{"work":{"slug":"kierkegaard","title":{"source":"Frygt og Bæven","translated":"Fear and Trembling"},"author":"Søren Kierkegaard","language":"Danish","languageCode":"da","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/kierkegaard"},"unit":{"kind":"chapter","number":null,"id":"forord","title":{"source":"Forord","translated":"Preface"},"section":"Preface, Exordium, Eulogy","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/kierkegaard/forord","lines":31},"previous":null,"next":"https://1732studios.com/books/kierkegaard/stemning","license":"Source text: public domain (Søren Kierkegaard, d. 1855; first published 1843, under the pseudonym Johannes de silentio). English translation: © 2026 1732 Studios, LLC — original draft, pending editorial review. NOTE: minimal seed excerpt; the 1843 Danish should be verified against Søren Kierkegaards Skrifter (SKS) before shipping, and full content is authored through the content pipeline.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"forord-s1","source":"Ikke blot i Handelens, men ogsaa i Ideernes Verden foranstalter vor Tid ein wirklicher Ausverkauf.","translation":"Not only in the world of commerce but also in the world of ideas, our age is staging a veritable clearance sale.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ein wirklicher Ausverkauf","title":"«ein wirklicher Ausverkauf» — German: a real clearance sale","body":"Kierkegaard drops into German for the punchline: «ein wirklicher Ausverkauf» = 'a real clearance sale (going-out-of-business sale).' The shift in language is deliberate satire — the marketplace metaphor for modern philosophy is sharpened by quoting the language of German speculative thought (Hegel). Note the period spelling «ogsaa» (modern «også») and capitalized nouns «Handelens», «Ideernes», «Verden»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ikke","lemma":"ikke","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of Ikke blot (not only), correlates with men ogsaa","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"blot","lemma":"blot","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of Ikke blot (not only)","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"i","lemma":"i","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition governing Handelens [Verden]","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Handelens","lemma":"handel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular, genitive, definite","role":"possessor of an elided Verden, coordinated with Ideernes","gloss":"commerce's"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"conjunction","role":"correlates with Ikke blot (but also)","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ogsaa","lemma":"også","morphology":"adverb","role":"correlates with Ikke blot (also)","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"i","lemma":"i","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition governing Verden","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Ideernes","lemma":"idé","morphology":"noun, genitive, common gender, plural, definite","role":"possessor of Verden","gloss":"of ideas"},{"surface":"Verden","lemma":"verden","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of i, modified by Ideernes","gloss":"world"},{"surface":"foranstalter","lemma":"foranstalte","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stages"},{"surface":"vor","lemma":"vores","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of Tid","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"Tid","lemma":"tid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of foranstalter","gloss":"age"},{"surface":"ein","lemma":"ein","morphology":"determiner (German), indefinite article","role":"determiner of Ausverkauf","gloss":"a","note":"Kierkegaard drops into German here, mimicking the jargon of Hegelian philosophy: 'ein wirklicher Ausverkauf' = 'a veritable clearance sale.'"},{"surface":"wirklicher","lemma":"wirklich","morphology":"adjective (German), masculine, nominative, singular","role":"modifies Ausverkauf","gloss":"veritable"},{"surface":"Ausverkauf","lemma":"Ausverkauf","morphology":"noun (German), masculine, singular","role":"direct object of foranstalter","gloss":"clearance sale"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"forord-s2","source":"Alt faaes for en saadan Spot-Priis, at det bliver et Spørgsmaal, om der tilsidst er Nogen, der vil byde.","translation":"Everything can be had at such a bargain price that it becomes a question whether in the end there is anyone who will make a bid.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"faaes","title":"«faaes» — passive 's'-form","body":"«faaes» is the passive of «faae» (modern «få», to get/obtain): 'is to be had, can be obtained.' Danish forms the passive by adding «-s» to the verb. Period orthography doubles the vowel: «faaes» = modern «fås», «saadan» = «sådan», «Priis» = «Pris»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Alt","lemma":"al","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"subject of faaes","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"faaes","lemma":"få","morphology":"verb, present, passive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"can be had"},{"surface":"for","lemma":"for","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Spot-Priis","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of Spot-Priis","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"saadan","lemma":"sådan","morphology":"adjective, common gender, singular","role":"modifies Spot-Priis","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"Spot-Priis","lemma":"spot-pris","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of preposition for","gloss":"bargain price"},{"surface":"at","lemma":"at","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the result clause of bliver","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"det","lemma":"det","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of bliver","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"bliver","lemma":"blive","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active","role":"copula linking det to Spørgsmaal","gloss":"becomes"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of Spørgsmaal","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"Spørgsmaal","lemma":"spørgsmaal","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of bliver","gloss":"question"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of er","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"der","morphology":"adverb","role":"expletive subject of er","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"tilsidst","lemma":"tilsidst","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies er","gloss":"in the end"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"være","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active","role":"main verb of the om-clause","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"Nogen","lemma":"nogen","morphology":"pronoun, common gender, singular","role":"notional subject of er (there is someone)","gloss":"anyone"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"der","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of byde","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"vil","lemma":"ville","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of byde","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"byde","lemma":"byde","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive","role":"relative clause on Nogen","gloss":"bid"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"forord-s3","source":"Enhver spekulativ — Marqueur, der samvittighedsfuldt pointerer den nyere Philosophies betydningsfulde Gang, enhver Privatdocent, Repetent, Student, enhver Udflytter og Indsidder i Philosophien bliver ikke staaende ved at tvivle om Alt, men gaaer videre.","translation":"Every speculative score-keeper who conscientiously tallies the momentous march of recent philosophy, every junior lecturer, tutor, and student, every smallholder and lodger in philosophy, does not stop at doubting everything, but goes further.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"gaaer videre","title":"«gaaer videre» — goes further","body":"«gaaer videre» (modern «går videre», 'goes further/beyond') is the refrain Kierkegaard mocks throughout this preface: the modern habit of treating doubt — and later faith — as a stage one quickly leaves behind to 'go further.' Watch for it returning verbatim. «Marqueur» is a billiard-hall score-marker, here a sneer at the philosopher who merely keeps count."}],"words":[{"surface":"Enhver","lemma":"enhver","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of Marqueur","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"spekulativ","lemma":"spekulativ","morphology":"adjective, common gender, singular","role":"modifies Marqueur","gloss":"speculative"},{"surface":"Marqueur","lemma":"marqueur","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of bliver, coordinated with Privatdocent, Udflytter","gloss":"score-keeper","note":"'Marqueur' is a French loanword for the attendant who tallies points in a game (e.g. billiards) — Kierkegaard's image for a philosopher who merely tracks progress instead of living it."},{"surface":"der","lemma":"der","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of pointerer","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"samvittighedsfuldt","lemma":"samvittighedsfuldt","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies pointerer","gloss":"conscientiously"},{"surface":"pointerer","lemma":"pointere","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active","role":"relative clause on Marqueur","gloss":"tallies"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"den","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of Philosophies","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"nyere","lemma":"ny","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"modifies Philosophies","gloss":"recent"},{"surface":"Philosophies","lemma":"philosophie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular, genitive","role":"possessor of Gang","gloss":"philosophy's"},{"surface":"betydningsfulde","lemma":"betydningsfuld","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies Gang","gloss":"momentous"},{"surface":"Gang","lemma":"gang","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of pointerer","gloss":"march"},{"surface":"enhver","lemma":"enhver","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of Privatdocent","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"Privatdocent","lemma":"privatdocent","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with Marqueur (subject of bliver)","gloss":"junior lecturer"},{"surface":"Repetent","lemma":"repetent","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with Privatdocent","gloss":"tutor"},{"surface":"Student","lemma":"student","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with Repetent","gloss":"student"},{"surface":"enhver","lemma":"enhver","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of Udflytter","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"Udflytter","lemma":"udflytter","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with Marqueur (subject of bliver)","gloss":"smallholder","note":"Literally 'one who moves out' (to an outlying farm) — a smallholder at the edge of the community, as opposed to Indsidder, a lodger within it."},{"surface":"og","lemma":"og","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Indsidder","lemma":"indsidder","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with Udflytter","gloss":"lodger"},{"surface":"i","lemma":"i","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Philosophien","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Philosophien","lemma":"philosophie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular, definite","role":"modifies Udflytter og Indsidder","gloss":"philosophy"},{"surface":"bliver","lemma":"blive","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active","role":"copula linking to staaende","gloss":"remains"},{"surface":"ikke","lemma":"ikke","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies staaende","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"staaende","lemma":"stå","morphology":"verb, present, participle","role":"complement of bliver (remains standing)","gloss":"standing","note":"Idiom: 'blive staaende ved' = to stop / remain at (something), rendered here as 'stop.'"},{"surface":"ved","lemma":"ved","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of tvivle","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"at","lemma":"at","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the clause of tvivle","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"tvivle","lemma":"tvivle","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on staaende","gloss":"doubting"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Alt","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"Alt","lemma":"al","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of tvivle","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"gaaer","lemma":"gå","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active","role":"coordinated with staaende","gloss":"goes"},{"surface":"videre","lemma":"videre","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on gaaer","gloss":"further"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"forord-s4","source":"Maaskee vilde det være utidigt og ubetimeligt at spørge dem, hvor de dog egentlig komme hen, men høfligt og beskedent er det vel at ansee det for afgjort, at de have tvivlet om Alt, da det jo ellers var en besynderlig Tale, at de gik videre.","translation":"Perhaps it would be inopportune and untimely to ask them where they actually end up; but it is surely polite and modest to take it as settled that they have doubted everything, since otherwise it would be a strange way of talking to say that they went further.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"de have tvivlet","title":"«de have» — older plural verb form","body":"«de have tvivlet» uses «have» (not modern «har») as the plural form of the verb to agree with the plural subject «de» (they). 19th-century Danish still inflected verbs for number; modern Danish has dropped this, giving «de har tvivlet». Note also «Maaskee» (modern «måske», perhaps)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maaskee","lemma":"måske","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vilde","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"vilde","lemma":"ville","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"det","lemma":"det","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of vilde","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"være","lemma":"være","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of vilde, copula linking to utidigt","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"utidigt","lemma":"utidig","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of være","gloss":"inopportune"},{"surface":"og","lemma":"og","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ubetimeligt","lemma":"ubetimelig","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with utidigt","gloss":"untimely"},{"surface":"at","lemma":"at","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the clause of spørge","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"spørge","lemma":"spørge","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive","role":"infinitive clause explaining utidigt og ubetimeligt","gloss":"ask"},{"surface":"dem","lemma":"de","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of spørge","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"hvor","lemma":"hvor","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies komme","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of komme","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"dog","lemma":"dog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies komme","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"egentlig","lemma":"egentlig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies komme","gloss":"actually"},{"surface":"komme","lemma":"komme","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive","role":"indirect question, object clause of spørge","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"hen","lemma":"hen","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on komme","gloss":"off to","note":"Idiom: 'komme hen' = to end up / get to."},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"høfligt","lemma":"høflig","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of er, coordinated with beskedent","gloss":"polite"},{"surface":"og","lemma":"og","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"beskedent","lemma":"beskeden","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with høfligt","gloss":"modest"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"være","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active","role":"copula linking det to høfligt","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"det","lemma":"det","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of er","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"vel","lemma":"vel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies høfligt","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"at","lemma":"at","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the clause of ansee","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ansee","lemma":"ansee","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive","role":"infinitive clause, logical subject of er","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"det","lemma":"det","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of ansee","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"for","lemma":"for","morphology":"particle","role":"marks afgjort as object complement of ansee (regard as)","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"afgjort","lemma":"afgjort","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"object complement of det, introduced by for","gloss":"settled"},{"surface":"at","lemma":"at","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of tvivlet","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of tvivlet","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"have","lemma":"have","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of tvivlet","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"tvivlet","lemma":"tvivle","morphology":"verb, past, participle, singular","role":"predicate of the that-clause complementing afgjort","gloss":"doubted"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Alt","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"Alt","lemma":"al","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of tvivlet","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"da","lemma":"da","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of var","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"det","lemma":"det","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of var","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"jo","lemma":"jo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies var","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ellers","lemma":"ellers","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies var","gloss":"otherwise"},{"surface":"var","lemma":"være","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active","role":"copula linking det to Tale","gloss":"would be"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of Tale","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"besynderlig","lemma":"besynderlig","morphology":"adjective, common gender, singular","role":"modifies Tale","gloss":"strange"},{"surface":"Tale","lemma":"tale","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicate complement of var","gloss":"talk"},{"surface":"at","lemma":"at","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"clause in apposition to Tale","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of gik","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"gik","lemma":"gå","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"main verb of the at-clause, in apposition to Tale","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"videre","lemma":"videre","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on gik","gloss":"further"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"forord-s5","source":"Denne foreløbige Bevægelse have de da Alle gjort og formodentlig saa let, at de ikke finde det fornødent at lade et Ord falde om, hvorledes; thi end ikke den, der ængstelig og bekymret søgte en lille Oplysning, fandt en saadan, et veiledende Vink, en lille diætetisk Forskrift om, hvorledes man forholder sig under denne uhyre Opgave.","translation":"This preliminary movement they have all made, then, and presumably so easily that they do not find it necessary to let fall a single word about how; for not even the one who, anxious and troubled, sought a little instruction found any such thing — a guiding hint, a little dietary prescription about how one is to conduct oneself under this enormous task.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"thi","title":"«thi» — for, because","body":"«thi» is an archaic causal conjunction ('for, because'), now wholly replaced by «for». Kierkegaard uses it for its weighty, almost biblical register. The semicolon before it links the two halves of a long periodic sentence — a hallmark of his prose rhythm."