менее даже тогда, когда я уже знал и про это особенное обстоятельство, мне Иван Федорович всё казался загадочным, а приезд его к нам все-таки необъяснимым.","translation":"Nevertheless, even then, when I already knew about this particular circumstance too, Ivan Fyodorovitch still seemed enigmatic to me, and his arrival among us inexplicable all the same.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"даже тогда, когда я уже знал","title":"Correlative «тогда, когда»","body":"«тогда, когда» (then, when) is the temporal correlative: the main-clause «тогда» anchors the time that the «когда»-clause specifies — 'even then, when I already knew'. The imperfective «знал» marks a state of knowledge holding over that period."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"казался загадочным","title":"Instrumental predicate after «казаться»","body":"«казаться» (to seem) takes its predicate in the instrumental: «казался загадочным» — seemed enigmatic. Likewise the parallel «приезд ... необъяснимым» (the arrival inexplicable) leaves «казался» understood, both predicates in the instrumental of a seeming state."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"а приезд его ... все-таки необъяснимым","title":"Contrastive «а» and concessive «все-таки»","body":"«а» pivots from the man to his arrival, while «все-таки» (all the same, nonetheless) concedes the prior knowledge yet insists the mystery remained. Together they stage the narrator's lingering puzzlement against the facts he has just supplied."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase тем не менее","gloss":"nonetheless"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase тем не менее","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"менее","lemma":"менее","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase тем не менее","gloss":"less","note":"«тем не менее» is a fixed idiom for 'nevertheless.'"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тогда","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"correlative with когда-clause, modifies казался","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of знал","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знал","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on тогда","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies про","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обстоятельство","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of обстоятельство","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"особенное","lemma":"особенный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies обстоятельство","gloss":"particular"},{"surface":"обстоятельство","lemma":"обстоятельство","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of знал","gloss":"circumstance"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of казался","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of казался","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovitch"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies казался","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"казался","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seemed"},{"surface":"загадочным","lemma":"загадочный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of казался","gloss":"enigmatic"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"приезд","lemma":"приезд","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of необъяснимым","gloss":"arrival"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies приезд","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нам","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"modifies приезд","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase все-таки","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase все-таки","gloss":"the same","note":"«все-таки» is a fixed idiom, 'all the same' / 'nevertheless.'"},{"surface":"необъяснимым","lemma":"необъяснимый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with казался","gloss":"inexplicable"}]},{"number":78,"label":"78","id":"c3-s78","source":"Прибавлю еще, что Иван Федорович имел тогда вид посредника и примирителя между отцом и затеявшим тогда большую ссору и даже формальный иск на отца старшим братом своим, Дмитрием Федоровичем.","translation":"I will add further that Ivan Fyodorovitch had at that time the air of a mediator and peacemaker between his father and his elder brother, Dmitri Fyodorovitch, who had then started up a great quarrel and even a formal lawsuit against their father.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Прибавлю еще, что","title":"Perfective future «прибавлю»","body":"«Прибавлю» is the perfective future of «прибавить» (to add): 'I will add'. The narrator uses it performatively, announcing the very act of adding — a self-conscious chronicler gesture — followed by the reporting «что»-clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"затеявшим ... ссору и ... иск ... братом своим","title":"Past active participle bundling a long object","body":"«затеявшим» (who had started up) is a past active participle in the instrumental agreeing with «братом», and it gathers both objects «большую ссору ... и ... иск» (a great quarrel and a lawsuit). Russian packs the entire relative idea ahead of the noun where English unrolls a 'who had...' clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"братом своим","title":"Reflexive possessive «свой»","body":"«своим» (his own) is the reflexive possessive, pointing back to the clause's subject Ivan — his own brother. Using «его» instead would risk meaning someone else's brother; «свой» keeps the relation bound to the subject."}],"words":[{"surface":"Прибавлю","lemma":"прибавить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I will add"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Прибавлю","gloss":"further"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of имел","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of имел","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovitch"},{"surface":"имел","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of Прибавлю","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies имел","gloss":"at that time"},{"surface":"вид","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of имел","gloss":"the air"},{"surface":"посредника","lemma":"посредник","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вид","gloss":"of a mediator"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"примирителя","lemma":"примиритель","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with посредника","gloss":"peacemaker"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отцом and братом","gloss":"between"},{"surface":"отцом","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"object of между","gloss":"his father"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"затеявшим","lemma":"затеять","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, instrumental, perfective","role":"clause modifying братом","gloss":"who had started"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies