{"work":{"slug":"nils","title":{"source":"Nils Holgerssons underbara resa genom Sverige","translated":"The Wonderful Adventures of Nils"},"author":"Selma Lagerlöf","language":"Swedish","languageCode":"sv","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/nils"},"unit":{"kind":"chapter","number":null,"id":"ch55","title":{"source":"Avsked från vildgässen","translated":"Farewell to the Wild Geese"},"section":"The Wonderful Adventures of Nils","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/nils/ch55","lines":64},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/nils/ch54","next":null,"license":"Source text: public domain (Selma Lagerlöf, d. 1940; first published 1906–1907). English translation: © 2026 1732 Studios, LLC — original draft, pending editorial review.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"ch55-p1-s1","source":"Pojken steg upp före dager nästa morgon och vandrade neråt kusten.","translation":"The boy got up before daybreak the next morning and walked down toward the coast.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"steg upp","title":"Particle verb: «stiga upp»","body":"«Stiga upp» ('get up, rise') pairs the verb «stiga» with the particle «upp». Swedish particle verbs like this build everyday meanings from a small stock of verbs plus directional particles, much like English 'get up', 'wake up'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Pojken","lemma":"pojken","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of steg","gloss":"the boy"},{"surface":"steg","lemma":"stiga","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rose"},{"surface":"upp","lemma":"upp","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on steg","gloss":"up"},{"surface":"före","lemma":"före","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dager","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"dager","lemma":"dager","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of steg","gloss":"daylight"},{"surface":"nästa","lemma":"nästa","morphology":"adjective, nominative","role":"modifies morgon","gloss":"next"},{"surface":"morgon","lemma":"morgon","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of steg","gloss":"morning"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"vandrade","lemma":"vandra","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"coordinated with steg","gloss":"wandered"},{"surface":"neråt","lemma":"neråt","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies kusten","gloss":"downward"},{"surface":"kusten","lemma":"kust","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of vandrade","gloss":"coast"}]},{"number":2,"label":"","id":"ch55-p1-s2","source":"Han stod på stranden ett stycke öster om Smyge fiskeläge, innan det ännu var riktigt ljust.","translation":"He stood on the shore a little way east of Smyge fishing village, before it was yet fully light.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Han","lemma":"han","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of stod","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"stod","lemma":"stå","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"på","lemma":"på","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking stranden","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"stranden","lemma":"strand","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of stod","gloss":"shore"},{"surface":"ett","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of stycke","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"stycke","lemma":"stycke","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of stod","gloss":"piece"},{"surface":"öster","lemma":"öster","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"modifies stod","gloss":"east"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking fiskeläge","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Smyge","lemma":"Smyge","morphology":"proper noun, genitive","role":"possessor of fiskeläge","gloss":"Smyge"},{"surface":"fiskeläge","lemma":"fiskeläge","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of stod","gloss":"fishing village"},{"surface":"innan","lemma":"innan","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ljust","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"det","lemma":"den","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of ljust","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"ännu","lemma":"ännu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ljust","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"var","lemma":"vara","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active","role":"copula linking to ljust","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"riktigt","lemma":"riktig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ljust","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"ljust","lemma":"ljust","morphology":"adjective, nominative","role":"adverbial clause on stod","gloss":"light"}]},{"number":3,"label":"","id":"ch55-p1-s3","source":"Han var alldeles ensam.","translation":"He was entirely alone.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Han","lemma":"han","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of ensam","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"var","lemma":"vara","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active","role":"copula linking to ensam","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"alldeles","lemma":"alldeles","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ensam","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"ensam","lemma":"ensam","morphology":"adjective, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"alone"}]},{"number":4,"label":"","id":"ch55-p1-s4","source":"Han hade varit inne i kätten hos Mårten gåskarl och försökt att väcka honom.","translation":"He had been inside the coop with Mårten Goosey-Gander and tried to wake him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"gåskarl","title":"«gåskarl»","body":"«Gåskarl» is literally 'goose-man' — a byname built from «gås» ('goose') and «karl» ('man, fellow'), used here as Mårten's homely nickname: 'gander'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Han","lemma":"han","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of varit","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"hade","lemma":"ha","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of varit","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"varit","lemma":"vara","morphology":"verb, active, supine","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"been"},{"surface":"inne","lemma":"inne","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies varit","gloss":"inside"},{"surface":"i","lemma":"i","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kätten","gloss":"inside"},{"surface":"kätten","lemma":"kätt","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of varit","gloss":"pen"},{"surface":"hos","lemma":"hos","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Mårten","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Mårten","lemma":"Mårten","morphology":"proper noun, nominative","role":"possessor of gåskarl","gloss":"Morten","note":"the studio translation renders this name as 'Morten'."},{"surface":"gåskarl","lemma":"gåskarl","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of varit","gloss":"gander"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"försökt","lemma":"försöka","morphology":"verb, active, supine","role":"coordinated with varit","gloss":"tried"},{"surface":"att","lemma":"att","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the clause of väcka","gloss":"to","note":"infinitive marker before a verb."},{"surface":"väcka","lemma":"väcka","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on försökt","gloss":"to wake"},{"surface":"honom","lemma":"han","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of väcka","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":5,"label":"","id":"ch55-p1-s5","source":"Men den store vite hade inte velat ge sig av hemifrån.","translation":"But the big white gander had not been willing to leave home.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ge sig av","title":"Particle verb: «ge sig av»","body":"«Ge sig av» ('set off, leave') combines «ge» ('give') with the reflexive «sig» and the particle «av» ('off'). The reflexive plus particle turns a plain verb into an idiom of departure — none of the parts translate literally on their own."}],"words":[{"surface":"Men","lemma":"men","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of vite","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"store","lemma":"store","morphology":"adjective, nominative, singular","role":"modifies vite","gloss":"big","note":"Weak-declension form of 'stor'."},{"surface":"vite","lemma":"vite","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"subject of velat","gloss":"white one","note":"Definite adjective used as a noun, 'the white one', referring to the gander."},{"surface":"hade","lemma":"ha","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of velat","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"inte","lemma":"inte","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies velat","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"velat","lemma":"vela","morphology":"verb, active, supine","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wanted","note":"lemma should be vilja 'to want'; velat is its supine form."},{"surface":"ge","lemma":"ge","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive","role":"complement of velat","gloss":"to give"},{"surface":"sig","lemma":"sig","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of ge","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"av","lemma":"av","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hemifrån","gloss":"away"},{"surface":"hemifrån","lemma":"hemifrån","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ge","gloss":"from home"}]},{"number":6,"label":"","id":"ch55-p1-s6","source":"Han hade inte sagt ett ord, bara stuckit in huvudet under vingen och somnat om.","translation":"He had not said a word, only tucked his head under his wing and gone back to sleep.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Han","lemma":"han","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of sagt","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"hade","lemma":"ha","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of sagt","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"inte","lemma":"inte","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies sagt","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"sagt","lemma":"säga","morphology":"verb, active, supine","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"ett","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of ord","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"ord","lemma":"ord","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of sagt","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"bara","lemma":"bara","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies stuckit","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"stuckit","lemma":"stuckia","morphology":"verb, active, supine","role":"coordinated with sagt","gloss":"tucked"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on stuckit","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"huvudet","lemma":"huvud","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of stuckit","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"under","lemma":"under","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vingen","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"vingen","lemma":"ving","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of stuckit","gloss":"wing"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"somnat","lemma":"somna","morphology":"verb, active, supine","role":"coordinated with stuckit","gloss":"fallen asleep"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"preposition","role":"depends on somnat","gloss":"back"}]},{"number":7,"label":"2","id":"ch55-p2-s1","source":"Det såg ut att bli en härlig och klar dag.","translation":"It looked as though it would be a lovely, clear day.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Det","lemma":"den","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of såg","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"såg","lemma":"såg","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"saw","note":"past tense of se, 'to see.'"},{"surface":"ut","lemma":"ut","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on såg","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"att","lemma":"att","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the clause of bli","gloss":"to","note":"infinitive marker before a verb."},{"surface":"bli","lemma":"bli","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive","role":"depends on såg","gloss":"become"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of dag","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"härlig","lemma":"härlig","morphology":"adjective, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"modifies dag","gloss":"lovely"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"klar","lemma":"klar","morphology":"adjective, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with härlig","gloss":"clear"},{"surface":"dag","lemma":"dag","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of bli","gloss":"day"}]},{"number":8,"label":"","id":"ch55-p2-s2","source":"Det var nästan lika så vackert väder som den vårdagen, då vildgässen hade kommit över till Skåne.","translation":"The weather was almost as fine as on that spring day when the wild geese had come over to Skåne.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"hade kommit","title":"Pluperfect: «hade» + supine","body":"«hade kommit» is the pluperfect (past-of-the-past): the past tense of «ha(va)» plus the supine «kommit». It marks the geese's arrival as already complete before the day being described — that spring day itself lies further back in time."}],"words":[{"surface":"Det","lemma":"den","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"expletive with väder","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"var","lemma":"vara","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active","role":"copula linking to väder","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"nästan","lemma":"nästan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies lika","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"lika","lemma":"lika","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vackert","gloss":"equally"},{"surface":"så","lemma":"så","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vackert","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"vackert","lemma":"vacker","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies väder","gloss":"beautiful"},{"surface":"väder","lemma":"väder","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"weather"},{"surface":"som","lemma":"som","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of vårdagen","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of vårdagen","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"vårdagen","lemma":"vårdag","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"clause modifying väder","gloss":"spring day"},{"surface":"då","lemma":"då","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"modifies kommit","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"vildgässen","lemma":"vildgässe","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of kommit","gloss":"the wild geese","note":"attested only in the plural surface vildgässen; the collective noun for the wild-goose flock."},{"surface":"hade","lemma":"ha","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of kommit","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"kommit","lemma":"komma","morphology":"verb, active, supine","role":"relative clause on vårdagen","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"över","lemma":"över","morphology":"preposition","role":"depends on kommit","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"till","lemma":"till","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Skåne","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Skåne","lemma":"Skåne","morphology":"proper noun, nominative","role":"oblique complement of kommit","gloss":"Skåne"}]},{"number":9,"label":"","id":"ch55-p2-s3","source":"Havet bredde ut sig lugnt och orörligt.","translation":"The sea spread out calm and unmoving.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"bredde ut sig","title":"Reflexive «sig» with «breda ut»","body":"«Breda ut sig» ('spread out') adds the reflexive pronoun «sig» to «breda ut» ('spread'): the sea spreads *itself* out. Swedish often uses this reflexive pattern where English uses an intransitive verb alone."}],"words":[{"surface":"Havet","lemma":"Hav","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of bredde","gloss":"sea"},{"surface":"bredde","lemma":"breddema","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"spread out"},{"surface":"ut","lemma":"ut","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on bredde","gloss":"out"},{"surface":"sig","lemma":"sig","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of bredde","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"lugnt","lemma":"lugnd","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"complement of bredde","gloss":"calmly","note":"used adverbially, 'calm/quiet'."