{"work":{"slug":"odyssey","title":{"source":"Ὀδύσσεια","translated":"The Odyssey"},"author":"Homer","language":"Ancient Greek","languageCode":"grc","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey"},"unit":{"kind":"book","number":10,"id":"book-10","title":{"source":"Ὀδυσσείας κ","translated":"Book 10 — Aeolus, the Laestrygonians, and Circe"},"section":"The Wanderings","summary":"Aeolus gives Odysseus a bag of winds, and his crew opens it in sight of Ithaca. The Laestrygonians sink eleven ships. Circe turns his men into pigs.","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/10","lines":573},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/9","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/11","license":"Source text: public domain (Homer, ancient; Greek per the Murray/Allen text via the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA 3.0). English translation: © 2026 1732 Studios, LLC — original line-aligned draft, pending editorial review. Word-by-word morphology and syntax derived from the Perseus Ancient Greek Dependency Treebank (CC BY-SA 3.0); English glosses and notes © 2026 1732 Studios, LLC.","audioBase":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/","lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"b10-l1","source":"Αἰολίην δʼ ἐς νῆσον ἀφικόμεθʼ· ἔνθα δʼ ἔναιεν","translation":"Then we came to the Aeolian island; there dwelt","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Αἰολίην","lemma":"Αἰολίη","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"modifies νῆσον","gloss":"Aeolian"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"νῆσον","lemma":"νῆσος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐς","gloss":"island"},{"surface":"ἀφικόμεθ","lemma":"ἀφικνέομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"we came","note":"Aorist middle 1st plural: narrator's 'we' voice marking the crew's arrival."},{"surface":"ἔνθα","lemma":"ἔνθα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ,","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔναιεν","lemma":"ναίω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"dwelt","note":"Imperfect of ναίω: habitual/ongoing 'used to dwell there'."}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"b10-l2","source":"Αἴολος Ἱπποτάδης, φίλος ἀθανάτοισι θεοῖσιν,","translation":"Aeolus son of Hippotas, dear to the immortal gods,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Αἴολος","lemma":"Αἴολος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔναιεν","gloss":"Aeolus"},{"surface":"Ἱπποτάδης","lemma":"Ἱπποτάδης","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Αἴολος","gloss":"son of Hippotas","note":"Patronymic epithet, standard epic way of naming a hero by his father."},{"surface":"φίλος","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Αἴολος","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"ἀθανάτοισι","lemma":"ἀθάνατος","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies θεοῖσιν","gloss":"immortal"},{"surface":"θεοῖσιν","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"modifies φίλος","gloss":"gods"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"b10-l3","source":"πλωτῇ ἐνὶ νήσῳ· πᾶσαν δέ τέ μιν πέρι τεῖχος","translation":"on a floating island; and all around it ran a wall","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l3.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πλωτῇ","lemma":"πλωτός","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies νήσῳ","gloss":"floating","note":"πλωτός 'floating island' is a marvel detail unique to Aeolus's home."},{"surface":"ἐνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"νήσῳ","lemma":"νῆσος","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐνὶ","gloss":"island"},{"surface":"πᾶσαν","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies μιν","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τέ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"πέρι","lemma":"περί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"around","note":"περί postposed after its object (anastrophe) is normal Homeric word order."},{"surface":"τεῖχος","lemma":"τεῖχος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject","gloss":"wall"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"b10-l4","source":"χάλκεον ἄρρηκτον, λισσὴ δʼ ἀναδέδρομε πέτρη.","translation":"of unbreakable bronze, and a sheer cliff rose up.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l4.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"χάλκεον","lemma":"χάλκεος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies τεῖχος","gloss":"bronze"},{"surface":"ἄρρηκτον","lemma":"ἄρρηκτος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies τεῖχος","gloss":"unbreakable"},{"surface":"λισσὴ","lemma":"λισσός","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies πέτρη","gloss":"sheer"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀναδέδρομε","lemma":"ἀνατρέχω","morphology":"perfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"rose up","note":"Perfect tense stresses the standing result: the cliff 'has shot up' and still stands so."},{"surface":"πέτρη","lemma":"πέτρα","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἀναδέδρομε","gloss":"cliff"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"b10-l5","source":"τοῦ καὶ δώδεκα παῖδες ἐνὶ μεγάροις γεγάασιν,","translation":"Twelve children of his are born in the halls,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l5.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τοῦ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies παῖδες","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"δώδεκα","lemma":"δώδεκα","morphology":"numeral","role":"modifies παῖδες","gloss":"twelve"},{"surface":"παῖδες","lemma":"παῖς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ,","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"ἐνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"μεγάροις","lemma":"μέγαρον","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἐνὶ","gloss":"halls"},{"surface":"γεγάασιν","lemma":"γίγνομαι","morphology":"perfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"are born","note":"Epic perfect γεγάασιν has present force: 'have come to be / are'."}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"b10-l6","source":"ἓξ μὲν θυγατέρες, ἓξ δʼ υἱέες ἡβώοντες·","translation":"six daughters and six sons in the bloom of youth;","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l6.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἓξ","lemma":"ἕξ","morphology":"numeral","role":"modifies θυγατέρες","gloss":"six"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"on one hand"},{"surface":"θυγατέρες","lemma":"θυγάτηρ","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject of δ᾽","gloss":"daughters"},{"surface":"ἓξ","lemma":"ἕξ","morphology":"numeral","role":"modifies υἱέες","gloss":"six"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"υἱέες","lemma":"υἱός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of δ᾽","gloss":"sons"},{"surface":"ἡβώοντες","lemma":"ἡβάω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"modifies υἱέες","gloss":"in their youth","note":"Epic participle ἡβώοντες (from ἡβάω) 'being in the bloom of youth'."}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"b10-l7","source":"ἔνθʼ ὅ γε θυγατέρας πόρεν υἱάσιν εἶναι ἀκοίτις.","translation":"and there he gave his daughters to his sons to be their wives.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l7.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔνθ","lemma":"ἔνθα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to πόρεν","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"ὅ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of πόρεν","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"θυγατέρας","lemma":"θυγάτηρ","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"subject of εἶναι","gloss":"daughters"},{"surface":"πόρεν","lemma":"πόρω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"gave","note":"πόρω is a defective verb found only in the aorist, an archaic 'grant/give'."},{"surface":"υἱάσιν","lemma":"υἱός","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of πόρεν","gloss":"sons"},{"surface":"εἶναι","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"complement of πόρεν","gloss":"to be"},{"surface":"ἀκοίτις","lemma":"ἄκοιτις","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"wives"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"b10-l8","source":"οἱ δʼ αἰεὶ παρὰ πατρὶ φίλῳ καὶ μητέρι κεδνῇ","translation":"Always beside their dear father and honored mother","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l8.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of δαίνυνται","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αἰεὶ","lemma":"ἀεί","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to δαίνυνται","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"παρὰ","lemma":"παρά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"πατρὶ","lemma":"πατήρ","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"φίλῳ","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies πατρὶ","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μητέρι","lemma":"μήτηρ","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"mother"},{"surface":"κεδνῇ","lemma":"κεδνός","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies μητέρι","gloss":"honored"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"b10-l9","source":"δαίνυνται, παρὰ δέ σφιν ὀνείατα μυρία κεῖται,","translation":"they feast, and countless good things lie before them,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l9.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δαίνυνται","lemma":"δαίνυμι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"they feast"},{"surface":"παρὰ","lemma":"παρά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"σφιν","lemma":"σφεῖς","morphology":"dative plural masculine pronoun","role":"adverbial to παρὰ","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"ὀνείατα","lemma":"ὄνειαρ","morphology":"nominative plural neuter noun","role":"subject of κεῖται","gloss":"good things","note":"ὄνειαρ, an epic-only noun for nourishing delicacies/blessings."},{"surface":"μυρία","lemma":"μυρίος","morphology":"nominative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ὀνείατα","gloss":"countless"},{"surface":"κεῖται","lemma":"κεῖμαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"lie"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"b10-l10","source":"κνισῆεν δέ τε δῶμα περιστεναχίζεται αὐλῇ","translation":"and by day the house, fragrant with roasting meat, echoes through the court","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l10.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κνισῆεν","lemma":"κνισήεις","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies δῶμα","gloss":"savory","note":"κνισήεις 'reeking with roasting-fat smell' — a vivid Homeric sensory epithet for feasting."},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"δῶμα","lemma":"δῶμα","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of περιστεναχίζεται","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"περιστεναχίζεται","lemma":"περιστεναχίζω","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"echoes","note":"Compound περιστεναχίζεται 'groans/resounds all around' evokes the noise of feasting."},{"surface":"αὐλῇ","lemma":"αὐλή","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to περιστεναχίζεται","gloss":"court"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"b10-l11","source":"ἤματα· νύκτας δʼ αὖτε παρʼ αἰδοίῃς ἀλόχοισιν","translation":"with its din; but at night, beside their modest wives,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l11.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἤματα","lemma":"ἦμαρ","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to περιστεναχίζεται","gloss":"by day"},{"surface":"νύκτας","lemma":"νύξ","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to εὕδουσ᾽","gloss":"at night"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αὖτε","lemma":"αὖτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"in turn"},{"surface":"παρ","lemma":"παρά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"αἰδοίῃς","lemma":"αἰδοῖος","morphology":"dative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἀλόχοισιν","gloss":"modest"},{"surface":"ἀλόχοισιν","lemma":"ἄλοχος","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to παρ᾽","gloss":"wives"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"b10-l12","source":"εὕδουσʼ ἔν τε τάπησι καὶ ἐν τρητοῖσι λέχεσσι.","translation":"they sleep on coverlets and on corded bedsteads.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l12.