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"at de ikke finde","title":"Subordinate-clause order","body":"In the subordinate clause «at de ikke finde det fornødent», the sentence adverb «ikke» stands BEFORE the finite verb «finde» — the diagnostic of bisætning order (a main clause would be «de finde ikke»)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Denne","lemma":"denne","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of Bevægelse","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"foreløbige","lemma":"foreløbig","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies Bevægelse","gloss":"preliminary"},{"surface":"Bevægelse","lemma":"bevægelse","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of gjort, fronted before have","gloss":"movement"},{"surface":"have","lemma":"have","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of have","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"da","lemma":"da","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies have (then, well)","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"Alle","lemma":"al","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies de (they all)","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"gjort","lemma":"gøre","morphology":"verb, past, participle, singular","role":"past participle completing have (have made Bevægelse)","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"og","lemma":"og","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"formodentlig","lemma":"formodentlig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies let (presumably)","gloss":"presumably"},{"surface":"saa","lemma":"så","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies let","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"let","lemma":"let","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"adverbial complement of gjort (so easily)","gloss":"easily"},{"surface":"at","lemma":"at","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the result clause of finde","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of finde","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"ikke","lemma":"ikke","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies finde","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"finde","lemma":"finde","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive","role":"main verb of the result clause","gloss":"find"},{"surface":"det","lemma":"det","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of finde","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"fornødent","lemma":"fornøden","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"object complement of finde (find it necessary)","gloss":"necessary"},{"surface":"at","lemma":"at","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the clause of lade","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"lade","lemma":"lade","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive","role":"infinitive clause, real subject of fornødent","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of Ord","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"Ord","lemma":"ord","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of lade","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"falde","lemma":"falde","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive","role":"complement of lade","gloss":"fall","note":"Idiom: 'lade et Ord falde' = to let a word drop, i.e. to say a single word."},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hvorledes (about how)","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"hvorledes","lemma":"hvorledes","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of om (indirect question: about how)","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"thi","lemma":"thi","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the reason clause (for, because)","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"end","lemma":"end","morphology":"adverb","role":"pairs with ikke (not even)","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"ikke","lemma":"ikke","morphology":"adverb","role":"pairs with end (not even)","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"den","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of fandt","gloss":"the one"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"der","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of søgte","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"ængstelig","lemma":"ængstelig","morphology":"adjective, common gender, singular","role":"describes den (anxious)","gloss":"anxious"},{"surface":"og","lemma":"og","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"bekymret","lemma":"bekymret","morphology":"adjective, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with ængstelig","gloss":"troubled"},{"surface":"søgte","lemma":"søge","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"relative clause on den","gloss":"sought"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of Oplysning","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"lille","lemma":"lille","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies Oplysning","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"Oplysning","lemma":"oplysning","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of søgte","gloss":"instruction"},{"surface":"fandt","lemma":"finde","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"main verb of the thi-clause","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"part of en saadan (any such), direct object of fandt","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"saadan","lemma":"sådan","morphology":"adjective, common gender, singular","role":"part of en saadan (such a one), direct object of fandt","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of Vink","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"veiledende","lemma":"vejledende","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"modifies Vink","gloss":"guiding"},{"surface":"Vink","lemma":"vink","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"in apposition to en saadan, explaining what was sought","gloss":"hint"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of Forskrift","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"lille","lemma":"lille","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies Forskrift","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"diætetisk","lemma":"diætetisk","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies Forskrift","gloss":"dietary"},{"surface":"Forskrift","lemma":"forskrift","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with Vink, in apposition to en saadan","gloss":"prescription"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of forholder","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"hvorledes","lemma":"hvorledes","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of forholder","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"man","lemma":"man","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender","role":"subject of forholder","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"forholder","lemma":"forholde","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active","role":"main verb of the om-clause, modifies Forskrift","gloss":"conducts"},{"surface":"sig","lemma":"sig","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"direct object of forholder","gloss":"oneself"},{"surface":"under","lemma":"under","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Opgave","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"denne","lemma":"denne","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of Opgave","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"uhyre","lemma":"uhyre","morphology":"adjective, common gender, singular","role":"modifies Opgave","gloss":"enormous"},{"surface":"Opgave","lemma":"opgave","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of preposition under","gloss":"task"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"forord-s6","source":",Men Cartesius har jo gjort det?\"","translation":"\"But surely Descartes did it?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"jo","title":"«jo» — modal particle ('surely, as you know')","body":"«jo» is an untranslatable Danish modal particle that appeals to shared knowledge: 'surely, as we both know, after all.' It puts the imagined objector on confident footing. «Cartesius» is the Latinized name of René Descartes, whom Kierkegaard is about to defend against his careless imitators. The «,…\"» marks are the period's quotation style."}],"words":[{"surface":"Men","lemma":"men","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Cartesius","lemma":"Cartesius","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of gjort","gloss":"Descartes"},{"surface":"har","lemma":"have","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of gjort","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"jo","lemma":"jo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gjort","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"gjort","lemma":"gøre","morphology":"verb, past, participle, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"done"},{"surface":"det","lemma":"det","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of gjort","gloss":"it"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"forord-s7","source":"Cartesius, en ærværdig, ydmyg, redelig Tænker, hvis Skrifter vist Ingen kan læse uden den dybeste Rørelse, han har gjort, hvad han har sagt, og sagt, hvad han har gjort.","translation":"Descartes, a venerable, humble, honest thinker whose writings surely no one can read without the deepest emotion, did what he said and said what he did.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"gjort","title":"«gjort» — period spelling of 'done'","body":"«gjort» (past participle of «gjøre», modern «gøre», to do/make) keeps the silent «gj-» of the older orthography; modern Danish writes «gjort» still but spelled «gøre» for the infinitive. The chiastic praise — 'did what he said, and said what he did' — is Kierkegaard's measure of integrity, set against the modern boasters."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"har gjort … har sagt","title":"Present perfect with «har»","body":"«han har gjort, hvad han har sagt» ('he has done what he has said'): the perfect joins present-tense «har» to the past participle «gjort/sagt». Verbs of motion/change instead take «er» (er kommet)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Cartesius","lemma":"Cartesius","morphology":"proper noun","role":"topic of the sentence, resumed by han","gloss":"Descartes"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of Tænker","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"ærværdig","lemma":"ærværdig","morphology":"adjective, common gender, singular","role":"modifies Tænker","gloss":"venerable"},{"surface":"ydmyg","lemma":"ydmyg","morphology":"adjective, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with ærværdig","gloss":"humble"},{"surface":"redelig","lemma":"redelig","morphology":"adjective, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with ærværdig","gloss":"honest"},{"surface":"Tænker","lemma":"tænker","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"in apposition to Cartesius","gloss":"thinker"},{"surface":"hvis","lemma":"hvis","morphology":"possessive relative pronoun","role":"possessive determiner of Skrifter, introduces relative clause on Tænker","gloss":"whose"},{"surface":"Skrifter","lemma":"skrift","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"fronted direct object of læse","gloss":"writings"},{"surface":"vist","lemma":"vist","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies kan læse (surely)","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"Ingen","lemma":"ingen","morphology":"pronoun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of læse","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunne","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of læse","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"læse","lemma":"læse","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive","role":"main verb of the relative clause on Tænker","gloss":"read"},{"surface":"uden","lemma":"uden","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Rørelse","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"den","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of Rørelse","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dybeste","lemma":"dyb","morphology":"adjective, superlative","role":"modifies Rørelse","gloss":"deepest"},{"surface":"Rørelse","lemma":"rørelse","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of preposition uden","gloss":"emotion"},{"surface":"han","lemma":"han","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of gjort","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"har","lemma":"have","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of gjort","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"gjort","lemma":"gøre","morphology":"verb, past, participle, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence, coordinated with sagt","gloss":"done"},{"surface":"hvad","lemma":"hvad","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"introduces the clause of sagt","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"han","lemma":"han","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of sagt","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"har","lemma":"have","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of sagt","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"sagt","lemma":"sige","morphology":"verb, past, participle, singular","role":"clause functioning as direct object of gjort","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"og","lemma":"og","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"sagt","lemma":"sige","morphology":"verb, past, participle, singular","role":"coordinated with gjort (main verb of the sentence)","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"hvad","lemma":"hvad","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"introduces the clause of gjort","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"han","lemma":"han","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of gjort","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"har","lemma":"have","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of gjort","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"gjort","lemma":"gøre","morphology":"verb, past, participle, singular","role":"clause functioning as direct object of sagt","gloss":"done"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"forord-s8","source":"Ak!","translation":"Alas!","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ak","lemma":"ak","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Alas"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"forord-s9","source":"Ak!","translation":"Alas!","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ak","lemma":"ak","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Alas"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"forord-s10","source":"Ak!","translation":"Alas!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Ak","title":"«Ak!» — alas!","body":"«Ak!» is an exclamation of lament ('alas! oh!'), cognate to German «Ach» and English archaic 'ah.' The threefold repetition — three separate sentences — is a rhetorical sigh, mourning that intellectual honesty has become rare."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ak","lemma":"ak","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Alas"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"forord-s11","source":"det er en stor Sjeldenhed i vor Tid!","translation":"that is a great rarity in our age!","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"det","lemma":"det","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of er","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"være","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active","role":"copula linking det to Sjeldenhed","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of Sjeldenhed","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"stor","lemma":"stor","morphology":"adjective, common gender, singular","role":"modifies Sjeldenhed","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"Sjeldenhed","lemma":"sjeldenhed","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicate complement of er","gloss":"rarity"},{"surface":"i","lemma":"i","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Tid","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"vor","lemma":"vores","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of Tid","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"Tid","lemma":"tid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of i, modifies Sjeldenhed","gloss":"age"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"forord-s12","source":"Cartesius har, som han selv ofte nok gjentager, ikke tvivlet i Forhold til Troen.","translation":"Descartes did not — as he himself often enough repeats — doubt in relation to faith.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Troen","title":"«Tro» — faith","body":"«Troen» = 'the faith' (definite form of «Tro»), the book's central concept. Kierkegaard's point: Descartes carefully exempted faith from his method of universal doubt — unlike the moderns who claim to doubt and then 'go further' than faith itself. «gjentager» = modern «gentager», repeats."}],"words":[{"surface":"Cartesius","lemma":"Cartesius","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of har","gloss":"Descartes"},{"surface":"har","lemma":"have","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"som","lemma":"som","morphology":"pronoun","role":"introduces the parenthetical clause of gjentager","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"han","lemma":"han","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of gjentager","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"selv","lemma":"selv","morphology":"pronoun","role":"modifies han","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"ofte","lemma":"ofte","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gjentager","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"nok","lemma":"nok","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gjentager","gloss":"enough"},{"surface":"gjentager","lemma":"gentage","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active","role":"parenthetical clause modifying har (as he himself repeats)","gloss":"repeats"},{"surface":"ikke","lemma":"ikke","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies tvivlet","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"tvivlet","lemma":"tvivle","morphology":"verb, past, participle, singular","role":"main verb complement of har (has not doubted)","gloss":"doubted"},{"surface":"i","lemma":"i","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Forhold","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Forhold","lemma":"forhold","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of tvivlet","gloss":"relation"},{"surface":"til","lemma":"til","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Troen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Troen","lemma":"tro","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular, definite","role":"modifies Forhold","gloss":"faith"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"forord-s13","source":"(,Memores tamen, ut jam dictum est, huic lumint naturali tamdiu tantum esse credendum, quamdiu nihil contrarium a Deo ipso revelatur ..... Præter cætera autem, memoriæ nostræ pro summa regula est infigendum, ea quæ nobis a Deo revelata sunt, ut omnium certissima esse credenda; et quamvis forte lumen rationis, quam maxime clarum et evidens, aliud quid nobis suggerere videretur, soli tamen auctoritati divinæ -potius quam proprio nostro judicio fidem esse adhibendam. Cfr. Principia philosophiæ, pars prima $ 28 og $ 76).","translation":"(\"Remembering, however, as has already been said, that this natural light is to be trusted only so long as nothing contrary is revealed by God himself ..... Besides everything else, moreover, it must be fixed in our memory as a supreme rule that the things which have been revealed to us by God are to be believed as the most certain of all; and although perhaps the light of reason, however clear and evident, might seem to suggest something else, faith is nevertheless to be given to divine authority alone rather than to our own judgment. Cf. Principles of Philosophy, Part One, §§ 28 and 76).","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Memores","lemma":"memor","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"predicate adjective, agrees with the implied subject (we)","gloss":"remembering","note":"This entire footnote quotes Descartes in Latin (Principia Philosophiae I.76), not Danish."