},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"orörligt","lemma":"orörlig","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with lugnt","gloss":"unmoving"}]},{"number":10,"label":"","id":"ch55-p2-s4","source":"Luften var i stillhet, och pojken tänkte på vilken god överresa vildgässen skulle få.","translation":"The air was still, and the boy thought about what a fine crossing the wild geese would have.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Luften","lemma":"luft","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of tänkte","gloss":"air"},{"surface":"var","lemma":"vara","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active","role":"modifies Luften","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"i","lemma":"i","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking stillhet","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"stillhet","lemma":"stillhet","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of var","gloss":"stillness"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"pojken","lemma":"pojke","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of tänkte","gloss":"boy"},{"surface":"tänkte","lemma":"tänka","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"på","lemma":"på","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking överresa","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"vilken","lemma":"vilken","morphology":"pronoun, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of överresa","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"god","lemma":"god","morphology":"adjective, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"modifies överresa","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"överresa","lemma":"överresa","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"adverbial clause on tänkte","gloss":"crossing"},{"surface":"vildgässen","lemma":"vildgässe","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of få","gloss":"the wild geese","note":"attested only in the plural surface vildgässen; the collective noun for the wild-goose flock."},{"surface":"skulle","lemma":"skola","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of få","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"få","lemma":"få","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive","role":"parallel clause to tänkte","gloss":"have"}]},{"number":11,"label":"3","id":"ch55-p3-s1","source":"Han själv var ännu i ett slags yrsel.","translation":"He himself was still in a kind of daze.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Han","lemma":"han","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of yrsel","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"själv","lemma":"själv","morphology":"adjective, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"clause modifying Han","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"var","lemma":"vara","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active","role":"copula linking to yrsel","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"ännu","lemma":"ännu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies yrsel","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"i","lemma":"i","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking yrsel","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ett","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of slags","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"slags","lemma":"slag","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"possessor of yrsel","gloss":"kind of","note":"Genitive 'slags' used in the fixed phrase 'ett slags'/'vad för slags' = 'a kind of'/'what kind of'."},{"surface":"yrsel","lemma":"yrsel","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"dizziness"}]},{"number":12,"label":"","id":"ch55-p3-s2","source":"Än tänkte han sig som tomte och än som människa.","translation":"One moment he thought of himself as a brownie, the next as a human being.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"tomte","title":"«tomte»","body":"A «tomte» is a small household spirit or brownie from Scandinavian folklore, tied to a farm and its fortunes. It's the tiny creature Nils was shrunk into for the whole journey, and the name his geese know him by: «Tummetott»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Än","lemma":"än","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies tänkte","gloss":"one moment"},{"surface":"tänkte","lemma":"tänka","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"han","lemma":"han","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of tänkte","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"sig","lemma":"sig","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of tänkte","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"som","lemma":"som","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of tomte","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"tomte","lemma":"tomte","morphology":"adjective, nominative","role":"complement of tänkte","gloss":"brownie"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"än","lemma":"än","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of människa","gloss":"the next"},{"surface":"som","lemma":"som","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase än","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"människa","lemma":"människa","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with tomte","gloss":"human being"}]},{"number":13,"label":"","id":"ch55-p3-s3","source":"När han såg en stengärdsgård utmed vägen, var han rädd att gå vidare, innan han hade övertygat sig om att det inte låg något rovdjur och lurade bakom den.","translation":"When he saw a stone wall along the road, he was afraid to go on before he had convinced himself that no beast of prey lay lurking behind it.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"När","lemma":"när","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of såg","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"han","lemma":"han","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of såg","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"såg","lemma":"såg","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"adverbial clause on rädd","gloss":"saw","note":"past tense of se, 'to see.'"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of stengärdsgård","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"stengärdsgård","lemma":"stengärdsgård","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of såg","gloss":"stone wall"},{"surface":"utmed","lemma":"utmed","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vägen","gloss":"along"},{"surface":"vägen","lemma":"väg","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"modifies stengärdsgård","gloss":"way"},{"surface":"var","lemma":"vara","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active","role":"copula linking to rädd","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"han","lemma":"han","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of rädd","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"rädd","lemma":"rädd","morphology":"adjective, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"afraid"},{"surface":"att","lemma":"att","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the clause of gå","gloss":"to","note":"infinitive marker before a verb."},{"surface":"gå","lemma":"gå","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on rädd","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"vidare","lemma":"vidare","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gå","gloss":"further"},{"surface":"innan","lemma":"innan","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of hade","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"han","lemma":"han","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of hade","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"hade","lemma":"ha","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of övertygat","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"övertygat","lemma":"övertyga","morphology":"verb, active, supine","role":"adverbial clause on gå","gloss":"convinced"},{"surface":"sig","lemma":"sig","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of övertygat","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of låg","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"att","lemma":"att","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of låg","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"det","lemma":"den","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"expletive with låg","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"inte","lemma":"inte","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies låg","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"låg","lemma":"låg","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"adverbial clause on övertygat","gloss":"lay"},{"surface":"något","lemma":"någon","morphology":"determiner, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of rovdjur","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"rovdjur","lemma":"rovdjur","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of låg","gloss":"predator"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"lurade","lemma":"lura","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"coordinated with låg","gloss":"lay in wait"},{"surface":"bakom","lemma":"bakom","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking den","gloss":"behind"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"den","morphology":"pronoun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of lurade","gloss":"it"}]},{"number":14,"label":"","id":"ch55-p3-s4","source":"Och strax därpå skrattade han åt sig själv och gladde sig åt att han var lång och stor och stark och inte behövde vara rädd för någonting.","translation":"And right after, he laughed at himself and rejoiced that he was tall and big and strong and did not need to be afraid of anything.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"strax","lemma":"strax","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies skrattade","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"därpå","lemma":"därpå","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies skrattade","gloss":"then/after that"},{"surface":"skrattade","lemma":"skratta","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"laughed"},{"surface":"han","lemma":"han","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of skrattade","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"åt","lemma":"åt","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sig","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"sig","lemma":"sig","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of skrattade","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"själv","lemma":"själv","morphology":"adjective, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"clause modifying sig","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"gladde","lemma":"gla","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"coordinated with skrattade","gloss":"rejoiced","note":"reflexive 'gladde sig' = rejoiced/delighted."},{"surface":"sig","lemma":"sig","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of gladde","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"åt","lemma":"åt","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of lång","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"att","lemma":"att","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of lång","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"han","lemma":"han","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of lång","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"var","lemma":"vara","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active","role":"copula linking to lång","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"lång","lemma":"lång","morphology":"adjective, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"adverbial clause on gladde","gloss":"tall"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"stor","lemma":"stor","morphology":"adjective, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with lång","gloss":"big"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"stark","lemma":"stark","morphology":"adjective, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with lång","gloss":"strong"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"inte","lemma":"inte","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies rädd","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"behövde","lemma":"behöva","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of rädd","gloss":"needed to"},{"surface":"vara","lemma":"vara","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive","role":"copula linking to rädd","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"rädd","lemma":"rädd","morphology":"adjective, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with lång","gloss":"afraid"},{"surface":"för","lemma":"för","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking någonting","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"någonting","lemma":"någonting","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of rädd","gloss":"anything"}]},{"number":15,"label":"4","id":"ch55-p4-s1","source":"När han kom till kusten, ställde han sig, så stor han var, ytterst på strandbrädden, för att vildgässen skulle se honom.","translation":"When he reached the coast, he placed himself, tall as he was, right at the edge of the shore, so that the wild geese would see him.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"När","lemma":"när","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of kom","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"han","lemma":"han","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of kom","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"kom","lemma":"komma","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"adverbial clause on ställde","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"till","lemma":"till","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kusten","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"kusten","lemma":"kust","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of kom","gloss":"coast"},{"surface":"ställde","lemma":"ställa","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"placed himself"},{"surface":"han","lemma":"han","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of ställde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"sig","lemma":"sig","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of ställde","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"så","lemma":"så","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies stor","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"stor","lemma":"stor","morphology":"adjective, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with ställde","gloss":"big"},{"surface":"han","lemma":"han","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of stor","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"var","lemma":"vara","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"copula linking to stor","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"ytterst","lemma":"ytterst","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies stor","gloss":"at the very edge"},{"surface":"på","lemma":"på","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking strandbrädden","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"strandbrädden","lemma":"strandbrädd","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of ytterst","gloss":"riverbank"},{"surface":"för","lemma":"för","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of se","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"att","lemma":"att","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of se","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"vildgässen","lemma":"vildgässe","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of se","gloss":"the wild geese","note":"attested only in the plural surface vildgässen; the collective noun for the wild-goose flock."},{"surface":"skulle","lemma":"skola","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of se","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"se","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on stor","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"honom","lemma":"han","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of se","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":16,"label":"","id":"ch55-p4-s2","source":"Det var en stor flyttningsdag.","translation":"It was a great day of migration.