{"work":{"slug":"nils","title":{"source":"Nils Holgerssons underbara resa genom Sverige","translated":"The Wonderful Adventures of Nils"},"author":"Selma Lagerlöf","language":"Swedish","languageCode":"sv","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/nils"},"unit":{"kind":"chapter","number":null,"id":"ch53","title":{"source":"Resan till Vemmenhög","translated":"The Journey to Vemmenhög"},"section":"The Wonderful Adventures of Nils","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/nils/ch53","lines":66},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/nils/ch52","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/nils/ch54","license":"Source text: public domain (Selma Lagerlöf, d. 1940; first published 1906–1907). English translation: © 2026 1732 Studios, LLC — original draft, pending editorial review.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"ch53-p1-s1","source":"En dag i början av november flögo vildgässen över Hallandsås in i Skåne.","translation":"One day at the beginning of November the wild geese flew over Hallandsås into Skåne.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"flögo","title":"Archaic plural verb — register flag","body":"Pre-1906-reform Swedish still marked verbs for a plural subject: «flögo» is the old plural preterite of «flög» ('flew'), used because «vildgässen» ('the wild geese') is plural. Modern Swedish would simply write «flög» for both singular and plural."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Hallandsås","title":"A real Swedish ridge","body":"«Hallandsås» is the wooded ridge that runs along the border between Halland and Skåne — the last high ground before the flat southern plains the geese are about to cross."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of dag","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"dag","lemma":"dag","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of flögo","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"i","lemma":"i","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking början","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"början","lemma":"början","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"modifies dag","gloss":"beginning"},{"surface":"av","lemma":"av","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking november","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"november","lemma":"november","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"modifies början","gloss":"November"},{"surface":"flögo","lemma":"flögo","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"flew","note":"Past plural of flyga; mistagged as present tense."},{"surface":"vildgässen","lemma":"vildgässe","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of flögo","gloss":"the wild geese","note":"attested only in the plural surface vildgässen; the collective noun for the wild-goose flock."},{"surface":"över","lemma":"över","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Hallandsås","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"Hallandsås","lemma":"Hallandsås","morphology":"proper noun, nominative","role":"oblique complement of flögo","gloss":"Hallandsås"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on flögo","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"i","lemma":"i","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Skåne","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"Skåne","lemma":"Skåne","morphology":"proper noun, nominative","role":"oblique complement of in","gloss":"Skåne"}]},{"number":2,"label":"","id":"ch53-p1-s2","source":"De hade under några veckor uppehållit sig på de vida slätterna omkring Falköping, och som flera andra stora vildgåsflockar också hade vistats där, hade de haft en glad tid med mycket samspråk mellan de gamla fåglarna och mycken tävlan i allt slags idrott mellan de unga.","translation":"They had spent a few weeks lingering on the broad plains around Falköping, and since several other large flocks of wild geese had also been staying there, they had had a merry time, with much talk among the old birds and much competing in every kind of sport among the young ones.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of uppehållit","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"hade","lemma":"ha","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of uppehållit","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"under","lemma":"under","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking veckor","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"några","lemma":"någon","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of veckor","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"veckor","lemma":"vecka","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, plural","role":"oblique complement of uppehållit","gloss":"weeks"},{"surface":"uppehållit","lemma":"uppehålli","morphology":"verb, active, supine","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stayed"},{"surface":"sig","lemma":"sig","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of uppehållit","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"på","lemma":"på","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking slätterna","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of slätterna","gloss":"the","note":"Surfaces 'de/De' are ambiguous with the plural pronoun 'de' = 'they'. Example ch01-p9-s2 ('De voro ett fattigt husmansfolk' = 'They were poor cottar folk') is genuinely the pronoun 'they', not the definite article 'the' — the single fixed gloss 'the' is wrong for that occurrence. Definite plural article ('de') used before an adjective plus noun, e.g. de stora träskorna, 'the big clogs.'"},{"surface":"vida","lemma":"vid","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies slätterna","gloss":"broad"},{"surface":"slätterna","lemma":"slätt","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, plural","role":"oblique complement of uppehållit","gloss":"plains"},{"surface":"omkring","lemma":"omkring","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Falköping","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"Falköping","lemma":"Falköping","morphology":"proper noun, nominative","role":"oblique complement of uppehållit","gloss":"Falköping"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"som","lemma":"som","morphology":"pronoun","role":"preposition marking vildgåsflockar","gloss":"since","note":"Three of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely."},{"surface":"flera","lemma":"flera","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies vildgåsflockar","gloss":"several"},{"surface":"andra","lemma":"annan","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies vildgåsflockar","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"stora","lemma":"stor","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies vildgåsflockar","gloss":"big"},{"surface":"vildgåsflockar","lemma":"vildgåsflock","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, plural","role":"subject of vistats","gloss":"wild-goose flocks"},{"surface":"också","lemma":"också","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vistats","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"hade","lemma":"ha","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of vistats","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"vistats","lemma":"vistats","morphology":"verb, supine","role":"adverbial clause on haft","gloss":"stayed"},{"surface":"där","lemma":"där","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vistats","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"hade","lemma":"ha","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of haft","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of haft","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"haft","lemma":"ha","morphology":"verb, active, supine","role":"adverbial clause on uppehållit","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of tid","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"glad","lemma":"glad","morphology":"adjective, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"modifies tid","gloss":"glad"},{"surface":"tid","lemma":"tid","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of haft","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"med","lemma":"med","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking samspråk","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"mycket","lemma":"mycket","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies samspråk","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"samspråk","lemma":"samspråk","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"clause modifying tid","gloss":"conversation"},{"surface":"mellan","lemma":"mellan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking fåglarna","gloss":"between"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of fåglarna","gloss":"they","note":"Surfaces 'de/De' are ambiguous with the plural pronoun 'de' = 'they'. Example ch01-p9-s2 ('De voro ett fattigt husmansfolk' = 'They were poor cottar folk') is genuinely the pronoun 'they', not the definite article 'the' — the single fixed gloss 'the' is wrong for that occurrence. Definite plural article ('de') used before an adjective plus noun, e.g. de stora träskorna, 'the big clogs.'"},{"surface":"gamla","lemma":"gammal","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies fåglarna","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"fåglarna","lemma":"fåglarna","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, plural","role":"modifies samspråk","gloss":"the birds"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"mycken","lemma":"mycken","morphology":"adjective, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"modifies tävlan","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"tävlan","lemma":"tävlan","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with fåglarna","gloss":"contest"},{"surface":"i","lemma":"i","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking idrott","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"allt","lemma":"all","morphology":"determiner, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of slags","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"slags","lemma":"slag","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"possessor of idrott","gloss":"kind of","note":"Genitive 'slags' used in the fixed phrase 'ett slags'/'vad för slags' = 'a kind of'/'what kind of'."},{"surface":"idrott","lemma":"idrott","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"modifies tävlan","gloss":"sport"},{"surface":"mellan","lemma":"mellan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking unga","gloss":"between"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of unga","gloss":"the","note":"Surfaces 'de/De' are ambiguous with the plural pronoun 'de' = 'they'. Example ch01-p9-s2 ('De voro ett fattigt husmansfolk' = 'They were poor cottar folk') is genuinely the pronoun 'they', not the definite article 'the' — the single fixed gloss 'the' is wrong for that occurrence. Definite plural article ('de') used before an adjective plus noun, e.g. de stora träskorna, 'the big clogs.'"},{"surface":"unga","lemma":"ung","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies idrott","gloss":"young"}]},{"number":3,"label":"2","id":"ch53-p2-s1","source":"Vad Nils Holgersson beträffar, så hade han inte varit glad åt det långa dröjsmålet i Västergötland.","translation":"As for Nils Holgersson, he had not been happy about the long delay in Västergötland.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Vad","lemma":"vad","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"depends on hade","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"Nils","lemma":"Nils","morphology":"proper noun, nominative","role":"subject of beträffar","gloss":"Nils"},{"surface":"Holgersson","lemma":"Holgersson","morphology":"proper noun, nominative","role":"depends on Nils","gloss":"Holgersson"},{"surface":"beträffar","lemma":"beträffa","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active","role":"adverbial clause on Vad","gloss":"as for"},{"surface":"så","lemma":"så","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial clause on hade","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"hade","lemma":"ha","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of glad","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"han","lemma":"han","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of glad","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"inte","lemma":"inte","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies glad","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"varit","lemma":"vara","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, supine","role":"copula linking to glad","gloss":"been"},{"surface":"glad","lemma":"glad","morphology":"adjective, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"glad"},{"surface":"åt","lemma":"åt","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dröjsmålet","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"det","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of dröjsmålet","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"långa","lemma":"lång","morphology":"adjective, nominative, singular","role":"modifies dröjsmålet","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"dröjsmålet","lemma":"dröjsmål","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of glad","gloss":"delay"},{"surface":"i","lemma":"i","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Västergötland","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Västergötland","lemma":"Västergötland","morphology":"proper noun, nominative","role":"oblique complement of glad","gloss":"Västergötland"}]},{"number":4,"label":"","id":"ch53-p2-s2","source":"Han försökte att hålla modet uppe, men han hade svårt att förlika sig med sitt öde.","translation":"He tried to keep his spirits up, but he found it hard to make peace with his fate.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"förlika sig","title":"Reflexive «sig»","body":"«förlika sig med» = 'to reconcile oneself to / make peace with'. The reflexive pronoun «sig» ('oneself') shows the action folds back onto the subject — Nils is the one being reconciled to his own fate."}],"words":[{"surface":"Han","lemma":"han","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of försökte","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"försökte","lemma":"försöka","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tried"},{"surface":"att","lemma":"att","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the clause of hålla","gloss":"to","note":"infinitive marker before a verb."},{"surface":"hålla","lemma":"hålla","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive","role":"complement of försökte","gloss":"to keep up"},{"surface":"modet","lemma":"mod","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of hålla","gloss":"courage"},{"surface":"uppe","lemma":"uppe","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hålla","gloss":"up high"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"han","lemma":"han","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of hade","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"hade","lemma":"ha","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"coordinated with försökte","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"svårt","lemma":"svår","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of hade","gloss":"difficult"},{"surface":"att","lemma":"att","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the clause of förlika","gloss":"to","note":"infinitive marker before a verb."},{"surface":"förlika","lemma":"förlika","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on hade","gloss":"reconcile oneself"},{"surface":"sig","lemma":"sig","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of förlika","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"med","lemma":"med","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking öde","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"sitt","lemma":"sig","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"possessor of öde","gloss":"his own","note":"possessive reflexive sitt, agreeing with a neuter noun."},{"surface":"öde","lemma":"öde","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of förlika","gloss":"fate","note":"öde is both a neuter noun 'fate' and an unrelated adjective 'deserted/desolate'; some examples use the adjective."}]},{"number":5,"label":"","id":"ch53-p2-s3","source":"»Om jag väl hade lämnat Skåne bakom mig och vore i utlandet,» tänkte han, »så visste jag, att jag inte hade något att hoppas på, och då skulle jag känna mig lugnare.»","translation":"\"If only I had left Skåne behind me and were abroad,\" he thought, \"then I would know I had nothing to hope for, and then I would feel calmer.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"utlandet","title":"\"Abroad\" — from Skåne's point of view","body":"«Utlandet» literally means 'the out-land', i.e. 'abroad, foreign countries'. Nils uses it here for anywhere past Skåne, the southernmost province — once he crosses it, home is truly behind him."}],"words":[{"surface":"Om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of lämnat","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"jag","lemma":"jag","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of lämnat","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"väl","lemma":"väl","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies lämnat","gloss":"if only"},{"surface":"hade","lemma":"ha","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of lämnat","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"lämnat","lemma":"lämna","morphology":"verb, active, supine","role":"depends on visste","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"Skåne","lemma":"Skåne","morphology":"proper noun, nominative","role":"direct object of lämnat","gloss":"Skåne"},{"surface":"bakom","lemma":"bakom","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mig","gloss":"behind"},{"surface":"mig","lemma":"jag","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of lämnat","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"vore","lemma":"vara","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, subjunctive, active","role":"copula linking to utlandet","gloss":"would be"},{"surface":"i","lemma":"i","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking utlandet","gloss":"abroad"},{"surface":"utlandet","lemma":"utland","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with lämnat","gloss":"abroad"},{"surface":"tänkte","lemma":"tänka","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"parallel clause to lämnat","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"han","lemma":"han","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of tänkte","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"så","lemma":"så","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial clause on visste","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"visste","lemma":"visste","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"jag","lemma":"jag","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of visste","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"att","lemma":"att","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of hade","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"jag","lemma":"jag","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of hade","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"inte","lemma":"inte","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies hade","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"hade","lemma":"ha","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"clausal complement of visste","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"något","lemma":"någon","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of hade","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"att","lemma":"att","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the clause of hoppas","gloss":"to","note":"infinitive marker before a verb."},{"surface":"hoppas","lemma":"hoppas","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on hade","gloss":"hope"},{"surface":"på","lemma":"på","morphology":"preposition","role":"depends on hoppas","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"då","lemma":"då","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies känna","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"skulle","lemma":"skola","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of känna","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"jag","lemma":"jag","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of känna","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"känna","lemma":"känna","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive","role":"coordinated with hade","gloss":"to feel"},{"surface":"mig","lemma":"jag","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of känna","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"lugnare","lemma":"lugn","morphology":"adjective, nominative, comparative","role":"complement of känna","gloss":"calmer"}]},{"number":6,"label":"3","id":"ch53-p3-s1","source":"Så hade vildgässen äntligen brutit upp en morgon och flugit neråt Halland.","translation":"So the wild geese had finally broken camp one morning and flown down toward Halland.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"bryta upp","title":"A particle verb","body":"«bryta upp» ('break' + 'up') means 'to break camp, set off'. Like English phrasal verbs, the particle «upp» changes the plain verb «bryta» ('to break') into a fixed idiom for departing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Så","lemma":"så","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies brutit","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"hade","lemma":"ha","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of brutit","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"vildgässen","lemma":"vildgässe","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of brutit","gloss":"the wild geese","note":"attested only in the plural surface vildgässen; the collective noun for the wild-goose flock."