},{"surface":"tamen","lemma":"tamen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Memores","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"ut","lemma":"ut","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause dictum est","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"jam","lemma":"jam","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies dictum","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"dictum","lemma":"dico","morphology":"verb, perfect passive participle, neuter singular","role":"forms the perfect passive dictum est with est","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"est","lemma":"sum","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of dictum (perfect passive dictum est)","gloss":"has been"},{"surface":"huic","lemma":"hic","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, dative, singular","role":"modifies lumini (lumint)","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"lumint","lemma":"lumen","morphology":"noun, dative, singular","role":"object of credendum (dative with credo)","gloss":"light","note":"Printed 'lumint'; the word is 'lumini,' dative of lumen (light)."},{"surface":"naturali","lemma":"naturalis","morphology":"adjective, dative, singular","role":"modifies lumini (lumint)","gloss":"natural"},{"surface":"tamdiu","lemma":"tamdiu","morphology":"adverb","role":"correlative with quamdiu, modifies credendum","gloss":"so long"},{"surface":"tantum","lemma":"tantum","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies credendum","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"esse","lemma":"sum","morphology":"verb, present, infinitive, active","role":"forms the passive periphrastic esse credendum","gloss":"to be"},{"surface":"credendum","lemma":"credo","morphology":"gerundive, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of the clause governed by Memores (esse credendum, dative lumini)","gloss":"trusted"},{"surface":"quamdiu","lemma":"quamdiu","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause nihil...revelatur","gloss":"as long as"},{"surface":"nihil","lemma":"nihil","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of revelatur","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"contrarium","lemma":"contrarius","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies nihil","gloss":"contrary"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks the agent Deo","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"Deo","lemma":"Deus","morphology":"noun, ablative, singular","role":"object of a (agent of revelatur)","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"ipso","lemma":"ipse","morphology":"pronoun, ablative, singular","role":"modifies Deo","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"revelatur","lemma":"revelo","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, passive","role":"main verb of the quamdiu-clause","gloss":"is revealed"},{"surface":"Præter","lemma":"praeter","morphology":"preposition","role":"governs cætera","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"cætera","lemma":"ceterus","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"object of Præter","gloss":"everything else"},{"surface":"autem","lemma":"autem","morphology":"conjunction","role":"connects the clause to what precedes","gloss":"moreover"},{"surface":"memoriæ","lemma":"memoria","morphology":"noun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of infigendum (est)","gloss":"memory"},{"surface":"nostræ","lemma":"noster","morphology":"adjective, dative, singular","role":"modifies memoriæ","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"pro","lemma":"pro","morphology":"preposition","role":"governs regula","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"summa","lemma":"summus","morphology":"adjective, ablative, singular","role":"modifies regula","gloss":"supreme"},{"surface":"regula","lemma":"regula","morphology":"noun, ablative, singular","role":"object of pro","gloss":"rule"},{"surface":"est","lemma":"sum","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of infigendum","gloss":"must be"},{"surface":"infigendum","lemma":"infigo","morphology":"gerundive, neuter, singular","role":"main predicate of the sentence (impersonal, est infigendum)","gloss":"fixed"},{"surface":"ea","lemma":"is","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of credenda (sint); antecedent of quæ","gloss":"the things"},{"surface":"quæ","lemma":"qui","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of revelata (sunt); refers to ea","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"nobis","lemma":"ego","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of revelata sunt","gloss":"to us"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks the agent Deo","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"Deo","lemma":"Deus","morphology":"noun, ablative, singular","role":"object of a (agent of revelata sunt)","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"revelata","lemma":"revelo","morphology":"verb, perfect passive participle, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"agrees with quæ, forms revelata sunt","gloss":"revealed"},{"surface":"sunt","lemma":"sum","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of revelata (perfect passive revelata sunt)","gloss":"have been"},{"surface":"ut","lemma":"ut","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause omnium certissima esse credenda","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"omnium","lemma":"omnis","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"partitive genitive with certissima","gloss":"of all"},{"surface":"certissima","lemma":"certus","morphology":"adjective, superlative, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"predicate adjective, agrees with ea","gloss":"most certain"},{"surface":"esse","lemma":"sum","morphology":"verb, present, infinitive, active","role":"forms the passive periphrastic esse credenda","gloss":"to be"},{"surface":"credenda","lemma":"credo","morphology":"gerundive, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"predicate of the ut-clause, agrees with ea","gloss":"believed"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"quamvis","lemma":"quamvis","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause","gloss":"although"},{"surface":"forte","lemma":"forte","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies videretur","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"lumen","lemma":"lumen","morphology":"noun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of videretur","gloss":"light"},{"surface":"rationis","lemma":"ratio","morphology":"noun, genitive, singular","role":"modifies lumen","gloss":"of reason"},{"surface":"quam","lemma":"quam","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies maxime (quam maxime = however)","gloss":"however","note":"'Quam maxime' is an intensifying idiom, here rendered concessively as 'however' to match the translation."},{"surface":"maxime","lemma":"maxime","morphology":"adverb, superlative","role":"intensifies clarum","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"clarum","lemma":"clarus","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate adjective describing lumen","gloss":"clear"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"evidens","lemma":"evidens","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with clarum","gloss":"evident"},{"surface":"aliud","lemma":"alius","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies quid (aliud quid = something else)","gloss":"else"},{"surface":"quid","lemma":"quis","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"object of suggerere","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"nobis","lemma":"ego","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of suggerere","gloss":"to us"},{"surface":"suggerere","lemma":"suggero","morphology":"verb, present, infinitive, active","role":"complementary infinitive of videretur","gloss":"to suggest"},{"surface":"videretur","lemma":"videor","morphology":"verb, imperfect, subjunctive, passive","role":"main verb of the quamvis-clause","gloss":"might seem"},{"surface":"soli","lemma":"solus","morphology":"adjective, dative, singular","role":"modifies auctoritati","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"tamen","lemma":"tamen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies adhibendam","gloss":"nevertheless"},{"surface":"auctoritati","lemma":"auctoritas","morphology":"noun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of adhibendam (esse)","gloss":"authority"},{"surface":"divinæ","lemma":"divinus","morphology":"adjective, dative, singular","role":"modifies auctoritati","gloss":"divine"},{"surface":"-potius","lemma":"potius","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"introduces the comparison potius quam","gloss":"rather","note":"Printed with a stray hyphen from the original line break; reads as 'potius' (rather)."},{"surface":"quam","lemma":"quam","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison (potius quam = rather than)","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"proprio","lemma":"proprius","morphology":"adjective, dative, singular","role":"modifies judicio","gloss":"own"},{"surface":"nostro","lemma":"noster","morphology":"adjective, dative, singular","role":"modifies judicio","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"judicio","lemma":"judicium","morphology":"noun, dative, singular","role":"object of quam (compared with auctoritati)","gloss":"judgment"},{"surface":"fidem","lemma":"fides","morphology":"noun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of adhibendam","gloss":"faith"},{"surface":"esse","lemma":"sum","morphology":"verb, present, infinitive, active","role":"forms the passive periphrastic esse adhibendam","gloss":"to be"},{"surface":"adhibendam","lemma":"adhibeo","morphology":"gerundive, accusative, singular","role":"predicate of the sentence, agrees with fidem","gloss":"given"},{"surface":"Cfr","lemma":"confer","morphology":"abbreviation (verb, imperative)","role":"head of the citation","gloss":"cf."},{"surface":"Principia","lemma":"principium","morphology":"noun, nominative, plural","role":"title word, head of the citation","gloss":"Principles"},{"surface":"philosophiæ","lemma":"philosophia","morphology":"noun, genitive, singular","role":"modifies Principia","gloss":"of Philosophy"},{"surface":"pars","lemma":"pars","morphology":"noun, nominative, singular","role":"in apposition to Principia philosophiæ","gloss":"part"},{"surface":"prima","lemma":"primus","morphology":"adjective, nominative, singular","role":"modifies pars","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"og","lemma":"og","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"forord-s14","source":"Han har ikke raabt Brand og gjort det til Pligt for Alle at tvivle, thi Cartesius var en stille eensom Tænker, ikke en brølende Gadevægter; han har beskedent bekjendt, at hans Methode kun havde Betydning for ham selv og havde \" tildeels sin Grund i hans tidligere forqvaklede Viden.","translation":"He did not cry fire and make it everyone's duty to doubt, for Descartes was a quiet, solitary thinker, not a bellowing night-watchman; he modestly confessed that his method had significance only for himself and had its ground partly in his own earlier muddled learning.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"eensom","title":"«eensom» — doubled-vowel spelling","body":"«eensom» (modern «ensom», lonely/solitary) shows the older doubled vowel «ee». The same archaism appears in «raabt» (modern «råbt», cried), «tildeels» (modern «til dels», partly), and «forqvaklede» with «qv-» for modern «kv-» (forkvaklede, botched/muddled). «Gadevægter» = a street night-watchman."}],"words":[{"surface":"Han","lemma":"han","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of har","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"har","lemma":"have","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of raabt","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"ikke","lemma":"ikke","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies raabt","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"raabt","lemma":"raabe","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the sentence (past participle governed by har)","gloss":"cried","note":"'At raabe Brand' (to cry fire) is an idiom for sounding an urgent alarm."},{"surface":"Brand","lemma":"brand","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of raabt","gloss":"fire"},{"surface":"og","lemma":"og","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"gjort","lemma":"gøre","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"coordinated with raabt","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"det","lemma":"det","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of gjort","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"til","lemma":"til","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks Pligt (gøre til = make into)","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"Pligt","lemma":"pligt","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicate complement of gjort (via til)","gloss":"duty"},{"surface":"for","lemma":"for","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks Alle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"Alle","lemma":"alle","morphology":"pronoun, plural","role":"object of for; logical subject of tvivle","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"at","lemma":"at","morphology":"particle","role":"infinitive marker introducing tvivle","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"tvivle","lemma":"tvivle","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of Pligt (logical subject Alle)","gloss":"to doubt"},{"surface":"thi","lemma":"thi","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the causal clause explaining raabt","gloss":"for","note":"Archaic conjunction meaning 'for/because,' rare in modern Danish."},{"surface":"Cartesius","lemma":"Cartesius","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of var","gloss":"Descartes","note":"Latinized name Kierkegaard uses for Descartes."},{"surface":"var","lemma":"være","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active","role":"copula linking to Tænker","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of Tænker","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"stille","lemma":"stille","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies Tænker","gloss":"quiet"},{"surface":"eensom","lemma":"eensom","morphology":"adjective, common gender, singular","role":"modifies Tænker","gloss":"solitary"},{"surface":"Tænker","lemma":"tænker","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicate noun of var","gloss":"thinker"},{"surface":"ikke","lemma":"ikke","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates the coordinated en brølende Gadevægter (elliptical var)","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of Gadevægter","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"brølende","lemma":"brøle","morphology":"verb, present participle (used as adjective)","role":"modifies Gadevægter","gloss":"bellowing"},{"surface":"Gadevægter","lemma":"gadevægter","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with Tænker (elliptical predicate noun after var)","gloss":"night-watchman"},{"surface":"han","lemma":"han","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of har","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"har","lemma":"have","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of bekjendt","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"beskedent","lemma":"beskeden","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bekjendt","gloss":"modestly"},{"surface":"bekjendt","lemma":"bekjende","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the sentence (past participle governed by har)","gloss":"confessed"},{"surface":"at","lemma":"at","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of havde","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hans","lemma":"hans","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Methode","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"Methode","lemma":"methode","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of havde","gloss":"method"},{"surface":"kun","lemma":"kun","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies havde","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"havde","lemma":"have","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"main verb of the at-clause","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"Betydning","lemma":"betydning","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of havde","gloss":"significance"},{"surface":"for","lemma":"for","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks ham","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ham","lemma":"han","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, common gender, singular","role":"object of for; modifies Betydning","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"selv","lemma":"selv","morphology":"pronoun","role":"modifies ham (ham selv = himself)","gloss":"self"},{"surface":"og","lemma":"og","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"havde","lemma":"have","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"coordinated with havde (kun havde Betydning)","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"tildeels","lemma":"tildels","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies havde (og havde tildeels)","gloss":"partly"},{"surface":"sin","lemma":"sin","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular, reflexive","role":"determiner of Grund","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"Grund","lemma":"grund","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of havde (og havde tildeels)","gloss":"ground"},{"surface":"i","lemma":"i","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks Viden","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"hans","lemma":"hans","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Viden","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"tidligere","lemma":"tidlig","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"modifies Viden","gloss":"earlier"},{"surface":"forqvaklede","lemma":"forqvaklet","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies Viden","gloss":"muddled"},{"surface":"Viden","lemma":"viden","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of i; phrase modifies Grund","gloss":"learning"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"forord-s15","source":"(Ne quis igitur putet, me hic traditurum aliquam me- thodum, quam unusquisque sequti debeat ad recte regendam rationem; illam enim tantum, quam ipsemet secutus sum, exæponere decrevi... Sed simul ac illud studiorum curriculum absolvi (sc. juventulis, quo decurso mos est in eruditorum numerum cooptari, plane aliud coepi cogitare. Tot enim me dubiis totque erroribus implicatum esse animadverti, ut omnes discendt conatus nihil aliud mihi profuisse judicarem, quam quod ignorantiam meam magis magtisque detexissem. Cfr. Dissertatio de methodo p. 2 og 3).","translation":"(\"Let no one therefore suppose that I intend here to hand down some method that everyone ought to follow in order to govern reason rightly; for I have resolved to set out only the one that I myself have followed... But as soon as I had completed that course of studies (namely of youth), upon whose finishing it is customary to be admitted into the ranks of the learned, I began to think quite otherwise. For I found myself so entangled in so many doubts and errors that I judged all my efforts at learning had profited me nothing other than that I had discovered my ignorance more and more. Cf. Discourse on Method, pp. 2 and 3).","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ne","lemma":"ne","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the jussive clause (Ne...putet)","gloss":"let not","note":"This footnote quotes Descartes' Discourse on Method in Latin translation (Dissertatio de Methodo), not Danish."},{"surface":"quis","lemma":"quis","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of putet","gloss":"anyone"},{"surface":"igitur","lemma":"igitur","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies putet","gloss":"therefore"},{"surface":"putet","lemma":"puto","morphology":"verb, present, subjunctive, active","role":"main verb of the sentence (jussive)","gloss":"suppose"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"ego","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"subject of traditurum (accusative + infinitive)","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"hic","lemma":"hic","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies traditurum","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"traditurum","lemma":"trado","morphology":"verb, future, infinitive, active","role":"main verb of the indirect statement governed by putet","gloss":"going to hand down"},{"surface":"aliquam","lemma":"aliqui","morphology":"adjective, accusative, singular","role":"modifies methodum (thodum)","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"me-","lemma":"methodus","morphology":"noun fragment (hyphenated across a line break)","role":"first part of methodum, direct object of traditurum","gloss":"method","note":"First part of 'methodum,' split across a line break by a hyphen; continues at 'thodum.'"},{"surface":"thodum","lemma":"methodus","morphology":"noun, accusative, singular","role":"second part of methodum, direct object of traditurum","gloss":"method","note":"Second part of 'methodum,' continued from 'me-' after the line-break hyphen."