{"work":{"slug":"nils","title":{"source":"Nils Holgerssons underbara resa genom Sverige","translated":"The Wonderful Adventures of Nils"},"author":"Selma Lagerlöf","language":"Swedish","languageCode":"sv","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/nils"},"unit":{"kind":"chapter","number":null,"id":"ch07","title":{"source":"Trappan med de tre trappstegen","translated":"The Staircase with the Three Steps"},"section":"The Wonderful Adventures of Nils","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/nils/ch07","lines":61},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/nils/ch06","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/nils/ch08","license":"Source text: public domain (Selma Lagerlöf, d. 1940; first published 1906–1907). English translation: © 2026 1732 Studios, LLC — original draft, pending editorial review.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"ch07-p1-s1","source":"Nästa dag ämnade vildgässen fara norrut genom Allbo härad i Småland.","translation":"The next day the wild geese meant to travel north through Allbo Hundred in Småland.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ämnade vildgässen","title":"V2 word order: fronted adverbial","body":"Swedish main clauses keep the finite verb in second position no matter what comes first. Here the time adverbial «Nästa dag» ('next day') opens the sentence, so the verb «ämnade» must come next, pushing the subject «vildgässen» after it — literally 'Next day intended the wild geese'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"härad","title":"«härad»: an old district","body":"A «härad» ('hundred') is a historic Swedish administrative subdivision of a «landskap» (province), used for centuries for local courts and taxation. «Allbo härad» is one such district within Småland."}],"words":[{"surface":"Nästa","lemma":"nästa","morphology":"adjective, nominative","role":"modifies dag","gloss":"next"},{"surface":"dag","lemma":"dag","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of ämnade","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"ämnade","lemma":"ämna","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"modifies fara","gloss":"intended"},{"surface":"vildgässen","lemma":"vildgässe","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of ämnade","gloss":"the wild geese","note":"attested only in the plural surface vildgässen; the collective noun for the wild-goose flock."},{"surface":"fara","lemma":"fara","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"go","note":"some listed surfaces (fara, far) are actually forms of the unrelated verb fara 'to travel/go'; gloss the noun sense danger for the noun-tagged type."},{"surface":"norrut","lemma":"norrut","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies fara","gloss":"northward"},{"surface":"genom","lemma":"genom","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Allbo","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"Allbo","lemma":"Allbo","morphology":"proper noun, nominative","role":"modifies fara","gloss":"Allbo"},{"surface":"härad","lemma":"härad","morphology":"adjective, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"modifies fara","gloss":"hundred (district)","note":"'Härad' is a historical Swedish administrative district, not an adjective; mistagged by the parser."},{"surface":"i","lemma":"i","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Småland","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Småland","lemma":"Småland","morphology":"proper noun, nominative","role":"modifies fara","gloss":"Småland"}]},{"number":2,"label":"","id":"ch07-p1-s2","source":"De sände Yksi och Kaksi dit för att kunskapa, men när de kommo tillbaka, sade de, att allt vatten var fruset och all mark snöbetäckt.","translation":"They sent Yksi and Kaksi ahead to scout, but when they came back, they said that all the water was frozen and all the ground covered with snow.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"kommo","title":"Archaic plural: «kommo»","body":"Before the 1906 spelling and grammar reform, Swedish verbs still marked plural number in the past tense: singular «kom» ('came') became plural «kommo» when the subject was plural, as with «de» here. Modern Swedish dropped this distinction entirely — today it is just «kom» for everyone."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of sände","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"sände","lemma":"sän","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"sent"},{"surface":"Yksi","lemma":"Yksi","morphology":"noun","role":"direct object of sände","gloss":"Yksi"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Kaksi","lemma":"Kaksi","morphology":"proper noun, nominative","role":"coordinated with Yksi","gloss":"Kaksi","note":"Name of one of the wild geese."},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sände","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"för","lemma":"för","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of kunskapa","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"att","lemma":"att","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the clause of kunskapa","gloss":"to","note":"infinitive marker before a verb."},{"surface":"kunskapa","lemma":"kunskapa","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on sände","gloss":"scout","note":"Kunskapa here means to reconnoiter or gather intelligence."},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"när","lemma":"när","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of kommo","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of kommo","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"kommo","lemma":"kommo","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive","role":"coordinated with sände","gloss":"came","note":"kommo is the archaic plural past tense of komma 'to come', not an infinitive despite the tag."},{"surface":"tillbaka","lemma":"tillbaka","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on kommo","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"sade","lemma":"säga","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"parallel clause to sände","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of sade","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"att","lemma":"att","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of fruset","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"allt","lemma":"all","morphology":"determiner, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of vatten","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"vatten","lemma":"vatten","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of fruset","gloss":"water"},{"surface":"var","lemma":"vara","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active","role":"copula linking to fruset","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"fruset","lemma":"frus","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"clausal complement of sade","gloss":"frozen"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"all","lemma":"all","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of mark","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"mark","lemma":"mark","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of snöbetäckt","gloss":"ground"},{"surface":"snöbetäckt","lemma":"snöbetäck","morphology":"verb, active, supine","role":"coordinated with fruset","gloss":"snow-covered"}]},{"number":3,"label":"","id":"ch07-p1-s3","source":"»Låt oss då så gärna stanna där vi är!» sade vildgässen.","translation":"\"Then let us just as well stay where we are!\" said the wild geese.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Låt","lemma":"låta","morphology":"verb, imperative, active","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"oss","lemma":"vi","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, common gender, plural","role":"direct object of Låt","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"då","lemma":"då","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies stanna","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"så","lemma":"så","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies stanna","gloss":"as well"},{"surface":"gärna","lemma":"gärna","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase så","gloss":"just as well","note":"Type lumps together gärna (gladly) and its suppletive superlative helst (rather/most)."},{"surface":"stanna","lemma":"stanna","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive","role":"complement of Låt","gloss":"stay"},{"surface":"där","lemma":"där","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of är","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"vi","lemma":"vi","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, plural","role":"subject of är","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"är","lemma":"vara","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active","role":"adverbial clause on stanna","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"sade","lemma":"säga","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"vildgässen","lemma":"vildgässe","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of sade","gloss":"the wild geese","note":"attested only in the plural surface vildgässen; the collective noun for the wild-goose flock."}]},{"number":4,"label":"","id":"ch07-p1-s4","source":"»Vi kan inte fara fram över ett land, där det varken finns vatten eller bete.»","translation":"\"We cannot travel across a land where there is neither water nor grazing.\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Vi","lemma":"vi","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, plural","role":"subject of fara","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunna","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of fara","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"inte","lemma":"inte","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies fara","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"fara","lemma":"fara","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"go","note":"some listed surfaces (fara, far) are actually forms of the unrelated verb fara 'to travel/go'; gloss the noun sense danger for the noun-tagged type."},{"surface":"fram","lemma":"fram","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies fara","gloss":"forward"},{"surface":"över","lemma":"över","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking land","gloss":"across"},{"surface":"ett","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of land","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"land","lemma":"land","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of fram","gloss":"land"},{"surface":"där","lemma":"där","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies finns","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"det","lemma":"den","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"expletive with finns","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"varken","lemma":"varken","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"neither"},{"surface":"finns","lemma":"finnas","morphology":"verb, present, indicative","role":"relative clause on land","gloss":"there is"},{"surface":"vatten","lemma":"vatten","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of finns","gloss":"water"},{"surface":"eller","lemma":"eller","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"bete","lemma":"bete","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with vatten","gloss":"grazing"}]},{"number":5,"label":"","id":"ch07-p1-s5","source":"— »Om vi stannar där vi nu är, kan vi få vänta ett helt månvarv,» sade då Akka.","translation":"— \"If we stay where we now are, we may have to wait a whole month,\" Akka said then.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"—","title":"Dash marks a new speaker","body":"Swedish dialogue is set off with «guillemets» (»...»); a dash placed before a new quotation, as here, signals that a different character is now speaking within the same paragraph — Akka answering the geese's complaint."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"månvarv","title":"«månvarv»: a lunar month","body":"Literally 'moon-turn' — one full cycle of the moon. It is an older, more poetic way of saying 'a month', tying time to the sky rather than the calendar."}],"words":[{"surface":"Om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of stannar","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"vi","lemma":"vi","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, plural","role":"subject of stannar","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"stannar","lemma":"stanna","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active","role":"adverbial clause on vänta","gloss":"stay"},{"surface":"där","lemma":"där","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies stannar","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"vi","lemma":"vi","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, plural","role":"subject of är","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies är","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"är","lemma":"vara","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active","role":"clausal complement of stannar","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunna","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of vänta","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"vi","lemma":"vi","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, plural","role":"subject of vänta","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"få","lemma":"få","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive","role":"auxiliary of vänta","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"vänta","lemma":"vänta","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"to wait"},{"surface":"ett","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of månvarv","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"helt","lemma":"helt","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies månvarv","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"månvarv","lemma":"månvarv","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of vänta","gloss":"month","note":"Literally 'a moon's turning'; used as an old word for a lunar month."},{"surface":"sade","lemma":"saa","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"parallel clause to vänta","gloss":"said","note":"lemma should be säga 'to say'; sade/sa are its past-tense forms."},{"surface":"då","lemma":"då","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sade","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"Akka","lemma":"Akka","morphology":"proper noun, nominative","role":"subject of sade","gloss":"Akka","note":"proper name of the lead wild goose; keep untranslated."}]},{"number":6,"label":"","id":"ch07-p1-s6","source":"»Det är bättre att fara österut genom Blekinge och försöka om vi inte sedan kan komma över Småland genom Möre härad, som ligger nära kusten och har tidig vår.»","translation":"\"It is better to travel east through Blekinge and try whether we cannot then get across Småland through Möre Hundred, which lies near the coast and has an early spring.\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Det","lemma":"den","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"expletive with bättre","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"är","lemma":"vara","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active","role":"copula linking to bättre","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"bättre","lemma":"bra","morphology":"adjective, nominative, comparative","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"att","lemma":"att","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of fara","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"fara","lemma":"fara","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"depends on bättre","gloss":"go","note":"some listed surfaces (fara, far) are actually forms of the unrelated verb fara 'to travel/go'; gloss the noun sense danger for the noun-tagged type."},{"surface":"österut","lemma":"österut","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies fara","gloss":"eastward"},{"surface":"genom","lemma":"genom","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Blekinge","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"Blekinge","lemma":"Blekinge","morphology":"proper noun, nominative","role":"modifies fara","gloss":"Blekinge","note":"A Swedish province."},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"försöka","lemma":"försöka","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive","role":"coordinated with bättre","gloss":"to try"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of komma","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"vi","lemma":"vi","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, plural","role":"subject of komma","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"inte","lemma":"inte","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies komma","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"sedan","lemma":"sedan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies komma","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunna","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of komma","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"komma","lemma":"komma","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive","role":"clausal complement of försöka","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"över","lemma":"över","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Småland","gloss":"across"},{"surface":"Småland","lemma":"Småland","morphology":"proper noun, nominative","role":"oblique complement of komma","gloss":"Småland"},{"surface":"genom","lemma":"genom","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Möre","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"Möre","lemma":"Möre","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of härad","gloss":"Möre"},{"surface":"härad","lemma":"härad","morphology":"adjective, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of komma","gloss":"hundred (district)","note":"'Härad' is a historical Swedish administrative district, not an adjective; mistagged by the parser."},{"surface":"som","lemma":"som","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of ligger","gloss":"which","note":"Three of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely."},{"surface":"ligger","lemma":"ligga","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active","role":"relative clause on härad","gloss":"lies"},{"surface":"nära","lemma":"nära","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kusten","gloss":"near"},{"surface":"kusten","lemma":"kust","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of ligger","gloss":"coast"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"har","lemma":"ha","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active","role":"coordinated with ligger","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"tidig","lemma":"tidig","morphology":"adjective, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"modifies vår","gloss":"early"},{"surface":"vår","lemma":"vi","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of har","gloss":"spring"}]},{"number":7,"label":"2","id":"ch07-p2-s1","source":"Sålunda kom pojken att nästa dag fara fram över Blekinge.","translation":"Thus it came about that the boy traveled across Blekinge the next day.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Sålunda","lemma":"sålunda","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies kom","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"kom","lemma":"komma","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"pojken","lemma":"pojke","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of kom","gloss":"boy"},{"surface":"att","lemma":"att","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of dag","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"nästa","lemma":"nästa","morphology":"adjective, nominative","role":"modifies dag","gloss":"next"},{"surface":"dag","lemma":"dag","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of fara","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"fara","lemma":"fara","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"complement of kom","gloss":"go","note":"some listed surfaces (fara, far) are actually forms of the unrelated verb fara 'to travel/go'; gloss the noun sense danger for the noun-tagged type."},{"surface":"fram","lemma":"fram","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies fara","gloss":"forward"},{"surface":"över","lemma":"över","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Blekinge","gloss":"across"},{"surface":"Blekinge","lemma":"Blekinge","morphology":"proper noun, nominative","role":"oblique complement of fram","gloss":"Blekinge","note":"A Swedish province."}]},{"number":8,"label":"","id":"ch07-p2-s2","source":"Nu då det var ljust, hade han kommit i sitt rätta lynne igen och kunde inte begripa vad som hade gått åt honom förra kvällen.","translation":"Now that it was daylight, he had come back to his right mind again and could not understand what had come over him the evening before.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"hade kommit","title":"Pluperfect: «hade» + supine","body":"«hade kommit» ('had come') is the pluperfect: the past tense of «ha(va)» plus the supine form of the verb. It marks a state already reached before the moment described — his ordinary mood was already back by the time this sentence is telling us about."}],"words":[{"surface":"Nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies då","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"då","lemma":"då","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ljust","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"det","lemma":"den","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of ljust","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"var","lemma":"vara","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active","role":"copula linking to ljust","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"ljust","lemma":"ljust","morphology":"adjective, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"light","note":"Describes daylight/brightness, e.g. \"det var ljust\" = \"it was light out.\""},{"surface":"hade","lemma":"ha","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of kommit","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"han","lemma":"han","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of kommit","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"kommit","lemma":"komma","morphology":"verb, active, supine","role":"coordinated with ljust","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"i","lemma":"i","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking lynne","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"sitt","lemma":"sig","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"possessor of lynne","gloss":"his own","note":"possessive reflexive sitt, agreeing with a neuter noun."},{"surface":"rätta","lemma":"rätt","morphology":"adjective, nominative, singular","role":"modifies lynne","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"lynne","lemma":"lynne","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of kommit","gloss":"mind"},{"surface":"igen","lemma":"igen","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on kommit","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"kunde","lemma":"kunna","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of begripa","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"inte","lemma":"inte","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies begripa","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"begripa","lemma":"begripa","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive","role":"coordinated with kommit","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"vad","lemma":"vad","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"depends on gått","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"som","lemma":"som","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of gått","gloss":"that","note":"Three of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely."},{"surface":"hade","lemma":"ha","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of gått","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"gått","lemma":"gå","morphology":"verb, active, supine","role":"clausal complement of begripa","gloss":"come over"},{"surface":"åt","lemma":"åt","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking honom","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"honom","lemma":"han","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of gått","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"förra","lemma":"förra","morphology":"adjective, nominative, singular","role":"modifies kvällen","gloss":"previous"},{"surface":"kvällen","lemma":"kväll","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of gått","gloss":"evening"}]},{"number":9,"label":"","id":"ch07-p2-s3","source":"Nu ville han visst inte ge upp resan och vildmarkslivet.","translation":"Now he certainly did not want to give up the journey and the wild life.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ville","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"ville","lemma":"vilja","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"han","lemma":"han","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of ville","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"visst","lemma":"viss","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ville","gloss":"certainly","note":"surface visst here is the adverb 'certainly/surely', not the adjective viss 'certain'."