{"work":{"slug":"karamazov","title":{"source":"Братья Карамазовы","translated":"The Brothers Karamazov"},"author":"Fyodor Dostoevsky","language":"Russian","languageCode":"ru","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov"},"unit":{"kind":"chapter","number":null,"id":"third-son-alyosha","title":{"source":"IV. Третий сын Алёша","translated":"IV. The Third Son, Alyosha"},"section":"Book One: The History of a Family","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/third-son-alyosha","lines":151},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/second-marriage","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/elders","license":"Source text: public domain (Fyodor Dostoevsky, d. 1881; Russian from the Nauka academic edition via ru.wikisource). English translation: original, © 1732 Studios (2026); rendered freshly from the public-domain Russian, not derived from any prior English translation. Sentence-aligned by 1732 Studios.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"c4-s1","source":"Было ему тогда всего двадцать лет (брату его Ивану шел тогда двадцать четвертый год, а старшему их брату, Дмитрию, — двадцать восьмой).","translation":"He was only twenty years old at the time (his brother Ivan was then in his twenty-fourth year, and the eldest of them, Dmitri, in his twenty-eighth).","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Было ему тогда всего двадцать лет","title":"Dative of age, no nominative subject","body":"Russian states age impersonally: the person is in the dative («ему», to him) and there is no nominative subject — literally \"to him there-was then in-all twenty years.\" The same pattern returns in «брату его Ивану шёл… двадцать четвёртый год»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"шёл тогда двадцать четвёртый год","title":"\"The 24th year was going\" — ordinals for age","body":"To say someone is in his twenty-fourth year, Russian makes the ordinal year the subject of «идти» (to go): «шёл двадцать четвёртый год» — the year \"was running.\" This is why the translation reads \"was in his twenty-fourth year,\" i.e. twenty-three years complete."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"двадцать лет … двадцать четвёртый год … двадцать восьмой","title":"Genitive plural after the numeral","body":"After «двадцать» (twenty) and all numbers from five up, the counted noun stands in the genitive plural — hence «двадцать лет» (twenty of-years), with the suppletive plural «лет» (from «лето»). The ordinals «двадцать четвёртый / двадцать восьмой» instead agree like adjectives with the understood «год»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to лет","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"dative experiencer of Было","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Было","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всего","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies двадцать","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"двадцать","lemma":"двадцать","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on лет","gloss":"twenty"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"head of the phrase, predicate complement of Было","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"брату","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of шел","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Ивану","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"Ивану","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to брату","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"шел","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the parenthetical clause","gloss":"was turning"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies шел","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"двадцать","lemma":"двадцать","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on год","gloss":"twenty"},{"surface":"четвертый","lemma":"четвёртый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies год","gloss":"fourth"},{"surface":"год","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of шел","gloss":"year"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"старшему","lemma":"старший","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies брату","gloss":"eldest"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of брату","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"брату","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of elided шел, parallel to w7","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"Дмитрию","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to брату","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"двадцать","lemma":"двадцать","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on восьмой","gloss":"twenty"},{"surface":"восьмой","lemma":"восьмой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"elliptical subject parallel to год (w14)","gloss":"eighth"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"c4-s2","source":"Прежде всего объявляю, что этот юноша, Алеша, был вовсе не фанатик и, по-моему, по крайней мере, даже и не мистик вовсе.","translation":"First of all, I declare that this youth, Alyosha, was not in the least a fanatic, and—at least to my mind—not even a mystic at all.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"объявляю, что этот юноша … был вовсе не фанатик","title":"The narrator's present \"I declare\" + reported clause","body":"«объявляю» is the present tense of imperfective «объявлять» — the chatty, button-holing narrator addressing us directly. «что» then opens a subordinate clause of reported fact, set off by a comma as Russian always requires."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вовсе не … даже и не … вовсе","title":"Stacked negation for emphasis","body":"«не» is the plain negator (\"not a fanatic\"), here reinforced by intensifiers «вовсе» (\"at all\") and «даже и» (\"not even\"). Russian piles such particles around «не» to weight the denial — \"not in the least… not even… at all.\""},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"по-моему, по крайней мере","title":"Conversational hedges","body":"«по-моему» means \"to my mind, in my opinion\" and «по крайней мере» \"at least.\" The narrator tucks them in to soften his claim, a hallmark of the intimate, self-qualifying voice Dostoevsky gives him."}],"words":[{"surface":"Прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies объявляю","gloss":"First"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всего","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom прежде всего","gloss":"of all"},{"surface":"объявляю","lemma":"объявлять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I declare"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of фанатик","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of юноша","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"юноша","lemma":"юноша","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of фанатик","gloss":"youth"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to юноша","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to фанатик","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не, intensifying the negation","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies фанатик","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"фанатик","lemma":"фанатик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был, clausal complement of объявляю","gloss":"a fanatic"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom по-моему","gloss":"in my opinion","note":"по-моему is a fixed idiom meaning 'in my opinion'."},{"surface":"моему","lemma":"мой","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom по-моему","gloss":"opinion"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom по крайней мере","gloss":"at least","note":"по крайней мере is a fixed idiom meaning 'at least'."},{"surface":"крайней","lemma":"крайний","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the idiom по крайней мере","gloss":"least"},{"surface":"мере","lemma":"мера","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the idiom по крайней мере","gloss":"measure"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мистик","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мистик, adds emphasis with даже","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мистик","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мистик","lemma":"мистик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with фанатик","gloss":"a mystic"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мистик","gloss":"at all"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"c4-s3","source":"Заранее скажу мое полное мнение: был он просто ранний человеколюбец, и если ударился на монастырскую дорогу, то потому только, что в то время она одна поразила его и представила ему, так сказать, идеал исхода рвавшейся из мрака мирской злобы к свету любви души его.","translation":"Let me give my full opinion in advance: he was simply an early lover of mankind, and if he set out upon the monastery road, it was only because at that time it alone struck him and held up for him, so to speak, the ideal of a way out for his soul, which was straining out of the darkness of worldly malice toward the light of love.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"если ударился … то потому только, что","title":"\"If… then only because\" correlative","body":"«если… то…» pairs the conditional «если» with the resumptive «то» (\"then\"), and «потому только, что» (\"only because\") opens the causal clause. The perfective past «ударился» frames setting out on the road as a single decisive act."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ударился на монастырскую дорогу","title":"«удариться» — to throw oneself headlong","body":"Literally \"struck himself onto the monastery road,\" the reflexive «удариться» here means to plunge or dash into something with sudden abandon. The idiom paints Alyosha's turn to the monastery as impulsive momentum, not calculation."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"человеколюбец","title":"«человеколюбец» — lover of mankind","body":"A compound of «человек» (man) + «любить» (to love), \"a lover of humanity\" — a bookish, faintly ecclesiastical word (Christ is «Человеколюбец» in the liturgy). Calling Alyosha an \"early\" one frames his faith as innate charity rather than doctrine."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"рвавшейся из мрака мирской злобы к свету любви души его","title":"Participial chain hung on \"his soul\"","body":"The whole phrase modifies «души его» (genitive, \"of his soul\"): «рвавшейся» is a past active participle of reflexive «рваться» (to strain, tear oneself) in the feminine genitive, agreeing with «души». Such a dense pre-posed participial cluster is classic 19th-century literary syntax, condensing a whole который-clause into a single bookish modifier."}],"words":[{"surface":"Заранее","lemma":"заранее","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies скажу","gloss":"In advance"},{"surface":"скажу","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I will say"},{"surface":"мое","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of мнение","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"полное","lemma":"полный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies мнение","gloss":"full"},{"surface":"мнение","lemma":"мнение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of скажу","gloss":"opinion"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to человеколюбец","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of человеколюбец","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"просто","lemma":"просто","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ранний","gloss":"simply"},{"surface":"ранний","lemma":"ранний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человеколюбец","gloss":"early"},{"surface":"человеколюбец","lemma":"человеколюбец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"lover of mankind"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ударился","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"ударился","lemma":"удариться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the если-clause","gloss":"he set out"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дорогу","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"монастырскую","lemma":"монастырский","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies дорогу","gloss":"monastery"},{"surface":"дорогу","lemma":"дорога","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ударился","gloss":"road"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"correlative introducing the apodosis","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"correlates with the что-clause","gloss":"for the reason"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of поразила","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking время","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of поразила","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of поразила","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"одна","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies она","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"поразила","lemma":"поразить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of поразила","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"представила","lemma":"представить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with поразила","gloss":"presented"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of представила","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказать","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"parenthetical idiom так сказать, modifying представила","gloss":"to speak"},{"surface":"идеал","lemma":"идеал","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of представила","gloss":"ideal"},{"surface":"исхода","lemma":"исход","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies идеал","gloss":"way out"},{"surface":"рвавшейся","lemma":"рваться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, genitive, imperfective","role":"clause modifying злобы","gloss":"straining"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мрака","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"мрака","lemma":"мрак","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of рвавшейся","gloss":"darkness"},{"surface":"мирской","lemma":"мирской","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies злобы","gloss":"worldly"},{"surface":"злобы","lemma":"злоба","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies исхода","gloss":"malice"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking свету","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"свету","lemma":"свет","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of рвавшейся","gloss":"light"},{"surface":"любви","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies свету","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"души","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies любви","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of души","gloss":"his"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"c4-s4","source":"И поразила-то его эта дорога лишь потому, что на ней он встретил тогда необыкновенное, по его мнению, существо — нашего знаменитого монастырского старца Зосиму, к которому привязался всею горячею первою любовью своего неутолимого сердца.","translation":"And this road struck him only because along it he met, just then, a being who was in his eyes extraordinary—our celebrated monastery elder Zosima, to whom he attached himself with all the ardent first love of his insatiable heart.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"поразила-то его эта дорога","title":"The emphatic clitic «-то»","body":"Here «-то» is not the indefinite suffix but the emphatic clitic attached to the verb, underlining the known topic: \"and as for striking him, this road did so only because…\". It throws weight onto «поразила», a flavour English carries only by stress."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"к которому привязался всею горячею первою любовью","title":"«который» in the dative + instrumental of manner","body":"The relative «к которому» takes the dative governed by «к» and the verb «привязаться к» (to become attached to). «всею горячею первою любовью» is instrumental of manner (\"with all his ardent first love\"); the long instrumental endings «-ею/-ою» are the older, bookish variant of «-ей/-ой»."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"поразила","lemma":"поразить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to поразила","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of поразила","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of дорога","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"дорога","lemma":"дорога","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of поразила","gloss":"road"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies потому","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поразила","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of встретил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of встретил","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of встретил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"встретил","lemma":"встретить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"met"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies встретил","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"необыкновенное","lemma":"необыкновенный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies существо","gloss":"extraordinary"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom по его мнению","gloss":"in","note":"по ... мнению is the idiom 'in his opinion'."},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of мнению","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"мнению","lemma":"мнение","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"parenthetical, part of the idiom по его мнению","gloss":"opinion"},{"surface":"существо","lemma":"существо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of встретил","gloss":"a being"},{"surface":"нашего","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of старца","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"знаменитого","lemma":"знаменитый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies старца","gloss":"celebrated"},{"surface":"монастырского","lemma":"монастырский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies старца","gloss":"monastery"},{"surface":"старца","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to существо","gloss":"elder"},{"surface":"Зосиму","lemma":"зосима","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to старца","gloss":"Zosima"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которому","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"которому","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of привязался","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"привязался","lemma":"привязаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on старца","gloss":"became attached"},{"surface":"всею","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of любовью","gloss":"with all"},{"surface":"горячею","lemma":"горячий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies любовью","gloss":"ardent"},{"surface":"первою","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies любовью","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"любовью","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of привязался","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of сердца","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"неутолимого","lemma":"неутолимый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies сердца","gloss":"insatiable"},{"surface":"сердца","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies любовью","gloss":"heart"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"c4-s5","source":"Впрочем, я не спорю, что был он и тогда уже очень странен, начав даже с колыбели.","translation":"I will not dispute, however, that even then he was already very strange—and had been so from the cradle on.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"начав даже с колыбели","title":"Perfective past gerund «начав»","body":"«начав» is the perfective past gerund (деепричастие) of «начать» — \"having begun.\" It hangs an attendant clause on the main subject (Alyosha): he was strange, \"having begun so even from the cradle.\" The form in «-в» marks a prior, completed action."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Впрочем","title":"«впрочем» — \"however, then again\"","body":"A favourite discourse hinge of the garrulous narrator, «впрочем» qualifies or partly retracts what was just said (\"however / but then again\"). It signals the self-correcting, conversational drift of Dostoevsky's storyteller."}],"words":[{"surface":"Впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse adverb modifying спорю","gloss":"However"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of спорю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies спорю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"спорю","lemma":"спорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I dispute"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of странен","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to странен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of странен","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тогда, adds emphasis","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies странен","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies очень","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies странен","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"странен","lemma":"странный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective of the что-clause","gloss":"strange"},{"surface":"начав","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on странен","gloss":"having begun"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies колыбели","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking колыбели","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"колыбели","lemma":"колыбель","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of начав","gloss":"the cradle"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"c4-s6","source":"Кстати, я уже упоминал про него, что, оставшись после матери всего лишь по четвертому году, он запомнил ее потом на всю жизнь, ее лицо, ее ласки, «точно как будто она стоит предо мной живая».","translation":"By the way, I have already mentioned of him that, having lost his mother when he was barely in his fourth year, he remembered her ever afterward for the whole of his life—her face, her caresses—\"exactly as if she were standing before me alive.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"оставшись после матери всего лишь по четвёртому году","title":"Past gerund + \"in his fourth year\"","body":"«оставшись» is the perfective past gerund of «остаться» (to be left, remain) — \"having been left [motherless].\" «по четвёртому году» uses «по» with the dative of an ordinal to mean \"in his fourth year,\" i.e. not yet four."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"запомнил … на всю жизнь, … её ласки","title":"Perfective «запомнил» — fixed in memory","body":"Perfective «запомнить» means to retain something fixedly in memory (a single resultative event), against imperfective «помнить», to go on remembering. The objects «лицо, ласки» stand in the accusative as what was remembered."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ласки","title":"«ласки» — caresses, tendernesses","body":"«ласка» is a caress, a show of tenderness or affection; the plural «ласки» gathers a mother's loving gestures. The word is warm and intimate, set deliberately against the \"hysterics\" that will fill the remembered scene."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"точно как будто она стоит предо мной живая","title":"«точно как будто» + the bookish «предо»","body":"«точно как будто» heaps two comparatives (\"exactly\" + \"as if\") for vividness. «предо мной» is the archaic/euphonic form of «передо мной» (before me); «живая» is a predicative long adjective in the feminine, \"alive.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Кстати","lemma":"кстати","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse adverb modifying упоминал","gloss":"By the way"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of упоминал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies упоминал","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"упоминал","lemma":"упоминать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have mentioned"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of упоминал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of запомнил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"оставшись","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on запомнил","gloss":"having been left"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking матери","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"матери","lemma":"мать","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of оставшись","gloss":"his mother"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всего","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies лишь","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies году","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking году","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"четвертому","lemma":"четвёртый","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies году","gloss":"fourth"},{"surface":"году","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of оставшись","gloss":"year"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of запомнил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"запомнил","lemma":"запомнить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of упоминал","gloss":"remembered"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of запомнил","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies запомнил","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизнь","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of запомнил","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of лицо","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"in apposition to ее (w18), direct object of запомнил","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ласки","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"ласки","lemma":"ласка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"in apposition to ее (w18), direct object of запомнил","gloss":"caresses"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стоит, part of the idiom точно как будто","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of стоит","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom как будто","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of стоит","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"стоит","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on запомнил","gloss":"were standing"},{"surface":"предо","lemma":"перед","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мной","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"мной","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of предо","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"живая","lemma":"живой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate adjunct modifying она","gloss":"alive"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"c4-s7","source":"Такие воспоминания могут запоминаться (и это всем известно) даже и из более раннего возраста, даже с двухлетнего, но лишь выступая всю жизнь как бы светлыми точками из мрака, как бы вырванным уголком из огромной картины, которая вся погасла и исчезла, кроме этого только уголочка.","translation":"Such memories can be retained (and everyone knows this) even from a still earlier age, even from the age of two, but only as if surfacing throughout one's whole life like points of light out of the darkness, like a corner torn from an enormous picture that has all faded and vanished save for this one little corner alone.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"могут запоминаться","title":"Reflexive «-ся» as middle/passive","body":"«запоминаться» is the «-ся» form of «запоминать»: the memories \"get retained\" of themselves — a middle/passive reading where the thing remembered becomes the grammatical subject. Russian prefers this to a personal \"one remembers.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы светлыми точками … как бы вырванным уголком","title":"Instrumental of manner under «как бы»","body":"«светлыми точками» and «вырванным уголком» are instrumentals expressing the manner of surfacing (\"as if as points of light… as a torn corner\"). «вырванным» is a past passive participle (\"torn out\"); «как бы» (\"as it were\") flags the image as figurative."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"которая вся погасла и исчезла, кроме этого только уголочка","title":"Relative clause + genitive after «кроме»","body":"«которая» (fem.) refers back to «картины», the picture that \"faded and vanished\"; both verbs are perfective past, single completed events. «кроме» (except) governs the genitive «этого… уголочка», and «уголочка» is itself a double diminutive of «угол» (corner)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"уголочек","title":"«уголочек» — a tender double diminutive","body":"From «угол» (corner) → «уголок» → «уголочек»: a doubly-diminished \"little corner.\" The caressing suffix matches the fragile, precious scrap of memory the narrator is describing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Такие","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of воспоминания","gloss":"Such"},{"surface":"воспоминания","lemma":"воспоминание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of могут","gloss":"memories"},{"surface":"могут","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"запоминаться","lemma":"запоминаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of могут","gloss":"be retained"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of известно","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of известно","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"известно","lemma":"известный","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"known"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies возраста","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination, adds emphasis with даже","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking возраста","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раннего","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"раннего","lemma":"ранний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies возраста","gloss":"early"},{"surface":"возраста","lemma":"возраст","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of запоминаться","gloss":"age"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies двухлетнего","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking двухлетнего","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"двухлетнего","lemma":"двухлетний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"elliptical noun phrase, coordinated with возраста (w14)","gloss":"two-year-old"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies выступая","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"выступая","lemma":"выступать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause modifying запоминаться","gloss":"surfacing"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial accusative of duration modifying выступая","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies точками, part of the idiom как бы","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom как бы","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"светлыми","lemma":"светлый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies точками","gloss":"bright"},{"surface":"точками","lemma":"точка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of выступая","gloss":"points"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мрака","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"мрака","lemma":"мрак","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies точками","gloss":"darkness"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уголком, part of the idiom как бы","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom как бы","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"вырванным","lemma":"вырванный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies уголком","gloss":"torn out"},{"surface":"уголком","lemma":"уголок","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выступая","gloss":"corner"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking картины","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"огромной","lemma":"огромный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies картины","gloss":"enormous"},{"surface":"картины","lemma":"картина","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies уголком","gloss":"picture"},{"surface":"которая","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of погасла","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"intensifier modifying которая","gloss":"entirely"},{"surface":"погасла","lemma":"погаснуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on картины","gloss":"faded"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"исчезла","lemma":"исчезнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with погасла","gloss":"vanished"},{"surface":"кроме","lemma":"кроме","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этого","gloss":"except"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of исчезла","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies уголочка","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"уголочка","lemma":"уголочек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to этого, object of кроме","gloss":"little corner"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"c4-s8","source":"Так точно было и с ним: он запомнил один вечер, летний, тихий, отворенное окно, косые лучи заходящего солнца (косые-то лучи и запомнились всего более), в комнате в углу образ, пред ним зажженную лампадку, а пред образом на коленях рыдающую как в истерике, со взвизгиваниями и вскрикиваниями, мать свою, схватившую его в обе руки, обнявшую его крепко до боли и молящую за него богородицу, протягивающую его из объятий своих обеими руками к образу как бы под покров богородице… и вдруг вбегает нянька и вырывает его у нее в испуге.","translation":"So it was precisely with him: he remembered one evening, a summer one, quiet, an open window, the slanting rays of the setting sun (it was the slanting rays above all that stayed with him), an icon in the corner of the room, a lamp lit before it, and before the icon, on her knees, his mother, sobbing as if in hysterics, with shrieks and cries, who had snatched him up in both arms, hugging him so hard it hurt, and praying for him to the Mother of God, holding him out of her embrace with both hands toward the icon as if to place him under the protection of the Mother of God… when suddenly the nurse runs in and tears him away from her in fright.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"рыдающую … схватившую … обнявшую … молящую … протягивающую","title":"A cascade of participles all on «мать»","body":"Five participles in the feminine accusative all agree with «мать свою» (his mother), the object of «запомнил»: present active «рыдающую, молящую, протягивающую» (sobbing, praying, holding out) and past active «схватившую, обнявшую» (having snatched, having embraced). This towering participial chain is the engine of Dostoevsky's single-breath sentence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"и вдруг вбегает нянька и вырывает его","title":"Sudden shift to the historic present","body":"After a long past-tense memory, Dostoevsky switches to the imperfective present «вбегает… вырывает» (runs in… tears away). This \"historic present\" makes the remembered instant flash into immediacy — a deliberate jolt of tense."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"со взвизгиваниями и вскрикиваниями","title":"Frequentative noise-nouns","body":"«взвизгивание» (shrill little shrieks) and «вскрикивание» (sudden cries) are verbal nouns built on iterative verbs; the plurals convey repeated, broken outbursts. The thick consonant clusters mimic the hysterical sound itself."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies точно","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies было","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (impersonal 'it was')","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies с ним (too/also)","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of запомнил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"запомнил","lemma":"запомнить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause after the colon","gloss":"remembered"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"quantifies вечер","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"вечер","lemma":"вечер","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of запомнил","gloss":"evening"},{"surface":"летний","lemma":"летний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вечер, in apposition","gloss":"a summer one"},{"surface":"тихий","lemma":"тихий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вечер, in apposition","gloss":"quiet"},{"surface":"отворенное","lemma":"отворить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, accusative, perfective","role":"modifies окно","gloss":"open"},{"surface":"окно","lemma":"окно","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"listed object coordinate with вечер (object of запомнил)","gloss":"window"},{"surface":"косые","lemma":"косой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies лучи","gloss":"slanting"},{"surface":"лучи","lemma":"луч","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"listed object coordinate with вечер (object of запомнил)","gloss":"rays"},{"surface":"заходящего","lemma":"заходить","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, neuter, singular, genitive, imperfective","role":"modifies солнца","gloss":"setting"},{"surface":"солнца","lemma":"солнце","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies лучи","gloss":"sun"},{"surface":"косые","lemma":"косой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies лучи (w21)","gloss":"slanting"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to косые","gloss":"indeed","note":"-то here is an emphatic enclitic ('it was the slanting rays'), not a determiner."},{"surface":"лучи","lemma":"луч","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of запомнились","gloss":"rays"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies запомнились (emphatic)","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"запомнились","lemma":"запомниться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the parenthetical clause","gloss":"stayed with him"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всего","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies более","gloss":"of all"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies запомнились","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнате","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"комнате","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"locates образ","gloss":"the room"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking углу","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"углу","lemma":"угол","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"further locates образ, coordinate with комнате","gloss":"the corner"},{"surface":"образ","lemma":"образ","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"listed object coordinate with вечер (object of запомнил)","gloss":"an icon"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"locates лампадку (before it, the icon)","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"зажженную","lemma":"зажечь","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, accusative, perfective","role":"modifies лампадку","gloss":"lit"},{"surface":"лампадку","lemma":"лампадка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"listed object coordinate with вечер (object of запомнил)","gloss":"a lamp"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking образом","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"образом","lemma":"образ","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of рыдающую","gloss":"the icon"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking коленях","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"коленях","lemma":"колено","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of рыдающую","gloss":"her knees"},{"surface":"рыдающую","lemma":"рыдать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, feminine, singular, accusative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying мать","gloss":"sobbing"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces как в истерике (as if in hysterics)","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking истерике","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"истерике","lemma":"истерика","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of рыдающую","gloss":"hysterics"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking взвизгиваниями","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"взвизгиваниями","lemma":"взвизгивание","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of рыдающую (manner), coordinate with как в истерике","gloss":"shrieks"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вскрикиваниями","lemma":"вскрикивание","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated with взвизгиваниями","gloss":"cries"},{"surface":"мать","lemma":"мать","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"listed object coordinate with вечер (object of запомнил)","gloss":"his mother"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of мать","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"схватившую","lemma":"схватить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, accusative, perfective","role":"clause modifying мать","gloss":"having snatched"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of схватившую","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руки","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"обе","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine","role":"modifies руки","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of схватившую","gloss":"arms"},{"surface":"обнявшую","lemma":"обнять","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, accusative, perfective","role":"clause modifying мать, coordinated with схватившую","gloss":"hugging"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of обнявшую","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"крепко","lemma":"крепко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обнявшую","gloss":"tightly"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking боли","gloss":"to the point of"},{"surface":"боли","lemma":"боль","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обнявшую","gloss":"pain"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"молящую","lemma":"молить","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, feminine, singular, accusative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying мать, coordinated with обнявшую","gloss":"praying"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of молящую","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"богородицу","lemma":"богородица","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of молящую","gloss":"the Mother of God"},{"surface":"протягивающую","lemma":"протягивать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, feminine, singular, accusative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying мать, coordinated with молящую","gloss":"holding out"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of протягивающую","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking объятий","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"объятий","lemma":"объятие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of протягивающую","gloss":"embrace"},{"surface":"своих","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of объятий","gloss":"her own"},{"surface":"обеими","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, instrumental, feminine","role":"modifies руками","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"руками","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of протягивающую (manner)","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking образу","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"образу","lemma":"образ","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of протягивающую","gloss":"the icon"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase как бы (as if), introduces под покров богородице","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking покров","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"покров","lemma":"покров","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of протягивающую","gloss":"the protection"},{"surface":"богородице","lemma":"богородица","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"dative modifying покров (protection of the Mother of God)","gloss":"of the Mother of God"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вбегает","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"вбегает","lemma":"вбегать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"runs in"},{"surface":"нянька","lemma":"нянька","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of вбегает and вырывает","gloss":"the nurse"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вырывает","lemma":"вырывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with вбегает","gloss":"snatches away"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of вырывает","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вырывает","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking испуге","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"испуге","lemma":"испуг","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вырывает","gloss":"fright"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"c4-s9","source":"Вот картина!","translation":"There's a picture for you!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вот картина!","title":"Presentative «вот» as exclamation","body":"«вот» points and presents (\"here is / there's\"); with no verb and an exclamation mark it becomes the narrator's own outburst — \"There's a picture for you!\" The bare nominative «картина» needs no copula in the present."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies картина","gloss":"there's"},{"surface":"картина","lemma":"картина","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"a picture"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"c4-s10","source":"Алеша запомнил в тот миг и лицо своей матери: он говорил, что оно было исступленное, но прекрасное, судя по тому, сколько мог он припомнить.","translation":"Alyosha remembered his mother's face too at that instant: he said it had been frenzied, but beautiful, so far as he was able to recall.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"оно было исступлённое, но прекрасное","title":"Neuter agreement with «лицо»","body":"«оно» and the long adjectives «исступлённое, прекрасное» are all neuter, agreeing with «лицо» (face, a neuter noun). The neuter -о endings are the visible thread of agreement running through the predicate."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"исступлённое","title":"«исступлённый» — frenzied, beside oneself","body":"From «исступление» (a state of being \"out of\" oneself, frenzy, ecstasy), this adjective fuses madness and rapture. Dostoevsky deliberately pairs it with «прекрасное» (beautiful) — the frenzy is also a kind of holy beauty."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of запомнил","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"запомнил","lemma":"запомнить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remembered"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking миг","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of миг","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"миг","lemma":"миг","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of запомнил","gloss":"instant"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies лицо (also/too)","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with миг, direct object of запомнил","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of матери","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"матери","lemma":"мать","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies лицо","gloss":"mother's"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to запомнил","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of исступленное","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"оно","lemma":"оно","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the clause (было исступленное)","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to исступленное","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"исступленное","lemma":"исступлённый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate adjective after было, complement of говорил's clause","gloss":"frenzied"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"прекрасное","lemma":"прекрасный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with исступленное","gloss":"beautiful"},{"surface":"судя","lemma":"судить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on говорил","gloss":"judging"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тому","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of судя","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"сколько","lemma":"сколько","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause modifying тому","gloss":"as much as"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying тому","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"припомнить","lemma":"припомнить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"recall"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"c4-s11","source":"Но он редко кому любил поверять это воспоминание.","translation":"But he rarely cared to entrust this memory to anyone.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"редко кому любил поверять","title":"Free word order, dative object fronted","body":"Literally \"rarely to-whom he-loved to-confide\": «кому» is a dative object («поверять что кому», to entrust something to someone), pulled forward of the verb. The loose order lets «редко кому» (rarely to anyone) carry the focus."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of любил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"редко","lemma":"редко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies любил","gloss":"rarely"},{"surface":"кому","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of поверять","gloss":"to anyone"},{"surface":"любил","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cared"},{"surface":"поверять","lemma":"поверять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of любил","gloss":"to entrust"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of воспоминание","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"воспоминание","lemma":"воспоминание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of поверять","gloss":"memory"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"c4-s12","source":"В детстве и юности он был мало экспансивен и даже мало разговорчив, но не от недоверия, не от робости или угрюмой нелюдимости, вовсе даже напротив, а от чего-то другого, от какой-то как бы внутренней заботы, собственно личной, до других не касавшейся, но столь для него важной, что он из-за нее как бы забывал других.","translation":"In childhood and youth he was not very effusive, and even not very talkative—not out of distrust, not out of shyness or sullen unsociability, indeed quite the opposite, but out of something else, some sort of inner preoccupation, properly his own and personal, of no concern to others, yet so important to him that on account of it he would as it were forget others.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не от недоверия, не от робости … а от чего-то другого","title":"«не… не… а…» with genitive of cause","body":"«от» + genitive gives the cause of a state (\"out of distrust, out of shyness\"); the strings of «не» reject one cause after another until «а» (the corrective \"but\") supplies the real one — \"out of something else.\" «чего-то» shows the indefinite «-то» (something specific but unnamed)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"до других не касавшейся","title":"Past active participle of «касаться»","body":"«касавшейся» is the past active participle of reflexive «касаться» (to concern, touch on), feminine genitive, agreeing with «заботы» (the preoccupation) — \"a preoccupation not concerning others.\" The reflexive «-ся» is built into this verb's lexical meaning."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"нелюдимости","title":"«нелюдимость» — unsociableness","body":"Built on «не-» + «люди» (people), «нелюдим» is one who shuns company; the abstract «нелюдимость» is that withdrawn temperament. The narrator names it only to deny it of Alyosha."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking детстве","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"детстве","lemma":"детство","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of экспансивен","gloss":"childhood"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"юности","lemma":"юность","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with детстве","gloss":"youth"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of экспансивен","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to экспансивен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"мало","lemma":"мало","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies экспансивен","gloss":"not very"},{"surface":"экспансивен","lemma":"экспансивный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"effusive"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мало","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"мало","lemma":"мало","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies разговорчив","gloss":"not very"},{"surface":"разговорчив","lemma":"разговорчивый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with экспансивен","gloss":"talkative"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates от недоверия","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking недоверия","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"недоверия","lemma":"недоверие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"cause adjunct modifying экспансивен/разговорчив","gloss":"distrust"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates от робости","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking робости","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"робости","lemma":"робость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with недоверия","gloss":"shyness"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"угрюмой","lemma":"угрюмый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies нелюдимости","gloss":"sullen"},{"surface":"нелюдимости","lemma":"нелюдимость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with робости","gloss":"unsociability"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies напротив (intensifier)","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies напротив","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"напротив","lemma":"напротив","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate adverbial, contrasts with мало экспансивен","gloss":"the opposite"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чего","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"object of от, coordinate cause with недоверия/робости","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"indefinite particle attached to чего (forms чего-то)","gloss":"some","note":"-то turns что into the indefinite pronoun 'something'."},{"surface":"другого","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies чего-то","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking какой","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of заботы","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"indefinite particle attached to какой (forms какой-то)","gloss":"kind of","note":"-то turns какой into the indefinite 'some kind of'."},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как бы, modifies внутренней","gloss":"as it were"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"as it were"},{"surface":"внутренней","lemma":"внутренний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies заботы","gloss":"inner"},{"surface":"заботы","lemma":"забота","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of экспансивен, cause coordinate with недоверия","gloss":"preoccupation"},{"surface":"собственно","lemma":"собственно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies личной","gloss":"properly"},{"surface":"личной","lemma":"личный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies заботы","gloss":"personal"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking других","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"других","lemma":"другой","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of касавшейся","gloss":"others"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies касавшейся","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"касавшейся","lemma":"касаться","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, feminine, singular, genitive, imperfective","role":"clause modifying заботы, coordinated with личной","gloss":"concerning"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies важной","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of важной","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"важной","lemma":"важный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with личной, modifies заботы","gloss":"important"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of забывал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of забывал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из-за","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of compound preposition из-за","gloss":"because of"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"из-за","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of compound preposition из-за","gloss":"because of"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of из-за (referring to заботы)","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как бы, modifies забывал","gloss":"as it were"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"as it were"},{"surface":"забывал","lemma":"забывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of важной (result clause)","gloss":"would forget"},{"surface":"других","lemma":"другой","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of забывал","gloss":"others"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"c4-s13","source":"Но людей он любил: он, казалось, всю жизнь жил, совершенно веря в людей, а между тем никто и никогда не считал его ни простячком, ни наивным человеком.","translation":"But people he did love: he seemed to live his whole life trusting people utterly, and yet no one ever took him for a simpleton or a naive man.