},{"surface":"äntligen","lemma":"äntligen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies brutit","gloss":"finally"},{"surface":"brutit","lemma":"bruta","morphology":"verb, active, supine","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"broken"},{"surface":"upp","lemma":"upp","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on brutit","gloss":"up"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of morgon","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"morgon","lemma":"morgon","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of brutit","gloss":"morning"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"flugit","lemma":"fluga","morphology":"verb, active, supine","role":"coordinated with brutit","gloss":"flown"},{"surface":"neråt","lemma":"neråt","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies flugit","gloss":"downward"},{"surface":"Halland","lemma":"Halland","morphology":"proper noun, nominative","role":"direct object of flugit","gloss":"Halland"}]},{"number":7,"label":"","id":"ch53-p3-s2","source":"Pojken hade till en början inte funnit något särdeles nöje i att titta på det landskapet.","translation":"At first the boy had not found any particular pleasure in looking at that landscape.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Pojken","lemma":"pojke","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of hade","gloss":"boy"},{"surface":"hade","lemma":"ha","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"till","lemma":"till","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking början","gloss":"at first"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of början","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"början","lemma":"början","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of funnit","gloss":"beginning"},{"surface":"inte","lemma":"inte","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies funnit","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"funnit","lemma":"finna","morphology":"verb, active, supine","role":"parallel clause to hade","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"något","lemma":"någon","morphology":"determiner, neuter, singular","role":"modifies särdeles","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"särdeles","lemma":"särdela","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial clause on hade","gloss":"especially","note":"Old spelling of särdeles."},{"surface":"nöje","lemma":"nöje","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"complement of särdeles","gloss":"pleasure"},{"surface":"i","lemma":"i","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of titta","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"att","lemma":"att","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the clause of titta","gloss":"to","note":"infinitive marker before a verb."},{"surface":"titta","lemma":"titta","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on hade","gloss":"to look"},{"surface":"på","lemma":"på","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking landskapet","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"det","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of landskapet","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"landskapet","lemma":"landskap","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of titta","gloss":"landscape"}]},{"number":8,"label":"","id":"ch53-p3-s3","source":"Han tyckte, att det inte var något nytt att se där.","translation":"He felt there was nothing new to see there.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"tyckte","title":"«tycka» — to hold an opinion","body":"«tycka» means 'to think, feel, find' in the sense of a subjective opinion (contrast «tro», 'to believe/suppose', and «tänka», 'to think' as a mental process). «Han tyckte, att...» = 'he felt that...'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Han","lemma":"han","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of tyckte","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"tyckte","lemma":"tycka","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"att","lemma":"att","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of nytt","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"det","lemma":"den","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"expletive with nytt","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"inte","lemma":"inte","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies nytt","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"var","lemma":"vara","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active","role":"copula linking to nytt","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"något","lemma":"någon","morphology":"determiner, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of nytt","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"nytt","lemma":"ny","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"clausal complement of tyckte","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"att","lemma":"att","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the clause of se","gloss":"to","note":"infinitive marker before a verb."},{"surface":"se","lemma":"se","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive","role":"depends on nytt","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"där","lemma":"där","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies se","gloss":"there"}]},{"number":9,"label":"","id":"ch53-p3-s4","source":"I östra delen var det höglänt med stora ljunghedar, som påminde om Småland, och längre mot väster var det täckt med runda, kala bergkullar och sönderskuret av vikar ungefär på samma sätt som Bohuslän.","translation":"In the eastern part it was hilly, with great heather moors that reminded him of Småland, and further west it was covered with round, bare hills and cut through with inlets, much the same way as Bohuslän.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ljunghedar","title":"Heather moorland","body":"«Ljunghed» (plural «ljunghedar») is a heath or moor overgrown with «ljung», common heather — the low, purple-flowering shrub typical of Sweden's poorer, sandy uplands."}],"words":[{"surface":"I","lemma":"i","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking delen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"östra","lemma":"östra","morphology":"adjective, nominative, singular","role":"modifies delen","gloss":"eastern"},{"surface":"delen","lemma":"del","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of höglänt","gloss":"part"},{"surface":"var","lemma":"vara","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active","role":"copula linking to höglänt","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"det","lemma":"den","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"expletive with höglänt","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"höglänt","lemma":"höglända","morphology":"adjective, nominative","role":"subject of vikar","gloss":"hilly"},{"surface":"med","lemma":"med","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ljunghedar","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"stora","lemma":"stor","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies ljunghedar","gloss":"big"},{"surface":"ljunghedar","lemma":"ljunghed","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, plural","role":"modifies höglänt","gloss":"heather moors"},{"surface":"som","lemma":"som","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of påminde","gloss":"that","note":"Three of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely."},{"surface":"påminde","lemma":"påmi","morphology":"adjective, nominative","role":"relative clause on ljunghedar","gloss":"reminded"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Småland","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Småland","lemma":"Småland","morphology":"proper noun, nominative","role":"oblique complement of påminde","gloss":"Småland"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"längre","lemma":"länge","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies väster","gloss":"further"},{"surface":"mot","lemma":"mot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking väster","gloss":"west"},{"surface":"väster","lemma":"väster","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of täckt","gloss":"west"},{"surface":"var","lemma":"vara","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active","role":"copula linking to täckt","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"det","lemma":"den","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of täckt","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"täckt","lemma":"täcka","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"parallel clause to höglänt","gloss":"covered"},{"surface":"med","lemma":"med","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking runda","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"runda","lemma":"rund","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"oblique complement of täckt","gloss":"round"},{"surface":"kala","lemma":"kal","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies bergkullar","gloss":"bare"},{"surface":"bergkullar","lemma":"bergkull","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, plural","role":"oblique complement of täckt","gloss":"rocky hills"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"sönderskuret","lemma":"sönderskur","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with bergkullar","gloss":"cut through"},{"surface":"av","lemma":"av","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vikar","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"vikar","lemma":"vika","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"inlets"},{"surface":"ungefär","lemma":"ungefär","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vikar","gloss":"approximately"},{"surface":"på","lemma":"på","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sätt","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"samma","lemma":"samma","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of sätt","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"sätt","lemma":"sätt","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of vikar","gloss":"way"},{"surface":"som","lemma":"som","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of Bohuslän","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"Bohuslän","lemma":"Bohuslän","morphology":"proper noun, nominative","role":"clause modifying sätt","gloss":"Bohuslän","note":"Swedish coastal province."}]},{"number":10,"label":"4","id":"ch53-p4-s1","source":"Men när vildgässen fortsatte resan söderut längs det smala kustlandskapet, hade pojken suttit och hängt ut över gåshalsen och inte lyft ögonen från marken.","translation":"But when the wild geese continued their journey southward along the narrow coastal country, the boy had sat leaning out over the goose's neck, never lifting his eyes from the ground.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Men","lemma":"men","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"när","lemma":"när","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of fortsatte","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"vildgässen","lemma":"vildgässe","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of fortsatte","gloss":"the wild geese","note":"attested only in the plural surface vildgässen; the collective noun for the wild-goose flock."},{"surface":"fortsatte","lemma":"fortsata","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"adverbial clause on hade","gloss":"continued"},{"surface":"resan","lemma":"resa","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of fortsatte","gloss":"journey"},{"surface":"söderut","lemma":"söderut","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"modifies fortsatte","gloss":"southward","note":"This is the adverb söderut, mistagged as a noun."},{"surface":"längs","lemma":"längs","morphology":"adverb","role":"preposition marking kustlandskapet","gloss":"along"},{"surface":"det","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of kustlandskapet","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"smala","lemma":"smal","morphology":"adjective, nominative, singular","role":"modifies kustlandskapet","gloss":"narrow"},{"surface":"kustlandskapet","lemma":"kustlandskap","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of söderut","gloss":"the coastal country"},{"surface":"hade","lemma":"ha","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of suttit","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"pojken","lemma":"pojke","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of suttit","gloss":"boy"},{"surface":"suttit","lemma":"sutta","morphology":"verb, active, supine","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sat","note":"Archaic spelling of suttit, the supine of sitta (\"to sit\")."},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hängt","lemma":"häng","morphology":"verb, active, supine","role":"coordinated with suttit","gloss":"hung","note":"Lemma is a truncated form of 'hänga' (to hang); surface 'hängt' is its supine."},{"surface":"ut","lemma":"ut","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on hängt","gloss":"out"},{"surface":"över","lemma":"över","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gåshalsen","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"gåshalsen","lemma":"gåshals","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of hängt","gloss":"goose's neck"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"inte","lemma":"inte","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies lyft","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"lyft","lemma":"lyft","morphology":"verb, active, supine","role":"coordinated with suttit","gloss":"lifted"},{"surface":"ögonen","lemma":"ögonen","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of lyft","gloss":"the eyes"},{"surface":"från","lemma":"från","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking marken","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"marken","lemma":"mark","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of lyft","gloss":"ground"}]},{"number":11,"label":"","id":"ch53-p4-s2","source":"Han såg hur kullarna glesnade och slätten bredde ut sig.","translation":"He saw how the hills thinned out and the plain spread wide.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Han","lemma":"han","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of såg","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"såg","lemma":"se","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"hur","lemma":"hur","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies glesnade","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"kullarna","lemma":"kullarna","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, plural","role":"subject of glesnade","gloss":"the hills"},{"surface":"glesnade","lemma":"glesna","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"clausal complement of såg","gloss":"thinned out"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"slätten","lemma":"slätt","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of bredde","gloss":"plain"},{"surface":"bredde","lemma":"breda","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"coordinated with glesnade","gloss":"spread"},{"surface":"ut","lemma":"ut","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on bredde","gloss":"out"},{"surface":"sig","lemma":"sig","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of bredde","gloss":"itself"}]},{"number":12,"label":"","id":"ch53-p4-s3","source":"På samma gång märkte han, att kusten blev mindre söndertrasad.","translation":"At the same time he noticed that the coast became less ragged.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"På","lemma":"på","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gång","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"samma","lemma":"samma","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gång","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"gång","lemma":"gång","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of märkte","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"märkte","lemma":"märka","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"noticed"},{"surface":"han","lemma":"han","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of märkte","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"att","lemma":"att","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of blev","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"kusten","lemma":"kust","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of blev","gloss":"coast"},{"surface":"blev","lemma":"bli","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"clausal complement of märkte","gloss":"became"},{"surface":"mindre","lemma":"liten","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies söndertrasad","gloss":"less","note":"this type bundles the positive and comparative degree forms (litet, mindre) under one entry."},{"surface":"söndertrasad","lemma":"söndertrasad","morphology":"adverb","role":"complement of blev","gloss":"ragged"}]},{"number":13,"label":"","id":"ch53-p4-s4","source":"Skärgården utanför den glesnade och försvann, och det vida, öppna havet kom ända fram till fastlandet.","translation":"The skerries offshore thinned out and vanished, and the wide, open sea came right up to the mainland.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"skärgården","title":"Skerries","body":"«Skärgård» (here in its definite form «skärgården») names the belt of small rocky islands that fringes much of Sweden's coast. Its thinning out signals to the boy that he is leaving the rocky west and north behind."}],"words":[{"surface":"Skärgården","lemma":"skärgård","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of kom","gloss":"archipelago"},{"surface":"utanför","lemma":"utanför","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking glesnade","gloss":"outside"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of glesnade","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"glesnade","lemma":"glesna","morphology":"adjective, nominative, singular","role":"modifies Skärgården","gloss":"thinned out"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"försvann","lemma":"försvann","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with glesnade","gloss":"disappeared","note":"Past tense of försvinna ('disappeared'), mistagged as a noun."},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"det","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of havet","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"vida","lemma":"vid","morphology":"adjective, nominative, singular","role":"modifies havet","gloss":"wide"},{"surface":"öppna","lemma":"öppen","morphology":"adjective, nominative, singular","role":"coordinated with vida","gloss":"open"},{"surface":"havet","lemma":"hav","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of kom","gloss":"sea"},{"surface":"kom","lemma":"komma","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"ända","lemma":"ända","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies fram","gloss":"right up to"},{"surface":"fram","lemma":"fram","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies kom","gloss":"forward"},{"surface":"till","lemma":"till","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking fastlandet","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"fastlandet","lemma":"fastland","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of fram","gloss":"the mainland"}]},{"number":14,"label":"5","id":"ch53-p5-s1","source":"Och så upphörde skogen.","translation":"And then the forest came to an end.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"så","lemma":"så","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies upphörde","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"upphörde","lemma":"upphörde","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ceased/ended"},{"surface":"skogen","lemma":"skog","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of passive upphörde","gloss":"forest"}]},{"number":15,"label":"","id":"ch53-p5-s2","source":"Det hade ju funnits många sköna slätter högre uppåt landet, men de hade alla legat inramade av träd.","translation":"There had, of course, been many fine plains further up the country, but they had all lain framed by trees.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Det","lemma":"den","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"expletive with funnits","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"hade","lemma":"ha","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of funnits","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"ju","lemma":"ju","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies funnits","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"funnits","lemma":"funnits","morphology":"verb, passive, supine","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"existed/been found"},{"surface":"många","lemma":"många","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies sköna","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"sköna","lemma":"skön","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies slätter","gloss":"beautiful"},{"surface":"slätter","lemma":"slätta","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, plural","role":"complement of funnits","gloss":"plains"},{"surface":"högre","lemma":"hög","morphology":"adjective, nominative, comparative","role":"modifies uppåt","gloss":"higher"},{"surface":"uppåt","lemma":"uppåt","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"upward"},{"surface":"landet","lemma":"land","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of uppåt","gloss":"land"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of passive inramade","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"hade","lemma":"ha","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of inramade","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"alla","lemma":"all","morphology":"pronoun, plural","role":"subject of passive inramade","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"legat","lemma":"lega","morphology":"verb, active, supine","role":"passive auxiliary of inramade","gloss":"lain","note":"Supine of 'ligga' (to lie); lemma should be 'ligga'."