},{"surface":"inte","lemma":"inte","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ge","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ge","lemma":"ge","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive","role":"complement of ville","gloss":"to give"},{"surface":"upp","lemma":"upp","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on ge","gloss":"up"},{"surface":"resan","lemma":"resa","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of ge","gloss":"journey"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"vildmarkslivet","lemma":"vildmarksliv","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with resan","gloss":"wild life"}]},{"number":10,"label":"3","id":"ch07-p3-s1","source":"Det låg en tjock regnrök över Blekinge.","translation":"A thick haze of rain lay over Blekinge.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"regnrök","title":"«regnrök»: rain-haze","body":"A compound of «regn» ('rain') and «rök» ('smoke, haze') — a poetic word for the misty curtain a rain shower throws up, blurring the landscape underneath it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Det","lemma":"den","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"expletive with låg","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"låg","lemma":"ligga","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lay"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of regnrök","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"tjock","lemma":"tjock","morphology":"adjective, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"modifies regnrök","gloss":"thick"},{"surface":"regnrök","lemma":"regnrök","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of låg","gloss":"rain mist"},{"surface":"över","lemma":"över","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Blekinge","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"Blekinge","lemma":"Blekinge","morphology":"proper noun, nominative","role":"oblique complement of låg","gloss":"Blekinge","note":"A Swedish province."}]},{"number":11,"label":"","id":"ch07-p3-s2","source":"Pojken kunde inte se hur det såg ut där.","translation":"The boy could not see what it looked like down there.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Pojken","lemma":"pojke","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of se","gloss":"boy"},{"surface":"kunde","lemma":"kunna","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of se","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"inte","lemma":"inte","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies se","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"se","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"hur","lemma":"hur","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies såg","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"det","lemma":"den","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of såg","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"såg","lemma":"såg","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"clausal complement of se","gloss":"saw","note":"past tense of se, 'to see.'"},{"surface":"ut","lemma":"ut","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on såg","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"där","lemma":"där","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies såg","gloss":"there"}]},{"number":12,"label":"","id":"ch07-p3-s3","source":"»Jag undrar om det är ett gott eller dåligt land, som jag rider över,» tänkte han och försökte att leta fram ur sitt minne vad han hade lärt om landet i skolan.","translation":"\"I wonder whether this is a good or a poor land that I'm riding over,\" he thought, and tried to dig out of his memory what he had learned about the region in school.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Jag","lemma":"jag","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of undrar","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"undrar","lemma":"undra","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wonders"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of land","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"det","lemma":"den","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of land","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"är","lemma":"vara","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active","role":"copula linking to land","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"ett","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of land","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"gott","lemma":"god","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies land","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"eller","lemma":"eller","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"dåligt","lemma":"dålig","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with gott","gloss":"bad"},{"surface":"land","lemma":"land","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of undrar","gloss":"land"},{"surface":"som","lemma":"som","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of rider","gloss":"that","note":"Three of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely."},{"surface":"jag","lemma":"jag","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of rider","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"rider","lemma":"rida","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active","role":"relative clause on land","gloss":"am riding"},{"surface":"över","lemma":"över","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on rider","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"tänkte","lemma":"tänka","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"parallel clause to undrar","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"han","lemma":"han","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of tänkte","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"försökte","lemma":"försöka","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"coordinated with tänkte","gloss":"tried"},{"surface":"att","lemma":"att","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the clause of leta","gloss":"to","note":"infinitive marker before a verb."},{"surface":"leta","lemma":"leta","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive","role":"complement of försökte","gloss":"to search"},{"surface":"fram","lemma":"fram","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on leta","gloss":"forward"},{"surface":"ur","lemma":"ur","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking minne","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"sitt","lemma":"sig","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"possessor of minne","gloss":"his own","note":"possessive reflexive sitt, agreeing with a neuter noun."},{"surface":"minne","lemma":"minne","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of leta","gloss":"memory"},{"surface":"vad","lemma":"vad","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of lärt","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"han","lemma":"han","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of lärt","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"hade","lemma":"ha","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of lärt","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"lärt","lemma":"lära","morphology":"verb, active, supine","role":"relative clause on minne","gloss":"learned"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking landet","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"landet","lemma":"land","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of lärt","gloss":"land"},{"surface":"i","lemma":"i","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking skolan","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"skolan","lemma":"skola","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of lärt","gloss":"school"}]},{"number":13,"label":"","id":"ch07-p3-s4","source":"Men på samma gång visste han nog, att detta inte skulle tjäna något till, eftersom han aldrig hade brukat läsa över läxorna.","translation":"But at the same time he knew well enough that this would be of no use, since he had never been in the habit of studying his lessons.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Men","lemma":"men","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"på","lemma":"på","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gång","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"samma","lemma":"samma","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gång","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"gång","lemma":"gång","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of visste","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"visste","lemma":"visste","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"han","lemma":"han","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of visste","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies visste","gloss":"well enough"},{"surface":"att","lemma":"att","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of tjäna","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"detta","lemma":"denna","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of tjäna","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"inte","lemma":"inte","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies tjäna","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"skulle","lemma":"skola","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of tjäna","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"tjäna","lemma":"tjäna","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive","role":"clausal complement of visste","gloss":"to be of use","note":"Occurs in the idiom 'tjäna till' = to be of use/serve a purpose."},{"surface":"något","lemma":"någon","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of tjäna","gloss":"use"},{"surface":"till","lemma":"till","morphology":"preposition","role":"depends on tjäna","gloss":"use"},{"surface":"eftersom","lemma":"eftersom","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of brukat","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"han","lemma":"han","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of brukat","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"aldrig","lemma":"aldrig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies brukat","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"hade","lemma":"ha","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of brukat","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"brukat","lemma":"bruka","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"adverbial clause on visste","gloss":"been accustomed to"},{"surface":"läsa","lemma":"läsa","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive","role":"complement of brukat","gloss":"to read"},{"surface":"över","lemma":"över","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking läxorna","gloss":"review"},{"surface":"läxorna","lemma":"läxorna","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, plural","role":"oblique complement of läsa","gloss":"the lessons"}]},{"number":14,"label":"4","id":"ch07-p4-s1","source":"Med ens såg pojken hela skolan framför sig.","translation":"All at once the boy saw the whole schoolroom before him.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Med","lemma":"med","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ens","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ens","lemma":"ens","morphology":"adverb","role":"oblique complement of såg","gloss":"at once","note":"Used in the fixed idiom med ens 'all at once/suddenly.'"},{"surface":"såg","lemma":"såg","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"saw","note":"past tense of se, 'to see.'"},{"surface":"pojken","lemma":"pojke","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of såg","gloss":"boy"},{"surface":"hela","lemma":"hel","morphology":"adjective, nominative, singular","role":"modifies skolan","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"skolan","lemma":"skola","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of såg","gloss":"school"},{"surface":"framför","lemma":"framför","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sig","gloss":"in front of"},{"surface":"sig","lemma":"sig","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of såg","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":15,"label":"","id":"ch07-p4-s2","source":"Barnen sutto vid de små pulpeterna och sträckte upp händerna, läraren satt i katedern och såg missnöjd ut, och själv stod han framme vid kartan och skulle svara på någon fråga om Blekinge, men hade inte ett ord att säga.","translation":"The children sat at their little desks and stretched up their hands, the teacher sat at his desk looking displeased, and he himself stood up front at the map and was supposed to answer some question about Blekinge, but had not a word to say.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"sutto","title":"Archaic plural: «sutto»","body":"«sutto» is the pre-reform plural past tense of «sitta» ('to sit'), used because the subject «barnen» ('the children') is plural. Note the contrast a few words later: «satt» (singular) for the one teacher. Modern Swedish uses «satt» for both."}],"words":[{"surface":"Barnen","lemma":"barn","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"modifies sutto","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"sutto","lemma":"sutto","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"sat","note":"Old plural past tense of sitta ('to sit'), mistagged here as a noun."},{"surface":"vid","lemma":"vid","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pulpeterna","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of pulpeterna","gloss":"the","note":"Surfaces 'de/De' are ambiguous with the plural pronoun 'de' = 'they'. Example ch01-p9-s2 ('De voro ett fattigt husmansfolk' = 'They were poor cottar folk') is genuinely the pronoun 'they', not the definite article 'the' — the single fixed gloss 'the' is wrong for that occurrence. Definite plural article ('de') used before an adjective plus noun, e.g. de stora träskorna, 'the big clogs.'"},{"surface":"små","lemma":"liten","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies pulpeterna","gloss":"small"},{"surface":"pulpeterna","lemma":"pulpet","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, plural","role":"modifies sutto","gloss":"the desks"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"sträckte","lemma":"sträckte","morphology":"verb, active, supine","role":"coordinated with sutto","gloss":"stretched","note":"Past tense of the verb 'sträcka' (to stretch); mistagged as a supine."},{"surface":"upp","lemma":"upp","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on sträckte","gloss":"up"},{"surface":"händerna","lemma":"händerna","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, plural","role":"direct object of sträckte","gloss":"the hands"},{"surface":"läraren","lemma":"lärare","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of satt","gloss":"teacher"},{"surface":"satt","lemma":"sitta","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"parallel clause to sutto","gloss":"sat"},{"surface":"i","lemma":"i","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking katedern","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"katedern","lemma":"kateder","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of satt","gloss":"teacher's desk"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"såg","lemma":"såg","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"coordinated with satt","gloss":"saw","note":"past tense of se, 'to see.'"},{"surface":"missnöjd","lemma":"missnöjd","morphology":"adjective, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"complement of såg","gloss":"displeased"},{"surface":"ut","lemma":"ut","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on såg","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"själv","lemma":"själv","morphology":"adjective, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"depends on och","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"stod","lemma":"stå","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"coordinated with satt","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"han","lemma":"han","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of stod","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"framme","lemma":"framme","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies stod","gloss":"there","note":"'vara framme' = to have arrived/be at the front."},{"surface":"vid","lemma":"vid","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kartan","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"kartan","lemma":"karta","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of stod","gloss":"map"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"skulle","lemma":"skola","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of svara","gloss":"was supposed to"},{"surface":"svara","lemma":"svara","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive","role":"coordinated with stod","gloss":"to answer"},{"surface":"på","lemma":"på","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking fråga","gloss":"answer"},{"surface":"någon","lemma":"någon","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of fråga","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"fråga","lemma":"fråga","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of svara","gloss":"question"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Blekinge","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"Blekinge","lemma":"Blekinge","morphology":"proper noun, nominative","role":"modifies fråga","gloss":"Blekinge","note":"A Swedish province."},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"hade","lemma":"ha","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"coordinated with svara","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"inte","lemma":"inte","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies hade","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ett","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of ord","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"ord","lemma":"ord","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of hade","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"att","lemma":"att","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the clause of säga","gloss":"to","note":"infinitive marker before a verb."},{"surface":"säga","lemma":"säga","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on hade","gloss":"to say"}]},{"number":16,"label":"","id":"ch07-p4-s3","source":"Skollärarens ansikte blev mörkare för varje sekund, som gick, och pojken tänkte på att läraren var mera noga med att de skulle kunna sin geografi än något annat.","translation":"The schoolmaster's face grew darker with every second that passed, and the boy thought about how the teacher cared more about their knowing their geography than anything else.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Skollärarens","lemma":"skollärarens","morphology":"noun, genitive, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of ansikte","gloss":"the schoolmaster's"},{"surface":"ansikte","lemma":"ansikte","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of blev","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"blev","lemma":"bli","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"became"},{"surface":"mörkare","lemma":"mörk","morphology":"adjective, nominative, comparative","role":"complement of blev","gloss":"darker"},{"surface":"för","lemma":"för","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sekund","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"varje","lemma":"varje","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of sekund","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"sekund","lemma":"sekund","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of blev","gloss":"second"},{"surface":"som","lemma":"som","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of gick","gloss":"that","note":"Three of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely."},{"surface":"gick","lemma":"gå","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"relative clause on sekund","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"pojken","lemma":"pojke","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of tänkte","gloss":"boy"},{"surface":"tänkte","lemma":"tänka","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"coordinated with blev","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"på","lemma":"på","morphology":"preposition","role":"depends on tänkte","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"att","lemma":"att","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of noga","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"läraren","lemma":"lärare","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of noga","gloss":"teacher"},{"surface":"var","lemma":"vara","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active","role":"copula linking to noga","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"mera","lemma":"mycket","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies noga","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"noga","lemma":"noga","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial clause on tänkte","gloss":"carefully"},{"surface":"med","lemma":"med","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of kunna","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"att","lemma":"att","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of kunna","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of kunna","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"skulle","lemma":"skola","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of kunna","gloss":"should"},{"surface":"kunna","lemma":"kunna","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on noga","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"sin","lemma":"sig","morphology":"pronoun, common gender, singular","role":"possessor of geografi","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"geografi","lemma":"geografi","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of kunna","gloss":"geography"},{"surface":"än","lemma":"än","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of annat","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"något","lemma":"någon","morphology":"determiner, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of annat","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"annat","lemma":"annan","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"clause modifying geografi","gloss":"other"}]},{"number":17,"label":"","id":"ch07-p4-s4","source":"Nu kom han också ner ur katedern, tog pekpinnen ifrån pojken och sände honom tillbaka till hans plats.","translation":"Now he also came down from his desk, took the pointer from the boy, and sent him back to his seat.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies kom","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"kom","lemma":"komma","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"han","lemma":"han","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of kom","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"också","lemma":"också","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies kom","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"ner","lemma":"ner","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies kom","gloss":"down"},{"surface":"ur","lemma":"ur","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking katedern","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"katedern","lemma":"kateder","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of kom","gloss":"teacher's desk"},{"surface":"tog","lemma":"ta","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"coordinated with kom","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"pekpinnen","lemma":"pekpinn","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of tog","gloss":"the pointer"},{"surface":"ifrån","lemma":"ifrån","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pojken","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"pojken","lemma":"pojke","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of tog","gloss":"boy"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"sände","lemma":"sän","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"coordinated with tog","gloss":"sent","note":"Lemma is a truncated form of sända; surface sände is the past tense, 'sent'."},{"surface":"honom","lemma":"han","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of sände","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"tillbaka","lemma":"tillbaka","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sände","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"till","lemma":"till","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking plats","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"hans","lemma":"han","morphology":"pronoun","role":"possessor of plats","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"plats","lemma":"plats","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of tillbaka","gloss":"place"}]},{"number":18,"label":"","id":"ch07-p4-s5","source":"»Det här slutar inte väl,» hade då pojken tänkt.","translation":"\"This isn't going to end well,\" the boy had thought then.