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Det","lemma":"den","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of flyttningsdag","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"var","lemma":"vara","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active","role":"copula linking to flyttningsdag","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of flyttningsdag","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"stor","lemma":"stor","morphology":"adjective, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"modifies flyttningsdag","gloss":"big"},{"surface":"flyttningsdag","lemma":"flyttningsdag","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"day of migration"}]},{"number":17,"label":"","id":"ch55-p4-s3","source":"Det ljöd oupphörligt locktoner uppifrån luften.","translation":"Calling notes sounded ceaselessly down from the air.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Det","lemma":"den","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"expletive with ljöd","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"ljöd","lemma":"ljöd","morphology":"adjective, nominative, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"rang out","note":"Mislabeled as an adjective; ljöd is the past tense of ljuda (\"to sound/ring out\"), identical to the verb entry of the same spelling."},{"surface":"oupphörligt","lemma":"oupphörlig","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies locktoner","gloss":"ceaselessly"},{"surface":"locktoner","lemma":"lockton","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, plural","role":"subject of ljöd","gloss":"calling notes"},{"surface":"uppifrån","lemma":"uppifrån","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking luften","gloss":"from above"},{"surface":"luften","lemma":"luft","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of ljöd","gloss":"air"}]},{"number":18,"label":"","id":"ch55-p4-s4","source":"Han smålog för sig själv, när han tänkte på att ingen såsom han hade reda på vad det var, fåglarna ropade till varandra.","translation":"He smiled to himself, thinking that no one but him knew what it was the birds were calling to one another.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Han","lemma":"han","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"smålog","lemma":"smålog","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies Han","gloss":"smiled"},{"surface":"för","lemma":"för","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sig","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"sig","lemma":"sig","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of Han","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"själv","lemma":"själv","morphology":"adjective, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"clause modifying sig","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"när","lemma":"när","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of tänkte","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"han","lemma":"han","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of tänkte","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"tänkte","lemma":"tänka","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"adverbial clause on ropade","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"på","lemma":"på","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of hade","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"att","lemma":"att","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of hade","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ingen","lemma":"ingen","morphology":"pronoun, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of hade","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"såsom","lemma":"såsom","morphology":"pronoun","role":"oblique complement of hade","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"han","lemma":"han","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of hade","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"hade","lemma":"ha","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"adverbial clause on tänkte","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"reda","lemma":"reda","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on hade","gloss":"find out","note":"part of the fixed expression leta/taga/söka reda på, 'find out'; all four attested examples mean find/know, not organize/sort."},{"surface":"på","lemma":"på","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of var","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"vad","lemma":"vad","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of var","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"det","lemma":"den","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of var","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"var","lemma":"vara","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active","role":"adverbial clause on tänkte","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"fåglarna","lemma":"fåglarna","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, plural","role":"subject of ropade","gloss":"the birds"},{"surface":"ropade","lemma":"ropa","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"called out"},{"surface":"till","lemma":"till","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking varandra","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"varandra","lemma":"varandra","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of ropade","gloss":"each other"}]},{"number":19,"label":"5","id":"ch55-p5-s1","source":"Nu kommo också vildgäss flygande.","translation":"Now wild geese too came flying.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"kommo","title":"Archaic plural verb: «kommo»","body":"Pre-reform written Swedish (as in this 1906 text) still marked plural subjects with a separate verb form: «kommo» ('came', plural) versus singular «kom». Modern Swedish dropped this agreement entirely — today «kom» serves all persons and numbers."}],"words":[{"surface":"Nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies kommo","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"kommo","lemma":"kommo","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came","note":"kommo is the archaic plural past tense of komma 'to come', not an infinitive despite the tag."},{"surface":"också","lemma":"också","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies kommo","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"vildgäss","lemma":"vildgäss","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of kommo","gloss":"wild geese"},{"surface":"flygande","lemma":"flyga","morphology":"adjective, nominative","role":"complement of kommo","gloss":"flying"}]},{"number":20,"label":"","id":"ch55-p5-s2","source":"Den ena stora flocken följde den andra.","translation":"One great flock followed another.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Den","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of flocken","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"ena","lemma":"ena","morphology":"adjective, nominative","role":"modifies flocken","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"stora","lemma":"stor","morphology":"adjective, nominative, singular","role":"modifies flocken","gloss":"big","note":"weak/definite form (stora), used with a singular definite noun, e.g. den stora länstolen."},{"surface":"flocken","lemma":"flock","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of följde","gloss":"flock"},{"surface":"följde","lemma":"följa","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"followed"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"subject of följde","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"andra","lemma":"annan","morphology":"adjective, nominative, singular","role":"complement of följde","gloss":"other"}]},{"number":21,"label":"","id":"ch55-p5-s3","source":"»Bara det inte är mina gäss, som far bort utan att säga farväl till mig!» tänkte han.","translation":"\"If only it isn't my own geese, flying off without saying goodbye to me!\" he thought.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"»...»","title":"Swedish quotation marks «»","body":"Swedish of this era marks direct speech with «guillemets», both opening and closing in the same direction (»...»), unlike English's paired \"curly quotes\". Watch for it wherever a character speaks aloud in this chapter."}],"words":[{"surface":"Bara","lemma":"bara","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gäss","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"det","lemma":"den","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"expletive with gäss","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"inte","lemma":"inte","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies gäss","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"är","lemma":"vara","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active","role":"copula linking to gäss","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"mina","lemma":"jag","morphology":"pronoun, plural","role":"possessor of gäss","gloss":"my","note":"This entry is really the possessive \"mina\" (plural agreement), mistagged under the lemma jag."},{"surface":"gäss","lemma":"gäss","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"geese"},{"surface":"som","lemma":"som","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of far","gloss":"which","note":"Three of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely."},{"surface":"far","lemma":"fara","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active","role":"relative clause on gäss","gloss":"travels/flies","note":"Vildgässen far = the wild geese fly/travel; used generically for travel by any means."},{"surface":"bort","lemma":"bort","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on far","gloss":"away"},{"surface":"utan","lemma":"utan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of säga","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"att","lemma":"att","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the clause of säga","gloss":"to","note":"infinitive marker before a verb."},{"surface":"säga","lemma":"säga","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on far","gloss":"to say"},{"surface":"farväl","lemma":"farväl","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of säga","gloss":"farewell"},{"surface":"till","lemma":"till","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mig","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"mig","lemma":"jag","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of säga","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"tänkte","lemma":"tänka","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"han","lemma":"han","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of tänkte","gloss":"he"}]},{"number":22,"label":"","id":"ch55-p5-s4","source":"Han ville bra gärna tala om för dem hur allt hade gått till och visa dem, att han var människa igen.","translation":"He very much wanted to tell them how everything had come about, and show them that he was human again.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Han","lemma":"han","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of tala","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ville","lemma":"vilja","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of tala","gloss":"wanted to"},{"surface":"bra","lemma":"bra","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies tala","gloss":"very much"},{"surface":"gärna","lemma":"gärna","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase bra","gloss":"very much","note":"Type lumps together gärna (gladly) and its suppletive superlative helst (rather/most)."},{"surface":"tala","lemma":"tala","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"to speak"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"preposition","role":"depends on tala","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"för","lemma":"för","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dem","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"dem","lemma":"de","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of tala","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"hur","lemma":"hur","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gått","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"allt","lemma":"all","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of gått","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"hade","lemma":"ha","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of gått","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"gått","lemma":"gå","morphology":"verb, active, supine","role":"adverbial clause on tala","gloss":"come about"},{"surface":"till","lemma":"till","morphology":"preposition","role":"depends on gått","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"visa","lemma":"visa","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive","role":"coordinated with gått","gloss":"to show"},{"surface":"dem","lemma":"de","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of visa","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"att","lemma":"att","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of människa","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"han","lemma":"han","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of människa","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"var","lemma":"vara","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active","role":"copula linking to människa","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"människa","lemma":"människa","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"clausal complement of gått","gloss":"human being"},{"surface":"igen","lemma":"igen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies människa","gloss":"again"}]},{"number":23,"label":"6","id":"ch55-p6-s1","source":"Det kom en flock, som flög raskare och skrek ljudligare än de andra, och det var något, som sade honom, att denna flocken måste det vara.","translation":"A flock came that flew faster and cried louder than the rest, and something told him this must be the one.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Det","lemma":"den","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"expletive with kom","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"kom","lemma":"komma","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of flock","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"flock","lemma":"flock","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of kom","gloss":"flock"},{"surface":"som","lemma":"som","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of flög","gloss":"that","note":"Three of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely."},{"surface":"flög","lemma":"flög","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"relative clause on flock","gloss":"flew"},{"surface":"raskare","lemma":"raskare","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, plural","role":"direct object of flög","gloss":"faster"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"skrek","lemma":"skrek","morphology":"adjective, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with raskare","gloss":"cried"},{"surface":"ljudligare","lemma":"ljudligare","morphology":"adjective, nominative, comparative","role":"direct object of flög","gloss":"louder"},{"surface":"än","lemma":"än","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of andra","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of andra","gloss":"the","note":"Surfaces 'de/De' are ambiguous with the plural pronoun 'de' = 'they'. Example ch01-p9-s2 ('De voro ett fattigt husmansfolk' = 'They were poor cottar folk') is genuinely the pronoun 'they', not the definite article 'the' — the single fixed gloss 'the' is wrong for that occurrence. Definite plural article ('de') used before an adjective plus noun, e.g. de stora träskorna, 'the big clogs.'"},{"surface":"andra","lemma":"annan","morphology":"pronoun, plural","role":"clause modifying ljudligare","gloss":"others"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"det","lemma":"den","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"expletive with något","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"var","lemma":"vara","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active","role":"copula linking to något","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"något","lemma":"någon","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with kom","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"som","lemma":"som","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of sade","gloss":"that","note":"Three of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely."},{"surface":"sade","lemma":"säga","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"depends on något","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"honom","lemma":"han","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of sade","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"att","lemma":"att","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of vara","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"denna","lemma":"denna","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of flocken","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"flocken","lemma":"flock","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of vara","gloss":"flock"},{"surface":"måste","lemma":"måste","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of vara","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"det","lemma":"den","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of vara","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"vara","lemma":"vara","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive","role":"depends on något","gloss":"be"}]},{"number":24,"label":"","id":"ch55-p6-s2","source":"Men han kunde inte känna igen den så säkert, som han skulle ha gjort dagen förut.","translation":"But he could not recognize it as surely as he would have done the day before.