},{"surface":"inramade","lemma":"inrama","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"coordinated with uppåt","gloss":"framed"},{"surface":"av","lemma":"av","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking träd","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"träd","lemma":"träd","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of inramade","gloss":"trees"}]},{"number":16,"label":"","id":"ch53-p5-s3","source":"Skogen hade funnits överallt.","translation":"The forest had been everywhere.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"hade funnits","title":"Pluperfect with «finnas»","body":"«hade funnits» is the pluperfect of the s-form verb «finnas» ('to exist, be found'): 'had existed'. Lagerlöf uses this past-of-the-past tense to set the scene as it used to be, before the plain the boy now sees."}],"words":[{"surface":"Skogen","lemma":"Skogen","morphology":"proper noun, nominative","role":"subject of funnits","gloss":"the forest","note":"Sentence-initial capitalized 'skogen' (the forest), not a proper name."},{"surface":"hade","lemma":"ha","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of funnits","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"funnits","lemma":"funnits","morphology":"verb, passive, supine","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"existed/been found"},{"surface":"överallt","lemma":"överallt","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies funnits","gloss":"everywhere"}]},{"number":17,"label":"","id":"ch53-p5-s4","source":"Det var, som om landet egentligen tillhörde träden, och den odlade jorden hade legat som stora röjningar i skogen.","translation":"It was as if the land really belonged to the trees, and the cultivated ground had lain like great clearings in the forest.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"röjningar","title":"Forest clearings","body":"A «röjning» is a clearing hacked out of woodland for farming — from «röja», 'to clear'. The image casts farmland as a borrowed patch inside the forest's true domain."}],"words":[{"surface":"Det","lemma":"den","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"var","lemma":"vara","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active","role":"modifies Det","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"som","lemma":"som","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"subject of tillhörde","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of tillhörde","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"landet","lemma":"land","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of tillhörde","gloss":"land"},{"surface":"egentligen","lemma":"egentligen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies tillhörde","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"tillhörde","lemma":"tillhöra","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"relative clause on Det","gloss":"belonged"},{"surface":"träden","lemma":"träd","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of tillhörde","gloss":"trees"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of jorden","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"odlade","lemma":"odla","morphology":"adjective, nominative, singular","role":"modifies jorden","gloss":"cultivated"},{"surface":"jorden","lemma":"jord","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of legat","gloss":"earth"},{"surface":"hade","lemma":"ha","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of legat","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"legat","lemma":"legat","morphology":"verb, active, supine","role":"coordinated with tillhörde","gloss":"lain"},{"surface":"som","lemma":"som","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of röjningar","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"stora","lemma":"stor","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies röjningar","gloss":"big"},{"surface":"röjningar","lemma":"röjning","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, plural","role":"direct object of legat","gloss":"clearings"},{"surface":"i","lemma":"i","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking skogen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"skogen","lemma":"skog","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"modifies röjningar","gloss":"forest"}]},{"number":18,"label":"","id":"ch53-p5-s5","source":"Och på alla slätter hade det funnits gott om dungar och hagar, liksom för att det skulle synas, att skogen när som helst kunde återta landet.","translation":"And on every plain there had been plenty of groves and pastures, as if to show that the forest could reclaim the land at any moment.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"på","lemma":"på","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking slätter","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"alla","lemma":"all","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of slätter","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"slätter","lemma":"slätta","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, plural","role":"oblique complement of funnits","gloss":"plains"},{"surface":"hade","lemma":"ha","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of funnits","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"det","lemma":"den","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"expletive with funnits","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"funnits","lemma":"funnits","morphology":"verb, passive, supine","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"existed/been found"},{"surface":"gott","lemma":"god","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies funnits","gloss":"plenty"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dungar","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"dungar","lemma":"dung","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, plural","role":"oblique complement of funnits","gloss":"groves"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hagar","lemma":"hag","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, plural","role":"coordinated with dungar","gloss":"pastures"},{"surface":"liksom","lemma":"liksom","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of synas","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"för","lemma":"för","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of synas","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"att","lemma":"att","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of synas","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"det","lemma":"den","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"expletive with synas","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"skulle","lemma":"skola","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of synas","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"synas","lemma":"syna","morphology":"verb, passive, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on funnits","gloss":"to show"},{"surface":"att","lemma":"att","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of återta","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"skogen","lemma":"skog","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of återta","gloss":"forest"},{"surface":"när","lemma":"när","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies återta","gloss":"when","note":"Functions as a subordinating conjunction, not an adverb."},{"surface":"som","lemma":"som","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase när","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"helst","lemma":"gärna","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase när","gloss":"ever","note":"Type lumps together gärna (gladly) and its suppletive superlative helst (rather/most)."},{"surface":"kunde","lemma":"kunna","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of återta","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"återta","lemma":"återta","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive","role":"depends on synas","gloss":"reclaim"},{"surface":"landet","lemma":"land","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of återta","gloss":"land"}]},{"number":19,"label":"6","id":"ch53-p6-s1","source":"Men här var det annorlunda.","translation":"But here it was different.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Men","lemma":"men","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"här","lemma":"här","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies var","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"var","lemma":"vara","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"det","lemma":"den","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of var","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"annorlunda","lemma":"annorlunda","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies var","gloss":"different"}]},{"number":20,"label":"","id":"ch53-p6-s2","source":"Här hade slättmarken tagit herraväldet.","translation":"Here the flatland had taken the upper hand.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"herraväldet","title":"Mastery, dominion","body":"«Herravälde» ('lord-rule') means 'mastery, dominion, supremacy'. To say the plain «tagit herraväldet» is to say it has seized total command of the land — no forest left to contest it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Här","lemma":"här","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hade","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"hade","lemma":"ha","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of tagit","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"slättmarken","lemma":"slättmarke","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of hade","gloss":"the flatland"},{"surface":"tagit","lemma":"ta","morphology":"verb, active, supine","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"taken"},{"surface":"herraväldet","lemma":"herravälde","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of tagit","gloss":"the upper hand"}]},{"number":21,"label":"","id":"ch53-p6-s3","source":"Den bredde ut sig ända bort till synranden.","translation":"It spread out all the way to the horizon.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"synranden","title":"The horizon","body":"«Synranden» ('sight's edge') is a literary word for the horizon, from «syn» ('sight') + «rand» ('edge, rim'). It is more poetic than the everyday «horisonten»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Den","lemma":"den","morphology":"pronoun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of bredde","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"bredde","lemma":"breda","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"spread"},{"surface":"ut","lemma":"ut","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on bredde","gloss":"out"},{"surface":"sig","lemma":"sig","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of bredde","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"ända","lemma":"ända","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bort","gloss":"all the way"},{"surface":"bort","lemma":"bort","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bredde","gloss":"away"},{"surface":"till","lemma":"till","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking synranden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"synranden","lemma":"synrand","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of bredde","gloss":"the horizon"}]},{"number":22,"label":"","id":"ch53-p6-s4","source":"Det fanns stora skogsplanteringar, men ingen vildskog.","translation":"There were large forest plantations, but no wild forest.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Det","lemma":"den","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"expletive with fanns","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"fanns","lemma":"finnas","morphology":"verb, past, indicative","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there was","note":"existential verb; fanns = 'there was/were, existed.'"},{"surface":"stora","lemma":"stor","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies skogsplanteringar","gloss":"big"},{"surface":"skogsplanteringar","lemma":"skogsplantering","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, plural","role":"subject of fanns","gloss":"forest plantations"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ingen","lemma":"ingen","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of vildskog","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"vildskog","lemma":"vildskog","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with skogsplanteringar","gloss":"wild forest"}]},{"number":23,"label":"","id":"ch53-p6-s5","source":"Just detta, att landet låg så öppet med åker vid åker, gjorde, att det påminde pojken om Skåne.","translation":"Just this — that the land lay so open, with field after field — was what made it remind the boy of Skåne.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Just","lemma":"just","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies detta","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"detta","lemma":"denna","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of gjorde","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"att","lemma":"att","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of låg","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"landet","lemma":"land","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of låg","gloss":"land"},{"surface":"låg","lemma":"ligga","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"relative clause on detta","gloss":"lay"},{"surface":"så","lemma":"så","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies låg","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"öppet","lemma":"öppen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies låg","gloss":"open","note":"This is the neuter adjective form 'öppet' used predicatively/adverbially."},{"surface":"med","lemma":"med","morphology":"preposition","role":"oblique complement of låg","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"åker","lemma":"åka","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active","role":"part of the phrase med","gloss":"field","note":"Mislemmatized: surface is 'åker', the noun ('a field'), in both attested examples ('slog ner på en åker', 'stänger för en åker') — not a form of the verb åka ('to ride/drive'). Gloss corrected to the noun sense actually attested."},{"surface":"vid","lemma":"vid","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase med","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"åker","lemma":"åka","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active","role":"part of the phrase vid","gloss":"field","note":"Mislemmatized: surface is 'åker', the noun ('a field'), in both attested examples ('slog ner på en åker', 'stänger för en åker') — not a form of the verb åka ('to ride/drive'). Gloss corrected to the noun sense actually attested."},{"surface":"gjorde","lemma":"göra","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did"},{"surface":"att","lemma":"att","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of påminde","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"det","lemma":"den","morphology":"determiner, neuter, singular","role":"subject of påminde","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"påminde","lemma":"påmin","morphology":"adjective, nominative, singular","role":"clausal complement of gjorde","gloss":"reminded"},{"surface":"pojken","lemma":"pojke","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of påminde","gloss":"boy"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Skåne","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Skåne","lemma":"Skåne","morphology":"proper noun, nominative","role":"modifies pojken","gloss":"Skåne"}]},{"number":24,"label":"","id":"ch53-p6-s6","source":"Den nakna kusten med sandfält och tångvallar tyckte han sig också känna igen.","translation":"The bare coast with its sand flats and ridges of seaweed, too, he felt he recognized.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Den","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of kusten","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"nakna","lemma":"nakn","morphology":"adjective, nominative, singular","role":"modifies kusten","gloss":"bare"},{"surface":"kusten","lemma":"kust","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of tyckte","gloss":"coast"},{"surface":"med","lemma":"med","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sandfält","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"sandfält","lemma":"sandfält","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies kusten","gloss":"sand flats"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"tångvallar","lemma":"tångvalel","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, plural","role":"coordinated with kusten","gloss":"seaweed ridges"},{"surface":"tyckte","lemma":"tycka","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"han","lemma":"han","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of tyckte","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"sig","lemma":"sig","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of tyckte","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"också","lemma":"också","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies känna","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"känna","lemma":"känna","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive","role":"complement of tyckte","gloss":"to feel"},{"surface":"igen","lemma":"igen","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on känna","gloss":"again"}]},{"number":25,"label":"","id":"ch53-p6-s7","source":"Han blev både glad och ängslig, när han såg detta.","translation":"He grew both glad and anxious when he saw this.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Han","lemma":"han","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of blev","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"blev","lemma":"bli","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"became"},{"surface":"både","lemma":"både","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"glad","lemma":"glad","morphology":"adjective, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"complement of blev","gloss":"glad"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ängslig","lemma":"ängslig","morphology":"adjective, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with glad","gloss":"anxious"},{"surface":"när","lemma":"när","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of såg","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"han","lemma":"han","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of såg","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"såg","lemma":"såg","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"adverbial clause on blev","gloss":"saw","note":"past tense of se, 'to see.'"},{"surface":"detta","lemma":"denna","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of såg","gloss":"this"}]},{"number":26,"label":"","id":"ch53-p6-s8","source":"»Nu kan jag inte vara långt hemifrån,» tänkte han.","translation":"\"Now I can't be far from home,\" he thought.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hemifrån","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunna","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of hemifrån","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"jag","lemma":"jag","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of hemifrån","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"inte","lemma":"inte","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies hemifrån","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"vara","lemma":"vara","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive","role":"copula linking to hemifrån","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"långt","lemma":"långt","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hemifrån","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"hemifrån","lemma":"hemifrån","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"from home"},{"surface":"tänkte","lemma":"tänka","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"parallel clause to hemifrån","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"han","lemma":"han","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of tänkte","gloss":"he"}]},{"number":27,"label":"7","id":"ch53-p7-s1","source":"Landskapet förändrade sig nog.","translation":"The landscape did keep changing, it's true.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Landskapet","lemma":"landskap","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of förändrade","gloss":"landscape"},{"surface":"förändrade","lemma":"förändra","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"changed"},{"surface":"sig","lemma":"sig","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of förändrade","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies förändrade","gloss":"indeed"}]},{"number":28,"label":"","id":"ch53-p7-s2","source":"Åar kommo brusande ner från Västergötland och Småland och bröto slättens enformighet.","translation":"Rivers came rushing down from Västergötland and Småland and broke the plain's monotony.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"kommo / bröto","title":"Archaic plural verbs — register flag","body":"«kommo» and «bröto» are the old plural preterites of «kom» ('came') and «bröt» ('broke'), triggered by the plural subject «åar» ('rivers'). Modern Swedish drops this agreement entirely and would use «kom» and «bröt» regardless of number."