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Det","lemma":"den","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of slutar","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"här","lemma":"här","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase Det","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"slutar","lemma":"sluta","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stops"},{"surface":"inte","lemma":"inte","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies slutar","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"väl","lemma":"väl","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies slutar","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"hade","lemma":"ha","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of tänkt","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"då","lemma":"då","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies tänkt","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"pojken","lemma":"pojke","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of tänkt","gloss":"boy"},{"surface":"tänkt","lemma":"tänka","morphology":"verb, active, supine","role":"adverbial clause on slutar","gloss":"thought"}]},{"number":19,"label":"5","id":"ch07-p5-s1","source":"Men skolläraren hade gått fram till ett fönster och stått där en stund och tittat ut, och så hade han visslat till ett tag.","translation":"But the schoolmaster had walked over to a window and stood there a while looking out, and then he had whistled a bit.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Men","lemma":"men","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"skolläraren","lemma":"skollärar","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of gått","gloss":"the schoolmaster"},{"surface":"hade","lemma":"ha","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of gått","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"gått","lemma":"gå","morphology":"verb, active, supine","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"walked over"},{"surface":"fram","lemma":"fram","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on gått","gloss":"forward"},{"surface":"till","lemma":"till","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking fönster","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ett","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of fönster","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"fönster","lemma":"fönster","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, plural","role":"oblique complement of gått","gloss":"windows"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"stått","lemma":"stå","morphology":"verb, active, supine","role":"coordinated with gått","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"där","lemma":"där","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies stått","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of stund","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"stund","lemma":"stund","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of stått","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"tittat","lemma":"tittaa","morphology":"verb, active, supine","role":"coordinated with stått","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"ut","lemma":"ut","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on tittat","gloss":"out"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"så","lemma":"så","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies visslat","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"hade","lemma":"ha","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of visslat","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"han","lemma":"han","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of visslat","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"visslat","lemma":"vissla","morphology":"verb, active, supine","role":"coordinated with gått","gloss":"whistled"},{"surface":"till","lemma":"till","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tag","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"ett","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of tag","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"tag","lemma":"tag","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of visslat","gloss":"a bit"}]},{"number":20,"label":"","id":"ch07-p5-s2","source":"Därpå hade han gått upp i katedern och sagt, att han skulle berätta dem något om Blekinge.","translation":"After that he had gone up to his desk and said that he would tell them something about Blekinge.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Därpå","lemma":"därpå","morphology":"adverb","role":"subject of gått","gloss":"then/after that"},{"surface":"hade","lemma":"ha","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of gått","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"han","lemma":"han","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of gått","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"gått","lemma":"gå","morphology":"verb, active, supine","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gone up"},{"surface":"upp","lemma":"upp","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on gått","gloss":"up"},{"surface":"i","lemma":"i","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking katedern","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"katedern","lemma":"kateder","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of gått","gloss":"teacher's desk"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"sagt","lemma":"säga","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with gått","gloss":"said","note":"Really the supine 'sagt' of the verb säga ('to say'), mistagged here as an adjective."},{"surface":"att","lemma":"att","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of berätta","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"han","lemma":"han","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of berätta","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"skulle","lemma":"skola","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of berätta","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"berätta","lemma":"berätta","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on gått","gloss":"to tell"},{"surface":"dem","lemma":"de","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"indirect object of berätta","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"något","lemma":"någon","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of berätta","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Blekinge","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"Blekinge","lemma":"Blekinge","morphology":"proper noun, nominative","role":"oblique complement of berätta","gloss":"Blekinge","note":"A Swedish province."}]},{"number":21,"label":"","id":"ch07-p5-s3","source":"Och vad han då hade talat om hade varit så roligt, att pojken hade hört på.","translation":"And what he had talked about then had been so entertaining that the boy had listened.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"vad","lemma":"vad","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of talat","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"han","lemma":"han","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of talat","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"då","lemma":"då","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies talat","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"hade","lemma":"ha","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of talat","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"talat","lemma":"tala","morphology":"verb, active, supine","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"talked"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of roligt","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"hade","lemma":"ha","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of roligt","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"varit","lemma":"vara","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, supine","role":"copula linking to roligt","gloss":"been"},{"surface":"så","lemma":"så","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies roligt","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"roligt","lemma":"rolig","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"adverbial clause on talat","gloss":"fun"},{"surface":"att","lemma":"att","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of hört","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"pojken","lemma":"pojke","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of hört","gloss":"boy"},{"surface":"hade","lemma":"ha","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of hört","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"hört","lemma":"höra","morphology":"verb, active, supine","role":"clausal complement of talat","gloss":"heard"},{"surface":"på","lemma":"på","morphology":"preposition","role":"depends on hört","gloss":"listened"}]},{"number":22,"label":"","id":"ch07-p5-s4","source":"Bara han tänkte efter, mindes han vart ord.","translation":"If he only thought about it, he remembered every word.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Bara","lemma":"bara","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies tänkte","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"han","lemma":"han","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of tänkte","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"tänkte","lemma":"tänka","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"adverbial clause on mindes","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"efter","lemma":"efter","morphology":"preposition","role":"depends on tänkte","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"mindes","lemma":"mindes","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, passive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remembered","note":"Past tense of minnas (\"to remember\"), deponent in form but active in meaning."},{"surface":"han","lemma":"han","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of passive mindes","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"vart","lemma":"vart","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies mindes","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"ord","lemma":"ord","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive mindes","gloss":"word"}]},{"number":23,"label":"6","id":"ch07-p6-s1","source":"»Småland är ett högt hus med granar på taket,» sade läraren, »och där framför ligger en bred trappa med tre stora trappsteg, och den trappan kallas Blekinge.","translation":"\"Småland is a tall house with fir trees on the roof,\" said the teacher, \"and out in front of it lies a broad staircase with three great steps, and that staircase is called Blekinge.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"trappan","title":"en trappa → trappan","body":"«trappa» ('staircase') is an en-word, so its definite form takes the suffix «-n»: «trappan» = 'the staircase'. Contrast the neuter (ett) word «trappsteg» ('step'), whose definite singular instead takes «-et»: «trappsteget»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Småland","lemma":"Småland","morphology":"proper noun, nominative","role":"subject of hus","gloss":"Småland"},{"surface":"är","lemma":"vara","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active","role":"copula linking to hus","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"ett","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of hus","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"högt","lemma":"hög","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies hus","gloss":"high"},{"surface":"hus","lemma":"hus","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"med","lemma":"med","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking granar","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"granar","lemma":"gran","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, plural","role":"modifies hus","gloss":"fir trees"},{"surface":"på","lemma":"på","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking taket","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"taket","lemma":"tak","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies granar","gloss":"roof"},{"surface":"sade","lemma":"säga","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"parallel clause to hus","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"läraren","lemma":"lärare","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of sade","gloss":"teacher"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"där","lemma":"där","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ligger","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"framför","lemma":"framför","morphology":"preposition","role":"modifies ligger","gloss":"in front of"},{"surface":"ligger","lemma":"ligga","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active","role":"coordinated with sade","gloss":"lies"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of trappa","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"bred","lemma":"bred","morphology":"adjective, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"modifies trappa","gloss":"broad"},{"surface":"trappa","lemma":"trappa","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of ligger","gloss":"staircase"},{"surface":"med","lemma":"med","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking trappsteg","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"tre","lemma":"tre","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"quantifies trappsteg","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"stora","lemma":"stor","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies trappsteg","gloss":"big"},{"surface":"trappsteg","lemma":"trappsteg","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"modifies trappa","gloss":"steps"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of trappan","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"trappan","lemma":"trappan","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of passive kallas","gloss":"the staircase"},{"surface":"kallas","lemma":"kalla","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, passive","role":"coordinated with sade","gloss":"is called"},{"surface":"Blekinge","lemma":"Blekinge","morphology":"proper noun, nominative","role":"complement of kallas","gloss":"Blekinge","note":"A Swedish province."}]},{"number":24,"label":"7","id":"ch07-p7-s1","source":"Det är en trappa, som är duktigt tilltagen.","translation":"It is a staircase built on a truly grand scale.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Det","lemma":"den","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of trappa","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"är","lemma":"vara","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active","role":"copula linking to trappa","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of trappa","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"trappa","lemma":"trappa","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"staircase"},{"surface":"som","lemma":"som","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of tilltagen","gloss":"that","note":"Three of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely."},{"surface":"är","lemma":"vara","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active","role":"copula linking to tilltagen","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"duktigt","lemma":"duktig","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies tilltagen","gloss":"considerable","note":"In all four examples duktig(t) is an intensifier meaning 'considerable/hearty/thorough' (duktigt tilltagen = 'built on a grand scale'; ett duktigt blåsväder = 'a good hard blow of wind'; ett duktigt arbete = 'a good day's work'), not the 'skilled/capable (of a person)' sense the glosser used."},{"surface":"tilltagen","lemma":"tilltagen","morphology":"adjective, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"relative clause on trappa","gloss":"generously proportioned"}]},{"number":25,"label":"","id":"ch07-p7-s2","source":"Den sträcker sig åtta mil utefter framsidan av Smålandshuset, och den, som vill gå trappan utför ända ner till Östersjön, han har fyra mil att vandra.","translation":"It stretches eight miles along the front of the Småland house, and whoever wants to walk all the way down the staircase to the Baltic Sea has four miles to travel.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"mil","title":"«mil»: the Swedish mile","body":"In Sweden a «mil» equals 10 kilometers (about 6.2 English miles) — an old folk unit still used casually today. So «åtta mil» is roughly 80 km, and «fyra mil» roughly 40 km."}],"words":[{"surface":"Den","lemma":"den","morphology":"pronoun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of sträcker","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"sträcker","lemma":"sträcka","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stretches"},{"surface":"sig","lemma":"sig","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of sträcker","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"åtta","lemma":"åtta","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"quantifies mil","gloss":"eight"},{"surface":"mil","lemma":"mil","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, plural","role":"oblique complement of sträcker","gloss":"miles","note":"Swedish mil = 10 km; conventionally rendered 'mile(s)' in translation."},{"surface":"utefter","lemma":"utefter","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking framsidan","gloss":"along"},{"surface":"framsidan","lemma":"framsida","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of sträcker","gloss":"the front"},{"surface":"av","lemma":"av","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Smålandshuset","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Smålandshuset","lemma":"smålandshus","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies framsidan","gloss":"the Småland house"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"den","morphology":"pronoun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of utför","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"som","lemma":"som","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of gå","gloss":"who","note":"Three of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely."},{"surface":"vill","lemma":"vilja","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of gå","gloss":"want to"},{"surface":"gå","lemma":"gå","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive","role":"relative clause on den","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"trappan","lemma":"trappan","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of gå","gloss":"the staircase"},{"surface":"utför","lemma":"utföra","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active","role":"coordinated with sträcker","gloss":"down","note":"Functions here as the adverb/preposition \"down\" (utför trappan/kullen), not the unrelated verb utföra (\"to perform\")."},{"surface":"ända","lemma":"ända","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ner","gloss":"all the way"},{"surface":"ner","lemma":"ner","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies utför","gloss":"down"},{"surface":"till","lemma":"till","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Östersjön","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Östersjön","lemma":"Östersjön","morphology":"proper noun, nominative","role":"oblique complement of utför","gloss":"the Baltic Sea"},{"surface":"han","lemma":"han","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of har","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"har","lemma":"ha","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active","role":"parallel clause to utför","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"fyra","lemma":"fyra","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"quantifies mil","gloss":"four"},{"surface":"mil","lemma":"mil","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, plural","role":"direct object of har","gloss":"miles","note":"Swedish mil = 10 km; conventionally rendered 'mile(s)' in translation."},{"surface":"att","lemma":"att","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the clause of vandra","gloss":"to","note":"infinitive marker before a verb."},{"surface":"vandra","lemma":"vandra","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on har","gloss":"wander"}]},{"number":26,"label":"8","id":"ch07-p8-s1","source":"Det är allt också en bra lång tid förfluten, sedan trappan blev byggd.","translation":"It is also quite a long time indeed since the staircase was built.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Det","lemma":"den","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"expletive with tid","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"är","lemma":"vara","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active","role":"copula linking to tid","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"allt","lemma":"all","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies tid","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"också","lemma":"också","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies allt","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of tid","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"bra","lemma":"bra","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies lång","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"lång","lemma":"lång","morphology":"adjective, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"modifies tid","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"tid","lemma":"tid","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"förfluten","lemma":"förfluten","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"depends on tid","gloss":"elapsed"},{"surface":"sedan","lemma":"sedan","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of byggd","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"trappan","lemma":"trappan","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of byggd","gloss":"the staircase"},{"surface":"blev","lemma":"bli","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active","role":"passive auxiliary of byggd","gloss":"became"},{"surface":"byggd","lemma":"bygg","morphology":"adjective, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"adverbial clause on tid","gloss":"built"}]},{"number":27,"label":"","id":"ch07-p8-s2","source":"Det har gått både dagar och år, sedan de första trappstegen höggs ut av gråsten och lades ner jämna och släta till en bekväm farled mellan Småland och Östersjön.","translation":"Both days and years have passed since the first steps were hewn out of gray stone and laid down even and smooth to make a comfortable passage between Småland and the Baltic Sea.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"höggs","title":"S-passive: «höggs»","body":"Swedish can form the passive simply by adding «-s» to the verb, with no auxiliary needed: «hugga» ('to hew') → «höggs» ('was hewn'). Compare the periphrastic English passive 'were hewn', built instead with 'to be' plus a past participle."}],"words":[{"surface":"Det","lemma":"den","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of gått","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"har","lemma":"ha","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of gått","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"gått","lemma":"gå","morphology":"verb, active, supine","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"passed"},{"surface":"både","lemma":"både","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"dagar","lemma":"dag","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, plural","role":"oblique complement of gått","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"år","lemma":"år","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with dagar","gloss":"year"},{"surface":"sedan","lemma":"sedan","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of höggs","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of trappstegen","gloss":"the","note":"Surfaces 'de/De' are ambiguous with the plural pronoun 'de' = 'they'. Example ch01-p9-s2 ('De voro ett fattigt husmansfolk' = 'They were poor cottar folk') is genuinely the pronoun 'they', not the definite article 'the' — the single fixed gloss 'the' is wrong for that occurrence. Definite plural article ('de') used before an adjective plus noun, e.g. de stora träskorna, 'the big clogs.'"},{"surface":"första","lemma":"en","morphology":"adjective, nominative","role":"modifies trappstegen","gloss":"first","note":"surfaces are forms of första 'first', not the numeral en."},{"surface":"trappstegen","lemma":"trappsteg","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of passive höggs","gloss":"step"},{"surface":"höggs","lemma":"högga","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, passive","role":"adverbial clause on gått","gloss":"were hewn"},{"surface":"ut","lemma":"ut","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on höggs","gloss":"out"},{"surface":"av","lemma":"av","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gråsten","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"gråsten","lemma":"gråst","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"agent of höggs","gloss":"gray stone"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"lades","lemma":"lades","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, passive","role":"coordinated with höggs","gloss":"was laid"},{"surface":"ner","lemma":"ner","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on lades","gloss":"down"},{"surface":"jämna","lemma":"jämn","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"complement of lades","gloss":"even/level"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"släta","lemma":"släta","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"coordinated with lades","gloss":"smooth"},{"surface":"till","lemma":"till","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking farled","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of farled","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"bekväm","lemma":"bekväm","morphology":"adjective, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"modifies farled","gloss":"comfortable"},{"surface":"farled","lemma":"farled","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of släta","gloss":"channel"},{"surface":"mellan","lemma":"mellan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Småland","gloss":"between"},{"surface":"Småland","lemma":"Småland","morphology":"proper noun, nominative","role":"modifies farled","gloss":"Småland"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Östersjön","lemma":"Östersjön","morphology":"proper noun, nominative","role":"coordinated with Småland","gloss":"the Baltic Sea"}]},{"number":28,"label":"9","id":"ch07-p9-s1","source":"Då trappan är så gammal, kan man nog förstå, att den inte ser likadan ut nu, som när den var ny.","translation":"Since the staircase is so old, one can well understand that it does not look the same now as when it was new.