},{"surface":"quam","lemma":"qui","morphology":"relative pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"object of sequti; refers to methodum","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"unusquisque","lemma":"unusquisque","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of debeat","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"sequti","lemma":"sequor","morphology":"verb, present, infinitive, deponent","role":"complement of debeat","gloss":"to follow"},{"surface":"debeat","lemma":"debeo","morphology":"verb, present, subjunctive, active","role":"main verb of the relative clause (quam...debeat)","gloss":"ought"},{"surface":"ad","lemma":"ad","morphology":"preposition","role":"governs regendam (purpose)","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"recte","lemma":"recte","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies regendam","gloss":"rightly"},{"surface":"regendam","lemma":"rego","morphology":"gerundive, accusative, singular","role":"modifies rationem (purpose construction with ad)","gloss":"guiding"},{"surface":"rationem","lemma":"ratio","morphology":"noun, accusative, singular","role":"object of ad (via regendam)","gloss":"reason"},{"surface":"illam","lemma":"ille","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of exæponere (refers to methodum)","gloss":"that one"},{"surface":"enim","lemma":"enim","morphology":"conjunction","role":"connects the clause to what precedes","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"tantum","lemma":"tantum","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies illam","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"quam","lemma":"qui","morphology":"relative pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"object of secutus sum; refers to illam","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"ipsemet","lemma":"ipse","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of secutus sum (emphatic)","gloss":"I myself"},{"surface":"secutus","lemma":"sequor","morphology":"verb, perfect participle, nominative, singular","role":"forms the perfect secutus sum with sum","gloss":"followed"},{"surface":"sum","lemma":"sum","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of secutus (perfect secutus sum)","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"exæponere","lemma":"expono","morphology":"verb, present, infinitive, active","role":"main verb of the indirect statement governed by decrevi","gloss":"to set forth","note":"Printed 'exæponere'; the word is 'exponere' (to set forth/expound)."},{"surface":"decrevi","lemma":"decerno","morphology":"verb, perfect, indicative, active","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I have resolved"},{"surface":"Sed","lemma":"sed","morphology":"conjunction","role":"connects the clause to what precedes","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"simul","lemma":"simul","morphology":"adverb","role":"correlative with ac (simul ac = as soon as), modifies absolvi","gloss":"as soon as"},{"surface":"ac","lemma":"ac","morphology":"conjunction","role":"correlative with simul, introduces the temporal clause","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"illud","lemma":"ille","morphology":"demonstrative adjective, accusative, singular","role":"modifies curriculum","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"studiorum","lemma":"studium","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies curriculum","gloss":"of studies"},{"surface":"curriculum","lemma":"curriculum","morphology":"noun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of absolvi","gloss":"course"},{"surface":"absolvi","lemma":"absolvo","morphology":"verb, perfect, indicative, active","role":"main verb of the simul ac-clause","gloss":"I had completed"},{"surface":"sc.","lemma":"scilicet","morphology":"adverb (abbreviation)","role":"introduces the parenthetical juventutis","gloss":"namely"},{"surface":"juventulis","lemma":"juventus","morphology":"noun, genitive, singular","role":"modifies curriculum (parenthetical)","gloss":"of youth","note":"Printed 'juventulis'; the word is 'juventutis,' genitive of juventus (youth)."},{"surface":"quo","lemma":"qui","morphology":"relative pronoun, ablative, singular","role":"ablative absolute with decurso; refers to curriculum","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"decurso","lemma":"decurro","morphology":"verb, perfect participle, ablative, singular","role":"forms the ablative absolute quo decurso","gloss":"having run its course"},{"surface":"mos","lemma":"mos","morphology":"noun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of est","gloss":"custom"},{"surface":"est","lemma":"sum","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active","role":"main verb of the clause (mos est)","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"governs numerum","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"eruditorum","lemma":"eruditus","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies numerum","gloss":"of the learned"},{"surface":"numerum","lemma":"numerus","morphology":"noun, accusative, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"ranks"},{"surface":"cooptari","lemma":"coopto","morphology":"verb, present, infinitive, passive","role":"complement of mos est","gloss":"to be admitted"},{"surface":"plane","lemma":"plane","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies aliud","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"aliud","lemma":"alius","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of cogitare","gloss":"otherwise"},{"surface":"coepi","lemma":"coepi","morphology":"verb, perfect, indicative, active","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I began"},{"surface":"cogitare","lemma":"cogito","morphology":"verb, present, infinitive, active","role":"complementary infinitive of coepi","gloss":"to think"},{"surface":"Tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"adjective (indeclinable)","role":"modifies dubiis; correlative with the ut-clause","gloss":"so many"},{"surface":"enim","lemma":"enim","morphology":"conjunction","role":"connects the clause to what precedes","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"ego","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"subject of implicatum esse (indirect statement)","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"dubiis","lemma":"dubium","morphology":"noun, ablative, plural","role":"object of implicatum","gloss":"doubts"},{"surface":"totque","lemma":"tot","morphology":"adjective (indeclinable) + enclitic -que","role":"modifies erroribus; coordinated with Tot dubiis","gloss":"and so many"},{"surface":"erroribus","lemma":"error","morphology":"noun, ablative, plural","role":"coordinated with dubiis; object of implicatum","gloss":"errors"},{"surface":"implicatum","lemma":"implico","morphology":"verb, perfect participle, accusative, singular","role":"agrees with me; forms implicatum esse","gloss":"entangled"},{"surface":"esse","lemma":"sum","morphology":"verb, present, infinitive, active","role":"forms the perfect passive infinitive implicatum esse","gloss":"to have been"},{"surface":"animadverti","lemma":"animadverto","morphology":"verb, perfect, indicative, active","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I found"},{"surface":"ut","lemma":"ut","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the result clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"omnes","lemma":"omnis","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies conatus","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"discendt","lemma":"disco","morphology":"gerund, genitive","role":"modifies conatus","gloss":"of learning","note":"Printed 'discendt'; the word is 'discendi,' genitive gerund of disco (learn)."},{"surface":"conatus","lemma":"conatus","morphology":"noun, accusative, plural","role":"subject of profuisse (indirect statement, governed by judicarem)","gloss":"efforts"},{"surface":"nihil","lemma":"nihil","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of profuisse","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"aliud","lemma":"alius","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"modifies nihil","gloss":"else"},{"surface":"mihi","lemma":"ego","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of profuisse","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"profuisse","lemma":"prosum","morphology":"verb, perfect, infinitive, active","role":"main verb of the indirect statement (subject conatus)","gloss":"had profited"},{"surface":"judicarem","lemma":"judico","morphology":"verb, imperfect, subjunctive, active","role":"main verb of the ut-clause","gloss":"I judged"},{"surface":"quam","lemma":"quam","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison (nihil aliud...quam)","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"quod","lemma":"quod","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause after quam","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ignorantiam","lemma":"ignorantia","morphology":"noun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of detexissem","gloss":"ignorance"},{"surface":"meam","lemma":"meus","morphology":"adjective, accusative, singular","role":"modifies ignorantiam","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"magis","lemma":"magis","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies detexissem; correlative with magisque","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"magtisque","lemma":"magis","morphology":"adverb + enclitic -que","role":"coordinated with magis, modifies detexissem","gloss":"and more","note":"Printed 'magtisque'; the word is 'magisque' (and more)."},{"surface":"detexissem","lemma":"detego","morphology":"verb, pluperfect, subjunctive, active","role":"main verb of the quod-clause","gloss":"I had discovered"},{"surface":"Cfr","lemma":"confer","morphology":"abbreviation (verb, imperative)","role":"head of the citation","gloss":"cf."},{"surface":"Dissertatio","lemma":"dissertatio","morphology":"noun, nominative, singular","role":"title word, head of the citation","gloss":"Discourse"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"governs methodo","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"methodo","lemma":"methodus","morphology":"noun, ablative, singular","role":"object of de; title word","gloss":"Method"},{"surface":"p.","lemma":"pagina","morphology":"noun (abbreviation)","role":"introduces the page citation","gloss":"p."},{"surface":"og","lemma":"og","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"forord-s16","source":"— Hvad hine gamle Grækere, der dog ogsaa forstode sig lidt paa Philosophien, antog at være en Opgave for hele Livet, fordi den tvivlende Færdighed ” ikke erhverves i Dage og Uger, hvad den gamle udtjente Strider opnaaede, der havde bevaret Tvivlens Ligevægt gjennem alle Besnærelser, uforfærdet negtet Sandsens Vished og Tankens Vished, ubestikkelig trodset Selvkjærlighedens Angst og Medfølelsens Insinuationer — dermed begynder i vor Tid Enhver.","translation":"— What those old Greeks, who after all understood a little something of philosophy too, took to be a task for a whole life, because the skill of doubting is not acquired in days and weeks — what the old, seasoned warrior attained, who had kept doubt's equilibrium through all entanglements, undauntedly denied the certainty of the senses and the certainty of thought, incorruptibly defied the anxiety of self-love and the insinuations of fellow-feeling — with that, in our age, everyone begins.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"tvivlende Færdighed","title":"«Færdighed» — skill, proficiency","body":"«Færdighed» means an acquired skill or proficiency; «den tvivlende Færdighed» is 'the skill of doubting,' something the ancients trained over a lifetime. Kierkegaard's irony: what cost a lifetime is now where 'everyone begins.' «forstode» is the older plural past of «forstaae» (modern «forstå», to understand); «gjennem» = modern «gennem», through; «negtet» = modern «nægtet», denied."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Angst","title":"«Angst» — anxiety, dread","body":"«Angst» (anxiety, dread) is one of Kierkegaard's signature terms, later the title of «Begrebet Angest» (The Concept of Anxiety, 1844). Here «Selvkjærlighedens Angst» = 'the anxiety of self-love.' «Selvkjærlighed» keeps the «kj-» spelling (modern «selvkærlighed»)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hvad","lemma":"hvad","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"free relative, object of antog (resumed later by dermed)","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"hine","lemma":"hin","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, plural","role":"modifies Grækere","gloss":"those","note":"Archaic demonstrative ('hin/hine'), rare in modern Danish."},{"surface":"gamle","lemma":"gammel","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies Grækere","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"Grækere","lemma":"græker","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"subject of antog","gloss":"Greeks"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"der","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of forstode","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"dog","lemma":"dog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ogsaa","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"ogsaa","lemma":"ogsaa","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies forstode","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"forstode","lemma":"forstå","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"relative clause on Grækere","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"sig","lemma":"sig","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"direct object of forstode (idiom forstå sig på)","gloss":"themselves","note":"Part of the idiom 'forstå sig på' — to know/be versed in something; not literally reflexive in the translation."},{"surface":"lidt","lemma":"lidt","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies forstode (extent)","gloss":"a little"},{"surface":"paa","lemma":"paa","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks Philosophien (forstå sig på)","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"Philosophien","lemma":"philosophie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular, definite","role":"object of paa","gloss":"philosophy"},{"surface":"antog","lemma":"antage","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"took to be"},{"surface":"at","lemma":"at","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the infinitive være","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"være","lemma":"være","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive","role":"copula linking to Opgave","gloss":"to be"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of Opgave","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"Opgave","lemma":"opgave","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicate complement of være (the clause is object of antog)","gloss":"task"},{"surface":"for","lemma":"for","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks hele Livet","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"hele","lemma":"hel","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies Livet","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"Livet","lemma":"liv","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"modifies Opgave (via for)","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"fordi","lemma":"fordi","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the causal clause of erhverves","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"den","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of Færdighed","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tvivlende","lemma":"tvivlende","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies Færdighed","gloss":"doubting"},{"surface":"Færdighed","lemma":"færdighed","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of erhverves","gloss":"skill"},{"surface":"ikke","lemma":"ikke","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies erhverves","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"erhverves","lemma":"erhverve","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, passive","role":"main verb of the fordi-clause","gloss":"is acquired"},{"surface":"i","lemma":"i","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks Dage","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Dage","lemma":"dag","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of i","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"og","lemma":"og","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Uger","lemma":"uge","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"coordinated with Dage","gloss":"weeks"},{"surface":"hvad","lemma":"hvad","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"free relative, object of opnaaede (resumed later by dermed)","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"den","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of Strider","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gamle","lemma":"gammel","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies Strider","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"udtjente","lemma":"udtjent","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies Strider","gloss":"seasoned"},{"surface":"Strider","lemma":"strider","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of opnaaede","gloss":"warrior"},{"surface":"opnaaede","lemma":"opnå","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"main verb of the second hvad-clause","gloss":"attained"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"der","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of havde","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"havde","lemma":"have","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of bevaret","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"bevaret","lemma":"bevare","morphology":"verb, past, participle, singular","role":"relative clause on Strider","gloss":"kept"},{"surface":"Tvivlens","lemma":"tvivl","morphology":"noun, genitive, common gender, singular, definite","role":"possessor of Ligevægt","gloss":"doubt's"},{"surface":"Ligevægt","lemma":"ligevægt","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of bevaret","gloss":"equilibrium"},{"surface":"gjennem","lemma":"gennem","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks Besnærelser (modifies bevaret)","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"alle","lemma":"al","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies Besnærelser","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"Besnærelser","lemma":"besnærelse","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of gjennem","gloss":"entanglements"},{"surface":"uforfærdet","lemma":"uforfærdet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies negtet","gloss":"undauntedly"},{"surface":"negtet","lemma":"nægte","morphology":"verb, past, participle, singular","role":"coordinated with bevaret (governed by der havde)","gloss":"denied"},{"surface":"Sandsens","lemma":"sands","morphology":"noun, genitive, common gender, singular, definite","role":"possessor of Vished","gloss":"the senses'"},{"surface":"Vished","lemma":"vished","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of negtet","gloss":"certainty"},{"surface":"og","lemma":"og","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Tankens","lemma":"tanke","morphology":"noun, genitive, common gender, singular, definite","role":"possessor of Vished (second occurrence)","gloss":"thought's"},{"surface":"Vished","lemma":"vished","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with Vished (first occurrence)","gloss":"certainty"},{"surface":"ubestikkelig","lemma":"ubestikkelig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies trodset","gloss":"incorruptibly"},{"surface":"trodset","lemma":"trodse","morphology":"verb, past, participle, singular","role":"coordinated with bevaret, negtet (governed by der havde)","gloss":"defied"},{"surface":"Selvkjærlighedens","lemma":"selvkjærlighed","morphology":"noun, genitive, common gender, singular, definite","role":"possessor of Angst","gloss":"self-love's"},{"surface":"Angst","lemma":"angst","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of trodset","gloss":"anxiety"},{"surface":"og","lemma":"og","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Medfølelsens","lemma":"medfølelse","morphology":"noun, genitive, common gender, singular, definite","role":"possessor of Insinuationer","gloss":"fellow-feeling's"},{"surface":"Insinuationer","lemma":"insinuation","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"direct object of trodset, coordinated with Angst","gloss":"insinuations"},{"surface":"dermed","lemma":"dermed","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies begynder; resumes both hvad-clauses","gloss":"with that"},{"surface":"begynder","lemma":"begynde","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"begins"},{"surface":"i","lemma":"i","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks Tid","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"vor","lemma":"vor","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of Tid","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"Tid","lemma":"tid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of i; the phrase modifies begynder","gloss":"age"},{"surface":"Enhver","lemma":"enhver","morphology":"pronoun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of begynder","gloss":"everyone"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"forord-s17","source":"I vor Tid bliver Enhver ikke staaende ved Troen, men gaaer videre.","translation":"In our age no one stops at faith, but goes further.