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Но людей он любил","title":"Object first for contrastive topic","body":"The accusative animate object «людей» (people) is fronted before the subject «он» to set up the contrast with the preceding sentence — \"but people, he did love them.\" The animate genitive-like plural «людей» also shows declension: «люди» is suppletive for «человек»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"никто и никогда не считал его ни простячком, ни наивным","title":"Negative concord, instrumental predicate","body":"Classic negative concord: «никто… никогда… не… ни… ни…» — five negatives, one meaning (\"no one ever took him for a simpleton or naive\"). «считать кого кем» governs the instrumental, hence «простячком» (instrumental of the diminutive «простячок») and «наивным человеком»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"совершенно веря в людей","title":"Imperfective present gerund «веря»","body":"«веря» is the present gerund of imperfective «верить» — \"believing / trusting,\" expressing the continuous manner in which he lived. The imperfective gerund in «-я» always marks an action simultaneous with the main verb."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"людей","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of любил (fronted for emphasis)","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of любил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"любил","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"loved"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of жил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"казалось","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, modifies жил","gloss":"it seemed"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial accusative of duration with жил","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"жил","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause (he lived)","gloss":"lived"},{"surface":"совершенно","lemma":"совершенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies веря","gloss":"completely"},{"surface":"веря","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on жил","gloss":"trusting"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking людей","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"людей","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of веря","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and yet"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между тем","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase между тем, marking тем","gloss":"meanwhile"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"между тем","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase между тем, modifies считал","gloss":"meanwhile"},{"surface":"никто","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of считал","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"links никто and никогда (emphatic)","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies считал","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies считал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"считал","lemma":"считать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"took him for"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of считал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"neither"},{"surface":"простячком","lemma":"простячок","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of считал","gloss":"a simpleton"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"наивным","lemma":"наивный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человеком","gloss":"naive"},{"surface":"человеком","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with простячком","gloss":"a man"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"c4-s14","source":"Что-то было в нем, что говорило и внушало (да и всю жизнь потом), что он не хочет быть судьей людей, что он не захочет взять на себя осуждения и ни за что не осудит.","translation":"There was something in him that said and persuaded (and did so all his life afterward) that he did not wish to be a judge of people, that he would not take condemnation upon himself, and that he would not condemn for anything in the world.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"он не захочет взять на себя осуждения и ни за что не осудит","title":"Perfective futures of refusal","body":"«захочет» and «осудит» are perfective forms with future meaning — he \"will not want\" and \"will not condemn,\" projecting a settled future disposition. «ни за что» (\"not for anything\") and «не» again give negative concord around «осудит»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"взять на себя осуждения","title":"Reflexive «себя» + genitive object","body":"«взять на себя» is \"to take upon oneself,\" with «себя» pointing back to the clause subject (Alyosha). The object «осуждения» (the act of condemning) is genitive — a partitive/abstract object especially natural under the negated «не захочет»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of что-то, subject of было","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"indefinite particle attached to что (forms что-то)","gloss":"something","note":"-то turns что into the indefinite pronoun 'something'."},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb (existential 'there was')","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of говорило","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"говорило","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause modifying что-то","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"внушало","lemma":"внушать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with говорило","gloss":"suggested"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase да и","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase да и","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial accusative modifying говорило/внушало (duration)","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорило/внушало, coordinate with всю жизнь","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of хочет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of хочет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хочет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хочет","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of говорило/внушало","gloss":"wants"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"copula linking to судьей","gloss":"to be"},{"surface":"судьей","lemma":"судья","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of хочет","gloss":"a judge"},{"surface":"людей","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies судьей","gloss":"of people"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of захочет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of захочет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies захочет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"захочет","lemma":"захотеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of говорило/внушало, coordinate with хочет-clause","gloss":"will want"},{"surface":"взять","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of захочет","gloss":"to take"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of взять","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"осуждения","lemma":"осуждение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of взять (genitive under negation)","gloss":"condemnation","note":"Genitive of negation ('would not take any condemnation upon himself'), not accusative."},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom ни за что (for anything)","gloss":"not for anything"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom ни за что, marking что","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of осудит (idiom ни за что)","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies осудит","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"осудит","lemma":"осудить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with захочет","gloss":"will condemn"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"c4-s15","source":"Казалось даже, что он всё допускал, нимало не осуждая, хотя часто очень горько грустя.","translation":"It even seemed that he admitted everything, condemning nothing in the least, though often grieving very bitterly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"нимало не осуждая … горько грустя","title":"Two simultaneous gerunds","body":"Both «осуждая» (condemning) and «грустя» (grieving) are imperfective present gerunds, painting two ongoing attendant states around «всё допускал» (he admitted everything). «нимало не» is an emphatic \"not in the least.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Казалось","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"it seemed"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Казалось","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of допускал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of допускал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of допускал","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"допускал","lemma":"допускать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of Казалось","gloss":"admitted"},{"surface":"нимало","lemma":"нимало","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies осуждая (negation intensifier)","gloss":"not at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies осуждая","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"осуждая","lemma":"осуждать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on допускал","gloss":"condemning"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause of грустя","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"часто","lemma":"часто","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies грустя","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies горько","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"горько","lemma":"горько","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies грустя","gloss":"bitterly"},{"surface":"грустя","lemma":"грустить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"concessive adverbial clause modifying допускал, introduced by хотя","gloss":"grieving"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"c4-s16","source":"Мало того, в этом смысле он до того дошел, что его никто не мог ни удивить, ни испугать, и это даже в самой ранней своей молодости.","translation":"More than that, in this respect he reached such a point that no one could either astonish him or frighten him, and this even in his very earliest youth.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"до того дошёл, что его никто не мог ни удивить, ни испугать","title":"«до того… что» result clause","body":"«до того… что…» means \"to such a degree that…\". The result clause again runs on negative concord: «никто не мог ни удивить, ни испугать» — no one could either astonish or frighten him. «удивить/испугать» are perfective infinitives (a single achieved effect)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мало","lemma":"мало того","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the parenthetical phrase мало того (more than that)","gloss":"more than that"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"мало того","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"part of the parenthetical phrase мало того","gloss":"more than that"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking смысле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of смысле","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"смысле","lemma":"смысл","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of дошел","gloss":"respect"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of дошел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до того","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase до того ... что (to such a point that)","gloss":"to such a point"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"до того","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase до того ... что","gloss":"such a point"},{"surface":"дошел","lemma":"дойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"reached the point"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of мог","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of удивить/испугать","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"никто","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of дошел","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"neither"},{"surface":"удивить","lemma":"удивить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"astonish"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"испугать","lemma":"испугать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with удивить","gloss":"frighten"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"resumptive pronoun referring to the previous clause","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies в молодости","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking молодости","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"самой","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ранней (intensifier)","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"ранней","lemma":"ранний","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies молодости","gloss":"earliest"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of молодости","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"молодости","lemma":"молодость","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"time adjunct of the elided verb (this held true even in his youth)","gloss":"youth"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"c4-s17","source":"Явясь по двадцатому году к отцу, положительно в вертеп грязного разврата, он, целомудренный и чистый, лишь молча удалялся, когда глядеть было нестерпимо, но без малейшего вида презрения или осуждения кому бы то ни было.","translation":"Arriving in his twentieth year at his father's—into what was positively a den of filthy debauchery—he, chaste and pure, would merely withdraw in silence when it became unbearable to look on, yet without the slightest air of scorn or condemnation toward anyone whatever.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Явясь по двадцатому году к отцу","title":"Bookish gerund «явясь»","body":"«явясь» is the perfective past gerund of «явиться» (to appear, present oneself) — \"having arrived.\" The «-сь» form (rather than «явившись») is the older, more literary variant, and «по двадцатому году» again means \"in his twentieth year.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"целомудренный и чистый, лишь молча удалялся","title":"Imperfective of habit; «молча» as gerund-adverb","body":"«удалялся» is imperfective past (he \"would withdraw,\" repeatedly), describing a habit rather than one event. «молча» (silently) is a frozen gerund of «молчать» now used as an adverb of manner."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вертеп грязного разврата","title":"«вертеп» — a den (and a Nativity cave)","body":"«вертеп» means a den or low haunt of vice, but the word also denotes the cave of Christ's Nativity and a folk Nativity puppet-theatre. Calling his father's house a «вертеп грязного разврата» (a den of filthy debauchery) carries a faint, bitter sacred echo beneath the squalor."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"целомудренный","title":"«целомудренный» — chaste, of whole-minded purity","body":"A compound of «цело-» (whole) + «мудр-» (wise/minded), literally \"whole-minded\" — chaste, pure in an integral, almost sacred sense. It is a markedly elevated word for the virtue that will define and torment Alyosha among the schoolboys."}],"words":[{"surface":"Явясь","lemma":"явиться","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on удалялся","gloss":"arriving"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking году","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"двадцатому","lemma":"двадцатый","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies году","gloss":"twentieth"},{"surface":"году","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Явясь","gloss":"year"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отцу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"отцу","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Явясь","gloss":"his father's"},{"surface":"положительно","lemma":"положительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вертеп","gloss":"positively"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вертеп","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"вертеп","lemma":"вертеп","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"appositive to отцу","gloss":"a den"},{"surface":"грязного","lemma":"грязный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies разврата","gloss":"filthy"},{"surface":"разврата","lemma":"разврат","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вертеп","gloss":"debauchery"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of удалялся","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"целомудренный","lemma":"целомудренный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies он","gloss":"chaste"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"чистый","lemma":"чистый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with целомудренный","gloss":"pure"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies удалялся","gloss":"merely"},{"surface":"молча","lemma":"молча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies удалялся","gloss":"in silence"},{"surface":"удалялся","lemma":"удаляться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would withdraw"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of нестерпимо","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"глядеть","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"subject of нестерпимо","gloss":"to look on"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to нестерпимо","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"нестерпимо","lemma":"нестерпимый","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of было; clause modifies удалялся","gloss":"unbearable"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вида","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"малейшего","lemma":"малейший","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вида","gloss":"the slightest"},{"surface":"вида","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of удалялся","gloss":"air"},{"surface":"презрения","lemma":"презрение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies вида","gloss":"of scorn"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"осуждения","lemma":"осуждение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with презрения","gloss":"condemnation"},{"surface":"кому","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"part of the idiom кому бы то ни было, modifies вида","gloss":"toward anyone","note":"«кому бы то ни было» is a fixed idiom meaning 'anyone whatever, no matter who.'"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom кому бы то ни было","gloss":"(idiom)"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom кому бы то ни было","gloss":"(idiom)"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom кому бы то ни было","gloss":"-ever"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the idiom кому бы то ни было","gloss":"might be"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"c4-s18","source":"Отец же, бывший когда-то приживальщик, а потому человек чуткий и тонкий на обиду, сначала недоверчиво и угрюмо его встретивший («много, дескать, молчит и много про себя рассуждает»), скоро кончил, однако же, тем, что стал его ужасно часто обнимать и целовать, не далее как через две какие-нибудь недели, правда с пьяными слезами, в хмельной чувствительности, но видно, что полюбив его искренно и глубоко и так, как никогда, конечно, не удавалось такому, как он, никого любить…","translation":"His father, on the other hand—once a hanger-on himself, and therefore a man keen and sensitive to any slight—who had at first met him distrustfully and sullenly (\"he keeps silent a great deal, the fellow, and reasons a great deal to himself\"), soon ended, however, by taking to embracing and kissing him terribly often, no later than within some two weeks, with drunken tears, it is true, in a maudlin tenderness, but plainly having come to love him sincerely and deeply, and in a way that of course someone like him had never managed to love anyone before…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"приживальщик","title":"«приживальщик» — a hanger-on","body":"A «приживальщик» is a poor dependent who \"lives in\" on a wealthy household — tolerated, fed, and made to amuse, a stock figure of Russian gentry life. Fyodor Pavlovich's own past as one explains why he is «чуткий и тонкий на обиду», raw and quick to any slight."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"бывший когда-то приживальщик … встретивший … полюбив","title":"Participles and gerund framing one long subject","body":"The subject «отец» trails a past active participle «встретивший» (who had met him) and the predicate «бывший… приживальщик» (once a hanger-on), then resolves into the perfective gerund «полюбив» (having come to love). The whole architecture — participle, parenthetical quotation, gerund — is Dostoevsky's signature long period."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"стал его ужасно часто обнимать и целовать","title":"«стать» + imperfective infinitive — began doing","body":"Perfective «стал» (began) plus the imperfective infinitives «обнимать… целовать» expresses the onset of a repeated, ongoing action — he \"took to embracing and kissing him.\" The imperfective is essential: the hugging becomes habitual, not a single act."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"дескать","title":"«дескать» — \"so to speak,\" reported with a sneer","body":"«дескать» is a reportative particle flagging that the words are someone else's, often with irony or mimicry — here Fyodor Pavlovich quoting his own grumbling opinion. It has no English equivalent beyond a knowing \"the fellow, you see.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of кончил","gloss":"his father"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Отец","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"бывший","lemma":"бывший","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"introduces appositive clause on Отец","gloss":"having once been"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда-то","morphology":"adverb (part of когда-то)","role":"modifies бывший","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"когда-то","morphology":"adverb (part of когда-то)","role":"part of the phrase когда-то","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"приживальщик","lemma":"приживальщик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of бывший","gloss":"a hanger-on"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"therefore"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with приживальщик","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"чуткий","lemma":"чуткий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"keen"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тонкий","lemma":"тонкий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with чуткий","gloss":"sensitive"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обиду","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"обиду","lemma":"обида","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of тонкий","gloss":"a slight"},{"surface":"сначала","lemma":"сначала","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies недоверчиво","gloss":"at first"},{"surface":"недоверчиво","lemma":"недоверчиво","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies встретивший","gloss":"distrustfully"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"угрюмо","lemma":"угрюмо","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with недоверчиво","gloss":"sullenly"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of встретивший","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"встретивший","lemma":"встретить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"participial clause modifying Отец","gloss":"having met"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies молчит","gloss":"a great deal"},{"surface":"дескать","lemma":"дескать","morphology":"particle","role":"parenthetical, marks reported speech","gloss":"they say"},{"surface":"молчит","lemma":"молчать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted remark","gloss":"keeps silent"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рассуждает","gloss":"a great deal"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of рассуждает","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"рассуждает","lemma":"рассуждать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with молчит","gloss":"reasons"},{"surface":"скоро","lemma":"скоро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies кончил","gloss":"soon"},{"surface":"кончил","lemma":"кончить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ended up"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies кончил","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies однако","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of кончил","gloss":"by this"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of стал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of тем","gloss":"took to"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of обнимать","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies часто","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"часто","lemma":"часто","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обнимать","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"обнимать","lemma":"обнимать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"embracing"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"целовать","lemma":"целовать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with обнимать","gloss":"kissing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies далее","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"далее","lemma":"далее","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стал","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the idiom не далее как","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"через","lemma":"через","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking недели","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"две","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine","role":"depends on недели","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"какие","lemma":"какой-нибудь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of недели","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"какой-нибудь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"part of the phrase какой-нибудь","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"недели","lemma":"неделя","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"complement of через","gloss":"weeks"},{"surface":"правда","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"parenthetical, modifies слезами","gloss":"it's true"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking слезами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"пьяными","lemma":"пьяный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies слезами","gloss":"drunken"},{"surface":"слезами","lemma":"слеза","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of стал","gloss":"tears"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чувствительности","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"хмельной","lemma":"хмельной","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies чувствительности","gloss":"tipsy"},{"surface":"чувствительности","lemma":"чувствительность","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стал","gloss":"tenderness"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"видно","lemma":"видно","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate clause, coordinated with кончил","gloss":"it's plain"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of удавалось","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"полюбив","lemma":"полюбить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on удавалось","gloss":"having come to love"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of полюбив","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"искренно","lemma":"искренно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies полюбив","gloss":"sincerely"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"глубоко","lemma":"глубоко","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with искренно","gloss":"deeply"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"correlative with как-clause, modifies полюбив","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of никогда","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies удавалось","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies удавалось","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies удавалось","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"удавалось","lemma":"удаваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of видно","gloss":"had managed"},{"surface":"такому","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of удавалось","gloss":"such a man"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparative clause modifying такому","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of the elliptical clause как он","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"никого","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of любить","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"любить","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on удавалось","gloss":"to love"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"c4-s19","source":"Да и все этого юношу любили, где бы он ни появился, и это с самых детских даже лет его.","translation":"And indeed everyone loved this youth, wherever he appeared, and this from his very earliest childhood years.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"где бы он ни появился","title":"«где бы… ни» — concessive \"wherever\"","body":"The frame «где бы… ни + past-form verb» means \"no matter where, wherever\": «где бы он ни появился» = \"wherever he appeared.\" The particle «бы» makes it hypothetical/generalizing and «ни» supplies the concessive force — a fixed irrealis construction."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да и все этого юношу любили","title":"«да и» + animate accusative object fronted","body":"«Да и» opens with an additive \"and indeed.\" The animate object «этого юношу» (this youth) takes its accusative = genitive shape for an animate masculine noun, and is placed before the verb for emphasis, the new information falling on «любили»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase Да","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of любили","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of юношу","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"юношу","lemma":"юноша","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of любили","gloss":"youth"},{"surface":"любили","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"loved"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies появился","gloss":"wherever"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom где бы ни","gloss":"-ever"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of появился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom где бы ни","gloss":"-ever"},{"surface":"появился","lemma":"появиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause modifying любили","gloss":"appeared"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"resumptive pronoun, refers to любили","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лет","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"самых","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies детских","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"детских","lemma":"детский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies лет","gloss":"childhood"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies лет","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"complement of с, modifies это","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies лет","gloss":"his"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"c4-s20","source":"Очутившись в доме своего благодетеля и воспитателя, Ефима Петровича Поленова, он до того привязал к себе всех в этом семействе, что его решительно считали там как бы за родное дитя.","translation":"Finding himself in the house of his benefactor and guardian, Yefim Petrovich Polenov, he so endeared himself to everyone in that family that they decidedly regarded him there as a child of their own.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Очутившись в доме своего благодетеля","title":"Gerund «очутившись» + reflexive «свой»","body":"«очутившись» is the perfective past gerund of «очутиться» (to find oneself somewhere, as if by chance). «своего благодетеля» uses the reflexive possessive «свой», pointing back to the clause subject — \"his own benefactor.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"считали там как бы за родное дитя","title":"«считать за» + accusative","body":"Beside «считать кого кем» (instrumental), Russian also has the colloquial «считать за кого» (\"to regard as\"), with «за» + accusative — here «за родное дитя» (as a child of their own). «дитя» is an old neuter noun for \"child.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Очутившись","lemma":"очутиться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on привязал","gloss":"finding himself"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking доме","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"доме","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Очутившись","gloss":"the house"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of благодетеля","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"благодетеля","lemma":"благодетель","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies доме","gloss":"benefactor"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"воспитателя","lemma":"воспитатель","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with благодетеля","gloss":"guardian"},{"surface":"Ефима","lemma":"Ефим","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"appositive to благодетеля и воспитателя","gloss":"Yefim"},{"surface":"Петровича","lemma":"Петрович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Ефима","gloss":"Petrovich"},{"surface":"Поленова","lemma":"Поленов","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Ефима","gloss":"Polenov"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of привязал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of привязал","gloss":"such a point"},{"surface":"привязал","lemma":"привязать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"endeared"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"oblique complement of привязал","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of привязал","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking семействе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of семействе","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"семействе","lemma":"семейство","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of привязал","gloss":"family"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of считали","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of считали","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"решительно","lemma":"решительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies считали","gloss":"decidedly"},{"surface":"считали","lemma":"считать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of привязал","gloss":"considered"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies считали","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom как бы, modifies дитя","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom как бы","gloss":"(idiom)"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дитя","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"родное","lemma":"родной","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies дитя","gloss":"own"},{"surface":"дитя","lemma":"дитя","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"complement of за, oblique complement of считали","gloss":"child"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"c4-s21","source":"А между тем он вступил в этот дом еще в таких младенческих летах, в каких никак нельзя ожидать в ребенке расчетливой хитрости, пронырства или искусства заискать и понравиться, уменья заставить себя полюбить.","translation":"And yet he had entered that house while still at such an infant age, at which one can hardly expect in a child any calculating cunning, any wiliness or art of ingratiating oneself and being liked, any knack of making oneself loved.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"в таких… летах, в каких никак нельзя ожидать","title":"Correlative «таких… каких» + dative-impersonal «нельзя»","body":"«в таких летах, в каких…» is a correlative \"at such an age, at which…\", «каких» being the relative «какой» in the prepositional plural. «нельзя ожидать» is an impersonal construction (\"one cannot expect\"); «летах» is the prepositional plural of the suppletive «лета» (years)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пронырство … искусство заискать","title":"Vocabulary of ingratiation","body":"«пронырство» is sly, wriggling cunning (from «проныра», a wheedler who \"bores through\" anywhere); «заискать» / «заискивать» is to fawn and curry favour. The narrator heaps these unflattering nouns up only to deny them of the child Alyosha."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and yet"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom между тем","gloss":"meanwhile"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom между тем, modifies вступил","gloss":"meanwhile"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вступил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вступил","lemma":"вступить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had entered"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дом","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of дом","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"дом","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вступил","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies летах","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking летах","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"таких","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of летах","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"младенческих","lemma":"младенческий","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies летах","gloss":"infant"},{"surface":"летах","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of вступил","gloss":"an age"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking каких","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"каких","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"relative pronoun referring to летах, oblique complement of ожидать","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"никак","lemma":"никак","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нельзя","gloss":"in no way"},{"surface":"нельзя","lemma":"нельзя","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of relative clause modifying летах","gloss":"one cannot"},{"surface":"ожидать","lemma":"ожидать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on нельзя","gloss":"expect"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ребенке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ребенке","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ожидать","gloss":"a child"},{"surface":"расчетливой","lemma":"расчётливый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies хитрости","gloss":"calculating"},{"surface":"хитрости","lemma":"хитрость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of ожидать","gloss":"cunning"},{"surface":"пронырства","lemma":"пронырство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with хитрости","gloss":"wiliness"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"искусства","lemma":"искусство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with хитрости","gloss":"art"},{"surface":"заискать","lemma":"заискать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of искусства","gloss":"to ingratiate oneself"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"понравиться","lemma":"понравиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with заискать","gloss":"to be liked"},{"surface":"уменья","lemma":"умение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with хитрости, direct object of ожидать","gloss":"knack"},{"surface":"заставить","lemma":"заставить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"modifies уменья","gloss":"to make"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of полюбить","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"полюбить","lemma":"полюбить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of заставить","gloss":"loved"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"c4-s22","source":"Так что дар возбуждать к себе особенную любовь он заключал в себе, так сказать, в самой природе, безыскусственно и непосредственно.","translation":"So that the gift of arousing a particular love for himself he carried within him, so to speak, in his very nature, artlessly and immediately.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"дар возбуждать к себе особенную любовь он заключал в себе","title":"Object first, reflexive «себя» twice","body":"The object phrase «дар… любовь» is fronted before subject «он» for emphasis. «к себе» and «в себе» both contain the reflexive «себя» referring to Alyosha — the gift of arousing love \"toward himself,\" which he held \"within himself.\""},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"безыскусственно и непосредственно","title":"\"Artlessly and immediately\"","body":"«безыскусственно» (without artifice, from «без» + «искусство») and «непосредственно» (directly, without intermediary) are abstract adverbs of the bookish register. They name the un-self-conscious naturalness that is the heart of Alyosha's charm."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase так что","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase так что","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"дар","lemma":"дар","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of заключал","gloss":"the gift"},{"surface":"возбуждать","lemma":"возбуждать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"infinitive clause modifying дар","gloss":"of arousing"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"oblique complement of возбуждать","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"особенную","lemma":"особенный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies любовь","gloss":"a particular"},{"surface":"любовь","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of возбуждать","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заключал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"заключал","lemma":"заключать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"carried"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, locative","role":"oblique complement of заключал","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom так сказать","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"parenthetical, modifies заключал","gloss":"to speak","note":"«так сказать» is the fixed idiom 'so to speak.'"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking природе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"самой","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies природе","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"природе","lemma":"природа","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заключал","gloss":"nature"},{"surface":"безыскусственно","lemma":"безыскусственный","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заключал","gloss":"artlessly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"непосредственно","lemma":"непосредственно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with безыскусственно","gloss":"spontaneously"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"c4-s23","source":"То же самое было с ним и в школе, и, однако же, казалось бы, он именно был из таких детей, которые возбуждают к себе недоверие товарищей, иногда насмешки, а пожалуй, и ненависть.","translation":"It was the same with him at school too, and yet one would think he was precisely the kind of child who arouses in his comrades distrust, sometimes mockery, and perhaps even hatred.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"казалось бы, он именно был из таких детей, которые возбуждают","title":"«казалось бы» + correlative «таких… которые»","body":"«казалось бы» is the conditional of «казаться» with «бы» — \"one would think.\" «из таких детей, которые…» is the correlative \"the kind of children who…\", with «которые» (nom. plural) heading the relative clause and «возбуждают» in the generalizing imperfective present."}],"words":[{"surface":"То","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"the same thing"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies То","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"самое","lemma":"самое","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies То","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to ним","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of с, predicate of было","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking школе","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"школе","lemma":"школа","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with ним, oblique complement of было","gloss":"school"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies казалось","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies однако","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"казалось","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"matrix verb; он был... is its complement clause","gloss":"it seemed"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom казалось бы","gloss":"(idiom)"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies детей","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to детей","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking детей","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"таких","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of детей","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"детей","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"complement of из, predicate of был","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"которые","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of возбуждают","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"возбуждают","lemma":"возбуждать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"relative clause on детей","gloss":"arouse"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"oblique complement of возбуждают","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"недоверие","lemma":"недоверие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of возбуждают","gloss":"distrust"},{"surface":"товарищей","lemma":"товарищ","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies недоверие","gloss":"of comrades"},{"surface":"иногда","lemma":"иногда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies насмешки","gloss":"sometimes"},{"surface":"насмешки","lemma":"насмешка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with недоверие","gloss":"mockery"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пожалуй","lemma":"пожалуй","morphology":"particle","role":"parenthetical, modifies ненависть","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"ненависть","lemma":"ненависть","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with недоверие","gloss":"hatred"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"c4-s24","source":"Он, например, задумывался и как бы отъединялся.","translation":"He would, for instance, fall into thought and, as it were, set himself apart.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"задумывался и как бы отъединялся","title":"Two reflexive imperfectives of habit","body":"«задумывался» (fell to brooding) and «отъединялся» (set himself apart) are imperfective past reflexives describing recurrent behaviour — \"he would.\" The «-ся» on «отъединяться» marks the middle/intransitive: he \"separated himself off.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of задумывался","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"например","lemma":"например","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies задумывался","gloss":"for instance"},{"surface":"задумывался","lemma":"задумываться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would fall to thinking"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom как бы, modifies отъединялся","gloss":"as it were"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom как бы","gloss":"(idiom)"},{"surface":"отъединялся","lemma":"отъединяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with задумывался","gloss":"withdrew into himself"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"c4-s25","source":"Он с самого детства любил уходить в угол и книжки читать, и, однако же, и товарищи его до того полюбили, что решительно можно было назвать его всеобщим любимцем во всё время пребывания его в школе.","translation":"From his very childhood he liked to go off into a corner and read his books, and yet even his comrades grew so fond of him that one could decidedly call him the universal favorite throughout the whole time of his stay at school.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"до того полюбили, что… можно было назвать его всеобщим любимцем","title":"Result clause + instrumental predicate","body":"«до того… что» again gives the degree-result frame. «назвать его всеобщим любимцем» governs the instrumental of the predicate noun — to call him \"the universal favorite,\" the role assigned by the verb «назвать»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"книжки","title":"«книжки» — \"little books,\" fondly","body":"The diminutive of «книга» (book), «книжки» suggests the small, beloved books a boy reads in his corner. The affectionate suffix colours the image of the bookish, withdrawn child warmly rather than belittling it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of любил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking детства","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies детства","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"детства","lemma":"детство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of любил","gloss":"childhood"},{"surface":"любил","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"loved"},{"surface":"уходить","lemma":"уходить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of любил","gloss":"to go off"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking угол","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"угол","lemma":"угол","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of уходить","gloss":"a corner"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"книжки","lemma":"книжка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of читать","gloss":"books"},{"surface":"читать","lemma":"читать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with уходить, complement of любил","gloss":"read"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies полюбили","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies однако","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"товарищи","lemma":"товарищ","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of полюбили","gloss":"his comrades"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies товарищи","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"complement of до, oblique complement of полюбили","gloss":"such a degree"},{"surface":"полюбили","lemma":"полюбить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with любил","gloss":"grew fond of"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of можно","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"решительно","lemma":"решительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies можно","gloss":"decidedly"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb","role":"clausal complement of полюбили","gloss":"one could"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to можно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"назвать","lemma":"назвать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on можно","gloss":"call"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of назвать","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"всеобщим","lemma":"всеобщий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies любимцем","gloss":"universal"},{"surface":"любимцем","lemma":"любимец","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of назвать","gloss":"favorite"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking время","gloss":"throughout"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of назвать","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"пребывания","lemma":"пребывание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies время","gloss":"of the stay"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пребывания","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking школе","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"школе","lemma":"школа","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies пребывания","gloss":"school"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"c4-s26","source":"Он редко бывал резв, даже редко весел, но все, взглянув на него, тотчас видели, что это вовсе не от какой-нибудь в нем угрюмости, что, напротив, он ровен и ясен.","translation":"He was seldom boisterous, even seldom merry, but everyone, glancing at him, saw at once that this came not from any gloominess in him, that, on the contrary, he was even-tempered and serene.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"взглянув на него, тотчас видели","title":"Perfective gerund of prior action","body":"«взглянув» is the perfective past gerund of «взглянуть» (to glance) — \"having glanced, they saw at once.\" The gerund marks the completed glance preceding the seeing; both share the subject «все» (everyone)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"он ровен и ясен","title":"Short-form predicate adjectives","body":"«ровен» and «ясен» are short-form adjectives (from «ровный», even-tempered, and «ясный», clear/serene), usable only as predicates. The short form carries a slightly bookish, absolute quality — he simply is even and serene."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of бывал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"редко","lemma":"редко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бывал","gloss":"seldom"},{"surface":"бывал","lemma":"бывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"резв","lemma":"резвый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"complement of бывал","gloss":"boisterous"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies редко","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"редко","lemma":"редко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies весел","gloss":"seldom"},{"surface":"весел","lemma":"весёлый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with резв","gloss":"merry"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of видели","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"взглянув","lemma":"взглянуть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on видели","gloss":"glancing"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of взглянув","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies видели","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"видели","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause introduced by но","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the object clause of видели","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the clause (implicit copula)","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates the predicate от угрюмости","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking угрюмости","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of угрюмости (part of какой-нибудь)","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle, indefinite suffix","role":"part of determiner какой-нибудь, modifies угрюмости","gloss":"-ever","note":"какой-нибудь is one indefinite determiner ('any kind of'); нибудь is its suffix, not a separate word."},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies угрюмости","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"угрюмости","lemma":"угрюмость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of от","gloss":"gloominess"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the second object clause of видели, coordinated with что (w15)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"напротив","lemma":"напротив","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies ровен","gloss":"on the contrary"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ровен","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ровен","lemma":"ровный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective, complement of он","gloss":"even-tempered"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ясен","lemma":"ясный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with ровен","gloss":"serene"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"c4-s27","source":"Между сверстниками он никогда не хотел выставляться.","translation":"Among his peers he never wished to put himself forward.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"никогда не хотел выставляться","title":"Negative concord + reflexive «выставляться»","body":"«никогда… не» is the doubled negation (\"never\"). «выставляться» is the reflexive of «выставлять» (to put out / display) used in the middle sense \"to show oneself off, put oneself forward.