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Då","lemma":"då","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gammal","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"trappan","lemma":"trappan","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of gammal","gloss":"the staircase"},{"surface":"är","lemma":"vara","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active","role":"copula linking to gammal","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"så","lemma":"så","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gammal","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"gammal","lemma":"gammal","morphology":"adjective, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunna","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of förstå","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"man","lemma":"man","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of förstå","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies förstå","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"förstå","lemma":"förstå","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive","role":"coordinated with gammal","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"att","lemma":"att","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ser","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"den","morphology":"pronoun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of ser","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"inte","lemma":"inte","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ser","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ser","lemma":"se","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active","role":"clausal complement of förstå","gloss":"sees"},{"surface":"likadan","lemma":"likadan","morphology":"adjective, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"complement of ser","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"ut","lemma":"ut","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on ser","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ser","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"som","lemma":"som","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of ny","gloss":"as","note":"Three of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely."},{"surface":"när","lemma":"när","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ny","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"den","morphology":"pronoun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of ny","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"var","lemma":"vara","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active","role":"copula linking to ny","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"ny","lemma":"ny","morphology":"adjective, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"adverbial clause on ser","gloss":"new"}]},{"number":29,"label":"","id":"ch07-p9-s2","source":"Inte vet jag hur mycket de brydde sig om sådant på den tiden, men så stor, som den var, kunde väl i alla fall ingen kvast rå med att hålla den ren.","translation":"I don't know how much people cared about such things in those days, but as great as it was, no broom could in any case have managed to keep it clean.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Inte","lemma":"inte","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies vet","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"vet","lemma":"veta","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"jag","lemma":"jag","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of vet","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"hur","lemma":"hur","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies mycket","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"mycket","lemma":"mycket","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on brydde","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of brydde","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"brydde","lemma":"brydde","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"clausal complement of vet","gloss":"cared","note":"Occurs mainly in the reflexive idiom 'brydde sig om' meaning 'cared about/bothered'."},{"surface":"sig","lemma":"sig","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of brydde","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sådant","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"sådant","lemma":"sån","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of brydde","gloss":"such a thing"},{"surface":"på","lemma":"på","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tiden","gloss":"at that time"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of tiden","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"tiden","lemma":"tid","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"modifies sådant","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"så","lemma":"så","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies stor","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"stor","lemma":"stor","morphology":"adjective, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with vet","gloss":"big"},{"surface":"som","lemma":"som","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of rå","gloss":"as","note":"Three of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely."},{"surface":"den","lemma":"den","morphology":"pronoun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of var","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"var","lemma":"vara","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"relative clause on som","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"kunde","lemma":"kunna","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of rå","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"väl","lemma":"väl","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies rå","gloss":"possibly"},{"surface":"i","lemma":"i","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking fall","gloss":"in any case"},{"surface":"alla","lemma":"all","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of fall","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"fall","lemma":"fall","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of rå","gloss":"cases"},{"surface":"ingen","lemma":"ingen","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of kvast","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"kvast","lemma":"kvast","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of rå","gloss":"broom"},{"surface":"rå","lemma":"rå","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on stor","gloss":"managed"},{"surface":"med","lemma":"med","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of hålla","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"att","lemma":"att","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the clause of hålla","gloss":"to","note":"infinitive marker before a verb."},{"surface":"hålla","lemma":"hålla","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on rå","gloss":"to keep clean"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"en","morphology":"pronoun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of hålla","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"ren","lemma":"ren","morphology":"adjective, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"complement of hålla","gloss":"clean"}]},{"number":30,"label":"","id":"ch07-p9-s3","source":"Efter ett par år började det att växa mossa och lav på den, torrt gräs och torra löv blåste ner över den om höstarna, och om vårarna blev den höljd av nedrasande stenar och grus.","translation":"After a couple of years moss and lichen began to grow on it, dry grass and dry leaves blew down over it in the autumns, and in the springs it was covered with tumbling stones and gravel.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Efter","lemma":"efter","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking år","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"ett","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of par","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"par","lemma":"par","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies år","gloss":"couple"},{"surface":"år","lemma":"år","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of började","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"började","lemma":"börja","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"det","lemma":"den","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of började","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"att","lemma":"att","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the clause of växa","gloss":"to","note":"infinitive marker before a verb."},{"surface":"växa","lemma":"växa","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive","role":"depends on började","gloss":"to grow"},{"surface":"mossa","lemma":"mossa","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of växa","gloss":"moss"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"lav","lemma":"lav","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with mossa","gloss":"lichen"},{"surface":"på","lemma":"på","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking den","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of växa","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"torrt","lemma":"torr","morphology":"adjective, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"modifies gräs","gloss":"dry"},{"surface":"gräs","lemma":"gräs","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with den","gloss":"grass"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"torra","lemma":"torr","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies löv","gloss":"dry"},{"surface":"löv","lemma":"löv","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated with gräs","gloss":"leaves"},{"surface":"blåste","lemma":"blåste","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"complement of började","gloss":"blew"},{"surface":"ner","lemma":"ner","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on blåste","gloss":"down"},{"surface":"över","lemma":"över","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking den","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of blåste","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking höstarna","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"höstarna","lemma":"höst","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, plural","role":"oblique complement of blåste","gloss":"the autumns"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of blev","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"vårarna","lemma":"vårarna","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, plural","role":"subject of blev","gloss":"springs"},{"surface":"blev","lemma":"bli","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"coordinated with började","gloss":"became"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of höljd","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"höljd","lemma":"höljd","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"complement of blev","gloss":"covered"},{"surface":"av","lemma":"av","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking stenar","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"nedrasande","lemma":"nedrasande","morphology":"adjective, nominative","role":"modifies stenar","gloss":"falling"},{"surface":"stenar","lemma":"sten","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, plural","role":"modifies höljd","gloss":"stones"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"grus","lemma":"grus","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with stenar","gloss":"gravel"}]},{"number":31,"label":"","id":"ch07-p9-s4","source":"Och då allt detta fick ligga kvar och multna, så samlade det sig till sist så mycken mylla på trappan, att inte bara örter och gräs, utan till och med buskar och stora träd kunde slå rot där.","translation":"And since all this was allowed to lie there and rot, so much soil finally gathered on the staircase that not only herbs and grass, but even bushes and great trees could take root there.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"mylla","title":"«mylla»: rich soil, loam","body":"The dark, fertile topsoil that farming depends on. The word threads through this chapter's whole comparison of the three steps, marking which ones are fertile and which are barren."}],"words":[{"surface":"Och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"då","lemma":"då","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ligga","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"allt","lemma":"all","morphology":"determiner, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase då","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"detta","lemma":"denna","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of ligga","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"fick","lemma":"få","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of ligga","gloss":"was allowed to"},{"surface":"ligga","lemma":"ligga","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"to lie"},{"surface":"kvar","lemma":"kvar","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on ligga","gloss":"still there"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"multna","lemma":"multna","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, plural","role":"coordinated with ligga","gloss":"rot"},{"surface":"så","lemma":"så","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial clause on samlade","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"samlade","lemma":"samla","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"coordinated with ligga","gloss":"gathered"},{"surface":"det","lemma":"den","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"expletive with samlade","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"sig","lemma":"sig","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of samlade","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"till","lemma":"till","morphology":"preposition","role":"modifies samlade","gloss":"finally"},{"surface":"sist","lemma":"sist","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase till","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"så","lemma":"så","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase till","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"mycken","lemma":"mycken","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase till","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"mylla","lemma":"mylla","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive","role":"complement of samlade","gloss":"soil","note":"Despite the infinitive tag, every occurrence is the noun 'soil/loam', not the verb."},{"surface":"på","lemma":"på","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking trappan","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"trappan","lemma":"trappan","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"adverbial clause on mylla","gloss":"the staircase"},{"surface":"att","lemma":"att","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of örter","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"inte","lemma":"inte","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies örter","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"bara","lemma":"bara","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies örter","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"örter","lemma":"ört","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, plural","role":"oblique complement of ligga","gloss":"herbs"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"gräs","lemma":"gräs","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated with örter","gloss":"grass"},{"surface":"utan","lemma":"utan","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but rather","note":"follows a negated clause, contrasting it with what actually happened."},{"surface":"till","lemma":"till","morphology":"adverb","role":"preposition marking buskar","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase till","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"med","lemma":"med","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase till","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"buskar","lemma":"busk","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, plural","role":"subject of slå","gloss":"bushes"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"stora","lemma":"stor","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies träd","gloss":"big"},{"surface":"träd","lemma":"träd","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated with buskar","gloss":"trees"},{"surface":"kunde","lemma":"kunna","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of slå","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"slå","lemma":"slå","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive","role":"coordinated with ligga","gloss":"take root"},{"surface":"rot","lemma":"rot","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of slå","gloss":"root"},{"surface":"där","lemma":"där","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies slå","gloss":"there"}]},{"number":32,"label":"10","id":"ch07-p10-s1","source":"Men på samma gång har det uppkommit en stor skillnad mellan de tre trappstegen.","translation":"But at the same time a great difference has arisen between the three steps.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Men","lemma":"men","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"på","lemma":"på","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gång","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"samma","lemma":"samma","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gång","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"gång","lemma":"gång","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of uppkommit","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"har","lemma":"ha","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of uppkommit","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"det","lemma":"den","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"expletive with uppkommit","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"uppkommit","lemma":"uppkomma","morphology":"verb, active, supine","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"arisen"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of skillnad","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"stor","lemma":"stor","morphology":"adjective, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"modifies skillnad","gloss":"big"},{"surface":"skillnad","lemma":"skillnad","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of uppkommit","gloss":"difference"},{"surface":"mellan","lemma":"mellan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking trappstegen","gloss":"between"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of trappstegen","gloss":"the","note":"Surfaces 'de/De' are ambiguous with the plural pronoun 'de' = 'they'. Example ch01-p9-s2 ('De voro ett fattigt husmansfolk' = 'They were poor cottar folk') is genuinely the pronoun 'they', not the definite article 'the' — the single fixed gloss 'the' is wrong for that occurrence. Definite plural article ('de') used before an adjective plus noun, e.g. de stora träskorna, 'the big clogs.'"},{"surface":"tre","lemma":"tre","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"quantifies trappstegen","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"trappstegen","lemma":"trappsteg","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of uppkommit","gloss":"step"}]},{"number":33,"label":"","id":"ch07-p10-s2","source":"Det översta, som ligger Småland närmast, är till största delen täckt med mager jord och småsten, och där vill det just inte växa andra träd än glasbjörk och hägg och gran, som tål kölden däroppe i höjden och är nöjda med litet.","translation":"The topmost one, which lies closest to Småland, is for the most part covered with poor soil and small stones, and there hardly any trees will grow but the silver birch and the bird cherry and the fir, which can bear the cold up there in the heights and are content with little.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"glasbjörk och hägg och gran","title":"Hardy northern trees","body":"«glasbjörk» (silver birch), «hägg» (bird cherry), and «gran» (Norway spruce/fir) are the cold-tolerant species that survive on the poor uplands closest to Småland."}],"words":[{"surface":"Det","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of översta","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"översta","lemma":"översta","morphology":"adjective, nominative, superlative","role":"subject of täckt","gloss":"topmost"},{"surface":"som","lemma":"som","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of ligger","gloss":"which","note":"Three of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely."},{"surface":"ligger","lemma":"ligga","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active","role":"relative clause on översta","gloss":"lies"},{"surface":"Småland","lemma":"Småland","morphology":"proper noun, nominative","role":"direct object of ligger","gloss":"Småland"},{"surface":"närmast","lemma":"nära","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ligger","gloss":"closest","note":"Type lumps the positive, comparative, and superlative forms of nära."},{"surface":"är","lemma":"vara","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active","role":"copula linking to täckt","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"till","lemma":"till","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking delen","gloss":"for the most part"},{"surface":"största","lemma":"stor","morphology":"adjective, nominative, superlative","role":"modifies delen","gloss":"biggest"},{"surface":"delen","lemma":"del","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of täckt","gloss":"part"},{"surface":"täckt","lemma":"täcka","morphology":"verb, active, supine","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"covered"},{"surface":"med","lemma":"med","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking jord","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"mager","lemma":"mager","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"modifies jord","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"jord","lemma":"jord","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of täckt","gloss":"earth"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"småsten","lemma":"småst","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with jord","gloss":"small stones"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"där","lemma":"där","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies växa","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"vill","lemma":"vilja","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of växa","gloss":"wants"},{"surface":"det","lemma":"den","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"expletive with växa","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"just","lemma":"just","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies växa","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"inte","lemma":"inte","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies växa","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"växa","lemma":"växa","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive","role":"coordinated with täckt","gloss":"to grow"},{"surface":"andra","lemma":"annan","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies träd","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"träd","lemma":"träd","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of växa","gloss":"trees"},{"surface":"än","lemma":"än","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of glasbjörk","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"glasbjörk","lemma":"glasbjörk","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"clause modifying träd","gloss":"downy birch"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hägg","lemma":"hägg","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with glasbjörk","gloss":"bird cherry"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"gran","lemma":"gran","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with hägg","gloss":"spruce"},{"surface":"som","lemma":"som","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of tål","gloss":"which","note":"Three of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely."},{"surface":"tål","lemma":"tåla","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active","role":"coordinated with täckt","gloss":"can bear"},{"surface":"kölden","lemma":"köld","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of tål","gloss":"cold"},{"surface":"däroppe","lemma":"däroppe","morphology":"adverb","role":"direct object of tål","gloss":"up there"},{"surface":"i","lemma":"i","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking höjden","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"höjden","lemma":"höjd","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of tål","gloss":"height"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"är","lemma":"vara","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active","role":"copula linking to nöjda","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"nöjda","lemma":"nöjd","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"coordinated with tål","gloss":"content"},{"surface":"med","lemma":"med","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking litet","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"litet","lemma":"litet","morphology":"adverb","role":"oblique complement of nöjda","gloss":"a little"}]},{"number":34,"label":"","id":"ch07-p10-s3","source":"Allra bäst förstår man hur kargt och fattigt det är där, då man ser hur små åkerlapparna är, som är oppbrutna ur skogsmarken, och hur små stugor folket bygger åt sig, och hur långt det är mellan kyrkorna.","translation":"One understands best of all how barren and poor it is there when one sees how small the little fields are that have been broken out of the forest land, and how small the cottages are that the people build for themselves, and how far it is between the churches.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Allra","lemma":"allra","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bäst","gloss":"of all","note":"\"Most of all\" only fits \"allra ondast\" (angriest of all); in \"allra vackraste,\" \"allra tunnaste,\" and \"allra förskräckligaste\" allra intensifies the following superlative and renders as \"very\" (the very loveliest/thinnest/worst)."},{"surface":"bäst","lemma":"bra","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies förstår","gloss":"best"},{"surface":"förstår","lemma":"förstå","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understand(s)"},{"surface":"man","lemma":"man","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of förstår","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"hur","lemma":"hur","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies kargt","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"kargt","lemma":"kargt","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"depends on oppbrutna","gloss":"barren"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"fattigt","lemma":"fattig","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with kargt","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"det","lemma":"den","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"expletive with kargt","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"är","lemma":"vara","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active","role":"copula linking to kargt","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"där","lemma":"där","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies kargt","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"då","lemma":"då","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ser","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"man","lemma":"man","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of ser","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"ser","lemma":"se","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active","role":"adverbial clause on kargt","gloss":"sees"},{"surface":"hur","lemma":"hur","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies små","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"små","lemma":"liten","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies åkerlapparna","gloss":"small"},{"surface":"åkerlapparna","lemma":"åkerlapparna","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, plural","role":"subject of oppbrutna","gloss":"the little fields"},{"surface":"är","lemma":"vara","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active","role":"copula linking to oppbrutna","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"som","lemma":"som","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of oppbrutna","gloss":"that","note":"Three of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely."},{"surface":"är","lemma":"vara","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active","role":"copula linking to oppbrutna","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"oppbrutna","lemma":"oppbruten","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"clausal complement of förstår","gloss":"broken out"},{"surface":"ur","lemma":"ur","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking skogsmarken","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"skogsmarken","lemma":"skogsmark","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of oppbrutna","gloss":"forest land"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hur","lemma":"hur","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies små","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"små","lemma":"liten","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies stugor","gloss":"small"},{"surface":"stugor","lemma":"stuga","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, plural","role":"modifies folket","gloss":"cottages"},{"surface":"folket","lemma":"folk","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of bygger","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"bygger","lemma":"bygga","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active","role":"coordinated with oppbrutna","gloss":"builds"},{"surface":"åt","lemma":"åt","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sig","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"sig","lemma":"sig","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of bygger","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hur","lemma":"hur","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies långt","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"långt","lemma":"långt","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies kyrkorna","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"det","lemma":"den","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of kyrkorna","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"är","lemma":"vara","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active","role":"copula linking to kyrkorna","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"mellan","lemma":"mellan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kyrkorna","gloss":"between"},{"surface":"kyrkorna","lemma":"kyrka","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, plural","role":"coordinated with bygger","gloss":"churches"}]},{"number":35,"label":"11","id":"ch07-p11-s1","source":"På mellantrappan åter finns det bättre jord, och den ligger inte heller bunden under så sträng köld; det ser man genast av att träden både är högre och av förnämligare slag.","translation":"On the middle step, on the other hand, there is better soil, and it is not bound under such severe cold either; one can see that at once from the fact that the trees are both taller and of a finer kind.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"På","lemma":"på","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mellantrappan","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"mellantrappan","lemma":"mellantrappa","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of finns","gloss":"middle step"},{"surface":"åter","lemma":"åter","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies mellantrappan","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"finns","lemma":"finnas","morphology":"verb, present, indicative","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there is"},{"surface":"det","lemma":"den","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"expletive with finns","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"bättre","lemma":"bra","morphology":"adjective, nominative, comparative","role":"modifies jord","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"jord","lemma":"jord","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of finns","gloss":"earth"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"den","morphology":"pronoun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of ligger","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"ligger","lemma":"ligga","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active","role":"coordinated with finns","gloss":"lies"},{"surface":"inte","lemma":"inte","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ligger","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"heller","lemma":"heller","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ligger","gloss":"either"},{"surface":"bunden","lemma":"bunden","morphology":"adjective, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"complement of ligger","gloss":"bound"},{"surface":"under","lemma":"under","morphology":"preposition","role":"modifies bunden","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"så","lemma":"så","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sträng","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"sträng","lemma":"sträng","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"modifies köld","gloss":"severe","note":"tagged as a noun but every occurrence is the adjective 'sträng' (stern/strict/severe)."},{"surface":"köld","lemma":"köld","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of bunden","gloss":"cold"},{"surface":"det","lemma":"den","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of ser","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"ser","lemma":"se","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active","role":"parallel clause to finns","gloss":"sees"},{"surface":"man","lemma":"man","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of ser","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"genast","lemma":"genast","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ser","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"av","lemma":"av","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of högre","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"att","lemma":"att","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of högre","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"träden","lemma":"träd","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of högre","gloss":"tree","note":"träd is an invariant noun (same form singular and plural); the definite plural träden means \"the trees.\""},{"surface":"både","lemma":"både","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"är","lemma":"vara","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active","role":"copula linking to högre","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"högre","lemma":"hög","morphology":"adjective, nominative, comparative","role":"adverbial clause on ser","gloss":"higher"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"av","lemma":"av","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking slag","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"förnämligare","lemma":"förnämlig","morphology":"adjective, nominative, comparative","role":"modifies slag","gloss":"finer"},{"surface":"slag","lemma":"slag","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with högre","gloss":"kind"}]},{"number":36,"label":"","id":"ch07-p11-s2","source":"Där växer lönn och ek och lind, hängbjörk och hassel, men just inga barrträd.","translation":"There grow maple and oak and linden, weeping birch and hazel, but hardly any conifers at all.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"lönn och ek och lind, hängbjörk och hassel","title":"Richer, milder trees","body":"«lönn» (maple), «ek» (oak), «lind» (linden), «hängbjörk» (weeping birch), and «hassel» (hazel) are broadleaf species that need milder ground than the fir and birch of the upper step — a quiet way of showing the middle step's better soil."}],"words":[{"surface":"Där","lemma":"där","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies växer","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"växer","lemma":"växa","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"grows"},{"surface":"lönn","lemma":"lönn","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of växer","gloss":"maple"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ek","lemma":"ek","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"coordinated with lönn","gloss":"oak"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"lind","lemma":"lind","morphology":"adjective, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with lönn","gloss":"linden"},{"surface":"hängbjörk","lemma":"hängbjörk","morphology":"adjective, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with lönn","gloss":"weeping birch"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hassel","lemma":"hassel","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with lönn","gloss":"hazel"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"just","lemma":"just","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies barrträd","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"inga","lemma":"ingen","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of barrträd","gloss":"no/none"},{"surface":"barrträd","lemma":"barrträd","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated with växer","gloss":"conifers"}]},{"number":37,"label":"","id":"ch07-p11-s3","source":"Och än bättre märker man det därpå, att det finns en myckenhet odlad jord, liksom därpå, att människorna har byggt sig vackra och stora hus.","translation":"And one notices it even better from the fact that there is a great deal of cultivated land, as well as from the fact that the people have built themselves beautiful, large houses.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"än","lemma":"än","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of bättre","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"bättre","lemma":"bra","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial clause on märker","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"märker","lemma":"märka","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"notices"},{"surface":"man","lemma":"man","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of märker","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"det","lemma":"den","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of märker","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"därpå","lemma":"därpå","morphology":"adjective, nominative","role":"modifies märker","gloss":"from that"},{"surface":"att","lemma":"att","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of finns","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"det","lemma":"den","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"expletive with finns","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"finns","lemma":"finnas","morphology":"verb, present, indicative","role":"clausal complement of märker","gloss":"there is"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of myckenhet","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"myckenhet","lemma":"myckenhet","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of finns","gloss":"a great deal","note":"archaic quantifier noun, 'en myckenhet X' = 'a great quantity of X'."},{"surface":"odlad","lemma":"odla","morphology":"adjective, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"clause modifying myckenhet","gloss":"cultivated"},{"surface":"jord","lemma":"jord","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"in apposition to myckenhet","gloss":"earth"},{"surface":"liksom","lemma":"liksom","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of därpå","gloss":"as well as"},{"surface":"därpå","lemma":"därpå","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial clause on finns","gloss":"then/after that"},{"surface":"att","lemma":"att","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of byggt","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"människorna","lemma":"människa","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, plural","role":"subject of byggt","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"har","lemma":"ha","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of byggt","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"byggt","lemma":"bygga","morphology":"verb, active, supine","role":"depends on finns","gloss":"built"},{"surface":"sig","lemma":"sig","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"indirect object of byggt","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"vackra","lemma":"vacker","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies hus","gloss":"beautiful"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"stora","lemma":"stor","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"coordinated with vackra","gloss":"big"},{"surface":"hus","lemma":"hus","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of byggt","gloss":"houses"}]},{"number":38,"label":"","id":"ch07-p11-s4","source":"Det står många kyrkor på mellantrappan, och stora byar ligger omkring dem, och den tar sig på allt sätt bättre och präktigare ut än det övre trappsteget.","translation":"Many churches stand on the middle step, and large villages lie around them, and in every way it looks better and more splendid than the upper step.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Det","lemma":"den","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"expletive with står","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"står","lemma":"stå","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stands"},{"surface":"många","lemma":"många","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies kyrkor","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"kyrkor","lemma":"kyrka","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, plural","role":"subject of står","gloss":"churches"},{"surface":"på","lemma":"på","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mellantrappan","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"mellantrappan","lemma":"mellantrappa","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of står","gloss":"middle step"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"stora","lemma":"stor","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies byar","gloss":"big"},{"surface":"byar","lemma":"byar","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated with står","gloss":"villages"},{"surface":"ligger","lemma":"ligga","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active","role":"complement of står","gloss":"lies"},{"surface":"omkring","lemma":"omkring","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dem","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"dem","lemma":"de","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of ligger","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"den","morphology":"pronoun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of tar","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"tar","lemma":"ta","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active","role":"coordinated with står","gloss":"takes"},{"surface":"sig","lemma":"sig","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of tar","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"på","lemma":"på","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sätt","gloss":"in every way"},{"surface":"allt","lemma":"all","morphology":"determiner, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of sätt","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"sätt","lemma":"sätt","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of tar","gloss":"way"},{"surface":"bättre","lemma":"bra","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies tar","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"präktigare","lemma":"präktig","morphology":"adjective, nominative, comparative","role":"coordinated with bättre","gloss":"more splendid"},{"surface":"ut","lemma":"ut","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on tar","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"än","lemma":"än","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"preposition marking trappsteget","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"det","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of trappsteget","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"övre","lemma":"övre","morphology":"adjective, nominative, superlative","role":"modifies trappsteget","gloss":"upper"},{"surface":"trappsteget","lemma":"trappsteg","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of tar","gloss":"step"}]},{"number":39,"label":"12","id":"ch07-p12-s1","source":"Men det allra nedersta trappsteget är ändå det bästa.","translation":"But the very lowest step is nonetheless the best of all.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Men","lemma":"men","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"det","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of trappsteget","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"allra","lemma":"allra","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies trappsteget","gloss":"very","note":"\"Most of all\" only fits \"allra ondast\" (angriest of all); in \"allra vackraste,\" \"allra tunnaste,\" and \"allra förskräckligaste\" allra intensifies the following superlative and renders as \"very\" (the very loveliest/thinnest/worst)."},{"surface":"nedersta","lemma":"nedersta","morphology":"adjective, nominative, superlative","role":"modifies trappsteget","gloss":"lowest"},{"surface":"trappsteget","lemma":"trappsteg","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of bästa","gloss":"step"},{"surface":"är","lemma":"vara","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active","role":"copula linking to bästa","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"ändå","lemma":"ändå","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bästa","gloss":"nonetheless"},{"surface":"det","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of bästa","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"bästa","lemma":"bra","morphology":"adjective, nominative, superlative","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"best"}]},{"number":40,"label":"","id":"ch07-p12-s2","source":"Det är täckt med god och riklig mylla, och där det ligger och badar i havet, har det inte den minsta känning av Smålandskölden.","translation":"It is covered with good, rich soil, and lying there bathing in the sea, it has not the slightest touch of the Småland cold.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Det","lemma":"den","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of täckt","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"är","lemma":"vara","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active","role":"copula linking to täckt","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"täckt","lemma":"täcka","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"covered"},{"surface":"med","lemma":"med","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mylla","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"god","lemma":"god","morphology":"adjective, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"modifies mylla","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"riklig","lemma":"riklig","morphology":"adjective, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with god","gloss":"abundant"},{"surface":"mylla","lemma":"mylla","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive","role":"oblique complement of täckt","gloss":"soil","note":"Despite the infinitive tag, every occurrence is the noun 'soil/loam', not the verb."},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"där","lemma":"där","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ligger","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"det","lemma":"den","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of ligger","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"ligger","lemma":"ligga","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active","role":"coordinated with täckt","gloss":"lies"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"badar","lemma":"bada","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active","role":"coordinated with ligger","gloss":"bathes"},{"surface":"i","lemma":"i","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking havet","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"havet","lemma":"hav","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of badar","gloss":"sea"},{"surface":"har","lemma":"ha","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active","role":"adverbial clause on täckt","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"det","lemma":"den","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of har","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"inte","lemma":"inte","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies har","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of känning","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"minsta","lemma":"liten","morphology":"adjective, nominative, superlative","role":"modifies känning","gloss":"slightest"},{"surface":"känning","lemma":"känning","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of har","gloss":"touch"},{"surface":"av","lemma":"av","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Smålandskölden","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Smålandskölden","lemma":"Smålandskölden","morphology":"proper noun, nominative","role":"modifies känning","gloss":"the Småland cold"}]},{"number":41,"label":"","id":"ch07-p12-s3","source":"Här nere trivs bokar och kastanjer och valnötsträd, och de växer sig så stora, att de når över kyrktaken.","translation":"Down here beeches and chestnuts and walnut trees thrive, and they grow so large that they reach above the church roofs.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Här","lemma":"här","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies trivs","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"nere","lemma":"nere","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase Här","gloss":"down"},{"surface":"trivs","lemma":"trivas","morphology":"verb, present, indicative","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thrives"},{"surface":"bokar","lemma":"boka","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active","role":"subject of passive trivs","gloss":"beeches","note":"Plural of the noun 'bok' (beech tree), mistagged as a present-tense verb."