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"bliver staaende ved","title":"«bliver staaende ved» — stops at, remains at","body":"«bliver staaende ved» literally 'remains standing at' = stops/halts at. The whole sentence transfers the earlier mockery of doubt onto «Troen» (faith): just as the moderns wouldn't stop at doubting, now they won't stop at faith either, but 'go further' — the refrain «gaaer videre» again. «staaende» keeps the doubled «aa» (modern «stående»)."}],"words":[{"surface":"I","lemma":"i","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks Tid","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"vor","lemma":"vor","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of Tid","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"Tid","lemma":"tid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of I; the phrase modifies the clause","gloss":"age"},{"surface":"bliver","lemma":"blive","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active","role":"copula linking to staaende","gloss":"stays"},{"surface":"Enhver","lemma":"enhver","morphology":"pronoun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of bliver","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"ikke","lemma":"ikke","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bliver staaende (negates the predicate)","gloss":"not","note":"'Enhver...ikke' together are rendered idiomatically as 'no one' — the negation scopes over the whole predicate."},{"surface":"staaende","lemma":"stå","morphology":"verb, present, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence (predicate complement of bliver)","gloss":"standing"},{"surface":"ved","lemma":"ved","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks Troen","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Troen","lemma":"tro","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular, definite","role":"object of ved (modifies staaende)","gloss":"faith"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"gaaer","lemma":"gå","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active","role":"coordinated with bliver","gloss":"goes"},{"surface":"videre","lemma":"videre","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gaaer","gloss":"further"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"forord-s18","source":"Et Spørgsmaal om, hvor de komme hen, vilde maaskee være en Dumdristighed, derimod er det vel et Tegn paa Belevenhed og Dannelse, at jeg antager, at Enhver har Troen, da det ellers bliver en besynderlige Tale: at gaae videre.","translation":"A question about where they end up would perhaps be a piece of foolhardiness; on the contrary, it is surely a sign of urbanity and good breeding that I assume everyone has faith — since otherwise it becomes a strange way of talking: to go further.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Belevenhed og Dannelse","title":"«Dannelse» — cultivation, breeding","body":"«Dannelse» is the Danish for German «Bildung»: formation, cultivation, education of the whole person. Paired with «Belevenhed» (politeness, urbanity), it sets Kierkegaard's polite mask over a sharp irony — it would be 'ill-bred' to ask the moderns where their easy faith actually leads. The colon staging «: at gaae videre» echoes the preface's refrain."}],"words":[{"surface":"Et","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of Spørgsmaal","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"Spørgsmaal","lemma":"spørgsmål","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of vilde","gloss":"question"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the indirect question (komme)","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"hvor","lemma":"hvor","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies komme","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of komme","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"komme","lemma":"komme","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive","role":"verb of the om-clause, modifies Spørgsmaal","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"hen","lemma":"hen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies komme","gloss":"to","note":"Idiom: 'komme hen' = to end up / get to."},{"surface":"vilde","lemma":"ville","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of være","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"maaskee","lemma":"måske","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vilde","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"være","lemma":"være","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive","role":"copula linking to Dumdristighed","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of Dumdristighed","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"Dumdristighed","lemma":"dumdristighed","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicate complement of være","gloss":"foolhardiness"},{"surface":"derimod","lemma":"derimod","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies er","gloss":"on the contrary"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"være","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active","role":"copula linking to Tegn","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"det","lemma":"det","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of er","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"vel","lemma":"vel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies er","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of Tegn","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"Tegn","lemma":"tegn","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of er","gloss":"sign"},{"surface":"paa","lemma":"på","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Belevenhed","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Belevenhed","lemma":"belevenhed","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of på, modifies Tegn","gloss":"urbanity"},{"surface":"og","lemma":"og","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Dannelse","lemma":"dannelse","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with Belevenhed","gloss":"good breeding"},{"surface":"at","lemma":"at","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause explaining Tegn (antager)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"jeg","lemma":"jeg","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of antager","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"antager","lemma":"antage","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active","role":"main verb of the at-clause, explains Tegn","gloss":"assume"},{"surface":"at","lemma":"at","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of har (object of antager)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Enhver","lemma":"enhver","morphology":"pronoun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of har","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"har","lemma":"have","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active","role":"verb of the at-clause (object of antager)","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"Troen","lemma":"tro","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of har","gloss":"faith"},{"surface":"da","lemma":"da","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of bliver","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"det","lemma":"det","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of bliver","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"ellers","lemma":"ellers","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bliver","gloss":"otherwise"},{"surface":"bliver","lemma":"blive","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active","role":"copula linking to Tale","gloss":"becomes"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of Tale","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"besynderlige","lemma":"besynderlig","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies Tale","gloss":"strange"},{"surface":"Tale","lemma":"tale","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicate complement of bliver","gloss":"way of talking"},{"surface":"at","lemma":"at","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the infinitive in apposition to Tale","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"gaae","lemma":"gå","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive","role":"in apposition to Tale","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"videre","lemma":"videre","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gaae","gloss":"further"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"forord-s19","source":"I hine gamle Dage var det anderledes, da var Troen en Opgave for hele Livet, fordi man antog, at den troende Færdighed ikke erhverves hverken i Dage eller Uger.","translation":"In those old days it was otherwise; then faith was a task for a whole life, because it was assumed that the skill of believing is acquired neither in days nor in weeks.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"den troende Færdighed","title":"«den troende Færdighed» — the skill of believing","body":"Kierkegaard now mirrors the earlier «den tvivlende Færdighed» (the skill of doubting) with «den troende Færdighed» (the skill of believing): faith, like doubt for the ancients, was once a lifelong task, not a starting point. «hine gamle Dage» = 'those old days' («hine» is an archaic distal demonstrative, 'those yonder')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"man antog","title":"The indefinite «man»","body":"«fordi man antog, at …» ('because one supposed that …'): «man» is the impersonal subject — 'one, people, they' — always with a singular verb «antog»."}],"words":[{"surface":"I","lemma":"i","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Dage","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"hine","lemma":"hin","morphology":"determiner, common gender, plural","role":"modifies Dage","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"gamle","lemma":"gammel","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies Dage","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"Dage","lemma":"dag","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of i, temporal adjunct of var","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"var","lemma":"være","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active","role":"copula linking to anderledes","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"det","lemma":"det","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of var","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"anderledes","lemma":"anderledes","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicate adjective of var","gloss":"otherwise"},{"surface":"da","lemma":"da","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies var (fronted, 'then')","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"var","lemma":"være","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active","role":"copula linking to Opgave","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"Troen","lemma":"tro","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of var","gloss":"faith"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of Opgave","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"Opgave","lemma":"opgave","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicate complement of var","gloss":"task"},{"surface":"for","lemma":"for","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Livet","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"hele","lemma":"hel","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies Livet","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"Livet","lemma":"liv","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of for, modifies Opgave","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"fordi","lemma":"fordi","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of antog","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"man","lemma":"man","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender","role":"subject of antog","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"antog","lemma":"antage","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"main verb of the fordi-clause","gloss":"assumed"},{"surface":"at","lemma":"at","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of erhverves","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"den","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of Færdighed","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"troende","lemma":"tro","morphology":"adjective (present participle)","role":"modifies Færdighed","gloss":"believing"},{"surface":"Færdighed","lemma":"færdighed","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of erhverves","gloss":"skill"},{"surface":"ikke","lemma":"ikke","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies erhverves","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"erhverves","lemma":"erhverve","morphology":"verb, passive, infinitive","role":"verb of the at-clause (object of antog)","gloss":"is acquired"},{"surface":"hverken","lemma":"hverken","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies erhverves","gloss":"neither"},{"surface":"i","lemma":"i","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Dage","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Dage","lemma":"dag","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"oblique complement of erhverves","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"eller","lemma":"eller","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"Uger","lemma":"uge","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"coordinated with Dage","gloss":"weeks"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"forord-s20","source":"Naar da den prøvede Olding nærmede sig sit Endeligt, havde stridt den gode Strid og bevaret Troen, da var hans Hjerte ungt nok til ikke at have glemt hiin Angst og Bævelse, der tugtede Ynglingen, som Manden vel beherskede, men som intet Menneske ganske voxer fra — uden forsaavidt det skulde lykkes ved saa tidlig som mulig at gaae videre.","translation":"When the tested old man then drew near to his end, had fought the good fight and kept the faith, then his heart was young enough not to have forgotten that fear and trembling which chastened the youth, which the man indeed mastered, but which no human being ever quite outgrows — except insofar as he might manage, as early as possible, to go further.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Angst og Bævelse","title":"«Angest og Bævelse» — fear and trembling","body":"«hiin Angst og Bævelse» — 'that fear and trembling' — names the book's title «Frygt og Bæven» (echoing Philippians 2:12, 'work out your salvation with fear and trembling'). 'Kept the faith… fought the good fight' deliberately quotes 2 Timothy 4:7. «hiin» = archaic 'that (yonder)'; «voxer» = modern «vokser», grows."}],"words":[{"surface":"Naar","lemma":"når","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of nærmede","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"da","lemma":"da","morphology":"adverb","role":"reinforces Naar","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"den","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of Olding","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"prøvede","lemma":"prøve","morphology":"verb, past, participle, singular","role":"modifies Olding","gloss":"tested"},{"surface":"Olding","lemma":"olding","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of nærmede","gloss":"old man"},{"surface":"nærmede","lemma":"nærme","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"verb of the Naar-clause (with sig)","gloss":"drew near"},{"surface":"sig","lemma":"sig","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive object of nærmede","gloss":"himself","note":"Idiom: 'nærme sig' = to draw near."},{"surface":"sit","lemma":"sin","morphology":"determiner, neuter, singular, reflexive","role":"determiner of Endeligt","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"Endeligt","lemma":"endeligt","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of nærmede sig","gloss":"end"},{"surface":"havde","lemma":"have","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of stridt and bevaret (subject Olding)","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"stridt","lemma":"stride","morphology":"verb, past, participle","role":"past participle governed by havde","gloss":"fought"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"den","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of Strid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gode","lemma":"god","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies Strid","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"Strid","lemma":"strid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of stridt","gloss":"fight"},{"surface":"og","lemma":"og","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"bevaret","lemma":"bevare","morphology":"verb, past, participle, singular","role":"past participle governed by havde, coordinated with stridt","gloss":"kept"},{"surface":"Troen","lemma":"tro","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of bevaret","gloss":"faith"},{"surface":"da","lemma":"da","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies var (fronted, 'then')","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"var","lemma":"være","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active","role":"copula linking to ungt","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"hans","lemma":"hans","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Hjerte","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"Hjerte","lemma":"hjerte","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of var","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"ungt","lemma":"ung","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"predicate adjective of var","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"nok","lemma":"nok","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ungt","gloss":"enough"},{"surface":"til","lemma":"til","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of glemt","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ikke","lemma":"ikke","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies at have glemt","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"at","lemma":"at","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the clause of glemt","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"have","lemma":"have","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive","role":"auxiliary of glemt","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"glemt","lemma":"glemme","morphology":"verb, past, participle, singular","role":"verb of the til-clause complementing nok","gloss":"forgotten"},{"surface":"hiin","lemma":"hin","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of Angst","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Angst","lemma":"angst","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of glemt (with hiin)","gloss":"fear","note":"Angst here differs from Frygt, the book's own title word (dread/anxiety vs. fear)."},{"surface":"og","lemma":"og","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Bævelse","lemma":"bævelse","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with Angst","gloss":"trembling"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"der","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of tugtede","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"tugtede","lemma":"tugte","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"relative clause on Angst","gloss":"chastened"},{"surface":"Ynglingen","lemma":"yngling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of tugtede","gloss":"the youth"},{"surface":"som","lemma":"som","morphology":"pronoun, relative","role":"direct object of beherskede","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"Manden","lemma":"mand","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of beherskede","gloss":"the man"},{"surface":"vel","lemma":"vel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies beherskede","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"beherskede","lemma":"beherske","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"relative clause on Ynglingen","gloss":"mastered"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"som","lemma":"som","morphology":"pronoun, relative","role":"object of voxer fra","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"intet","lemma":"ingen","morphology":"determiner, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of Menneske","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"Menneske","lemma":"menneske","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of voxer","gloss":"human being"},{"surface":"ganske","lemma":"ganske","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies voxer","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"voxer","lemma":"vokse","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active","role":"main verb of the som-clause (voxer fra = outgrows)","gloss":"outgrows"},{"surface":"fra","lemma":"fra","morphology":"adverb","role":"particle of voxer (phrasal verb voxe fra)","gloss":"away from","note":"Idiom: 'voxe fra' = to outgrow."