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сверстниками","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"сверстниками","lemma":"сверстник","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of выставляться","gloss":"peers"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of хотел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хотел","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хотел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хотел","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wished"},{"surface":"выставляться","lemma":"выставляться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хотел","gloss":"put himself forward"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"c4-s28","source":"Может, по этому самому он никогда и никого не боялся, а между тем мальчики тотчас поняли, что он вовсе не гордится своим бесстрашием, а смотрит как будто и не понимает, что он смел и бесстрашен.","translation":"Perhaps for this very reason he was never afraid of anyone, and yet the boys understood at once that he was not at all proud of his fearlessness, but looked as though he did not even realize that he was brave and unafraid.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не гордится своим бесстрашием","title":"Reflexive «гордиться» + instrumental object","body":"«гордиться» (to be proud) is a «-ся» verb that takes its object in the instrumental — «своим бесстрашием» (of his own fearlessness), with the reflexive possessive «свой». The instrumental marks the thing one is proud \"by/with.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что он смел и бесстрашен","title":"Short adjectives in a reported clause","body":"«смел» and «бесстрашен» are short-form predicate adjectives (from «смелый», bold, and «бесстрашный», fearless) inside the «что»-clause — stating, with bookish finality, that he \"was brave and fearless.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical modifying the whole sentence","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этому","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"этому","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of боялся","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"самому","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"intensifies этому ('this very')","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of боялся","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies боялся","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"никого","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of боялся","gloss":"anyone"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies боялся","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"боялся","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was afraid"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and yet"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тем","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of поняли (idiom 'между тем')","gloss":"meanwhile","note":"между тем is a fixed idiom meaning 'meanwhile/yet'."},{"surface":"мальчики","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of поняли","gloss":"boys"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поняли","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"поняли","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with боялся","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of гордится","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of гордится","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies гордится","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"гордится","lemma":"гордиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of поняли","gloss":"is proud"},{"surface":"своим","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of бесстрашием","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"бесстрашием","lemma":"бесстрашие","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of гордится","gloss":"fearlessness"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"смотрит","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with гордится","gloss":"looks"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of понимает (part of 'как будто')","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies понимает","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies понимает","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"понимает","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clause introduced by как будто, modifies смотрит","gloss":"understands"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of смел","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of смел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"смел","lemma":"смелый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective, coordinated with бесстрашен, clausal complement of понимает","gloss":"brave"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"бесстрашен","lemma":"бесстрашный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with смел","gloss":"fearless"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"c4-s29","source":"Обиды никогда не помнил.","translation":"An offense he never remembered.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Обиды никогда не помнил.","title":"Object first; genitive under negation","body":"The object «обиды» (an offense / slight) opens the sentence for emphasis, before the negated verb. Under «не помнил» the object naturally takes the genitive of negation — «обиды» here genitive singular, \"of an offense he kept no memory.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Обиды","lemma":"обида","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of помнил (genitive under negation)","gloss":"an offense"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies помнил","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies помнил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"помнил","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remembered"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"c4-s30","source":"Случалось, что через час после обиды он отвечал обидчику или сам с ним заговаривал с таким доверчивым и ясным видом, как будто ничего и не было между ними вовсе.","translation":"It would happen that an hour after the offense he would answer the offender, or strike up a conversation with him himself, with such a trusting and serene look as though nothing whatever had passed between them.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Случалось, что… он отвечал… или сам с ним заговаривал","title":"Impersonal «случалось» + imperfective of habit","body":"«случалось, что…» is impersonal (\"it would happen that…\"), heading repeated events. «отвечал» and «заговаривал» are imperfective past, marking habitual, recurring action rather than single events."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как будто ничего и не было между ними","title":"Genitive subject of negated «не было»","body":"In «ничего… не было» the negated existential «не было» (was-not) takes its subject in the genitive — «ничего» (nothing). The whole «как будто» clause means \"as though nothing at all had been between them.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Случалось","lemma":"случаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"it would happen"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of отвечал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"через","lemma":"через","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking час","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"час","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отвечал","gloss":"an hour"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обиды","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"обиды","lemma":"обида","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies час","gloss":"the offense"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отвечал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"отвечал","lemma":"отвечать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of Случалось","gloss":"would answer"},{"surface":"обидчику","lemma":"обидчик","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of отвечал","gloss":"the offender"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"clause modifying заговаривал","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сам","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"заговаривал","lemma":"заговаривать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with отвечал","gloss":"struck up a conversation"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking видом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"таким","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of видом","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"доверчивым","lemma":"доверчивый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies видом","gloss":"trusting"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ясным","lemma":"ясный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with доверчивым","gloss":"serene"},{"surface":"видом","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заговаривал","gloss":"a look"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of было (part of 'как будто')","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"subject of было","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было (emphatic)","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause, predicate of ничего","gloss":"had happened"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ними","gloss":"between"},{"surface":"ними","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"at all"}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"c4-s31","source":"И не то чтоб он при этом имел вид, что случайно забыл или намеренно простил обиду, а просто не считал ее за обиду, и это решительно пленяло и покоряло детей.","translation":"And it was not as if he had the air, in doing so, of having forgotten the offense by chance or pardoned it on purpose; he simply did not count it as an offense, and this decidedly captivated and won over the children.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"И не то чтоб он… имел вид… а просто не считал","title":"«не то чтоб… а…» contrastive frame","body":"«не то чтоб(ы)… а…» means \"it was not that… but rather…\". The «чтоб» here is the reduced «чтобы» pulling the past-tense «имел» into a quasi-irrealis clause; «а просто» supplies the true state of affairs."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пленяло и покоряло","title":"«пленять» / «покорять» — to captivate and subdue","body":"«пленять» is literally \"to take captive\" (from «плен», captivity) and «покорять» \"to subdue, conquer\" — both used figuratively of winning hearts. The pair casts Alyosha's effect on the children in the warm language of a gentle conquest."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase (idiom 'не то чтоб')","gloss":"that","note":"не то чтоб is a fixed idiom meaning 'it was not as if'."},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of имел","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of имел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of имел","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"имел","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the чтоб-clause, clausal complement of то","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"вид","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of имел","gloss":"the air"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of забыл","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"случайно","lemma":"случайно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies забыл","gloss":"by chance"},{"surface":"забыл","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of вид","gloss":"had forgotten"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"намеренно","lemma":"намеренно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies простил","gloss":"deliberately"},{"surface":"простил","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with забыл","gloss":"had pardoned"},{"surface":"обиду","lemma":"обида","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of простил","gloss":"the offense"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"просто","lemma":"просто","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies не","gloss":"simply"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies считал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"считал","lemma":"считать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with имел (contrastive clause)","gloss":"considered"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of считал","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обиду","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"обиду","lemma":"обида","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of считал","gloss":"an offense"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of пленяло","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"решительно","lemma":"решительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пленяло","gloss":"decidedly"},{"surface":"пленяло","lemma":"пленять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with считал","gloss":"captivated"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"покоряло","lemma":"покорять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with пленяло","gloss":"won over"},{"surface":"детей","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of покоряло","gloss":"the children"}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"c4-s32","source":"Была в нем одна лишь черта, которая во всех классах гимназии, начиная с низшего и даже до высших, возбуждала в его товарищах постоянное желание подтрунить над ним, но не из злобной насмешки, а потому, что это было им весело.","translation":"There was in him just one trait that, in every form of the high school, from the lowest right up to the highest, aroused in his comrades a constant urge to tease him—yet not out of spiteful mockery, but because it amused them.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Была в нём одна лишь черта, которая… возбуждала","title":"Existential inversion + relative «которая»","body":"The verb «была» is fronted in an existential inversion (\"there was in him one trait\"), with the subject «черта» following. «которая» (fem.) heads the relative clause and agrees with «черта» in gender, while taking nominative as its clause's subject."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"подтрунить над ним","title":"«подтрунить над» — to tease good-naturedly","body":"«подтрунить (над кем)» is to poke gentle fun at someone, governing «над» + instrumental. The narrator carefully distinguishes it from «злобная насмешка» (spiteful mockery): the teasing here is affectionate."}],"words":[{"surface":"Была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence, existential 'there was'","gloss":"there was"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Была","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"одна","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies черта","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies черта","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"черта","lemma":"черта","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of Была","gloss":"trait"},{"surface":"которая","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of возбуждала","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking классах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of классах","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"классах","lemma":"класс","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of возбуждала","gloss":"the classes"},{"surface":"гимназии","lemma":"гимназия","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies классах","gloss":"of the gymnasium"},{"surface":"начиная","lemma":"начинать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on возбуждала","gloss":"starting"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking низшего","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"низшего","lemma":"низкий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of начиная","gloss":"the lowest"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies высших","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking высших","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"высших","lemma":"высокий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"coordinated with низшего","gloss":"the highest"},{"surface":"возбуждала","lemma":"возбуждать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the relative clause, modifies черта","gloss":"aroused"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking товарищах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of товарищах","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"товарищах","lemma":"товарищ","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of возбуждала","gloss":"comrades"},{"surface":"постоянное","lemma":"постоянный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies желание","gloss":"constant"},{"surface":"желание","lemma":"желание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of возбуждала","gloss":"urge"},{"surface":"подтрунить","lemma":"подтрунить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"modifies желание","gloss":"to tease"},{"surface":"над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подтрунить","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates из злобной насмешки","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking насмешки","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"злобной","lemma":"злобный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies насмешки","gloss":"spiteful"},{"surface":"насмешки","lemma":"насмешка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"contrasted with потому (reason phrase)","gloss":"mockery"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"contrasted with насмешки, part of 'потому что' (reason clause)","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of потому что, introduces the clause of весело","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of весело (via было)","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking это to весело","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"dative experiencer of весело","gloss":"to them"},{"surface":"весело","lemma":"весёлый","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of это (via было)","gloss":"fun"}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"c4-s33","source":"Черта эта в нем была дикая, исступленная стыдливость и целомудренность.","translation":"This trait in him was a wild, frenzied bashfulness and chastity.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Черта эта в нём была дикая, исступлённая стыдливость","title":"Demonstrative after the noun","body":"«Черта эта» places the demonstrative «эта» after its noun «черта» — a common topic-resuming order (\"this trait, then…\"). The long predicate adjectives «дикая, исступлённая» agree in the feminine nominative with «стыдливость»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"стыдливость и целомудренность","title":"«стыдливость» — bashful modesty","body":"«стыдливость» (from «стыд», shame) is shyness, a quick capacity to be ashamed or to blush; paired with «целомудренность» (chastity), it names a trembling, almost painful modesty. «исступлённая» (frenzied) again pushes the virtue to the pitch of fever."}],"words":[{"surface":"Черта","lemma":"черта","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of была","gloss":"trait"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of Черта","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Черта","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to Черта","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"дикая","lemma":"дикий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies стыдливость","gloss":"wild"},{"surface":"исступленная","lemma":"исступлённый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with дикая","gloss":"frenzied"},{"surface":"стыдливость","lemma":"стыдливость","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate nominal, complement of была (describes Черта)","gloss":"bashfulness"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"целомудренность","lemma":"целомудренность","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with стыдливость","gloss":"chastity"}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"c4-s34","source":"Он не мог слышать известных слов и известных разговоров про женщин.","translation":"He could not bear to hear certain words and certain conversations about women.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не мог слышать известных слов","title":"Genitive object under negation","body":"Negated «не мог слышать» pulls its object into the genitive — «известных слов… разговоров» (certain words… conversations). The genitive of negation is especially natural here with the abstract, non-specific objects."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"слышать","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"bear to hear"},{"surface":"известных","lemma":"известный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies слов","gloss":"certain"},{"surface":"слов","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of слышать","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"известных","lemma":"известный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies разговоров","gloss":"certain"},{"surface":"разговоров","lemma":"разговор","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with слов","gloss":"conversations"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking женщин","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"женщин","lemma":"женщина","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"modifies разговоров","gloss":"women"}]},{"number":35,"label":"35","id":"c4-s35","source":"Эти «известные» слова и разговоры, к несчастию, неискоренимы в школах.","translation":"These \"certain\" words and conversations are, unhappily, ineradicable in schools.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"неискоренимы в школах","title":"Short-form predicate + present passive participle","body":"«неискоренимы» is the short plural form of «неискоренимый» (ineradicable), itself a present passive participle in «-мый» («не-» + «искоренить», to root out). The short form makes it a flat predicate — these words \"are ineradicable.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of слова","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"известные","lemma":"известный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies слова","gloss":"certain"},{"surface":"слова","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of неискоренимы","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"разговоры","lemma":"разговор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with слова","gloss":"conversations"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking несчастию","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"несчастию","lemma":"несчастие","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"parenthetical, modifies неискоренимы","gloss":"misfortune","note":"к несчастию is a fixed phrase meaning 'unfortunately'."},{"surface":"неискоренимы","lemma":"неискоренимый","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"predicate adjective of слова","gloss":"ineradicable"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking школах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"школах","lemma":"школа","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of неискоренимы","gloss":"schools"}]},{"number":36,"label":"36","id":"c4-s36","source":"Чистые в душе и сердце мальчики, почти еще дети, очень часто любят говорить в классах между собою и даже вслух про такие вещи, картины и образы, о которых не всегда заговорят даже и солдаты, мало того, солдаты-то многого не знают и не понимают из того, что уже знакомо в этом роде столь юным еще детям нашего интеллигентного и высшего общества.","translation":"Boys pure in soul and heart, still almost children, very often love to talk in class among themselves, and even aloud, about such things, pictures, and images as not even soldiers would always speak of; more than that, there is much in this line that soldiers neither know nor understand which is already familiar to the very young children of our educated and upper society.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"о которых не всегда заговорят даже и солдаты","title":"Relative «о которых» + perfective future-generalizing","body":"«о которых» is the relative «который» in the prepositional plural after «о» (about which). «заговорят» is a perfective form with generalizing future force — \"would [even] begin to speak of,\" a hypothetical \"would.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"солдаты-то многого не знают","title":"Emphatic «-то» + genitive of negation","body":"The clitic «-то» on «солдаты» marks the contrastive topic (\"the soldiers, mind you…\"). «многого не знают» puts the negated object «многого» (much) in the genitive — the genitive of negation again."}],"words":[{"surface":"Чистые","lemma":"чистый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies мальчики","gloss":"pure"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking душе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"душе","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Чистые","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with душе","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"мальчики","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of любят","gloss":"boys"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies еще","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дети","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"дети","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with мальчики","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies часто","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"часто","lemma":"часто","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies любят","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"любят","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb, predicate of мальчики","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"говорить","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of любят","gloss":"to talk"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking классах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"классах","lemma":"класс","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of говорить","gloss":"class"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking собою","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"собою","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, reflexive","role":"oblique complement of говорить","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вслух","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"вслух","lemma":"вслух","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорить","gloss":"aloud"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вещи","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"такие","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of вещи","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"вещи","lemma":"вещь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of говорить","gloss":"things"},{"surface":"картины","lemma":"картина","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with вещи","gloss":"pictures"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"образы","lemma":"образ","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with вещи","gloss":"images"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которых","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"которых","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, locative, plural","role":"oblique complement of заговорят","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies всегда","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заговорят","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"заговорят","lemma":"заговорить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"relative clause modifying вещи, картины, образы","gloss":"would speak"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies солдаты","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"reinforces даже","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"солдаты","lemma":"солдат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of заговорят","gloss":"soldiers"},{"surface":"мало","lemma":"мало","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical (idiom 'мало того')","gloss":"moreover","note":"мало того is a fixed phrase meaning 'what's more'."},{"surface":"того","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"part of idiom мало того","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"солдаты","lemma":"солдат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of знают","gloss":"soldiers"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, enclitic","role":"emphatic particle attached to солдаты","gloss":"(emphasis)","note":"colloquial '-то' attached to солдаты for emphasis (солдаты-то); not a separate pronoun here."},{"surface":"многого","lemma":"многий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of знают","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знают","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знают","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with заговорят","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies понимают","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"понимают","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with заговорят","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of понимают","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of знакомо","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знакомо","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"знакомо","lemma":"знакомый","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"clause modifying того","gloss":"familiar"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking роде","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of роде","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"роде","lemma":"род","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of знакомо","gloss":"kind"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies юным","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"юным","lemma":"юный","morphology":"adjective, dative, plural","role":"modifies детям","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies детям","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"детям","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"indirect object of знакомо","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"нашего","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of общества","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"интеллигентного","lemma":"интеллигентный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies общества","gloss":"educated"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"высшего","lemma":"высокий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with интеллигентного","gloss":"upper"},{"surface":"общества","lemma":"общество","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies детям","gloss":"society"}]},{"number":37,"label":"37","id":"c4-s37","source":"Нравственного разврата тут, пожалуй, еще нет, цинизма тоже нет настоящего, развратного, внутреннего, но есть наружный, и он-то считается у них нередко чем-то даже деликатным, тонким, молодецким и достойным подражания.","translation":"Moral depravity is perhaps not yet present here, nor real cynicism—the depraved, inward kind—but there is the outward kind, and among them it is often reckoned something even refined, subtle, dashing, and worthy of imitation.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"цинизма тоже нет настоящего","title":"Genitive subject of «нет»","body":"«нет» (there is no) obligatorily takes its logical subject in the genitive: «цинизма… нет» — \"there is no cynicism.\" The qualifier «настоящего» is genitive too, agreeing with «цинизма», and is split off after «нет» for emphasis."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"он-то считается у них… чем-то деликатным","title":"Reflexive-passive «считается» + instrumental","body":"«считается» is the «-ся» passive of «считать»: \"is reckoned / counted as.\" Its complement «чем-то деликатным, тонким…» stands in the instrumental, the case of the predicate role; the clitic «-то» on «он» again marks the contrastive topic."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"молодецким","title":"«молодецкий» — dashing, swaggeringly manly","body":"From «молодец» (a fine young fellow, a daredevil), «молодецкий» means dashing, gallant, bravado-laden. The boys mistake outward cynicism for this admirable swagger — \"something dashing and worthy of imitation.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Нравственного","lemma":"нравственный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies разврата","gloss":"moral"},{"surface":"разврата","lemma":"разврат","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"subject of нет","gloss":"depravity"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нет","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"пожалуй","lemma":"пожалуй","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifying нет","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нет","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there is no"},{"surface":"цинизма","lemma":"цинизм","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"subject of нет","gloss":"cynicism"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нет","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with нет","gloss":"is there"},{"surface":"настоящего","lemma":"настоящий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"subject of нет","gloss":"real"},{"surface":"развратного","lemma":"развратный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with настоящего","gloss":"depraved"},{"surface":"внутреннего","lemma":"внутренний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with настоящего","gloss":"inward"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with нет","gloss":"there is"},{"surface":"наружный","lemma":"наружный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"the outward kind"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of считается","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, enclitic","role":"emphatic particle attached to он","gloss":"(emphasis)","note":"colloquial '-то' attached to он for emphasis (он-то); not a separate pronoun here."},{"surface":"считается","lemma":"считаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, passive, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with есть","gloss":"is reckoned"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of считается","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"нередко","lemma":"нередко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies считается","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"oblique complement of считается (part of чем-то)","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, enclitic, indefinite marker","role":"completes чем-то, complement of считается","gloss":"(indefinite)","note":"чем combines with this enclitic '-то' into one word, чем-то, meaning 'something'."},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies деликатным","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"деликатным","lemma":"деликатный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies чем-то, coordinated with тонким, молодецким, достойным","gloss":"refined"},{"surface":"тонким","lemma":"тонкий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with деликатным","gloss":"subtle"},{"surface":"молодецким","lemma":"молодецкий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with деликатным","gloss":"dashing"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"достойным","lemma":"достойный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with деликатным","gloss":"worthy"},{"surface":"подражания","lemma":"подражание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of достойным","gloss":"of imitation"}]},{"number":38,"label":"38","id":"c4-s38","source":"Видя, что «Алешка Карамазов», когда заговорят «про это», быстро затыкает уши пальцами, они становились иногда подле него нарочно толпой и, насильно отнимая руки от ушей его, кричали ему в оба уха скверности, а тот рвался, спускался на пол, ложился, закрывался, и всё это не говоря им ни слова, не бранясь, молча перенося обиду.","translation":"Seeing that \"Alyoshka Karamazov,\" the moment they began talking \"about that,\" quickly stopped up his ears with his fingers, they would sometimes plant themselves around him on purpose in a crowd and, prying his hands forcibly from his ears, shout filth into both his ears, while he struggled, slid down to the floor, lay there, covered himself up—and all this without saying a word to them, without scolding, silently bearing the offense.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Видя, что… они становились… подле него… толпой","title":"Present gerund + imperfective of habit","body":"«Видя» is the imperfective present gerund of «видеть» (seeing), framing the simultaneous circumstance. «становились» is imperfective past — the boys \"would\" gather around him, a repeated action; «толпой» is instrumental of manner (\"in a crowd\")."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"насильно отнимая руки … кричали … а тот рвался","title":"Gerund of manner + the demonstrative «тот» as \"he\"","body":"«отнимая» (present gerund, \"prying away\") gives the manner of «кричали». The narrative then names Alyosha by the demonstrative «тот» (\"the latter, that one\") rather than «он» — a common way to shift the subject pointer back to him after the boys."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не говоря им ни слова, не бранясь, молча перенося обиду","title":"Three negated gerunds in a row","body":"A triple gerund close: «не говоря» (not saying), «не бранясь» (not scolding, reflexive «браниться»), «молча перенося» (silently bearing). «ни слова» is genitive after the negation (\"not a single word\"), with «ни» intensifying."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Алёшка","title":"Diminutive forms of names","body":"Russian names take many affectionate or dismissive diminutives. From Алексей come the warm Алёша (Alyosha) and the rougher, teasing Алёшка (Alyoshka) — the schoolboys' nickname here. The «-ка» suffix can sound playful or contemptuous depending on tone."}],"words":[{"surface":"Видя","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on становились","gloss":"seeing"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of затыкает","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Алешка","lemma":"Алешка","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of затыкает","gloss":"Alyoshka"},{"surface":"Карамазов","lemma":"Карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Алешка","gloss":"Karamazov"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of заговорят","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"заговорят","lemma":"заговорить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on затыкает","gloss":"began talking"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking это","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of заговорят","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"быстро","lemma":"быстро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies затыкает","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"затыкает","lemma":"затыкать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of Видя","gloss":"stopped up"},{"surface":"уши","lemma":"ухо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of затыкает","gloss":"ears"},{"surface":"пальцами","lemma":"палец","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"means complement of затыкает","gloss":"with his fingers"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of становились","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"становились","lemma":"становиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would plant themselves"},{"surface":"иногда","lemma":"иногда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies становились","gloss":"sometimes"},{"surface":"подле","lemma":"подле","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"near"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"complement of подле","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"нарочно","lemma":"нарочно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies становились","gloss":"on purpose"},{"surface":"толпой","lemma":"толпа","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"manner complement of становились","gloss":"in a crowd"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"насильно","lemma":"насильно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отнимая","gloss":"forcibly"},{"surface":"отнимая","lemma":"отнимать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on кричали","gloss":"prying away"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of отнимая","gloss":"his hands"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ушей","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"ушей","lemma":"ухо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of отнимая","gloss":"his ears"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"possessive modifier of ушей","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"кричали","lemma":"кричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with становились","gloss":"shout"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of кричали","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking уха","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"оба","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, accusative, neuter","role":"depends on уха","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"уха","lemma":"ухо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of кричали","gloss":"ears"},{"surface":"скверности","lemma":"скверность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of кричали","gloss":"filth","note":"Plural of скверность (\"nastiness\"), here \"filthy things\" shouted at him."},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of рвался","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"рвался","lemma":"рваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with кричали","gloss":"struggled"},{"surface":"спускался","lemma":"спускаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with рвался","gloss":"slid down"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пол","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"пол","lemma":"пол","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of спускался","gloss":"the floor"},{"surface":"ложился","lemma":"ложиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with рвался","gloss":"lay down"},{"surface":"закрывался","lemma":"закрываться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with рвался","gloss":"covered himself up"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of это","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"topic summarizing the preceding actions, tied to перенося","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говоря","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"говоря","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on рвался","gloss":"saying"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of говоря","gloss":"to them"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies слова","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"слова","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of говоря","gloss":"a word"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies бранясь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"бранясь","lemma":"браниться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on рвался","gloss":"scolding"},{"surface":"молча","lemma":"молча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies перенося","gloss":"silently"},{"surface":"перенося","lemma":"переносить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on рвался","gloss":"bearing"},{"surface":"обиду","lemma":"обида","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of перенося","gloss":"the offense"}]},{"number":39,"label":"39","id":"c4-s39","source":"Под конец, однако, оставили его в покое и уже не дразнили «девчонкой», мало того, глядели на него в этом смысле с сожалением.","translation":"Toward the end, however, they left him in peace and no longer teased him as a \"little girl\"; what is more, in this respect they looked upon him with pity.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"оставили его в покое и уже не дразнили «девчонкой»","title":"Perfective vs imperfective; instrumental of the name","body":"Perfective «оставили» marks the single resolving act (\"they left him in peace\") against imperfective «не дразнили» for the ceased habit (\"no longer teased\"). «дразнить кого кем» takes the instrumental «девчонкой» for what they called him."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"девчонкой","title":"«девчонка» — a girl, with a edge","body":"«девчонка» is a colloquial, slightly disparaging diminutive of «девочка/девка» — \"a little girl, a lass.\" As a taunt at a boy it stings; the narrator notes the boys eventually drop it, turning instead to pity."}],"words":[{"surface":"Под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking конец","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"конец","lemma":"конец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial modifier of оставили","gloss":"the end"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifier of the clause","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"оставили","lemma":"оставить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of оставили","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking покое","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"покое","lemma":"покой","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of оставили","gloss":"peace"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дразнили","gloss":"no longer"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дразнили","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"дразнили","lemma":"дразнить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with оставили","gloss":"teased"},{"surface":"девчонкой","lemma":"девчонка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"complement of дразнили","gloss":"little girl"},{"surface":"мало","lemma":"мало","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the fixed phrase мало того (moreover)","gloss":"little","note":"мало того is a fixed idiom meaning \"what is more.\""},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of мало","gloss":"of that"},{"surface":"глядели","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with оставили","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of глядели","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking смысле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of смысле","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"смысле","lemma":"смысл","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of глядели","gloss":"respect"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сожалением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"сожалением","lemma":"сожаление","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"manner complement of глядели","gloss":"pity"}]},{"number":40,"label":"40","id":"c4-s40","source":"Кстати, в классах он всегда стоял по учению из лучших, но никогда не был отмечен первым.","translation":"Incidentally, in his classes he always stood among the best in his studies, but was never marked as the first.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"никогда не был отмечен первым","title":"Periphrastic passive + instrumental","body":"«был отмечен» is the periphrastic passive: «быть» plus the short past passive participle «отмечен» (marked, from perfective «отметить»). The predicate «первым» is instrumental — never \"marked as first.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Кстати","lemma":"кстати","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifier of the clause","gloss":"incidentally"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking классах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"классах","lemma":"класс","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of стоял","gloss":"classes"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стоял","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стоял","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"стоял","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking учению","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"учению","lemma":"учение","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of стоял","gloss":"his studies"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лучших","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"лучших","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of стоял","gloss":"the best"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отмечен","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отмечен","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of отмечен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"отмечен","lemma":"отметить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with стоял","gloss":"marked"},{"surface":"первым","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отмечен","gloss":"as the first"}]},{"number":41,"label":"41","id":"c4-s41","source":"Когда умер Ефим Петрович, Алеша два года еще пробыл в губернской гимназии.","translation":"When Yefim Petrovich died, Alyosha spent two more years at the provincial high school.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Когда умер Ефим Петрович, Алёша… пробыл","title":"Two perfectives sequencing events","body":"Both «умер» (died) and «пробыл» (spent/remained for a time) are perfective past, moving the narrative forward as single completed events. «пробыть» with the prefix «про-» specifically means to spend a stretch of time through to its end — \"two more years.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of умер","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"умер","lemma":"умереть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on пробыл","gloss":"died"},{"surface":"Ефим","lemma":"Ефим","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of умер","gloss":"Yefim"},{"surface":"Петрович","lemma":"Петрович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Ефим","gloss":"Petrovich"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пробыл","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"depends on года","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"года","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пробыл","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пробыл","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"пробыл","lemma":"пробыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"spent"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гимназии","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"губернской","lemma":"губернский","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies гимназии","gloss":"provincial"},{"surface":"гимназии","lemma":"гимназия","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пробыл","gloss":"high school"}]},{"number":42,"label":"42","id":"c4-s42","source":"Неутешная супруга Ефима Петровича, почти тотчас же по смерти его, отправилась на долгий срок в Италию со всем семейством, состоявшим всё из особ женского пола, а Алеша попал в дом к каким-то двум дамам, которых он прежде никогда и не видывал, каким-то дальним родственницам Ефима Петровича, но на каких условиях, он сам того не знал.","translation":"The inconsolable widow of Yefim Petrovich, almost immediately after his death, set off for a long stay in Italy with her whole family, which consisted entirely of persons of the female sex, while Alyosha ended up in the house of two ladies he had never even seen before, some distant relatives of Yefim Petrovich's, though on what terms he himself did not know.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"семейством, состоявшим всё из особ женского пола","title":"Past active participle agreeing in instrumental","body":"«состоявшим» is the past active participle of «состоять» (to consist), in the neuter instrumental to agree with «семейством» (with her family, which consisted…). «из особ» takes the genitive plural after «из»; «особа» is a slightly formal word for a person/female personage."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"которых он прежде никогда и не видывал","title":"Iterative «видывал» under negation","body":"«видывал» is an iterative (frequentative) imperfective of «видеть» — \"used (ever) to see,\" common in 19th-century prose for habitual past. Negated with «никогда и не», it means \"had never once even seen,\" and the animate relative «которых» is accusative=genitive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Неутешная","lemma":"неутешный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies супруга","gloss":"inconsolable"},{"surface":"супруга","lemma":"супруга","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of отправилась","gloss":"widow"},{"surface":"Ефима","lemma":"Ефим","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies супруга","gloss":"Yefim"},{"surface":"Петровича","lemma":"Петрович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Ефима","gloss":"Petrovich"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отправилась","gloss":"immediately"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking смерти","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"смерти","lemma":"смерть","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of тотчас","gloss":"death"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies смерти","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"отправилась","lemma":"отправиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"set off"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking срок","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"долгий","lemma":"долгий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies срок","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"срок","lemma":"срок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отправилась","gloss":"stay"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Италию","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Италию","lemma":"Италия","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отправилась","gloss":"Italy"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking семейством","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of семейством","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"семейством","lemma":"семейство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of отправилась","gloss":"family"},{"surface":"состоявшим","lemma":"состоять","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, neuter, singular, instrumental, imperfective","role":"clause modifying семейством","gloss":"which consisted"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"adverbial modifier of состоявшим","gloss":"entirely"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking особ","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"особ","lemma":"особа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of состоявшим","gloss":"persons"},{"surface":"женского","lemma":"женский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пола","gloss":"female"},{"surface":"пола","lemma":"пол","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies особ","gloss":"sex"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of попал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"попал","lemma":"попасть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with отправилась","gloss":"ended up"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дом","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"дом","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of попал","gloss":"the house"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дамам","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"каким","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"determiner of дамам","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"determiner of дамам","gloss":"some","note":"каким-то is one indefinite word (\"some\"), split into two tokens by the tagger."},{"surface":"двум","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, dative","role":"quantifies дамам","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"дамам","lemma":"дама","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of попал","gloss":"ladies"},{"surface":"которых","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of видывал","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of видывал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies никогда","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies видывал","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies видывал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"видывал","lemma":"видывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on дамам","gloss":"had seen"},{"surface":"каким","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"determiner of родственницам","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"determiner of родственницам","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"дальним","lemma":"дальний","morphology":"adjective, dative, plural","role":"modifies родственницам","gloss":"distant"},{"surface":"родственницам","lemma":"родственница","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, plural","role":"in apposition to дамам","gloss":"relatives"},{"surface":"Ефима","lemma":"Ефим","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies родственницам","gloss":"Yefim's"},{"surface":"Петровича","lemma":"Петрович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Ефима","gloss":"Petrovich"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking условиях","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"каких","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of условиях","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"условиях","lemma":"условие","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of знал","gloss":"terms"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphatic modifier of он","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of знал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with попал","gloss":"knew"}]},{"number":43,"label":"43","id":"c4-s43","source":"Характерная тоже, и даже очень, черта его была в том, что он никогда не заботился, на чьи средства живет.","translation":"It was a characteristic trait of his too—and very much so—that he never troubled himself about whose means he was living on.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"никогда не заботился, на чьи средства живёт","title":"Negative concord + interrogative «чей»","body":"«никогда… не заботился» gives the doubled negation (\"never troubled himself\"); «заботиться» is a «-ся» verb. The embedded question uses the possessive interrogative «чей» in «на чьи средства» — \"on whose means.