}],"words":[{"surface":"Åar","lemma":"Åar","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of kommo","gloss":"rivers"},{"surface":"kommo","lemma":"kommo","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came","note":"kommo is the archaic plural past tense of komma 'to come', not an infinitive despite the tag."},{"surface":"brusande","lemma":"brusande","morphology":"adjective, nominative","role":"modifies kommo","gloss":"roaring","note":"describes rushing water or wind."},{"surface":"ner","lemma":"ner","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on kommo","gloss":"down"},{"surface":"från","lemma":"från","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Västergötland","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Västergötland","lemma":"Västergötland","morphology":"proper noun, nominative","role":"oblique complement of ner","gloss":"Västergötland"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Småland","lemma":"Småland","morphology":"proper noun, nominative","role":"coordinated with Västergötland","gloss":"Småland"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"bröto","lemma":"bröto","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with ner","gloss":"broke","note":"actually the archaic plural past tense of bryta (they broke/set off), mistagged as a noun."},{"surface":"slättens","lemma":"slätt","morphology":"noun, genitive, common gender, singular","role":"possessor of enformighet","gloss":"the plain's"},{"surface":"enformighet","lemma":"enformighet","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of bröto","gloss":"monotony"}]},{"number":29,"label":"","id":"ch53-p7-s3","source":"Sjöar, mossar, ljunghedar och flygsandsfält lade sig i vägen för åkrarna, men dessa bredde ändå ut sig allt vidare, ända tills Hallandsås reste sig nere vid Skånegränsen med sina vackra klyftor och dalgångar.","translation":"Lakes, bogs, heather moors, and drifting sand fields got in the way of the fields, but these still spread ever wider, all the way until Hallandsås rose down by the Skåne border with its beautiful ravines and valleys.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"flygsandsfält","title":"Drift-sand fields","body":"«Flygsand» is loose, wind-blown sand that shifts and 'flies' across open ground — a real hazard on Sweden's sandy heaths, here forming whole «fält» ('fields') of it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Sjöar","lemma":"sjöar","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"lakes"},{"surface":"mossar","lemma":"moss","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, plural","role":"coordinated with Sjöar","gloss":"bogs"},{"surface":"ljunghedar","lemma":"ljunghed","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, plural","role":"coordinated with Sjöar","gloss":"heather moors"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"flygsandsfält","lemma":"flygsandsfält","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies lade","gloss":"drifting sand fields"},{"surface":"lade","lemma":"la","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"coordinated with Sjöar","gloss":"got in the way","note":"\"lade han märke till\" is the fixed idiom lägga märke till (\"to notice\"), not literal \"laid\"."},{"surface":"sig","lemma":"sig","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of lade","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"i","lemma":"i","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vägen","gloss":"in the way"},{"surface":"vägen","lemma":"väg","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of lade","gloss":"way"},{"surface":"för","lemma":"för","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking åkrarna","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"åkrarna","lemma":"åkr","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, plural","role":"oblique complement of lade","gloss":"fields"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"dessa","lemma":"denna","morphology":"pronoun, plural","role":"subject of bredde","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"bredde","lemma":"breda","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"coordinated with Sjöar","gloss":"spread"},{"surface":"ändå","lemma":"ändå","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bredde","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"ut","lemma":"ut","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on bredde","gloss":"out"},{"surface":"sig","lemma":"sig","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of bredde","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"allt","lemma":"allt","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vidare","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"vidare","lemma":"vidare","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bredde","gloss":"further"},{"surface":"ända","lemma":"ända","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of reste","gloss":"all the way"},{"surface":"tills","lemma":"tills","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase ända","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"Hallandsås","lemma":"Hallandsås","morphology":"proper noun, nominative","role":"subject of reste","gloss":"Hallandsås"},{"surface":"reste","lemma":"resa","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"adverbial clause on bredde","gloss":"rose"},{"surface":"sig","lemma":"sig","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of reste","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"nere","lemma":"nere","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies reste","gloss":"down"},{"surface":"vid","lemma":"vid","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Skånegränsen","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"Skånegränsen","lemma":"Skånegränsen","morphology":"proper noun, nominative","role":"oblique complement of reste","gloss":"the Skåne border"},{"surface":"med","lemma":"med","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking klyftor","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"sina","lemma":"sig","morphology":"pronoun, plural","role":"possessor of klyftor","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"vackra","lemma":"vacker","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies klyftor","gloss":"beautiful"},{"surface":"klyftor","lemma":"klyftor","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, plural","role":"oblique complement of reste","gloss":"clefts"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dalgångar","lemma":"dalgång","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, plural","role":"coordinated with klyftor","gloss":"valleys"}]},{"number":30,"label":"","id":"ch53-p7-s4","source":"— —","translation":"— —","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[]},{"number":31,"label":"8","id":"ch53-p8-s1","source":"Det hade hänt flera gånger under resan, att unggässen hade frågat dem, som voro gamla i flocken: »Hur ser det ut i utlandet? Hur ser det ut i utlandet?»","translation":"It had happened several times during the journey that the young geese had asked those who were old in the flock, \"What does it look like abroad? What does it look like abroad?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"voro","title":"Archaic plural verb — register flag","body":"«voro» is the old plural preterite of «var» ('were'), used because the subject «dem, som... i flocken» is plural (the old geese). Modern Swedish would use «var» for both singular and plural."}],"words":[{"surface":"Det","lemma":"den","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of hänt","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"hade","lemma":"ha","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of hänt","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"hänt","lemma":"hända","morphology":"verb, active, supine","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"happened"},{"surface":"flera","lemma":"flera","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies gånger","gloss":"several"},{"surface":"gånger","lemma":"gång","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, plural","role":"direct object of hänt","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"under","lemma":"under","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking resan","gloss":"during"},{"surface":"resan","lemma":"resa","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of hänt","gloss":"journey"},{"surface":"att","lemma":"att","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of frågat","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"unggässen","lemma":"unggäss","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of frågat","gloss":"young geese","note":"surface 'unggässen' is plural definite (the young geese) despite the singular tag."},{"surface":"hade","lemma":"ha","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of frågat","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"frågat","lemma":"fråga","morphology":"verb, active, supine","role":"depends on hänt","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"dem","lemma":"de","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of frågat","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"som","lemma":"som","morphology":"pronoun","role":"introduces the clause of gamla","gloss":"who","note":"Three of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely."},{"surface":"voro","lemma":"voro","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"possessor of gamla","gloss":"were","note":"archaic plural past tense of vara ('to be'), used alongside var; a historical form, not a true adjective."},{"surface":"gamla","lemma":"gammal","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"complement of frågat","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"i","lemma":"i","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking flocken","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"flocken","lemma":"flock","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of gamla","gloss":"flock"},{"surface":"Hur","lemma":"hur","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ser","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"ser","lemma":"se","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sees"},{"surface":"det","lemma":"den","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of ser","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"ut","lemma":"ut","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on ser","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"i","lemma":"i","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking utlandet","gloss":"abroad"},{"surface":"utlandet","lemma":"utland","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of ser","gloss":"abroad"},{"surface":"Hur","lemma":"hur","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ser","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"ser","lemma":"se","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sees"},{"surface":"det","lemma":"den","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of ser","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"ut","lemma":"ut","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on ser","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"i","lemma":"i","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking utlandet","gloss":"abroad"},{"surface":"utlandet","lemma":"utland","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of ser","gloss":"abroad"}]},{"number":32,"label":"9","id":"ch53-p9-s1","source":"»Vänta, vänta! Det ska ni snart få veta,» hade då de svarat, som hade farit uppåt och neråt landet många gånger.","translation":"\"Wait, wait! You'll soon find that out,\" those who had traveled up and down the country many times had answered.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Vänta","lemma":"vänta","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of vänta","gloss":"Wait!","note":"Parsed as a noun but functions as the imperative 'wait!' of the verb vänta in all examples."},{"surface":"vänta","lemma":"vänta","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"to wait"},{"surface":"Det","lemma":"den","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of få","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"ska","lemma":"skola","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of få","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"ni","lemma":"ni","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of få","gloss":"you","note":"second-person plural/formal pronoun, tagged singular by the parser."},{"surface":"snart","lemma":"snart","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies få","gloss":"soon"},{"surface":"få","lemma":"få","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"get to"},{"surface":"veta","lemma":"veta","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive","role":"complement of få","gloss":"to know"},{"surface":"hade","lemma":"ha","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of svarat","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"då","lemma":"då","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies svarat","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of svarat","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"svarat","lemma":"svara","morphology":"verb, active, supine","role":"coordinated with få","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"som","lemma":"som","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of farit","gloss":"who","note":"Three of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely."},{"surface":"hade","lemma":"ha","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of farit","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"farit","lemma":"fara","morphology":"verb, active, supine","role":"coordinated with få","gloss":"traveled"},{"surface":"uppåt","lemma":"uppåt","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies farit","gloss":"upward"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"neråt","lemma":"neråt","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with uppåt","gloss":"downward"},{"surface":"landet","lemma":"land","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies farit","gloss":"land"},{"surface":"många","lemma":"många","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies gånger","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"gånger","lemma":"gång","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, plural","role":"oblique complement of farit","gloss":"times"}]},{"number":33,"label":"10","id":"ch53-p10-s1","source":"När unggässen hade sett Värmlands långa skogsåsar och de blanka sjöarna mellan dem eller Bohusläns klippvärld eller Västergötlands vackra småberg, hade de undrat och frågat: »Ser hela världen ut på det här sättet? Ser hela världen ut på det här sättet?»","translation":"When the young geese had seen Värmland's long forest ridges and the shining lakes between them, or Bohuslän's world of cliffs, or Västergötland's lovely little hills, they had wondered and asked, \"Does the whole world look like this? Does the whole world look like this?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"klippvärld","title":"A world of cliffs","body":"«Klippvärld» ('cliff-world') is a compound Lagerlöf coins for Bohuslän's rugged, rock-cut coastline — one of the many landscapes the geese, and the reader, are shown across Sweden's provinces, or «landskap»."}],"words":[{"surface":"När","lemma":"när","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of sett","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"unggässen","lemma":"unggäss","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of sett","gloss":"young geese","note":"surface 'unggässen' is plural definite (the young geese) despite the singular tag."},{"surface":"hade","lemma":"ha","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of sett","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"sett","lemma":"se","morphology":"verb, active, supine","role":"adverbial clause on hade","gloss":"seen"},{"surface":"Värmlands","lemma":"Värmland","morphology":"verb, passive, infinitive","role":"possessor of skogsåsar","gloss":"Värmland's"},{"surface":"långa","lemma":"lång","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies skogsåsar","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"skogsåsar","lemma":"skogsås","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, plural","role":"direct object of sett","gloss":"wooded ridges"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of sjöarna","gloss":"the","note":"Surfaces 'de/De' are ambiguous with the plural pronoun 'de' = 'they'. Example ch01-p9-s2 ('De voro ett fattigt husmansfolk' = 'They were poor cottar folk') is genuinely the pronoun 'they', not the definite article 'the' — the single fixed gloss 'the' is wrong for that occurrence. Definite plural article ('de') used before an adjective plus noun, e.g. de stora träskorna, 'the big clogs.'"},{"surface":"blanka","lemma":"blank","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies sjöarna","gloss":"gleaming"},{"surface":"sjöarna","lemma":"sjöarna","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, plural","role":"coordinated with skogsåsar","gloss":"the lakes"},{"surface":"mellan","lemma":"mellan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dem","gloss":"between"},{"surface":"dem","lemma":"de","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"modifies sjöarna","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"eller","lemma":"eller","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"Bohusläns","lemma":"Bohusläns","morphology":"proper noun, genitive","role":"coordinated with dem","gloss":"Bohuslän's"},{"surface":"klippvärld","lemma":"klippvärld","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of sett","gloss":"world of cliffs"},{"surface":"eller","lemma":"eller","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"Västergötlands","lemma":"Västergötland","morphology":"proper noun, genitive","role":"possessor of småberg","gloss":"Västergötland's"},{"surface":"vackra","lemma":"vacker","morphology":"adjective, nominative, singular","role":"modifies småberg","gloss":"beautiful"},{"surface":"småberg","lemma":"småberg","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with klippvärld","gloss":"little hills"},{"surface":"hade","lemma":"ha","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of undrat","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of undrat","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"undrat","lemma":"undrad","morphology":"verb, active, supine","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wondered"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"frågat","lemma":"frågaa","morphology":"verb, active, supine","role":"coordinated with undrat","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"Ser","lemma":"Ser","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"see","note":"Present tense of se ('to see'); capitalized here as sentence-initial."},{"surface":"hela","lemma":"hel","morphology":"adjective, nominative, singular","role":"modifies världen","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"världen","lemma":"värld","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of Ser","gloss":"world"},{"surface":"ut","lemma":"ut","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on Ser","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"på","lemma":"på","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sättet","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"det","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of sättet","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"här","lemma":"här","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase det","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"sättet","lemma":"sätt","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of ut","gloss":"way"},{"surface":"Ser","lemma":"Ser","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"see","note":"Present tense of se ('to see'); capitalized here as sentence-initial."},{"surface":"hela","lemma":"hel","morphology":"adjective, nominative, singular","role":"modifies världen","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"världen","lemma":"värld","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of Ser","gloss":"world"},{"surface":"ut","lemma":"ut","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on Ser","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"på","lemma":"på","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sättet","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"det","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of sättet","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"här","lemma":"här","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase det","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"sättet","lemma":"sätt","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of ut","gloss":"way"}]},{"number":34,"label":"11","id":"ch53-p11-s1","source":"»Vänta, vänta! Ni ska snart få veta hur det ser ut i en god del av världen,» hade de gamla svarat.","translation":"\"Wait, wait! You'll soon find out what a good part of the world looks like,\" the old ones had answered.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Vänta","lemma":"vänta","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of vänta","gloss":"Wait!","note":"Parsed as a noun but functions as the imperative 'wait!' of the verb vänta in all examples."},{"surface":"vänta","lemma":"vänta","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"to wait"},{"surface":"Ni","lemma":"ni","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of få","gloss":"you","note":"second-person plural/formal pronoun, tagged singular by the parser."