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εὕδουσ","lemma":"εὕδω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"they sleep"},{"surface":"ἔν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τάπησι","lemma":"τάπης","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἔν","gloss":"coverlets"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"τρητοῖσι","lemma":"τρητός","morphology":"dative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies λέχεσσι","gloss":"corded","note":"τρητός lit. 'pierced' — describes bed-frames strung through with cord."},{"surface":"λέχεσσι","lemma":"λέχος","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"bedsteads"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"b10-l13","source":"καὶ μὲν τῶν ἱκόμεσθα πόλιν καὶ δώματα καλά.","translation":"To their city and fair halls, then, we came.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l13.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and so"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"τῶν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine pronoun","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"ἱκόμεσθα","lemma":"ἱκνέομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"we came","note":"Aorist middle of ἱκνέομαι, 1st plural narrator voice, echoing l1's ἀφικόμεθα."},{"surface":"πόλιν","lemma":"πόλις","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"city"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"δώματα","lemma":"δῶμα","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"halls"},{"surface":"καλά","lemma":"καλός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies δώματα","gloss":"fair"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"b10-l14","source":"μῆνα δὲ πάντα φίλει με καὶ ἐξερέεινεν ἕκαστα,","translation":"For a whole month he welcomed me and asked about everything,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l14.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μῆνα","lemma":"μείς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to φίλει","gloss":"month"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πάντα","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies μῆνα","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"φίλει","lemma":"φιλέω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"welcomed","note":"Imperfect φίλει: host-guest sense 'treated kindly/entertained', not romantic."},{"surface":"με","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of φίλει","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐξερέεινεν","lemma":"ἐξερεείνω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"asked about","note":"Intensive verb ἐξερεείνω, 'questioned closely/probed'."},{"surface":"ἕκαστα","lemma":"ἕκαστος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of ,","gloss":"each thing"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"b10-l15","source":"Ἴλιον Ἀργείων τε νέας καὶ νόστον Ἀχαιῶν·","translation":"Ilium and the ships of the Argives and the return of the Achaeans;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l15.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"νόστον","title":"nostos: the homecoming","body":"Nostos means the journey home, the great theme of the Odyssey. The whole poem turns on Odysseus's nostos."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ἴλιον","lemma":"Ἴλιος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"Ilium"},{"surface":"Ἀργείων","lemma":"Ἀργεῖος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies νέας","gloss":"of the Argives"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"νέας","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"ships"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"νόστον","lemma":"νόστος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"return"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιῶν","lemma":"Ἀχαιός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies νόστον","gloss":"of the Achaeans"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"b10-l16","source":"καὶ μὲν ἐγὼ τῷ πάντα κατὰ μοῖραν κατέλεξα.","translation":"and I told him all of it in due order.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l16.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἐγὼ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of κατέλεξα","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"τῷ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of κατέλεξα","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"πάντα","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of κατέλεξα","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"κατὰ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"μοῖραν","lemma":"μοῖρα","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to κατὰ","gloss":"order","note":"Idiom κατὰ μοῖραν 'duly, in proper order' — a common Homeric formula."},{"surface":"κατέλεξα","lemma":"καταλέγω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"told"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"b10-l17","source":"ἀλλʼ ὅτε δὴ καὶ ἐγὼν ὁδὸν ᾔτεον ἠδʼ ἐκέλευον","translation":"But when at last I asked for passage and bade him","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l17.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ὅτε","lemma":"ὅτε","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"ἐγὼν","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἠδ᾽","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ὁδὸν","lemma":"ὁδός","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ᾔτεον","gloss":"passage"},{"surface":"ᾔτεον","lemma":"αἰτέω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἠδ᾽","gloss":"asked for"},{"surface":"ἠδ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐκέλευον","lemma":"κελεύω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἠδ᾽","gloss":"urged"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"b10-l18","source":"πεμπέμεν, οὐδέ τι κεῖνος ἀνήνατο, τεῦχε δὲ πομπήν.","translation":"send me on, he did not refuse, but arranged my journey.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l18.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πεμπέμεν","lemma":"πέμπω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of ἐκέλευον","gloss":"to send","note":"Epic infinitive ending -έμεν (πεμπέμεν), an archaic alternative to -ειν."},{"surface":"τι","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"adverbial to ἀνήνατο","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"κεῖνος","lemma":"ἐκεῖνος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"subject of δὲ","gloss":"that one"},{"surface":"ἀνήνατο","lemma":"ἀναίνομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"refused","note":"ἀναίνομαι, a middle-only deponent verb meaning 'refuse/deny'."},{"surface":"τεῦχε","lemma":"τεύχω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"arranged"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"πομπήν","lemma":"πομπή","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of τεῦχε","gloss":"escort"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"b10-l19","source":"δῶκε δέ μʼ ἐκδείρας ἀσκὸν βοὸς ἐννεώροιο,","translation":"He flayed the hide of a nine-year-old ox and gave it to me as a sack,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l19.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δῶκε","lemma":"δίδωμι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"gave"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of δῶκε","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ἐκδείρας","lemma":"ἐκδέρω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to δῶκε","gloss":"having flayed","note":"Aorist participle: vivid physical detail of skinning the ox to make the wineskin."},{"surface":"ἀσκὸν","lemma":"ἀσκός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of δῶκε","gloss":"bag"},{"surface":"βοὸς","lemma":"βοῦς","morphology":"genitive singular noun","role":"modifies ἀσκὸν","gloss":"of an ox"},{"surface":"ἐννεώροιο","lemma":"ἐννέωρος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies βοὸς","gloss":"nine-year-old","note":"Rare compound adjective ἐννέωρος 'nine years old', a stock Homeric epithet for prime-age oxen; here it describes the animal whose hide becomes the wind-bag, not evidence of a sacrifice in this passage."}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"b10-l20","source":"ἔνθα δὲ βυκτάων ἀνέμων κατέδησε κέλευθα·","translation":"and in it he bound fast the paths of the blustering winds;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l20.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔνθα","lemma":"ἔνθα","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of κατέδησε","gloss":"in it"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"βυκτάων","lemma":"βύκτης","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ἀνέμων","gloss":"blustering","note":"βύκτης 'howling/roaring' — epic epithet for storm winds."},{"surface":"ἀνέμων","lemma":"ἄνεμος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies κέλευθα","gloss":"of winds"},{"surface":"κατέδησε","lemma":"καταδέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"bound fast"},{"surface":"κέλευθα","lemma":"κέλευθος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of κατέδησε","gloss":"paths"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"b10-l21","source":"κεῖνον γὰρ ταμίην ἀνέμων ποίησε Κρονίων,","translation":"for the son of Cronos had made him steward of the winds,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l21.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κεῖνον","lemma":"ἐκεῖνος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"object of ποίησε","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ταμίην","lemma":"ταμίας","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"complement of ποίησε","gloss":"steward"},{"surface":"ἀνέμων","lemma":"ἄνεμος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ταμίην","gloss":"of winds"},{"surface":"ποίησε","lemma":"ποιέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"Κρονίων","lemma":"Κρονίων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ποίησε","gloss":"son of Cronos","note":"Patronymic epithet for Zeus, chief of the gods."}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"b10-l22","source":"ἠμὲν παυέμεναι ἠδʼ ὀρνύμεν, ὅν κʼ ἐθέλῃσι.","translation":"to still them or to rouse whichever he wished.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l22.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἠμὲν","lemma":"ἠμέν","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"παυέμεναι","lemma":"παύω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"adverbial to ἠδ᾽","gloss":"to still","note":"Epic infinitive ending -έμεναι (παυέμεναι), archaic and metrically useful."},{"surface":"ἠδ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὀρνύμεν","lemma":"ὄρνυμι","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"adverbial to ἠδ᾽","gloss":"to rouse"},{"surface":"ὅν","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object","gloss":"whichever"},{"surface":"κ","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"(modal particle)"},{"surface":"ἐθέλῃσι","lemma":"ἐθέλω","morphology":"present active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"object of ἠδ᾽","gloss":"he wishes"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"b10-l23","source":"νηὶ δʼ ἐνὶ γλαφυρῇ κατέδει μέρμιθι φαεινῇ","translation":"In the hollow ship he tied it down with a shining cord,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l23.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"νηὶ","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐνὶ","gloss":"ship"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"γλαφυρῇ","lemma":"γλαφυρός","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies νηὶ","gloss":"hollow"},{"surface":"κατέδει","lemma":"καταδέω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"tied down"},{"surface":"μέρμιθι","lemma":"μέρμις","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to κατέδει","gloss":"cord"},{"surface":"φαεινῇ","lemma":"φαεινός","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies μέρμιθι","gloss":"shining"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"b10-l24","source":"ἀργυρέῃ, ἵνα μή τι παραπνεύσῃ ὀλίγον περ·","translation":"of silver, so that not even a little might leak out;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l24.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀργυρέῃ","lemma":"ἀργύρεος","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies μέρμιθι","gloss":"of silver"},{"surface":"ἵνα","lemma":"ἵνα","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"μή","lemma":"μή","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"τι","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"adverbial to παραπνεύσῃ","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"παραπνεύσῃ","lemma":"παραπνέω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἵνα","gloss":"leak out","note":"Subjunctive of purpose; vivid physical image of wind escaping the bag."