},{"surface":"uden","lemma":"uden","morphology":"preposition","role":"modifies lykkes","gloss":"except"},{"surface":"forsaavidt","lemma":"forsåvidt","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"with uden = 'except insofar as', introduces the clause of lykkes","gloss":"insofar as"},{"surface":"det","lemma":"det","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of lykkes","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"skulde","lemma":"skulle","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of lykkes","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"lykkes","lemma":"lykkes","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive","role":"verb of the forsaavidt-clause (impersonal, subject = at gaae videre)","gloss":"manage"},{"surface":"ved","lemma":"ved","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the manner clause (ved ... at gaae videre)","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"saa","lemma":"så","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies tidlig","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"tidlig","lemma":"tidlig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gaae","gloss":"early"},{"surface":"som","lemma":"som","morphology":"conjunction","role":"correlative with saa (comparison)","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"mulig","lemma":"mulig","morphology":"adjective, common gender, singular","role":"complement of som (elliptical: as possible)","gloss":"possible"},{"surface":"at","lemma":"at","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the clause of gaae","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"gaae","lemma":"gå","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive","role":"extraposed subject clause of lykkes (with det)","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"videre","lemma":"videre","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gaae","gloss":"further"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"forord-s21","source":"Hvor da hine ærværdige Skikkelser naaede hen, der begynder i vor Tid Enhver for at gaae videre.","translation":"Where, then, those venerable figures arrived — there, in our age, everyone begins, in order to go further.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Hvor","lemma":"hvor","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies naaede","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"da","lemma":"da","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Hvor","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"hine","lemma":"hin","morphology":"determiner, common gender, plural","role":"modifies Skikkelser","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"ærværdige","lemma":"ærværdig","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies Skikkelser","gloss":"venerable"},{"surface":"Skikkelser","lemma":"skikkelse","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"subject of naaede","gloss":"figures"},{"surface":"naaede","lemma":"nå","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"verb of the Hvor-clause","gloss":"arrived"},{"surface":"hen","lemma":"hen","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on naaede","gloss":"at","note":"Idiom: 'naae hen' = to arrive at / reach a point."},{"surface":"der","lemma":"der","morphology":"adverb","role":"resumes the Hvor-clause, modifies begynder","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"begynder","lemma":"begynde","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"begins"},{"surface":"i","lemma":"i","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Tid","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"vor","lemma":"vor","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of Tid","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"Tid","lemma":"tid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of i, adjunct of begynder","gloss":"age"},{"surface":"Enhver","lemma":"enhver","morphology":"pronoun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of begynder","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"for","lemma":"for","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the purpose clause of gaae","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"at","lemma":"at","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the clause of gaae","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"gaae","lemma":"gå","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive","role":"purpose clause modifying begynder","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"videre","lemma":"videre","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on gaae","gloss":"further"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"forord-s22","source":"Nærværende Forfatter er ingenlunde Philosoph, han har ikke forstaaet Systemet, om det er til, om det er færdigt, han har allerede nok for sit svage Hoved i den Tanke, hvilket uhyre Hoved Enhver i vor Tid maa have, da Enhver har en saadan uhyre Tanke.","translation":"The present author is by no means a philosopher; he has not understood the System — whether it exists, whether it is finished — he already has quite enough for his weak head in the thought of what an enormous head everyone in our age must have, since everyone has such an enormous thought.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Nærværende","lemma":"nærværende","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies Forfatter","gloss":"present"},{"surface":"Forfatter","lemma":"forfatter","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of er","gloss":"author"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"være","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active","role":"copula linking to Philosoph","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"ingenlunde","lemma":"ingenlunde","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies er","gloss":"by no means"},{"surface":"Philosoph","lemma":"philosoph","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicate complement of er","gloss":"philosopher"},{"surface":"han","lemma":"han","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of har","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"har","lemma":"have","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of forstaaet","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"ikke","lemma":"ikke","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies forstaaet","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"forstaaet","lemma":"forstå","morphology":"verb, past, participle","role":"past participle governed by har","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"Systemet","lemma":"system","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of forstaaet","gloss":"the System"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of er","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"det","lemma":"det","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of er","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"være","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active","role":"verb of the om-clause (er til = exists)","gloss":"exists"},{"surface":"til","lemma":"til","morphology":"adverb","role":"particle completing er (være til = to exist)","gloss":"there","note":"Idiom: 'være til' = to exist."},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of færdigt","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"det","lemma":"det","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of er","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"være","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active","role":"copula linking to færdigt","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"færdigt","lemma":"færdig","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"predicate adjective of er","gloss":"finished"},{"surface":"han","lemma":"han","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of har","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"har","lemma":"have","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"allerede","lemma":"allerede","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies har","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"nok","lemma":"nok","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of har (nok = 'enough')","gloss":"enough"},{"surface":"for","lemma":"for","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Hoved","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"sit","lemma":"sin","morphology":"determiner, neuter, singular, reflexive","role":"determiner of Hoved","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"svage","lemma":"svag","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies Hoved","gloss":"weak"},{"surface":"Hoved","lemma":"hoved","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of for","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"i","lemma":"i","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Tanke","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"den","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of Tanke","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Tanke","lemma":"tanke","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of i","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"hvilket","lemma":"hvilken","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of Hoved (exclamative)","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"uhyre","lemma":"uhyre","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies Hoved","gloss":"enormous"},{"surface":"Hoved","lemma":"hoved","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of have, in apposition to Tanke","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"Enhver","lemma":"enhver","morphology":"pronoun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of have","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"i","lemma":"i","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Tid","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"vor","lemma":"vor","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of Tid","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"Tid","lemma":"tid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of i, adjunct of have","gloss":"age"},{"surface":"maa","lemma":"måtte","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of have","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"have","lemma":"have","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive","role":"main verb of the exclamative clause (with maa)","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"da","lemma":"da","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of har","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"Enhver","lemma":"enhver","morphology":"pronoun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of har","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"har","lemma":"have","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active","role":"main verb of the da-clause","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of Tanke","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"saadan","lemma":"sådan","morphology":"determiner","role":"modifies Tanke","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"uhyre","lemma":"uhyre","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies Tanke","gloss":"enormous"},{"surface":"Tanke","lemma":"tanke","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of har","gloss":"thought"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"forord-s23","source":"Om man end var istand til at omsætte hele Troens Indhold i Begrebets Form, saa følger deraf ikke, at man har begrebet Troen, begrebet, hvorledes man kom ind i den, eller hvorledes \"den kom ind i Een.","translation":"Even if one were able to translate the whole content of faith into the form of the concept, it does not follow from this that one has grasped faith — grasped how one entered into it, or how it entered into one.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Begrebet / begrebet","title":"«Begreb» — concept; the pun on 'grasp'","body":"Kierkegaard puns on «Begreb» (concept) and «begrebet» (grasped/comprehended, past participle of «begribe»): to recast faith in «Begrebets Form» (the form of the concept) is not to have «begrebet» (grasped) it. The dig is at Hegelian conceptual mediation. «hvorledes» = 'how' (archaic, modern «hvordan»)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause (with end: 'even if')","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"man","lemma":"man","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender","role":"subject of var","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"end","lemma":"end","morphology":"adverb","role":"correlative with Om (even if)","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"var","lemma":"være","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active","role":"copula linking to istand","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"istand","lemma":"i stand","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicate adjective of var (istand til = able to)","gloss":"able","note":"Idiom: 'være i stand til' = to be able to."},{"surface":"til","lemma":"til","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of omsætte","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"at","lemma":"at","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the clause of omsætte","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"omsætte","lemma":"omsætte","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of istand til","gloss":"translate"},{"surface":"hele","lemma":"hel","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies Indhold","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"Troens","lemma":"tro","morphology":"noun, genitive, common gender, singular","role":"possessor of Indhold","gloss":"of faith"},{"surface":"Indhold","lemma":"indhold","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of omsætte","gloss":"content"},{"surface":"i","lemma":"i","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Form","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"Begrebets","lemma":"begreb","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"possessor of Form","gloss":"of the concept"},{"surface":"Form","lemma":"form","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of omsætte","gloss":"form"},{"surface":"saa","lemma":"så","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies følger","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"følger","lemma":"følge","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"follows"},{"surface":"deraf","lemma":"deraf","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial modifier of følger","gloss":"from this"},{"surface":"ikke","lemma":"ikke","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies følger","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"at","lemma":"at","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of har (extraposed subject of følger)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"man","lemma":"man","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender","role":"subject of har","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"har","lemma":"have","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of begrebet (har begrebet = has grasped)","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"begrebet","lemma":"begribe","morphology":"verb, past, participle","role":"past participle governed by har","gloss":"grasped","note":"Kierkegaard puns here: 'begrebet' (grasped, from begribe) is spelled identically to 'Begreb' (concept), used earlier in this sentence."},{"surface":"Troen","lemma":"tro","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of begrebet","gloss":"faith"},{"surface":"begrebet","lemma":"begribe","morphology":"verb, past, participle","role":"in apposition to har begrebet, governs the hvorledes-clause","gloss":"grasped"},{"surface":"hvorledes","lemma":"hvorledes","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of kom","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"man","lemma":"man","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender","role":"subject of kom","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"kom","lemma":"komme","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"verb of the hvorledes-clause (governed by begrebet)","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"ind","lemma":"ind","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on kom","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"i","lemma":"i","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking den","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"den","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, common gender, singular","role":"object of i","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"eller","lemma":"eller","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"hvorledes","lemma":"hvorledes","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the second clause of kom (coordinated)","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"den","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of kom","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"kom","lemma":"komme","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"coordinated with kom","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"ind","lemma":"ind","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on kom","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"i","lemma":"i","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Een","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"Een","lemma":"en","morphology":"pronoun, common gender, singular","role":"object of i","gloss":"one"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"forord-s24","source":"Nærværende Forfatter er ingenlunde Philosoph, han er, poetice et eleganter, en Extra-Skriver, der hverken skriver Systemet eller Løfter om Systemet, der hverken forskriver sig paa Systemet. eller til Systemet.","translation":"The present author is by no means a philosopher; he is, poetically and elegantly speaking, a supernumerary scribe who neither writes the System nor promises about the System, who neither pledges himself upon the System nor to the System.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Nærværende","lemma":"nærværende","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies Forfatter","gloss":"present"},{"surface":"Forfatter","lemma":"forfatter","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of er","gloss":"author"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"være","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active","role":"copula linking to Philosoph","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"ingenlunde","lemma":"ingenlunde","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies er","gloss":"by no means"},{"surface":"Philosoph","lemma":"philosoph","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicate complement of er","gloss":"philosopher"},{"surface":"han","lemma":"han","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of er","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"være","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active","role":"copula linking to Extra-Skriver","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"poetice","lemma":"poetice","morphology":"adverb (Latin)","role":"parenthetical, modifies er","gloss":"poetically"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction (Latin)","role":"links poetice and eleganter","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"eleganter","lemma":"eleganter","morphology":"adverb (Latin)","role":"coordinated with poetice","gloss":"elegantly"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of Extra-Skriver","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"Extra-Skriver","lemma":"extra-skriver","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicate complement of er","gloss":"supernumerary scribe"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"der","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of skriver","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"hverken","lemma":"hverken","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies skriver","gloss":"neither"},{"surface":"skriver","lemma":"skrive","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active","role":"relative clause on Extra-Skriver","gloss":"writes"},{"surface":"Systemet","lemma":"system","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of skriver","gloss":"the System"},{"surface":"eller","lemma":"eller","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"Løfter","lemma":"løfte","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated with Systemet (second object of skriver)","gloss":"promises"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Systemet","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"Systemet","lemma":"system","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of om, modifies Løfter","gloss":"the System"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"der","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of forskriver","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"hverken","lemma":"hverken","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies forskriver","gloss":"neither"},{"surface":"forskriver","lemma":"forskrive","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active","role":"relative clause on Extra-Skriver","gloss":"pledges"},{"surface":"sig","lemma":"sig","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"direct object of forskriver","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"paa","lemma":"på","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Systemet","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"Systemet","lemma":"system","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of forskriver","gloss":"the System"},{"surface":"eller","lemma":"eller","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"til","lemma":"til","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Systemet","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Systemet","lemma":"system","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of til, coordinated with paa Systemet","gloss":"the System"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"forord-s25","source":"Han skriver, fordi det er ham en Luxus, der vinder i Behagelighed og Evidents, jo Færre der kjøbe og læse, hvad han skriver.","translation":"He writes because it is a luxury for him — one that grows in agreeableness and evidence the fewer there are who buy and read what he writes.