},{"surface":"ska","lemma":"skola","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of få","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"snart","lemma":"snart","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies få","gloss":"soon"},{"surface":"få","lemma":"få","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive","role":"auxiliary of veta","gloss":"get to"},{"surface":"veta","lemma":"veta","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"to know"},{"surface":"hur","lemma":"hur","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ser","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"det","lemma":"den","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of ser","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"ser","lemma":"se","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active","role":"clausal complement of veta","gloss":"sees"},{"surface":"ut","lemma":"ut","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on ser","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"i","lemma":"i","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking del","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of del","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"god","lemma":"god","morphology":"adjective, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"modifies del","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of ser","gloss":"part"},{"surface":"av","lemma":"av","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking världen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"världen","lemma":"värld","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"modifies del","gloss":"world"},{"surface":"hade","lemma":"ha","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of svarat","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"subject of svarat","gloss":"the","note":"Surfaces 'de/De' are ambiguous with the plural pronoun 'de' = 'they'. Example ch01-p9-s2 ('De voro ett fattigt husmansfolk' = 'They were poor cottar folk') is genuinely the pronoun 'they', not the definite article 'the' — the single fixed gloss 'the' is wrong for that occurrence. Definite plural article ('de') used before an adjective plus noun, e.g. de stora träskorna, 'the big clogs.'"},{"surface":"gamla","lemma":"gammal","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies svarat","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"svarat","lemma":"svaraa","morphology":"verb, active, supine","role":"coordinated with veta","gloss":"answered"}]},{"number":35,"label":"12","id":"ch53-p12-s1","source":"När vildgässen hade rest över Hallandsås och kommit ett stycke framåt Skåne, ropade Akka: »Titta nu ner! Se er omkring! Så här ser det ut i utlandet.»","translation":"When the wild geese had crossed Hallandsås and come some way into Skåne, Akka called out, \"Look down now! Look around you! This is what it looks like abroad.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Akka","title":"Akka from Kebnekaise","body":"Akka is the wise old lead goose of the wild-goose flock Nils travels with — named for Kebnekaise, Sweden's highest mountain. Her word is law on the journey."}],"words":[{"surface":"När","lemma":"när","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of rest","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"vildgässen","lemma":"vildgässe","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of rest","gloss":"the wild geese","note":"attested only in the plural surface vildgässen; the collective noun for the wild-goose flock."},{"surface":"hade","lemma":"ha","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of rest","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"rest","lemma":"rest","morphology":"verb, active, supine","role":"adverbial clause on ropade","gloss":"traveled"},{"surface":"över","lemma":"över","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Hallandsås","gloss":"across"},{"surface":"Hallandsås","lemma":"Hallandsås","morphology":"proper noun, nominative","role":"oblique complement of rest","gloss":"Hallandsås"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"kommit","lemma":"komma","morphology":"verb, active, supine","role":"coordinated with rest","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"ett","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of stycke","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"stycke","lemma":"stycke","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of kommit","gloss":"piece"},{"surface":"framåt","lemma":"framåt","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies kommit","gloss":"forward"},{"surface":"Skåne","lemma":"Skåne","morphology":"proper noun, nominative","role":"direct object of kommit","gloss":"Skåne"},{"surface":"ropade","lemma":"ropa","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"called out"},{"surface":"Akka","lemma":"Akka","morphology":"proper noun, nominative","role":"direct object of ropade","gloss":"Akka","note":"proper name of the lead wild goose; keep untranslated."},{"surface":"Titta","lemma":"titta","morphology":"verb, imperative, active","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"look!"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Titta","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"ner","lemma":"ner","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Titta","gloss":"down"},{"surface":"Se","lemma":"se","morphology":"verb, imperative, active","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"ni","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, common gender, plural","role":"direct object of Se","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"omkring","lemma":"omkring","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Se","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"Så","lemma":"så","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ser","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"här","lemma":"här","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase Så","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"ser","lemma":"se","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sees"},{"surface":"det","lemma":"den","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of ser","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"ut","lemma":"ut","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on ser","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"i","lemma":"i","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking utlandet","gloss":"abroad"},{"surface":"utlandet","lemma":"utland","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of ser","gloss":"abroad"}]},{"number":36,"label":"13","id":"ch53-p13-s1","source":"Just då foro de över Söderåsen.","translation":"Just then they were flying over Söderåsen.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"foro","title":"Archaic plural verb — register flag","body":"«foro» is the old plural preterite of «for» ('went, traveled'), agreeing with the plural subject «de» ('they', the geese). Modern Swedish uses «for» for singular and plural alike."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Söderåsen","title":"A real ridge in Skåne","body":"«Söderåsen» is a long, beech-forested ridge in central Skåne, still a national park today — the wooded highland the geese are about to fly across."}],"words":[{"surface":"Just","lemma":"just","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies foro","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"då","lemma":"då","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase Just","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"foro","lemma":"foro","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"went","note":"Mistagged as a noun; foro is the plural past tense of fara (\"went/traveled\")."},{"surface":"de","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of Söderåsen","gloss":"they","note":"Surfaces 'de/De' are ambiguous with the plural pronoun 'de' = 'they'. Example ch01-p9-s2 ('De voro ett fattigt husmansfolk' = 'They were poor cottar folk') is genuinely the pronoun 'they', not the definite article 'the' — the single fixed gloss 'the' is wrong for that occurrence. Definite plural article ('de') used before an adjective plus noun, e.g. de stora träskorna, 'the big clogs.'"},{"surface":"över","lemma":"över","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Söderåsen","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"Söderåsen","lemma":"Söderåsen","morphology":"proper noun, nominative","role":"subject of passive foro","gloss":"Söderåsen"}]},{"number":37,"label":"","id":"ch53-p13-s2","source":"Hela den långa höjden var klädd med bokskogar, och i skogarna voro inbäddade sköna, tornprydda slott.","translation":"The whole long height was clothed in beech forests, and embedded in the forests were beautiful, turreted castles.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"voro","title":"Archaic plural verb — register flag","body":"«voro» is the old plural preterite of «var» ('were'), agreeing with the plural subject «sköna, tornprydda slott» ('beautiful, turreted castles')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hela","lemma":"hel","morphology":"adjective, nominative, singular","role":"modifies höjden","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of höjden","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"långa","lemma":"lång","morphology":"adjective, nominative, singular","role":"modifies höjden","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"höjden","lemma":"höjd","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of klädd","gloss":"height"},{"surface":"var","lemma":"vara","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active","role":"copula linking to klädd","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"klädd","lemma":"klädd","morphology":"adjective, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"dressed"},{"surface":"med","lemma":"med","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bokskogar","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"bokskogar","lemma":"bokskog","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, plural","role":"oblique complement of klädd","gloss":"beech woods"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"i","lemma":"i","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking skogarna","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"skogarna","lemma":"skog","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, plural","role":"oblique complement of slott","gloss":"forests"},{"surface":"voro","lemma":"voro","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"depends on slott","gloss":"were","note":"archaic plural past tense of vara ('to be'), used alongside var; a historical form, not a true adjective."},{"surface":"inbäddade","lemma":"inbädda","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies slott","gloss":"embedded"},{"surface":"sköna","lemma":"skön","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies slott","gloss":"beautiful"},{"surface":"tornprydda","lemma":"tornprydd","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"coordinated with sköna","gloss":"turreted"},{"surface":"slott","lemma":"slott","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated with klädd","gloss":"castles"}]},{"number":38,"label":"","id":"ch53-p13-s3","source":"Mellan träden betade rådjur, och på skogsängarna lekte harar.","translation":"Between the trees roe deer grazed, and in the forest meadows hares played.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Mellan träden betade rådjur","title":"V2 word order","body":"Swedish keeps the finite verb in second position even when the sentence opens with something other than the subject: here the adverbial «mellan träden» ('between the trees') is fronted, so the verb «betade» ('grazed') comes next, and the subject «rådjur» ('roe deer') is pushed after it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Mellan","lemma":"mellan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking träden","gloss":"between"},{"surface":"träden","lemma":"träd","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of betade","gloss":"tree","note":"träd is an invariant noun (same form singular and plural); the definite plural träden means \"the trees.\""},{"surface":"betade","lemma":"beta","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"grazed"},{"surface":"rådjur","lemma":"rådjur","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of betade","gloss":"roe deer"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"på","lemma":"på","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking skogsängarna","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"skogsängarna","lemma":"skogsängarna","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, plural","role":"oblique complement of lekte","gloss":"the forest meadows"},{"surface":"lekte","lemma":"leka","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"coordinated with betade","gloss":"played"},{"surface":"harar","lemma":"hara","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active","role":"complement of lekte","gloss":"hares"}]},{"number":39,"label":"","id":"ch53-p13-s4","source":"Jakthorn ljödo ur skogarna, hundarnas vassa skall hördes upp till den flygande skaran.","translation":"Hunting horns sounded from the forests, and the dogs' sharp barking was heard all the way up to the flying flock.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ljödo","title":"Archaic plural verb — register flag","body":"«ljödo» is the old plural preterite of «ljöd» ('sounded'), agreeing with the plural subject «jakthorn» ('hunting horns')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Jakthorn","lemma":"Jakthorn","morphology":"proper noun, nominative","role":"possessor of ljödo","gloss":"hunting horns"},{"surface":"ljödo","lemma":"ljödo","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of passive hördes","gloss":"sounded","note":"Ljödo is the historical plural past form of ljuda."},{"surface":"ur","lemma":"ur","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking skogarna","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"skogarna","lemma":"skog","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, plural","role":"modifies ljödo","gloss":"forests"},{"surface":"hundarnas","lemma":"hundare","morphology":"noun, genitive, common gender, plural","role":"possessor of vassa","gloss":"the dogs'"},{"surface":"vassa","lemma":"vassa","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of passive hördes","gloss":"sharp"},{"surface":"skall","lemma":"skola","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of hördes","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"hördes","lemma":"höra","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, passive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could be heard"},{"surface":"upp","lemma":"upp","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on hördes","gloss":"up"},{"surface":"till","lemma":"till","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking skaran","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of skaran","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"flygande","lemma":"flyga","morphology":"adjective, nominative","role":"modifies skaran","gloss":"flying"},{"surface":"skaran","lemma":"skara","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of hördes","gloss":"flock"}]},{"number":40,"label":"","id":"ch53-p13-s5","source":"Breda vägar slingrade mellan träden, och på dem kommo herrar och damer åkande i blänkande vagnar eller ridande på präktiga hästar.","translation":"Broad roads wound between the trees, and along them came gentlemen and ladies riding in gleaming carriages or on splendid horses.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"kommo","title":"Archaic plural verb — register flag","body":"«kommo» is the old plural preterite of «kom» ('came'), agreeing with the plural subject «herrar och damer» ('gentlemen and ladies')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Breda","lemma":"Breda","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies vägar","gloss":"broad"},{"surface":"vägar","lemma":"väg","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, plural","role":"subject of slingrade","gloss":"roads"},{"surface":"slingrade","lemma":"slingra","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"wound","note":"Past tense of the verb 'slingra' (to wind/wander); mistagged as an adjective."},{"surface":"mellan","lemma":"mellan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking träden","gloss":"between"},{"surface":"träden","lemma":"träd","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of slingrade","gloss":"trees"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"på","lemma":"på","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dem","gloss":"along"},{"surface":"dem","lemma":"de","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of kommo","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"kommo","lemma":"kommo","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive","role":"modifies herrar","gloss":"came","note":"kommo is the archaic plural past tense of komma 'to come', not an infinitive despite the tag."},{"surface":"herrar","lemma":"herre","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, plural","role":"coordinated with slingrade","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"damer","lemma":"dam","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, plural","role":"coordinated with herrar","gloss":"ladies"},{"surface":"åkande","lemma":"åka","morphology":"adjective, nominative","role":"complement of slingrade","gloss":"riding"},{"surface":"i","lemma":"i","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vagnar","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"blänkande","lemma":"blänka","morphology":"adjective, nominative","role":"modifies vagnar","gloss":"glittering","note":"Present participle 'blänkande' (glittering), mistagged as base adjective."},{"surface":"vagnar","lemma":"vagn","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, plural","role":"oblique complement of slingrade","gloss":"carriages"},{"surface":"eller","lemma":"eller","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"ridande","lemma":"ridande","morphology":"adjective, nominative","role":"coordinated with vagnar","gloss":"riding"},{"surface":"på","lemma":"på","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hästar","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"präktiga","lemma":"präktig","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies hästar","gloss":"splendid"},{"surface":"hästar","lemma":"häst","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, plural","role":"oblique complement of slingrade","gloss":"horses"}]},{"number":41,"label":"","id":"ch53-p13-s6","source":"Ringsjön utbredde sig under höjden med det gamla Bosjökloster liggande på ett smalt näs.","translation":"Ringsjön spread out below the height, with the old Bosjökloster lying on a narrow spit of land.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Bosjökloster","title":"A real medieval convent","body":"«Bosjökloster» is a medieval convent-turned-manor on a peninsula in Ringsjön, one of Skåne's larger lakes — a real, still-standing landmark Lagerlöf places the geese directly over."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ringsjön","lemma":"ringsjön","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of utbredde","gloss":"Lake Ringsjön"},{"surface":"utbredde","lemma":"utbreda","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"spread out"},{"surface":"sig","lemma":"sig","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of utbredde","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"under","lemma":"under","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking höjden","gloss":"below"},{"surface":"höjden","lemma":"höjd","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of utbredde","gloss":"height"},{"surface":"med","lemma":"med","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Bosjökloster","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"det","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of Bosjökloster","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"gamla","lemma":"gammal","morphology":"adjective, nominative, singular","role":"modifies Bosjökloster","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"Bosjökloster","lemma":"bosjökloster","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, plural","role":"oblique complement of utbredde","gloss":"Bosjökloster"},{"surface":"liggande","lemma":"liggande","morphology":"adjective, nominative","role":"modifies utbredde","gloss":"lying"},{"surface":"på","lemma":"på","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking näs","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"ett","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of näs","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"smalt","lemma":"smal","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies näs","gloss":"narrow"},{"surface":"näs","lemma":"näs","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of utbredde","gloss":"spit of land"}]},{"number":42,"label":"","id":"ch53-p13-s7","source":"Skäralids klyfta skar genom åsen med en å i djupet och klippväggarna klädda med buskar och träd.","translation":"Skäralid's ravine cut through the ridge, with a stream in its depths and its rock walls clothed in bushes and trees.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Skäralids klyfta","title":"A real gorge on Söderåsen","body":"«Skäralid» is a dramatic, steep-sided gorge cut into Söderåsen — today part of the Söderåsen National Park, and one of the most striking real places in this stretch of the geese's flight."}],"words":[{"surface":"Skäralids","lemma":"Skäralid","morphology":"proper noun, genitive","role":"possessor of klyfta","gloss":"Skäralid's"},{"surface":"klyfta","lemma":"klyfta","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of skar","gloss":"gorge"},{"surface":"skar","lemma":"ska","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cut","note":"The backbone lemma/morphology are mistagged; surface 'skar' is actually the past tense of skära (to cut), not a form of ska (shall)."},{"surface":"genom","lemma":"genom","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking åsen","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"åsen","lemma":"åse","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of skar","gloss":"the ridge"},{"surface":"med","lemma":"med","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of å","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of å","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"å","lemma":"å","morphology":"preposition","role":"modifies klädda","gloss":"stream","note":"Mostly used as the noun for a small river (Ronneby å); the idiom fara å färde 'be afoot/underway' is an old prepositional use."