},{"surface":"ὀλίγον","lemma":"ὀλίγος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to παραπνεύσῃ","gloss":"a little"},{"surface":"περ","lemma":"πέρ","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"even"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"b10-l25","source":"αὐτὰρ ἐμοὶ πνοιὴν Ζεφύρου προέηκεν ἀῆναι,","translation":"but for me he sent forth the breath of the West Wind to blow,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l25.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐμοὶ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of προέηκεν","gloss":"for me"},{"surface":"πνοιὴν","lemma":"πνοή","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of προέηκεν","gloss":"breath"},{"surface":"Ζεφύρου","lemma":"Ζέφυρος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies πνοιὴν","gloss":"of West Wind"},{"surface":"προέηκεν","lemma":"προίημι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"sent forth"},{"surface":"ἀῆναι","lemma":"ἄημι","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"adverbial to προέηκεν","gloss":"to blow"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"b10-l26","source":"ὄφρα φέροι νῆάς τε καὶ αὐτούς· οὐδʼ ἄρʼ ἔμελλεν","translation":"to carry the ships and us along; yet it was not meant","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l26.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὄφρα","lemma":"ὄφρα","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"φέροι","lemma":"φέρω","morphology":"present active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὄφρα","gloss":"might carry","note":"Optative of purpose in secondary sequence, standard after an imperfect/aorist main verb."},{"surface":"νῆάς","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"ships"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αὐτούς","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἔμελλεν","lemma":"μέλλω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was going to"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"b10-l27","source":"ἐκτελέειν· αὐτῶν γὰρ ἀπωλόμεθʼ ἀφραδίῃσιν.","translation":"to be fulfilled, for by our own folly we were undone.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l27.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ἀφραδίῃσιν","title":"By our own folly","body":"A recurring Odyssean theme: men ruined not by fate alone but by their own thoughtlessness. The dative plural names the cause."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἐκτελέειν","lemma":"ἐκτελέω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of ἔμελλεν","gloss":"be fulfilled"},{"surface":"αὐτῶν","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἀφραδίῃσιν","gloss":"our own","note":"Emphatic genitive αὐτῶν 'of ourselves' stresses self-blame for the disaster."},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ἀπωλόμεθ","lemma":"ἀπόλλυμι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"we were undone"},{"surface":"ἀφραδίῃσιν","lemma":"ἀφραδία","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἀπωλόμεθ᾽","gloss":"by our follies","note":"ἀφραδία, epic word for 'recklessness/folly' — a recurring theme in the Odyssey."}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"b10-l28","source":"ἐννῆμαρ μὲν ὁμῶς πλέομεν νύκτας τε καὶ ἦμαρ,","translation":"For nine days alike we sailed, by night and by day,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l28.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐννῆμαρ","lemma":"ἐννῆμαρ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to πλέομεν","gloss":"for nine days","note":"Compound numeral adverb ἐννῆμαρ 'nine-day(s)', a formulaic epic time-span."},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"on the one hand"},{"surface":"ὁμῶς","lemma":"ὁμῶς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to πλέομεν","gloss":"alike"},{"surface":"πλέομεν","lemma":"πλέω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"we sailed"},{"surface":"νύκτας","lemma":"νύξ","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"nights"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἦμαρ","lemma":"ἦμαρ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"day"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"b10-l29","source":"τῇ δεκάτῃ δʼ ἤδη ἀνεφαίνετο πατρὶς ἄρουρα,","translation":"and on the tenth our native land at last came into view,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l29.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τῇ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"article","role":"modifies δεκάτῃ","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"δεκάτῃ","lemma":"δεκάτη","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἀνεφαίνετο","gloss":"tenth (day)","note":"Dative of time-when, no preposition needed: 'on the tenth'."},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἤδη","lemma":"ἤδη","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀνεφαίνετο","gloss":"already, at last"},{"surface":"ἀνεφαίνετο","lemma":"ἀναφαίνω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"came into view","note":"Imperfect of ἀναφαίνω: the land 'was appearing' — vivid, drawn-out sighting."},{"surface":"πατρὶς","lemma":"πατρίς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἄρουρα","gloss":"native, ancestral"},{"surface":"ἄρουρα","lemma":"ἄρουρα","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἀνεφαίνετο","gloss":"land, soil"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"b10-l30","source":"καὶ δὴ πυρπολέοντας ἐλεύσσομεν ἐγγὺς ἐόντες·","translation":"and being near we could see men tending their fires.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l30.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"πυρπολέοντας","lemma":"πυρπολέω","morphology":"present active participle, accusative plural masculine","role":"object of ἐλεύσσομεν","gloss":"tending fires","note":"πυρπολέω 'fire-tend': a compound verb turned into a participle noun, men glimpsed by their fires."},{"surface":"ἐλεύσσομεν","lemma":"λεύσσω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"we could see"},{"surface":"ἐγγὺς","lemma":"ἐγγύς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐόντες","gloss":"near"},{"surface":"ἐόντες","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐλεύσσομεν","gloss":"being"}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"b10-l31","source":"ἔνθʼ ἐμὲ μὲν γλυκὺς ὕπνος ἐπήλυθε κεκμηῶτα,","translation":"Then sweet sleep came over me, worn out as I was,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l31.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔνθ","lemma":"ἔνθα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐπήλυθε","gloss":"then, there"},{"surface":"ἐμὲ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἐπήλυθε","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"(marks contrast)"},{"surface":"γλυκὺς","lemma":"γλυκύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ὕπνος","gloss":"sweet"},{"surface":"ὕπνος","lemma":"ὕπνος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐπήλυθε","gloss":"sleep","note":"γλυκὺς ὕπνος 'sweet sleep' is a Homeric formula, personified as an agent that overtakes a man."},{"surface":"ἐπήλυθε","lemma":"ἐπέρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"came over"},{"surface":"κεκμηῶτα","lemma":"κάμνω","morphology":"perfect active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"worn out","note":"Perfect participle κεκμηῶτα: stresses the resulting state of exhaustion, not the act of tiring."}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"b10-l32","source":"αἰεὶ γὰρ πόδα νηὸς ἐνώμων, οὐδέ τῳ ἄλλῳ","translation":"for I had always worked the ship's sheet and given it to no one","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l32.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αἰεὶ","lemma":"ἀεί","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐνώμων","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"πόδα","lemma":"πούς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐνώμων","gloss":"sheet, rope","note":"πόδα here means the ship's steering-sheet/rope, not a literal 'foot' — nautical idiom."},{"surface":"νηὸς","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies πόδα","gloss":"of the ship"},{"surface":"ἐνώμων","lemma":"νωμάω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I was working, handling"},{"surface":"τῳ","lemma":"τις","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"object of δῶχ᾽","gloss":"to anyone"},{"surface":"ἄλλῳ","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies τῳ","gloss":"else"}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"b10-l33","source":"δῶχʼ ἑτάρων, ἵνα θᾶσσον ἱκοίμεθα πατρίδα γαῖαν·","translation":"else of my comrades, so we might reach our native land the sooner;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l33.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δῶχ","lemma":"δίδωμι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"gave","note":"δῶκα with elision (δῶχ᾽): 'I gave it to no other of my comrades' — Odysseus alone held the sheet."},{"surface":"ἑτάρων","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ἄλλῳ","gloss":"of comrades"},{"surface":"ἵνα","lemma":"ἵνα","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"θᾶσσον","lemma":"ταχύς","morphology":"accusative singular neuter comparative adjective","role":"adverbial to ἱκοίμεθα","gloss":"sooner, quicker"},{"surface":"ἱκοίμεθα","lemma":"ἱκνέομαι","morphology":"aorist middle optative, 1st plural verb","role":"adverbial to ἵνα","gloss":"we might reach","note":"Optative in a purpose clause: 'so that we might arrive' — wishful/hoped-for result."},{"surface":"πατρίδα","lemma":"πατρίς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies γαῖαν","gloss":"native"},{"surface":"γαῖαν","lemma":"γαῖα","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἱκοίμεθα","gloss":"land"}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"b10-l34","source":"οἱ δʼ ἕταροι ἐπέεσσι πρὸς ἀλλήλους ἀγόρευον,","translation":"but my comrades were talking with one another,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l34.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine article","role":"modifies ἕταροι","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἕταροι","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of καί","gloss":"comrades"},{"surface":"ἐπέεσσι","lemma":"ἔπος","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἀγόρευον","gloss":"with words"},{"surface":"πρὸς","lemma":"πρός","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to, toward"},{"surface":"ἀλλήλους","lemma":"ἀλλήλων","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of πρὸς","gloss":"one another"},{"surface":"ἀγόρευον","lemma":"ἀγορεύω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"were talking"}]},{"number":35,"label":"35","id":"b10-l35","source":"καί μʼ ἔφασαν χρυσόν τε καὶ ἄργυρον οἴκαδʼ ἄγεσθαι","translation":"and said I was carrying home gold and silver,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l35.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καί","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἄγεσθαι","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ἔφασαν","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"said, claimed","note":"φημί here introduces indirect speech: comrades' false suspicion about Odysseus's 'gifts'."},{"surface":"χρυσόν","lemma":"χρυσός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object","gloss":"gold"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄργυρον","lemma":"ἄργυρος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object","gloss":"silver"},{"surface":"οἴκαδ","lemma":"οἴκαδε","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of ἄγεσθαι","gloss":"homeward"},{"surface":"ἄγεσθαι","lemma":"ἄγω","morphology":"present medio-passive infinitive","role":"object of ἔφασαν","gloss":"was carrying"}]},{"number":36,"label":"36","id":"b10-l36","source":"δῶρα παρʼ Αἰόλου μεγαλήτορος Ἱπποτάδαο.","translation":"gifts from great-hearted Aeolus son of Hippotas.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l36.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δῶρα","lemma":"δῶρον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object","gloss":"gifts"},{"surface":"παρ","lemma":"παρά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Αἰόλου","lemma":"Αἴολος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies παρ᾽","gloss":"Aeolus"},{"surface":"μεγαλήτορος","lemma":"μεγαλήτωρ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Αἰόλου","gloss":"great-hearted","note":"μεγαλήτωρ is a stock epic epithet, formulaic praise attached to noble figures like Aeolus."},{"surface":"Ἱπποτάδαο","lemma":"Ἱπποτάδης","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Αἰόλου","gloss":"son of Hippotas"}]},{"number":37,"label":"37","id":"b10-l37","source":"ὧδε δέ τις εἴπεσκεν ἰδὼν ἐς πλησίον ἄλλον·","translation":"And one would speak, glancing at his neighbor:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l37.