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"jo Færre … der","title":"«jo … desto» comparative correlation","body":"«jo Færre der kjøbe…» uses the «jo …» correlative ('the fewer … the more'), here with the second clause implied by «vinder i». The luxury increases in proportion as readers decrease — a wry inversion of the marketplace opening. «kjøbe» keeps the «kj-» spelling (modern «købe», to buy) and the older plural verb form."}],"words":[{"surface":"Han","lemma":"han","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of skriver","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"skriver","lemma":"skrive","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"writes"},{"surface":"fordi","lemma":"fordi","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of er","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"det","lemma":"det","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of er","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"være","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active","role":"copula linking to Luxus","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"ham","lemma":"han","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, common gender, singular","role":"indirect object of er","gloss":"for him"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of Luxus","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"Luxus","lemma":"luksus","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicate complement of er","gloss":"luxury"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"der","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of vinder","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"vinder","lemma":"vinde","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active","role":"relative clause on Luxus","gloss":"grows"},{"surface":"i","lemma":"i","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Behagelighed","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Behagelighed","lemma":"behagelighed","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of vinder","gloss":"agreeableness"},{"surface":"og","lemma":"og","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Evidents","lemma":"evidens","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with Behagelighed","gloss":"evidence"},{"surface":"jo","lemma":"jo","morphology":"adverb","role":"correlative, introduces the comparative clause modifying vinder","gloss":"the","note":"Comparative correlative: 'jo Færre' = 'the fewer' (not the discourse particle jo, 'you know')."},{"surface":"Færre","lemma":"få","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"subject/predicate of the jo-clause","gloss":"fewer"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"der","morphology":"adverb","role":"expletive subject of kjøbe/læse","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"kjøbe","lemma":"købe","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, plural","role":"verb of the der-clause, coordinated with læse","gloss":"buy"},{"surface":"og","lemma":"og","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"læse","lemma":"læse","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, plural","role":"coordinated with kjøbe","gloss":"read"},{"surface":"hvad","lemma":"hvad","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"introduces the clause of skriver","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"han","lemma":"han","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of skriver","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"skriver","lemma":"skrive","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active","role":"verb of the hvad-clause (object of kjøbe/læse)","gloss":"writes"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"forord-s26","source":"Han forudseer let sin Skjæbne i en Tid, da man har slaaet en Streg over Lidenskaben for at tjene Videnskaben, i en Tid, da en Forfatter, der vil have Læsere, maa passe paa at skrive saaledes, at det beqvemt lader sig gjennemblade under Middagssøvnen, og passe paa at danne sin ydre Optræden i Lighed med hiin høflige Gartnersvends i Adresseavisen, der med Hatten i Haanden og gode Recommendationer fra det Sted, hvor han har tjent sidst, anbefaler sig til et høistæret Publikum.","translation":"He easily foresees his fate in an age that has struck a line through passion in order to serve science — an age in which an author who wants readers must take care to write in such a way that it can comfortably be leafed through during the afternoon nap, and take care to model his outward bearing on that polite gardener's lad in the classifieds, who, hat in hand and with good references from the place where he last served, recommends himself to a most honored public.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Skjæbne","title":"«Skjæbne» — fate; «skj-» spelling","body":"«Skjæbne» (modern «skæbne», fate/destiny) keeps the older «skj-» cluster, like «Skjæbne» again below. «Lidenskab» (passion) set against «Videnskab» (science/scholarship) is a near-rhyme Kierkegaard exploits — the age trades passion for science. «beqvemt» = «bekvemt» (comfortably), «gjennemblade» = «gennemblade» (leaf through)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Han","lemma":"han","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of forudseer","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"forudseer","lemma":"forudsee","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"foresees"},{"surface":"let","lemma":"let","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies forudseer","gloss":"easily"},{"surface":"sin","lemma":"sin","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular, reflexive","role":"determiner of Skjæbne","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"Skjæbne","lemma":"skjæbne","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of forudseer","gloss":"fate"},{"surface":"i","lemma":"i","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Tid","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of Tid","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"Tid","lemma":"Tid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of forudseer","gloss":"age"},{"surface":"da","lemma":"da","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of slaaet","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"man","lemma":"man","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender","role":"subject of slaaet","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"har","lemma":"have","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of slaaet","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"slaaet","lemma":"slaa","morphology":"verb, past, participle, singular","role":"relative clause on Tid","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of Streg","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"Streg","lemma":"Streg","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of slaaet","gloss":"line"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Lidenskaben","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"Lidenskaben","lemma":"Lidenskab","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of slaaet","gloss":"passion"},{"surface":"for","lemma":"for","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of tjene","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"at","lemma":"at","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the clause of tjene","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"tjene","lemma":"tjene","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on slaaet","gloss":"serve"},{"surface":"Videnskaben","lemma":"videnskab","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of tjene","gloss":"science"},{"surface":"i","lemma":"i","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Tid","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of Tid","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"Tid","lemma":"Tid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"in apposition to Tid (w8)","gloss":"age"},{"surface":"da","lemma":"da","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of passe","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of Forfatter","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"Forfatter","lemma":"forfatter","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of passe","gloss":"author"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"der","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of have","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"vil","lemma":"ville","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of have","gloss":"wants to"},{"surface":"have","lemma":"have","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive","role":"relative clause on Forfatter","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"Læsere","lemma":"Læsere","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"direct object of have","gloss":"readers"},{"surface":"maa","lemma":"maatte","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of passe","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"passe","lemma":"passe","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive","role":"relative clause on Tid (w23)","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"paa","lemma":"paa","morphology":"adverb, verb particle","role":"particle of passe","gloss":"care","note":"'passe paa at' is an idiom meaning 'take care to' / 'make sure to.'"},{"surface":"at","lemma":"at","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the clause of skrive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"skrive","lemma":"skrive","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive","role":"complement of passe","gloss":"write"},{"surface":"saaledes","lemma":"saaledes","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies skrive","gloss":"in such a way"},{"surface":"at","lemma":"at","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of lader","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"det","lemma":"det","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of lader","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"beqvemt","lemma":"beqvemt","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gjennemblade","gloss":"comfortably"},{"surface":"lader","lemma":"lade","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active","role":"result clause on saaledes","gloss":"lets"},{"surface":"sig","lemma":"sig","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"direct object of lader","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"gjennemblade","lemma":"gjennemblade","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive","role":"complement of lader","gloss":"leafed through"},{"surface":"under","lemma":"under","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Middagssøvnen","gloss":"during"},{"surface":"Middagssøvnen","lemma":"middagssøvn","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of gjennemblade","gloss":"afternoon nap"},{"surface":"og","lemma":"og","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"passe","lemma":"passe","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive","role":"coordinated with passe (w32)","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"paa","lemma":"paa","morphology":"adverb, verb particle","role":"particle of passe (w46)","gloss":"care"},{"surface":"at","lemma":"at","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the clause of danne","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"danne","lemma":"danne","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive","role":"complement of passe","gloss":"model"},{"surface":"sin","lemma":"sin","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular, reflexive","role":"determiner of Optræden","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"ydre","lemma":"ydre","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies Optræden","gloss":"outward"},{"surface":"Optræden","lemma":"Optræden","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of danne","gloss":"bearing"},{"surface":"i","lemma":"i","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Lighed","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Lighed","lemma":"Lighed","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of danne","gloss":"likeness"},{"surface":"med","lemma":"med","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hiin","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"hiin","lemma":"hiin","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of Gartnersvends","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"høflige","lemma":"høflig","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies Gartnersvends","gloss":"polite"},{"surface":"Gartnersvends","lemma":"Gartnersvend","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular, genitive","role":"possessor of (elided) Optræden","gloss":"gardener's lad","note":"The genitive form suggests an elided noun ('...that gardener-lad's [bearing]'), since 'Optræden' was already named."},{"surface":"i","lemma":"i","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Adresseavisen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Adresseavisen","lemma":"Adresseavisen","morphology":"proper noun","role":"modifies Gartnersvends","gloss":"the classifieds","note":"Adresseavisen was a real Copenhagen newspaper known for its classified advertisements."},{"surface":"der","lemma":"der","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of anbefaler","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"med","lemma":"med","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Hatten","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Hatten","lemma":"Hat","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of anbefaler","gloss":"hat"},{"surface":"i","lemma":"i","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Haanden","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Haanden","lemma":"Haand","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"modifies Hatten","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"og","lemma":"og","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"gode","lemma":"god","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies Recommendationer","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"Recommendationer","lemma":"Recommendation","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"coordinated with Hatten","gloss":"references"},{"surface":"fra","lemma":"fra","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Sted","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"det","lemma":"den","morphology":"determiner, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of Sted","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Sted","lemma":"sted","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"modifies Recommendationer","gloss":"place"},{"surface":"hvor","lemma":"hvor","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies tjent","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"han","lemma":"han","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of tjent","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"har","lemma":"have","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of tjent","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"tjent","lemma":"tjene","morphology":"verb, past, participle, singular","role":"relative clause on Sted","gloss":"served"},{"surface":"sidst","lemma":"sidst","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies tjent","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"anbefaler","lemma":"anbefale","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active","role":"relative clause on Gartnersvends","gloss":"recommends"},{"surface":"sig","lemma":"sig","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"direct object of anbefaler","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"til","lemma":"til","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Publikum","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of Publikum","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"høistæret","lemma":"høistæret","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"modifies Publikum","gloss":"most honored"},{"surface":"Publikum","lemma":"Publikum","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of anbefaler","gloss":"public"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"forord-s27","source":"Han forudseer sin Skjæbne, at blive aldeles ignoreret, han aner det Forfærdelige, at den nidkjære Kritik vil lade ham flere Gange staae Skoleret; han gruer for det endnu Forfærdeligere, at en eller anden driftig Registrator, en Paragraphsluger, (der, for at frelse Videnskaben, altid er villig til at gjøre ved Andres Skrifter, hvad Trop for ,at redde Smagen\" høimodigen gjorde ved »Menneskeslægtens Ødelæggelse\") — skal skære ham over i $8, og gjøre det med samme Ubøielighed som den Mand, der for at tjene Interpunctions-Videnskaben inddeelte sin Tale ved at tælle Ordene, saa der gik 50 Ord paa et Punktum og 35 paa et Semikolon.","translation":"He foresees his fate, to be wholly ignored; he senses the dreadful thing, that zealous criticism will several times make him stand in the corner like a schoolboy; he dreads the still more dreadful thing, that some enterprising registrar or other — a paragraph-swallower (who, in order to rescue science, is always willing to do to other people's writings what Trop, 'to save taste,' magnanimously did to 'The Destruction of the Human Race') — will carve him up into sections, and do it with the same inflexibility as the man who, in order to serve the science of punctuation, divided up his speech by counting the words, so that fifty words went to a full stop and thirty-five to a semicolon.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"staae Skoleret","title":"«staae» — doubled-vowel infinitive","body":"«staae» (modern «stå», to stand) shows the period's tripled-looking «aae» where the stem vowel doubles before the «-e» ending. Likewise «skære» (cut), «gjøre» (do), «inddeelte» (divided, modern «inddelte»). «$8» and «$» throughout render the section sign § as printed in this edition."}],"words":[{"surface":"Han","lemma":"han","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of forudseer","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"forudseer","lemma":"forudsee","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"foresees"},{"surface":"sin","lemma":"sin","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular, reflexive","role":"determiner of Skjæbne","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"Skjæbne","lemma":"skjæbne","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of forudseer","gloss":"fate"},{"surface":"at","lemma":"at","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the clause of ignoreret","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"blive","lemma":"blive","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive","role":"auxiliary of ignoreret","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"aldeles","lemma":"aldeles","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ignoreret","gloss":"wholly"},{"surface":"ignoreret","lemma":"ignorere","morphology":"verb, past, participle, singular","role":"complement of blive","gloss":"ignored"},{"surface":"han","lemma":"han","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of aner","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"aner","lemma":"ane","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active","role":"coordinated with forudseer","gloss":"senses"},{"surface":"det","lemma":"den","morphology":"determiner, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of Forfærdelige","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Forfærdelige","lemma":"Forfærdelig","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"direct object of aner","gloss":"dreadful thing"},{"surface":"at","lemma":"at","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of lade","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"den","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of Kritik","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"nidkjære","lemma":"nidkjær","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies Kritik","gloss":"zealous"},{"surface":"Kritik","lemma":"Kritik","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of lade","gloss":"criticism"},{"surface":"vil","lemma":"ville","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of lade","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"lade","lemma":"lade","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive","role":"complement clause on Forfærdelige (w11-12)","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"ham","lemma":"han","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of lade","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"flere","lemma":"mange","morphology":"adjective, plural, comparative","role":"modifies Gange","gloss":"several"},{"surface":"Gange","lemma":"Gang","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"modifies staae","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"staae","lemma":"staae","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive","role":"complement of lade","gloss":"stand"},{"surface":"Skoleret","lemma":"Skoleret","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"idiomatic complement of staae","gloss":"school tribunal","note":"'Staae Skoleret' is an idiom for being hauled up and interrogated like a schoolboy before the class; our translation renders it freely as 'stand in the corner like a schoolboy.'"