},{"surface":"i","lemma":"i","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking djupet","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"djupet","lemma":"djup","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of å","gloss":"depth"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"klippväggarna","lemma":"klippväggarna","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, plural","role":"coordinated with djupet","gloss":"the cliff walls"},{"surface":"klädda","lemma":"klädda","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"adverbial clause on skar","gloss":"dressed"},{"surface":"med","lemma":"med","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking buskar","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"buskar","lemma":"busk","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, plural","role":"oblique complement of klädda","gloss":"bushes"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"träd","lemma":"träd","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated with buskar","gloss":"trees"}]},{"number":43,"label":"14","id":"ch53-p14-s1","source":"»Ser det ut så här i utlandet? Ser det ut så här i utlandet?» frågade gässlingarna.","translation":"\"Does it look like this abroad? Does it look like this abroad?\" the goslings asked.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"gässlingarna","title":"The goslings","body":"«Gässling» is 'gosling', a young goose — from «gås» ('goose') plus the diminutive «-ling». Here it is the definite plural, «gässlingarna», 'the goslings'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ser","lemma":"Ser","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"see","note":"Present tense of se ('to see'); capitalized here as sentence-initial."},{"surface":"det","lemma":"den","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"expletive with Ser","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"ut","lemma":"ut","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on Ser","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"så","lemma":"så","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Ser","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"här","lemma":"här","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase så","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"i","lemma":"i","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking utlandet","gloss":"abroad"},{"surface":"utlandet","lemma":"utland","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of här","gloss":"abroad"},{"surface":"Ser","lemma":"Ser","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"see","note":"Present tense of se ('to see'); capitalized here as sentence-initial."},{"surface":"det","lemma":"den","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of Ser","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"ut","lemma":"ut","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on Ser","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"så","lemma":"så","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies utlandet","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"här","lemma":"här","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase så","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"i","lemma":"i","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking utlandet","gloss":"abroad"},{"surface":"utlandet","lemma":"utland","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of Ser","gloss":"abroad"},{"surface":"frågade","lemma":"fråga","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"gässlingarna","lemma":"gässlinga","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, plural","role":"subject of frågade","gloss":"goslings"}]},{"number":44,"label":"","id":"ch53-p14-s2","source":"— »Så här ser det ut, där det finns skogklädda åsar,» skrek Akka, »men det är inte så ofta.","translation":"\"This is what it looks like where there are forest-clad ridges,\" Akka cried, \"but that's not so often.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Så","lemma":"så","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ser","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"här","lemma":"här","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase Så","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"ser","lemma":"se","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sees"},{"surface":"det","lemma":"den","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of ser","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"ut","lemma":"ut","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on ser","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"där","lemma":"där","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies finns","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"det","lemma":"den","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"expletive with finns","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"finns","lemma":"finnas","morphology":"verb, present, indicative","role":"adverbial clause on ser","gloss":"there are"},{"surface":"skogklädda","lemma":"skogklädd","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies åsar","gloss":"forest-clad"},{"surface":"åsar","lemma":"ås","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, plural","role":"subject of finns","gloss":"ridges"},{"surface":"skrek","lemma":"skrek","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"modifies Akka","gloss":"shrieked"},{"surface":"Akka","lemma":"Akka","morphology":"proper noun, nominative","role":"coordinated with finns","gloss":"Akka","note":"proper name of the lead wild goose; keep untranslated."},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"det","lemma":"den","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of ofta","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"är","lemma":"vara","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active","role":"copula linking to ofta","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"inte","lemma":"inte","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ofta","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"så","lemma":"så","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ofta","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ofta","lemma":"ofta","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with Akka","gloss":"often"}]},{"number":45,"label":"","id":"ch53-p14-s3","source":"Vänta, ska ni få se hur det vanligen ser ut där!»","translation":"Wait, and you shall see what it usually looks like there!\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Vänta","lemma":"vänta","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of se","gloss":"Wait!","note":"Parsed as a noun but functions as the imperative 'wait!' of the verb vänta in all examples."},{"surface":"ska","lemma":"skola","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of se","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"ni","lemma":"ni","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of se","gloss":"you","note":"second-person plural/formal pronoun, tagged singular by the parser."},{"surface":"få","lemma":"få","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive","role":"auxiliary of se","gloss":"get to"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"se","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"hur","lemma":"hur","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ser","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"det","lemma":"den","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of ser","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"vanligen","lemma":"vanligen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ser","gloss":"usually"},{"surface":"ser","lemma":"se","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active","role":"clausal complement of se","gloss":"sees"},{"surface":"ut","lemma":"ut","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on ser","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"där","lemma":"där","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ser","gloss":"there"}]},{"number":46,"label":"15","id":"ch53-p15-s1","source":"Akka förde vildgässen vidare mot söder till den stora skånska slätten.","translation":"Akka led the wild geese further south to the great Skåne plain.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Akka","lemma":"Akka","morphology":"proper noun, nominative","role":"oblique complement of förde","gloss":"Akka","note":"proper name of the lead wild goose; keep untranslated."},{"surface":"förde","lemma":"förde","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"led"},{"surface":"vildgässen","lemma":"vildgässe","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of förde","gloss":"the wild geese","note":"attested only in the plural surface vildgässen; the collective noun for the wild-goose flock."},{"surface":"vidare","lemma":"vidare","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies förde","gloss":"further"},{"surface":"mot","lemma":"mot","morphology":"preposition","role":"modifies förde","gloss":"south"},{"surface":"söder","lemma":"söder","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"part of the phrase mot","gloss":"south"},{"surface":"till","lemma":"till","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking slätten","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of slätten","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"stora","lemma":"stor","morphology":"adjective, nominative, singular","role":"modifies slätten","gloss":"big","note":"weak/definite form (stora), used with a singular definite noun, e.g. den stora länstolen."},{"surface":"skånska","lemma":"skånsk","morphology":"adjective, nominative, singular","role":"modifies slätten","gloss":"Scanian"},{"surface":"slätten","lemma":"slätt","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of förde","gloss":"plain"}]},{"number":47,"label":"","id":"ch53-p15-s2","source":"Den låg där med breda åkrar, med betfält, där betplockarna gingo fram i långa rader, med låga, vitlimmade, kringbyggda gårdar, med otaliga små vita kyrkor, med fula, gråa sockerfabriker, med småstadslika köpingar omkring järnvägsstationerna.","translation":"There it lay with broad fields, with beet fields where the beet-pickers moved along in long rows, with low, whitewashed farms built around courtyards, with countless small white churches, with ugly gray sugar factories, with small-town-like market towns around the railway stations.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"gingo","title":"Archaic plural verb — register flag","body":"«gingo» is the old plural preterite of «gick» ('went'), agreeing with the plural subject «betplockarna» ('the beet-pickers')."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"kringbyggda gårdar","title":"Courtyard farms","body":"«Kringbyggd» ('built-around') describes Skåne's traditional farm layout, where the farmhouse and outbuildings enclose a central courtyard on all sides — a distinctive regional building style."}],"words":[{"surface":"Den","lemma":"den","morphology":"pronoun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of låg","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"låg","lemma":"ligga","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lay"},{"surface":"där","lemma":"där","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies låg","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"med","lemma":"med","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking åkrar","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"breda","lemma":"bred","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies åkrar","gloss":"broad"},{"surface":"åkrar","lemma":"åker","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, plural","role":"oblique complement of låg","gloss":"fields"},{"surface":"med","lemma":"med","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking betfält","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"betfält","lemma":"betfält","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of låg","gloss":"beet field"},{"surface":"där","lemma":"där","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gingo","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"betplockarna","lemma":"betplockarna","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, plural","role":"subject of gingo","gloss":"beet pickers"},{"surface":"gingo","lemma":"gingo","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"relative clause on betfält","gloss":"went","note":"Past plural of gå (to go); mistagged as an adjective."},{"surface":"fram","lemma":"fram","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gingo","gloss":"forward"},{"surface":"i","lemma":"i","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking rader","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"långa","lemma":"lång","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies rader","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"rader","lemma":"rad","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, plural","role":"oblique complement of fram","gloss":"rows"},{"surface":"med","lemma":"med","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking låga","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"låga","lemma":"låg","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"clause modifying betfält","gloss":"low"},{"surface":"vitlimmade","lemma":"vitlimmad","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"coordinated with låga","gloss":"whitewashed"},{"surface":"kringbyggda","lemma":"kringbyggd","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies gårdar","gloss":"built around a courtyard"},{"surface":"gårdar","lemma":"gård","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, plural","role":"coordinated with låga","gloss":"farms"},{"surface":"med","lemma":"med","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kyrkor","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"otaliga","lemma":"otalig","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies kyrkor","gloss":"countless"},{"surface":"små","lemma":"liten","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies kyrkor","gloss":"small"},{"surface":"vita","lemma":"vit","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies kyrkor","gloss":"white"},{"surface":"kyrkor","lemma":"kyrka","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, plural","role":"oblique complement of betfält","gloss":"churches"},{"surface":"med","lemma":"med","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking fula","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"fula","lemma":"ful","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"coordinated with kyrkor","gloss":"ugly"},{"surface":"gråa","lemma":"grå","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies sockerfabriker","gloss":"gray"},{"surface":"sockerfabriker","lemma":"sockerfabrik","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, plural","role":"coordinated with fula","gloss":"sugar factories"},{"surface":"med","lemma":"med","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking köpingar","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"småstadslika","lemma":"småstadslik","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies köpingar","gloss":"small-town-like"},{"surface":"köpingar","lemma":"köping","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, plural","role":"oblique complement of fula","gloss":"market towns"},{"surface":"omkring","lemma":"omkring","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking järnvägsstationerna","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"järnvägsstationerna","lemma":"järnvägsstation","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, plural","role":"modifies köpingar","gloss":"railway stations"}]},{"number":48,"label":"","id":"ch53-p15-s3","source":"Där lågo torvmossar med långa rader av torvhögar, stenkolsgruvor med svarta kolhögar, vägarna löpte fram mellan alléer av klippta pilar, järnvägarna korsade varandra och bildade ett tätt nät över slätten.","translation":"There lay peat bogs with long rows of peat stacks, coal mines with black heaps of coal, and roads ran between avenues of pollarded willows, while railways crossed one another and formed a dense net over the plain.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"torvmossar","title":"Peat bogs","body":"A «torvmosse» is a peat bog worked for «torv» ('peat, turf'), once a common household fuel in Sweden — the «torvhögar» ('peat stacks') are the cut, drying blocks piled up beside it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Där","lemma":"där","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies torvmossar","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"lågo","lemma":"lågo","morphology":"adjective, nominative, comparative","role":"modifies torvmossar","gloss":"lay","note":"Archaic plural past tense of ligga (\"to lie\"), not an adjective; the parser mistagged it."},{"surface":"torvmossar","lemma":"torvmoss","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"peat bogs"},{"surface":"med","lemma":"med","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking rader","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"långa","lemma":"lång","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies rader","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"rader","lemma":"rad","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, plural","role":"oblique complement of torvmossar","gloss":"rows"},{"surface":"av","lemma":"av","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking torvhögar","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"torvhögar","lemma":"torvhög","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, plural","role":"modifies rader","gloss":"peat stacks"},{"surface":"stenkolsgruvor","lemma":"stenkolsgruvor","morphology":"verb, active, supine","role":"coordinated with torvmossar","gloss":"coal mines"},{"surface":"med","lemma":"med","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kolhögar","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"svarta","lemma":"svart","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies kolhögar","gloss":"black"},{"surface":"kolhögar","lemma":"kolhög","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, plural","role":"oblique complement of torvmossar","gloss":"coal heaps"},{"surface":"vägarna","lemma":"väg","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, plural","role":"subject of löpte","gloss":"roads"},{"surface":"löpte","lemma":"löpte","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"parallel clause to torvmossar","gloss":"ran"},{"surface":"fram","lemma":"fram","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies löpte","gloss":"forward"},{"surface":"mellan","lemma":"mellan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking alléer","gloss":"between"},{"surface":"alléer","lemma":"alléer","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"oblique complement of korsade","gloss":"avenues"},{"surface":"av","lemma":"av","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pilar","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"klippta","lemma":"klippa","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies pilar","gloss":"clipped","note":"Mistagged as an adjective; 'klippta' is the past participle of 'klippa' (to clip, pollard)."},{"surface":"pilar","lemma":"pil","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, plural","role":"modifies alléer","gloss":"willows"},{"surface":"järnvägarna","lemma":"järnvägare","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, plural","role":"subject of korsade","gloss":"railways"},{"surface":"korsade","lemma":"korsa","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"modifies varandra","gloss":"crossed"},{"surface":"varandra","lemma":"varandra","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of fram","gloss":"each other"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"bildade","lemma":"bilda","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"coordinated with löpte","gloss":"formed"},{"surface":"ett","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of nät","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"tätt","lemma":"tätt","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies nät","gloss":"dense"},{"surface":"nät","lemma":"nät","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of bildade","gloss":"net"},{"surface":"över","lemma":"över","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking slätten","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"slätten","lemma":"slätt","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"modifies nät","gloss":"plain"}]},{"number":49,"label":"","id":"ch53-p15-s4","source":"Små bokomkransade slättsjöar blänkte fram här och där, prydda med var sin präktiga herrgård.","translation":"Small beech-ringed plain lakes gleamed here and there, each adorned with its own splendid manor house.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Små","lemma":"Små","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bokomkransade","gloss":"small"},{"surface":"bokomkransade","lemma":"bokomkransad","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies slättsjöar","gloss":"beech-ringed"},{"surface":"slättsjöar","lemma":"slättsjöar","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, plural","role":"modifies blänkte","gloss":"plain lakes"},{"surface":"blänkte","lemma":"blänkte","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"gleamed","note":"Past tense of 'blänka' (to gleam), mislabeled as a noun."