},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"kastanjer","lemma":"kastanj","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, plural","role":"coordinated with bokar","gloss":"chestnuts"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"valnötsträd","lemma":"valnötsträd","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with bokar","gloss":"walnut trees"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of växer","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"växer","lemma":"växa","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active","role":"coordinated with trivs","gloss":"grows"},{"surface":"sig","lemma":"sig","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of växer","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"så","lemma":"så","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies stora","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"stora","lemma":"stor","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"complement of växer","gloss":"big"},{"surface":"att","lemma":"att","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of når","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of når","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"når","lemma":"nå","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active","role":"adverbial clause on växer","gloss":"reaches"},{"surface":"över","lemma":"över","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kyrktaken","gloss":"above"},{"surface":"kyrktaken","lemma":"kyrktak","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of når","gloss":"the church roofs"}]},{"number":42,"label":"","id":"ch07-p12-s4","source":"Här ligger också de största åkerfälten, men folket har inte bara skogsbruk och jordbruk att leva av, utan det sysslar också med fiske och handel och sjöfart.","translation":"Here also lie the largest fields, but the people do not have only forestry and farming to live by, for they also occupy themselves with fishing and trade and shipping.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Här","lemma":"här","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ligger","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"ligger","lemma":"ligga","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lies"},{"surface":"också","lemma":"också","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ligger","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of åkerfälten","gloss":"the","note":"Surfaces 'de/De' are ambiguous with the plural pronoun 'de' = 'they'. Example ch01-p9-s2 ('De voro ett fattigt husmansfolk' = 'They were poor cottar folk') is genuinely the pronoun 'they', not the definite article 'the' — the single fixed gloss 'the' is wrong for that occurrence. Definite plural article ('de') used before an adjective plus noun, e.g. de stora träskorna, 'the big clogs.'"},{"surface":"största","lemma":"stor","morphology":"adjective, nominative, superlative","role":"modifies åkerfälten","gloss":"biggest"},{"surface":"åkerfälten","lemma":"åkerfält","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of ligger","gloss":"fields"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"folket","lemma":"folk","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of har","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"har","lemma":"ha","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active","role":"coordinated with ligger","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"inte","lemma":"inte","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies har","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"bara","lemma":"bara","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies har","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"skogsbruk","lemma":"skogsbruk","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of har","gloss":"forestry"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"jordbruk","lemma":"jordbruk","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with skogsbruk","gloss":"agriculture"},{"surface":"att","lemma":"att","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the clause of leva","gloss":"to","note":"infinitive marker before a verb."},{"surface":"leva","lemma":"leva","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive","role":"clause modifying skogsbruk","gloss":"to live"},{"surface":"av","lemma":"av","morphology":"preposition","role":"depends on leva","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"utan","lemma":"utan","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but rather","note":"follows a negated clause, contrasting it with what actually happened."},{"surface":"det","lemma":"den","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of sysslar","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"sysslar","lemma":"syssla","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active","role":"coordinated with ligger","gloss":"occupy themselves"},{"surface":"också","lemma":"också","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sysslar","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"med","lemma":"med","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking fiske","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"fiske","lemma":"fiske","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of sysslar","gloss":"fishing"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"handel","lemma":"handel","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with fiske","gloss":"trade"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"sjöfart","lemma":"sjöfart","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with handel","gloss":"shipping"}]},{"number":43,"label":"","id":"ch07-p12-s5","source":"Därför finns här också de kostbaraste bostäderna och de vackraste kyrkorna, och kyrkbyarna har växt ut till köpingar och städer.","translation":"That is why the costliest homes and the most beautiful churches are found here too, and the church villages have grown into market towns and cities.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Därför","lemma":"därför","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies finns","gloss":"that is why"},{"surface":"finns","lemma":"finnas","morphology":"verb, present, indicative","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are found"},{"surface":"här","lemma":"här","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies finns","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"också","lemma":"också","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies finns","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of bostäderna","gloss":"the","note":"Surfaces 'de/De' are ambiguous with the plural pronoun 'de' = 'they'. Example ch01-p9-s2 ('De voro ett fattigt husmansfolk' = 'They were poor cottar folk') is genuinely the pronoun 'they', not the definite article 'the' — the single fixed gloss 'the' is wrong for that occurrence. Definite plural article ('de') used before an adjective plus noun, e.g. de stora träskorna, 'the big clogs.'"},{"surface":"kostbaraste","lemma":"kostbar","morphology":"adjective, nominative, superlative","role":"modifies bostäderna","gloss":"costliest"},{"surface":"bostäderna","lemma":"bostad","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, plural","role":"subject of finns","gloss":"dwellings"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of kyrkorna","gloss":"the","note":"Surfaces 'de/De' are ambiguous with the plural pronoun 'de' = 'they'. Example ch01-p9-s2 ('De voro ett fattigt husmansfolk' = 'They were poor cottar folk') is genuinely the pronoun 'they', not the definite article 'the' — the single fixed gloss 'the' is wrong for that occurrence. Definite plural article ('de') used before an adjective plus noun, e.g. de stora träskorna, 'the big clogs.'"},{"surface":"vackraste","lemma":"vackr","morphology":"adjective, nominative, superlative","role":"modifies kyrkorna","gloss":"most beautiful"},{"surface":"kyrkorna","lemma":"kyrka","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, plural","role":"coordinated with bostäderna","gloss":"churches"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"kyrkbyarna","lemma":"kyrkbyarna","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, plural","role":"subject of har","gloss":"the church villages"},{"surface":"har","lemma":"ha","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active","role":"coordinated with finns","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"växt","lemma":"växt","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of har","gloss":"grown","note":"Actually the supine of the verb växa \"to grow\", mislabeled as a noun; all examples mean \"has/had grown\"."},{"surface":"ut","lemma":"ut","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies har","gloss":"grow into"},{"surface":"till","lemma":"till","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking köpingar","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"köpingar","lemma":"köping","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, plural","role":"oblique complement of ut","gloss":"market towns"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"städer","lemma":"stad","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, plural","role":"coordinated with köpingar","gloss":"towns"}]},{"number":44,"label":"13","id":"ch07-p13-s1","source":"Men med detta är inte allt sagt om de tre trappstegen.","translation":"But not everything has been said about the three steps with this.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Men","lemma":"men","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"med","lemma":"med","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking detta","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"detta","lemma":"denna","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of sagt","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"är","lemma":"vara","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active","role":"copula linking to sagt","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"inte","lemma":"inte","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies sagt","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"allt","lemma":"all","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sagt","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"sagt","lemma":"säga","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"said","note":"Really the supine 'sagt' of the verb säga ('to say'), mistagged here as an adjective."},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking trappstegen","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of trappstegen","gloss":"the","note":"Surfaces 'de/De' are ambiguous with the plural pronoun 'de' = 'they'. Example ch01-p9-s2 ('De voro ett fattigt husmansfolk' = 'They were poor cottar folk') is genuinely the pronoun 'they', not the definite article 'the' — the single fixed gloss 'the' is wrong for that occurrence. Definite plural article ('de') used before an adjective plus noun, e.g. de stora träskorna, 'the big clogs.'"},{"surface":"tre","lemma":"tre","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"quantifies trappstegen","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"trappstegen","lemma":"trappsteg","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of sagt","gloss":"step"}]},{"number":45,"label":"","id":"ch07-p13-s2","source":"För man måste betänka, att när det regnar oppe på taket till det stora Smålandshuset, eller när snön smälter däroppe, får vattnet lov att ta vägen någonstans, och då störtar förstås en del utför den stora trappan.","translation":"For one must consider that when it rains up on the roof of the great Småland house, or when the snow melts up there, the water must find its way somewhere, and then, of course, part of it plunges down the great staircase.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"För","lemma":"för","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of betänka","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"man","lemma":"man","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of betänka","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"måste","lemma":"måste","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of betänka","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"betänka","lemma":"betänka","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on utför","gloss":"to consider"},{"surface":"att","lemma":"att","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of regnar","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"när","lemma":"när","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies regnar","gloss":"when","note":"Functions as a subordinating conjunction, not an adverb."},{"surface":"det","lemma":"den","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"expletive with regnar","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"regnar","lemma":"regna","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active","role":"clausal complement of betänka","gloss":"rains"},{"surface":"oppe","lemma":"oppe","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies regnar","gloss":"up there","note":"Colloquial adverb 'oppe' (dialectal for 'uppe'), mistagged here as a noun."},{"surface":"på","lemma":"på","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking taket","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"taket","lemma":"tak","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of regnar","gloss":"roof"},{"surface":"till","lemma":"till","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Smålandshuset","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"det","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of Smålandshuset","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"stora","lemma":"stor","morphology":"adjective, nominative, singular","role":"modifies Smålandshuset","gloss":"big","note":"weak/definite form (stora), used with a singular definite noun, e.g. den stora länstolen."},{"surface":"Smålandshuset","lemma":"Smålandshuset","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of regnar","gloss":"the Småland house"},{"surface":"eller","lemma":"eller","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"när","lemma":"när","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of smälter","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"snön","lemma":"snö","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of smälter","gloss":"snow"},{"surface":"smälter","lemma":"smälta","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active","role":"coordinated with regnar","gloss":"melts"},{"surface":"däroppe","lemma":"däroppe","morphology":"adverb","role":"direct object of smälter","gloss":"up there"},{"surface":"får","lemma":"få","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active","role":"clausal complement of betänka","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"vattnet","lemma":"vatten","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of får","gloss":"water"},{"surface":"lov","lemma":"lov","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of får","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"att","lemma":"att","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the clause of ta","gloss":"to","note":"infinitive marker before a verb."},{"surface":"ta","lemma":"ta","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive","role":"complement of får","gloss":"to take"},{"surface":"vägen","lemma":"väg","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of ta","gloss":"way"},{"surface":"någonstans","lemma":"någonstans","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ta","gloss":"somewhere"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"då","lemma":"då","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies störtar","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"störtar","lemma":"störta","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active","role":"adverbial clause on utför","gloss":"plunges"},{"surface":"förstås","lemma":"förstås","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies störtar","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of del","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of utför","gloss":"part"},{"surface":"utför","lemma":"utföra","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"down","note":"Functions here as the adverb/preposition \"down\" (utför trappan/kullen), not the unrelated verb utföra (\"to perform\")."},{"surface":"den","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of trappan","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"stora","lemma":"stor","morphology":"adjective, nominative, singular","role":"modifies trappan","gloss":"big","note":"weak/definite form (stora), used with a singular definite noun, e.g. den stora länstolen."},{"surface":"trappan","lemma":"trappan","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of utför","gloss":"the staircase"}]},{"number":46,"label":"","id":"ch07-p13-s3","source":"I början flöt det nog fram över hela trappan, så bred, som den var, men så uppstod det sprickor i den, och så småningom har nu vattnet vant sig att flyta utför den i några väl upparbetade fåror.","translation":"At first it probably flowed across the whole staircase, broad as it was, but then cracks arose in it, and gradually the water has now grown accustomed to flowing down it in a few well-worn channels.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"I","lemma":"i","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking början","gloss":"at first"},{"surface":"början","lemma":"början","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of flöt","gloss":"beginning"},{"surface":"flöt","lemma":"flöt","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"flowed","note":"past tense of flyta ('to flow/float'); also 'floated'."},{"surface":"det","lemma":"den","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"expletive with flöt","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies flöt","gloss":"probably"},{"surface":"fram","lemma":"fram","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on flöt","gloss":"forward"},{"surface":"över","lemma":"över","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking trappan","gloss":"across"},{"surface":"hela","lemma":"hel","morphology":"adjective, nominative, singular","role":"modifies trappan","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"trappan","lemma":"trappan","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of flöt","gloss":"the staircase"},{"surface":"så","lemma":"så","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bred","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"bred","lemma":"bred","morphology":"adjective, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"adverbial clause on flöt","gloss":"broad"},{"surface":"som","lemma":"som","morphology":"pronoun","role":"oblique complement of var","gloss":"as","note":"Three of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely."},{"surface":"den","lemma":"den","morphology":"pronoun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of var","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"var","lemma":"vara","morphology":"pronoun, common gender, singular","role":"relative clause on flöt","gloss":"was","note":"the surface var here is the past tense of vara 'to be', not the pronoun."},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"så","lemma":"så","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies uppstod","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"uppstod","lemma":"uppstå","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"coordinated with flöt","gloss":"arose"},{"surface":"det","lemma":"den","morphology":"determiner, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of sprickor","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"sprickor","lemma":"spricka","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, plural","role":"subject of uppstod","gloss":"cracks"},{"surface":"i","lemma":"i","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking den","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"den","morphology":"pronoun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of uppstod","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"så","lemma":"så","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vattnet","gloss":"gradually"},{"surface":"småningom","lemma":"småningom","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase så","gloss":"gradually","note":"Used in the fixed phrase så småningom 'little by little.'"},{"surface":"har","lemma":"ha","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of vattnet","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vattnet","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"vattnet","lemma":"vatten","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of vant","gloss":"water"},{"surface":"vant","lemma":"vant","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with uppstod","gloss":"accustomed"},{"surface":"sig","lemma":"sig","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of vant","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"att","lemma":"att","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the clause of flyta","gloss":"to","note":"infinitive marker before a verb."},{"surface":"flyta","lemma":"flyta","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive","role":"depends on vant","gloss":"flowing"},{"surface":"utför","lemma":"utföra","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active","role":"complement of uppstod","gloss":"down","note":"Functions here as the adverb/preposition \"down\" (utför trappan/kullen), not the unrelated verb utföra (\"to perform\")."},{"surface":"den","lemma":"den","morphology":"pronoun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of utför","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"i","lemma":"i","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking fåror","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"några","lemma":"någon","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of fåror","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"väl","lemma":"väl","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies upparbetade","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"upparbetade","lemma":"upparbeta","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"coordinated with några","gloss":"well-worn"},{"surface":"fåror","lemma":"fåror","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, plural","role":"oblique complement of utför","gloss":"channels"}]},{"number":47,"label":"","id":"ch07-p13-s4","source":"Och vatten är vatten, var man än gör av det.","translation":"And water is water, wherever one puts it.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"vatten","lemma":"vatten","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of vatten","gloss":"water"},{"surface":"är","lemma":"vara","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active","role":"copula linking to vatten","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"vatten","lemma":"vatten","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"water"},{"surface":"var","lemma":"vara","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"copula linking to gör","gloss":"was","note":"mistagged as a determiner; the surface 'var' here is the past tense of vara 'to be'."},{"surface":"man","lemma":"man","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of gör","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"än","lemma":"än","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gör","gloss":"wherever"},{"surface":"gör","lemma":"göra","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active","role":"parallel clause to vatten","gloss":"does"},{"surface":"av","lemma":"av","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking det","gloss":"puts"},{"surface":"det","lemma":"den","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of gör","gloss":"it"}]},{"number":48,"label":"","id":"ch07-p13-s5","source":"Det har aldrig någon vila.","translation":"It never has any rest.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Det","lemma":"den","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of vila","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"har","lemma":"ha","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of vila","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"aldrig","lemma":"aldrig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vila","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"någon","lemma":"någon","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of vila","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"vila","lemma":"vila","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"rest"}]},{"number":49,"label":"","id":"ch07-p13-s6","source":"På ett ställe gräver det och filar och för bort, och på ett annat lägger det till.","translation":"In one place it digs and files and carries away, and in another it deposits.