},{"surface":"han","lemma":"han","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of gruer","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"gruer","lemma":"grue","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active","role":"coordinated with aner","gloss":"dreads"},{"surface":"for","lemma":"for","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Forfærdeligere","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"det","lemma":"den","morphology":"determiner, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of Forfærdeligere","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"endnu","lemma":"endnu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Forfærdeligere","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"Forfærdeligere","lemma":"Forfærdelig","morphology":"adjective, comparative, singular","role":"oblique complement of gruer","gloss":"more dreadful thing"},{"surface":"at","lemma":"at","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of skære","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"part of idiom en eller anden","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"eller","lemma":"eller","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of idiom en eller anden","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"anden","lemma":"anden","morphology":"pronoun, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of Registrator","gloss":"other","note":"'En eller anden' is a fixed idiom meaning 'some ... or other.'"},{"surface":"driftig","lemma":"driftig","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies Registrator","gloss":"enterprising"},{"surface":"Registrator","lemma":"registrator","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of skære","gloss":"registrar"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of Paragraphsluger","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"Paragraphsluger","lemma":"Paragraphsluger","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"in apposition to Registrator","gloss":"paragraph-swallower"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"der","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of er","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"for","lemma":"for","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of frelse","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"at","lemma":"at","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the clause of frelse","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"frelse","lemma":"frelse","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive","role":"purpose clause on villig","gloss":"rescue"},{"surface":"Videnskaben","lemma":"videnskab","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of frelse","gloss":"science"},{"surface":"altid","lemma":"altid","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies villig","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"være","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active","role":"copula linking to villig","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"villig","lemma":"villig","morphology":"adjective, common gender, singular","role":"predicate complement of er","gloss":"willing"},{"surface":"til","lemma":"til","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of gjøre","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"at","lemma":"at","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the clause of gjøre","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"gjøre","lemma":"gjøre","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive","role":"complement of villig","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"ved","lemma":"ved","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Skrifter","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Andres","lemma":"anden","morphology":"determiner, plural, genitive","role":"determiner of Skrifter","gloss":"other people's"},{"surface":"Skrifter","lemma":"skrift","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of gjøre","gloss":"writings"},{"surface":"hvad","lemma":"hvad","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"introduces the clause of gjorde","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"Trop","lemma":"Trop","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of gjorde","gloss":"Trop","note":"An allusion, obscure to modern readers, to a contemporary figure or incident involving a drastic cutting-down of the 1807 play named below."},{"surface":"for","lemma":"for","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of redde","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"at","lemma":"at","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the clause of redde","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"redde","lemma":"redde","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive","role":"purpose clause on gjorde","gloss":"save"},{"surface":"Smagen","lemma":"smag","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of redde","gloss":"taste"},{"surface":"høimodigen","lemma":"høimodig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gjorde","gloss":"magnanimously"},{"surface":"gjorde","lemma":"gøre","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"relative clause on hvad","gloss":"did"},{"surface":"ved","lemma":"ved","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Ødelæggelse","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Menneskeslægtens","lemma":"Menneskeslægt","morphology":"noun, genitive, common gender, singular","role":"possessor of Ødelæggelse","gloss":"the human race's"},{"surface":"Ødelæggelse","lemma":"Ødelæggelse","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of gjorde","gloss":"destruction","note":"'Menneskeslægtens Ødelæggelse' (The Destruction of the Human Race) was a real 1807 Danish play by P. A. Heiberg; the passage satirizes a notorious drastic abridgment of it."},{"surface":"skal","lemma":"skulle","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of skære","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"skære","lemma":"skære","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive","role":"predicate of Registrator","gloss":"cut"},{"surface":"ham","lemma":"han","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of skære","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on skære","gloss":"up"},{"surface":"i","lemma":"i","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking $8","gloss":"into","note":"'$8' in the source text stands for '§ 8' (section 8) — the printer's rendering of the section-mark, continuing the joke about a bureaucratic 'paragraph-swallower.'"},{"surface":"og","lemma":"og","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"gjøre","lemma":"gjøre","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive","role":"coordinated with skære","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"det","lemma":"det","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of gjøre","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"med","lemma":"med","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Ubøielighed","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"samme","lemma":"samme","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies Ubøielighed","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"Ubøielighed","lemma":"Ubøielighed","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of gjøre","gloss":"inflexibility"},{"surface":"som","lemma":"som","morphology":"conjunction, comparative","role":"introduces the comparison clause on Ubøielighed","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"den","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of Mand","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Mand","lemma":"Mand","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of som","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"der","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of inddeelte","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"for","lemma":"for","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of tjene","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"at","lemma":"at","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the clause of tjene","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"tjene","lemma":"tjene","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive","role":"purpose clause on inddeelte","gloss":"serve"},{"surface":"Interpunctions-Videnskaben","lemma":"Interpunctions-Videnskab","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of tjene","gloss":"the science of punctuation"},{"surface":"inddeelte","lemma":"inddele","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"relative clause on Mand","gloss":"divided up"},{"surface":"sin","lemma":"sin","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular, reflexive","role":"determiner of Tale","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"Tale","lemma":"Tale","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of inddeelte","gloss":"speech"},{"surface":"ved","lemma":"ved","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of tælle","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"at","lemma":"at","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the clause of tælle","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"tælle","lemma":"tælle","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on inddeelte","gloss":"count"},{"surface":"Ordene","lemma":"Ord","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of tælle","gloss":"the words"},{"surface":"saa","lemma":"saa","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of gik","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"der","morphology":"adverb","role":"expletive with gik","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"gik","lemma":"gå","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"result clause on inddeelte","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"Ord","lemma":"Ord","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"subject of gik","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"paa","lemma":"paa","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Punktum","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of Punktum","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"Punktum","lemma":"Punktum","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of gik","gloss":"full stop"},{"surface":"og","lemma":"og","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"paa","lemma":"paa","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Semikolon","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of Semikolon","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"Semikolon","lemma":"semikolon","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with Punktum","gloss":"semicolon"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"forord-s28","source":"— Jeg falder i dybeste Underdanighed ned for enhver systematisk Posekigger: »Det er ikke Systemet, det har ikke det Mindste med Systemet at gjøre.","translation":"— I fall down in deepest submission before every systematic bag-peerer: \"This is not the System; it has not the slightest thing to do with the System.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Posekigger","title":"«Posekigger» — bag-peerer","body":"«Posekigger» is Kierkegaard's coinage: literally one who peers into bags/sacks («Pose» = bag) — a snooping inspector, here the 'systematic' critic who roots through a text for its place in the System. Note the switch to the «»…«» guillemets opening the author's mock-deferential closing speech, which runs to the end of the preface."}],"words":[{"surface":"Jeg","lemma":"jeg","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of falder","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"falder","lemma":"falde","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fall"},{"surface":"i","lemma":"i","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Underdanighed","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"dybeste","lemma":"dyb","morphology":"adjective, superlative","role":"modifies Underdanighed","gloss":"deepest"},{"surface":"Underdanighed","lemma":"Underdanighed","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of falder","gloss":"submission"},{"surface":"ned","lemma":"ned","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on falder","gloss":"down"},{"surface":"for","lemma":"for","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Posekigger","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"enhver","lemma":"enhver","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of Posekigger","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"systematisk","lemma":"systematisk","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies Posekigger","gloss":"systematic"},{"surface":"Posekigger","lemma":"Posekigger","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of for","gloss":"bag-peerer","note":"Kierkegaard's coinage mocking Hegelian systematizers who rummage through and peer into every 'bag' of thought."},{"surface":"Det","lemma":"det","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of er","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"være","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active","role":"copula linking to Systemet","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"ikke","lemma":"ikke","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies er","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"Systemet","lemma":"system","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of er","gloss":"the System"},{"surface":"det","lemma":"det","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of har","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"har","lemma":"have","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active","role":"coordinated with er","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"ikke","lemma":"ikke","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Mindste","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"det","lemma":"den","morphology":"determiner, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of Mindste","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Mindste","lemma":"Mindste","morphology":"adjective, superlative","role":"direct object of har","gloss":"slightest thing"},{"surface":"med","lemma":"med","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Systemet","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Systemet","lemma":"system","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of gjøre","gloss":"the System"},{"surface":"at","lemma":"at","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the clause of gjøre","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"gjøre","lemma":"gjøre","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive","role":"complement of har","gloss":"do","note":"'Har ... at gjøre med' is the idiom 'to have to do with.'"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"forord-s29","source":"Jeg nedbeder alt Godt over Systemet og over de danske Interessenter i denne Omnibus; thi et Taarn bliver det nok neppe.","translation":"I call down all good upon the System and upon the Danish shareholders in this omnibus; for a tower it will hardly become.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Jeg","lemma":"jeg","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of nedbeder","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"nedbeder","lemma":"nedbede","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"call down"},{"surface":"alt","lemma":"al","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"modifies Godt","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"Godt","lemma":"god","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of nedbeder","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Systemet","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"Systemet","lemma":"system","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of nedbeder","gloss":"the System"},{"surface":"og","lemma":"og","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Interessenter","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"den","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of Interessenter","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"danske","lemma":"dansk","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies Interessenter","gloss":"Danish"},{"surface":"Interessenter","lemma":"Interessent","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"oblique complement of over (w8)","gloss":"shareholders"},{"surface":"i","lemma":"i","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Omnibus","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"denne","lemma":"denne","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of Omnibus","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"Omnibus","lemma":"Omnibus","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of i","gloss":"omnibus","note":"An 'omnibus' here figures the crowded, miscellaneous vehicle of contemporary Danish letters that the System's shareholders all ride together."},{"surface":"thi","lemma":"thi","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the following clause","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of Taarn","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"Taarn","lemma":"Taarn","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of bliver","gloss":"tower"},{"surface":"bliver","lemma":"blive","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active","role":"copula linking to Taarn","gloss":"will become"},{"surface":"det","lemma":"det","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of bliver","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"nok","lemma":"nok","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies neppe","gloss":"probably"},{"surface":"neppe","lemma":"neppe","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bliver","gloss":"hardly"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"forord-s30","source":"Jeg ønsker dem alle samtlige og hver især til Lykke og Velsignelse.”","translation":"I wish them all, one and all and each in particular, luck and blessing.\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Jeg","lemma":"jeg","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of ønsker","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ønsker","lemma":"ønske","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wish"},{"surface":"dem","lemma":"de","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of ønsker","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"alle","lemma":"al","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"in apposition to dem","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"samtlige","lemma":"samtlige","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"in apposition to dem","gloss":"one and all"},{"surface":"og","lemma":"og","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hver","lemma":"hver","morphology":"pronoun, common gender, singular","role":"in apposition to dem","gloss":"each"},{"surface":"især","lemma":"især","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hver","gloss":"in particular"},{"surface":"til","lemma":"til","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Lykke","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Lykke","lemma":"lykke","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of ønsker","gloss":"luck"},{"surface":"og","lemma":"og","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Velsignelse","lemma":"Velsignelse","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with Lykke","gloss":"blessing"}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"forord-s31","source":"Ærbødigst Johannes de silentio.","translation":"Most respectfully, Johannes de silentio.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ærbødigst","lemma":"ærbødigst","morphology":"adverb, superlative","role":"sentence adverb","gloss":"most respectfully"},{"surface":"Johannes","lemma":"Johannes","morphology":"proper noun","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Johannes","note":"'Johannes de silentio' (Latin: 'John of Silence') is Kierkegaard's pseudonym for this work."},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition (Latin)","role":"preposition marking silentio","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"silentio","lemma":"silentium","morphology":"noun (Latin, ablative)","role":"object of de","gloss":"silence"}]}]}