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Характерная","lemma":"характерный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies черта","gloss":"characteristic"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies черта","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies очень","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Характерная","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"черта","lemma":"черта","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of была","gloss":"trait"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of черта","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking черта to том","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of заботился","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заботился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заботился","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies заботился","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"заботился","lemma":"заботиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying том","gloss":"troubled himself"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking средства","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"чьи","lemma":"чей","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of средства","gloss":"whose"},{"surface":"средства","lemma":"средство","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of живет","gloss":"means"},{"surface":"живет","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of заботился","gloss":"lives"}]},{"number":44,"label":"44","id":"c4-s44","source":"В этом он был совершенная противоположность своему старшему брату, Ивану Федоровичу, пробедствовавшему два первые года в университете, кормя себя своим трудом, и с самого детства горько почувствовавшему, что живет он на чужих хлебах у благодетеля.","translation":"In this he was the perfect opposite of his elder brother, Ivan Fyodorovich, who had struggled through his first two years at the university supporting himself by his own labor, and who had from his very childhood felt bitterly that he was living on the bread of a benefactor.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"противоположность своему старшему брату","title":"Dative governed by \"opposite of\"","body":"«противоположность» (the opposite) governs the dative of what one is opposite to — «своему старшему брату» (to his elder brother). The reflexive possessive «свой» ties the brother to the subject Alyosha; «Ивану Фёдоровичу» is the respectful name-and-patronymic in the dative."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пробедствовавшему… кормя себя своим трудом","title":"Participle + gerund + reflexive «себя»","body":"«пробедствовавшему» is a past active participle (dative, agreeing with «брату») of «пробедствовать» — \"who had struggled in poverty through\" his first years. «кормя себя» is a present gerund with the reflexive object «себя» — \"feeding himself by his own labour.\""},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"на чужих хлебах","title":"«на чужих хлебах» — living on another's bread","body":"A set idiom: «жить на чужих хлебах» means to live at someone else's expense, as a dependent. «чужой» (another's, alien) sharpens the shame Ivan feels — he is fed on bread not his own, the very lot Fyodor Pavlovich once knew as a hanger-on."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"adverbial modifier of был","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to противоположность","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"совершенная","lemma":"совершенный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies противоположность","gloss":"perfect"},{"surface":"противоположность","lemma":"противоположность","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"opposite"},{"surface":"своему","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of брату","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"старшему","lemma":"старший","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies брату","gloss":"elder"},{"surface":"брату","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of противоположность","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"Ивану","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to брату","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федоровичу","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Ивану","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"пробедствовавшему","lemma":"пробедствовать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, dative, perfective","role":"clause modifying брату","gloss":"who had struggled"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"depends on года","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"первые","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies года","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"года","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"temporal complement of пробедствовавшему","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking университете","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"университете","lemma":"университет","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пробедствовавшему","gloss":"the university"},{"surface":"кормя","lemma":"кормить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on пробедствовавшему","gloss":"supporting"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of кормя","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"своим","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of трудом","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"трудом","lemma":"труд","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of кормя","gloss":"labor"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking детства","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies детства","gloss":"his very"},{"surface":"детства","lemma":"детство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of почувствовавшему","gloss":"childhood"},{"surface":"горько","lemma":"горько","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies почувствовавшему","gloss":"bitterly"},{"surface":"почувствовавшему","lemma":"почувствовать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, dative, perfective","role":"coordinated with пробедствовавшему","gloss":"who had felt"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of живет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"живет","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of почувствовавшему","gloss":"lives"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of живет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking хлебах","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"чужих","lemma":"чужой","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies хлебах","gloss":"someone else's"},{"surface":"хлебах","lemma":"хлеб","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of живет","gloss":"bread"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking благодетеля","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"благодетеля","lemma":"благодетель","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies хлебах","gloss":"a benefactor"}]},{"number":45,"label":"45","id":"c4-s45","source":"Но эту странную черту в характере Алексея, кажется, нельзя было осудить очень строго, потому что всякий чуть-чуть лишь узнавший его тотчас, при возникшем на этот счет вопросе, становился уверен, что Алексей непременно из таких юношей вроде как бы юродивых, которому попади вдруг хотя бы даже целый капитал, то он не затруднится отдать его, по первому даже спросу, или на доброе дело, или, может быть, даже просто ловкому пройдохе, если бы тот у него попросил.","translation":"But this strange trait in Alexei's character could hardly, it seems, be judged very severely, because anyone who came to know him even the slightest bit became at once convinced, the moment the question arose, that Alexei was undoubtedly one of those young men of the holy-fool sort, who, were a whole fortune suddenly to fall to him, would not hesitate to give it away at the very first request—either for some good cause, or perhaps even simply to a clever swindler, should the man ask him for it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"которому попади вдруг… целый капитал, то он не затруднится отдать","title":"Imperative «попади» as conditional","body":"«попади» looks like an imperative of «попасть» but here serves as a vivid conditional: \"should a whole fortune suddenly fall to him…\". This imperative-for-conditional is a lively folk/colloquial turn; «которому» is the dative relative (\"to whom\")."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"если бы тот у него попросил","title":"True conditional with «если бы»","body":"The closing clause is a textbook irrealis: «если бы» + the past-form «попросил» = \"if he were to ask / should he ask.\" «у него попросил» uses «у» + genitive for the person asked, «попросить» being the perfective \"to make a request.\""},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ловкому пройдохе","title":"«пройдоха» — a sly rogue","body":"«пройдоха» (from «пройти», to get through/around) is a wily operator, a slippery cheat who \"gets through\" anywhere; «ловкий» adds \"deft, smooth.\" The contrast is biting: Alyosha would give his fortune as readily to a swindler as to a good cause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of черту","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"странную","lemma":"странный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies черту","gloss":"strange"},{"surface":"черту","lemma":"черта","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of осудить","gloss":"trait"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking характере","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"характере","lemma":"характер","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies черту","gloss":"the character"},{"surface":"Алексея","lemma":"Алексей","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies характере","gloss":"Alexei"},{"surface":"кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical modifier of нельзя","gloss":"it seems"},{"surface":"нельзя","lemma":"нельзя","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"could not"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to нельзя","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"осудить","lemma":"осудить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on нельзя","gloss":"judge"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies строго","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"строго","lemma":"строго","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies осудить","gloss":"severely"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of становился, together with что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"всякий","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of становился","gloss":"anyone"},{"surface":"чуть","lemma":"чуть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies узнавший","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"чуть","lemma":"чуть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies узнавший","gloss":"the slightest"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies узнавший","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"узнавший","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"participial clause modifying всякий","gloss":"having come to know"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of узнавший","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies становился","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вопросе","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"возникшем","lemma":"возникнуть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, locative, perfective","role":"clause modifying вопросе","gloss":"arising"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking счет","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of счет","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"счет","lemma":"счёт","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of возникшем","gloss":"account"},{"surface":"вопросе","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"temporal complement of становился","gloss":"question"},{"surface":"становился","lemma":"становиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the потому что clause","gloss":"became"},{"surface":"уверен","lemma":"уверенный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of становился","gloss":"convinced"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause about Алексей","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"Алексей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of юношей (predicate nominal)","gloss":"Alexei"},{"surface":"непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies юношей","gloss":"undoubtedly"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking юношей","gloss":"one of"},{"surface":"таких","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of юношей","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"юношей","lemma":"юноша","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"predicate complement of Алексей","gloss":"young men"},{"surface":"вроде","lemma":"вроде","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking юродивых","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies юродивых","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"юродивых","lemma":"юродивый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies юношей","gloss":"holy fools"},{"surface":"которому","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of попади","gloss":"to whom"},{"surface":"попади","lemma":"попасть","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular, perfective, used as a conditional","role":"protasis clause modifying затруднится","gloss":"were to fall"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies попади","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies капитал","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase хотя","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies целый","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"целый","lemma":"целый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies капитал","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"капитал","lemma":"капитал","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of попади","gloss":"a fortune"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of затруднится","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of затруднится","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies затруднится","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"затруднится","lemma":"затрудниться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"would hesitate"},{"surface":"отдать","lemma":"отдать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of затруднится","gloss":"give it away"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of отдать","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking спросу","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"первому","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies спросу","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies спросу","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"спросу","lemma":"спрос","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отдать","gloss":"request"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дело","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"доброе","lemma":"добрый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies дело","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with спросу","gloss":"cause"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the phrase может быть (perhaps)","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies просто","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"просто","lemma":"просто","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пройдохе","gloss":"simply"},{"surface":"ловкому","lemma":"ловкий","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пройдохе","gloss":"clever"},{"surface":"пройдохе","lemma":"пройдоха","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with спросу","gloss":"a swindler"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of попросил","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional marker","role":"conditional marker with попросил","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of попросил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of попросил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"попросил","lemma":"попросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"conditional clause modifying затруднится","gloss":"asked"}]},{"number":46,"label":"46","id":"c4-s46","source":"Да и вообще говоря, он как бы вовсе не знал цены деньгам, разумеется не в буквальном смысле говоря.","translation":"And indeed, generally speaking, it was as if he had no notion at all of the value of money—not, of course, in the literal sense.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы вовсе не знал цены деньгам","title":"Genitive object + dative \"of\"","body":"«не знал цены» negates the object into the genitive «цены» (the value); «деньгам» is the dative governed by «цена» (\"price/value to money\"). «как бы» (\"as it were\") and «вовсе» (\"at all\") soften and intensify the claim at once."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"вообще","lemma":"вообще","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говоря","gloss":"generally"},{"surface":"говоря","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on знал","gloss":"speaking"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"цены","lemma":"цена","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of знал (genitive of negation)","gloss":"the value"},{"surface":"деньгам","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, dative, plural","role":"dative complement of цены","gloss":"of money"},{"surface":"разумеется","lemma":"разуметься","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical parallel to говоря","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смысле","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking смысле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"буквальном","lemma":"буквальный","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies смысле","gloss":"literal"},{"surface":"смысле","lemma":"смысл","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говоря","gloss":"sense"},{"surface":"говоря","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause parallel to разумеется","gloss":"speaking"}]},{"number":47,"label":"47","id":"c4-s47","source":"Когда ему выдавали карманные деньги, которых он сам никогда не просил, то он или по целым неделям не знал, что с ними делать, или ужасно их не берег, мигом они у него исчезали.","translation":"When they gave him pocket money, which he himself never asked for, he would either go for whole weeks not knowing what to do with it, or be terribly careless of it, so that in a flash it vanished from his hands.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"которых он сам никогда не просил","title":"Genitive relative under negation","body":"The relative «которых» (referring to «деньги», money) stands in the genitive plural — partly as the object of negated «не просил», partly because «просить чего» (to ask for something abstract) regularly takes the genitive. «сам» intensifies: he himself never asked."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"то он или… не знал… или ужасно их не берёг","title":"Imperfective habit + «или… или»","body":"Both «не знал» and «не берёг» (from «беречь», to take care of, guard) are imperfective past of habit — what he \"would\" repeatedly do. «или… или» (either… or) coordinates the two recurring outcomes."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мигом","title":"«мигом» — in a flash","body":"An instrumental adverb frozen from «миг» (an instant): \"in a twinkling, in a flash.\" Dostoevsky will repeat «мигом» insistently in Miüsov's aphorism a few lines on; its first appearance here quietly prepares that drumbeat."}],"words":[{"surface":"Когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of выдавали","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of выдавали","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"выдавали","lemma":"выдавать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"verb of the когда-clause modifying знал","gloss":"gave"},{"surface":"карманные","lemma":"карманный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies деньги","gloss":"pocket"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of выдавали","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"которых","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of просил","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of просил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies он","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies просил","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies просил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"просил","lemma":"просить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on деньги","gloss":"asked for"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative particle","role":"introduces the main clause after Когда","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"either"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking неделям","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"целым","lemma":"целый","morphology":"adjective, dative, plural","role":"modifies неделям","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"неделям","lemma":"неделя","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of знал","gloss":"weeks"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of делать","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ними","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ними","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of делать","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"делать","lemma":"делать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of знал","gloss":"to do"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies берег","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of берег","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies берег","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"берег","lemma":"беречь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with знал","gloss":"took care of","note":"Not the noun \"берег\" (shore) — this is the past tense of беречь, \"to look after/be careful with.\""},{"surface":"мигом","lemma":"миг","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of исчезали","gloss":"in a flash"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of исчезали","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of исчезали","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"исчезали","lemma":"исчезать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with знал","gloss":"vanished"}]},{"number":48,"label":"48","id":"c4-s48","source":"Петр Александрович Миусов, человек насчет денег и буржуазной честности весьма щекотливый, раз, впоследствии, приглядевшись к Алексею, произнес о нем следующий афоризм: «Вот, может быть, единственный человек в мире, которого оставьте вы вдруг одного и без денег на площади незнакомого в миллион жителей города, и он ни за что не погибнет и не умрет с голоду и холоду, потому что его мигом накормят, мигом пристроят, а если не пристроят, то он сам мигом пристроится, и это не будет стоить ему никаких усилий и никакого унижения, а пристроившему никакой тягости, а, может быть, напротив, почтут за удовольствие».","translation":"Pyotr Alexandrovich Miüsov, a man exceedingly punctilious on the score of money and bourgeois honesty, once, later on, having observed Alexei closely, pronounced about him the following aphorism: \"Here, perhaps, is the one man in the world whom you could suddenly leave alone and penniless in the square of an unknown city of a million inhabitants, and who would not for anything perish or die of hunger and cold, because in a flash he would be fed, in a flash he would be taken in, and if he were not taken in, then in a flash he would settle himself in, and this would cost him no effort and no humiliation whatever, and the one who took him in no burden at all—on the contrary, they might well count it a pleasure.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"приглядевшись к Алексею, произнёс… афоризм","title":"Gerund of prior action + dative after «приглядеться»","body":"«приглядевшись» is the perfective past gerund of «приглядеться к» (to look closely at, get a good look at), which governs the dative «к Алексею». \"Having observed Alexei closely, he pronounced…\" — the gerund marks the completed prior act."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"которого… оставьте вы вдруг одного и без денег","title":"Imperative «оставьте» inside a relative clause","body":"Within Miüsov's aphorism the relative «которого» is followed by a vivid 2nd-person imperative «оставьте» (leave!), a rhetorical \"suppose you leave him…\". «без денег» takes the genitive after «без»; «одного» is the animate accusative of «один» agreeing with «которого»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"он ни за что не погибнет… его мигом накормят, мигом пристроят","title":"Perfective futures + indefinite-subject \"they\"","body":"A run of perfective futures: «не погибнет, не умрёт» (will not perish/die) and «накормят, пристроят» (will feed, will take in). The plural verbs «накормят/пристроят» have no stated subject — the indefinite \"they,\" Russian's standard impersonal \"one would feed him.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пристроившему никакой тягости","title":"Substantivized participle + genitive of negation","body":"«пристроившему» is a past active participle of «пристроить» used as a noun in the dative — \"to the one who took him in.\" «никакой тягости» is genitive after the implied «не было» (no burden whatever), the negation pulling «тягость» into the genitive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Петр","lemma":"Пётр","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of произнес","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Александрович","lemma":"Александрович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Петр","gloss":"Alexandrovich"},{"surface":"Миусов","lemma":"Миусов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Петр","gloss":"Miusov"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Петр","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"насчет","lemma":"насчёт","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking денег","gloss":"regarding"},{"surface":"денег","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of щекотливый","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"буржуазной","lemma":"буржуазный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies честности","gloss":"bourgeois"},{"surface":"честности","lemma":"честность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with денег","gloss":"honesty"},{"surface":"весьма","lemma":"весьма","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies щекотливый","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"щекотливый","lemma":"щекотливый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"punctilious"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies произнес","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"впоследствии","lemma":"впоследствии","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies произнес","gloss":"later on"},{"surface":"приглядевшись","lemma":"приглядеться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on произнес","gloss":"having observed"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Алексею","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Алексею","lemma":"Алексей","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приглядевшись","gloss":"Alexei"},{"surface":"произнес","lemma":"произнести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"pronounced"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of произнес","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"следующий","lemma":"следующий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies афоризм","gloss":"following"},{"surface":"афоризм","lemma":"афоризм","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of произнес","gloss":"aphorism"},{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"here is"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical modifying человек","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"единственный","lemma":"единственный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head noun of the exclamation","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мире","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"мире","lemma":"мир","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"the world"},{"surface":"которого","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of оставьте","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"оставьте","lemma":"оставить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"relative clause on человек","gloss":"leave"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of оставьте","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оставьте","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"одного","lemma":"один","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"predicative complement of которого","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking денег","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"денег","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"coordinated with одного","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking площади","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"площади","lemma":"площадь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of оставьте","gloss":"the square"},{"surface":"незнакомого","lemma":"незнакомый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies города","gloss":"unfamiliar"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking миллион","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"миллион","lemma":"миллион","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies жителей","gloss":"a million"},{"surface":"жителей","lemma":"житель","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"complement of миллион","gloss":"inhabitants"},{"surface":"города","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies жителей","gloss":"of the city"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of погибнет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase ни за что","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase ни за что","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of погибнет","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies погибнет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"погибнет","lemma":"погибнуть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of он, coordinated with умрет","gloss":"will perish"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies умрет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"умрет","lemma":"умереть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with погибнет","gloss":"will die"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking голоду","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"голоду","lemma":"голод","morphology":"noun, partitive genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of умрет","gloss":"hunger"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"холоду","lemma":"холод","morphology":"noun, partitive genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with голоду","gloss":"cold"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of накормят","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"мигом","lemma":"миг","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies накормят","gloss":"in a flash"},{"surface":"накормят","lemma":"накормить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the потому-что clause","gloss":"will feed"},{"surface":"мигом","lemma":"миг","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пристроят","gloss":"in a flash"},{"surface":"пристроят","lemma":"пристроить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with накормят","gloss":"will settle him"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пристроят","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"пристроят","lemma":"пристроить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on пристроится","gloss":"settle him"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative particle","role":"introduces the clause of пристроится","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пристроится","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies он","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"мигом","lemma":"миг","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пристроится","gloss":"in a flash"},{"surface":"пристроится","lemma":"пристроиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, reflexive, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with накормят","gloss":"will settle himself"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of стоить","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стоить","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of стоить","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"стоить","lemma":"стоить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"cost"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of стоить","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"никаких","lemma":"никакой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of усилий","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"усилий","lemma":"усилие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of стоить","gloss":"effort"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"никакого","lemma":"никакой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of унижения","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"унижения","lemma":"унижение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with усилий","gloss":"humiliation"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"пристроившему","lemma":"пристроить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, dative, perfective","role":"indirect object of стоить (elided)","gloss":"the one who took him in"},{"surface":"никакой","lemma":"никакой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of тягости","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"тягости","lemma":"тягость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of стоить (elided)","gloss":"burden"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical modifying почтут","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"напротив","lemma":"напротив","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifying почтут","gloss":"on the contrary"},{"surface":"почтут","lemma":"почесть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with стоить","gloss":"will deem"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking удовольствие","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"удовольствие","lemma":"удовольствие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of почтут","gloss":"a pleasure"}]},{"number":49,"label":"49","id":"c4-s49","source":"В гимназии своей он курса не кончил; ему оставался еще целый год, как он вдруг объявил своим дамам, что едет к отцу по одному делу, которое взбрело ему в голову.","translation":"He did not finish his course at his high school; he still had a whole year left when he suddenly announced to his ladies that he was going to his father about a certain matter that had taken it into his head.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"курса не кончил; ему оставался ещё целый год","title":"Genitive of negation + dative experiencer","body":"«курса не кончил» negates the object «курс» into the genitive («курса»). The next clause is impersonal-experiencer: «ему оставался… год» — \"there remained to him a whole year,\" the person in the dative, the year as nominative subject."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"взбрело ему в голову","title":"«взбрести в голову» — to pop into one's head","body":"A vivid idiom: «взбрести (кому) в голову» means an idea \"wanders / climbs into one's head\" — a whim seizing one suddenly. «взбрести» is a quirky perfective of «брести» (to plod, wander), used almost only in this expression."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гимназии","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"гимназии","lemma":"гимназия","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of кончил","gloss":"school"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of гимназии","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of кончил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"курса","lemma":"курс","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of кончил (genitive of negation)","gloss":"course"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кончил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"кончил","lemma":"кончить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"finish"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of оставался","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"оставался","lemma":"оставаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"remained"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies целый","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"целый","lemma":"целый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies год","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"год","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of оставался","gloss":"year"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of объявил","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of объявил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies объявил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"объявил","lemma":"объявить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on оставался","gloss":"announced"},{"surface":"своим","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"determiner of дамам","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"дамам","lemma":"дама","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, plural","role":"indirect object of объявил","gloss":"ladies"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of едет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"едет","lemma":"ехать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of объявил","gloss":"is going"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отцу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"отцу","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of едет","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking делу","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"одному","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, dative, neuter, singular","role":"quantifies делу","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"делу","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of едет","gloss":"matter"},{"surface":"которое","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of взбрело","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"взбрело","lemma":"взбрести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on делу","gloss":"had come"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of взбрело","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking голову","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"голову","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of взбрело","gloss":"head"}]},{"number":50,"label":"50","id":"c4-s50","source":"Те очень жалели его и не хотели было пускать.","translation":"They were very sorry for him and did not at first want to let him go.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не хотели было пускать","title":"The particle «было» of the abandoned action","body":"«было» here is not the past of «быть» but the special particle marking an action begun or intended, then checked or reversed: \"were about to / did not at first want to let him go.\" It signals that the ladies' reluctance came to nothing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Те","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"subject of жалели","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies жалели","gloss":"very much"},{"surface":"жалели","lemma":"жалеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"were sorry for"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of жалели","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хотели","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хотели","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with жалели","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"particle marking a nearly-realized action","role":"modifies хотели","gloss":"at first"},{"surface":"пускать","lemma":"пускать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хотели","gloss":"let him go"}]},{"number":51,"label":"51","id":"c4-s51","source":"Проезд стоил очень недорого, и дамы не позволили ему заложить свои часы — подарок семейства благодетеля пред отъездом за границу, а роскошно снабдили его средствами, даже новым платьем и бельем.","translation":"The fare was very cheap, and the ladies would not let him pawn his watch—a gift from the benefactor's family before their departure abroad—but lavishly supplied him with means, even with new clothes and linen.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не позволили ему заложить свои часы","title":"Dative person + reflexive «свои»","body":"«позволить кому что сделать» takes the dative of the person — «ему» (to let him). «свои часы» uses the reflexive possessive «свой» agreeing with the plurale tantum «часы» (watch/clock), referring back to its owner Alyosha."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"а роскошно снабдили его средствами","title":"Contrastive «а» + instrumental of means","body":"«а» is the mild contrastive \"but/and\" pivoting from what they refused to what they did. «снабдить кого чем» governs the instrumental: «средствами… платьем и бельём» — they supplied him \"with means, clothes, and linen.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Проезд","lemma":"проезд","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стоил","gloss":"the fare"},{"surface":"стоил","lemma":"стоить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cost"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies недорого","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"недорого","lemma":"недорого","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стоил","gloss":"cheaply"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"дамы","lemma":"дама","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of позволили","gloss":"the ladies"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies позволили","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"позволили","lemma":"позволить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with стоил","gloss":"allowed"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of позволили","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"заложить","lemma":"заложить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of позволили","gloss":"pawn"},{"surface":"свои","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of часы","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"часы","lemma":"часы","morphology":"noun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of заложить","gloss":"watch"},{"surface":"подарок","lemma":"подарок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to часы","gloss":"a gift"},{"surface":"семейства","lemma":"семейство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies подарок","gloss":"of the family"},{"surface":"благодетеля","lemma":"благодетель","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies семейства","gloss":"of the benefactor"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отъездом","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"отъездом","lemma":"отъезд","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies подарок","gloss":"departure"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase за границу","gloss":"abroad"},{"surface":"границу","lemma":"граница","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies отъездом","gloss":"abroad"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"роскошно","lemma":"роскошно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies снабдили","gloss":"lavishly"},{"surface":"снабдили","lemma":"снабдить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with стоил","gloss":"supplied"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of снабдили","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"средствами","lemma":"средство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, plural","role":"indirect object of снабдили","gloss":"with means"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies новым","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"новым","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies платьем","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"платьем","lemma":"платье","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with средствами","gloss":"clothes"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"бельем","lemma":"бельё","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with средствами","gloss":"linen"}]},{"number":52,"label":"52","id":"c4-s52","source":"Он, однако, отдал им половину денег назад, объявив, что непременно хочет сидеть в третьем классе.","translation":"He, however, gave half the money back to them, declaring that he absolutely wished to travel third class.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"отдал им половину денег назад, объявив","title":"Dative recipient + perfective gerund","body":"«отдал им» — the recipient «им» (to them) in the dative, the standard indirect-object case with «отдать» (to give back). «объявив» is the perfective gerund of «объявить» (\"declaring / having declared\"), tacking his stated reason onto the act."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отдал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifying отдал","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"отдал","lemma":"отдать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gave back"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of отдал","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"половину","lemma":"половина","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of отдал","gloss":"half"},{"surface":"денег","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies половину","gloss":"of the money"},{"surface":"назад","lemma":"назад","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отдал","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"объявив","lemma":"объявить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on отдал","gloss":"declaring"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of хочет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хочет","gloss":"absolutely"},{"surface":"хочет","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of объявив","gloss":"wants"},{"surface":"сидеть","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хочет","gloss":"to travel"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking классе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"третьем","lemma":"третий","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies классе","gloss":"third"},{"surface":"классе","lemma":"класс","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сидеть","gloss":"class"}]},{"number":53,"label":"53","id":"c4-s53","source":"Приехав в наш городок, он на первые расспросы родителя: «Зачем именно пожаловал, не докончив курса?» — прямо ничего не ответил, а был, как говорят, не по-обыкновенному задумчив.","translation":"On arriving in our little town, to his parent's first questions—\"Why exactly have you turned up before finishing your course?\"—he gave no direct answer at all, but was, as they say, uncommonly pensive.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Приехав в наш городок","title":"Gerund + the diminutive «городок»","body":"«Приехав» is the perfective past gerund of «приехать» (to arrive by vehicle), a prefixed verb of motion — \"on arriving.\" «городок» is the affectionate diminutive of «город», the narrator's fond \"our little town.\""},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пожаловал","title":"«пожаловать» — to deign to come (here ironic)","body":"«пожаловать» is an old, ceremonious verb for arriving or being so good as to come. In the father's mouth — «Зачем именно пожаловал?» — it drips mock-courtly irony: \"why exactly have you graced us?\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Приехав","lemma":"приехать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on ответил","gloss":"having arrived"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking городок","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"наш","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of городок","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"городок","lemma":"городок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Приехав","gloss":"town"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ответил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking расспросы","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"первые","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies расспросы","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"расспросы","lemma":"расспрос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of ответил","gloss":"questions"},{"surface":"родителя","lemma":"родитель","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies расспросы","gloss":"of his parent"},{"surface":"Зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пожаловал","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Зачем","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"пожаловал","lemma":"пожаловать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted question","gloss":"have you come"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies докончив","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"докончив","lemma":"докончить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on пожаловал","gloss":"finishing"},{"surface":"курса","lemma":"курс","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of докончив","gloss":"the course"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ответил","gloss":"directly"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of ответил","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ответил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ответил","lemma":"ответить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to задумчив","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of говорят","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"говорят","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"parenthetical modifying задумчив","gloss":"they say"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies обыкновенному","gloss":"un-"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase по обыкновенному","gloss":"in the"},{"surface":"обыкновенному","lemma":"обыкновенный","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies задумчив","gloss":"usual way"},{"surface":"задумчив","lemma":"задумчивый","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"pensive","note":"Short-form predicate adjective \"задумчив\" (from задумчивый), not the verb it was tagged as."}]},{"number":54,"label":"54","id":"c4-s54","source":"Вскоре обнаружилось, что он разыскивает могилу своей матери.","translation":"Soon it came to light that he was searching for his mother's grave.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вскоре обнаружилось, что он разыскивает могилу","title":"Reflexive «обнаружилось» + reported (relative) present","body":"«обнаружилось» is the «-ся» middle of «обнаружить» — \"it came to light / revealed itself,\" with the «что»-clause as its logical subject. Inside, «разыскивает» is imperfective present for an ongoing search (\"was searching\")."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вскоре","lemma":"вскоре","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обнаружилось","gloss":"soon"},{"surface":"обнаружилось","lemma":"обнаружиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"it came to light"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of разыскивает","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of разыскивает","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"разыскивает","lemma":"разыскивать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of обнаружилось","gloss":"was searching for"},{"surface":"могилу","lemma":"могила","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of разыскивает","gloss":"grave"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of матери","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"матери","lemma":"мать","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies могилу","gloss":"mother's"}]},{"number":55,"label":"55","id":"c4-s55","source":"Он даже сам признался было тогда, что затем только и приехал.","translation":"He even admitted himself at the time that he had come for that purpose alone.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"признался было тогда, что затем только и приехал","title":"«было» again + emphatic «и»","body":"«признался было» uses the particle «было» of the checked/qualified action — \"he did admit (though only then).\" In «затем только и приехал», the emphatic «и» reinforces «только»: \"he had come for that alone, and nothing else.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of признался","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сам","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Он","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"признался","lemma":"признаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"admitted"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"particle marking a nearly-realized action","role":"modifies признался","gloss":"at the time"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies признался","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of приехал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"затем","lemma":"затем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приехал","gloss":"for that"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies приехал","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle modifying приехал","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"приехал","lemma":"приехать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of признался","gloss":"had come"}]},{"number":56,"label":"56","id":"c4-s56","source":"Но вряд ли этим исчерпывалась вся причина его приезда.","translation":"But it is unlikely that this exhausted the whole reason for his coming.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вряд ли этим исчерпывалась вся причина","title":"«вряд ли» + reflexive-passive «исчерпывалась»","body":"«вряд ли» means \"hardly, scarcely (likely)\" — a dubitative built on the particle «ли». «исчерпывалась» is the «-ся» passive of «исчерпывать» (to exhaust), with «этим» (instrumental, \"by this\") as the means — \"the whole cause was hardly exhausted by this.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вряд","lemma":"вряд","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies исчерпывалась","gloss":"hardly"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase вряд ли","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"этим","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of исчерпывалась","gloss":"by this"},{"surface":"исчерпывалась","lemma":"исчерпываться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was exhausted"},{"surface":"вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of причина","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"причина","lemma":"причина","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of исчерпывалась","gloss":"reason"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of приезда","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"приезда","lemma":"приезд","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies причина","gloss":"coming"}]},{"number":57,"label":"57","id":"c4-s57","source":"Всего вероятнее, что он тогда и сам не знал и не смог бы ни за что объяснить: что именно такое как бы поднялось вдруг из его души и неотразимо повлекло его на какую-то новую, неведомую, но неизбежную уже дорогу.","translation":"Most probably he himself did not know then, and could not for anything have explained, just what it was that had as it were suddenly risen up out of his soul and irresistibly drawn him onto some new road, unknown but already inevitable.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"и сам не знал и не смог бы… объяснить","title":"Conditional «не смог бы»","body":"«не смог бы объяснить» is the conditional: perfective past «смог» plus «бы» = \"could not have explained.\" The mobile particle «бы» leans here right after the verb, and «ни за что» (not for anything) intensifies the impossibility."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что именно такое как бы поднялось… и… повлекло его","title":"Two perfectives for a single surge","body":"«поднялось» (rose up, reflexive «подняться») and «повлекло» (drew, dragged) are perfective past — one welling-up and one pull, told as completed events. The neuter «что… такое» is the elusive \"something\" that did the rising; «как бы» keeps it half-figurative."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"неотразимо … неведомую, но неизбежную","title":"A chain of bookish «не-» adjectives","body":"«неотразимо» (irresistibly), «неведомую» (unknown, bookish for «неизвестную»), «неизбежную» (inevitable) — three elevated «не-» formations stacked for incantatory weight. «неведомый» especially belongs to the higher literary register, lending the soul's road a fated solemnity."}],"words":[{"surface":"Всего","lemma":"всего","morphology":"adverb","role":"intensifies вероятнее","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"вероятнее","lemma":"вероятный","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"likely"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of знал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знал","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes сам","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphasizes он","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates знал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"predicate of the что-clause (subject of вероятнее)","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates смог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"смог","lemma":"смочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with знал","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks смог as counterfactual","gloss":"would","note":"Marks the counterfactual mood; not a separate word in translation."