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Men","lemma":"men","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"han","lemma":"han","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of känna","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"kunde","lemma":"kunna","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of känna","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"inte","lemma":"inte","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies känna","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"känna","lemma":"känna","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"to feel"},{"surface":"igen","lemma":"igen","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on känna","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"den","morphology":"pronoun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of känna","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"så","lemma":"så","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies säkert","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"säkert","lemma":"säker","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies känna","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"som","lemma":"som","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of gjort","gloss":"as","note":"Three of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely."},{"surface":"han","lemma":"han","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of gjort","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"skulle","lemma":"skola","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of gjort","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"ha","lemma":"ha","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive","role":"auxiliary of gjort","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"gjort","lemma":"göra","morphology":"verb, active, supine","role":"adverbial clause on känna","gloss":"done"},{"surface":"dagen","lemma":"dag","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of gjort","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"förut","lemma":"förut","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gjort","gloss":"before"}]},{"number":25,"label":"7","id":"ch55-p7-s1","source":"Flocken saktade farten och for fram och tillbaka längs med kusten.","translation":"The flock slowed its speed and flew back and forth along the coast.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Flocken","lemma":"Flock","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"the flock"},{"surface":"saktade","lemma":"sakta","morphology":"adjective, nominative, singular","role":"modifies farten","gloss":"slowed"},{"surface":"farten","lemma":"fart","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with Flocken","gloss":"speed"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"for","lemma":"for","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking fram","gloss":"flew","note":"Past tense of fara (to travel/fly, here of tomte-Nils and geese in flight); mistagged as a preposition. Translation renders it \"flew\"/\"passing over\" far more often than \"traveled\"."},{"surface":"fram","lemma":"fram","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with farten","gloss":"forward"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"tillbaka","lemma":"tillbaka","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with fram","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"längs","lemma":"längs","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on fram","gloss":"along"},{"surface":"med","lemma":"med","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kusten","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"kusten","lemma":"kust","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of fram","gloss":"coast"}]},{"number":26,"label":"","id":"ch55-p7-s2","source":"Då begrep pojken, att det var den rätta.","translation":"Then the boy understood that it was the right one.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Då","lemma":"då","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies begrep","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"begrep","lemma":"begrep","morphology":"adjective, nominative","role":"modifies pojken","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"pojken","lemma":"pojke","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"boy"},{"surface":"att","lemma":"att","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of rätta","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"det","lemma":"den","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of rätta","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"var","lemma":"vara","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active","role":"copula linking to rätta","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of rätta","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"rätta","lemma":"rätt","morphology":"adjective, nominative, singular","role":"clause modifying pojken","gloss":"right"}]},{"number":27,"label":"","id":"ch55-p7-s3","source":"Han kunde bara inte förstå varför vildgässen inte slogo ner bredvid honom.","translation":"He simply could not understand why the wild geese did not land beside him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"slogo","title":"Archaic plural: «slogo»","body":"«slogo» is the old plural past tense of «slå» ('strike'), used here in the particle verb «slå ner» ('land, come down'). A modern edition would simply write «slog ner» for both singular and plural subjects."}],"words":[{"surface":"Han","lemma":"han","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of förstå","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"kunde","lemma":"kunna","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of förstå","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"bara","lemma":"bara","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies förstå","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"inte","lemma":"inte","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies förstå","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"förstå","lemma":"förstå","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"varför","lemma":"varför","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies slogo","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"vildgässen","lemma":"vildgässe","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of slogo","gloss":"the wild geese","note":"attested only in the plural surface vildgässen; the collective noun for the wild-goose flock."},{"surface":"inte","lemma":"inte","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies slogo","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"slogo","lemma":"slogoa","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active","role":"clausal complement of förstå","gloss":"land","note":"Past plural of slå ('to strike/land'); lemma mislabeled 'slogoa'."},{"surface":"ner","lemma":"ner","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on slogo","gloss":"down"},{"surface":"bredvid","lemma":"bredvid","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking honom","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"honom","lemma":"han","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of slogo","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":28,"label":"","id":"ch55-p7-s4","source":"Det var då omöjligt, att de inte skulle se honom, där han stod.","translation":"Surely it was impossible that they would not see him, standing there as he was.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Det","lemma":"den","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"expletive with omöjligt","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"var","lemma":"vara","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active","role":"copula linking to omöjligt","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"då","lemma":"då","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies omöjligt","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"omöjligt","lemma":"omöjlig","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"impossible"},{"surface":"att","lemma":"att","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of se","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of se","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"inte","lemma":"inte","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies se","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"skulle","lemma":"skola","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of se","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"se","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive","role":"depends on omöjligt","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"honom","lemma":"han","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of se","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"där","lemma":"där","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies stod","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"han","lemma":"han","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of stod","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"stod","lemma":"stå","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"relative clause on honom","gloss":"stood"}]},{"number":29,"label":"8","id":"ch55-p8-s1","source":"Han sökte uppge en lockton, som skulle kalla ner dem till honom.","translation":"He tried to give a calling note that would bring them down to him.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Han","lemma":"han","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of sökte","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"sökte","lemma":"söka","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tried"},{"surface":"uppge","lemma":"uppge","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive","role":"complement of sökte","gloss":"to give"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of lockton","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"lockton","lemma":"lockton","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of uppge","gloss":"calling note"},{"surface":"som","lemma":"som","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of kalla","gloss":"that","note":"Three of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely."},{"surface":"skulle","lemma":"skola","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of kalla","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"kalla","lemma":"kalla","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive","role":"relative clause on lockton","gloss":"cold","note":"Mislemmatized: both examples ('det kalla nattkvarteret', 'i den kalla marsnatten') show the definite/inflected adjective 'kall' ('cold'), not the verb kalla ('to call'). Gloss corrected to match the attested adjective use."},{"surface":"ner","lemma":"ner","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on kalla","gloss":"down"},{"surface":"dem","lemma":"de","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of kalla","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"till","lemma":"till","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking honom","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"honom","lemma":"han","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of kalla","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":30,"label":"","id":"ch55-p8-s2","source":"Men tänk, att tungan ville inte!","translation":"But imagine — his tongue would not obey!","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Men","lemma":"men","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"tänk","lemma":"tänka","morphology":"verb, imperative, active","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"think!"},{"surface":"att","lemma":"att","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ville","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"tungan","lemma":"tunga","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of ville","gloss":"tongue"},{"surface":"ville","lemma":"vilja","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active","role":"clausal complement of tänk","gloss":"wanted to"},{"surface":"inte","lemma":"inte","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ville","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":31,"label":"","id":"ch55-p8-s3","source":"Han kunde inte få fram det rätta ljudet.","translation":"He could not produce the right sound.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Han","lemma":"han","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of få","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"kunde","lemma":"kunna","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of få","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"inte","lemma":"inte","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies få","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"få","lemma":"få","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"produce"},{"surface":"fram","lemma":"fram","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on få","gloss":"forward"},{"surface":"det","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of ljudet","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"rätta","lemma":"rätt","morphology":"adjective, nominative, singular","role":"modifies ljudet","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"ljudet","lemma":"ljud","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of få","gloss":"sound"}]},{"number":32,"label":"9","id":"ch55-p9-s1","source":"Han hörde Akka ropa uppe i luften, men han förstod inte vad hon sade.","translation":"He heard Akka calling up in the air, but he did not understand what she said.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Akka","title":"Akka","body":"Akka is the wise old lead goose of the wild-goose flock Nils has traveled with all book — their guide across Sweden, and here the first of them he can no longer speak to."}],"words":[{"surface":"Han","lemma":"han","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of hörde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"hörde","lemma":"hörde","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"heard"},{"surface":"Akka","lemma":"Akka","morphology":"noun","role":"direct object of hörde","gloss":"Akka","note":"Proper name of the lead wild goose."},{"surface":"ropa","lemma":"ropa","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive","role":"complement of hörde","gloss":"to call out"},{"surface":"uppe","lemma":"uppe","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ropa","gloss":"up high"},{"surface":"i","lemma":"i","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking luften","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"luften","lemma":"luft","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of uppe","gloss":"air"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"han","lemma":"han","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of förstod","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"förstod","lemma":"förstod","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"coordinated with hörde","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"inte","lemma":"inte","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies förstod","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"vad","lemma":"vad","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of sade","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"hon","lemma":"hon","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of sade","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"sade","lemma":"säga","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"clausal complement of förstod","gloss":"said"}]},{"number":33,"label":"","id":"ch55-p9-s2","source":"»Vad är detta?","translation":"\"What is this?","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Vad","lemma":"vad","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"är","lemma":"vara","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active","role":"copula linking to Vad","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"detta","lemma":"denna","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of Vad","gloss":"this"}]},{"number":34,"label":"","id":"ch55-p9-s3","source":"Har vildgässen bytt om språk?» undrade han.","translation":"Have the wild geese changed their language?\" he wondered.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Har","lemma":"ha","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of bytt","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"vildgässen","lemma":"vildgässe","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of bytt","gloss":"the wild geese","note":"attested only in the plural surface vildgässen; the collective noun for the wild-goose flock."