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὧδε","lemma":"ὧδε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to εἴπεσκεν","gloss":"thus, so"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τις","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of εἴπεσκεν","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"εἴπεσκεν","lemma":"εἶπον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"would say","note":"Iterative -σκ- form εἴπεσκεν: 'would keep saying' — repeated action typical of epic narrative."},{"surface":"ἰδὼν","lemma":"εἶδον","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to εἴπεσκεν","gloss":"glancing, looking"},{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"πλησίον","lemma":"πλησίος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"nearby"},{"surface":"ἄλλον","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"object of ἐς","gloss":"his neighbor"}]},{"number":38,"label":"38","id":"b10-l38","source":"ὦ πόποι, ὡς ὅδε πᾶσι φίλος καὶ τίμιός\n                        ἐστιν","translation":"\"Now look how this man is loved and honored by all","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l38.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὦ","lemma":"ὦ","morphology":"exclamation","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"oh!"},{"surface":"πόποι","lemma":"πόποι","morphology":"exclamation","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"alas, look!","note":"ὦ πόποι is a stock exclamation of astonishment, often introducing envious or indignant speech."},{"surface":"ὡς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"exclamation","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"ὅδε","lemma":"ὅδε","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἐστιν","gloss":"this man"},{"surface":"πᾶσι","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἀνθρώποις","gloss":"to all"},{"surface":"φίλος","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"beloved, dear"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τίμιός","lemma":"τίμιος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"honored"},{"surface":"ἐστιν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"is"}]},{"number":39,"label":"39","id":"b10-l39","source":"ἀνθρώποις, ὅτεών τε πόλιν καὶ γαῖαν ἵκηται.","translation":"people, whatever city and land he comes to.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l39.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀνθρώποις","lemma":"ἄνθρωπος","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"to people"},{"surface":"ὅτεών","lemma":"ὅστις","morphology":"genitive plural masculine pronoun","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"whatever"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"(connective)"},{"surface":"πόλιν","lemma":"πόλις","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"city"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"γαῖαν","lemma":"γαῖα","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"land"},{"surface":"ἵκηται","lemma":"ἱκνέομαι","morphology":"aorist medio-passive subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ἀνθρώποις","gloss":"he comes to","note":"Subjunctive ἵκηται in a general/indefinite relative clause: 'whatever city he ever reaches'."}]},{"number":40,"label":"40","id":"b10-l40","source":"πολλὰ μὲν ἐκ Τροίης ἄγεται κειμήλια καλὰ","translation":"Many fine treasures he carries off from Troy,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l40.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πολλὰ","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies κειμήλια","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἐκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Τροίης","lemma":"Τροία","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐκ","gloss":"Troy"},{"surface":"ἄγεται","lemma":"ἄγω","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he carries off"},{"surface":"κειμήλια","lemma":"κειμήλιος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of ἄγεται","gloss":"treasures"},{"surface":"καλὰ","lemma":"καλός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies κειμήλια","gloss":"fine, beautiful"}]},{"number":41,"label":"41","id":"b10-l41","source":"ληίδος, ἡμεῖς δʼ αὖτε ὁμὴν ὁδὸν ἐκτελέσαντες","translation":"out of the spoils, while we, having traveled the same road,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l41.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ληίδος","lemma":"ληίς","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies κειμήλια","gloss":"of the spoil"},{"surface":"ἡμεῖς","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of νισσόμεθα","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but, and"},{"surface":"αὖτε","lemma":"αὖτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"again, in turn"},{"surface":"ὁμὴν","lemma":"ὁμός","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ὁδὸν","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"ὁδὸν","lemma":"ὁδός","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐκτελέσαντες","gloss":"road, journey"},{"surface":"ἐκτελέσαντες","lemma":"ἐκτελέω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to νισσόμεθα","gloss":"having completed","note":"Aorist participle marks completed travel prior to the main verb: 'having finished the same road'."}]},{"number":42,"label":"42","id":"b10-l42","source":"οἴκαδε νισσόμεθα κενεὰς σὺν χεῖρας ἔχοντες·","translation":"are coming home with empty hands;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l42.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἴκαδε","lemma":"οἴκαδε","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of νισσόμεθα","gloss":"homeward"},{"surface":"νισσόμεθα","lemma":"νίσσομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"we come"},{"surface":"κενεὰς","lemma":"κενός","morphology":"accusative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies χεῖρας","gloss":"empty"},{"surface":"σὺν","lemma":"σύν","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"(emphatic 'with')"},{"surface":"χεῖρας","lemma":"χείρ","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἔχοντες","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"ἔχοντες","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to νισσόμεθα","gloss":"having","note":"σὺν χεῖρας ἔχοντες: tmesis-like split of σύν from the verb, emphasizing 'holding empty hands'."}]},{"number":43,"label":"43","id":"b10-l43","source":"καὶ νῦν οἱ τάδʼ ἔδωκε χαριζόμενος φιλότητι","translation":"and now Aeolus has given him these things, in his kindness","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l43.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"νῦν","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔδωκε","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἔδωκε","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"τάδ","lemma":"ὅδε","morphology":"accusative plural neuter pronoun","role":"object of ἔδωκε","gloss":"these things"},{"surface":"ἔδωκε","lemma":"δίδωμι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"gave"},{"surface":"χαριζόμενος","lemma":"χαρίζομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἔδωκε","gloss":"showing favor","note":"χαριζόμενος: middle voice participle, 'doing a favor out of his own goodwill' toward Odysseus."},{"surface":"φιλότητι","lemma":"φιλότης","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to χαριζόμενος","gloss":"out of friendship"}]},{"number":44,"label":"44","id":"b10-l44","source":"Αἴολος. ἀλλʼ ἄγε θᾶσσον ἰδώμεθα ὅττι τάδʼ ἐστίν,","translation":"and friendship. Come, let us quickly see what they are,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l44.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Αἴολος","lemma":"Αἴολος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔδωκε","gloss":"Aeolus"},{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἄγε","lemma":"ἄγε","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"come!","note":"ἄγε is a fossilized imperative used as a hortatory particle: 'come now, let's...'."},{"surface":"θᾶσσον","lemma":"ταχύς","morphology":"accusative singular neuter comparative adjective","role":"adverbial to ἰδώμεθα","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"ἰδώμεθα","lemma":"εἶδον","morphology":"aorist medio-passive subjunctive, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"let us see"},{"surface":"τάδ","lemma":"ὅδε","morphology":"nominative plural neuter pronoun","role":"subject of ἐστίν","gloss":"these things"},{"surface":"ἐστίν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"object of ,","gloss":"are"}]},{"number":45,"label":"45","id":"b10-l45","source":"ὅσσος τις χρυσός τε καὶ ἄργυρος ἀσκῷ ἔνεστιν.","translation":"how much gold and silver is in the sack.\"","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l45.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὅσσος","lemma":"ὅσος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"how much"},{"surface":"τις","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"(indefinite)"},{"surface":"χρυσός","lemma":"χρυσός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"gold"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄργυρος","lemma":"ἄργυρος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"silver"},{"surface":"ἀσκῷ","lemma":"ἀσκός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἔνεστιν","gloss":"in the sack","note":"ἀσκῷ: the wineskin of winds given by Aeolus — key prop of the whole episode."},{"surface":"ἔνεστιν","lemma":"ἐνειμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"object of ,","gloss":"is in"}]},{"number":46,"label":"46","id":"b10-l46","source":"ὣς ἔφασαν, βουλὴ δὲ κακὴ νίκησεν ἑταίρων·","translation":"So they spoke, and the evil counsel of my comrades prevailed;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l46.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔφασαν","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"ἔφασαν","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"they spoke"},{"surface":"βουλὴ","lemma":"βουλή","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of νίκησεν","gloss":"counsel, plan"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κακὴ","lemma":"κακός","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies βουλὴ","gloss":"evil, foolish"},{"surface":"νίκησεν","lemma":"νικάω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"prevailed","note":"βουλὴ κακή νίκησεν: personifies bad counsel as a victor — the fatal turning point of the episode."},{"surface":"ἑταίρων","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies βουλὴ","gloss":"of comrades"}]},{"number":47,"label":"47","id":"b10-l47","source":"ἀσκὸν μὲν λῦσαν, ἄνεμοι δʼ ἐκ πάντες ὄρουσαν.","translation":"they loosed the sack, and all the winds rushed out.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l47.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀσκὸν","lemma":"ἀσκός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of λῦσαν","gloss":"the sack"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"(marks contrast)"},{"surface":"λῦσαν","lemma":"λύω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"they loosed"},{"surface":"ἄνεμοι","lemma":"ἄνεμος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ὄρουσαν","gloss":"the winds"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"out"},{"surface":"πάντες","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἄνεμοι","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"ὄρουσαν","lemma":"ὀρούω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"rushed"}]},{"number":48,"label":"48","id":"b10-l48","source":"τοὺς δʼ αἶψʼ ἁρπάξασα φέρεν πόντονδε θύελλα","translation":"At once the storm seized them and bore them out to sea,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l48.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τοὺς","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of φέρεν","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αἶψ","lemma":"αἶψα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἁρπάξασα","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"ἁρπάξασα","lemma":"ἁρπάζω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to φέρεν","gloss":"having seized"},{"surface":"φέρεν","lemma":"φέρω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was carrying"},{"surface":"πόντονδε","lemma":"πόντονδε","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of ,","gloss":"seaward","note":"πόντονδε: directional -δε suffix, 'toward the sea', built onto the noun like a case ending."},{"surface":"θύελλα","lemma":"θύελλα","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of φέρεν","gloss":"the storm"}]},{"number":49,"label":"49","id":"b10-l49","source":"κλαίοντας, γαίης ἄπο πατρίδος. αὐτὰρ ἐγώ γε","translation":"weeping, away from their native land. But as for me,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l49.