},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase ни за что","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что (idiom ни за что)","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"object of the preposition за (idiom ни за что = \"for anything\")","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"объяснить","lemma":"объяснить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of смог","gloss":"explain"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of поднялось","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies такое","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"такое","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"in apposition to что (w18)","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как бы (idiom \"as it were\")","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"it were"},{"surface":"поднялось","lemma":"подняться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of что (w18)","gloss":"risen up"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поднялось","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking души","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of души","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"души","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поднялось","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"неотразимо","lemma":"неотразимый","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies повлекло","gloss":"irresistibly"},{"surface":"повлекло","lemma":"повлечь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with поднялось","gloss":"drawn"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of повлекло","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дорогу","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"какую","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the phrase какую-то (\"some\")","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase какую-то","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"новую","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies дорогу","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"неведомую","lemma":"неведомый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with новую","gloss":"unknown"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"неизбежную","lemma":"неизбежный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with новую","gloss":"inevitable"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies неизбежную","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"дорогу","lemma":"дорога","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of повлекло","gloss":"road"}]},{"number":58,"label":"58","id":"c4-s58","source":"Федор Павлович не мог указать ему, где похоронил свою вторую супругу, потому что никогда не бывал на ее могиле, после того как засыпали гроб, а за давностью лет и совсем запамятовал, где ее тогда хоронили…","translation":"Fyodor Pavlovich could not point out to him where he had buried his second wife, because he had never once visited her grave after the coffin was covered over, and with the passage of years had quite forgotten where they had buried her then…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не мог указать ему, где похоронил свою вторую супругу","title":"Dative + reflexive «свою»","body":"«указать ему» — the dative «ему» as the person shown. «свою вторую супругу» uses reflexive «свой» (\"his own second wife\") and the animate accusative; «супруга» is the formal, somewhat elevated word for \"spouse/wife.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"никогда не бывал на её могиле","title":"Iterative «бывал» under negation","body":"«бывал» is the iterative imperfective of «быть» — \"used to be / would visit,\" for repeated or habitual presence. Negated with «никогда… не», it states he had never once been there. Contrast plain «был» (was, once)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"запамятовал","title":"«запамятовать» — to clean forget (archaic-folksy)","body":"«запамятовать» is an old, colloquial-bookish verb for forgetting, more flavoursome than plain «забыть» — \"to have quite forgotten, to let slip from memory.\" Its dusty quality suits Fyodor Pavlovich's careless dismissal of where his wife lies buried."}],"words":[{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Федор","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"указать","lemma":"указать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"point out"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of указать","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies похоронил","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"похоронил","lemma":"похоронить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of указать","gloss":"had buried"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of супругу","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"вторую","lemma":"второй","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies супругу","gloss":"second"},{"surface":"супругу","lemma":"супруга","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of похоронил","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бывал","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates бывал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"бывал","lemma":"бывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"predicate of the потому что-clause","gloss":"been"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking могиле","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of могиле","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"могиле","lemma":"могила","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бывал","gloss":"grave"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase после того как","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase после того как","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of засыпали","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"засыпали","lemma":"засыпать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"clause modifying того","gloss":"filled in"},{"surface":"гроб","lemma":"гроб","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of засыпали","gloss":"coffin"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking давностью","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"давностью","lemma":"давность","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of запамятовал","gloss":"passage"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies давностью","gloss":"of years"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies запамятовал","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"запамятовал","lemma":"запамятовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with бывал","gloss":"forgotten"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хоронили","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of хоронили","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хоронили","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"хоронили","lemma":"хоронить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of запамятовал","gloss":"had buried"}]},{"number":59,"label":"59","id":"c4-s59","source":"К слову о Федоре Павловиче.","translation":"A word about Fyodor Pavlovich.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"К слову о Фёдоре Павловиче.","title":"Verbless phrase + prepositional case","body":"«К слову» (\"by the way, while we're on the subject\") opens a verbless aside. «о Фёдоре Павловиче» is the prepositional case after «о» (about), the case used only with prepositions; the patronymic «Павлович» declines along with the name."}],"words":[{"surface":"К","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase к слову (idiom \"by the way\")","gloss":"to","note":"\"К слову\" is an idiom meaning \"by the way/speaking of which\", rendered as \"A word about\" in translation."},{"surface":"слову","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Федоре","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"Федоре","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies слову","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павловиче","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федоре","gloss":"Pavlovich"}]},{"number":60,"label":"60","id":"c4-s60","source":"Он долгое время пред тем прожил не в нашем городе.","translation":"For a long time before this he had lived away from our town.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"долгое время пред тем прожил не в нашем городе","title":"Accusative of duration + bookish «пред тем»","body":"«долгое время» is an accusative of duration (\"for a long time\"). «пред тем» is the elevated/archaic form of «перед тем» (before that); «прожил» is perfective «прожить» — to live through a span. The litotes «не в нашем городе» (\"not in our town\") gently means elsewhere."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прожил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"долгое","lemma":"долгий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies время","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of прожил","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тем","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of прожил","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"прожил","lemma":"прожить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lived"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates the phrase в нашем городе","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking городе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нашем","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of городе","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"городе","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прожил","gloss":"town"}]},{"number":61,"label":"61","id":"c4-s61","source":"Года три-четыре по смерти второй жены он отправился на юг России и под конец очутился в Одессе, где и прожил сряду несколько лет.","translation":"Some three or four years after the death of his second wife he set off for the south of Russia and ended up at last in Odessa, where he lived for several years on end.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Года три-четыре по смерти","title":"Approximate number by inversion","body":"Putting the noun «года» before the numeral «три-четыре» signals approximation — 'some three or four years' rather than an exact count. Russian routinely flips noun and numeral for this 'roughly' sense, where the plain order «три-четыре года» would state a count."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"по смерти","title":"Bookish «по» + prepositional = 'after'","body":"Here «по» governs the prepositional «смерти» in the archaic temporal sense 'after, upon' — 'after the death'. This is a literary, somewhat dated usage distinct from the everyday «после» + genitive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"отправился … очутился … прожил","title":"A chain of perfective events","body":"Three perfective past verbs march the narrative forward step by step — set off, ended up, lived through. The perfective views each as a single completed whole, the engine of plot against an imperfective background."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сряду","title":"«сряду» — on end, in a row","body":"A folksy adverb meaning 'consecutively, on end' (modern «подряд»). Paired with «несколько лет» it stresses unbroken duration — several years running."}],"words":[{"surface":"Года","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"temporal adverbial modifying отправился","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on Года","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"четыре","lemma":"четыре","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on Года","gloss":"four"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking смерти","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"смерти","lemma":"смерть","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Года","gloss":"death"},{"surface":"второй","lemma":"второй","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies жены","gloss":"second"},{"surface":"жены","lemma":"жена","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies смерти","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отправился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"отправился","lemma":"отправиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"set off"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking юг","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"юг","lemma":"юг","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отправился","gloss":"south"},{"surface":"России","lemma":"россия","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies юг","gloss":"of Russia"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase под конец (\"at last\")","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"конец","lemma":"конец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of очутился","gloss":"the close"},{"surface":"очутился","lemma":"очутиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with отправился","gloss":"ended up"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Одессе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Одессе","lemma":"одесса","morphology":"proper noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of очутился","gloss":"Odessa"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прожил","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прожил","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"прожил","lemma":"прожить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on Одессе","gloss":"lived"},{"surface":"сряду","lemma":"сряду","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прожил","gloss":"on end"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on лет","gloss":"several"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of прожил","gloss":"years"}]},{"number":62,"label":"62","id":"c4-s62","source":"Познакомился он сначала, по его собственным словам, «со многими жидами, жидками, жидишками и жиденятами», а кончил тем, что под конец даже не только у жидов, но «и у евреев был принят».","translation":"He made acquaintance at first, in his own words, \"with many Yids, little Yids, Yiddy ones, and Yiddikins,\" and ended by being received toward the close not only among the Yids but \"among the Hebrews\" as well.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"жидками, жидишками, жиденятами","title":"Expressive suffixes stacked for contempt","body":"The belittling -ишк- of «жидишками» and the pejorative-young -ёнок/-ята of «жиденятами» (lit. 'Yid-cubs') show Russian's expressive suffixes used not for affection but for scorn. The suffix, not the root, carries the insult's escalation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"кончил тем, что … был принят","title":"«кончить тем, что…» — to end by doing","body":"The idiom «кончить тем, что» ('to end up by [doing]') uses the instrumental «тем» as a correlative pointing forward to the «что»-clause. «был принят» is a periphrastic passive: short past passive participle plus the verb 'to be'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Познакомился","lemma":"познакомиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"made acquaintance"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Познакомился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"сначала","lemma":"сначала","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Познакомился","gloss":"at first"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase по словам (\"in the words of\")","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of словам","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"собственным","lemma":"собственный","morphology":"adjective, dative, plural","role":"modifies словам","gloss":"own"},{"surface":"словам","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, plural","role":"parenthetical modifier of Познакомился","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жидами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"многими","lemma":"многий","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies жидами","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"жидами","lemma":"жид","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of Познакомился","gloss":"Yids","note":"An archaic, derogatory ethnic slur for Jews; rendered as it appears in the source, matching the translation's word choice."},{"surface":"жидками","lemma":"жидок","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with жидами","gloss":"little Yids"},{"surface":"жидишками","lemma":"жидишка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with жидами","gloss":"Yiddy ones"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"жиденятами","lemma":"жидёнок","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with жидами","gloss":"Yiddikins"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"кончил","lemma":"кончить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Познакомился","gloss":"ended"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"antecedent of the что-clause (idiom кончил тем, что)","gloss":"by [this]"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of был принят","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase под конец (\"toward the close\")","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"конец","lemma":"конец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of принят","gloss":"the close"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies не только у жидов","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase не только","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase не только","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жидов","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"жидов","lemma":"жид","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of принят","gloss":"the Yids","note":"Archaic, derogatory ethnic slur for Jews; matches the translation's word choice."},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking евреев","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"евреев","lemma":"еврей","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of принят","gloss":"the Hebrews"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of принят","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"принят","lemma":"принять","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of the что-clause (w18)","gloss":"received"}]},{"number":63,"label":"63","id":"c4-s63","source":"Надо думать, что в этот-то период своей жизни он и развил в себе особенное уменье сколачивать и выколачивать деньгу.","translation":"One must suppose that it was precisely in this period of his life that he developed in himself that special knack for scraping together and squeezing out money.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"в этот-то период","title":"Emphatic clitic «-то»","body":"The hyphenated «-то» on «этот» underlines a known, pointed topic — 'it was precisely in this period'. Unlike the indefinite «-то» of «кто-то», this clitic spotlights something already in view."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"развил в себе","title":"Reflexive «себя» as object","body":"«в себе» ('in himself') is the reflexive pronoun «себя» in the prepositional, pointing back to the clause subject. Note it is a full pronoun governed by «в», distinct from the verbal clitic -ся."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сколачивать и выколачивать деньгу","title":"«сколачивать / выколачивать» — to amass and to wring out","body":"A vivid coupled idiom: «сколачивать» (lit. 'to knock together') means to scrape money into a pile, «выколачивать» ('to beat out') to extract it from others by pressure. The colloquial collective «деньгу» (sg. for 'money, dough') adds a low, grasping flavour."}],"words":[{"surface":"Надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"думать","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on Надо","gloss":"suppose"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of развил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking период","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of период","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes этот","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"период","lemma":"период","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of развил","gloss":"period"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизни","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"жизни","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies период","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of развил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies развил","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"развил","lemma":"развить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of думать","gloss":"developed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, locative","role":"oblique complement of развил","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"особенное","lemma":"особенный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies уменье","gloss":"special"},{"surface":"уменье","lemma":"умение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of развил","gloss":"knack"},{"surface":"сколачивать","lemma":"сколачивать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"infinitive complement of уменье","gloss":"scraping together"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"выколачивать","lemma":"выколачивать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сколачивать","gloss":"squeezing out"},{"surface":"деньгу","lemma":"деньга","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of сколачивать and выколачивать","gloss":"money"}]},{"number":64,"label":"64","id":"c4-s64","source":"Воротился он снова в наш городок окончательно всего только года за три до приезда Алеши.","translation":"He returned for good to our little town only some three years before Alyosha's arrival.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"городок","title":"«городок» — our little town","body":"The diminutive of «город» conveys not just smallness but the narrator's familiar, slightly fond tone toward 'our little town'. The possessive «наш» reinforces the intimate, local point of view."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"за три … до приезда","title":"«за … до» — measuring time before an event","body":"The frame «за» + accusative span + «до» + genitive event means 'so long before [an event]' — here 'three years before Alyosha's arrival'. «приезда» stands in the genitive after «до»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Воротился","lemma":"воротиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"returned"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Воротился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"снова","lemma":"снова","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Воротился","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking городок","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"наш","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of городок","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"городок","lemma":"городок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Воротился","gloss":"little town"},{"surface":"окончательно","lemma":"окончательно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Воротился","gloss":"for good"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всего","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase всего только (\"only\")","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase всего только","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"года","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase года ... за три (approximation idiom)","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase года ... за три","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"temporal adverbial modifying Воротился","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking приезда","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"приезда","lemma":"приезд","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies три","gloss":"arrival"},{"surface":"Алеши","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies приезда","gloss":"Alyosha's"}]},{"number":65,"label":"65","id":"c4-s65","source":"Прежние знакомые его нашли его страшно состарившимся, хотя был он вовсе еще не такой старик.","translation":"His former acquaintances found him terribly aged, though he was by no means yet such an old man.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"нашли его страшно состарившимся","title":"Past active participle in the instrumental","body":"«состарившимся» is the past active participle of the -ся verb «состариться» ('to age'), here in the instrumental because «найти кого-то каким» ('to find someone [in some state]') takes an instrumental predicate. It packs 'who had grown aged' into one agreeing word."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вовсе еще не такой старик","title":"Negation softened by «вовсе… не»","body":"«вовсе не» intensifies the negation ('not at all, by no means'), and «такой» here means 'such [an old man]'. The «хотя»-clause concedes against the main clause's claim that others found him aged."}],"words":[{"surface":"Прежние","lemma":"прежний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies знакомые","gloss":"former"},{"surface":"знакомые","lemma":"знакомый","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of нашли","gloss":"acquaintances"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of знакомые","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"нашли","lemma":"найти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of нашли","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"страшно","lemma":"страшно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies состарившимся","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"состарившимся","lemma":"состариться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, instrumental, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"complement of нашли","gloss":"aged"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of старик","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to старик","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of старик","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"intensifies не","gloss":"by no means"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies такой","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates такой","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of старик","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"старик","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был (subject он)","gloss":"old man"}]},{"number":66,"label":"66","id":"c4-s66","source":"Держал же он себя не то что благороднее, а как-то нахальнее.","translation":"He carried himself not so much more nobly as somehow more insolently.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Держал же он себя","title":"Particle «же» + fronted verb","body":"The verb «держал» is fronted for emphasis and tagged with «же», which insists on a contrast with what precedes ('he carried himself, though…'). «себя» is the reflexive object: «держать себя» = to conduct oneself."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не то что благороднее, а … нахальнее","title":"«не то что…, а…» comparative contrast","body":"The frame «не то что X, а Y» means 'not so much X as rather Y'. Both predicates are comparatives in -ее («благороднее» nobler, «нахальнее» more insolent), the invariable predicative comparative form."}],"words":[{"surface":"Держал","lemma":"держать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"carried"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes Держал","gloss":"actually"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Держал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of Держал","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase не то что...а (\"not so much...as\")","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase не то что","gloss":"so much"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase не то что","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"благороднее","lemma":"благородный","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"adverbial complement of Держал","gloss":"more nobly"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как-то (\"somehow\")","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как-то","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"нахальнее","lemma":"нахальный","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"coordinated with благороднее","gloss":"more insolently"}]},{"number":67,"label":"67","id":"c4-s67","source":"Явилась, например, наглая потребность в прежнем шуте — других в шуты рядить.","translation":"There appeared, for instance, in the former buffoon a brazen need to dress others up as buffoons.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Явилась … наглая потребность","title":"Verb-first existential word order","body":"Beginning with the verb «Явилась» ('there appeared') and placing the subject «потребность» after it is the standard Russian way to introduce something new onto the scene — comment-then-topic, presenting fresh information."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"других в шуты рядить","title":"«рядить в шуты» — to dress others up as fools","body":"«рядить» means to dress/deck out; «в шуты» (animate accusative plural taking the nominative-like form in this set phrase) means 'into the role of jesters'. The idiom is to make buffoons of others — a key Karamazov theme of the buffoon who shames everyone around him."}],"words":[{"surface":"Явилась","lemma":"явиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"appeared"},{"surface":"например","lemma":"например","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifier of Явилась","gloss":"for instance"},{"surface":"наглая","lemma":"наглый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies потребность","gloss":"brazen"},{"surface":"потребность","lemma":"потребность","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of Явилась","gloss":"need"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking шуте","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"прежнем","lemma":"прежний","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies шуте","gloss":"former"},{"surface":"шуте","lemma":"шут","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Явилась","gloss":"buffoon"},{"surface":"других","lemma":"другой","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of рядить","gloss":"others"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking шуты","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"шуты","lemma":"шут","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of рядить","gloss":"buffoons"},{"surface":"рядить","lemma":"рядить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"infinitive complement of потребность","gloss":"dress up"}]},{"number":68,"label":"68","id":"c4-s68","source":"Безобразничать с женским полом любил не то что по-прежнему, а даже как бы и отвратительнее.","translation":"Behaving disgracefully with the female sex he relished not as before, but even, as it were, more loathsomely.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Безобразничать","title":"«безобразничать» — to behave outrageously","body":"From «безобразие» ('disgrace, ugliness', lit. 'without form'), this imperfective verb means to misbehave grossly, to make a scandal. It is a defining Karamazov word — Fyodor Pavlovich's signature mode of being."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы и отвратительнее","title":"Hedging «как бы» with a comparative","body":"«как бы» ('as it were, kind of') softens the narrator's claim, and «отвратительнее» is again a predicative comparative ('more loathsomely'). The fronting of the infinitive «Безобразничать» topicalises the activity itself."}],"words":[{"surface":"Безобразничать","lemma":"безобразничать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"direct object of любил","gloss":"behaving disgracefully"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking полом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"женским","lemma":"женский","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies полом","gloss":"female"},{"surface":"полом","lemma":"пол","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Безобразничать","gloss":"sex"},{"surface":"любил","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"loved"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase не то что...а (\"not as...but\")","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase не то что","gloss":"so much"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase не то что","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по-прежнему","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase по-прежнему","gloss":"as","note":"по-прежнему (\"as before\") is a single hyphenated adverb split into two tokens by the tagger."},{"surface":"прежнему","lemma":"по-прежнему","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase по-прежнему","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отвратительнее","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы (\"as it were\")","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"it were"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes отвратительнее","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"отвратительнее","lemma":"отвратительный","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"coordinated with по-прежнему","gloss":"more loathsomely"}]},{"number":69,"label":"69","id":"c4-s69","source":"Вскорости он стал основателем по уезду многих новых кабаков.","translation":"Before long he became the founder, throughout the district, of many new taverns.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"стал основателем","title":"Instrumental predicate after «стать»","body":"«стать» ('to become') takes its predicate noun in the instrumental, hence «основателем» rather than nominative «основатель». The instrumental frames the role as one newly assumed."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вскорости","lemma":"вскорости","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стал","gloss":"before long"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"became"},{"surface":"основателем","lemma":"основатель","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"founder"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking уезду","gloss":"throughout"},{"surface":"уезду","lemma":"уезд","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies основателем","gloss":"district"},{"surface":"многих","lemma":"многий","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"modifies кабаков","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"новых","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies кабаков","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"кабаков","lemma":"кабак","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies основателем","gloss":"taverns"}]},{"number":70,"label":"70","id":"c4-s70","source":"Видно было, что у него есть, может быть, тысяч до ста или разве немногим только менее.","translation":"It was evident that he had, perhaps, as much as a hundred thousand, or only a little less.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"у него есть … тысяч до ста","title":"Possession with «у» + genitive","body":"Russian expresses 'to have' as «у него есть» — literally 'by him there is'. The owner stands in the genitive after «у»; what is owned is the grammatical subject."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"тысяч до ста","title":"«до» + genitive for an upper estimate","body":"«до ста» means 'up to a hundred', and «тысяч» is genitive plural after the numeral — so 'up to a hundred thousand'. Putting «тысяч» first lends the approximating, guessing tone matched by «может быть»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Видно","lemma":"видно","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"evident"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to Видно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of есть","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of Видно","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the phrase может быть (\"perhaps\")","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"part of the phrase может быть","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"тысяч","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ста","gloss":"up to"},{"surface":"ста","lemma":"сто","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"object of до, modifies тысяч","gloss":"a hundred"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"разве","lemma":"разве","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the alternative amount (тысяч ... немногим менее)","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"немногим","lemma":"немногий","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies менее","gloss":"a little"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies менее","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"менее","lemma":"менее","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with тысяч до ста (alternative amount)","gloss":"less"}]},{"number":71,"label":"71","id":"c4-s71","source":"Многие из городских и из уездных обитателей тотчас же ему задолжали, под вернейшие залоги разумеется.","translation":"Many of the town and district inhabitants at once fell into debt to him, on the surest of securities, naturally.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ему задолжали","title":"Dative of the creditor","body":"«задолжать кому-то» ('to fall into debt to someone') puts the creditor in the dative — «ему», 'to him'. The dative marks the person toward whom the obligation runs."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"под вернейшие залоги","title":"Superlative in -ейший","body":"«вернейшие» is the bookish synthetic superlative of «верный» ('the surest'), formed with the suffix -ейш-. This single-word superlative is more elevated than the everyday «самый верный»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"залоги","title":"«залог» — pledge, security","body":"A «залог» is collateral pledged against a loan. The narrator's dry «разумеется» ('naturally') hints that the usurer Fyodor Pavlovich lent only against ironclad security."}],"words":[{"surface":"Многие","lemma":"многие","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of задолжали","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обитателей","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"городских","lemma":"городской","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies обитателей (ellipsis)","gloss":"town"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обитателей","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"уездных","lemma":"уездный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies обитателей","gloss":"district"},{"surface":"обитателей","lemma":"обитатель","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"object of из, modified by городских and уездных","gloss":"inhabitants"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies задолжали","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes тотчас","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of задолжали","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"задолжали","lemma":"задолжать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fell into debt"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking залоги","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"вернейшие","lemma":"верный","morphology":"adjective, superlative, accusative, plural","role":"modifies залоги","gloss":"surest"},{"surface":"залоги","lemma":"залог","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of задолжали","gloss":"securities"},{"surface":"разумеется","lemma":"разуметься","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, modifies the whole clause","gloss":"naturally"}]},{"number":72,"label":"72","id":"c4-s72","source":"В самое же последнее время он как-то обрюзг, как-то стал терять ровность, самоотчетность, впал даже в какое-то легкомыслие, начинал одно и кончал другим, как-то раскидывался и всё чаще и чаще напивался пьян, и если бы не всё тот же лакей Григорий, тоже порядочно к тому времени состарившийся и смотревший за ним иногда вроде почти гувернера, то, может быть, Федор Павлович и не прожил бы без особых хлопот.","translation":"In the very latest period, however, he had somehow grown bloated, had somehow begun to lose his composure and self-control, had even fallen into a kind of frivolity, beginning one thing and finishing with another, somehow scattering himself, and ever more and more often drinking himself drunk; and had it not been for that same lackey Grigory—himself by then considerably aged and looking after him at times almost like a tutor—Fyodor Pavlovich might well not have gotten by without some special troubles.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"обрюзг, … стал терять … впал … начинал … кончал … раскидывался … напивался","title":"A long imperfective decline","body":"After the perfective «обрюзг» (grew bloated, a result) the sentence shifts into imperfectives — «начинал… кончал… раскидывался… напивался» — to paint habitual, repeated dissolution rather than single events. «всё чаще и чаще» ('more and more often') reinforces the iterative reading."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"если бы не … лакей Григорий … то … и не прожил бы","title":"Counterfactual conditional with «бы»","body":"This is a contrary-to-fact conditional: «если бы не» ('had it not been for') in the protasis, and the past-tense verb plus «бы» — «не прожил бы» — in the apodosis. The doubled «бы» is the standard irrealis frame."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"состарившийся … смотревший","title":"Two past active participles describing Grigory","body":"«состарившийся» (having aged) and «смотревший» (who looked after) are past active participles agreeing with «лакей Григорий», each compressing a который-clause into an adjective. Such participial pile-ups are a hallmark of Dostoevsky's long periods."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking время","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"самое","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"intensifies последнее","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes самое последнее время","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"последнее","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies время","gloss":"latest"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"temporal adverbial of the sentence","gloss":"period"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of обрюзг","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как-то","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of как-то, modifies обрюзг","gloss":"somehow","note":"«как-то» is one word ('somehow') split into two tokens by the tagger."},{"surface":"то","lemma":"как-то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of как-то, modifies обрюзг","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"обрюзг","lemma":"обрюзгнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"first main verb, coordinated with стал","gloss":"grew bloated"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как-то","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of как-то, modifies стал","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"как-то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of как-то, modifies стал","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with обрюзг, takes infinitive терять","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"терять","lemma":"терять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"lose"},{"surface":"ровность","lemma":"ровность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of терять","gloss":"composure"},{"surface":"самоотчетность","lemma":"самоотчетность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with ровность","gloss":"self-control"},{"surface":"впал","lemma":"впасть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with стал","gloss":"fell"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies легкомыслие","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking легкомыслие","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"какое","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of легкомыслие","gloss":"some kind of"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle","role":"forms indefinite какое-то with какое","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"легкомыслие","lemma":"легкомыслие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of впал","gloss":"frivolity"},{"surface":"начинал","lemma":"начинать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with стал","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"одно","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of начинал","gloss":"one thing"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"кончал","lemma":"кончать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with начинал","gloss":"finished"},{"surface":"другим","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"instrumental complement of кончал","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как-то","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of как-то, modifies раскидывался","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"как-то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of как-то, modifies раскидывался","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"раскидывался","lemma":"раскидываться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with начинал","gloss":"scattered himself"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies чаще","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"чаще","lemma":"чаще","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies напивался","gloss":"more often"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"чаще","lemma":"чаще","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with чаще","gloss":"more often"},{"surface":"напивался","lemma":"напиваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with раскидывался","gloss":"got drunk"},{"surface":"пьян","lemma":"пьяный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of напивался","gloss":"drunk"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"part of если бы","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of если бы не (had it not been for)","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies тот же (still the same)","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies лакей","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тот","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"лакей","lemma":"лакей","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"notional subject of the elided verb in если бы не clause","gloss":"lackey"},{"surface":"Григорий","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to лакей","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies порядочно","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"порядочно","lemma":"порядочно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies состарившийся","gloss":"considerably"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking времени","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, dative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of времени","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"времени","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of состарившийся","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"состарившийся","lemma":"состариться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"participle modifying лакей, coordinated with смотревший","gloss":"grown old"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"смотревший","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"coordinated with состарившийся","gloss":"looking after"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотревший","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"иногда","lemma":"иногда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смотревший","gloss":"sometimes"},{"surface":"вроде","lemma":"вроде","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гувернера","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies гувернера","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"гувернера","lemma":"гувернёр","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of вроде, modifies смотревший","gloss":"tutor"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of прожил","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical может быть (perhaps), modifies прожил","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может, forms может быть","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прожил","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федор","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прожил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"прожил","lemma":"прожить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the apodosis clause","gloss":"gotten by"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"auxiliary of прожил","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking хлопот","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"особых","lemma":"особый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies хлопот","gloss":"special"},{"surface":"хлопот","lemma":"хлопоты","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of прожил","gloss":"troubles"}]},{"number":73,"label":"73","id":"c4-s73","source":"Приезд Алеши как бы подействовал на него даже с нравственной стороны, как бы что-то проснулось в этом безвременном старике из того, что давно уже заглохло в душе его: «Знаешь ли ты, — стал он часто говорить Алеше, приглядываясь к нему, — что ты на нее похож, на кликушу-то?»","translation":"Alyosha's arrival seemed to affect him even on the moral side, as if something had awakened in this prematurely aged man out of what had long since died down in his soul: \"Do you know,\" he took to saying often to Alyosha, peering at him, \"that you resemble her, the shrieker?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы … как бы что-то проснулось","title":"«как бы» — 'as if' framing","body":"Repeated «как бы» ('as if, as though') marks the narrator's tentative, hedged psychology — he will not assert outright that something awakened, only that it seemed to. This guarded interiority is typical of Dostoevsky's narration."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"стал он часто говорить … приглядываясь к нему","title":"Gerund of attendant action","body":"«приглядываясь» is an imperfective present gerund ('peering at him') expressing an action simultaneous with «стал говорить» and sharing its subject. The construction «стал говорить» ('took to saying') with an imperfective infinitive names a newly habitual act."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Знаешь ли ты","title":"Interrogative particle «ли»","body":"«Знаешь ли ты» fronts the verb and follows it with the enclitic «ли» to form a literary yes/no question, more formal and pointed than mere question intonation — fitting Fyodor Pavlovich's mock-solemn approach."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"кликушу-то","title":"«кликуша» — the shrieker","body":"A «кликуша» was a woman subject to fits of hysterical screaming, popularly believed to be possessed and often associated with church settings. Fyodor Pavlovich's cruel pet name for Alyosha's dead mother; the «-то» clitic gives it a familiar, jabbing emphasis."}],"words":[{"surface":"Приезд","lemma":"приезд","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подействовал","gloss":"arrival"},{"surface":"Алеши","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Приезд","gloss":"Alyosha's"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of как бы, modifies подействовал","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"как бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of как бы, modifies подействовал","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"подействовал","lemma":"подействовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"affected"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подействовал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стороны","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стороны","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"нравственной","lemma":"нравственный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies стороны","gloss":"moral"},{"surface":"стороны","lemma":"сторона","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подействовал","gloss":"side"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of как бы, modifies проснулось","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"как бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of как бы, modifies проснулось","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of проснулось","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle","role":"forms indefinite что-то with что","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"проснулось","lemma":"проснуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with подействовал","gloss":"awakened"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking старике","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of старике","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"безвременном","lemma":"безвременный","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies старике","gloss":"prematurely aged"},{"surface":"старике","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of проснулось","gloss":"old man"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of проснулось","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of заглохло, refers to того","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"давно","lemma":"давно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заглохло","gloss":"long since"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заглохло","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"заглохло","lemma":"заглохнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying того","gloss":"had died down"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking душе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"душе","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заглохло","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"possessive modifier of душе","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"Знаешь","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb introducing the quoted question","gloss":"do you know"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Знаешь","gloss":"question marker"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Знаешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narrative frame clause","gloss":"took to"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"часто","lemma":"часто","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорить","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"говорить","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"to say"},{"surface":"Алеше","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"addressee of говорить (indirect object)","gloss":"to Alyosha"},{"surface":"приглядываясь","lemma":"приглядываться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on говорить","gloss":"peering"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приглядываясь","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of похож","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of похож","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks resemblance target of похож","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of похож","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"похож","lemma":"похожий","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of the что-clause, subject ты","gloss":"resemble"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кликушу","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"кликушу","lemma":"кликуша","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of похож, in apposition to нее","gloss":"shrieker","note":"кликуша: a folk-superstition term for a woman believed prone to hysterical screaming fits."},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to кликушу","gloss":"emphatic marker"}]},{"number":74,"label":"74","id":"c4-s74","source":"Так называл он свою покойную жену, мать Алеши.","translation":"So he called his late wife, Alyosha's mother.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Так называл он свою покойную жену","title":"Reflexive possessive «свою»","body":"«свою» refers the possession back to the clause's own subject (he) — 'his own late wife'. Using «его» instead would suggest someone else's wife; «свой» keeps the reference inside the clause."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"покойную","title":"«покойный» — the late, the deceased","body":"The adjective «покойный» (from «покой», 'rest, peace') is the standard respectful word for a dead person — 'the late [wife]'. It contrasts pointedly with the mocking «кликуша» he uses elsewhere."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies называл","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"называл","lemma":"называть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"called"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of называл","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жену","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"покойную","lemma":"покойный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies жену","gloss":"late"},{"surface":"жену","lemma":"жена","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of называл","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"мать","lemma":"мать","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with жену","gloss":"mother"},{"surface":"Алеши","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мать","gloss":"Alyosha's"}]},{"number":75,"label":"75","id":"c4-s75","source":"Могилку «кликуши» указал наконец Алеше лакей Григорий.","translation":"It was the lackey Grigory who at last pointed out the \"shrieker's\" little grave to Alyosha.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Могилку «кликуши» указал … Григорий","title":"Object-first word order","body":"The object «могилку» opens the sentence, throwing the new information — that it was Grigory who pointed it out — to the stressed end position. Free case endings let Russian rearrange for this topic-comment emphasis."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Могилку","title":"«могилка» — the little grave","body":"The diminutive of «могила» ('grave') is tender here — 'the poor little grave' — coloring the neglected resting place with pathos. Russian readily uses diminutives for the small, pitied, and beloved."