затеявшим","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"большую","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ссору","gloss":"a great"},{"surface":"ссору","lemma":"ссора","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of затеявшим","gloss":"quarrel"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies формальный","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"формальный","lemma":"формальный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies иск","gloss":"formal"},{"surface":"иск","lemma":"иск","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with ссору, direct object of затеявшим","gloss":"lawsuit"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отца","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies иск","gloss":"their father"},{"surface":"старшим","lemma":"старший","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies братом","gloss":"elder"},{"surface":"братом","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with отцом, object of между","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"своим","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of братом","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"Дмитрием","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to братом","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федоровичем","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрием","gloss":"Fyodorovitch"}]},{"number":79,"label":"79","id":"c3-s79","source":"Семейка эта, повторяю, сошлась тогда вся вместе в первый раз в жизни, и некоторые члены ее в первый раз в жизни увидали друг друга.","translation":"This little family, I repeat, came together then all in one place for the first time in their lives, and some of its members saw one another for the first time in their lives.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Семейка эта","title":"«семейка» — the pejorative diminutive","body":"«семейка» is «семья» (family) with the suffix «-ка», here not affectionate but faintly contemptuous and ironic — 'this precious little family', 'this fine clan'. Such expressive diminutives let the narrator color his report with a wry distaste for the Karamazovs."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сошлась ... вся вместе","title":"Reflexive «сойтись» — to come together","body":"«сошлась» is the perfective past of «сойтись» (to gather, come together), with the «-ся» giving a reciprocal/collective sense: the family converged. The feminine «-сь/-лась» agrees with «семейка»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"увидали друг друга","title":"Reciprocal «друг друга»","body":"«друг друга» (one another) is the fixed reciprocal pronoun; only its second element declines for case (друг друга, друг другу, друг с другом). Here it is the accusative object of «увидали» — some members saw each other for the first time."}],"words":[{"surface":"Семейка","lemma":"семейка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of сошлась","gloss":"family"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of Семейка","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"повторяю","lemma":"повторять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"I repeat"},{"surface":"сошлась","lemma":"сойтись","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came together"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сошлась","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicative modifier of Семейка","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"вместе","lemma":"вместе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сошлась","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"первый","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сошлась","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизни","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"жизни","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"their lives"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"некоторые","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of члены","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"члены","lemma":"член","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of увидали","gloss":"members"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"possessive modifier of члены","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"первый","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of увидали","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизни","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"жизни","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"their lives"},{"surface":"увидали","lemma":"увидать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with сошлась","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"друг","lemma":"друг","morphology":"pronoun, reciprocal","role":"part of the reciprocal object друг друга","gloss":"each","note":"«друг друга» is the fixed reciprocal pronoun, 'each other.'"},{"surface":"друга","lemma":"друг","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reciprocal","role":"direct object of увидали, part of друг друга","gloss":"other"}]},{"number":80,"label":"80","id":"c3-s80","source":"Лишь один только младший сын, Алексей Федорович, уже с год пред тем как проживал у нас и попал к нам, таким образом, раньше всех братьев.","translation":"Only the youngest son, Alexey Fyodorovitch, had already been living among us for a year before that, and had thus come to us earlier than all his brothers.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Лишь один только младший сын","title":"Triple emphasis «лишь один только»","body":"«лишь», «один», and «только» all mean 'only/alone', stacked for emphasis: 'one single ... only'. The redundancy is rhetorical, isolating Alyosha as the sole exception — he alone had come earlier."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"уже с год пред тем как проживал","title":"Archaic «пред тем как» + durative imperfective","body":"«пред» is the bookish, shortened «перед» (before), and «пред тем как» means 'before [the time] that'. The imperfective «проживал» (had been living) marks the ongoing year-long residence, and «с год» means 'for about a year'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"попал к нам","title":"«попасть» — to end up, land somewhere","body":"«попал» (perfective of «попасть») means to get to, land in, end up at a place, often by chance or circumstance: «попал к нам ... раньше всех» — came to be among us before everyone. It quietly suggests Alyosha's arrival was less deliberate than fated."