},{"surface":"bytt","lemma":"byta","morphology":"verb, active, supine","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"changed"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking språk","gloss":"change"},{"surface":"språk","lemma":"språk","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of bytt","gloss":"language"},{"surface":"undrade","lemma":"undra","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wondered"},{"surface":"han","lemma":"han","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of undrade","gloss":"he"}]},{"number":35,"label":"10","id":"ch55-p10-s1","source":"Han vinkade åt dem med sin luva, och han sprang utmed stranden och ropade: »Här är jag, var är du?»","translation":"He waved to them with his cap, and he ran along the shore and called, \"Here I am, where are you?\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Han","lemma":"han","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of vinkade","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"vinkade","lemma":"vinka","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"waved"},{"surface":"åt","lemma":"åt","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dem","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"dem","lemma":"de","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of vinkade","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"med","lemma":"med","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking luva","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"sin","lemma":"sig","morphology":"pronoun, common gender, singular","role":"possessor of luva","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"luva","lemma":"luva","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of vinkade","gloss":"cap"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"han","lemma":"han","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of sprang","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"sprang","lemma":"sprangma","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"coordinated with vinkade","gloss":"ran","note":"Lemma is corrupted; surfaces are only \"sprang\" (past of springa, to run). Lemma should read springa, not sprangma."},{"surface":"utmed","lemma":"utmed","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking stranden","gloss":"along"},{"surface":"stranden","lemma":"strand","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of sprang","gloss":"shore"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ropade","lemma":"ropa","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"coordinated with vinkade","gloss":"called out"},{"surface":"Här","lemma":"här","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies är","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"är","lemma":"vara","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"jag","lemma":"jag","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of är","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"var","lemma":"vara","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active","role":"depends on är","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"är","lemma":"vara","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active","role":"parallel clause to är","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"du","lemma":"du","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of är","gloss":"you"}]},{"number":36,"label":"11","id":"ch55-p11-s1","source":"Det såg ut, som om detta bara skulle skrämma dem.","translation":"It looked as though this only frightened them.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Det","lemma":"den","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of såg","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"såg","lemma":"såg","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"saw","note":"past tense of se, 'to see.'"},{"surface":"ut","lemma":"ut","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on såg","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"som","lemma":"som","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of skrämma","gloss":"as","note":"Three of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely."},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking detta","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"detta","lemma":"denna","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of skrämma","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"bara","lemma":"bara","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies skrämma","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"skulle","lemma":"skola","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of skrämma","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"skrämma","lemma":"skrämma","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on såg","gloss":"to frighten"},{"surface":"dem","lemma":"de","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of skrämma","gloss":"them"}]},{"number":37,"label":"","id":"ch55-p11-s2","source":"De höjde sig och foro utåt havet.","translation":"They rose higher and flew out over the sea.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of höjde","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"höjde","lemma":"höja","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"raised"},{"surface":"sig","lemma":"sig","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of höjde","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"foro","lemma":"foro","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with sig","gloss":"went","note":"Mistagged as a noun; foro is the plural past tense of fara (\"went/traveled\")."},{"surface":"utåt","lemma":"utåt","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies havet","gloss":"out over"},{"surface":"havet","lemma":"hav","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of höjde","gloss":"sea"}]},{"number":38,"label":"","id":"ch55-p11-s3","source":"Då förstod han äntligen!","translation":"Then at last he understood!","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Då","lemma":"då","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies förstod","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"förstod","lemma":"förstod","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"han","lemma":"han","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of förstod","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"äntligen","lemma":"äntligen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies förstod","gloss":"finally"}]},{"number":39,"label":"","id":"ch55-p11-s4","source":"De visste inte, att han var en människa.","translation":"They did not know that he was a human being.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of visste","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"visste","lemma":"visste","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"inte","lemma":"inte","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies visste","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"att","lemma":"att","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of människa","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"han","lemma":"han","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of människa","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"var","lemma":"vara","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active","role":"copula linking to människa","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of människa","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"människa","lemma":"människa","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"clausal complement of visste","gloss":"human being"}]},{"number":40,"label":"","id":"ch55-p11-s5","source":"De kände inte igen honom.","translation":"They did not recognize him.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of kände","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"kände","lemma":"kän","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"recognized","note":"Past tense 'kände' of känna, here in the sense 'recognized'; same surface as käna but a distinct sense of the polysemous verb."},{"surface":"inte","lemma":"inte","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies kände","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"igen","lemma":"igen","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on kände","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"honom","lemma":"han","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of kände","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":41,"label":"12","id":"ch55-p12-s1","source":"Och han kunde inte kalla dem till sig, därför att en människa inte kan tala fåglarnas språk.","translation":"And he could not call them to him, because a human being cannot speak the birds' language.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"han","lemma":"han","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of kalla","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"kunde","lemma":"kunna","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of kalla","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"inte","lemma":"inte","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies kalla","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"kalla","lemma":"kalla","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cold","note":"Mislemmatized: both examples ('det kalla nattkvarteret', 'i den kalla marsnatten') show the definite/inflected adjective 'kall' ('cold'), not the verb kalla ('to call'). Gloss corrected to match the attested adjective use."},{"surface":"dem","lemma":"de","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of kalla","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"till","lemma":"till","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sig","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"sig","lemma":"sig","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of kalla","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"därför","lemma":"därför","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of tala","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"att","lemma":"att","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase därför","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of människa","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"människa","lemma":"människa","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of tala","gloss":"human being"},{"surface":"inte","lemma":"inte","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies tala","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunna","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of tala","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"tala","lemma":"tala","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on kalla","gloss":"to speak"},{"surface":"fåglarnas","lemma":"fåglarnas","morphology":"noun, genitive, common gender, plural","role":"possessor of språk","gloss":"the birds'"},{"surface":"språk","lemma":"språk","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of tala","gloss":"languages"}]},{"number":42,"label":"","id":"ch55-p12-s2","source":"Han kunde inte tala det, och inte heller kunde han förstå det.","translation":"He could not speak it, and neither could he understand it.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Han","lemma":"han","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of tala","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"kunde","lemma":"kunna","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of tala","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"inte","lemma":"inte","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies tala","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"tala","lemma":"tala","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"to speak"},{"surface":"det","lemma":"den","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of tala","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"inte","lemma":"inte","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies heller","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"heller","lemma":"heller","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies förstå","gloss":"either"},{"surface":"kunde","lemma":"kunna","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of förstå","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"han","lemma":"han","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of förstå","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"förstå","lemma":"förstå","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive","role":"coordinated with tala","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"det","lemma":"den","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of förstå","gloss":"it"}]},{"number":43,"label":"13","id":"ch55-p13-s1","source":"Fastän pojken var så glad åt att vara löst ur förtrollningen, tyckte han, att det var bittert, att han på detta sättet hade blifvit skild från sina goda kamrater.","translation":"Although the boy was so glad to be released from the spell, he found it bitter that he had in this way been parted from his good comrades.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"blifvit","title":"Pre-1906 spelling: «blifvit»","body":"«Blifvit» is the old spelling of «blivit» ('become'), with «f» where the 1906 Swedish spelling reform later standardized «v». This text sits right at that reform, so both spellings can appear."}],"words":[{"surface":"Fastän","lemma":"fastän","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of glad","gloss":"although"},{"surface":"pojken","lemma":"pojke","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of glad","gloss":"boy"},{"surface":"var","lemma":"vara","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active","role":"copula linking to glad","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"så","lemma":"så","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies glad","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"glad","lemma":"glad","morphology":"adjective, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"glad"},{"surface":"åt","lemma":"åt","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of löst","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"att","lemma":"att","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the clause of löst","gloss":"to","note":"infinitive marker before a verb."},{"surface":"vara","lemma":"vara","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive","role":"copula linking to löst","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"löst","lemma":"lösa","morphology":"adjective, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"adverbial clause on glad","gloss":"released","note":"Mistagged as an adjective; 'löst' is the past participle of 'lösa' (to release, free)."},{"surface":"ur","lemma":"ur","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking förtrollningen","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"förtrollningen","lemma":"förtrollning","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of löst","gloss":"enchantment"},{"surface":"tyckte","lemma":"tycka","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"coordinated with glad","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"han","lemma":"han","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of tyckte","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"att","lemma":"att","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of bittert","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"det","lemma":"den","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"expletive with bittert","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"var","lemma":"vara","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active","role":"copula linking to bittert","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"bittert","lemma":"bittert","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"clausal complement of tyckte","gloss":"bitter"},{"surface":"att","lemma":"att","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of blifvit","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"han","lemma":"han","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of blifvit","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"på","lemma":"på","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sättet","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"detta","lemma":"denna","morphology":"determiner, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of sättet","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"sättet","lemma":"sätt","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of blifvit","gloss":"way"},{"surface":"hade","lemma":"ha","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of blifvit","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"blifvit","lemma":"blif","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, plural","role":"clause modifying bittert","gloss":"been"},{"surface":"skild","lemma":"skild","morphology":"adjective, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"complement of blifvit","gloss":"separated"},{"surface":"från","lemma":"från","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kamrater","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"sina","lemma":"sig","morphology":"pronoun, plural","role":"possessor of kamrater","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"goda","lemma":"god","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies kamrater","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"kamrater","lemma":"kamrat","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, plural","role":"oblique complement of skild","gloss":"companions"}]},{"number":44,"label":"","id":"ch55-p13-s2","source":"Han satte sig ner i sanden och slog händerna för ansiktet.","translation":"He sat down in the sand and put his hands over his face.