}],"words":[{"surface":"Могилку","lemma":"могилка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of указал","gloss":"little grave"},{"surface":"кликуши","lemma":"кликуша","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Могилку","gloss":"shrieker's"},{"surface":"указал","lemma":"указать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"pointed out"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies указал","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"Алеше","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of указал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"лакей","lemma":"лакей","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of указал","gloss":"lackey"},{"surface":"Григорий","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to лакей","gloss":"Grigory"}]},{"number":76,"label":"76","id":"c4-s76","source":"Он свел его на наше городское кладбище и там, в дальнем уголке, указал ему чугунную недорогую, но опрятную плиту, на которой была даже надпись с именем, званием, летами и годом смерти покойницы, а внизу было даже начертано нечто вроде четырехстишия из старинных, общеупотребительных на могилах среднего люда кладбищенских стихов.","translation":"He took him to our town cemetery and there, in a far corner, showed him a cast-iron slab, inexpensive but tidy, on which there was even an inscription with the name, rank, age, and year of death of the deceased, and below it there had even been carved something like a quatrain of those old, commonly used graveyard verses for people of the middling sort.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"была даже надпись с именем, званием, летами и годом смерти","title":"Instrumental of accompaniment after «с»","body":"«с» ('with') governs the instrumental, here a list — «именем, званием, летами, годом» — all in the instrumental, naming what the inscription bore. «летами» is the old instrumental plural of «лето» used for 'years (of age)'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"звание","title":"«звание» — rank, station","body":"«звание» denotes one's official rank, title, or social estate — a marker of place in the rigid Imperial hierarchy. That a humble cast-iron slab still records it shows how rank followed a person even into death."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"начертано … нечто вроде четырехстишия","title":"«начертать» — to inscribe (elevated)","body":"«начертано» (short past passive participle of bookish «начертать», 'to inscribe, trace out') is solemnly elevated for what is carved on a gravestone. «четырехстишие» is a quatrain — four lines of the stock cemetery verse."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of свел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"свел","lemma":"свести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of свел","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кладбище","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"наше","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of кладбище","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"городское","lemma":"городской","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies кладбище","gloss":"town"},{"surface":"кладбище","lemma":"кладбище","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of свел","gloss":"cemetery"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies указал (location)","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking уголке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"дальнем","lemma":"дальний","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies уголке","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"уголке","lemma":"уголок","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of указал (location)","gloss":"corner"},{"surface":"указал","lemma":"указать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with свел","gloss":"showed"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of указал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"чугунную","lemma":"чугунный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies плиту","gloss":"cast-iron"},{"surface":"недорогую","lemma":"недорогой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies плиту","gloss":"inexpensive"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"опрятную","lemma":"опрятный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies плиту","gloss":"tidy"},{"surface":"плиту","lemma":"плита","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of указал","gloss":"slab"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которой","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"которой","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"object of на, introduces relative clause modifying плиту","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"existential verb of the relative clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies надпись","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"надпись","lemma":"надпись","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of была","gloss":"inscription"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking именем","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"именем","lemma":"имя","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies надпись","gloss":"name"},{"surface":"званием","lemma":"звание","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with именем","gloss":"rank"},{"surface":"летами","lemma":"лета","morphology":"noun, instrumental, plural","role":"coordinated with именем","gloss":"age"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"годом","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with именем","gloss":"year"},{"surface":"смерти","lemma":"смерть","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies годом","gloss":"of death"},{"surface":"покойницы","lemma":"покойница","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies смерти","gloss":"the deceased"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"внизу","lemma":"внизу","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начертано","gloss":"below"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of начертано","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies начертано","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"начертано","lemma":"начертать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with свел","gloss":"inscribed"},{"surface":"нечто","lemma":"нечто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of passive начертано","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"вроде","lemma":"вроде","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking четырехстишия","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"четырехстишия","lemma":"четырехстишие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies нечто","gloss":"quatrain"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стихов","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"старинных","lemma":"старинный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies стихов","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"общеупотребительных","lemma":"общеупотребительный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"coordinated with старинных","gloss":"commonly used"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking могилах","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"могилах","lemma":"могила","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of общеупотребительных","gloss":"graves"},{"surface":"среднего","lemma":"средний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies люда","gloss":"average"},{"surface":"люда","lemma":"люд","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies могилах","gloss":"folk"},{"surface":"кладбищенских","lemma":"кладбищенский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies стихов","gloss":"graveyard"},{"surface":"стихов","lemma":"стих","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies четырехстишия","gloss":"verses"}]},{"number":77,"label":"77","id":"c4-s77","source":"К удивлению, эта плита оказалась делом Григория.","translation":"To one's surprise, this slab turned out to be Grigory's doing.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"эта плита оказалась делом Григория","title":"Instrumental predicate after «оказаться»","body":"«оказаться» ('to turn out [to be]') links its subject to a predicate in the instrumental — «делом» ('the doing/work [of]'). Like «стать» and «быть», it frames the predicate as instrumental, not nominative."}],"words":[{"surface":"К","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking удивлению","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"удивлению","lemma":"удивление","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"adverbial phrase modifying оказалась","gloss":"surprise"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of плита","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"плита","lemma":"плита","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of оказалась","gloss":"slab"},{"surface":"оказалась","lemma":"оказаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"turned out"},{"surface":"делом","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"complement of оказалась","gloss":"the doing"},{"surface":"Григория","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies делом","gloss":"Grigory's"}]},{"number":78,"label":"78","id":"c4-s78","source":"Это он сам воздвиг ее над могилкой бедной «кликуши» и на собственное иждивение, после того когда Федор Павлович, которому он множество раз уже досаждал напоминаниями об этой могилке, уехал наконец в Одессу, махнув рукой не только на могилы, но и на все свои воспоминания.","translation":"He had set it up himself over the poor \"shrieker's\" little grave, and at his own expense, after Fyodor Pavlovich—whom he had pestered any number of times with reminders about this little grave—had at last gone off to Odessa, washing his hands not only of the graves but of all his memories as well.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это он сам воздвиг ее","title":"Topic «Это» + emphatic «сам»","body":"Fronted «Это» and the intensifier «сам» ('himself, on his own') throw all the weight onto Grigory's agency — he, of all people, raised it. The pronoun «он» is kept though redundant, sharpening the contrast with the absent father."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Федор Павлович, которому он … досаждал … уехал","title":"Relative «которому» in the dative","body":"«которому» agrees with its antecedent «Федор Павлович» in gender and number but takes the dative its own clause demands, since «досаждать» ('to pester, annoy') governs the dative. The clause is fenced off by commas around the main verb «уехал»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"махнув рукой не только на могилы, но и на … воспоминания","title":"Perfective gerund «махнув»","body":"«махнув» is a perfective past gerund ('having waved') sharing the subject of «уехал» and expressing a coordinate act. «махнуть рукой на что-то» is the idiom 'to give up on, wash one's hands of'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"на собственное иждивение","title":"«иждивение» — at one's own expense","body":"«на собственное иждивение» is a formal, bookish phrase meaning 'at his own cost, out of his own means'. Its officialese tone heightens the quiet dignity of the servant paying for his mistress's gravestone."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"topicalizing pronoun (cleft construction)","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воздвиг","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies он (intensive: himself)","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"воздвиг","lemma":"воздвигнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"erected"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of воздвиг","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking могилкой","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"могилкой","lemma":"могилка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of воздвиг","gloss":"little grave"},{"surface":"бедной","lemma":"бедный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies кликуши","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"кликуши","lemma":"кликуша","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies могилкой","gloss":"shrieker's"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking иждивение","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"собственное","lemma":"собственный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies иждивение","gloss":"own"},{"surface":"иждивение","lemma":"иждивение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with могилкой","gloss":"expense"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of после, modified by когда-clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of уехал","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of уехал","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федор","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"которому","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of досаждал","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of досаждал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"множество","lemma":"множество","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"adverbial (many times), modifies досаждал","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies множество","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies досаждал","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"досаждал","lemma":"досаждать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on Федор","gloss":"pestered"},{"surface":"напоминаниями","lemma":"напоминание","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, plural","role":"instrumental complement of досаждал (means)","gloss":"reminders"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking могилке","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of могилке","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"могилке","lemma":"могилка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies напоминаниями","gloss":"little grave"},{"surface":"уехал","lemma":"уехать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying того","gloss":"had gone off"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уехал","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Одессу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Одессу","lemma":"одесса","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of уехал","gloss":"Odessa"},{"surface":"махнув","lemma":"махнуть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on уехал","gloss":"waving off","note":"идиома «махнуть рукой на» = to give up on/dismiss something."},{"surface":"рукой","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"instrumental complement of махнув","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of не только...но и","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of не только...но и","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking могилы","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"могилы","lemma":"могила","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of махнув","gloss":"graves"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of не только...но и","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of но и (also)","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking воспоминания","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of воспоминания","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"свои","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of воспоминания","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"воспоминания","lemma":"воспоминание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated with могилы","gloss":"memories"}]},{"number":79,"label":"79","id":"c4-s79","source":"Алеша не выказал на могилке матери никакой особенной чувствительности; он только выслушал важный и резонный рассказ Григория о сооружении плиты, постоял понурившись и ушел, не вымолвив ни слова.","translation":"Alyosha showed no particular feeling at his mother's little grave; he only listened to Grigory's grave and reasoned account of the setting up of the slab, stood a while with bowed head, and went away without uttering a word.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не выказал … никакой особенной чувствительности","title":"Genitive of negation with «никакой»","body":"Under negation the object shifts to the genitive — «никакой … чувствительности» rather than accusative — and negative concord requires «никакой» ('no… whatever') alongside the «не» on the verb. Two negatives, one meaning."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"выслушал … постоял понурившись и ушел, не вымолвив ни слова","title":"Perfective verbs framing two gerunds","body":"A run of perfective verbs (heard out, stood, went away) is laced with gerunds: «понурившись» (having bowed his head) and the negated «не вымолвив ни слова» (without uttering a word). The gerunds add the manner; «ни слова» is genitive of negation."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"резонный","title":"«резонный» — reasoned, sensible","body":"From French raison, «резонный» means 'reasonable, well-grounded'. Applied to Grigory's «важный и резонный рассказ» it marks his account as weighty and sober — the servant speaks with grave good sense."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выказал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies выказал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"выказал","lemma":"выказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"showed"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking могилке","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"могилке","lemma":"могилка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выказал","gloss":"little grave"},{"surface":"матери","lemma":"мать","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies могилке","gloss":"his mother's"},{"surface":"никакой","lemma":"никакой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of чувствительности","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"особенной","lemma":"особенный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies чувствительности","gloss":"particular"},{"surface":"чувствительности","lemma":"чувствительность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of выказал","gloss":"feeling"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выслушал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies выслушал","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"выслушал","lemma":"выслушать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with выказал","gloss":"listened to"},{"surface":"важный","lemma":"важный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies рассказ","gloss":"serious"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"резонный","lemma":"резонный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with важный","gloss":"reasoned"},{"surface":"рассказ","lemma":"рассказ","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of выслушал","gloss":"account"},{"surface":"Григория","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies рассказ","gloss":"Grigory's"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сооружении","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"сооружении","lemma":"сооружение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies рассказ","gloss":"setting up"},{"surface":"плиты","lemma":"плита","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies сооружении","gloss":"of the slab"},{"surface":"постоял","lemma":"постоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with выказал","gloss":"stood a while"},{"surface":"понурившись","lemma":"понуриться","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on постоял","gloss":"with bowed head"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ушел","lemma":"уйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with выказал","gloss":"went away"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вымолвив","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"вымолвив","lemma":"вымолвить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on ушел","gloss":"uttering"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies слова","gloss":"not a"},{"surface":"слова","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of вымолвив","gloss":"word"}]},{"number":80,"label":"80","id":"c4-s80","source":"С тех пор, может быть даже во весь год, и не бывал на кладбище.","translation":"After that, perhaps for the whole year even, he did not once visit the cemetery.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"и не бывал на кладбище","title":"Iterative «бывать» under negation","body":"«бывал» is the iterative-imperfective of «быть» ('to be [repeatedly], to frequent'); negated, «не бывал» means 'did not [ever] go, was never there' across the whole stretch of time. The subject is dropped — recoverable from context as Alyosha."}],"words":[{"surface":"С","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пор (idiom с тех пор = since then)","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"тех","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"modifies пор","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"пор","lemma":"пора","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"object of С (с тех пор = since then)","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical может быть (perhaps), modifies бывал","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может, forms может быть","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies год","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking год","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of год","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"год","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"temporal adverbial modifying бывал","gloss":"year"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies бывал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"бывал","lemma":"бывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"visited"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кладбище","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"кладбище","lemma":"кладбище","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of бывал","gloss":"cemetery"}]},{"number":81,"label":"81","id":"c4-s81","source":"Но на Федора Павловича этот маленький эпизод тоже произвел свое действие, и очень оригинальное.","translation":"But upon Fyodor Pavlovich this little episode too produced its effect, and a very original one.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"на Федора Павловича … произвел свое действие","title":"«произвести действие на» + accusative","body":"«произвести действие на кого-то» ('to have an effect on someone') puts the affected party in the accusative after «на» (motion/direction sense). «свое» is the reflexive possessive — its own effect."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Федора","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"Федора","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of произвел","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павловича","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федора","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of эпизод","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"маленький","lemma":"маленький","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies эпизод","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"эпизод","lemma":"эпизод","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of произвел","gloss":"episode"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies произвел","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"произвел","lemma":"произвести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"produced"},{"surface":"свое","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of действие","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"действие","lemma":"действие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of произвел","gloss":"effect"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оригинальное","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"оригинальное","lemma":"оригинальный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with действие (elliptical: a very original one)","gloss":"original"}]},{"number":82,"label":"82","id":"c4-s82","source":"Он вдруг взял тысячу рублей и свез ее в наш монастырь на помин души своей супруги, но не второй, не матери Алеши, не «кликуши», а первой, Аделаиды Ивановны, которая колотила его.","translation":"He suddenly took a thousand rubles and carried it off to our monastery for the repose of his wife's soul—not the second one, not Alyosha's mother, not the \"shrieker,\" but the first, Adelaida Ivanovna, the one who used to beat him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"взял тысячу рублей и свез ее","title":"Numeral phrase and a feminine pronoun","body":"«тысячу рублей»: «тысячу» is accusative, «рублей» genitive plural after the high numeral. The pronoun «ее» then refers back to feminine «тысяча» — 'carried it (the thousand) off'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Аделаиды Ивановны, которая колотила его","title":"Relative «которая» + imperfective of habit","body":"«которая» agrees with feminine «Аделаида Ивановна» as subject of its clause; the imperfective past «колотила» ('used to beat') names a repeated, habitual action — she would thrash him regularly."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of взял","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies взял","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"взял","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"тысячу","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of взял","gloss":"a thousand"},{"surface":"рублей","lemma":"рубль","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies тысячу","gloss":"rubles"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"свез","lemma":"свезти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with взял","gloss":"carried off"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of свез","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking монастырь","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"наш","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of монастырь","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"монастырь","lemma":"монастырь","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of свез","gloss":"monastery"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking помин","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"помин","lemma":"помин","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of свез","gloss":"the repose","note":"«на помин души» = a memorial gift/service for the repose of someone's soul."},{"surface":"души","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies помин","gloss":"of soul"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of супруги","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"супруги","lemma":"супруга","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies души","gloss":"wife's"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies второй","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"второй","lemma":"второй","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to супруги","gloss":"the second"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies матери","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"матери","lemma":"мать","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to супруги","gloss":"the mother"},{"surface":"Алеши","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies матери","gloss":"of Alyosha"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кликуши","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"кликуши","lemma":"кликуша","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to супруги","gloss":"the \"shrieker\"","note":"«кликуша» — a woman believed to fall into hysterical shrieking fits, often thought possessed."},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"первой","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to супруги","gloss":"the first"},{"surface":"Аделаиды","lemma":"Аделаида","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to первой","gloss":"Adelaida"},{"surface":"Ивановны","lemma":"Ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Аделаиды","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"которая","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of колотила","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"колотила","lemma":"колотить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on Аделаиды","gloss":"used to beat"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of колотила","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":83,"label":"83","id":"c4-s83","source":"Ввечеру того дня он напился пьян и ругал Алеше монахов.","translation":"That evening he drank himself drunk and abused the monks to Alyosha.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Ввечеру","title":"«ввечеру» — toward evening (archaic)","body":"A fused, archaic-poetic adverb 'in the evening, toward evening' (modern «вечером»). The old form lends a faintly literary, period cadence to the line."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ругал Алеше монахов","title":"Dative of the addressee with «ругать»","body":"Unusually, «ругал монахов» (accusative object, 'abused the monks') is paired with the dative «Алеше» — the one to whom he ranted. The dative marks the listener at whom the tirade is directed."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ввечеру","lemma":"ввечеру","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies напился","gloss":"in the evening"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of дня","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"дня","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Ввечеру","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of напился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"напился","lemma":"напиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"got drunk"},{"surface":"пьян","lemma":"пьяный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"complement of напился","gloss":"drunk"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ругал","lemma":"ругать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with напился","gloss":"abused"},{"surface":"Алеше","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of ругал","gloss":"to Alyosha"},{"surface":"монахов","lemma":"монах","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of ругал","gloss":"the monks"}]},{"number":84,"label":"84","id":"c4-s84","source":"Сам он был далеко не из религиозных людей; человек никогда, может быть, пятикопеечной свечки не поставил пред образом.","translation":"He himself was far from being among religious people; the man had perhaps never set so much as a five-kopeck candle before an icon.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"далеко не из религиозных людей","title":"«из» + genitive for 'among/one of'","body":"«из религиозных людей» ('of/among religious people') uses «из» + genitive plural to assign him to a class, here denied: «далеко не» means 'far from'. The zero-copula present ('он [был] не из…') leans on the past «был»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"никогда … свечки не поставил","title":"Genitive of negation, object «свечки»","body":"The would-be object «свечку» appears as genitive «свечки» under negation, with «никогда» reinforcing via negative concord — 'never set so much as a candle'. The perfective «не поставил» denies a single completed act."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies он","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to людей","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"далеко","lemma":"далеко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"far","note":"«далеко не» is an idiom meaning \"far from.\""},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies людей","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking людей","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"религиозных","lemma":"религиозный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies людей","gloss":"religious"},{"surface":"людей","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поставил","gloss":"the man"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поставил","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to поставил","gloss":"perhaps","note":"«может быть» = \"maybe/perhaps,\" a fixed parenthetical."},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"пятикопеечной","lemma":"пятикопеечный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies свечки","gloss":"five-kopeck"},{"surface":"свечки","lemma":"свечка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of поставил","gloss":"a candle"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поставил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"поставил","lemma":"поставить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second sentence","gloss":"had set"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking образом","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"образом","lemma":"образ","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поставил","gloss":"an icon"}]},{"number":85,"label":"85","id":"c4-s85","source":"Странные порывы внезапных чувств и внезапных мыслей бывают у этаких субъектов.","translation":"Strange impulses of sudden feelings and sudden thoughts do come over such types.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"бывают у этаких субъектов","title":"Iterative «бывают» of general truth","body":"«бывают» (iterative present of «быть») states a general fact — such impulses 'do happen, do come over' such types. Possession is again framed with «у» + genitive «субъектов»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"этаких субъектов","title":"«этакий» and «субъект» — colloquial scorn","body":"«этакий» is a folksy, slightly contemptuous 'such, that sort of' (vs neutral «такой»), and «субъект» here means 'character, type, specimen' with a dismissive edge. Together they generalise Fyodor Pavlovich into a recognisable low type."}],"words":[{"surface":"Странные","lemma":"странный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies порывы","gloss":"Strange"},{"surface":"порывы","lemma":"порыв","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of бывают","gloss":"impulses"},{"surface":"внезапных","lemma":"внезапный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies чувств","gloss":"sudden"},{"surface":"чувств","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"modifies порывы","gloss":"feelings"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"внезапных","lemma":"внезапный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies мыслей","gloss":"sudden"},{"surface":"мыслей","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with чувств","gloss":"thoughts"},{"surface":"бывают","lemma":"бывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do occur"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking субъектов","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этаких","lemma":"этакий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies субъектов","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"субъектов","lemma":"субъект","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of бывают","gloss":"types"}]},{"number":86,"label":"86","id":"c4-s86","source":"Я уже говорил, что он очень обрюзг.","translation":"I have already said that he had grown very bloated.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"обрюзг","title":"«обрюзгнуть» — to grow bloated and flabby","body":"The perfective «обрюзг» (past of «обрюзгнуть») describes a face and body grown puffy, sagging, dissipated. The narrator's repetition — 'I have already said he had grown very bloated' — fixes it as the keynote of the physical portrait that follows."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорил","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have said"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of обрюзг","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of обрюзг","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обрюзг","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"обрюзг","lemma":"обрюзгнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of говорил","gloss":"had grown bloated"}]},{"number":87,"label":"87","id":"c4-s87","source":"Физиономия его представляла к тому времени что-то резко свидетельствовавшее о характеристике и сущности всей прожитой им жизни.","translation":"His physiognomy by that time presented something that bore sharp witness to the character and essence of the whole life he had lived through.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что-то резко свидетельствовавшее о … жизни","title":"Past active participle modifying «что-то»","body":"«свидетельствовавшее» is a past active participle ('that bore witness'), neuter to agree with «что-то», compressing a relative clause into a modifier. «свидетельствовать о чём» governs the prepositional («о характеристике и сущности»)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"всей прожитой им жизни","title":"Past passive participle + instrumental agent","body":"«прожитой» is a past passive participle ('lived-through'), and the agent appears in the instrumental «им» ('by him') — 'the whole life lived through by him'. Naming the agent in the instrumental is the standard pattern with passive participles."}],"words":[{"surface":"Физиономия","lemma":"физиономия","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of представляла","gloss":"The physiognomy"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Физиономия","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"представляла","lemma":"представлять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"presented"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking времени","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, dative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of времени","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"времени","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of представляла","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of представляла","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"forms что-то with что","gloss":"[-thing]"},{"surface":"резко","lemma":"резко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies свидетельствовавшее","gloss":"sharply"},{"surface":"свидетельствовавшее","lemma":"свидетельствовать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, neuter, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying что","gloss":"bearing witness"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking характеристике","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"характеристике","lemma":"характеристика","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of свидетельствовавшее","gloss":"the character"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сущности","lemma":"сущность","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with характеристике","gloss":"essence"},{"surface":"всей","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизни","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"прожитой","lemma":"прожить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, genitive, perfective","role":"clause modifying жизни","gloss":"lived"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"agent of прожитой","gloss":"by him"},{"surface":"жизни","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies сущности","gloss":"life"}]},{"number":88,"label":"88","id":"c4-s88","source":"Кроме длинных и мясистых мешочков под маленькими его глазами, вечно наглыми, подозрительными и насмешливыми, кроме множества глубоких морщинок на его маленьком, но жирненьком личике, к острому подбородку его подвешивался еще большой кадык, мясистый и продолговатый, как кошелек, что придавало ему какой-то отвратительно сладострастный вид.","translation":"Besides the long, fleshy pouches under his small eyes—forever insolent, suspicious, and mocking—and besides the multitude of deep little wrinkles on his small but plump little face, there hung from his sharp chin a large Adam's apple, fleshy and elongated like a purse, which lent him a kind of repulsively voluptuous look.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Кроме … мешочков … кроме … морщинок … подвешивался … кадык","title":"Fronted «кроме»-phrases delaying the subject","body":"Two heavy «кроме … » ('besides…') genitive phrases load the front of the sentence before the main clause finally arrives at «подвешивался … кадык». This deliberate suspension and inverted weight is signature 19th-century literary syntax."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"мешочков … морщинок … на … личике","title":"A cluster of diminutives","body":"«мешочки» (little pouches), «морщинки» (little wrinkles), and especially «жирненькое личико» ('plump little face') stack diminutives whose effect here is not endearment but grotesque, almost mocking miniaturisation of a repellent face."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"подвешивался","title":"Middle -ся verb","body":"«подвешивался» (imperfective with the -ся clitic) here is intransitive/middle — the Adam's apple 'hung, dangled' rather than was actively hung by anyone. The -ся turns a transitive 'hang [something]' into a state of the subject."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"кадык … как кошелек","title":"«кадык» like a purse","body":"«кадык» is the Adam's apple; the simile 'fleshy and elongated like a purse' («кошелёк») fuses the bodily and the monetary — appropriate to this money-grubbing man, and capped by the oxymoron «отвратительно сладострастный» (repulsively voluptuous)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Кроме","lemma":"кроме","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мешочков","gloss":"Besides"},{"surface":"длинных","lemma":"длинный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies мешочков","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мясистых","lemma":"мясистый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"coordinated with длинных","gloss":"fleshy"},{"surface":"мешочков","lemma":"мешочек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of подвешивался","gloss":"pouches"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глазами","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"маленькими","lemma":"маленький","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies глазами","gloss":"small"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of глазами","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"глазами","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"modifies мешочков","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"вечно","lemma":"вечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies наглыми","gloss":"forever"},{"surface":"наглыми","lemma":"наглый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies глазами","gloss":"insolent"},{"surface":"подозрительными","lemma":"подозрительный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"coordinated with наглыми","gloss":"suspicious"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"насмешливыми","lemma":"насмешливый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"coordinated with наглыми","gloss":"mocking"},{"surface":"кроме","lemma":"кроме","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking множества","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"множества","lemma":"множество","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of подвешивался","gloss":"the multitude"},{"surface":"глубоких","lemma":"глубокий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies морщинок","gloss":"deep"},{"surface":"морщинок","lemma":"морщинка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies множества","gloss":"little wrinkles"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking личике","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of личике","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"маленьком","lemma":"маленький","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies личике","gloss":"small"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"жирненьком","lemma":"жирненький","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with маленьком","gloss":"plump"},{"surface":"личике","lemma":"личико","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies морщинок","gloss":"little face"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking подбородку","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"острому","lemma":"острый","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies подбородку","gloss":"sharp"},{"surface":"подбородку","lemma":"подбородок","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подвешивался","gloss":"chin"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of подбородку","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"подвешивался","lemma":"подвешиваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hung"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies большой","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"большой","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies кадык","gloss":"a large"},{"surface":"кадык","lemma":"кадык","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подвешивался","gloss":"Adam's apple","note":"«кадык» = the Adam's apple (larynx bulge)."},{"surface":"мясистый","lemma":"мясистый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies кадык","gloss":"fleshy"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"продолговатый","lemma":"продолговатый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with мясистый","gloss":"elongated"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"preposition marking кошелек","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"кошелек","lemma":"кошелёк","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"compared to кадык","gloss":"a purse"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of придавало","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"придавало","lemma":"придавать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to подвешивался","gloss":"lent"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of придавало","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of вид","gloss":"a kind of"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"forms какой-то with какой","gloss":"[-of]"},{"surface":"отвратительно","lemma":"отвратительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сладострастный","gloss":"repulsively"},{"surface":"сладострастный","lemma":"сладострастный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вид","gloss":"voluptuous"},{"surface":"вид","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of придавало","gloss":"look"}]},{"number":89,"label":"89","id":"c4-s89","source":"Прибавьте к тому плотоядный, длинный рот, с пухлыми губами, из-под которых виднелись маленькие обломки черных, почти истлевших зубов.","translation":"Add to that a carnivorous, long mouth, with plump lips, from beneath which showed little stumps of black, almost decayed teeth.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Прибавьте к тому","title":"Imperative addressing the reader","body":"«Прибавьте» is the polite/plural imperative of «прибавить» ('to add'), the narrator inviting the reader to 'add to that…'. Direct address to the reader is a recurring device of this chatty, intrusive narrator."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"из-под которых виднелись … обломки … зубов","title":"Compound preposition «из-под» + relative","body":"«из-под» ('from under') is a compound preposition governing the genitive «которых», a relative pronoun pointing back to the lips. «виднелись» is a middle -ся verb, 'showed, were visible'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"плотоядный","title":"«плотоядный» — carnivorous, fleshly","body":"Literally 'flesh-eating', «плотоядный» applied to a mouth is bookish and loaded — suggesting both predatory appetite and «плоть» (the flesh, sensuality). It keys the whole portrait of fleshly corruption."}],"words":[{"surface":"Прибавьте","lemma":"прибавить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Add"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тому","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of Прибавьте","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"плотоядный","lemma":"плотоядный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies рот","gloss":"carnivorous"},{"surface":"длинный","lemma":"длинный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with плотоядный","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"рот","lemma":"рот","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Прибавьте","gloss":"mouth"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking губами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"пухлыми","lemma":"пухлый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies губами","gloss":"plump"},{"surface":"губами","lemma":"губа","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"modifies рот","gloss":"lips"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которых","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которых","gloss":"beneath"},{"surface":"которых","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of виднелись","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"виднелись","lemma":"виднеться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"relative clause on губами","gloss":"showed"},{"surface":"маленькие","lemma":"маленький","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies обломки","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"обломки","lemma":"обломок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of виднелись","gloss":"stumps"},{"surface":"черных","lemma":"чёрный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies зубов","gloss":"black"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies истлевших","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"истлевших","lemma":"истлевший","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, genitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with черных","gloss":"decayed"},{"surface":"зубов","lemma":"зуб","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies обломки","gloss":"teeth"}]},{"number":90,"label":"90","id":"c4-s90","source":"Он брызгался слюной каждый раз, когда начинал говорить.","translation":"He sprayed saliva every time he began to speak.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"брызгался слюной","title":"-ся verb + instrumental of means","body":"«брызгаться» (with -ся, 'to spray, splatter') takes the instrumental «слюной» ('with saliva') for what is sprayed. The -ся here gives an intransitive, habitual 'he sprayed [spittle about]'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"каждый раз, когда начинал говорить","title":"Imperfective for repeated occasion","body":"«каждый раз, когда» ('every time that') with the imperfective «начинал говорить» frames a habitual, recurring situation — each time he began to speak. Imperfective is obligatory for such iteration."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of брызгался","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"брызгался","lemma":"брызгаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sprayed"},{"surface":"слюной","lemma":"слюна","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of брызгался","gloss":"saliva"},{"surface":"каждый","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of раз","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies брызгался","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of начинал","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"начинал","lemma":"начинать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on раз","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"говорить","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начинал","gloss":"to speak"}]},{"number":91,"label":"91","id":"c4-s91","source":"Впрочем, и сам он любил шутить над своим лицом, хотя, кажется, оставался им доволен.","translation":"He himself, however, liked to make jokes about his own face, though, it seems, he remained pleased with it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"оставался им доволен","title":"Short adjective + instrumental complement","body":"«доволен» is the short (predicative) form of «довольный» ('pleased'), and «доволен чем» governs the instrumental «им» ('with it'). Short adjectives appear only as predicates and carry a bookish, stative flavour."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Впрочем … хотя, кажется","title":"Concessive hedging","body":"«Впрочем» ('however, then again') and «хотя… кажется» ('though, it seems') stack the narrator's qualifications, the conversational backtracking that gives this voice its garrulous, self-correcting texture."}],"words":[{"surface":"Впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to любил","gloss":"However"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies он","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of любил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"любил","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"liked"},{"surface":"шутить","lemma":"шутить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of любил","gloss":"to joke"},{"surface":"над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лицом","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"своим","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of лицом","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"лицом","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of шутить","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of оставался","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to оставался","gloss":"it seems"},{"surface":"оставался","lemma":"оставаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on любил","gloss":"remained"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of доволен","gloss":"with it"},{"surface":"доволен","lemma":"довольный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of оставался","gloss":"pleased"}]},{"number":92,"label":"92","id":"c4-s92","source":"Особенно указывал он на свой нос, не очень большой, но очень тонкий, с сильно выдающеюся горбиной: «Настоящий римский, — говорил он, — вместе с кадыком настоящая физиономия древнего римского патриция времен упадка».","translation":"He pointed in particular to his nose, not very large but very thin, with a strongly protruding hump: \"A genuine Roman one,\" he would say, \"together with the Adam's apple, the very physiognomy of an ancient Roman patrician of the age of decline.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"с сильно выдающеюся горбиной","title":"Present active participle in old instrumental","body":"«выдающеюся» is the present active participle of «выдаваться» ('to protrude'), agreeing with feminine «горбиной» in the instrumental after «с». The ending «-еюся» is the older/longer instrumental feminine form, common in 19th-c. prose for modern «-ейся»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"говорил он","title":"Imperfective «говорил» for a repeated saying","body":"Inside the quotation frame «говорил он» the imperfective marks this as something he 'would say' habitually, not once — consistent with «стал часто говорить» earlier. The inverted verb-subject order is the standard quotative tag."}],"words":[{"surface":"Особенно","lemma":"особенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies указывал","gloss":"Especially"},{"surface":"указывал","lemma":"указывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"pointed"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of указывал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нос","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"свой","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of нос","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"нос","lemma":"нос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of указывал","gloss":"nose"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies очень","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies большой","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"большой","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies нос","gloss":"big"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies тонкий","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"тонкий","lemma":"тонкий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with большой","gloss":"thin"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking горбиной","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"сильно","lemma":"сильно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выдающеюся","gloss":"strongly"},{"surface":"выдающеюся","lemma":"выдаваться","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, feminine, singular, instrumental, imperfective","role":"modifies горбиной","gloss":"protruding"},{"surface":"горбиной","lemma":"горбина","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies нос","gloss":"a hump"},{"surface":"Настоящий","lemma":"настоящий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies римский","gloss":"A genuine"},{"surface":"римский","lemma":"римский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to нос","gloss":"Roman one","note":"Elliptical exclamation: \"[A] genuine Roman [nose]\"."},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, reports the quote","gloss":"he would say"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вместе","lemma":"вместе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies физиономия","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кадыком","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"кадыком","lemma":"кадык","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вместе","gloss":"the Adam's apple"},{"surface":"настоящая","lemma":"настоящий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies физиономия","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"физиономия","lemma":"физиономия","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of the implied это","gloss":"physiognomy"},{"surface":"древнего","lemma":"древний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies патриция","gloss":"of an ancient"},{"surface":"римского","lemma":"римский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies патриция","gloss":"Roman"},{"surface":"патриция","lemma":"патриций","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies физиономия","gloss":"patrician"},{"surface":"времен","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"modifies патриция","gloss":"of the age"},{"surface":"упадка","lemma":"упадок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies времен","gloss":"of decline"}]},{"number":93,"label":"93","id":"c4-s93","source":"Этим он, кажется, гордился.","translation":"Of this, it seems, he was proud.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Этим он … гордился","title":"Instrumental object of «гордиться»","body":"«гордиться» ('to be proud of') is a -ся verb that governs the instrumental — «этим» ('of this'). Fronting «Этим» makes the object the topic, the new comment being his pride."