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κλαίοντας","lemma":"κλαίω","morphology":"present active participle, accusative plural masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"weeping"},{"surface":"γαίης","lemma":"γαῖα","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἄπο","gloss":"of the land"},{"surface":"ἄπο","lemma":"ἀπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"away from"},{"surface":"πατρίδος","lemma":"πατρίς","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies γαίης","gloss":"native"},{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐγώ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of μερμήριξα","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed","note":"ἐγώ γε singles out Odysseus's own reaction, contrasting with the weeping crew just described."}]},{"number":50,"label":"50","id":"b10-l50","source":"ἐγρόμενος κατὰ θυμὸν ἀμύμονα μερμήριξα,","translation":"I awoke and pondered in my noble heart","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l50.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐγρόμενος","lemma":"ἐγείρω","morphology":"aorist middle participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to μερμήριξα","gloss":"having awoken"},{"surface":"κατὰ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"θυμὸν","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to κατὰ","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"ἀμύμονα","lemma":"ἀμύμων","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies θυμὸν","gloss":"noble, blameless"},{"surface":"μερμήριξα","lemma":"μερμηρίζω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I pondered"}]},{"number":51,"label":"51","id":"b10-l51","source":"ἠὲ πεσὼν ἐκ νηὸς ἀποφθίμην ἐνὶ πόντῳ,","translation":"whether to fling myself from the ship and perish in the sea,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l51.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἠὲ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"πεσὼν","lemma":"πίπτω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἀποφθίμην","gloss":"falling"},{"surface":"ἐκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"νηὸς","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐκ","gloss":"the ship"},{"surface":"ἀποφθίμην","lemma":"ἀποφθίνω","morphology":"aorist middle optative, 1st singular verb","role":"object of ἦ","gloss":"I might perish","note":"Optative of deliberation in indirect form: weighing the option of suicide by drowning."},{"surface":"ἐνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"πόντῳ","lemma":"πόντος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐνὶ","gloss":"the sea"}]},{"number":52,"label":"52","id":"b10-l52","source":"ἦ ἀκέων τλαίην καὶ ἔτι ζωοῖσι μετείην.","translation":"or to bear it in silence and still remain among the living.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l52.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"ἀκέων","lemma":"ἀκέων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"silent, quiet"},{"surface":"τλαίην","lemma":"τλάω","morphology":"aorist active optative, 1st singular verb","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"I might endure"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔτι","lemma":"ἔτι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to μετείην","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"ζωοῖσι","lemma":"ζωός","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of μετείην","gloss":"among the living"},{"surface":"μετείην","lemma":"μέτειμι","morphology":"present active optative, 1st singular verb","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"I might remain","note":"Balanced pair of optatives (τλαίην…μετείην): the deliberative alternative to suicide — endure and live."}]},{"number":53,"label":"53","id":"b10-l53","source":"ἀλλʼ ἔτλην καὶ ἔμεινα, καλυψάμενος δʼ ἐνὶ νηὶ","translation":"But I endured and stayed, and covering my head I lay","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l53.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἔτλην","lemma":"τλάω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I endured"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔμεινα","lemma":"μένω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I stayed"},{"surface":"καλυψάμενος","lemma":"καλύπτω","morphology":"aorist middle participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to κείμην","gloss":"having covered","note":"καλυψάμενος (middle): he veils his own head/face, a gesture of grief and resignation."},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"νηὶ","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐνὶ","gloss":"the ship"}]},{"number":54,"label":"54","id":"b10-l54","source":"κείμην. αἱ δʼ ἐφέροντο κακῇ ἀνέμοιο θυέλλῃ","translation":"down in the ship. The ships were borne by the cruel blast of wind","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l54.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κείμην","lemma":"κεῖμαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I lay"},{"surface":"αἱ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural feminine pronoun","role":"subject of ἐφέροντο","gloss":"they (ships)"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐφέροντο","lemma":"φέρω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"were carried"},{"surface":"κακῇ","lemma":"κακός","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies θυέλλῃ","gloss":"cruel, evil"},{"surface":"ἀνέμοιο","lemma":"ἄνεμος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies θυέλλῃ","gloss":"of the wind"},{"surface":"θυέλλῃ","lemma":"θύελλα","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐφέροντο","gloss":"blast, storm"}]},{"number":55,"label":"55","id":"b10-l55","source":"αὖτις ἐπʼ Αἰολίην νῆσον, στενάχοντο δʼ ἑταῖροι.","translation":"back to the Aeolian island, and my comrades groaned.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l55.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὖτις","lemma":"αὖθις","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐφέροντο","gloss":"back again"},{"surface":"ἐπ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Αἰολίην","lemma":"Αἰολίη","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"modifies νῆσον","gloss":"Aeolian"},{"surface":"νῆσον","lemma":"νῆσος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐπ᾽","gloss":"island"},{"surface":"στενάχοντο","lemma":"στενάχω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"were groaning","note":"στενάχοντο: medio-passive, the crew's grief expressed as involuntary groaning at their reversal."},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἑταῖροι","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of στενάχοντο","gloss":"comrades"}]},{"number":56,"label":"56","id":"b10-l56","source":"ἔνθα δʼ ἐπʼ ἠπείρου βῆμεν καὶ ἀφυσσάμεθʼ\n                     ὕδωρ,","translation":"There we stepped onto the mainland and drew water,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l56.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔνθα","lemma":"ἔνθα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐπ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"ἠπείρου","lemma":"ἤπειρος","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐπ᾽","gloss":"the mainland"},{"surface":"βῆμεν","lemma":"βαίνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"we stepped"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀφυσσάμεθ","lemma":"ἀφύσσω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"we drew","note":"ἀφυσσάμεθ᾽: middle voice, drawing water for one's own use/crew — routine landing scene detail."},{"surface":"ὕδωρ","lemma":"ὕδωρ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἀφυσσάμεθ᾽","gloss":"water"}]},{"number":57,"label":"57","id":"b10-l57","source":"αἶψα δὲ δεῖπνον ἕλοντο θοῇς παρὰ νηυσὶν ἑταῖροι.","translation":"and at once my comrades took their meal beside the swift ships.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l57.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αἶψα","lemma":"αἶψα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἕλοντο","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"δεῖπνον","lemma":"δεῖπνον","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἕλοντο","gloss":"meal"},{"surface":"ἕλοντο","lemma":"αἱρέω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"took","note":"Middle voice αἱρέω 'take for oneself' — comrades took their own meal."},{"surface":"θοῇς","lemma":"θοός","morphology":"dative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies νηυσὶν","gloss":"swift"},{"surface":"παρὰ","lemma":"παρά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"νηυσὶν","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to παρὰ","gloss":"ships","note":"ναῦς dative plural νηυσίν, an epic dative form common in Homer."},{"surface":"ἑταῖροι","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ἕλοντο","gloss":"comrades"}]},{"number":58,"label":"58","id":"b10-l58","source":"αὐτὰρ ἐπεὶ σίτοιό τʼ ἐπασσάμεθʼ ἠδὲ ποτῆτος,","translation":"But when we had tasted food and drink,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l58.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"σίτοιό","lemma":"σῖτος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἠδὲ","gloss":"food","note":"Genitive object with a verb of tasting/partaking (ἐπασσάμεθ᾽), not accusative."},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐπασσάμεθ","lemma":"πατέομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"adverbial to ἐπεὶ","gloss":"we tasted"},{"surface":"ἠδὲ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ποτῆτος","lemma":"ποτής","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἠδὲ","gloss":"drink"}]},{"number":59,"label":"59","id":"b10-l59","source":"δὴ τότʼ ἐγὼ κήρυκά τʼ ὀπασσάμενος καὶ ἑταῖρον","translation":"then taking a herald and a comrade with me","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l59.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"τότ","lemma":"τότε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to βῆν","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἐγὼ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of βῆν","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"κήρυκά","lemma":"κῆρυξ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"herald"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὀπασσάμενος","lemma":"ὀπάζω","morphology":"aorist middle participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to βῆν","gloss":"taking with me","note":"ὀπάζω middle: 'take along as companion,' governs both κήρυκα and ἑταῖρον."},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἑταῖρον","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"comrade"}]},{"number":60,"label":"60","id":"b10-l60","source":"βῆν εἰς Αἰόλου κλυτὰ δώματα· τὸν δʼ ἐκίχανον","translation":"I went to the glorious halls of Aeolus; and I found him","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l60.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"βῆν","lemma":"βαίνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I went","note":"Root aorist βῆν from βαίνω, a very common epic 1st-person aorist form."},{"surface":"εἰς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Αἰόλου","lemma":"Αἴολος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies δώματα","gloss":"of Aeolus"},{"surface":"κλυτὰ","lemma":"κλυτός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies δώματα","gloss":"glorious"},{"surface":"δώματα","lemma":"δῶμα","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of εἰς","gloss":"halls"},{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἐκίχανον","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐκίχανον","lemma":"κιχάνω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I found"}]},{"number":61,"label":"61","id":"b10-l61","source":"δαινύμενον παρὰ ᾗ τʼ ἀλόχῳ καὶ οἷσι τέκεσσιν.","translation":"feasting beside his wife and his children.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l61.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δαινύμενον","lemma":"δαίνυμι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"feasting"},{"surface":"παρὰ","lemma":"παρά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"ᾗ","lemma":"ἑός","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἀλόχῳ","gloss":"his","note":"ἑός is the epic possessive 'his own,' reflexive to the subject Aeolus."},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀλόχῳ","lemma":"ἄλοχος","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"οἷσι","lemma":"ἑός","morphology":"dative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies τέκεσσιν","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"τέκεσσιν","lemma":"τέκος","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"children"}]},{"number":62,"label":"62","id":"b10-l62","source":"ἐλθόντες δʼ ἐς δῶμα παρὰ σταθμοῖσιν ἐπʼ οὐδοῦ","translation":"Coming into the house, by the doorposts on the threshold","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l62.