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"På","lemma":"på","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ställe","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ett","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of ställe","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"ställe","lemma":"ställe","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of gräver","gloss":"place"},{"surface":"gräver","lemma":"gräva","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"digs"},{"surface":"det","lemma":"den","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of gräver","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"filar","lemma":"fila","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, plural","role":"coordinated with det","gloss":"files"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"depends on gräver","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"för","lemma":"för","morphology":"preposition","role":"modifies bort","gloss":"away"},{"surface":"bort","lemma":"bort","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gräver","gloss":"away"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"på","lemma":"på","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking annat","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ett","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of annat","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"annat","lemma":"annan","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of lägger","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"lägger","lemma":"lägga","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active","role":"coordinated with gräver","gloss":"deposits"},{"surface":"det","lemma":"den","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of lägger","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"till","lemma":"till","morphology":"preposition","role":"depends on lägger","gloss":"down"}]},{"number":50,"label":"","id":"ch07-p13-s7","source":"De där fårorna har det grävt opp till dalar, dalväggarna har det täckt med mylla, och sen har buskar och rankor och träd klängt sig fast vid dem så tätt och så rikt, att de nästan skymmer bort vattenströmmen, som går fram nere i djupet.","translation":"Those channels it has dug into valleys, the valley walls it has covered with soil, and then bushes and vines and trees have clung fast to them so thickly and so richly that they almost hide the stream of water running down in the depths.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"klängt sig fast","title":"Reflexive «sig» + particle","body":"«klänga sig fast (vid)» = 'to cling fast (to)'. «sig» is the reflexive pronoun: the clinging action folds back onto the subject itself (the bushes and vines), and the particle «fast» ('firmly, stuck') sharpens the meaning of «klänga» ('to clamber, cling')."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of opp","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"där","lemma":"där","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies grävt","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"fårorna","lemma":"fårorna","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, plural","role":"subject of grävt","gloss":"the furrows"},{"surface":"har","lemma":"ha","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of grävt","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"det","lemma":"den","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"expletive with grävt","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"grävt","lemma":"gräva","morphology":"verb, active, supine","role":"relative clause on De","gloss":"dug"},{"surface":"opp","lemma":"opp","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active","role":"adverbial clause on täckt","gloss":"up","note":"mistagged as a verb; this is the dialectal/colloquial adverb opp, a variant of upp 'up'."},{"surface":"till","lemma":"till","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dalar","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"dalar","lemma":"dal","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, plural","role":"oblique complement of opp","gloss":"valleys"},{"surface":"dalväggarna","lemma":"dalvägg","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, plural","role":"subject of har","gloss":"valley walls"},{"surface":"har","lemma":"ha","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of täckt","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"det","lemma":"den","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of täckt","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"täckt","lemma":"täcka","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"covered"},{"surface":"med","lemma":"med","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mylla","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"mylla","lemma":"mylla","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on täckt","gloss":"soil","note":"Despite the infinitive tag, every occurrence is the noun 'soil/loam', not the verb."},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"sen","lemma":"sen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies har","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"har","lemma":"ha","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of klängt","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"buskar","lemma":"busk","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, plural","role":"subject of klängt","gloss":"bushes"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"rankor","lemma":"ranka","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, plural","role":"coordinated with buskar","gloss":"vines"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"träd","lemma":"träd","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated with rankor","gloss":"trees"},{"surface":"klängt","lemma":"kläng","morphology":"verb, active, supine","role":"coordinated with täckt","gloss":"clung"},{"surface":"sig","lemma":"sig","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of klängt","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"fast","lemma":"fast","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies klängt","gloss":"fast"},{"surface":"vid","lemma":"vid","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dem","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"dem","lemma":"de","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of klängt","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"så","lemma":"så","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies tätt","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"tätt","lemma":"tätt","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies klängt","gloss":"close"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"så","lemma":"så","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies rikt","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"rikt","lemma":"rik","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with tätt","gloss":"richly"},{"surface":"att","lemma":"att","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of skymmer","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of skymmer","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"nästan","lemma":"nästan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies skymmer","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"skymmer","lemma":"skymma","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active","role":"adverbial clause on täckt","gloss":"blots out"},{"surface":"bort","lemma":"bort","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on skymmer","gloss":"away"},{"surface":"vattenströmmen","lemma":"vattenströmm","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of skymmer","gloss":"the water stream"},{"surface":"som","lemma":"som","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of går","gloss":"that","note":"Three of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely."},{"surface":"går","lemma":"gå","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active","role":"adverbial clause on täckt","gloss":"goes"},{"surface":"fram","lemma":"fram","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies går","gloss":"forward"},{"surface":"nere","lemma":"nere","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies går","gloss":"down"},{"surface":"i","lemma":"i","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking djupet","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"djupet","lemma":"djup","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of nere","gloss":"depth"}]},{"number":51,"label":"","id":"ch07-p13-s8","source":"Men när strömmarna kommer till avsatserna mellan trappstegen, måste de kasta sig huvudstupa utför dem, och härav kommer vattnet i sådan skummande fart, att det får kraft att dra kvarnhjul och maskiner, och sådana har det också växt opp vid varenda fors.","translation":"But when the streams reach the ledges between the steps, they must throw themselves headlong down them, and from this the water gathers such foaming speed that it gains the power to turn mill wheels and machines, and such have indeed sprung up at every rapids.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Men","lemma":"men","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"när","lemma":"när","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of kommer","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"strömmarna","lemma":"strömmarna","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, plural","role":"subject of kommer","gloss":"the streams"},{"surface":"kommer","lemma":"komma","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active","role":"adverbial clause on kasta","gloss":"comes"},{"surface":"till","lemma":"till","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking avsatserna","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"avsatserna","lemma":"avsats","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, plural","role":"oblique complement of kommer","gloss":"ledges"},{"surface":"mellan","lemma":"mellan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking trappstegen","gloss":"between"},{"surface":"trappstegen","lemma":"trappsteg","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"modifies avsatserna","gloss":"step"},{"surface":"måste","lemma":"måste","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of kasta","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of kasta","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"kasta","lemma":"kasta","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on utför","gloss":"to throw"},{"surface":"sig","lemma":"sig","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"indirect object of kasta","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"huvudstupa","lemma":"huvudstupa","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of kasta","gloss":"headlong","note":"Mistagged as noun; it functions as an adverb."},{"surface":"utför","lemma":"utföra","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"down","note":"Functions here as the adverb/preposition \"down\" (utför trappan/kullen), not the unrelated verb utföra (\"to perform\")."},{"surface":"dem","lemma":"de","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of utför","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"härav","lemma":"härav","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vattnet","gloss":"from this"},{"surface":"kommer","lemma":"komma","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of vattnet","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"vattnet","lemma":"vatten","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with utför","gloss":"water"},{"surface":"i","lemma":"i","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking fart","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"sådan","lemma":"sån","morphology":"adjective, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"modifies fart","gloss":"such","note":"sån is a colloquial/older form of sådan, glossed to the modern sense."},{"surface":"skummande","lemma":"skumma","morphology":"adjective, nominative","role":"modifies fart","gloss":"foaming"},{"surface":"fart","lemma":"fart","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"modifies vattnet","gloss":"speed"},{"surface":"att","lemma":"att","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of får","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"det","lemma":"den","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of får","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"får","lemma":"få","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active","role":"clausal complement of utför","gloss":"gains"},{"surface":"kraft","lemma":"kraft","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of får","gloss":"strength"},{"surface":"att","lemma":"att","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the clause of dra","gloss":"to","note":"infinitive marker before a verb."},{"surface":"dra","lemma":"dra","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on får","gloss":"turn"},{"surface":"kvarnhjul","lemma":"kvarnhjul","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of dra","gloss":"mill wheels"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"maskiner","lemma":"maskin","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, plural","role":"coordinated with kvarnhjul","gloss":"machines"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"sådana","lemma":"sån","morphology":"pronoun, plural","role":"subject of har","gloss":"such","note":"Colloquial/old plural of sådan ('such')."},{"surface":"har","lemma":"ha","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active","role":"coordinated with får","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"det","lemma":"den","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of har","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"också","lemma":"också","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies har","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"växt","lemma":"växt","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"depends on har","gloss":"grown","note":"Actually the supine of the verb växa \"to grow\", mislabeled as a noun; all examples mean \"has/had grown\"."},{"surface":"opp","lemma":"oppa","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"modifies har","gloss":"up","note":"Opp is an older spelling of modern upp."},{"surface":"vid","lemma":"vid","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking fors","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"varenda","lemma":"varenda","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of fors","gloss":"every single"},{"surface":"fors","lemma":"fors","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of har","gloss":"rapids"}]},{"number":52,"label":"14","id":"ch07-p14-s1","source":"Men med detta är ändå inte allt sagt om landet med de tre trappstegen.","translation":"But even with this, not everything has been said about the land with the three steps.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Men","lemma":"men","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"med","lemma":"med","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking detta","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"detta","lemma":"denna","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of sagt","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"är","lemma":"vara","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active","role":"copula linking to sagt","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"ändå","lemma":"ändå","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sagt","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"inte","lemma":"inte","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies sagt","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"allt","lemma":"all","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sagt","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"sagt","lemma":"säga","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"said","note":"Really the supine 'sagt' of the verb säga ('to say'), mistagged here as an adjective."},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking landet","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"landet","lemma":"land","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of sagt","gloss":"land"},{"surface":"med","lemma":"med","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking trappstegen","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of trappstegen","gloss":"the","note":"Surfaces 'de/De' are ambiguous with the plural pronoun 'de' = 'they'. Example ch01-p9-s2 ('De voro ett fattigt husmansfolk' = 'They were poor cottar folk') is genuinely the pronoun 'they', not the definite article 'the' — the single fixed gloss 'the' is wrong for that occurrence. Definite plural article ('de') used before an adjective plus noun, e.g. de stora träskorna, 'the big clogs.'"},{"surface":"tre","lemma":"tre","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"quantifies trappstegen","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"trappstegen","lemma":"trappsteg","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of sagt","gloss":"step"}]},{"number":53,"label":"","id":"ch07-p14-s2","source":"Utan det måste också sägas, att däroppe i Småland i det stora huset bodde en gång en jätte, som hade blivit gammal.","translation":"For it must also be told that up there in Småland, in the great house, there once lived a giant who had grown old.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"jätte","title":"«jätte»: giant, and today's intensifier","body":"In folklore, as here, a «jätte» is a giant. In modern colloquial Swedish the word has bleached into a plain intensifier meaning 'very' — «jättebra» = 'really good' — a folk-tale word that shrank into everyday speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"Utan","lemma":"utan","morphology":"conjunction","role":"preposition marking det","gloss":"but rather","note":"follows a negated clause, contrasting it with what actually happened."},{"surface":"det","lemma":"den","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"depends on sägas","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"måste","lemma":"måste","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of sägas","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"också","lemma":"också","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sägas","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"sägas","lemma":"säga","morphology":"verb, passive, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"to be said"},{"surface":"att","lemma":"att","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of bodde","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"däroppe","lemma":"däroppe","morphology":"adverb","role":"subject of bodde","gloss":"up there"},{"surface":"i","lemma":"i","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Småland","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Småland","lemma":"Småland","morphology":"proper noun, nominative","role":"modifies däroppe","gloss":"Småland"},{"surface":"i","lemma":"i","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking huset","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"det","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of huset","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"stora","lemma":"stor","morphology":"adjective, nominative, singular","role":"modifies huset","gloss":"big","note":"weak/definite form (stora), used with a singular definite noun, e.g. den stora länstolen."},{"surface":"huset","lemma":"hus","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of bodde","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"bodde","lemma":"bodde","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"depends on sägas","gloss":"lived"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of gång","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"gång","lemma":"gång","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of bodde","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"numeral, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of jätte","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"jätte","lemma":"jätte","morphology":"adjective, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"complement of bodde","gloss":"giant"},{"surface":"som","lemma":"som","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of blivit","gloss":"who","note":"Three of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely."},{"surface":"hade","lemma":"ha","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of blivit","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"blivit","lemma":"bli","morphology":"verb, active, supine","role":"relative clause on jätte","gloss":"become"},{"surface":"gammal","lemma":"gammal","morphology":"adjective, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"complement of blivit","gloss":"old"}]},{"number":54,"label":"","id":"ch07-p14-s3","source":"Och det förtröt honom, att han i sin höga ålderdom skulle vara tvungen att gå utför den långa trappan för att meta lax i havet.","translation":"And it vexed him that in his great old age he should be forced to go down the long staircase to fish for salmon in the sea.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"det","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, neuter, singular","role":"expletive with förtröt","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"förtröt","lemma":"förtröt","morphology":"adjective, nominative, singular","role":"subject of utför","gloss":"vexed"},{"surface":"honom","lemma":"han","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of förtröt","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"att","lemma":"att","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of tvungen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"han","lemma":"han","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of passive tvungen","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"i","lemma":"i","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ålderdom","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"sin","lemma":"sig","morphology":"pronoun, common gender, singular","role":"possessor of ålderdom","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"höga","lemma":"hög","morphology":"adjective, nominative, singular","role":"modifies ålderdom","gloss":"high"},{"surface":"ålderdom","lemma":"ålderdom","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with han","gloss":"old age"},{"surface":"skulle","lemma":"skola","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of tvungen","gloss":"should"},{"surface":"vara","lemma":"vara","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive","role":"copula linking to tvungen","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"tvungen","lemma":"tvung","morphology":"adjective, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"depends on förtröt","gloss":"obliged"},{"surface":"att","lemma":"att","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the clause of gå","gloss":"to","note":"infinitive marker before a verb."},{"surface":"gå","lemma":"gå","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on tvungen","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"utför","lemma":"utföra","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"down","note":"Functions here as the adverb/preposition \"down\" (utför trappan/kullen), not the unrelated verb utföra (\"to perform\")."},{"surface":"den","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of trappan","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"långa","lemma":"lång","morphology":"adjective, nominative, singular","role":"modifies trappan","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"trappan","lemma":"trappan","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of utför","gloss":"the staircase"},{"surface":"för","lemma":"för","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of meta","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"att","lemma":"att","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the clause of meta","gloss":"to","note":"infinitive marker before a verb."},{"surface":"meta","lemma":"meta","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on utför","gloss":"fish"},{"surface":"lax","lemma":"lax","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of meta","gloss":"salmon"},{"surface":"i","lemma":"i","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking havet","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"havet","lemma":"hav","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of meta","gloss":"sea"}]},{"number":55,"label":"","id":"ch07-p14-s4","source":"Det syntes honom vida lämpligare, att laxen skulle komma opp till honom, där han bodde.","translation":"It seemed to him far more fitting that the salmon should come up to him, where he lived.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Det","lemma":"den","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"expletive with syntes","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"syntes","lemma":"syntes","morphology":"verb, past, indicative","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seemed"},{"surface":"honom","lemma":"han","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of syntes","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"vida","lemma":"vida","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies lämpligare","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"lämpligare","lemma":"lämpligare","morphology":"adverb","role":"complement of syntes","gloss":"more fitting"},{"surface":"att","lemma":"att","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of komma","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"laxen","lemma":"lax","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of komma","gloss":"salmon"},{"surface":"skulle","lemma":"skola","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of komma","gloss":"should"},{"surface":"komma","lemma":"komma","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on lämpligare","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"opp","lemma":"opp","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"depends on komma","gloss":"up","note":"Mistagged as a noun; opp is the colloquial spelling of upp, \"up\"."