},{"surface":"fram","lemma":"fram","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies blänkte","gloss":"forward"},{"surface":"här","lemma":"här","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase fram","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase fram","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"där","lemma":"där","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies prydda","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"prydda","lemma":"prydda","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive","role":"relative clause on blänkte","gloss":"adorned"},{"surface":"med","lemma":"med","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking herrgård","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"var","lemma":"vara","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of herrgård","gloss":"was","note":"mistagged as a determiner; the surface 'var' here is the past tense of vara 'to be'."},{"surface":"sin","lemma":"sig","morphology":"pronoun, common gender, singular","role":"possessor of herrgård","gloss":"its own"},{"surface":"präktiga","lemma":"präktig","morphology":"adjective, nominative, singular","role":"modifies herrgård","gloss":"splendid"},{"surface":"herrgård","lemma":"herrgård","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of prydda","gloss":"manor house"}]},{"number":50,"label":"16","id":"ch53-p16-s1","source":"»Se nu ner! Titta väl efter!» ropade förargåsen.","translation":"\"Look down now! Look carefully!\" cried the guide-goose.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"förargåsen","title":"The lead goose","body":"«Förargåsen» (from «förare», 'leader, guide', + «gås») is the goose flying at the point of the flock's wedge formation — the lead bird calling directions back to the others, a role Akka usually fills."}],"words":[{"surface":"Se","lemma":"se","morphology":"verb, imperative, active","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Se","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"ner","lemma":"ner","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Se","gloss":"down"},{"surface":"Titta","lemma":"titta","morphology":"verb, imperative, active","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"look!"},{"surface":"väl","lemma":"väl","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Titta","gloss":"carefully"},{"surface":"efter","lemma":"efter","morphology":"preposition","role":"depends on Titta","gloss":"carefully"},{"surface":"ropade","lemma":"ropa","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"called out"},{"surface":"förargåsen","lemma":"förargås","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of ropade","gloss":"lead goose"}]},{"number":51,"label":"","id":"ch53-p16-s2","source":"»Så här ser det ut i utlandet ifrån Östersjöns kust ända till de höga bergen, och längre än till dem har vi aldrig farit.»","translation":"\"This is what it looks like abroad, from the Baltic coast all the way to the high mountains, and further than that we have never flown.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Östersjöns","title":"The Baltic Sea","body":"«Östersjön» ('the East Sea') is Swedish for the Baltic Sea — the sea that borders Skåne's east coast, one edge of the world the goose describes."}],"words":[{"surface":"Så","lemma":"så","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ser","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"här","lemma":"här","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase Så","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"ser","lemma":"se","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sees"},{"surface":"det","lemma":"den","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of ser","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"ut","lemma":"ut","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on ser","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"i","lemma":"i","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking utlandet","gloss":"abroad"},{"surface":"utlandet","lemma":"utland","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of ser","gloss":"abroad"},{"surface":"ifrån","lemma":"ifrån","morphology":"preposition","role":"depends on ser","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Östersjöns","lemma":"Östersjöns","morphology":"proper noun, nominative","role":"subject of ser","gloss":"the Baltic's"},{"surface":"kust","lemma":"kust","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of ser","gloss":"coast"},{"surface":"ända","lemma":"ända","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bergen","gloss":"all the way"},{"surface":"till","lemma":"till","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bergen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of bergen","gloss":"the","note":"Surfaces 'de/De' are ambiguous with the plural pronoun 'de' = 'they'. Example ch01-p9-s2 ('De voro ett fattigt husmansfolk' = 'They were poor cottar folk') is genuinely the pronoun 'they', not the definite article 'the' — the single fixed gloss 'the' is wrong for that occurrence. Definite plural article ('de') used before an adjective plus noun, e.g. de stora träskorna, 'the big clogs.'"},{"surface":"höga","lemma":"hög","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies bergen","gloss":"tall"},{"surface":"bergen","lemma":"berg","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of ser","gloss":"mountain"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"längre","lemma":"länge","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies till","gloss":"further"},{"surface":"än","lemma":"än","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase längre","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"till","lemma":"till","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dem","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"dem","lemma":"de","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of farit","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"har","lemma":"ha","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of farit","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"vi","lemma":"vi","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, plural","role":"subject of farit","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"aldrig","lemma":"aldrig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies farit","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"farit","lemma":"fara","morphology":"verb, active, supine","role":"coordinated with ser","gloss":"traveled"}]},{"number":52,"label":"17","id":"ch53-p17-s1","source":"När gässlingarna hade sett slätten, for förargåsen till Öresundskusten.","translation":"When the goslings had seen the plain, the guide-goose flew on to the Öresund coast.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Öresundskusten","title":"The Öresund coast","body":"«Öresund» is the strait separating Skåne from Denmark; «Öresundskusten» is its Swedish shore — the coastline Skåne faces toward the continent Nils fears crossing."}],"words":[{"surface":"När","lemma":"när","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sett","gloss":"when","note":"Functions as a subordinating conjunction, not an adverb."},{"surface":"gässlingarna","lemma":"gässlingarna","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, plural","role":"subject of sett","gloss":"the goslings"},{"surface":"hade","lemma":"ha","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of sett","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"sett","lemma":"se","morphology":"verb, active, supine","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seen"},{"surface":"slätten","lemma":"slätt","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of sett","gloss":"plain"},{"surface":"for","lemma":"for","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking förargåsen","gloss":"flew","note":"Past tense of fara (to travel/fly, here of tomte-Nils and geese in flight); mistagged as a preposition. Translation renders it \"flew\"/\"passing over\" far more often than \"traveled\"."},{"surface":"förargåsen","lemma":"förargåse","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of sett","gloss":"lead goose"},{"surface":"till","lemma":"till","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Öresundskusten","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Öresundskusten","lemma":"Öresundskusten","morphology":"proper noun, nominative","role":"modifies förargåsen","gloss":"the Öresund coast"}]},{"number":53,"label":"","id":"ch53-p17-s2","source":"Sanka ängar sjönko sakta mot vattnet, och långa vallar av svartnad tång lågo uppvräkta på stränderna.","translation":"Marshy meadows sank slowly toward the water, and long ridges of blackened seaweed lay heaped up on the shores.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Sanka","lemma":"sanka","morphology":"verb, imperative, active","role":"auxiliary of sjönko","gloss":"marshy"},{"surface":"ängar","lemma":"äng","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, plural","role":"subject of sjönko","gloss":"meadows"},{"surface":"sjönko","lemma":"sjönko","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"sank"},{"surface":"sakta","lemma":"sakta","morphology":"adverb","role":"complement of sjönko","gloss":"gently"},{"surface":"mot","lemma":"mot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vattnet","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"vattnet","lemma":"vatten","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of sakta","gloss":"water"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"långa","lemma":"lång","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies vallar","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"vallar","lemma":"vall","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, plural","role":"subject of lågo","gloss":"ridges"},{"surface":"av","lemma":"av","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tång","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"svartnad","lemma":"svartnad","morphology":"adjective, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"modifies tång","gloss":"blackened"},{"surface":"tång","lemma":"tång","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"modifies vallar","gloss":"seaweed"},{"surface":"lågo","lemma":"lågo","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, plural","role":"coordinated with sjönko","gloss":"lay","note":"mistagged as a noun; this is the archaic plural past tense of ligga 'to lie' (they lay)."},{"surface":"uppvräkta","lemma":"uppvräkta","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"complement of lågo","gloss":"heaped up"},{"surface":"på","lemma":"på","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking stränderna","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"stränderna","lemma":"strand","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, plural","role":"oblique complement of uppvräkta","gloss":"shores"}]},{"number":54,"label":"","id":"ch53-p17-s3","source":"På somliga ställen funnos höga strandvallar och på andra flygsandsfält, där sanden låg uppkastad i bankar och kullar.","translation":"In some places there were high beach ridges, and in others drift-sand fields, where the sand lay tossed up into banks and hillocks.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"funnos","title":"Archaic plural verb — register flag","body":"«funnos» is the old plural preterite of «fanns» ('there was/were', from «finnas»), agreeing with the plural subject «höga strandvallar» ('high beach ridges')."}],"words":[{"surface":"På","lemma":"på","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ställen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"somliga","lemma":"somlig","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies ställen","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"ställen","lemma":"ställe","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of funnos","gloss":"places"},{"surface":"funnos","lemma":"funnos","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies strandvallar","gloss":"there were","note":"Funnos is the historical plural past form of finnas."},{"surface":"höga","lemma":"hög","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies strandvallar","gloss":"tall"},{"surface":"strandvallar","lemma":"strandvall","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"beach ridges"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"på","lemma":"på","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking flygsandsfält","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"andra","lemma":"annan","morphology":"adjective, nominative, singular","role":"modifies flygsandsfält","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"flygsandsfält","lemma":"flygsandsfält","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with strandvallar","gloss":"drift-sand fields"},{"surface":"där","lemma":"där","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies uppkastad","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"sanden","lemma":"sand","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of låg","gloss":"sand"},{"surface":"låg","lemma":"låg","morphology":"adjective, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"modifies uppkastad","gloss":"low"},{"surface":"uppkastad","lemma":"uppkastad","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"relative clause on strandvallar","gloss":"tossed up"},{"surface":"i","lemma":"i","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bankar","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"bankar","lemma":"bank","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, plural","role":"oblique complement of uppkastad","gloss":"banks"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"kullar","lemma":"kull","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, plural","role":"coordinated with bankar","gloss":"hills"}]},{"number":55,"label":"","id":"ch53-p17-s4","source":"Fiskelägena reste sig på stranden med en lång rad likabyggda och likastora små tegelhus, med en liten fyr ute på vågbrytaren och bruna nät hängande på torkplatsen.","translation":"The fishing villages rose along the shore with a long row of identically built and identically sized little brick houses, with a small lighthouse out on the breakwater and brown nets hanging on the drying ground.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Fiskelägena","title":"Fishing villages","body":"A «fiskeläge» is a small fishing village or settlement — from «fiske» ('fishing') + «läge» ('site, position'). Here in the definite plural, «fiskelägena», 'the fishing villages'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Fiskelägena","lemma":"Fiskelägena","morphology":"pronoun, plural","role":"subject of reste","gloss":"the fishing villages"},{"surface":"reste","lemma":"resa","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rose"},{"surface":"sig","lemma":"sig","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of reste","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"på","lemma":"på","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking stranden","gloss":"along"},{"surface":"stranden","lemma":"strand","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of reste","gloss":"shore"},{"surface":"med","lemma":"med","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking likabyggda","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of rad","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"lång","lemma":"lång","morphology":"adjective, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"modifies rad","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"rad","lemma":"rad","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"modifies likabyggda","gloss":"row"},{"surface":"likabyggda","lemma":"likabyggda","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"oblique complement of reste","gloss":"identically built"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"likastora","lemma":"likastora","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies små","gloss":"identically sized"},{"surface":"små","lemma":"liten","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies tegelhus","gloss":"small"},{"surface":"tegelhus","lemma":"tegelhus","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated with likabyggda","gloss":"brick houses"},{"surface":"med","lemma":"med","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking fyr","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of fyr","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"liten","lemma":"liten","morphology":"adjective, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"modifies fyr","gloss":"small"},{"surface":"fyr","lemma":"fyr","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of reste","gloss":"lighthouse"},{"surface":"ute","lemma":"ute","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies fyr","gloss":"outside"},{"surface":"på","lemma":"på","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vågbrytaren","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"vågbrytaren","lemma":"vågbrytar","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of ute","gloss":"the breakwater"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"bruna","lemma":"brun","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies nät","gloss":"brown"},{"surface":"nät","lemma":"nät","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated with vågbrytaren","gloss":"nets"},{"surface":"hängande","lemma":"hängande","morphology":"adjective, nominative","role":"complement of reste","gloss":"hanging"},{"surface":"på","lemma":"på","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking torkplatsen","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"torkplatsen","lemma":"torkplatse","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of reste","gloss":"the drying ground"}]},{"number":56,"label":"18","id":"ch53-p18-s1","source":"»Se nu ner! Titta väl efter!» sade Akka.","translation":"\"Look down now! Look carefully!\" said Akka.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Se","lemma":"se","morphology":"verb, imperative, active","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Se","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"ner","lemma":"ner","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Se","gloss":"down"},{"surface":"Titta","lemma":"titta","morphology":"verb, imperative, active","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"look!"},{"surface":"väl","lemma":"väl","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Titta","gloss":"carefully"},{"surface":"efter","lemma":"efter","morphology":"preposition","role":"depends on Titta","gloss":"carefully"},{"surface":"sade","lemma":"säga","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Akka","lemma":"Akka","morphology":"proper noun, nominative","role":"subject of sade","gloss":"Akka","note":"proper name of the lead wild goose; keep untranslated."}]},{"number":57,"label":"","id":"ch53-p18-s2","source":"»Så här ser det ut vid utlandets kuster.»","translation":"\"This is what it looks like along the coasts abroad.\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Så","lemma":"så","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ser","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"här","lemma":"här","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase Så","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"ser","lemma":"se","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sees"},{"surface":"det","lemma":"den","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of ser","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"ut","lemma":"ut","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on ser","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"vid","lemma":"vid","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kuster","gloss":"along"},{"surface":"utlandets","lemma":"utland","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"possessor of kuster","gloss":"foreign countries'"},{"surface":"kuster","lemma":"kust","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, plural","role":"oblique complement of ser","gloss":"coasts"}]},{"number":58,"label":"19","id":"ch53-p19-s1","source":"Till sist for förargåsen också till ett par av städerna.","translation":"Finally the guide-goose flew to a couple of the towns as well.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Till","lemma":"till","morphology":"preposition","role":"modifies par","gloss":"finally"},{"surface":"sist","lemma":"sist","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase Till","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"for","lemma":"for","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking förargåsen","gloss":"flew","note":"Past tense of fara (to travel/fly, here of tomte-Nils and geese in flight); mistagged as a preposition. Translation renders it \"flew\"/\"passing over\" far more often than \"traveled\"."},{"surface":"förargåsen","lemma":"förargåse","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of Till","gloss":"lead goose"},{"surface":"också","lemma":"också","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies par","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"till","lemma":"till","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking par","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ett","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of par","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"par","lemma":"par","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"couple"},{"surface":"av","lemma":"av","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking städerna","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"städerna","lemma":"stad","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, plural","role":"modifies par","gloss":"towns"}]},{"number":59,"label":"","id":"ch53-p19-s2","source":"De lågo med massor av smala fabriksskorstenar, med djupa gator mellan höga, röksvärtade hus, med stora, vackra parker och promenader, med hamnar fulla av fartyg, med gamla fästningsverk och slott och med ålderdomliga kyrkor.","translation":"They lay with masses of slender factory chimneys, with deep streets between tall, smoke-blackened houses, with large, beautiful parks and promenades, with harbors full of ships, with old fortifications and castles, and with ancient churches.