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐλθόντες","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ἑζόμεθ᾽","gloss":"coming"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"δῶμα","lemma":"δῶμα","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἐς","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"παρὰ","lemma":"παρά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"σταθμοῖσιν","lemma":"σταθμός","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to παρὰ","gloss":"doorposts"},{"surface":"ἐπ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"οὐδοῦ","lemma":"οὐδός","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐπ᾽","gloss":"threshold","note":"Formulaic epic scene-setting: guests pause at the οὐδός before being welcomed in."}]},{"number":63,"label":"63","id":"b10-l63","source":"ἑζόμεθʼ· οἱ δʼ ἀνὰ θυμὸν ἐθάμβεον ἔκ τʼ ἐρέοντο·","translation":"we sat down; and they marveled in their hearts and asked:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l63.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἑζόμεθ","lemma":"ἕζομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"we sat down"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of τ᾽","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀνὰ","lemma":"ἀνά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"θυμὸν","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἀνὰ","gloss":"heart","note":"θυμόν ἀνά = 'in their hearts,' an idiomatic accusative of respect with ἀνά."},{"surface":"ἐθάμβεον","lemma":"θαμβέω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"marveled"},{"surface":"ἔκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"[intensifying]"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐρέοντο","lemma":"ἔρομαι","morphology":"imperfect middle indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"asked","note":"ἔκ...ἐρέοντο is tmesis: ἐκ- separated from the verb, typical of Homeric syntax."}]},{"number":64,"label":"64","id":"b10-l64","source":"πῶς ἦλθες, Ὀδυσεῦ; τίς τοι κακὸς ἔχραε\n                        δαίμων;","translation":"\"How have you come, Odysseus? What evil power has assailed you?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l64.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ὀδυσεῦ","title":"Vocative of address","body":"Odysseus's name appears in the vocative case, the form used to call out to or address someone directly."}],"words":[{"surface":"πῶς","lemma":"πῶς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἦλθες","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"ἦλθες","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"have you come"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσεῦ","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"Odysseus","note":"Vocative direct address, the poem naming its hero mid-speech."},{"surface":"τίς","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies δαίμων","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"object of ἔχραε","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"κακὸς","lemma":"κακός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies δαίμων","gloss":"evil"},{"surface":"ἔχραε","lemma":"χράω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"assailed"},{"surface":"δαίμων","lemma":"δαίμων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔχραε","gloss":"power/god","note":"δαίμων here means an unnamed divine agent or ill fortune, not a personal name."}]},{"number":65,"label":"65","id":"b10-l65","source":"ἦ μέν σʼ ἐνδυκέως ἀπεπέμπομεν, ὄφρʼ ἀφίκοιο","translation":"Surely we sent you off with care, that you might reach","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l65.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"μέν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"σ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative singular pronoun","role":"object of ἀπεπέμπομεν","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ἐνδυκέως","lemma":"ἐνδυκέως","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀπεπέμπομεν","gloss":"carefully"},{"surface":"ἀπεπέμπομεν","lemma":"ἀποπέμπω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"we sent off"},{"surface":"ὄφρ","lemma":"ὄφρα","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"ἀφίκοιο","lemma":"ἀφικνέομαι","morphology":"aorist middle optative, 2nd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὄφρ᾽","gloss":"you might reach","note":"Optative ἀφίκοιο after ὄφρα expresses a past purpose clause — 'so that you would reach.'"}]},{"number":66,"label":"66","id":"b10-l66","source":"πατρίδα σὴν καὶ δῶμα καὶ εἴ πού τοι φίλον ἐστίν.","translation":"your native land and home, and wherever else is dear to you.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l66.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πατρίδα","lemma":"πατρίς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"native land"},{"surface":"σὴν","lemma":"σός","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies πατρίδα","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"δῶμα","lemma":"δῶμα","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"home"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"εἴ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"πού","lemma":"πού","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"anywhere"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"object of ἐστίν","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"φίλον","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"ἐστίν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"is","note":"φίλον ἐστίν, 'is dear (to you)' — impersonal-feeling predicate construction common in Homer."}]},{"number":67,"label":"67","id":"b10-l67","source":"ὣς φάσαν, αὐτὰρ ἐγὼ μετεφώνεον ἀχνύμενος\n                     κῆρ·","translation":"So they spoke, but I answered with grieving heart:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l67.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to φάσαν","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"φάσαν","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"they spoke"},{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐγὼ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of μετεφώνεον","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"μετεφώνεον","lemma":"μεταφωνέω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I answered"},{"surface":"ἀχνύμενος","lemma":"ἀχεύω","morphology":"present passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to μετεφώνεον","gloss":"grieving","note":"ἀχνύμενος κῆρ, 'grieving as to the heart' — accusative of respect, a common epic pairing."},{"surface":"κῆρ","lemma":"κῆρ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἀχνύμενος","gloss":"heart"}]},{"number":68,"label":"68","id":"b10-l68","source":"ἄασάν μʼ ἕταροί τε κακοὶ πρὸς τοῖσί τε ὕπνος","translation":"\"My evil comrades ruined me, and along with them cruel","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l68.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἄασάν","lemma":"ἀάω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"ruined","note":"ἀάω 'blind/delude to ruin' — the gods'-eye verb for fatal folly, key theme of this episode."},{"surface":"μ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of τε","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ἕταροί","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ἄασάν","gloss":"comrades"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κακοὶ","lemma":"κακός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἕταροί","gloss":"evil"},{"surface":"πρὸς","lemma":"πρός","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"τοῖσί","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative plural masculine pronoun","role":"adverbial","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὕπνος","lemma":"ὕπνος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"sleep"}]},{"number":69,"label":"69","id":"b10-l69","source":"σχέτλιος. ἀλλʼ ἀκέσασθε, φίλοι· δύναμις γὰρ ἐν ὑμῖν.","translation":"sleep. But mend this, my friends, for the power is in you.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l69.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"σχέτλιος","lemma":"σχέτλιος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ὕπνος","gloss":"cruel","note":"σχέτλιος describes ὕπνος from the previous line — 'cruel sleep,' spanning the enjambment."},{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἀκέσασθε","lemma":"ἀκέομαι","morphology":"aorist middle imperative, 2nd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"mend it"},{"surface":"φίλοι","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"vocative plural masculine adjective","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"friends"},{"surface":"δύναμις","lemma":"δύναμις","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"power"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ὑμῖν","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative plural pronoun","role":"adverbial","gloss":"you"}]},{"number":70,"label":"70","id":"b10-l70","source":"ὣς ἐφάμην μαλακοῖσι καθαπτόμενος ἐπέεσσιν,","translation":"So I spoke, appealing to them with gentle words,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l70.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐφάμην","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ἐφάμην","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I spoke"},{"surface":"μαλακοῖσι","lemma":"μαλακός","morphology":"dative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἐπέεσσιν","gloss":"gentle"},{"surface":"καθαπτόμενος","lemma":"καθάπτω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐφάμην","gloss":"appealing","note":"καθαπτόμενος + dative words: 'winning them over/addressing them' with soft speech."},{"surface":"ἐπέεσσιν","lemma":"ἔπος","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to καθαπτόμενος","gloss":"words"}]},{"number":71,"label":"71","id":"b10-l71","source":"οἱ δʼ ἄνεῳ ἐγένοντο· πατὴρ δʼ ἠμείβετο μύθῳ·","translation":"but they fell silent; and the father answered with a word:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l71.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἐγένοντο","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἄνεῳ","lemma":"ἄνεω","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"silent","note":"ἄνεῳ, an indeclinable adverb-like predicate meaning 'speechless,' unusual morphology."},{"surface":"ἐγένοντο","lemma":"γίγνομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"became"},{"surface":"πατὴρ","lemma":"πατήρ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἠμείβετο","gloss":"father","note":"Refers to Aeolus, called 'the father' simply because he was just described feasting with his wife and children (l.61) — not a mythological title like 'father of the winds'; Homer calls him ταμίης ἀνέμων, 'keeper/steward of the winds,' elsewhere."},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἠμείβετο","lemma":"ἀμείβω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"μύθῳ","lemma":"μῦθος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἠμείβετο","gloss":"with a word"}]},{"number":72,"label":"72","id":"b10-l72","source":"ἔρρʼ ἐκ νήσου θᾶσσον, ἐλέγχιστε ζωόντων·","translation":"\"Begone from the island at once, vilest of living men!","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l72.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἔρρʼ","title":"Imperative: begone","body":"Aeolus drives Odysseus off with a curt command. The imperative mood gives a direct order."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἔρρ","lemma":"ἔρρω","morphology":"present active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"begone","note":"ἔρρ᾽ imperative of ἔρρω, a harsh curse-like dismissal — 'get out, to your ruin.'"},{"surface":"ἐκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"νήσου","lemma":"νῆσος","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐκ","gloss":"island"},{"surface":"θᾶσσον","lemma":"ταχύς","morphology":"accusative singular neuter comparative adjective","role":"adverbial to ἔρρ᾽","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"ἐλέγχιστε","lemma":"ἐλεγχής","morphology":"vocative singular masculine adjective","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"vilest"},{"surface":"ζωόντων","lemma":"ζώω","morphology":"present active participle, genitive plural masculine","role":"modifies ἐλέγχιστε","gloss":"of the living"}]},{"number":73,"label":"73","id":"b10-l73","source":"οὐ γάρ μοι θέμις ἐστὶ κομιζέμεν οὐδʼ ἀποπέμπειν","translation":"It is not right for me to help or send on his way","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l73.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οὐ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"γάρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἐστὶ","gloss":"for me"},{"surface":"θέμις","lemma":"θέμις","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of δ᾽","gloss":"right","note":"θέμις 'divine sanction' — Aeolus claims religious law forbids helping a man cursed by the gods."