}],"words":[{"surface":"Этим","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of гордился","gloss":"Of this"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of гордился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to гордился","gloss":"it seems"},{"surface":"гордился","lemma":"гордиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was proud"}]},{"number":94,"label":"94","id":"c4-s94","source":"И вот довольно скоро после обретения могилы матери Алеша вдруг объявил ему, что хочет поступить в монастырь и что монахи готовы допустить его послушником.","translation":"And so, fairly soon after the finding of his mother's grave, Alyosha suddenly announced to him that he wished to enter the monastery and that the monks were ready to admit him as a novice.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что хочет поступить … и что монахи готовы допустить","title":"Reported speech with «что»","body":"Two parallel «что»-clauses report Alyosha's announcement as plain fact ('that he wished… and that the monks were ready…'). «что» introduces a stated fact, in contrast to the willed «чтобы»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"допустить его послушником","title":"Instrumental of role","body":"«допустить кого послушником» ('to admit someone as a novice') puts the role «послушником» in the instrumental — the case for capacities and roles one is admitted to or takes on."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies довольно","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"довольно","lemma":"довольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies скоро","gloss":"fairly"},{"surface":"скоро","lemma":"скоро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies объявил","gloss":"soon"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обретения","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"обретения","lemma":"обретение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of объявил","gloss":"the finding"},{"surface":"могилы","lemma":"могила","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies обретения","gloss":"of the grave"},{"surface":"матери","lemma":"мать","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies могилы","gloss":"of his mother"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of объявил","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies объявил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"объявил","lemma":"объявить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"announced"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of объявил","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of хочет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"хочет","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of объявил","gloss":"he wishes"},{"surface":"поступить","lemma":"поступить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хочет","gloss":"to enter"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking монастырь","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"монастырь","lemma":"монастырь","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поступить","gloss":"the monastery"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of готовы","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"монахи","lemma":"монах","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of готовы","gloss":"the monks"},{"surface":"готовы","lemma":"готовый","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"coordinated with хочет","gloss":"were ready"},{"surface":"допустить","lemma":"допустить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of готовы","gloss":"to admit"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of допустить","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"послушником","lemma":"послушник","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of допустить","gloss":"as a novice","note":"«послушник» = a novice in a monastery, not yet a monk."}]},{"number":95,"label":"95","id":"c4-s95","source":"Он объяснил при этом, что это чрезвычайное желание его и что испрашивает он у него торжественное позволение как у отца.","translation":"He explained, moreover, that this was his extraordinary wish, and that he was begging of him, as of a father, his solemn permission.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"испрашивает он у него … позволение как у отца","title":"«у» + genitive for the source of a request","body":"«испрашивать у кого» ('to beg/request of someone') marks the person asked with «у» + genitive — «у него… как у отца» ('of him… as of a father'). The bookish «испрашивает» heightens the solemnity of the petition."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"испрашивает","title":"«испрашивать» — to petition humbly","body":"A formal, elevated verb for requesting permission of a superior, with a churchly-bureaucratic ring. Its solemnity matches Alyosha's «торжественное позволение» — a 'solemn permission' sought 'as of a father'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of объяснил","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"объяснил","lemma":"объяснить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"explained"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of объяснил","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of желание","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of желание","gloss":"this [was]"},{"surface":"чрезвычайное","lemma":"чрезвычайный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies желание","gloss":"extraordinary"},{"surface":"желание","lemma":"желание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"clausal complement of объяснил","gloss":"a wish"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies желание","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of испрашивает","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"испрашивает","lemma":"испрашивать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with желание","gloss":"he was begging"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of испрашивает","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of испрашивает","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"торжественное","lemma":"торжественный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies позволение","gloss":"solemn"},{"surface":"позволение","lemma":"позволение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of испрашивает","gloss":"permission"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"preposition marking отца","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отца","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of испрашивает","gloss":"a father"}]},{"number":96,"label":"96","id":"c4-s96","source":"Старик уже знал, что старец Зосима, спасавшийся в монастырском ските, произвел на его «тихого мальчика» особенное впечатление.","translation":"The old man already knew that the elder Zosima, living in salvation in the monastery hermitage, had made a particular impression on his \"quiet boy.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"старец Зосима, спасавшийся в … ските","title":"Past active participle of an -ся verb","body":"«спасавшийся» is the past-imperfective active participle of «спасаться» ('to be working out one's salvation, to live ascetically'), agreeing with «старец Зосима». It folds 'who was living in salvation' into one modifier."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"произвел … на его «тихого мальчика»","title":"Animate accusative after «на»","body":"«произвести впечатление на кого» ('to make an impression on someone') takes «на» + accusative; «тихого мальчика» shows animate masculine accusative borrowing the genitive ending («-ого»). The phrase is Fyodor Pavlovich's own pet name for Alyosha, in quotation marks."}],"words":[{"surface":"Старик","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"The old man"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знал","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of произвел","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"старец","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of произвел","gloss":"the elder"},{"surface":"Зосима","lemma":"Зосима","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to старец","gloss":"Zosima"},{"surface":"спасавшийся","lemma":"спасаться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying старец","gloss":"living in salvation","note":"«спасаться» — to pursue one's spiritual salvation, esp. by monastic asceticism."},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ските","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"монастырском","lemma":"монастырский","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ските","gloss":"the monastery's"},{"surface":"ските","lemma":"скит","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of спасавшийся","gloss":"hermitage"},{"surface":"произвел","lemma":"произвести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of знал","gloss":"had made"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мальчика","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of мальчика","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"тихого","lemma":"тихий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мальчика","gloss":"quiet"},{"surface":"мальчика","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of произвел","gloss":"boy"},{"surface":"особенное","lemma":"особенный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies впечатление","gloss":"a particular"},{"surface":"впечатление","lemma":"впечатление","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of произвел","gloss":"impression"}]},{"number":97,"label":"97","id":"c4-s97","source":"— Этот старец, конечно, у них самый честный монах, — промолвил он, молчаливо и вдумчиво выслушав Алешу, почти совсем, однако, не удивившись его просьбе.","translation":"\"That elder is of course the most honest monk among them,\" he pronounced, having heard Alyosha out silently and thoughtfully, yet almost without being at all surprised at his request.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"выслушав Алешу … не удивившись его просьбе","title":"Two perfective gerunds","body":"«выслушав» (having heard out) and the negated «не удивившись» (without being surprised) are perfective past gerunds sharing the subject 'he', framing the manner of his pronouncement. «удивиться чему» governs the dative «просьбе»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"промолвил","title":"«промолвить» — to utter","body":"«промолвил» (perfective) is a slightly bookish, deliberate verb of speaking — 'pronounced, let fall a word'. It lends weight to Fyodor Pavlovich's pause-laden, half-drunk delivery."}],"words":[{"surface":"Этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of старец","gloss":"That"},{"surface":"старец","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of монах","gloss":"elder"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to монах","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of монах","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"самый","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies честный","gloss":"the most"},{"surface":"честный","lemma":"честный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies монах","gloss":"honest"},{"surface":"монах","lemma":"монах","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of старец","gloss":"monk"},{"surface":"промолвил","lemma":"промолвить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narrative clause","gloss":"he pronounced"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of промолвил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"молчаливо","lemma":"молчаливо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выслушав","gloss":"silently"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдумчиво","lemma":"вдумчиво","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выслушав","gloss":"thoughtfully"},{"surface":"выслушав","lemma":"выслушать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on промолвил","gloss":"having heard out"},{"surface":"Алешу","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of выслушав","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies совсем","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies удивившись","gloss":"entirely"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to удивившись","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies удивившись","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"удивившись","lemma":"удивиться","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on промолвил","gloss":"being surprised"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of просьбе","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"просьбе","lemma":"просьба","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of удивившись","gloss":"at the request"}]},{"number":98,"label":"98","id":"c4-s98","source":"— Гм, так ты вот куда хочешь, мой тихий мальчик!","translation":"\"Hm, so that's where you want to go, my quiet boy!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"так ты вот куда хочешь","title":"«вот куда» — directional emphasis","body":"«куда» ('to where, whither') fronted with the deictic «вот» ('so that's where…') captures spoken surprise. The infinitive after «хочешь» is left unspoken — 'so that's where you want [to go]' — a natural conversational ellipsis."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"мой тихий мальчик","title":"Address by possessive + epithet","body":"The vocative-like address «мой тихий мальчик» ('my quiet boy') uses the nominative for direct address (modern Russian has no full vocative case). It is half-tender, half-mocking, the father's recurring tag for Alyosha."}],"words":[{"surface":"Гм","lemma":"гм","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"hm"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause with хочешь","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хочешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom вот куда","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"куда","lemma":"куда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хочешь","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"хочешь","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you want"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of мальчик","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"тихий","lemma":"тихий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мальчик","gloss":"quiet"},{"surface":"мальчик","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address, in apposition to ты","gloss":"boy"}]},{"number":99,"label":"99","id":"c4-s99","source":"— Он был вполпьяна и вдруг улыбнулся своею длинною, полупьяною, но не лишенною хитрости и пьяного лукавства улыбкою.","translation":"He was half-drunk and suddenly smiled his long, half-drunken smile, not devoid, however, of cunning and tipsy slyness.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вполпьяна","title":"«вполпьяна» — half-drunk","body":"A fused, colloquial adverb 'half-drunk' (в + пол- + пьяна), here standing as a predicate after «был». Russian builds many such в-prefixed adverbs of degree and manner; this one sets the tone for the whole tipsy scene."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"улыбнулся своею … улыбкою","title":"Cognate instrumental, archaic ending","body":"«улыбнулся… улыбкою» pairs the verb with its cognate noun in the instrumental ('smiled his… smile'), a figura etymologica. The ending «-ою» (for «-ой») is the older long instrumental feminine, common in literary 19th-c. prose. «не лишенною» is the LONG (full) form of the past passive participle «лишённый», instrumental feminine, agreeing attributively with «улыбкою»; its genitive complement is «хитрости»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"лукавства","title":"«лукавство» — slyness, guile","body":"«лукавство» (slyness, cunning) carries a faint biblical shadow — «лукавый» is 'the Evil One' in the Lord's Prayer. Coupling it with «хитрость» paints the drunken smile as knowingly, almost diabolically sly."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to вполпьяна","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"вполпьяна","lemma":"вполпьяна","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"half-drunk"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies улыбнулся","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"улыбнулся","lemma":"улыбнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with был","gloss":"smiled"},{"surface":"своею","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of улыбкою","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"длинною","lemma":"длинный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies улыбкою","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"полупьяною","lemma":"полупьяный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with длинною","gloss":"half-drunken"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies лишенною","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"лишенною","lemma":"лишённый","morphology":"participle/adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with длинною, modifies улыбкою","gloss":"devoid"},{"surface":"хитрости","lemma":"хитрость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"complement of лишенною","gloss":"of cunning"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пьяного","lemma":"пьяный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies лукавства","gloss":"tipsy"},{"surface":"лукавства","lemma":"лукавство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with хитрости","gloss":"slyness"},{"surface":"улыбкою","lemma":"улыбка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of улыбнулся","gloss":"smile"}]},{"number":100,"label":"100","id":"c4-s100","source":"— Гм, а ведь я так и предчувствовал, что ты чем-нибудь вот этаким кончишь, можешь это себе представить?","translation":"\"Hm, and you know, I had a presentiment that you would end up with something just like this—can you imagine that?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"а ведь я так и предчувствовал","title":"Particles «ведь» and «так и»","body":"«ведь» appeals to shared knowledge ('you know, after all'); «так и» reinforces that the thing happened just as expected ('I just knew it, I had a regular presentiment'). These tiny modal words carry the speaker's whole attitude."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чем-нибудь … кончишь","title":"Non-specific «-нибудь» + perfective future","body":"«чем-нибудь» ('with something or other') is the non-specific indefinite — any such thing, unspecified. «кончишь» is a perfective verb in present-form endings, hence future: 'you will end up'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Гм","lemma":"гм","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"hm"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies предчувствовал","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of предчувствовал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase так и","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так и","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"предчувствовал","lemma":"предчувствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had a feeling"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of кончишь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of кончишь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"part of the phrase чем-нибудь, oblique complement of кончишь","gloss":"with something"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase чем-нибудь","gloss":"-thing (indefinite)"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies этаким","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"этаким","lemma":"этакий","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies кончишь","gloss":"like this"},{"surface":"кончишь","lemma":"кончить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of предчувствовал","gloss":"you'll end up"},{"surface":"можешь","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"can you"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of представить","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of представить","gloss":"to yourself"},{"surface":"представить","lemma":"представить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of можешь","gloss":"imagine"}]},{"number":101,"label":"101","id":"c4-s101","source":"Ты именно туда норовил.","translation":"\"That was precisely where you were headed.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"норовил","title":"«норовить» — to be bent on, aim for","body":"«норовить» (imperfective) means to keep striving or angling toward something, often with a sly or stubborn determination. «Ты именно туда норовил» — 'that's exactly where you were always angling to go'. «именно» ('precisely') sharpens the point."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of норовил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies туда","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"туда","lemma":"туда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies норовил","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"норовил","lemma":"норовить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"were headed"}]},{"number":102,"label":"102","id":"c4-s102","source":"Ну что ж, пожалуй, у тебя же есть свои две тысчоночки, вот тебе и приданое, а я тебя, мой ангел, никогда не оставлю, да и теперь внесу за тебя что там следует, если спросят.","translation":"\"Well, why not—you do have your own two little thousands, there's a dowry for you, and I, my angel, will never abandon you; and I'll pay in for you now whatever's due there, if they ask.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"у тебя же есть свои две тысчоночки","title":"Possession, particle «же», numeral phrase","body":"«у тебя есть» frames possession with «у» + genitive; «же» insists ('you do have'). «две … тысчоночки» takes the genitive-singular-like «тысчоночки» after «две» — and the playful diminutive «тысчоночка» (for «тысяча») makes the sum sound cosy and small."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"никогда не оставлю","title":"Perfective future under negation","body":"«не оставлю» is the perfective future of «оставить» negated ('I will never abandon'), with «никогда» giving negative concord. The simple future sits in the ending, no auxiliary needed."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"приданое","title":"«приданое» — a dowry","body":"A «приданое» is the dowry a bride brings to marriage. Fyodor Pavlovich's grotesque joke casts Alyosha's little nest-egg as a 'dowry' for his betrothal to the monastery — sacred vocation reduced to a transaction."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the idiom что ж","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"ж","lemma":"ж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"пожалуй","lemma":"пожалуй","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебя","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of есть","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тебя","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb (у тебя есть = you have)","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"свои","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of тысчоночки","gloss":"your own"},{"surface":"две","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, nominative, feminine","role":"depends on тысчоночки","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"тысчоночки","lemma":"тысчоночка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"little thousands"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"head of the idiom вот тебе и","gloss":"there's"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of вот","gloss":"for you"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom вот тебе и","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"приданое","lemma":"приданое","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the clause вот тебе и приданое","gloss":"a dowry"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of оставлю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of оставлю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ангел","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"ангел","lemma":"ангел","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address, in apposition to я","gloss":"angel"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оставлю","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies оставлю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"оставлю","lemma":"оставить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I will abandon"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase да и","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies внесу","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"внесу","lemma":"внести","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with оставлю","gloss":"I'll pay in"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебя","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of внесу","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of следует","gloss":"whatever"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies следует","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"следует","lemma":"следовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on что, object of внесу","gloss":"is due"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of спросят","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"спросят","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on следует","gloss":"they ask"}]},{"number":103,"label":"103","id":"c4-s103","source":"Ну, а если не спросят, к чему нам навязываться, не так ли?","translation":"\"And, well, if they don't ask, why should we go thrusting it on them, eh?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"к чему нам навязываться","title":"Dative subject in an impersonal question","body":"«к чему нам навязываться» ('why should we go thrusting [it] on them') has no nominative subject: «нам» is the dative experiencer and «навязываться» an infinitive. The -ся on «навязываться» gives 'to impose oneself, foist oneself'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не так ли","title":"Tag question with «ли»","body":"«не так ли» ('isn't that so? eh?') is a fixed tag built on the interrogative particle «ли», inviting the listener's agreement. It is markedly conversational and coaxing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of спросят","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies спросят","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"спросят","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on навязываться","gloss":"they ask"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"чему","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of навязываться, idiom к чему","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"logical subject of навязываться","gloss":"should we"},{"surface":"навязываться","lemma":"навязываться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"go thrusting it on them"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the tag не так ли","gloss":"isn't"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the tag не так ли","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"question marker of the tag не так ли","gloss":"eh"}]},{"number":104,"label":"104","id":"c4-s104","source":"Ведь ты денег, что канарейка, тратишь, по два зернышка в недельку…","translation":"\"After all, you spend money like a canary, two little grains a week…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ведь ты денег … тратишь","title":"Appeal-particle «ведь» + genitive object","body":"«Ведь» ('after all, you see') opens with an appeal to shared understanding. «денег» (genitive) is partitive after «тратишь» ('spend some money') — money spent in indefinite quantity takes the genitive."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"что канарейка … по два зернышка в недельку","title":"«как канарейка» + diminutives of pittance","body":"Here «что» = «как» ('like'), in a folksy simile: you spend money like a canary, 'two little grains a week'. The diminutives «зёрнышко» (tiny grain) and «неделька» (little week) make the sum touchingly trifling — affectionate mockery of Alyosha's frugality."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тратишь","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of тратишь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"денег","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"direct object of тратишь","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison канарейка","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"канарейка","lemma":"канарейка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"standard of comparison for ты","gloss":"a canary"},{"surface":"тратишь","lemma":"тратить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you spend"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking зернышка","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, neuter","role":"depends on зернышка","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"зернышка","lemma":"зёрнышко","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of тратишь","gloss":"little grains"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking недельку","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"недельку","lemma":"неделька","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of тратишь","gloss":"week"}]},{"number":105,"label":"105","id":"c4-s105","source":"Гм.","translation":"\"Hm.\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Гм","lemma":"гм","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"hm"}]},{"number":106,"label":"106","id":"c4-s106","source":"Знаешь, в одном монастыре есть одна подгородная слободка, и уж всем там известно, что в ней одни только «монастырские жены» живут, так их там называют, штук тридцать жен, я думаю…","translation":"\"You know, by one monastery there's a little settlement just outside the town, and everyone there knows that only the 'monastery wives' live in it—that's what they're called there—some thirty wives, I should think…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"всем там известно, что …","title":"Short adjective predicate + «что»-clause","body":"«известно» is the short neuter form of «известный» ('known'), used impersonally with a dative-ish 'to all' («всем») and a «что»-clause as logical subject — 'it is known to everyone that…'. Short forms are the norm in such impersonal predicates."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"слободка … «монастырские жены»","title":"«слободка» and the 'monastery wives'","body":"A «слобода/слободка» was a settlement just outside a town, often of a particular trade or class. The euphemism «монастырские жены» ('monastery wives') — women of easy virtue clustered near a monastery — is the old man's leering joke, marked off in quotation marks."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"штук тридцать жен","title":"Approximating «штук» + inverted numeral","body":"«штук» (lit. 'pieces', genitive plural) is a coarse counter for objects (and here, crudely, for people), and putting it before «тридцать» signals approximation — 'some thirty or so wives'. «жен» is genitive plural after the numeral."}],"words":[{"surface":"Знаешь","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking монастыре","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"одном","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, locative, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies монастыре","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"монастыре","lemma":"монастырь","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of есть","gloss":"monastery"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there is"},{"surface":"одна","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies слободка","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"подгородная","lemma":"подгородный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies слободка","gloss":"outlying"},{"surface":"слободка","lemma":"слободка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"settlement"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies всем","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of известно","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies известно","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"известно","lemma":"известный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with есть","gloss":"it's known"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of живут","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of живут","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"одни","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"modifies жены","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies жены","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"монастырские","lemma":"монастырский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies жены","gloss":"monastery"},{"surface":"жены","lemma":"жена","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of живут","gloss":"wives"},{"surface":"живут","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of известно","gloss":"live"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies называют","gloss":"that's how"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of называют","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies называют","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"называют","lemma":"называть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"they call"},{"surface":"штук","lemma":"штука","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"approximation marker before тридцать жен","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"тридцать","lemma":"тридцать","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"depends on жен","gloss":"thirty"},{"surface":"жен","lemma":"жена","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"appositive to жены, restating the count","gloss":"wives"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of думаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"думаю","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical","gloss":"I think"}]},{"number":107,"label":"107","id":"c4-s107","source":"Я там был, и, знаешь, интересно, в своем роде разумеется, в смысле разнообразия.","translation":"\"I've been there, and, you know, it's interesting—in its own way, of course, in the sense of variety.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я там был, и, знаешь, интересно","title":"Impersonal predicate «интересно»","body":"«интересно» ('it's interesting') is an invariable neuter predicative used impersonally, with no subject. The interjected «знаешь» ('you know') is buttonholing filler — the rambling, confiding voice of a half-drunk talker."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies был","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have been"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"знаешь","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"интересно","lemma":"интересный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with был","gloss":"it's interesting"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking роде","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"своем","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of роде","gloss":"its own"},{"surface":"роде","lemma":"род","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of интересно","gloss":"way"},{"surface":"разумеется","lemma":"разуметься","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking смысле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"смысле","lemma":"смысл","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of интересно","gloss":"sense"},{"surface":"разнообразия","lemma":"разнообразие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies смысле","gloss":"of variety"}]},{"number":108,"label":"108","id":"c4-s108","source":"Скверно тем только, что русизм ужасный, француженок совсем еще нет, а могли бы быть, средства знатные.","translation":"\"The only bad thing is that the Russianness is dreadful—there aren't any Frenchwomen at all yet, though there might well be, the means are handsome.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"а могли бы быть","title":"Conditional «бы» — 'there could be'","body":"«могли бы быть» (past «могли» + «бы» + infinitive) is the irrealis: 'there might / could well be [Frenchwomen]'. The mobile «бы» here leans on the modal verb to mark the unrealised possibility."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"русизм … средства знатные","title":"«русизм» and «знатные средства»","body":"His mock-connoisseur complaint: «русизм» here is a jocular coinage for oppressive 'Russianness', and «средства знатные» means the 'means/resources are splendid' («знатный» colloquially = excellent, considerable). Crude libertine bravado dressed as cosmopolitan taste."}],"words":[{"surface":"Скверно","lemma":"скверный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase, modifies тем","gloss":"the bad thing"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of Скверно","gloss":"in this"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тем","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ужасный","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"русизм","lemma":"русизм","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ужасный","gloss":"the Russianness"},{"surface":"ужасный","lemma":"ужасный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of тем","gloss":"is dreadful"},{"surface":"француженок","lemma":"француженка","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"subject-genitive of нет","gloss":"Frenchwomen"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies еще","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нет","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"predicate word, negative existential","role":"coordinated with ужасный","gloss":"there are none"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"могли","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with нет","gloss":"there might"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional marker","role":"auxiliary of могли","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of могли","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"средства","lemma":"средство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of знатные","gloss":"the means"},{"surface":"знатные","lemma":"знатный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"coordinated with нет","gloss":"handsome"}]},{"number":109,"label":"109","id":"c4-s109","source":"Проведают — приедут.","translation":"\"Once they get wind of it, they'll come.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Проведают — приедут","title":"Asyndetic perfective futures","body":"Two bare perfective verbs in future meaning, set side by side with no conjunction: «Проведают — приедут» ('[once they] get wind of it — they'll come'). The juxtaposition itself carries a conditional 'if/when… then…' sense, terse and colloquial."}],"words":[{"surface":"Проведают","lemma":"проведать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"conditional clause on приедут","gloss":"once they find out"},{"surface":"приедут","lemma":"приехать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they'll come"}]},{"number":110,"label":"110","id":"c4-s110","source":"Ну, а здесь ничего, здесь нет монастырских жен, а монахов штук двести.","translation":"\"Well, but here it's nothing of the sort—there are no monastery wives here, but a couple of hundred monks.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"здесь нет монастырских жен","title":"«нет» + genitive of absence","body":"«нет» (there is not) obligatorily takes the genitive for what is absent — «монастырских жен» (genitive plural). This genitive of negation is the standard way to deny existence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"монахов штук двести","title":"Approximate count, again with «штук»","body":"Mirroring the 'thirty wives', he counts monks crudely too: «штук двести» ('a couple of hundred, give or take'), «монахов» genitive plural after the high numeral. The parallel coarse counter equates monks and prostitutes — his blasphemous joke."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ничего","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"predicate","gloss":"nothing of the sort"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нет","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"predicate word, negative existential","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there are no"},{"surface":"монастырских","lemma":"монастырский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies жен","gloss":"monastery"},{"surface":"жен","lemma":"жена","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"subject-complement of нет","gloss":"wives"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"монахов","lemma":"монах","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"quantified by штук двести","gloss":"monks"},{"surface":"штук","lemma":"штука","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"approximation marker","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"двести","lemma":"двести","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"depends on монахов, coordinated with нет","gloss":"two hundred"}]},{"number":111,"label":"111","id":"c4-s111","source":"Честно.","translation":"\"Honest fellows.\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Честно","lemma":"честно","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"honest"}]},{"number":112,"label":"112","id":"c4-s112","source":"Постники.","translation":"\"Fasters.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Постники","title":"«постник» — a faster","body":"A «постник» is one who keeps the fasts — from «пост», the Orthodox fast. As a one-word, grudging concession ('Fasters.'), it acknowledges the monks' ascetic discipline even as Fyodor Pavlovich mocks them."}],"words":[{"surface":"Постники","lemma":"постник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"fasters"}]},{"number":113,"label":"113","id":"c4-s113","source":"Сознаюсь…","translation":"\"I'll grant that…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Сознаюсь","title":"Middle/reflexive «-ся» verb","body":"«сознаюсь» ('I admit, I confess') is a -ся verb (here -сь after a vowel) with no separate object — the clitic makes it intransitive 'to own up'. The trailing ellipsis leaves the confession dangling, a drunken half-thought."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сознаюсь","lemma":"сознаваться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I admit"}]},{"number":114,"label":"114","id":"c4-s114","source":"Гм.","translation":"\"Hm.\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Гм","lemma":"гм","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"hm"}]},{"number":115,"label":"115","id":"c4-s115","source":"Так ты к монахам хочешь?","translation":"\"So you want to join the monks?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"к монахам хочешь","title":"«к» + dative of destination (to people)","body":"«к монахам» ('to [join] the monks') uses «к» + dative, the case for motion toward a person or group. The infinitive 'to go/join' is again dropped after «хочешь» — colloquial ellipsis."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хочешь","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хочешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking монахам","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"монахам","lemma":"монах","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of хочешь","gloss":"the monks"},{"surface":"хочешь","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"want"}]},{"number":116,"label":"116","id":"c4-s116","source":"А ведь мне тебя жаль, Алеша, воистину, веришь ли, я тебя полюбил…","translation":"\"And yet I'm sorry for you, Alyosha, truly—will you believe it, I've come to love you…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"мне тебя жаль","title":"Dative-subject construction «мне жаль»","body":"«мне тебя жаль» is impersonal: «мне» (dative) is the one feeling, «жаль» an invariable predicative ('it is a pity'), and «тебя» (genitive/accusative) the object pitied. There is no nominative — a textbook dative-experiencer pattern."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"веришь ли … я тебя полюбил","title":"Inceptive perfective «полюбил»","body":"The prefix по- on «любить» gives the perfective «полюбить» — to come to love, to begin loving (an inceptive sense). So «я тебя полюбил» = 'I have grown to love you', a completed entering-into-love, not mere 'I loved'. «веришь ли» is the «ли» question again."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"воистину","title":"«воистину» — verily, truly","body":"«воистину» is a solemn, Church-Slavonic-flavoured 'verily, in truth' — famous from the Paschal greeting «Воистину воскресе» ('Truly He is risen'). In the mouth of the scoffing father it rings with mock-pious gravity."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies жаль","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"experiencer of жаль","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"complement of жаль","gloss":"for you"},{"surface":"жаль","lemma":"жаль","morphology":"predicate word","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"feel sorry"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"воистину","lemma":"воистину","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies жаль","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"веришь","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical","gloss":"do you believe"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies веришь","gloss":"(question marker)"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of полюбил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of полюбил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"полюбил","lemma":"полюбить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"have come to love"}]},{"number":117,"label":"117","id":"c4-s117","source":"Впрочем, вот и удобный случай: помолишься за нас, грешных, слишком мы уж, сидя здесь, нагрешили.","translation":"\"Still, here's a convenient occasion: you'll pray for us sinners—too much we have sinned, sitting here.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"помолишься за нас, грешных","title":"Future perfective + «за» of intercession","body":"«помолишься» is perfective future ('you'll pray'); «за нас» ('for us') uses «за» + accusative for the persons interceded for. «грешных» ('us sinners') is in apposition, an animate accusative borrowing the genitive form."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"слишком мы уж … нагрешили","title":"Particle «уж» + intensive prefix на-","body":"«уж» (a worn form of «уже») here intensifies rather than means 'already' — 'we've sinned too much, really'. «нагрешили» uses the accumulative prefix на- on «грешить»: to have committed a heap of sins. Fronting «слишком» throws the emphasis on excess."}],"words":[{"surface":"Впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"head of the idiom вот и случай","gloss":"here's"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom вот и","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"удобный","lemma":"удобный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies случай","gloss":"convenient"},{"surface":"случай","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the clause вот и случай","gloss":"occasion"},{"surface":"помолишься","lemma":"помолиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second sentence","gloss":"you'll pray"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of помолишься","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"грешных","lemma":"грешный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural, substantivized","role":"in apposition to нас","gloss":"sinners"},{"surface":"слишком","lemma":"слишком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нагрешили","gloss":"too much"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of нагрешили","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нагрешили","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"сидя","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on нагрешили","gloss":"sitting"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сидя","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"нагрешили","lemma":"нагрешить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the second sentence","gloss":"have sinned"}]},{"number":118,"label":"118","id":"c4-s118","source":"Я всё помышлял о том: кто это за меня когда-нибудь помолится?","translation":"\"I've kept brooding on this: who is it that will ever pray for me?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я всё помышлял о том: кто … помолится","title":"Correlative «о том» + embedded question","body":"«помышлял о том» ('kept brooding on this') sets up the correlative «о том» (prepositional after «о») pointing forward to the embedded question «кто… помолится». «кто» is the interrogative; «помолится» perfective future."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"помышлял","title":"«помышлять» — to muse, ponder","body":"«помышлять» (imperfective) is a somewhat elevated, bookish 'to think on, contemplate, brood', weightier than plain «думать». It suits a sudden moment of genuine, uncharacteristic gravity in the buffoon."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of помышлял","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies помышлял","gloss":"kept"},{"surface":"помышлял","lemma":"помышлять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"brooding"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of помышлял","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of помолится","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"emphatic particle, part of the idiom кто это","gloss":"is it that"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of помолится","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase когда-нибудь","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase когда-нибудь","gloss":"-ever"},{"surface":"помолится","lemma":"помолиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the embedded clause","gloss":"will pray"}]},{"number":119,"label":"119","id":"c4-s119","source":"Есть ли в свете такой человек?","translation":"\"Is there such a person anywhere in the world?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Есть ли в свете такой человек?","title":"Existential question with «ли»","body":"«Есть ли… такой человек?» ('Is there such a person?') fronts «есть» and tags «ли» for a literary yes/no existential question. The sentence-initial existential «есть» asks after bare existence."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в свете","title":"«свет» — the world","body":"«свет» here means 'the world, this earthly life' (cf. «на этом свете», 'in this world') rather than 'light'. The prepositional «в свете» asks whether anywhere in the whole world such a person exists."}],"words":[{"surface":"Есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is there"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Есть","gloss":"(question marker)"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking свете","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"свете","lemma":"свет","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Есть","gloss":"the world"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of человек","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Есть","gloss":"a person"}]},{"number":120,"label":"120","id":"c4-s120","source":"Милый ты мальчик, я ведь на этот счет ужасно как глуп, ты, может быть, не веришь?","translation":"\"My dear boy, you see, on that score I'm terribly stupid—perhaps you don't believe it?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Милый ты мальчик","title":"Pronoun woven into the address","body":"Inserting «ты» between adjective and noun — «Милый ты мальчик» ('you dear boy') — is a warm, intimate spoken pattern of direct address, the nominative serving for the lost vocative. It conveys genuine, if fleeting, tenderness."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я ведь … ужасно как глуп","title":"Short adjective «глуп» + «ведь» + «ужасно как»","body":"«глуп» is the short predicative form of «глупый» ('stupid'), stating a frank self-assessment. «ведь» appeals to the listener ('you see'), and «ужасно как» ('terribly, awfully') is a colloquial intensifier — 'I'm terribly stupid on that score'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ты, может быть, не веришь?","title":"Statement-as-question, dropped pronoun norm","body":"The tag «может быть, не веришь?» turns an assertion into a tentative question by intonation alone (no «ли» here), with «ты» kept for the personal appeal. Coupled with «ведь» it begs Alyosha's belief — the buffoon suddenly afraid he won't be taken seriously."}],"words":[{"surface":"Милый","lemma":"милый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мальчик","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"in apposition with мальчик, vocative","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"мальчик","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative head","gloss":"boy"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of глуп","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies глуп","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking счет","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of счет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"счет","lemma":"счёт","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of глуп","gloss":"score"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies глуп","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle, intensifier","role":"modifies глуп, with ужасно","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"глуп","lemma":"глупый","morphology":"adjective, short form, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"main predicate of the clause","gloss":"stupid"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of веришь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the idiom может быть","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"part of the idiom может быть","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies веришь","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"веришь","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"believe"}]},{"number":121,"label":"121","id":"c4-s121","source":"Ужасно.","translation":"It is dreadful.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ужасно","title":"A one-word impersonal predicate","body":"«Ужасно» here is not the adverb 'horribly' modifying a verb but a neuter predicative — an impersonal 'it is dreadful', with no nominative subject and the copula 'to be' left silent in the present. Such bare evaluative words («страшно», «стыдно», «холодно») are the heart of Russian's subjectless inner-state syntax."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ужасно","lemma":"ужасный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"dreadful"}]},{"number":122,"label":"122","id":"c4-s122","source":"Видишь ли: я об этом, как ни глуп, а всё думаю, всё думаю, изредка, разумеется, не всё же ведь.","translation":"You see: stupid as I am, I keep thinking about it, keep thinking, now and then, of course — not all the time, mind you.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Видишь ли","title":"«ли» softening a conversational opener","body":"«Видишь ли» — 'you see, you understand' — uses the enclitic «ли» after the focused verb not as a true yes/no question but as a buttonholing discourse hinge, drawing the listener in. It is a hallmark of the confiding, performative speech Dostoevsky gives Fyodor."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как ни глуп","title":"Concessive «как ни» — 'however stupid I am'","body":"«как ни глуп» packs a concession into three words: 'no matter how stupid (I am)'. The «ни» here is not negation proper but the concessive intensifier that pairs with question-words («как ни», «что ни», «кто ни») to mean 'however / whatever'. «глуп» is a bare short-form adjective serving as predicate."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"всё думаю, всё думаю","title":"Imperfective «думаю» for habitual brooding","body":"The imperfective present «думаю», doubled and reinforced by «всё» ('keep on, all the time'), paints thought as an ongoing, repeated process rather than a finished act — exactly the obsessive churning Fyodor describes. The repetition is iconic of the looping itself."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не всё же ведь","title":"Stacked particles «же… ведь»","body":"«не всё же ведь» piles two modal particles onto the qualifier: «же» insists and corrects ('not all the time, mind'), «ведь» appeals to the listener's understanding ('after all, you know'). English can only render this freight with intonation; in Russian it is the very texture of coaxing speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"Видишь","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Видишь","gloss":"(question marker)"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of думаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of думаю","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause of глуп","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies глуп, part of как ни","gloss":"-ever"},{"surface":"глуп","lemma":"глупый","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"concessive clause modifying я","gloss":"stupid"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies думаю","gloss":"keep"},{"surface":"думаю","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thinking"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies думаю (repeated)","gloss":"keep"},{"surface":"думаю","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with the first думаю, repeated for emphasis","gloss":"thinking"},{"surface":"изредка","lemma":"изредка","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies думаю","gloss":"now and then"},{"surface":"разумеется","lemma":"разуметься","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies всё","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"negated clause, coordinated with думаю","gloss":"all the time"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies всё","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies всё","gloss":"mind you"}]},{"number":123,"label":"123","id":"c4-s123","source":"Ведь невозможно же, думаю, чтобы черти меня крючьями позабыли стащить к себе, когда я помру.","translation":"Surely, I think to myself, it cannot be that the devils will forget to drag me off to their place with their hooks when I die.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"невозможно же… чтобы черти меня… позабыли стащить","title":"«чтобы» + past-form for a denied possibility","body":"After the impersonal «невозможно» ('it is impossible'), the clause runs «чтобы… позабыли» — «чтобы» with the past-tense verb form, the irrealis pattern Russian uses for willed, feared, or hypothetical outcomes rather than asserted facts. Here it frames a possibility Fyodor is anxiously trying to rule out."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"позабыли стащить","title":"Two perfectives: 'forget to drag off'","body":"«позабыли стащить» chains two perfectives — «позабыть» (forget, completed) governing the perfective infinitive «стащить» (drag off in one go). The perfectives view both forgetting and dragging as single bounded events, the grim comedy of a once-and-for-all damnation that the devils might just slip up on."