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Han","lemma":"han","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of satte","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"satte","lemma":"satte","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sat down","note":"past tense of sätta; here reflexive satte sig 'sat down'."},{"surface":"sig","lemma":"sig","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of satte","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"ner","lemma":"ner","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies satte","gloss":"down"},{"surface":"i","lemma":"i","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sanden","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"sanden","lemma":"sand","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of ner","gloss":"sand"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"slog","lemma":"slå","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"coordinated with satte","gloss":"put","note":"Light verb whose sense shifts with its particle (slog upp/ihop/omkull/sig ner)."},{"surface":"händerna","lemma":"händerna","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, plural","role":"direct object of slog","gloss":"the hands"},{"surface":"för","lemma":"för","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ansiktet","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"ansiktet","lemma":"ansikt","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of slog","gloss":"the face"}]},{"number":45,"label":"","id":"ch55-p13-s3","source":"Vad tjänade det mer till att se efter dem?","translation":"What use was there in watching after them any longer?","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Vad","lemma":"vad","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of tjänade","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"tjänade","lemma":"tjäna","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was useful"},{"surface":"det","lemma":"den","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of tjänade","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"mer","lemma":"mycket","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies tjänade","gloss":"any longer"},{"surface":"till","lemma":"till","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of se","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"att","lemma":"att","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the clause of se","gloss":"to","note":"infinitive marker before a verb."},{"surface":"se","lemma":"se","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on tjänade","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"efter","lemma":"efter","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dem","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"dem","lemma":"de","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of se","gloss":"them"}]},{"number":46,"label":"14","id":"ch55-p14-s1","source":"Men strax därpå hörde han brus av vingar.","translation":"But right after, he heard the rush of wings.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Men","lemma":"men","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"strax","lemma":"strax","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hörde","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"därpå","lemma":"därpå","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hörde","gloss":"then/after that"},{"surface":"hörde","lemma":"höra","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"heard"},{"surface":"han","lemma":"han","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of hörde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"brus","lemma":"brus","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of hörde","gloss":"rush"},{"surface":"av","lemma":"av","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vingar","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"vingar","lemma":"ving","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, plural","role":"modifies brus","gloss":"wings"}]},{"number":47,"label":"","id":"ch55-p14-s2","source":"Den gamla mor Akka hade känt det tungt att fara från Tummetott, och hon hade vänt tillbaka än en gång.","translation":"Old Mother Akka had found it hard to leave Thumbietot, and she had turned back once more.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Tummetott","title":"«Tummetott»","body":"«Tummetott» ('Thumbietot' in English editions) is the name the animals give Nils once he is shrunk to the size of a thumb — «tumme» means 'thumb'. It is what the geese have called him throughout the journey."}],"words":[{"surface":"Den","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of mor","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"gamla","lemma":"gammal","morphology":"adjective, nominative, singular","role":"modifies mor","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"mor","lemma":"mor","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"modifies Akka","gloss":"mother"},{"surface":"Akka","lemma":"Akka","morphology":"proper noun, nominative","role":"subject of känt","gloss":"Akka","note":"proper name of the lead wild goose; keep untranslated."},{"surface":"hade","lemma":"ha","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of känt","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"känt","lemma":"känd","morphology":"verb, active, supine","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"det","lemma":"den","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of tungt","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"tungt","lemma":"tung","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"complement of känt","gloss":"heavy"},{"surface":"att","lemma":"att","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of vänt","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"fara","lemma":"fara","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of vänt","gloss":"go","note":"some listed surfaces (fara, far) are actually forms of the unrelated verb fara 'to travel/go'; gloss the noun sense danger for the noun-tagged type."},{"surface":"från","lemma":"från","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Tummetott","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Tummetott","lemma":"Tummetott","morphology":"proper noun, nominative","role":"modifies fara","gloss":"Thumbietot","note":"the boy's nickname after being shrunk; kept as the studio translation's rendering."},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hon","lemma":"hon","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of vänt","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"hade","lemma":"ha","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of vänt","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"vänt","lemma":"vända","morphology":"verb, active, supine","role":"adverbial clause on känt","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"tillbaka","lemma":"tillbaka","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on vänt","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"än","lemma":"än","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"preposition marking gång","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of gång","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"gång","lemma":"gång","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of vänt","gloss":"once"}]},{"number":48,"label":"","id":"ch55-p14-s3","source":"Och nu, då pojken satt stilla, vågade hon att fara honom närmare.","translation":"And now, since the boy sat still, she dared to fly closer to him.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of satt","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"då","lemma":"då","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"modifies satt","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"pojken","lemma":"pojke","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of satt","gloss":"boy"},{"surface":"satt","lemma":"sitta","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"adverbial clause on vågade","gloss":"sat"},{"surface":"stilla","lemma":"stilla","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on satt","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"vågade","lemma":"våga","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"dared"},{"surface":"hon","lemma":"hon","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of vågade","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"att","lemma":"att","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of fara","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"fara","lemma":"fara","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive","role":"clausal complement of vågade","gloss":"fly closer"},{"surface":"honom","lemma":"han","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of fara","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"närmare","lemma":"nära","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies fara","gloss":"closer","note":"Type lumps the positive, comparative, and superlative forms of nära."}]},{"number":49,"label":"","id":"ch55-p14-s4","source":"Plötsligt hade väl något öppnat hennes ögon för vem han var.","translation":"Suddenly something must have opened her eyes to who he was.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Plötsligt","lemma":"Plötsligt","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of hade","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"hade","lemma":"ha","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"väl","lemma":"väl","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hade","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"något","lemma":"någon","morphology":"determiner, neuter, singular","role":"modifies öppnat","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"öppnat","lemma":"öppna","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies hade","gloss":"opened"},{"surface":"hennes","lemma":"hon","morphology":"pronoun","role":"possessor of ögon","gloss":"her","note":"possessive form hennes of the pronoun hon."},{"surface":"ögon","lemma":"ögon","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, plural","role":"direct object of hade","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"för","lemma":"för","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vem","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"vem","lemma":"vem","morphology":"pronoun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of var","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"han","lemma":"han","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of var","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"var","lemma":"vara","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"modifies hade","gloss":"was"}]},{"number":50,"label":"","id":"ch55-p14-s5","source":"Hon slog ner på udden tätt bredvid honom.","translation":"She landed on the point close beside him.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Hon","lemma":"hon","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of slog","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"slog","lemma":"slå","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"landed","note":"Light verb whose sense shifts with its particle (slog upp/ihop/omkull/sig ner)."},{"surface":"ner","lemma":"ner","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on slog","gloss":"down"},{"surface":"på","lemma":"på","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking udden","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"udden","lemma":"udd","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of slog","gloss":"point (of land)"},{"surface":"tätt","lemma":"tätt","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies slog","gloss":"close"},{"surface":"bredvid","lemma":"bredvid","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking honom","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"honom","lemma":"han","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of slog","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":51,"label":"15","id":"ch55-p15-s1","source":"Pojken ropade till av glädje och tog den gamla Akka i sin famn.","translation":"The boy cried out with joy and took old Akka in his arms.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Pojken","lemma":"pojke","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of ropade","gloss":"boy"},{"surface":"ropade","lemma":"ropa","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"called out"},{"surface":"till","lemma":"till","morphology":"preposition","role":"depends on ropade","gloss":"out"},{"surface":"av","lemma":"av","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking glädje","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"glädje","lemma":"glädje","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"agent of ropade","gloss":"joy"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"tog","lemma":"ta","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"coordinated with ropade","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of Akka","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"gamla","lemma":"gammal","morphology":"adjective, nominative, singular","role":"modifies Akka","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"Akka","lemma":"Akka","morphology":"proper noun, nominative","role":"direct object of tog","gloss":"Akka","note":"proper name of the lead wild goose; keep untranslated."},{"surface":"i","lemma":"i","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking famn","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"sin","lemma":"sig","morphology":"pronoun, common gender, singular","role":"possessor of famn","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"famn","lemma":"famn","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of tog","gloss":"arms"}]},{"number":52,"label":"","id":"ch55-p15-s2","source":"De andra vildgässen ströko näbbarna mot honom och trängdes omkring honom.","translation":"The other wild geese rubbed their bills against him and crowded around him.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of vildgässen","gloss":"the","note":"Surfaces 'de/De' are ambiguous with the plural pronoun 'de' = 'they'. Example ch01-p9-s2 ('De voro ett fattigt husmansfolk' = 'They were poor cottar folk') is genuinely the pronoun 'they', not the definite article 'the' — the single fixed gloss 'the' is wrong for that occurrence. Definite plural article ('de') used before an adjective plus noun, e.g. de stora träskorna, 'the big clogs.'"},{"surface":"andra","lemma":"annan","morphology":"adjective, nominative","role":"modifies vildgässen","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"vildgässen","lemma":"vildgässe","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of ströko","gloss":"the wild geese","note":"attested only in the plural surface vildgässen; the collective noun for the wild-goose flock."},{"surface":"ströko","lemma":"ströko","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rubbed","note":"Past-plural of the verb 'stryka' (to sweep/run/rub); mistagged as present tense."},{"surface":"näbbarna","lemma":"näbbare","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, plural","role":"direct object of ströko","gloss":"beaks"},{"surface":"mot","lemma":"mot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking honom","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"honom","lemma":"han","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of ströko","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"trängdes","lemma":"träng","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, passive","role":"coordinated with ströko","gloss":"crowded"},{"surface":"omkring","lemma":"omkring","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking honom","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"honom","lemma":"han","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of trängdes","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":53,"label":"","id":"ch55-p15-s3","source":"De kacklade och pratade och sade honom all sin hjärtliga lyckönskan, och han talade också till dem och tackade dem för den underbara resan, som han hade fått göra i deras sällskap.","translation":"They cackled and chattered and wished him all their heartfelt congratulations, and he too spoke to them and thanked them for the wonderful journey he had been allowed to make in their company.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of kacklade","gloss":"they","note":"Surfaces 'de/De' are ambiguous with the plural pronoun 'de' = 'they'. Example ch01-p9-s2 ('De voro ett fattigt husmansfolk' = 'They were poor cottar folk') is genuinely the pronoun 'they', not the definite article 'the' — the single fixed gloss 'the' is wrong for that occurrence. Definite plural article ('de') used before an adjective plus noun, e.g. de stora träskorna, 'the big clogs.'"