},{"surface":"ἐστὶ","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"κομιζέμεν","lemma":"κομίζω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of ἐστὶ","gloss":"to help"},{"surface":"ἀποπέμπειν","lemma":"ἀποπέμπω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object","gloss":"to send off"}]},{"number":74,"label":"74","id":"b10-l74","source":"ἄνδρα τόν, ὅς κε θεοῖσιν ἀπέχθηται μακάρεσσιν·","translation":"a man who is hated by the blessed gods;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l74.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἄνδρα","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of δ᾽","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"τόν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine article","role":"modifies ἄνδρα","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ὅς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἀπέχθηται","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"κε","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"[modal particle]"},{"surface":"θεοῖσιν","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἀπέχθηται","gloss":"gods"},{"surface":"ἀπέχθηται","lemma":"ἀπέχθομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ἄνδρα","gloss":"is hated","note":"Subjunctive with κε in a generalizing relative clause — 'whoever is hated by the gods.'"},{"surface":"μακάρεσσιν","lemma":"μάκαρ","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"modifies θεοῖσιν","gloss":"blessed"}]},{"number":75,"label":"75","id":"b10-l75","source":"ἔρρε, ἐπεὶ ἄρα θεοῖσιν ἀπεχθόμενος τόδʼ ἱκάνεις.","translation":"begone, since you come here hated by the gods.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l75.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔρρε","lemma":"ἔρρω","morphology":"present active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"begone"},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"ἄρα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"θεοῖσιν","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἀπεχθόμενος","gloss":"gods"},{"surface":"ἀπεχθόμενος","lemma":"ἀπέχθομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"hated","note":"ἀπεχθόμενος echoes ἀπέχθηται from the line before, hammering the same idea twice."},{"surface":"τόδ","lemma":"ὅδε","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"object of ἱκάνεις","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"ἱκάνεις","lemma":"ἱκάνω","morphology":"present active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἐπεὶ","gloss":"you come"}]},{"number":76,"label":"76","id":"b10-l76","source":"ὣς εἰπὼν ἀπέπεμπε δόμων βαρέα στενάχοντα.","translation":"So saying, he sent me from his house, groaning heavily.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l76.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to εἰπὼν","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"εἰπὼν","lemma":"εἶπον","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἀπέπεμπε","gloss":"saying"},{"surface":"ἀπέπεμπε","lemma":"ἀποπέμπω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he sent away","note":"ὣς εἰπών, a formulaic epic tag closing direct speech before narrative resumes."},{"surface":"δόμων","lemma":"δόμος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἀπέπεμπε","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"βαρέα","lemma":"βαρύς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to στενάχοντα","gloss":"heavily"},{"surface":"στενάχοντα","lemma":"στενάχω","morphology":"present active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"groaning"}]},{"number":77,"label":"77","id":"b10-l77","source":"ἔνθεν δὲ προτέρω πλέομεν ἀκαχήμενοι ἦτορ.","translation":"From there we sailed onward, grieving in our hearts.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l77.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔνθεν","lemma":"ἔνθεν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to πλέομεν","gloss":"from there"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"προτέρω","lemma":"προτέρω","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of πλέομεν","gloss":"onward"},{"surface":"πλέομεν","lemma":"πλέω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"we sailed"},{"surface":"ἀκαχήμενοι","lemma":"ἀχεύω","morphology":"perfect passive participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to πλέομεν","gloss":"grieving","note":"Perfect participle ἀκαχήμενοι, 'weighed down with grief' — a lasting state, not a momentary act."},{"surface":"ἦτορ","lemma":"ἦτορ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἀκαχήμενοι","gloss":"heart"}]},{"number":78,"label":"78","id":"b10-l78","source":"τείρετο δʼ ἀνδρῶν θυμὸς ὑπʼ εἰρεσίης ἀλεγεινῆς","translation":"And the men's spirit was worn down by the painful rowing,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l78.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τείρετο","lemma":"τείρω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was worn down"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀνδρῶν","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies θυμὸς","gloss":"of the men"},{"surface":"θυμὸς","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of τείρετο","gloss":"spirit"},{"surface":"ὑπ","lemma":"ὑπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"εἰρεσίης","lemma":"εἰρεσία","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ὑπ᾽","gloss":"rowing","note":"εἰρεσίης, genitive of cause/agent with ὑπό — 'worn out by the rowing.'"},{"surface":"ἀλεγεινῆς","lemma":"ἀλεγεινός","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies εἰρεσίης","gloss":"painful"}]},{"number":79,"label":"79","id":"b10-l79","source":"ἡμετέρῃ ματίῃ, ἐπεὶ οὐκέτι φαίνετο πομπή.","translation":"through our own folly, since no fair passage showed any longer.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l79.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἡμετέρῃ","lemma":"ἡμέτερος","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ματίῃ","gloss":"our own"},{"surface":"ματίῃ","lemma":"ματία","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to τείρετο","gloss":"folly","note":"ματίῃ 'foolishness' — ἡμετέρῃ ('our own') is inclusive: the narrator Odysseus shares the blame with the crew, not just the crew alone, and not fate."},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"οὐκέτι","lemma":"οὐκέτι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to φαίνετο","gloss":"no longer"},{"surface":"φαίνετο","lemma":"φαίνω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἐπεὶ","gloss":"appeared"},{"surface":"πομπή","lemma":"πομπή","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of φαίνετο","gloss":"safe passage"}]},{"number":80,"label":"80","id":"b10-l80","source":"ἑξῆμαρ μὲν ὁμῶς πλέομεν νύκτας τε καὶ ἦμαρ,","translation":"For six days alike we sailed, by night and by day,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l80.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἑξῆμαρ","lemma":"ἑξῆμαρ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to πλέομεν","gloss":"six days","note":"ἑξῆμαρ, a compound numeral adverb 'for six days' — typical epic time-marking before disaster."},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ὁμῶς","lemma":"ὁμῶς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to πλέομεν","gloss":"alike"},{"surface":"πλέομεν","lemma":"πλέω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"we sailed"},{"surface":"νύκτας","lemma":"νύξ","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"nights"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἦμαρ","lemma":"ἦμαρ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"day"}]},{"number":81,"label":"81","id":"b10-l81","source":"ἑβδομάτῃ δʼ ἱκόμεσθα Λάμου αἰπὺ πτολίεθρον,","translation":"and on the seventh we came to the steep citadel of Lamos,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l81.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἑβδομάτῃ","lemma":"ἑβδόματος","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"adverbial to ἱκόμεσθα","gloss":"on the seventh"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἱκόμεσθα","lemma":"ἱκνέομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"we came"},{"surface":"Λάμου","lemma":"Λάμος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies πτολίεθρον","gloss":"of Lamos"},{"surface":"αἰπὺ","lemma":"αἰπύς","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies πτολίεθρον","gloss":"steep"},{"surface":"πτολίεθρον","lemma":"πτολίεθρον","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ,","gloss":"citadel"}]},{"number":82,"label":"82","id":"b10-l82","source":"Τηλέπυλον Λαιστρυγονίην, ὅθι ποιμένα ποιμὴν","translation":"Telepylus of the Laestrygonians, where herdsman to herdsman","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l82.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Τηλέπυλον","lemma":"Τηλέπυλος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ,","gloss":"Telepylus","note":"Telepylus, 'far-gate,' the Laestrygonian city — name hints at its remote, deadly setting."},{"surface":"Λαιστρυγονίην","lemma":"Λαιστρυγονία","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"modifies Τηλέπυλον","gloss":"of the Laestrygonians"},{"surface":"ὅθι","lemma":"ὅθι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to δέ","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"ποιμένα","lemma":"ποιμήν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἠπύει","gloss":"herdsman"},{"surface":"ποιμὴν","lemma":"ποιμήν","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἠπύει","gloss":"herdsman"}]},{"number":83,"label":"83","id":"b10-l83","source":"ἠπύει εἰσελάων, ὁ δέ τʼ ἐξελάων ὑπακούει.","translation":"calls as he drives in, and the other, driving out, answers him.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l83.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἠπύει","lemma":"ἠπύω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing δέ","gloss":"calls out","note":"ἠπύει...ὑπακούει: vivid image of endless daylight where one herdsman answers another driving in as the other drives out."},{"surface":"εἰσελάων","lemma":"εἰσελαύνω","morphology":"future active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἠπύει","gloss":"driving in"},{"surface":"ὁ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ὑπακούει","gloss":"the other"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"[emphatic]"},{"surface":"ἐξελάων","lemma":"ἐξελαύνω","morphology":"future active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ὑπακούει","gloss":"driving out"},{"surface":"ὑπακούει","lemma":"ὑπακούω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing δέ","gloss":"answers"}]},{"number":84,"label":"84","id":"b10-l84","source":"ἔνθα κʼ ἄυπνος ἀνὴρ δοιοὺς ἐξήρατο μισθούς,","translation":"There a man who needed no sleep could earn a double wage,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l84.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔνθα","lemma":"ἔνθα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐξήρατο","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"κ","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"[modal particle]"},{"surface":"ἄυπνος","lemma":"ἄυπνος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἀνὴρ","gloss":"sleepless","note":"ἄυπνος 'needing no sleep' — the near-endless daylight of this land lets a man work double shifts."},{"surface":"ἀνὴρ","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐξήρατο","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"δοιοὺς","lemma":"δοιοί","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies μισθούς","gloss":"double"},{"surface":"ἐξήρατο","lemma":"ἐξαίρω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"could earn"},{"surface":"μισθούς","lemma":"μισθός","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἐξήρατο","gloss":"wages"}]},{"number":85,"label":"85","id":"b10-l85","source":"τὸν μὲν βουκολέων, τὸν δʼ ἄργυφα μῆλα νομεύων·","translation":"one for herding cattle, one for pasturing the white sheep;","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l85.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of βουκολέων","gloss":"one (this one)"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"on one hand"},{"surface":"βουκολέων","lemma":"βουκολέω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to δ᾽","gloss":"herding cattle","note":"present participle in distributive μὲν...