},{"surface":"till","lemma":"till","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking honom","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"honom","lemma":"han","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of komma","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"där","lemma":"där","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bodde","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"han","lemma":"han","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of bodde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"bodde","lemma":"bodde","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"adverbial clause on komma","gloss":"lived"}]},{"number":56,"label":"15","id":"ch07-p15-s1","source":"Därför gick han opp på taket av sitt stora hus, och där ställde han sig och slungade stora stenar ner i Östersjön.","translation":"So he went up onto the roof of his great house, and there he took his stand and hurled great stones down into the Baltic Sea.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Därför","lemma":"därför","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gick","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"gick","lemma":"gå","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"han","lemma":"han","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of gick","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"opp","lemma":"opp","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"depends on gick","gloss":"up","note":"Opp is the particle upp in older spelling, despite the verb label."},{"surface":"på","lemma":"på","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking taket","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"taket","lemma":"tak","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of gick","gloss":"roof"},{"surface":"av","lemma":"av","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hus","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"sitt","lemma":"sig","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"possessor of hus","gloss":"his own","note":"possessive reflexive sitt, agreeing with a neuter noun."},{"surface":"stora","lemma":"stor","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies hus","gloss":"big"},{"surface":"hus","lemma":"hus","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies taket","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"där","lemma":"där","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ställde","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"ställde","lemma":"ställa","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"coordinated with gick","gloss":"took his stand"},{"surface":"han","lemma":"han","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of ställde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"sig","lemma":"sig","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of ställde","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"slungade","lemma":"slunga","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"modifies stenar","gloss":"hurled"},{"surface":"stora","lemma":"stor","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies stenar","gloss":"big"},{"surface":"stenar","lemma":"sten","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, plural","role":"direct object of ställde","gloss":"stones"},{"surface":"ner","lemma":"ner","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ställde","gloss":"down"},{"surface":"i","lemma":"i","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Östersjön","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Östersjön","lemma":"Östersjön","morphology":"proper noun, nominative","role":"oblique complement of ner","gloss":"the Baltic Sea"}]},{"number":57,"label":"","id":"ch07-p15-s2","source":"Han kastade dem med sådan kraft, att de flög över hela Blekinge och föll ner i havet.","translation":"He threw them with such force that they flew clear across Blekinge and fell into the sea.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Han","lemma":"han","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of kastade","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"kastade","lemma":"kasta","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"threw"},{"surface":"dem","lemma":"de","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of kastade","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"med","lemma":"med","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kraft","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"sådan","lemma":"sån","morphology":"adjective, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"modifies kraft","gloss":"such","note":"sån is a colloquial/older form of sådan, glossed to the modern sense."},{"surface":"kraft","lemma":"kraft","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of kastade","gloss":"strength"},{"surface":"att","lemma":"att","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of flög","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of flög","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"flög","lemma":"flög","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"adverbial clause on kastade","gloss":"flew"},{"surface":"över","lemma":"över","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Blekinge","gloss":"across"},{"surface":"hela","lemma":"hel","morphology":"adjective, nominative, singular","role":"modifies Blekinge","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"Blekinge","lemma":"Blekinge","morphology":"proper noun, nominative","role":"oblique complement of flög","gloss":"Blekinge","note":"A Swedish province."},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"föll","lemma":"föll","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"coordinated with flög","gloss":"fell"},{"surface":"ner","lemma":"ner","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on föll","gloss":"down"},{"surface":"i","lemma":"i","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking havet","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"havet","lemma":"hav","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of föll","gloss":"sea"}]},{"number":58,"label":"","id":"ch07-p15-s3","source":"Och när stenarna föll ner, blev laxen så rädd, att den gick opp ur havet, flydde oppåt Blekingsströmmarna, rände i väg genom forsarna, kastade sig med höga språng oppför fallen och stannade, först när den var långt inne i Småland hos gammaljätten.","translation":"And when the stones fell, the salmon grew so frightened that it rose up out of the sea, fled up the Blekinge rivers, raced away through the rapids, flung itself in high leaps up the falls, and did not stop until it was far inside Småland with the old giant.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"gammaljätten","title":"Compound: «gammaljätten»","body":"Swedish freely fuses an adjective and noun into one solid compound: «gammal» ('old') + «jätten» ('the giant') → «gammaljätten» ('the old giant'), written as a single word rather than two."}],"words":[{"surface":"Och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"när","lemma":"när","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of föll","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"stenarna","lemma":"stene","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, plural","role":"subject of föll","gloss":"the stones"},{"surface":"föll","lemma":"föll","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"adverbial clause on blev","gloss":"fell"},{"surface":"ner","lemma":"ner","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on föll","gloss":"down"},{"surface":"blev","lemma":"bli","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"became"},{"surface":"laxen","lemma":"lax","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of blev","gloss":"salmon"},{"surface":"så","lemma":"så","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies rädd","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"rädd","lemma":"rädd","morphology":"adjective, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"complement of blev","gloss":"afraid"},{"surface":"att","lemma":"att","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of gick","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"den","morphology":"pronoun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of gick","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"gick","lemma":"gå","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"depends on blev","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"opp","lemma":"opp","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on gick","gloss":"up","note":"Colloquial/dialectal spelling of 'upp'."},{"surface":"ur","lemma":"ur","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking havet","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"havet","lemma":"hav","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of opp","gloss":"sea"},{"surface":"flydde","lemma":"fly","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"complement of blev","gloss":"fled"},{"surface":"oppåt","lemma":"oppåt","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Blekingsströmmarna","gloss":"upward"},{"surface":"Blekingsströmmarna","lemma":"Blekingsströmmarna","morphology":"noun","role":"subject of blev","gloss":"the Blekinge rivers"},{"surface":"rände","lemma":"räna","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"complement of blev","gloss":"raced"},{"surface":"i","lemma":"i","morphology":"preposition","role":"modifies rände","gloss":"away"},{"surface":"väg","lemma":"väg","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"part of the phrase i","gloss":"way"},{"surface":"genom","lemma":"genom","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking forsarna","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"forsarna","lemma":"fors","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, plural","role":"oblique complement of i","gloss":"rapids"},{"surface":"kastade","lemma":"kasta","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"coordinated with blev","gloss":"threw"},{"surface":"sig","lemma":"sig","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of kastade","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"med","lemma":"med","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking språng","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"höga","lemma":"hög","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies språng","gloss":"tall"},{"surface":"språng","lemma":"språng","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of kastade","gloss":"leaps"},{"surface":"oppför","lemma":"oppför","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies språng","gloss":"up","note":"dialectal spelling of 'uppför' (up, upward/uphill)."},{"surface":"fallen","lemma":"fall","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of kastade","gloss":"cases"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"stannade","lemma":"stanna","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"coordinated with kastade","gloss":"stopped"},{"surface":"först","lemma":"först","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies kastade","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"när","lemma":"när","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of långt","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"den","morphology":"pronoun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of långt","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"var","lemma":"vara","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active","role":"copula linking to långt","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"långt","lemma":"långt","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial clause on kastade","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"inne","lemma":"inne","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies långt","gloss":"inside"},{"surface":"i","lemma":"i","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Småland","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Småland","lemma":"Småland","morphology":"proper noun, nominative","role":"oblique complement of inne","gloss":"Småland"},{"surface":"hos","lemma":"hos","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gammaljätten","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"gammaljätten","lemma":"gammaljätt","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of långt","gloss":"old giant"}]},{"number":59,"label":"16","id":"ch07-p16-s1","source":"Hur sant detta är, det syns av de många öarna och skären, som ligger utanför Blekinges kust, och som inte är något annat än de många stora stenar, som jätten kastade.","translation":"How true this is can be seen from the many islands and skerries that lie off the coast of Blekinge, and that are nothing other than the many great stones the giant threw.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Hur","lemma":"hur","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sant","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"sant","lemma":"sant","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"detta","lemma":"denna","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of sant","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"är","lemma":"vara","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active","role":"copula linking to sant","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"det","lemma":"den","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"expletive with syns","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"syns","lemma":"synas","morphology":"verb, present, indicative","role":"parallel clause to sant","gloss":"can be seen"},{"surface":"av","lemma":"av","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking öarna","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of öarna","gloss":"the","note":"Surfaces 'de/De' are ambiguous with the plural pronoun 'de' = 'they'. Example ch01-p9-s2 ('De voro ett fattigt husmansfolk' = 'They were poor cottar folk') is genuinely the pronoun 'they', not the definite article 'the' — the single fixed gloss 'the' is wrong for that occurrence. Definite plural article ('de') used before an adjective plus noun, e.g. de stora träskorna, 'the big clogs.'"},{"surface":"många","lemma":"många","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies öarna","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"öarna","lemma":"öare","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, plural","role":"agent of syns","gloss":"islands"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"skären","lemma":"skäre","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated with öarna","gloss":"the skerries"},{"surface":"som","lemma":"som","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of ligger","gloss":"that","note":"Three of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely."},{"surface":"ligger","lemma":"ligga","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active","role":"relative clause on syns","gloss":"lies"},{"surface":"utanför","lemma":"utanför","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kust","gloss":"outside"},{"surface":"Blekinges","lemma":"Blekinge","morphology":"proper noun, genitive","role":"possessor of kust","gloss":"Blekinge's"},{"surface":"kust","lemma":"kust","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of ligger","gloss":"coast"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"som","lemma":"som","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of annat","gloss":"that","note":"Three of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely."},{"surface":"inte","lemma":"inte","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies annat","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"är","lemma":"vara","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active","role":"copula linking to annat","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"något","lemma":"någon","morphology":"determiner, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of annat","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"annat","lemma":"annan","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with sant","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"än","lemma":"än","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase annat","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of stenar","gloss":"the","note":"Surfaces 'de/De' are ambiguous with the plural pronoun 'de' = 'they'. Example ch01-p9-s2 ('De voro ett fattigt husmansfolk' = 'They were poor cottar folk') is genuinely the pronoun 'they', not the definite article 'the' — the single fixed gloss 'the' is wrong for that occurrence. Definite plural article ('de') used before an adjective plus noun, e.g. de stora träskorna, 'the big clogs.'"},{"surface":"många","lemma":"många","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies stenar","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"stora","lemma":"stor","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies stenar","gloss":"big"},{"surface":"stenar","lemma":"sten","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, plural","role":"subject of sant","gloss":"stones"},{"surface":"som","lemma":"som","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of kastade","gloss":"that","note":"Three of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely."},{"surface":"jätten","lemma":"jätt","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of kastade","gloss":"giant"},{"surface":"kastade","lemma":"kasta","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"relative clause on stenar","gloss":"threw"}]},{"number":60,"label":"17","id":"ch07-p17-s1","source":"Det märks också därav, att laxen alltjämt går opp i Blekingsströmmarna och genom forsar och lugnvatten arbetar sig ända fram till Småland.","translation":"It is also shown by the fact that the salmon still swims up the Blekinge rivers and, through rapids and still waters, works its way all the way to Småland.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Det","lemma":"den","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"expletive with märks","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"märks","lemma":"märka","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, passive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is shown"},{"surface":"också","lemma":"också","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies märks","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"därav","lemma":"därav","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies märks","gloss":"by the fact"},{"surface":"att","lemma":"att","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of går","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"laxen","lemma":"lax","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of går","gloss":"salmon"},{"surface":"alltjämt","lemma":"alltjämt","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies går","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"går","lemma":"gå","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active","role":"depends on märks","gloss":"goes"},{"surface":"opp","lemma":"opp","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on går","gloss":"up","note":"Colloquial/dialectal spelling of 'upp'."},{"surface":"i","lemma":"i","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Blekingsströmmarna","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Blekingsströmmarna","lemma":"Blekingsströmmarna","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, plural","role":"oblique complement of går","gloss":"the Blekinge rivers"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"genom","lemma":"genom","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking forsar","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"forsar","lemma":"fors","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, plural","role":"coordinated with går","gloss":"rapids"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"lugnvatten","lemma":"lugnvatte","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated with forsar","gloss":"still waters"},{"surface":"arbetar","lemma":"arbeta","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active","role":"coordinated with går","gloss":"works"},{"surface":"sig","lemma":"sig","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of arbetar","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"ända","lemma":"ända","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies fram","gloss":"all the way"},{"surface":"fram","lemma":"fram","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies arbetar","gloss":"forward"},{"surface":"till","lemma":"till","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Småland","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Småland","lemma":"Småland","morphology":"proper noun, nominative","role":"oblique complement of fram","gloss":"Småland"}]},{"number":61,"label":"18","id":"ch07-p18-s1","source":"Men den där jätten är värd mycken tack och ära av Blekingsborna, därför att laxfiske i strömmarna och stenhuggeri i skärgården, det är arbete, som ger föda åt många av dem än i denna dag.»","translation":"But that giant deserves much thanks and honor from the people of Blekinge, because salmon fishing in the rivers and stone-quarrying in the archipelago are work that still provides food for many of them to this very day.\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Men","lemma":"men","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"part of the phrase Men","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"där","lemma":"där","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies värd","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"jätten","lemma":"jätt","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of värd","gloss":"giant"},{"surface":"är","lemma":"vara","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active","role":"copula linking to värd","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"värd","lemma":"värd","morphology":"adjective, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"relative clause on den","gloss":"deserving of"},{"surface":"mycken","lemma":"mycken","morphology":"adjective, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with den","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"tack","lemma":"tack","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies mycken","gloss":"thanks"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase tack","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ära","lemma":"ära","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"part of the phrase tack","gloss":"honor"},{"surface":"av","lemma":"av","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Blekingsborna","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Blekingsborna","lemma":"Blekingsborna","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, plural","role":"modifies den","gloss":"the Blekinge people"},{"surface":"därför","lemma":"därför","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of laxfiske","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"att","lemma":"att","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase därför","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"laxfiske","lemma":"laxfiske","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"adverbial clause on den","gloss":"salmon fishing"},{"surface":"i","lemma":"i","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking strömmarna","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"strömmarna","lemma":"strömmarna","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, plural","role":"modifies laxfiske","gloss":"the streams"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"stenhuggeri","lemma":"stenhuggeri","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with laxfiske","gloss":"stone quarrying"},{"surface":"i","lemma":"i","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking skärgården","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"skärgården","lemma":"skärgård","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of laxfiske","gloss":"archipelago"},{"surface":"det","lemma":"den","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of arbete","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"är","lemma":"vara","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active","role":"copula linking to arbete","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"arbete","lemma":"arbete","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"relative clause on den","gloss":"work"},{"surface":"som","lemma":"som","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of ger","gloss":"that","note":"Three of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely."},{"surface":"ger","lemma":"ge","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active","role":"relative clause on arbete","gloss":"gives"},{"surface":"föda","lemma":"föda","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of ger","gloss":"food"},{"surface":"åt","lemma":"åt","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking många","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"många","lemma":"mången","morphology":"pronoun, plural","role":"oblique complement of ger","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"av","lemma":"av","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dem","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"dem","lemma":"de","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of ger","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"än","lemma":"än","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"modifies ger","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"i","lemma":"i","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dag","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"denna","lemma":"denna","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of dag","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"dag","lemma":"dag","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of ger","gloss":"day"}]}]}