},{"surface":"kacklade","lemma":"kackla","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"cackled"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"pratade","lemma":"prata","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"coordinated with kacklade","gloss":"talked"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"sade","lemma":"säga","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"coordinated with kacklade","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"honom","lemma":"han","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of sade","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"all","lemma":"all","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"depends on sade","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"sin","lemma":"sig","morphology":"pronoun, common gender, singular","role":"possessor of lyckönskan","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"hjärtliga","lemma":"hjärtlig","morphology":"adjective, nominative, singular","role":"modifies lyckönskan","gloss":"heartfelt"},{"surface":"lyckönskan","lemma":"lyckönska","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of sade","gloss":"congratulations"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"han","lemma":"han","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of talade","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"talade","lemma":"tala","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"coordinated with kacklade","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"också","lemma":"också","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies talade","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"till","lemma":"till","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dem","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"dem","lemma":"de","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of talade","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"tackade","lemma":"tacka","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"coordinated with talade","gloss":"thanked"},{"surface":"dem","lemma":"de","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of tackade","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"för","lemma":"för","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking resan","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of resan","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"underbara","lemma":"underbar","morphology":"adjective, nominative, singular","role":"modifies resan","gloss":"wonderful"},{"surface":"resan","lemma":"resa","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of tackade","gloss":"journey"},{"surface":"som","lemma":"som","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of göra","gloss":"that","note":"Three of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely."},{"surface":"han","lemma":"han","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of göra","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"hade","lemma":"ha","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of göra","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"fått","lemma":"få","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, supine","role":"auxiliary of göra","gloss":"been allowed","note":"\"hade alltid fått lära sig\" is the causative-passive få + infinitive construction (\"had always been taught\"), a distinct sense from the permissive \"gotten to\" readings in the other examples."},{"surface":"göra","lemma":"göra","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive","role":"complement of tackade","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"i","lemma":"i","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sällskap","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"deras","lemma":"de","morphology":"pronoun","role":"possessor of sällskap","gloss":"their","note":"possessive form deras of the plural pronoun de."},{"surface":"sällskap","lemma":"sällskap","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of göra","gloss":"company"}]},{"number":54,"label":"16","id":"ch55-p16-s1","source":"Men på en gång blevo vildgässen underligt stilla och drogo sig bort från honom.","translation":"But all at once the wild geese grew strangely quiet and drew away from him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"blevo / drogo","title":"Archaic plurals: «blevo», «drogo»","body":"Both verbs here take the old plural ending: «blevo» ('became', from «bli») and «drogo» ('drew', from «dra»). Modern Swedish uses the same singular form, «blev» and «drog», regardless of number."}],"words":[{"surface":"Men","lemma":"men","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"på","lemma":"på","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gång","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of gång","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"gång","lemma":"gång","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of blevo","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"blevo","lemma":"blevo","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, supine","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"became","note":"Archaic plural past tense of 'bli' (to become)."},{"surface":"vildgässen","lemma":"vildgässe","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of blevo","gloss":"the wild geese","note":"attested only in the plural surface vildgässen; the collective noun for the wild-goose flock."},{"surface":"underligt","lemma":"underlig","morphology":"adverb","role":"complement of blevo","gloss":"strangely"},{"surface":"stilla","lemma":"stilla","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sig","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"drogo","lemma":"drogo","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"coordinated with stilla","gloss":"drew/set off","note":"Archaic plural past of dra(ga) ('drew, moved along')."},{"surface":"sig","lemma":"sig","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of blevo","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"bort","lemma":"bort","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies blevo","gloss":"away"},{"surface":"från","lemma":"från","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking honom","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"honom","lemma":"han","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of blevo","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":55,"label":"","id":"ch55-p16-s2","source":"Det var, som om de ville säga: »Ack, han är en människa!","translation":"It was as if they wanted to say, \"Ah, he is a human being!","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Det","lemma":"den","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"var","lemma":"vara","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active","role":"copula linking to Det","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"som","lemma":"som","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of säga","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of säga","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of säga","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"ville","lemma":"vilja","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of säga","gloss":"wanted to"},{"surface":"säga","lemma":"säga","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive","role":"coordinated with var","gloss":"to say"},{"surface":"Ack","lemma":"Ack","morphology":"proper noun, nominative","role":"adverbial clause on människa","gloss":"oh/ah","note":"Interjection 'ack', mistagged as a proper noun."},{"surface":"han","lemma":"han","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of människa","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"är","lemma":"vara","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active","role":"copula linking to människa","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of människa","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"människa","lemma":"människa","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"in apposition to Det","gloss":"human being"}]},{"number":56,"label":"","id":"ch55-p16-s3","source":"Han förstår inte oss, vi förstår inte honom.»","translation":"He does not understand us, we do not understand him.\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Han","lemma":"han","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of förstår","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"förstår","lemma":"förstå","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understand(s)"},{"surface":"inte","lemma":"inte","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies förstår","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"oss","lemma":"vi","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, common gender, plural","role":"direct object of förstår","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"vi","lemma":"vi","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, plural","role":"subject of förstår","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"förstår","lemma":"förstå","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active","role":"parallel clause to förstår","gloss":"understand(s)"},{"surface":"inte","lemma":"inte","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies förstår","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"honom","lemma":"han","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of förstår","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":57,"label":"17","id":"ch55-p17-s1","source":"Då reste sig pojken och gick fram till Akka.","translation":"Then the boy stood up and went over to Akka.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Då","lemma":"då","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies reste","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"reste","lemma":"resa","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stood up"},{"surface":"sig","lemma":"sig","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of reste","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"pojken","lemma":"pojke","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of reste","gloss":"boy"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"gick","lemma":"gå","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"coordinated with reste","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"fram","lemma":"fram","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gick","gloss":"forward"},{"surface":"till","lemma":"till","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Akka","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Akka","lemma":"Akka","morphology":"proper noun, nominative","role":"oblique complement of gick","gloss":"Akka","note":"proper name of the lead wild goose; keep untranslated."}]},{"number":58,"label":"","id":"ch55-p17-s2","source":"Han smekte och klappade henne.","translation":"He stroked and patted her.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Han","lemma":"han","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of smekte","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"smekte","lemma":"smeka","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stroked"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"klappade","lemma":"klappa","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"coordinated with smekte","gloss":"patted"},{"surface":"henne","lemma":"henne","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of klappade","gloss":"her"}]},{"number":59,"label":"","id":"ch55-p17-s3","source":"Detsamma gjorde han med Yksi och Kaksi, Kolme och Neljä, Viisi och Kuusi, de gamla, som hade varit med från första början.","translation":"He did the same with Yksi and Kaksi, Kolme and Neljä, Viisi and Kuusi, the old ones who had been along from the very beginning.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Yksi och Kaksi, Kolme och Neljä, Viisi och Kuusi","title":"The geese's names are Finnish numerals","body":"«Yksi, Kaksi, Kolme, Neljä, Viisi, Kuusi» are simply the Finnish words for 'one' through 'six'. Lagerlöf names Akka's oldest flock-mates after counting numbers, a small joke about how faceless and interchangeable the rest of the flock can seem next to Akka."}],"words":[{"surface":"Detsamma","lemma":"Detsamma","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of gjorde","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"gjorde","lemma":"göra","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did"},{"surface":"han","lemma":"han","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of gjorde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"med","lemma":"med","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Yksi","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Yksi","lemma":"Yksi","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of gjorde","gloss":"Yksi","note":"One of Akka's flock, named for the Finnish word for 'one'."},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Kaksi","lemma":"Kaksi","morphology":"proper noun, nominative","role":"coordinated with Yksi","gloss":"Kaksi","note":"Name of one of the wild geese."},{"surface":"Kolme","lemma":"Kolme","morphology":"proper noun, nominative","role":"coordinated with Yksi","gloss":"Kolme"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Neljä","lemma":"Neljä","morphology":"proper noun, nominative","role":"coordinated with Yksi","gloss":"Neljä"},{"surface":"Viisi","lemma":"Viisi","morphology":"proper noun, nominative","role":"coordinated with Yksi","gloss":"Viisi","note":"Name of one of the wild geese (Finnish for \"five\")."},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Kuusi","lemma":"Kuusi","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with Yksi","gloss":"Kuusi","note":"Proper name of one of the goslings."},{"surface":"de","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of gamla","gloss":"the","note":"Surfaces 'de/De' are ambiguous with the plural pronoun 'de' = 'they'. Example ch01-p9-s2 ('De voro ett fattigt husmansfolk' = 'They were poor cottar folk') is genuinely the pronoun 'they', not the definite article 'the' — the single fixed gloss 'the' is wrong for that occurrence. Definite plural article ('de') used before an adjective plus noun, e.g. de stora träskorna, 'the big clogs.'"},{"surface":"gamla","lemma":"gammal","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"parallel clause to gjorde","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"som","lemma":"som","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of varit","gloss":"who","note":"Three of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely."},{"surface":"hade","lemma":"ha","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of varit","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"varit","lemma":"vara","morphology":"verb, active, supine","role":"relative clause on gamla","gloss":"been"},{"surface":"med","lemma":"med","morphology":"preposition","role":"depends on varit","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"från","lemma":"från","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking början","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"första","lemma":"en","morphology":"adjective, nominative","role":"modifies början","gloss":"first","note":"surfaces are forms of första 'first', not the numeral en."},{"surface":"början","lemma":"början","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of varit","gloss":"beginning"}]},{"number":60,"label":"18","id":"ch55-p18-s1","source":"Därpå gick han över stranden mot land, för han visste ju, att fåglarnas sorg aldrig varar länge, och han ville skiljas från dem, medan de ännu voro bedrövade över att de hade mistat honom.","translation":"Then he walked across the shore toward land, for he knew well that the birds' sorrow never lasts long, and he wanted to part from them while they were still grieved at having lost him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"voro","title":"Archaic plural: «voro»","body":"«voro» is the old plural past tense of «vara» ('be'): 'they were'. It survives in this 1906 text alongside the modern singular form «var», which today covers every person and number."