}],"words":[{"surface":"Лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies один","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies сын","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies младший","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"младший","lemma":"младший","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сын","gloss":"youngest"},{"surface":"сын","lemma":"сын","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"алексей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to сын","gloss":"Alexey"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Алексей","gloss":"Fyodorovitch"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проживал","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking год","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"год","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of с","gloss":"a year"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"перед","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase пред тем как","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase пред тем как","gloss":"that","note":"«пред тем как» = 'before,' introducing the проживал clause."},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of проживал","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"проживал","lemma":"проживать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying тем","gloss":"had been living"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of проживал","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"попал","lemma":"попасть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with проживал","gloss":"had come"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нам","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"oblique complement of попал","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"таким","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase таким образом","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"образом","lemma":"образ","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies попал (idiom 'таким образом')","gloss":"thus","note":"«таким образом» is a fixed idiom, 'thus/in this way.'"},{"surface":"раньше","lemma":"раньше","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies попал","gloss":"earlier"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of братьев","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"братьев","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of раньше","gloss":"his brothers"}]},{"number":81,"label":"81","id":"c3-s81","source":"Вот про этого-то Алексея мне всего труднее говорить теперешним моим предисловным рассказом прежде чем вывести его на сцену в романе.","translation":"It is precisely about this Alexey that I find it hardest of all to speak in this present prefatory account of mine, before bringing him onto the stage of the novel.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"про этого-то Алексея","title":"Emphatic «-то» + colloquial «про»","body":"The clitic «-то» on «этого» singles Alyosha out — 'it is precisely about this Alexey'. «про» (+ accusative) is the colloquial 'about', warmer and more conversational than «о», fitting the narrator's intimate confiding tone."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"мне всего труднее говорить","title":"Dative subject with superlative «всего труднее»","body":"Impersonal again: the experiencer «мне» (to me) in the dative, with «труднее» (harder) the predicative comparative and «всего» (of all) turning it into a superlative — 'hardest of all for me to speak'. No nominative subject; the difficulty is something felt."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"предисловным рассказом","title":"«предисловный» — prefatory","body":"«предисловный» (adjective from «предисловие», preface) means prefatory, introductory — «предисловным рассказом» in the instrumental, 'by means of this prefatory account'. The narrator keeps flagging that we are still in the threshold material before the novel proper."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker introducing the clause","gloss":"it is"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этого","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of про","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, emphatic","role":"emphatic particle attached to этого","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"Алексея","lemma":"алексей","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to этого, object of про","gloss":"Alexey"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"experiencer of труднее","gloss":"for me"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"весь","morphology":"particle, intensifying comparative","role":"modifies труднее","gloss":"of all"},{"surface":"труднее","lemma":"трудный","morphology":"adjective, comparative, used predicatively","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"hardest"},{"surface":"говорить","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on труднее","gloss":"to speak"},{"surface":"теперешним","lemma":"теперешний","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies рассказом","gloss":"present"},{"surface":"моим","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of рассказом","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"предисловным","lemma":"предисловный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies рассказом","gloss":"prefatory"},{"surface":"рассказом","lemma":"рассказ","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорить","gloss":"account"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase прежде чем","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase прежде чем","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"вывести","lemma":"вывести","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on говорить","gloss":"bringing"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of вывести","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сцену","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"сцену","lemma":"сцена","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вывести","gloss":"the stage"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking романе","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"романе","lemma":"роман","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сцену","gloss":"the novel"}]},{"number":82,"label":"82","id":"c3-s82","source":"Но придется и про него написать предисловие, по крайней мере чтобы разъяснить предварительно один очень странный пункт, именно: будущего героя моего я принужден представить читателям с первой сцены его романа в ряске послушника.","translation":"But a preface will have to be written about him as well, if only to explain beforehand one very strange point — namely: I am compelled to present my future hero to the reader, from the very first scene of his novel, in the cassock of a novice.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"придется ... написать предисловие","title":"Impersonal «придётся» + infinitive","body":"«придётся» (it will fall to one, one will have to) is an impersonal future from «прийтись», taking a dative experiencer (here implied 'to me') and an infinitive «написать». It expresses an obligation imposed by circumstance rather than chosen."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы разъяснить","title":"Purpose clause with «чтобы»","body":"«чтобы» + infinitive marks purpose: 'in order to explain'. When the subject is the same as the main clause, «чтобы» takes a bare infinitive («разъяснить»); with a different subject it would take a past-form irrealis. Here it states why the preface is needed."