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"крючьями","title":"«крючья» — the hooks of folk hell","body":"«крючья» (instrumental «крючьями») is the irregular plural of «крюк», a hook or grappling-iron. The image of devils hauling sinners off with iron hooks is drawn straight from Russian Orthodox folk eschatology and the painted Last-Judgement icons; Fyodor's literal-minded fixation on it is the joke."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"помру","title":"«помру» — the blunt, low word for dying","body":"«помру» is the perfective future of «помереть», a colloquial, earthy verb for 'to die' (beside neutral «умереть»). Its rough register fits Fyodor's buffoonish, peasant-flavoured self-mockery far better than any solemn word would."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies невозможно","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"невозможно","lemma":"невозможный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"it's impossible"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies невозможно","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"думаю","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical","gloss":"I think"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of позабыли","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"черти","lemma":"чёрт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of позабыли","gloss":"the devils"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of стащить","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"крючьями","lemma":"крюк","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"instrument of стащить","gloss":"with hooks"},{"surface":"позабыли","lemma":"позабыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of невозможно","gloss":"will forget"},{"surface":"стащить","lemma":"стащить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of позабыли","gloss":"to drag off"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"oblique complement of стащить","gloss":"their place"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of помру","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of помру","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"помру","lemma":"помереть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on позабыли","gloss":"die"}]},{"number":124,"label":"124","id":"c4-s124","source":"Ну вот и думаю: крючья?","translation":"So here is what I think: hooks?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ну вот и думаю","title":"Colloquial scaffolding «ну вот и»","body":"«Ну вот и» is a cluster of speech particles — «ну» (well), «вот» (here/so), «и» (and then) — that carries no propositional content but stages the next thought, mimicking live talk. Dostoevsky's dialogue leans constantly on such fillers to voice a speaking presence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies думаю","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies думаю","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"думаю","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I think"},{"surface":"крючья","lemma":"крюк","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"parenthetical exclamation","gloss":"hooks?"}]},{"number":125,"label":"125","id":"c4-s125","source":"А откуда они у них?","translation":"And where do they get them?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"у них","title":"«у них» — the 'have' construction","body":"«откуда они у них» literally asks 'whence are they at-them', using «у» + genitive «них», the standard Russian way of expressing possession ('the devils have them'). There is no verb 'to have'; existence-plus-«у» does the work, here with the verb itself elided in rapid speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"откуда","lemma":"откуда","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"where from"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement, idiom у них","gloss":"them"}]},{"number":126,"label":"126","id":"c4-s126","source":"Из чего?","translation":"Made of what?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Из чего?","title":"«из» + genitive «чего» — made of what","body":"«Из чего?» is the genitive of «что» governed by «из» ('out of, from'), the standard frame for the material something is made of. The whole staccato catechism — «Из чего? Железные? Где куют?» — is built from such bare case-marked fragments, no verbs needed."}],"words":[{"surface":"Из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чего","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"what"}]},{"number":127,"label":"127","id":"c4-s127","source":"Железные?","translation":"Of iron?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Железные?","title":"A long-form adjective standing alone","body":"«Железные?» ('[are they] iron ones?') is a full long-form adjective, plural, agreeing with the unspoken «крючья», doing the work of a whole sentence with the noun and copula dropped. The ending alone tells you it modifies the hooks."}],"words":[{"surface":"Железные","lemma":"железный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"iron"}]},{"number":128,"label":"128","id":"c4-s128","source":"Где же их куют?","translation":"And where do they forge them?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Где же их куют?","title":"Impersonal «куют» — 'where do they forge them'","body":"«куют» is a third-person-plural verb with no stated subject — the indefinite 'they/people', Russian's ordinary way of saying 'where are they forged?' without a passive. «же» again presses the question ('where on earth?'), and «их» is the accusative object."}],"words":[{"surface":"Где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies куют","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Где","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of куют","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"куют","lemma":"ковать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"forge"}]},{"number":129,"label":"129","id":"c4-s129","source":"Фабрика, что ли, у них какая там есть?","translation":"Have they got some sort of factory down there, or what?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что ли","title":"«что ли» — tentative 'or what?'","body":"«что ли» is a fixed colloquial tag tacked onto a guess or surmise — 'or something?', 'I suppose?' — softening the question into musing speculation. It is pure spoken Russian and signals Fyodor thinking aloud rather than really asking."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Фабрика… какая там есть","title":"Word order: topic fronted, comment trailing","body":"«Фабрика, что ли, у них какая там есть?» front-loads the topic «фабрика» and lets «какая… есть» ('some kind of… there is') trail as the comment, the scattered order of unplanned speech. «какая» here is an indefinite 'some sort of', not the interrogative 'which'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Фабрика","lemma":"фабрика","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"a factory"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase ли","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase что","gloss":"or what","note":"«что ли» is a fixed colloquial tag meaning \"or something / is that so\"."},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of есть","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"какая","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Фабрика","gloss":"some sort of"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies есть","gloss":"down there"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is there"}]},{"number":130,"label":"130","id":"c4-s130","source":"Ведь там в монастыре иноки, наверно, полагают, что в аде, например, есть потолок.","translation":"Why, over at the monastery the monks no doubt suppose that hell, for instance, has a ceiling.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"иноки","title":"«инок» — the elevated word for a monk","body":"«иноки» (sing. «инок») is a bookish, Church-flavoured word for monks, from «иной» ('other') — one who has set himself apart from the world. It is loftier than the everyday «монах», and Fyodor's reaching for it amid his crude joking is part of the mock-solemn texture."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в аде","title":"Locative «в аде» after «в»","body":"«в аде» ('in hell') shows «в» governing the prepositional case for location. Note the archaic/bookish ending «-е» on «ад»; the everyday locative is «в аду», one of those masculine nouns with a stressed -у́ locative — Dostoevsky's «в аде» is the more literary variant."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies полагают","gloss":"after all","note":"\"ведь\" is a discourse/affirmation particle (\"after all / you know\"), never the question word \"why\"; every other instance of ведь in this batch (c4-s132-w4, c4-s133-w1, c4-s145-w11) is correctly glossed \"after all\"/\"indeed\" — this one is inconsistent and teaches a false equivalence with почему."},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies полагают","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking монастыре","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"монастыре","lemma":"монастырь","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of полагают","gloss":"the monastery"},{"surface":"иноки","lemma":"инок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of полагают","gloss":"the monks"},{"surface":"наверно","lemma":"наверно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies полагают","gloss":"no doubt"},{"surface":"полагают","lemma":"полагать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"suppose"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking аде","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"аде","lemma":"ад","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of есть","gloss":"hell"},{"surface":"например","lemma":"например","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies есть","gloss":"for instance"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of полагают","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"потолок","lemma":"потолок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"a ceiling"}]},{"number":131,"label":"131","id":"c4-s131","source":"А я вот готов поверить в ад только чтобы без потолка; выходит оно как будто деликатнее, просвещеннее, по-лютерански то есть.","translation":"But I, for my part, am ready to believe in hell — only without a ceiling; it comes out somehow more refined, more enlightened, more Lutheran, that is.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"только чтобы без потолка","title":"Comparatives in the predicate: «деликатнее, просвещеннее»","body":"«деликатнее, просвещеннее» are invariable predicative comparatives in «-ее» ('more refined, more enlightened'), stacked for ironic effect. The form is the same regardless of gender or number — a bare 'more X' that here mocks the pretension of a tasteful, ceilingless hell."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"по-лютерански","title":"«по-лютерански» — 'in the Lutheran way'","body":"«по-лютерански» is an adverb of manner built with the «по-…-ски» frame ('in the manner of'), here 'Lutheran-style'. Fyodor's quip equates a tidy, demythologised hell with Protestant rationalism — a typical Russian-Orthodox jab at the cool abstraction of Western confession."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of готов","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies готов","gloss":"for my part"},{"surface":"готов","lemma":"готовый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"ready"},{"surface":"поверить","lemma":"поверить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of готов","gloss":"to believe"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ад","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ад","lemma":"ад","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поверить","gloss":"hell"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies чтобы","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of потолка","gloss":"provided"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking потолка","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"потолка","lemma":"потолок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of чтобы","gloss":"a ceiling"},{"surface":"выходит","lemma":"выходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"it comes out"},{"surface":"оно","lemma":"оно","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of выходит","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies деликатнее","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"деликатнее","lemma":"деликатный","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"oblique complement of выходит","gloss":"more refined"},{"surface":"просвещеннее","lemma":"просвещённый","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"coordinated with деликатнее","gloss":"more enlightened"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по-лютерански","morphology":"adverb (part of по-лютерански)","role":"part of the phrase лютерански","gloss":"-style"},{"surface":"лютерански","lemma":"по-лютерански","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with просвещеннее","gloss":"Lutheran"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle (part of то есть)","role":"part of the phrase есть","gloss":"that","note":"«то есть» is the fixed phrase for \"that is / i.e.\""},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb (part of то есть)","role":"part of the phrase то","gloss":"is"}]},{"number":132,"label":"132","id":"c4-s132","source":"А в сущности ведь не всё ли равно: с потолком или без потолка?","translation":"And in essence, is it not all the same: with a ceiling or without one?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не всё ли равно","title":"The fixed idiom «всё равно» negated and questioned","body":"«не всё ли равно» — 'is it not all the same?' — wraps the set phrase «всё равно» ('all the same, no matter') in the interrogative «ли» and the negator «не», producing a rhetorical question expecting agreement. The «ли» follows the focused «всё»."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сущности","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"сущности","lemma":"сущность","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies равно","gloss":"essence"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies равно","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies равно","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies всё","gloss":"(question)"},{"surface":"равно","lemma":"равный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"modifies всё","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking потолком","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"потолком","lemma":"потолок","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies равно","gloss":"a ceiling"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking потолка","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"потолка","lemma":"потолок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with потолком","gloss":"ceiling"}]},{"number":133,"label":"133","id":"c4-s133","source":"Ведь вот вопрос-то проклятый в чем заключается!","translation":"There — that is the cursed question, that is what it all comes down to!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вопрос-то","title":"The topic-marking clitic «-то»","body":"«вопрос-то» attaches the unstressed clitic «-то» to single out 'the question' as the known thing now under the spotlight ('the question, you see'). This is the emphatic topic «-то», distinct from the indefinite «-то» of «кто-то»; it is a flavour of intimate, insistent speech."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в чем заключается","title":"Reflexive «-ся» middle: «заключается»","body":"«заключается» ('consists in, comes down to') carries the clitic «-ся» that here forms an intransitive middle — the verb «заключать» (to enclose, conclude) turned reflexive to mean 'is contained / lies in'. «в чём» is the prepositional governed by «в»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies заключается","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies заключается","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"вопрос","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заключается","gloss":"the question"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вопрос","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"проклятый","lemma":"проклятый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вопрос","gloss":"cursed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of заключается","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"заключается","lemma":"заключаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"consists"}]},{"number":134,"label":"134","id":"c4-s134","source":"Ну, а коли нет потолка, стало быть, нет и крючьев.","translation":"Well, and if there is no ceiling, then it follows there are no hooks either.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"коли","title":"«коли» — folksy 'if'","body":"«коли» is an archaic, popular conditional conjunction equivalent to «если» ('if'), giving Fyodor's mock-syllogism a homespun, peasant ring. It belongs to the same old colloquial layer as «стало быть» in the same breath."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"стало быть","title":"«стало быть» — 'therefore, it follows'","body":"«стало быть» is a fixed inferential phrase ('so, consequently, ergo'), literally 'it has become to be'. Its slightly clownish, syllogistic flavour drives Fyodor's parody of theological logic about hooks and ceilings."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"коли","lemma":"коли","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of нет","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is no"},{"surface":"потолка","lemma":"потолок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"subject of нет","gloss":"ceiling"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"part of the phrase быть","gloss":"that means","note":"«стало быть» is a fixed idiom meaning \"that means / consequently\"."},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"part of the phrase стало","gloss":"means"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with нет","gloss":"is no"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies крючьев","gloss":"either"},{"surface":"крючьев","lemma":"крюк","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"subject of нет","gloss":"hooks"}]},{"number":135,"label":"135","id":"c4-s135","source":"А коли нет крючьев, стало быть, и всё побоку, значит, опять невероятно: кто же меня тогда крючьями-то потащит, потому что если уж меня не потащат, то что ж тогда будет, где же правда на свете?","translation":"And if there are no hooks, then it all falls apart, which means once again it is unbelievable: for then who is going to drag me off with the hooks, because if they do not drag me off, then what will become of things, where is the justice in this world?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"кто же меня тогда крючьями-то потащит","title":"Perfective future «потащит» as future result","body":"«потащит» is a perfective verb conjugated with present-tense endings to yield the simple future ('who will drag me off'). Russian sews the future into the ending here, no auxiliary — the single completed dragging Fyodor both dreads and, comically, needs to exist."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"если уж меня не потащат","title":"Negated future + the particle «уж»","body":"«если уж… не потащат» couples the conditional «если» with the indefinite-they perfective future «потащат» under negation «не», while «уж» ('once, after all') adds resigned emphasis. The whole run-on chains «если… потому что… то…» in a single breathless self-interrogation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"где же правда на свете","title":"«же» in a cri de coeur","body":"«где же правда на свете?» ('where then is the truth/justice in the world?') uses «же» to wring the rhetorical question into a genuine outcry. «правда» here carries both 'truth' and 'justice', and «на свете» is the locative idiom for 'in the world'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"побоку","title":"«всё побоку» — 'it all goes by the wayside'","body":"«побоку» is a colloquial adverbial-predicate meaning 'aside, to the devil with it, out the window' (from «по боку», 'along the side'). «всё побоку» — 'then it's all off' — is exactly the slangy dismissiveness that makes Fyodor's metaphysics sound like a tavern argument."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"коли","lemma":"коли","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of нет","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"predicate of the коли-clause","gloss":"is no"},{"surface":"крючьев","lemma":"крюк","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"subject of нет","gloss":"hooks"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"part of the phrase быть","gloss":"that means"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стало","gloss":"means"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies всё","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of побоку","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"побоку","lemma":"побоку","morphology":"adverb (predicative)","role":"predicate of всё","gloss":"falls apart"},{"surface":"значит","lemma":"значит","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"that means"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies невероятно","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"невероятно","lemma":"невероятный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"main predicate of the clause","gloss":"unbelievable"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of потащит","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кто","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of потащит","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies потащит","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"крючьями","lemma":"крюк","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"instrument of потащит","gloss":"with the hooks"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies крючьями","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"потащит","lemma":"потащить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the кто-clause","gloss":"will drag"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the causal clause","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of потащат","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies потащат","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of потащат","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies потащат","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"потащат","lemma":"потащить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the если-clause","gloss":"drag off"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of будет","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of будет","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ж","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies будет","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the то-clause","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies правда","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies где","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"правда","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"the justice"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking свете","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"свете","lemma":"свет","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies правда","gloss":"the world"}]},{"number":136,"label":"136","id":"c4-s136","source":"Il faudrait les inventer, эти крючья, для меня нарочно, для меня одного, потому что если бы ты знал, Алеша, какой я срамник!..","translation":"Il faudrait les inventer — those hooks, on purpose for me, for me alone, because if you only knew, Alyosha, what a wretch I am!..","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"если бы ты знал","title":"Conditional «если бы… знал»","body":"«если бы ты знал» is the irrealis conditional: «если бы» plus the past-tense form «знал» yields 'if (only) you knew'. The particle «бы», fused into «если бы», marks the whole clause as contrary-to-fact wishing — a register Fyodor slides into for theatrical pathos."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"срамник","title":"«срамник» — a shameless wretch","body":"«срамник» is a richly pejorative noun from «срам» (shame, disgrace) — one who lives in shamelessness, a disgrace of a man. The «-ник» agent-suffix and the self-aware relish with which Fyodor flings it at himself capture his glee in his own depravity."}],"words":[{"surface":"Il","lemma":"il","morphology":"pronoun (French)","role":"subject of faudrait","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"faudrait","lemma":"falloir","morphology":"verb (French), conditional","role":"governs inventer","gloss":"would be necessary"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"les","morphology":"pronoun (French)","role":"direct object of inventer","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"inventer","lemma":"inventer","morphology":"verb (French), infinitive","role":"complement of faudrait","gloss":"to invent"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of крючья","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"крючья","lemma":"крюк","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to les","gloss":"hooks"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of нарочно","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"нарочно","lemma":"нарочно","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"on purpose"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"parallel phrase to меня (first)","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"одного","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies меня","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of знал","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of знал","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks знал as conditional","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the если-clause","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies срамник","gloss":"what a"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of срамник","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"срамник","lemma":"срамник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun of the exclamation","gloss":"wretch"}]},{"number":137,"label":"137","id":"c4-s137","source":"— Да, там нет крючьев, — тихо и серьезно, приглядываясь к отцу, выговорил Алеша.","translation":"\"Yes, there are no hooks there,\" Alyosha brought out quietly and gravely, studying his father.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"приглядываясь к отцу","title":"Imperfective gerund «приглядываясь»","body":"«приглядываясь» is a present (imperfective) деепричастие in «-ясь» — 'while peering at, studying' — naming an action simultaneous with the main verb «выговорил» and sharing its subject (Alyosha). It also carries reflexive «-сь». «к отцу» is dative governed by «к»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"выговорил","title":"«выговорить» — to bring out, utter with effort","body":"«выговорил» (perfective of «выговаривать») means to get words out, articulate them — often with care or difficulty. Paired with «тихо и серьёзно», it signals that Alyosha's quiet 'there are no hooks' is deliberate and weighed, not casual."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нет","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are no"},{"surface":"крючьев","lemma":"крюк","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"subject of нет","gloss":"hooks"},{"surface":"тихо","lemma":"тихо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выговорил","gloss":"quietly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"серьезно","lemma":"серьезно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with тихо","gloss":"gravely"},{"surface":"приглядываясь","lemma":"приглядываться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on выговорил","gloss":"studying"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отцу","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"отцу","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приглядываясь","gloss":"his father"},{"surface":"выговорил","lemma":"выговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"brought out"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выговорил","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":138,"label":"138","id":"c4-s138","source":"— Так, так, одни только тени крючьев.","translation":"\"Just so, just so — only the shadows of hooks.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Так, так","title":"«Так, так» — 'just so, quite so'","body":"Repeated «так» is an affirming, taking-it-up interjection ('right, right; just so'). Doubled, it conveys eager agreement that immediately spins into Fyodor's next riff — 'only the shadows of hooks'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"одни только тени крючьев","title":"«одни» as 'only / nothing but'","body":"«одни только тени» uses «одни» (plural of «один») not to count but to mean 'merely, nothing but' — reinforced by «только». «тени крючьев» pairs nominative «тени» with genitive «крючьев» ('shadows of hooks'), the genitive of 'of'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with так (second)","gloss":"just so"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with Так","gloss":"just so"},{"surface":"одни","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"modifies тени","gloss":"mere"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тени","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"тени","lemma":"тень","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"shadows"},{"surface":"крючьев","lemma":"крюк","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies тени","gloss":"of hooks"}]},{"number":139,"label":"139","id":"c4-s139","source":"Знаю, знаю.","translation":"I know, I know.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Знаю, знаю","title":"Dropped subject, doubled imperfective","body":"«Знаю, знаю» — 'I know, I know' — drops the pronoun «я» entirely, since the first-person ending «-ю» already carries it, and doubles the imperfective present for emphatic, knowing reassurance. Subject-dropping like this is the default in lively speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"Знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with знаю","gloss":"I know"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I know"}]},{"number":140,"label":"140","id":"c4-s140","source":"Это как один француз описывал ад: «J’ai vu l’ombre d’un cocher, qui avec l’ombre d’une brosse frottait l’ombre d’un carrosse».","translation":"It is the way a certain Frenchman described hell: \"J'ai vu l'ombre d'un cocher, qui avec l'ombre d'une brosse frottait l'ombre d'un carrosse\".","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это как один француз описывал","title":"Imperfective «описывал» for a remembered manner","body":"«описывал» is imperfective past — 'was describing / used to describe' — fitting because Fyodor cites the manner of a description rather than a single completed act. «один француз» uses «один» as the indefinite article 'a certain Frenchman'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of описывал","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of описывал","gloss":"the way"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies француз","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"француз","lemma":"француз","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of описывал","gloss":"Frenchman"},{"surface":"описывал","lemma":"описывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"described"},{"surface":"ад","lemma":"ад","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of описывал","gloss":"hell"},{"surface":"J’ai","lemma":"j’ai","morphology":"verb (French)","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"I have"},{"surface":"vu","lemma":"voir","morphology":"verb (French), past participle","role":"depends on J’ai","gloss":"seen"},{"surface":"l’ombre","lemma":"l’ombre","morphology":"noun (French)","role":"direct object of vu","gloss":"the shadow"},{"surface":"d’un","lemma":"d’un","morphology":"preposition + article (French)","role":"modifies l’ombre","gloss":"of a"},{"surface":"cocher","lemma":"cocher","morphology":"noun (French)","role":"complement of d’un","gloss":"coachman"},{"surface":"qui","lemma":"qui","morphology":"pronoun (French)","role":"subject of frottait","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"avec","lemma":"avec","morphology":"preposition (French)","role":"modifies frottait","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"l’ombre","lemma":"l’ombre","morphology":"noun (French)","role":"object of avec","gloss":"the shadow"},{"surface":"d’une","lemma":"d’une","morphology":"preposition + article (French)","role":"modifies l’ombre","gloss":"of a"},{"surface":"brosse","lemma":"brosse","morphology":"noun (French)","role":"complement of d’une","gloss":"brush"},{"surface":"frottait","lemma":"frotter","morphology":"verb (French), imperfect","role":"main verb of the relative clause","gloss":"was rubbing"},{"surface":"l’ombre","lemma":"l’ombre","morphology":"noun (French)","role":"direct object of frottait","gloss":"the shadow"},{"surface":"d’un","lemma":"d’un","morphology":"preposition + article (French)","role":"modifies l’ombre","gloss":"of a"},{"surface":"carrosse","lemma":"carrosse","morphology":"noun (French)","role":"complement of d’un","gloss":"carriage"}]},{"number":141,"label":"141","id":"c4-s141","source":"Ты, голубчик, почему знаешь, что нет крючьев?","translation":"But you, my dear, how do you know there are no hooks?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"голубчик","title":"«голубчик» — 'my little dove', a term of endearment","body":"«голубчик» is the affectionate diminutive of «голубь» (dove), used as a coaxing form of address — 'my dear, my darling'. Coming from Fyodor it is half tenderness, half ingratiating manipulation, the expressive suffix doing the emotional work."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"почему знаешь, что нет крючьев","title":"Genitive of negation: «нет крючьев»","body":"«нет крючьев» — 'there are no hooks' — puts the absent thing in the genitive plural after «нет», the obligatory genitive-of-negation in existential denials. The reported clause hangs on «что» ('that')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"голубчик","lemma":"голубчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Ты","gloss":"my dear"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знаешь","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"знаешь","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do you know"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of нет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of знаешь","gloss":"are no"},{"surface":"крючьев","lemma":"крюк","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"subject of нет","gloss":"hooks"}]},{"number":142,"label":"142","id":"c4-s142","source":"Побудешь у монахов, не то запоешь.","translation":"Spend some time among the monks, and you will sing a different tune.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Побудешь у монахов","title":"Perfective future «побудешь» — 'spend a while'","body":"«Побудешь» is the perfective future of «побыть» (to stay/spend some time), the «по-» prefix delimiting a bounded stretch of being. Used here in a virtual conditional sense — 'once you've spent time among the monks' — it sets up the consequence «не то запоёшь»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"не то запоешь","title":"«запоёшь» — 'you'll sing a different tune'","body":"«запоёшь» is the perfective future of «запеть» (to start singing), the «за-» marking the onset of the action; «не то» means 'otherwise, a different sort'. The idiom 'you'll sing differently' threatens a change of conviction once experience bites."}],"words":[{"surface":"Побудешь","lemma":"побыть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"conditional clause, modifies запоешь","gloss":"you'll stay"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking монахов","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"монахов","lemma":"монах","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of Побудешь","gloss":"the monks"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle (part of не то)","role":"part of the phrase то","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle (part of не то)","role":"part of the phrase не","gloss":"else","note":"«не то» here is an idiom meaning \"otherwise / or else\", not the pronoun \"that\"."},{"surface":"запоешь","lemma":"запеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you'll sing differently"}]},{"number":143,"label":"143","id":"c4-s143","source":"А впрочем, ступай, доберись там до правды, да и приди рассказать: всё же идти на тот свет будет легче, коли наверно знаешь, что там такое.","translation":"Still, go on, get to the bottom of the truth out there, and then come and tell me of it: at least the journey to the other world will be easier if one knows for certain what awaits there.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ступай, доберись… приди рассказать","title":"A run of imperatives","body":"«ступай… доберись… приди рассказать» strings together commands: «ступай» (go, set off), «доберись» (get to, reach), «приди» (come). «доберись» and «приди» are perfective imperatives in «-и», urging single completed acts, while «ступай» is an old, slightly folksy imperative of motion."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"на тот свет","title":"«на тот свет» — 'to the other world'","body":"«тот свет» (literally 'that light/world') is the fixed Russian euphemism for the world of the dead, the afterlife — opposed to «этот свет», the living world. Going «на тот свет» is to die; the demonstrative «тот» ('that, the far one') does the deictic pointing beyond the grave."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"коли наверно знаешь","title":"Conditional «коли» with present «знаешь»","body":"«коли… знаешь» is the folksy conditional 'if you know for sure', the present imperfective «знаешь» giving a general, ongoing condition. «наверно» here keeps its older sense 'for certain, reliably', not the modern hedging 'probably'."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"ступай","lemma":"ступать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"go on"},{"surface":"доберись","lemma":"добраться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with ступай","gloss":"get to"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies доберись","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking правды","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"правды","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of доберись","gloss":"the truth"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase да","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"приди","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with ступай","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"рассказать","lemma":"рассказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of приди","gloss":"and tell"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё же","morphology":"particle (part of всё же)","role":"part of the phrase же","gloss":"still","note":"«всё же» is a fixed idiom meaning \"still / nonetheless / at least\"."},{"surface":"же","lemma":"всё же","morphology":"particle (part of всё же)","role":"part of the phrase всё","gloss":"at least"},{"surface":"идти","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"subject of легче","gloss":"going"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking свет","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of свет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"свет","lemma":"свет","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of идти","gloss":"world"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to легче","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"легче","lemma":"лёгкий","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicate complement, main clause","gloss":"easier"},{"surface":"коли","lemma":"коли","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of знаешь","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"наверно","lemma":"наверно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знаешь","gloss":"for certain"},{"surface":"знаешь","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the коли-clause","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject, clause complement of знаешь","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies такое","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"такое","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of что","gloss":"such (a kind)"}]},{"number":144,"label":"144","id":"c4-s144","source":"Да и приличнее тебе будет у монахов, чем у меня, с пьяным старикашкой да с девчонками… хоть до тебя, как до ангела, ничего не коснется.","translation":"And it will be more seemly for you among the monks than here with me, with a drunken old codger and the little wenches… though nothing can touch you, as it would not touch an angel.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"приличнее тебе будет у монахов, чем у меня","title":"Dative experiencer + comparative «приличнее… чем»","body":"«приличнее тебе будет» frames the judgement impersonally: the predicative comparative «приличнее» ('more seemly') with the dative «тебе» ('for you') as experiencer and no nominative subject. The comparison «чем» ('than') opposes life among the monks to life with Fyodor."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"старикашкой","title":"«старикашка» — pejorative 'wretched old man'","body":"«старикашка» (here instrumental «старикашкой») is «старик» fitted with the contemptuous-diminutive «-ашк-» suffix: not a kindly 'little old man' but a self-deprecating, belittling 'shabby old codger'. Fyodor wields the suffix to paint himself as a disreputable old reprobate."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"девчонками","title":"«девчонки» — 'wenches, hussies'","body":"«девчонки» (instr. «девчонками») carries the «-онк-» suffix, here colouring 'girls' with a coarse, dismissive or risqué tint — the loose women of Fyodor's household. The instrumental after «с» ('with') lists the company Alyosha is better off leaving."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ничего не коснется","title":"Negative concord: «ничего не коснётся»","body":"«ничего не коснётся» — 'nothing will touch (you)' — shows obligatory double negation: the negative pronoun «ничего» (genitive of «ничто», required by the verb «коснуться» + genitive) still co-occurs with «не» on the verb. Two negatives, one denial."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase Да","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"приличнее","lemma":"приличный","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicate complement, copula будет","gloss":"more seemly"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"dative experiencer of приличнее","gloss":"for you"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to приличнее","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking монахов","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"монахов","lemma":"монах","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of приличнее","gloss":"the monks"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of меня","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"parallel to монахов, comparison","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking старикашкой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"пьяным","lemma":"пьяный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies старикашкой","gloss":"drunken"},{"surface":"старикашкой","lemma":"старикашка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine (common gender), singular","role":"in apposition to меня","gloss":"old codger"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking девчонками","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"девчонками","lemma":"девчонка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with старикашкой","gloss":"wenches"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of коснется","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебя","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of коснется","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"modifies ангела","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ангела","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ангела","lemma":"ангел","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"parallel to тебя, comparison","gloss":"an angel"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"subject of коснется","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies коснется","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"коснется","lemma":"коснуться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will touch"}]},{"number":145,"label":"145","id":"c4-s145","source":"Ну авось и там до тебя ничего не коснется, вот ведь я почему и дозволяю тебе, что на последнее надеюсь.","translation":"Well, perhaps nothing will touch you out there either — which is the very reason I am letting you go, because I am pinning my hope on that last thing.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"авось","title":"«авось» — that untranslatable Russian 'maybe'","body":"«авось» is the famous particle of hopeful, fatalistic chance — 'perhaps, with luck, God willing it'll turn out'. It encodes a whole national attitude of trusting to fortune, and Fyodor leans on it to rationalise letting Alyosha go."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вот ведь я почему и дозволяю","title":"Particle pile-up «вот ведь… и»","body":"«вот ведь я почему и дозволяю» crowds together «вот» (here's), «ведь» (you see, after all), and resumptive «и», fronting the explanation for emphasis ('this, you see, is the very reason I allow it'). The scrambled word order is expressive, not grammatical disorder."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"дозволяю","title":"«дозволять» — the formal, old word for 'permit'","body":"«дозволяю» ('I permit, allow') is a more elevated, slightly archaic and officious synonym of «разрешаю/позволяю». Its solemn ring sits comically against Fyodor's tearful self-justification."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"авось","lemma":"авось","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies коснется","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies там","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies коснется","gloss":"out there"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебя","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of коснется","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"subject of коснется","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies коснется","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"коснется","lemma":"коснуться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will touch"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle (part of вот...почему)","role":"part of the phrase почему","gloss":"that's","note":"«вот... почему» is a fixed frame meaning \"that is (the very reason) why\"."},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дозволяю","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of дозволяю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дозволяю","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дозволяю","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"дозволяю","lemma":"дозволять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"I let you"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of дозволяю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of надеюсь","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking последнее","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"последнее","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of надеюсь","gloss":"that last thing"},{"surface":"надеюсь","lemma":"надеяться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"I'm hoping"}]},{"number":146,"label":"146","id":"c4-s146","source":"Ум-то у тебя не черт съел.","translation":"It was no devil that ate up your wits.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ум-то у тебя не черт съел","title":"Emphatic «-то» and fronted object","body":"«Ум-то… не чёрт съел» literally 'the wits — it was not a devil that ate them'. «Ум» (accusative, fronted as topic) carries the focusing clitic «-то», and «не чёрт» negates specifically the subject 'devil' — i.e. 'you're no fool'. The marked order throws the weight onto 'devil'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ум","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of съел","gloss":"wits"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Ум","gloss":"(topic particle, untranslatable)"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебя","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"modifies Ум","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies черт","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"черт","lemma":"чёрт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of съел","gloss":"devil"},{"surface":"съел","lemma":"съесть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ate"}]},{"number":147,"label":"147","id":"c4-s147","source":"Погоришь и погаснешь, вылечишься и назад придешь.","translation":"You will burn awhile and burn out, you will cure yourself and come back.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Погоришь и погаснешь, вылечишься и назад придешь","title":"Four perfective futures in a prophecy","body":"«Погоришь… погаснешь… вылечишься… придёшь» line up four perfective futures, each a bounded event in a foretold sequence — burn, burn out, get cured, come back. The perfective's once-and-done logic turns the line into a confident little prophecy. «вылечишься» also carries reflexive «-ся» ('cure yourself')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вылечишься","title":"Reflexive «-ся»: 'cure yourself'","body":"«вылечишься» is «вылечить» (to cure) plus «-ся», forming the reflexive/middle 'get cured, cure oneself'. The clitic turns a transitive verb inward onto its own subject — Alyosha's faith treated, mockingly, as a passing fever he'll recover from."}],"words":[{"surface":"Погоришь","lemma":"погореть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you'll burn awhile"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"погаснешь","lemma":"погаснуть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Погоришь","gloss":"burn out"},{"surface":"вылечишься","lemma":"вылечиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with погаснешь","gloss":"cure yourself"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"назад","lemma":"назад","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies придешь","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"придешь","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Погоришь","gloss":"come back"}]},{"number":148,"label":"148","id":"c4-s148","source":"А я тебя буду ждать: ведь я чувствую же, что ты единственный человек на земле, который меня не осудил, мальчик ты мой милый, я ведь чувствую же это, не могу же я это не чувствовать!..","translation":"And I will wait for you: for I do feel that you are the one man on earth who has not condemned me, my dear boy — I do feel it, surely I cannot help but feel it!..\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ведь я чувствую же","title":"Both «ведь» and «же» on one verb","body":"«ведь я чувствую же» loads the verb with two particles at once: «ведь» appeals to shared truth ('after all'), «же» insists ('I really do feel'). The combination, repeated through the sentence, is the very signature of Fyodor's wheedling, emotional climax."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"единственный человек… который меня не осудил","title":"Relative clause with «который»","body":"«человек… который меня не осудил» attaches a «который»-clause: «который» agrees with masculine singular «человек» but takes nominative as the subject of its own clause. «осудил» is perfective past ('has condemned'), under «не» — 'the one man who has not condemned me'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не могу же я это не чувствовать","title":"Double negative + particle: 'I cannot not feel it'","body":"«не могу… не чувствовать» stacks two «не» across the modal and the infinitive — Russian's standard 'cannot but / cannot help but' (negation of an impossibility). «же» again presses the emotion. The result is an emphatic affirmation dressed as a double denial."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мальчик ты мой милый","title":"«мальчик ты мой милый» — fractured tenderness","body":"The scrambled order 'boy you my dear' is an affectionate vocative-like address, the pronoun «ты» wedged inside the noun phrase the way Russian endearments fold the addressee in. It is the warm, sentimental register that the narrator will undercut two lines later."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of ждать","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of ждать","gloss":"for you"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of ждать","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"ждать","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wait"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of чувствую","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of чувствую","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"чувствую","lemma":"чувствовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to ждать","gloss":"do feel","note":"же after a verb is an untranslatable emphatic particle, roughly 'I really do feel...'"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies чувствую","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of человек","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of человек","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"единственный","lemma":"единственный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"the one"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun of the что-clause","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking земле","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"земле","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"earth"},{"surface":"который","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of осудил","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of осудил","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies осудил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"осудил","lemma":"осудить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on человек","gloss":"condemned"},{"surface":"мальчик","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative noun in apposition to ты/тебя, addressing the listener directly (not я, the speaker)","gloss":"boy"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"in apposition to мальчик","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of милый","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"милый","lemma":"милый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мальчик","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of чувствую","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies чувствую","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"чувствую","lemma":"чувствовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with чувствую (w8)","gloss":"feel"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies чувствую","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of чувствую","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with чувствую","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of чувствовать","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of чувствовать","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies чувствовать","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"чувствовать","lemma":"чувствовать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of могу","gloss":"feel","note":"не могу...не чувствовать is a double negative meaning 'cannot help but feel'"}]},{"number":149,"label":"149","id":"c4-s149","source":"И он даже расхныкался.","translation":"And he even broke into a whimper.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"расхныкался","title":"«расхныкаться» — to dissolve into whimpering","body":"«расхныкался» is «хныкать» (to snivel, whimper) prefixed with «рас-» and suffixed with «-ся» to mean breaking out into and working oneself up to a fit of blubbering. The expressive morphology makes the verb itself drip with the contemptible self-pity it describes."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of расхныкался","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies расхныкался","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"расхныкался","lemma":"расхныкаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"broke into a whimper"}]},{"number":150,"label":"150","id":"c4-s150","source":"Он был сентиментален.","translation":"He was sentimental.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Он был сентиментален","title":"Short-form predicate adjective «сентиментален»","body":"«сентиментален» is the short (predicative) form of «сентиментальный», used after «был» to state a characterising quality. Short adjectives like this are markedly bookish and lend the narrator's verdict a crisp, definitional finality."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сентиментален","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to сентиментален","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"сентиментален","lemma":"сентиментальный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"sentimental"}]},{"number":151,"label":"151","id":"c4-s151","source":"Он был зол и сентиментален.","translation":"He was wicked and sentimental.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Он был зол и сентиментален","title":"Two short forms, the narrator's clinching judgement","body":"The line repeats the previous sentence and prefixes «зол» — the short form of «злой» ('wicked, malicious') — so two short-form predicates now yoke 'wicked' and 'sentimental' together. The bare, balanced short adjectives deliver the chapter's cold, aphoristic last word on Fyodor."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of зол","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to зол","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"зол","lemma":"злой","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"wicked"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сентиментален","lemma":"сентиментальный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with зол","gloss":"sentimental"}]}]}