}],"words":[{"surface":"Därpå","lemma":"Därpå","morphology":"adverb","role":"direct object of gick","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"gick","lemma":"gå","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"han","lemma":"han","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of gick","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"över","lemma":"över","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking stranden","gloss":"across"},{"surface":"stranden","lemma":"strand","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of gick","gloss":"shore"},{"surface":"mot","lemma":"mot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking land","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"land","lemma":"land","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of gick","gloss":"land"},{"surface":"för","lemma":"för","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of visste","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"han","lemma":"han","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of visste","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"visste","lemma":"visste","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"adverbial clause on gick","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"ju","lemma":"ju","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies visste","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"att","lemma":"att","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of varar","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"fåglarnas","lemma":"fåglarnas","morphology":"noun, genitive, common gender, plural","role":"possessor of sorg","gloss":"the birds'"},{"surface":"sorg","lemma":"sorg","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of varar","gloss":"sorrow"},{"surface":"aldrig","lemma":"aldrig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies varar","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"varar","lemma":"vara","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active","role":"clausal complement of visste","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"länge","lemma":"länge","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies varar","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"han","lemma":"han","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of passive skiljas","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ville","lemma":"vilja","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of skiljas","gloss":"wanted to"},{"surface":"skiljas","lemma":"skilja","morphology":"verb, passive, infinitive","role":"coordinated with varar","gloss":"be parted"},{"surface":"från","lemma":"från","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dem","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"dem","lemma":"de","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of skiljas","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"medan","lemma":"medan","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of bedrövade","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of bedrövade","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"ännu","lemma":"ännu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bedrövade","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"voro","lemma":"voro","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase ännu","gloss":"were","note":"Archaic plural preterite of vara 'to be'; mistagged as particle."},{"surface":"bedrövade","lemma":"bedröva","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"adverbial clause on skiljas","gloss":"grieved"},{"surface":"över","lemma":"över","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of mistat","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"att","lemma":"att","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of mistat","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of mistat","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"hade","lemma":"ha","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of mistat","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"mistat","lemma":"mista","morphology":"verb, active, supine","role":"adverbial clause on bedrövade","gloss":"lost"},{"surface":"honom","lemma":"han","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of mistat","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":61,"label":"19","id":"ch55-p19-s1","source":"När han hade kommit upp för strandvallen, vände han sig om och betraktade de många fågelflockarna, som foro ut över havet.","translation":"When he had climbed up over the shore bank, he turned around and watched the many flocks of birds flying out over the sea.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"När","lemma":"när","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of kommit","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"han","lemma":"han","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of kommit","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"hade","lemma":"ha","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of kommit","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"kommit","lemma":"komma","morphology":"verb, active, supine","role":"adverbial clause on vände","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"upp","lemma":"upp","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on kommit","gloss":"up"},{"surface":"för","lemma":"för","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking strandvallen","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"strandvallen","lemma":"strandvall","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of kommit","gloss":"shore bank"},{"surface":"vände","lemma":"väna","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"turned","note":"Past tense of vända (to turn); lemma should read vända."},{"surface":"han","lemma":"han","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of vände","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"sig","lemma":"sig","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of vände","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"preposition","role":"depends on vände","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"betraktade","lemma":"betrakta","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"coordinated with vände","gloss":"watched"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of fågelflockarna","gloss":"the","note":"Surfaces 'de/De' are ambiguous with the plural pronoun 'de' = 'they'. Example ch01-p9-s2 ('De voro ett fattigt husmansfolk' = 'They were poor cottar folk') is genuinely the pronoun 'they', not the definite article 'the' — the single fixed gloss 'the' is wrong for that occurrence. Definite plural article ('de') used before an adjective plus noun, e.g. de stora träskorna, 'the big clogs.'"},{"surface":"många","lemma":"många","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies fågelflockarna","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"fågelflockarna","lemma":"fågelflock","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, plural","role":"direct object of vände","gloss":"flocks of birds"},{"surface":"som","lemma":"som","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of foro","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"foro","lemma":"foro","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"complement of vände","gloss":"went","note":"Mistagged as a noun; foro is the plural past tense of fara (\"went/traveled\")."},{"surface":"ut","lemma":"ut","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies foro","gloss":"out"},{"surface":"över","lemma":"över","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking havet","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"havet","lemma":"hav","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of ut","gloss":"sea"}]},{"number":62,"label":"","id":"ch55-p19-s2","source":"Alla skreko fram sina locktoner, endast en vildgåsflock for tyst framåt, så länge som han kunde följa den med blickarna.","translation":"All of them cried out their calling notes; only one flock of wild geese flew on silently, for as long as he could follow it with his eyes.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"skreko","title":"Archaic plural: «skreko»","body":"«skreko» is the old plural past tense of «skrika» ('cry out, shriek'): all the other flocks 'cried out' together. The modern singular form «skrek» now serves for one bird or many."}],"words":[{"surface":"Alla","lemma":"all","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of skreko","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"skreko","lemma":"skreko","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"cried out","note":"Tagged as a noun but is the past plural of skrika, 'to cry/shout' (kommo, gingo-style historical plural)."},{"surface":"fram","lemma":"fram","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies skreko","gloss":"forward"},{"surface":"sina","lemma":"sig","morphology":"pronoun, plural","role":"possessor of locktoner","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"locktoner","lemma":"lockton","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, plural","role":"coordinated with skreko","gloss":"calling notes"},{"surface":"endast","lemma":"endast","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vildgåsflock","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of vildgåsflock","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"vildgåsflock","lemma":"vildgåsflock","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated with skreko","gloss":"wild-goose flock"},{"surface":"for","lemma":"for","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies tyst","gloss":"went","note":"Mistagged as adverb; this is the past tense of the verb 'fara', meaning 'went/traveled'."},{"surface":"tyst","lemma":"tyst","morphology":"adjective, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"modifies framåt","gloss":"quiet"},{"surface":"framåt","lemma":"framåt","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vildgåsflock","gloss":"forward"},{"surface":"så","lemma":"så","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies länge","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"länge","lemma":"länge","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies skreko","gloss":"for as long as"},{"surface":"som","lemma":"som","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of följa","gloss":"as","note":"Three of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely."},{"surface":"han","lemma":"han","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of följa","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"kunde","lemma":"kunna","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of följa","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"följa","lemma":"följa","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive","role":"relative clause on skreko","gloss":"to follow"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"den","morphology":"pronoun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of följa","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"med","lemma":"med","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking blickarna","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"blickarna","lemma":"blick","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, plural","role":"oblique complement of följa","gloss":"glances"}]},{"number":63,"label":"20","id":"ch55-p20-s1","source":"Men fylkingen var jämn och välordnad och farten god, och vingslagen voro starka och kraftiga.","translation":"But their formation was even and well-ordered and their speed good, and the wingbeats were strong and powerful.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"fylkingen","title":"«fylking»","body":"A «fylking» is an old, literary word for a battle line or marching formation. Lagerlöf borrows the military term for the geese's orderly flying wedge — a grander word than plain «flock»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Men","lemma":"men","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"fylkingen","lemma":"fylking","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of jämn","gloss":"the formation"},{"surface":"var","lemma":"vara","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active","role":"copula linking to jämn","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"jämn","lemma":"jämn","morphology":"adjective, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"even/smooth"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"välordnad","lemma":"välordnad","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with jämn","gloss":"well-ordered"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"farten","lemma":"fart","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with jämn","gloss":"speed"},{"surface":"god","lemma":"god","morphology":"adjective, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"modifies jämn","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"vingslagen","lemma":"vingslag","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of starka","gloss":"wingbeats"},{"surface":"voro","lemma":"voro","morphology":"adjective, nominative, singular","role":"copula linking to starka","gloss":"were","note":"Past plural of vara (to be); mistagged as an adjective."},{"surface":"starka","lemma":"stark","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"coordinated with jämn","gloss":"strong"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"kraftiga","lemma":"kraftig","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"coordinated with starka","gloss":"powerful"}]},{"number":64,"label":"","id":"ch55-p20-s2","source":"Och pojken kände en sådan längtan efter de bortflygande, att han nära nog önskade att återigen vara Tummetott, som kunde rida över land och hav med en vildgåsflock.","translation":"And the boy felt such a longing after those flying away that he very nearly wished to be Thumbietot again, who could ride over land and sea with a flock of wild geese.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"pojken","lemma":"pojke","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of kände","gloss":"boy"},{"surface":"kände","lemma":"kän","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"felt","note":"Past tense 'kände' of känna, here in the sense 'recognized'; same surface as käna but a distinct sense of the polysemous verb."},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of längtan","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"sådan","lemma":"sån","morphology":"adjective, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"modifies längtan","gloss":"such","note":"sån is a colloquial/older form of sådan, glossed to the modern sense."},{"surface":"längtan","lemma":"längtan","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of kände","gloss":"longing"},{"surface":"efter","lemma":"efter","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bortflygande","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of bortflygande","gloss":"those","note":"Surfaces 'de/De' are ambiguous with the plural pronoun 'de' = 'they'. Example ch01-p9-s2 ('De voro ett fattigt husmansfolk' = 'They were poor cottar folk') is genuinely the pronoun 'they', not the definite article 'the' — the single fixed gloss 'the' is wrong for that occurrence. Definite plural article ('de') used before an adjective plus noun, e.g. de stora träskorna, 'the big clogs.'"},{"surface":"bortflygande","lemma":"bortflygande","morphology":"adjective, nominative","role":"oblique complement of kände","gloss":"those flying away"},{"surface":"att","lemma":"att","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of önskade","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"han","lemma":"han","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"subject of önskade","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"nära","lemma":"nära","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies önskade","gloss":"very nearly","note":"Type lumps the positive, comparative, and superlative forms of nära."},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies önskade","gloss":"nearly"},{"surface":"önskade","lemma":"önska","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active","role":"adverbial clause on kände","gloss":"wished"},{"surface":"att","lemma":"att","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of Tummetott","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"återigen","lemma":"återig","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"modifies Tummetott","gloss":"again","note":"This is the adverb återigen 'again', mistagged as a noun."},{"surface":"vara","lemma":"vara","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive","role":"copula linking to Tummetott","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"Tummetott","lemma":"Tummetott","morphology":"proper noun, nominative","role":"adverbial clause on kände","gloss":"Thumbietot","note":"the boy's nickname after being shrunk; kept as the studio translation's rendering."},{"surface":"som","lemma":"som","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of rida","gloss":"who","note":"Three of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely."},{"surface":"kunde","lemma":"kunna","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active","role":"auxiliary of rida","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"rida","lemma":"rida","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive","role":"relative clause on Tummetott","gloss":"to ride"},{"surface":"över","lemma":"över","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking land","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"land","lemma":"land","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of rida","gloss":"land"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hav","lemma":"hav","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with rida","gloss":"sea"},{"surface":"med","lemma":"med","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vildgåsflock","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of vildgåsflock","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"vildgåsflock","lemma":"vildgåsflock","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of rida","gloss":"wild-goose flock"}]}]}