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of lågo","gloss":"they","note":"Surfaces 'de/De' are ambiguous with the plural pronoun 'de' = 'they'. Example ch01-p9-s2 ('De voro ett fattigt husmansfolk' = 'They were poor cottar folk') is genuinely the pronoun 'they', not the definite article 'the' — the single fixed gloss 'the' is wrong for that occurrence. Definite plural article ('de') used before an adjective plus noun, e.g. de stora träskorna, 'the big clogs.'"},{"surface":"lågo","lemma":"lågo","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"lay","note":"mistagged as a noun; this is the archaic plural past tense of ligga 'to lie' (they lay)."},{"surface":"med","lemma":"med","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking massor","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"massor","lemma":"massa","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, plural","role":"modifies lågo","gloss":"masses/lots"},{"surface":"av","lemma":"av","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking fabriksskorstenar","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"smala","lemma":"smal","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies fabriksskorstenar","gloss":"narrow"},{"surface":"fabriksskorstenar","lemma":"fabriksskorstenar","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, plural","role":"modifies massor","gloss":"factory chimneys"},{"surface":"med","lemma":"med","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gator","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"djupa","lemma":"djup","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies gator","gloss":"deep"},{"surface":"gator","lemma":"gata","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, plural","role":"oblique complement of lågo","gloss":"streets"},{"surface":"mellan","lemma":"mellan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hus","gloss":"between"},{"surface":"höga","lemma":"hög","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies hus","gloss":"tall"},{"surface":"röksvärtade","lemma":"röksvärtad","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"coordinated with höga","gloss":"smoke-blackened"},{"surface":"hus","lemma":"hus","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"modifies gator","gloss":"houses"},{"surface":"med","lemma":"med","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking parker","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"stora","lemma":"stor","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies parker","gloss":"big"},{"surface":"vackra","lemma":"vacker","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies parker","gloss":"beautiful"},{"surface":"parker","lemma":"park","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, plural","role":"modifies gator","gloss":"parks"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"promenader","lemma":"promenad","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, plural","role":"coordinated with parker","gloss":"promenades"},{"surface":"med","lemma":"med","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of hamnar","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"hamnar","lemma":"hamna","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active","role":"relative clause on lågo","gloss":"harbors"},{"surface":"fulla","lemma":"full","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies hamnar","gloss":"full"},{"surface":"av","lemma":"av","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking fartyg","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"fartyg","lemma":"fartyg","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"agent of hamnar","gloss":"ship"},{"surface":"med","lemma":"med","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking fästningsverk","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"gamla","lemma":"gammal","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies fästningsverk","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"fästningsverk","lemma":"fästningsverk","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of hamnar","gloss":"fortifications"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"slott","lemma":"slott","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with fästningsverk","gloss":"castle"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"med","lemma":"med","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kyrkor","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ålderdomliga","lemma":"ålderdomlig","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies kyrkor","gloss":"old-fashioned"},{"surface":"kyrkor","lemma":"kyrka","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, plural","role":"coordinated with fästningsverk","gloss":"churches"}]},{"number":60,"label":"20","id":"ch53-p20-s1","source":"»Så här ser utlandets städer ut, fast de är mycket större,» sade förargåsen.","translation":"\"This is what the towns abroad look like, though they are much bigger,\" said the guide-goose.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Så","lemma":"så","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ser","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"här","lemma":"här","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase Så","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"ser","lemma":"se","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sees"},{"surface":"utlandets","lemma":"utland","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"possessor of städer","gloss":"foreign countries'"},{"surface":"städer","lemma":"stad","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, plural","role":"subject of ser","gloss":"towns"},{"surface":"ut","lemma":"ut","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on ser","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"fast","lemma":"fast","morphology":"adjective, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"modifies större","gloss":"though","note":"Here used as the concessive conjunction 'though', not the adjective 'firm'."},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of större","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"är","lemma":"vara","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active","role":"copula linking to större","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"mycket","lemma":"mycket","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies större","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"större","lemma":"stor","morphology":"adjective, nominative, comparative","role":"complement of ser","gloss":"bigger"},{"surface":"sade","lemma":"säga","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"coordinated with större","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"förargåsen","lemma":"förargås","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of sade","gloss":"lead goose"}]},{"number":61,"label":"","id":"ch53-p20-s2","source":"»Men dessa kan väl växa, de som ni.»","translation":"\"But these can surely grow, the same as you.\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Men","lemma":"men","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"dessa","lemma":"denna","morphology":"pronoun, plural","role":"subject of växa","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunna","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of växa","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"väl","lemma":"väl","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies växa","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"växa","lemma":"växa","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"to grow"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"parallel clause to växa","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"som","lemma":"som","morphology":"pronoun","role":"introduces the clause of ni","gloss":"as","note":"Three of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely."},{"surface":"ni","lemma":"ni","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"in apposition to de","gloss":"you","note":"second-person plural/formal pronoun, tagged singular by the parser."}]},{"number":62,"label":"21","id":"ch53-p21-s1","source":"Sedan Akka hade farit omkring på detta sätt, slog hon ner i en mosse i Vemmenhögs härad.","translation":"After Akka had traveled around in this way, she came down in a bog in Vemmenhög district.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Vemmenhögs härad","title":"Vemmenhög district","body":"A «härad» is an old Swedish administrative district, older than the modern municipality. Vemmenhög härad, in southern Skåne, is Nils Holgersson's home district — the chapter's title names this journey's destination."}],"words":[{"surface":"Sedan","lemma":"sedan","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"preposition marking Akka","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"Akka","lemma":"Akka","morphology":"proper noun, nominative","role":"subject of farit","gloss":"Akka","note":"proper name of the lead wild goose; keep untranslated."},{"surface":"hade","lemma":"ha","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of farit","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"farit","lemma":"fara","morphology":"verb, active, supine","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"traveled"},{"surface":"omkring","lemma":"omkring","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sätt","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"på","lemma":"på","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sätt","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"detta","lemma":"denna","morphology":"determiner, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of sätt","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"sätt","lemma":"sätt","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of farit","gloss":"way"},{"surface":"slog","lemma":"slå","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"parallel clause to farit","gloss":"came down","note":"Light verb whose sense shifts with its particle (slog upp/ihop/omkull/sig ner)."},{"surface":"hon","lemma":"hon","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of slog","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"ner","lemma":"ner","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on slog","gloss":"down"},{"surface":"i","lemma":"i","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mosse","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of mosse","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"mosse","lemma":"mosse","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of slog","gloss":"bog"},{"surface":"i","lemma":"i","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Vemmenhögs","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Vemmenhögs","lemma":"Vemmenhögs","morphology":"proper noun, nominative","role":"modifies mosse","gloss":"Vemmenhög's"},{"surface":"härad","lemma":"härad","morphology":"adjective, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"modifies slog","gloss":"hundred (district)","note":"'Härad' is a historical Swedish administrative district, not an adjective; mistagged by the parser."}]},{"number":63,"label":"","id":"ch53-p21-s2","source":"Och pojken kunde inte låta bli att tro, att hon den dagen hade rest fram över Skåne för att visa honom, att han hade ett land, som gott kunde mäta sig med vilket som helst ute i världen.","translation":"And the boy couldn't help thinking that she had flown that day all across Skåne to show him that he had a country that could well hold its own against any other out in the world.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"kunde inte låta bli att","title":"\"Couldn't help (doing)\"","body":"«låta bli att» + infinitive means 'to refrain from (doing)'; negated with «inte», «kunde inte låta bli att tro» = 'couldn't help thinking' — literally 'could not manage to refrain from believing'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"pojken","lemma":"pojke","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of låta","gloss":"boy"},{"surface":"kunde","lemma":"kunna","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of låta","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"inte","lemma":"inte","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies låta","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"låta","lemma":"låta","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"to let"},{"surface":"bli","lemma":"bli","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive","role":"complement of låta","gloss":"become"},{"surface":"att","lemma":"att","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the clause of tro","gloss":"to","note":"infinitive marker before a verb."},{"surface":"tro","lemma":"tro","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on låta","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"att","lemma":"att","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of rest","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hon","lemma":"hon","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of rest","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of dagen","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"dagen","lemma":"dag","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of rest","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"hade","lemma":"ha","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of rest","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"rest","lemma":"rest","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial clause on låta","gloss":"flown","note":"despite the tag 'adverb', these are past-participle uses of resa (to travel / to raise)."},{"surface":"fram","lemma":"fram","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on rest","gloss":"forward"},{"surface":"över","lemma":"över","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Skåne","gloss":"across"},{"surface":"Skåne","lemma":"Skåne","morphology":"proper noun, nominative","role":"oblique complement of rest","gloss":"Skåne"},{"surface":"för","lemma":"för","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of visa","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"att","lemma":"att","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the clause of visa","gloss":"to","note":"infinitive marker before a verb."},{"surface":"visa","lemma":"visa","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on rest","gloss":"to show"},{"surface":"honom","lemma":"han","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of visa","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"att","lemma":"att","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of hade","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"han","lemma":"han","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of hade","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"hade","lemma":"ha","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"adverbial clause on låta","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"ett","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of land","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"land","lemma":"land","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of hade","gloss":"land"},{"surface":"som","lemma":"som","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of mäta","gloss":"that","note":"Three of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely."},{"surface":"gott","lemma":"gott","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies mäta","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"kunde","lemma":"kunna","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of mäta","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"mäta","lemma":"mäta","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive","role":"relative clause on land","gloss":"hold its own"},{"surface":"sig","lemma":"sig","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of mäta","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"med","lemma":"med","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vilket","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"vilket","lemma":"vilken","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of mäta","gloss":"any other"},{"surface":"som","lemma":"som","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase vilket","gloss":"whatsoever"},{"surface":"helst","lemma":"gärna","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase vilket","gloss":"ever","note":"Type lumps together gärna (gladly) and its suppletive superlative helst (rather/most)."},{"surface":"ute","lemma":"ute","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vilket","gloss":"outside"},{"surface":"i","lemma":"i","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking världen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"världen","lemma":"värld","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of ute","gloss":"world"}]},{"number":64,"label":"","id":"ch53-p21-s3","source":"Men det hade hon inte behövt.","translation":"But she hadn't needed to.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Men","lemma":"men","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"det","lemma":"den","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of behövt","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"hade","lemma":"ha","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of behövt","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"hon","lemma":"hon","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of behövt","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"inte","lemma":"inte","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies behövt","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"behövt","lemma":"behövt","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"needed to"}]},{"number":65,"label":"","id":"ch53-p21-s4","source":"Pojken tänkte inte på om landet var rikt eller fattigt.","translation":"The boy did not think about whether the country was rich or poor.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Pojken","lemma":"pojke","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of tänkte","gloss":"boy"},{"surface":"tänkte","lemma":"tänka","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"inte","lemma":"inte","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies tänkte","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"på","lemma":"på","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of rikt","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of rikt","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"landet","lemma":"land","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of rikt","gloss":"land"},{"surface":"var","lemma":"vara","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active","role":"copula linking to rikt","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"rikt","lemma":"rik","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"adverbial clause on tänkte","gloss":"rich"},{"surface":"eller","lemma":"eller","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"fattigt","lemma":"fattig","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with rikt","gloss":"poor"}]},{"number":66,"label":"","id":"ch53-p21-s5","source":"Allt sedan han hade sett den första pilvallen och det första låga korsvirkeshuset, värkte hans hjärta av hemlängtan.","translation":"Ever since he had seen the first row of willows and the first low half-timbered house, his heart had ached with homesickness.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"korsvirkeshuset","title":"Half-timbered house","body":"«Korsvirke» is timber-framing — the exposed crisscrossed wooden beams filled with brick or plaster typical of old Skåne farmhouses. Seeing one is what finally floods Nils with «hemlängtan», 'homesickness'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Allt","lemma":"all","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of sett","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"sedan","lemma":"sedan","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase Allt","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"han","lemma":"han","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of sett","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"hade","lemma":"ha","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of sett","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"sett","lemma":"se","morphology":"verb, active, supine","role":"adverbial clause on värkte","gloss":"seen"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of pilvallen","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"första","lemma":"en","morphology":"adjective, nominative","role":"modifies pilvallen","gloss":"first","note":"surfaces are forms of första 'first', not the numeral en."},{"surface":"pilvallen","lemma":"pilvall","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of sett","gloss":"the willow row"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"det","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of korsvirkeshuset","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"första","lemma":"en","morphology":"adjective, nominative","role":"modifies korsvirkeshuset","gloss":"first","note":"surfaces are forms of första 'first', not the numeral en."},{"surface":"låga","lemma":"låg","morphology":"adjective, nominative, singular","role":"modifies korsvirkeshuset","gloss":"low"},{"surface":"korsvirkeshuset","lemma":"korsvirkeshusen","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with pilvallen","gloss":"the half-timbered house"},{"surface":"värkte","lemma":"värka","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ached"},{"surface":"hans","lemma":"han","morphology":"pronoun","role":"possessor of hjärta","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"hjärta","lemma":"hjärta","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of värkte","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"av","lemma":"av","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hemlängtan","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"hemlängtan","lemma":"hemlängtan","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"modifies hjärta","gloss":"homesickness"}]}]}