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я принужден представить","title":"Short passive participle «принуждён»","body":"«принужден» is the short-form past passive participle of «принудить» (to compel): 'I am compelled'. The short passive participle plus an infinitive is the standard way to say one is forced/obliged to do something — formal and weighty here."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"придется","lemma":"прийтись","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will have to"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies него, adds emphasis","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of написать","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"написать","lemma":"написать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on придется","gloss":"to write"},{"surface":"предисловие","lemma":"предисловие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of написать","gloss":"a preface"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition forming the idiom по крайней мере","gloss":"at least","note":"по крайней мере is a fixed idiom meaning 'at least'."},{"surface":"крайней","lemma":"крайний","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the idiom по крайней мере","gloss":"least"},{"surface":"мере","lemma":"мера","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the idiom по крайней мере","gloss":"measure"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause of разъяснить","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"разъяснить","lemma":"разъяснить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with написать","gloss":"to clarify"},{"surface":"предварительно","lemma":"предварительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies разъяснить","gloss":"beforehand"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"quantifies пункт","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies странный","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"странный","lemma":"странный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пункт","gloss":"strange"},{"surface":"пункт","lemma":"пункт","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of разъяснить","gloss":"point"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies будущего героя моего, introduces the specification","gloss":"namely"},{"surface":"будущего","lemma":"будущий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies героя","gloss":"future"},{"surface":"героя","lemma":"герой","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of представить","gloss":"hero"},{"surface":"моего","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of героя","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of принужден","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"принужден","lemma":"принудить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of the clause, parallel to придется","gloss":"am compelled"},{"surface":"представить","lemma":"представить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of принужден","gloss":"to present"},{"surface":"читателям","lemma":"читатель","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"indirect object of представить","gloss":"to readers"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сцены","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"первой","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies сцены","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"сцены","lemma":"сцена","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of представить","gloss":"scene"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of романа","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"романа","lemma":"роман","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сцены","gloss":"novel"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ряске","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ряске","lemma":"ряса","morphology":"noun, prepositional, feminine, singular","role":"modifies сцены","gloss":"cassock"},{"surface":"послушника","lemma":"послушник","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ряске","gloss":"novice"}]},{"number":83,"label":"83","id":"c3-s83","source":"Да, уже с год как проживал он тогда в нашем монастыре и, казалось, на всю жизнь готовился в нем затвориться.","translation":"Yes, he had by then been living for a year in our monastery and seemed to be preparing to shut himself up in it for the whole of his life.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"уже с год как проживал он","title":"Durative imperfective for a year's residence","body":"«проживал» (imperfective past of «проживать», to reside) with «уже с год как» (already for about a year) describes an ongoing state stretching back — he had been living there a year. The imperfective is the natural choice for such continuous background."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"готовился ... затвориться","title":"Imperfective «готовился» + perfective infinitive «затвориться»","body":"The aspect pair tells the story: imperfective «готовился» (was preparing — an ongoing process) governs the perfective infinitive «затвориться» (to shut oneself away — the single intended outcome). Process aiming at a completed result, the two aspects working in tandem."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse particle introducing the sentence","gloss":"Yes"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies год","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking approximative год","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"год","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of проживал","gloss":"a year"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of проживал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"проживал","lemma":"проживать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the first coordinate clause, coordinated with готовился","gloss":"had been living"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проживал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проживал","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking монастыре","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нашем","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of монастыре","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"монастыре","lemma":"монастырь","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of проживал","gloss":"monastery"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"казалось","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical modifying готовился","gloss":"it seemed"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизнь","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of готовился","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"готовился","lemma":"готовиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was preparing"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of затвориться","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"затвориться","lemma":"затвориться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of готовился","gloss":"to shut himself up"}]}]}