δὲ pairing, 'one herding'"},{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of νομεύων","gloss":"the other"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and, on the other"},{"surface":"ἄργυφα","lemma":"ἄργυφος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies μῆλα","gloss":"white, gleaming","note":"ἄργυφος 'silver-white', a Homeric epithet color-word for flocks"},{"surface":"μῆλα","lemma":"μῆλον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of νομεύων","gloss":"sheep"},{"surface":"νομεύων","lemma":"νομεύω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to δ᾽","gloss":"pasturing"}]},{"number":86,"label":"86","id":"b10-l86","source":"ἐγγὺς γὰρ νυκτός τε καὶ ἤματός εἰσι κέλευθοι.","translation":"for the paths of night and day lie close together.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l86.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐγγὺς","lemma":"ἐγγύς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to εἰσι","gloss":"near, close"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"νυκτός","lemma":"νύξ","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"of night"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and (correlative)"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἤματός","lemma":"ἦμαρ","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"of day"},{"surface":"εἰσι","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"κέλευθοι","lemma":"κέλευθος","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject of εἰσι","gloss":"paths","note":"famous Odyssey line: the Laestrygonians' land where day and night paths nearly meet, hinting at a far-north setting"}]},{"number":87,"label":"87","id":"b10-l87","source":"ἔνθʼ ἐπεὶ ἐς λιμένα κλυτὸν ἤλθομεν, ὃν πέρι πέτρη","translation":"There, when we came to the famous harbor, around which a cliff","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l87.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔνθ","lemma":"ἔνθα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔχον","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to, into"},{"surface":"λιμένα","lemma":"λιμήν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐς","gloss":"harbor"},{"surface":"κλυτὸν","lemma":"κλυτός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies λιμένα","gloss":"famous"},{"surface":"ἤλθομεν","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"adverbial to ἐπεὶ","gloss":"we came","note":"aorist ἤλθομεν 'we came', root ἐλθ- suppletive for ἔρχομαι"},{"surface":"ὃν","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of πέρι","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"πέρι","lemma":"περί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"around","note":"anastrophe: when a disyllabic preposition follows its object, the accent shifts back onto the preposition (πέρι instead of περί) — this is unrelated to 'postpositive' particles like δέ/γάρ/μέν, a different grammatical category."},{"surface":"πέτρη","lemma":"πέτρα","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of τετύχηκε","gloss":"a cliff"}]},{"number":88,"label":"88","id":"b10-l88","source":"ἠλίβατος τετύχηκε διαμπερὲς ἀμφοτέρωθεν,","translation":"rises sheer, unbroken on both sides,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l88.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἠλίβατος","lemma":"ἠλίβατος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies πέτρη","gloss":"sheer, towering"},{"surface":"τετύχηκε","lemma":"τυγχάνω","morphology":"perfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing δ᾽","gloss":"stands, rises","note":"perfect τετύχηκε 'has come to be, stands' — perfect used for a lasting state, not past action"},{"surface":"διαμπερὲς","lemma":"διαμπερές","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to τετύχηκε","gloss":"unbroken, continuously"},{"surface":"ἀμφοτέρωθεν","lemma":"ἀμφοτέρωθεν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to τετύχηκε","gloss":"on both sides"}]},{"number":89,"label":"89","id":"b10-l89","source":"ἀκταὶ δὲ προβλῆτες ἐναντίαι ἀλλήλῃσιν","translation":"and jutting headlands facing one another","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l89.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀκταὶ","lemma":"ἀκτή","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject of προύχουσιν","gloss":"headlands"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"προβλῆτες","lemma":"προβλής","morphology":"nominative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἀκταὶ","gloss":"jutting"},{"surface":"ἐναντίαι","lemma":"ἐναντίος","morphology":"nominative plural feminine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"facing"},{"surface":"ἀλλήλῃσιν","lemma":"ἀλλήλων","morphology":"dative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἐναντίαι","gloss":"one another","note":"ἀλλήλῃσιν, epic dative plural of ἀλλήλων, agrees in case with dative ἐναντίαι, which it complements — not with nominative ἀκταί, which is the clause's subject."}]},{"number":90,"label":"90","id":"b10-l90","source":"ἐν στόματι προύχουσιν, ἀραιὴ δʼ εἴσοδός ἐστιν,","translation":"stand out at the mouth, and the entrance is narrow,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l90.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"στόματι","lemma":"στόμα","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἐν","gloss":"the mouth"},{"surface":"προύχουσιν","lemma":"προέχω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing δ᾽","gloss":"jut out, stand forth"},{"surface":"ἀραιὴ","lemma":"ἀραιός","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"narrow"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"εἴσοδός","lemma":"εἴσοδος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἐστιν","gloss":"the entrance"},{"surface":"ἐστιν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing δ᾽","gloss":"is"}]},{"number":91,"label":"91","id":"b10-l91","source":"ἔνθʼ οἵ γʼ εἴσω πάντες ἔχον νέας ἀμφιελίσσας.","translation":"there the others all brought their curved ships inside.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l91.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔνθ","lemma":"ἔνθα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔχον","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"οἵ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἔχον","gloss":"the men"},{"surface":"γ","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"εἴσω","lemma":"εἴσω","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of ἔχον","gloss":"inside, within"},{"surface":"πάντες","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies οἵ","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"ἔχον","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"held, brought"},{"surface":"νέας","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἔχον","gloss":"ships"},{"surface":"ἀμφιελίσσας","lemma":"ἀμφιέλισσα","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"modifies νέας","gloss":"curved on both ends","note":"ἀμφιέλισσα, a stock Homeric ship-epithet meaning 'curved at both ends'"}]},{"number":92,"label":"92","id":"b10-l92","source":"αἱ μὲν ἄρʼ ἔντοσθεν λιμένος κοίλοιο δέδεντο","translation":"These were moored within the hollow harbor,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l92.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αἱ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural feminine pronoun","role":"subject of δέδεντο","gloss":"they (the ships)"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἔντοσθεν","lemma":"ἔντοσθε","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"λιμένος","lemma":"λιμήν","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἔντοσθεν","gloss":"of the harbor"},{"surface":"κοίλοιο","lemma":"κοῖλος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies λιμένος","gloss":"hollow"},{"surface":"δέδεντο","lemma":"δέω","morphology":"pluperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"were moored","note":"pluperfect passive δέδεντο 'had been tied/moored' — expresses a resulting state from δέω 'bind'"}]},{"number":93,"label":"93","id":"b10-l93","source":"πλησίαι· οὐ μὲν γάρ ποτʼ ἀέξετο κῦμά γʼ ἐν αὐτῷ,","translation":"close together; for never did a wave rise within it,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l93.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πλησίαι","lemma":"πλησίος","morphology":"nominative plural feminine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"close together"},{"surface":"οὐ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"γάρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ποτ","lemma":"ποτέ","morphology":"particle","role":"adverbial to ἀέξετο","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"ἀέξετο","lemma":"ἀέξω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"rose, swelled"},{"surface":"κῦμά","lemma":"κῦμα","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of ἀέξετο","gloss":"a wave"},{"surface":"γ","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"at least"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"αὐτῷ","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"it"}]},{"number":94,"label":"94","id":"b10-l94","source":"οὔτε μέγʼ οὔτʼ ὀλίγον, λευκὴ δʼ ἦν ἀμφὶ γαλήνη·","translation":"neither great nor small, but a clear calm lay all around;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l94.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μέγ","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to οὔ","gloss":"great","note":"οὔτε μέγ' οὔτ' ὀλίγον 'neither big nor small', adverbial accusatives of extent describing the wave"},{"surface":"ὀλίγον","lemma":"ὀλίγος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to οὔ","gloss":"small"},{"surface":"λευκὴ","lemma":"λευκός","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies γαλήνη","gloss":"bright, clear"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἦν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"ἀμφὶ","lemma":"ἀμφί","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἦν","gloss":"around, all about"},{"surface":"γαλήνη","lemma":"γαλήνη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἦν","gloss":"a calm"}]},{"number":95,"label":"95","id":"b10-l95","source":"αὐτὰρ ἐγὼν οἶος σχέθον ἔξω νῆα μέλαιναν,","translation":"but I alone held my black ship outside,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l95.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"οἶος","title":"Odysseus stands apart","body":"The nominative adjective \"alone\" (oios) marks Odysseus's caution: he keeps his ship outside the trap that will doom the others."}],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐγὼν","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of σχέθον","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"οἶος","lemma":"οἶος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"σχέθον","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 1st verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"held, kept","note":"σχέθον, imperfect of ἔχω (epic root σχ-), describing Odysseus holding his own ship back outside the harbor."},{"surface":"ἔξω","lemma":"ἔξω","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of ,","gloss":"outside"},{"surface":"νῆα","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of σχέθον","gloss":"ship"},{"surface":"μέλαιναν","lemma":"μέλας","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies νῆα","gloss":"black"}]},{"number":96,"label":"96","id":"b10-l96","source":"αὐτοῦ ἐπʼ ἐσχατιῇ, πέτρης ἐκ πείσματα δήσας·","translation":"there at the very edge, fastening the cables to a rock;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l96.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτοῦ","lemma":"αὐτοῦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of ,","gloss":"there, at that very spot"},{"surface":"ἐπ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ἐσχατιῇ","lemma":"ἐσχατιά","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐπ᾽","gloss":"the edge"},{"surface":"πέτρης","lemma":"πέτρα","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐκ","gloss":"of a rock"},{"surface":"ἐκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"πείσματα","lemma":"πεῖσμα","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of δήσας","gloss":"cables, hawsers"},{"surface":"δήσας","lemma":"δέω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to σχέθον","gloss":"having fastened"}]},{"number":97,"label":"97","id":"b10-l97","source":"ἔστην δὲ σκοπιὴν ἐς παιπαλόεσσαν ἀνελθών.","translation":"and I climbed up to a rugged lookout and stood.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l97.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔστην","lemma":"ἵστημι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I stood, climbed"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"σκοπιὴν","lemma":"σκοπιά","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐς","gloss":"a lookout point"},{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"παιπαλόεσσαν","lemma":"παιπαλόεις","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies σκοπιὴν","gloss":"rugged, craggy"},{"surface":"ἀνελθών","lemma":"ἀνέρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἔστην","gloss":"having climbed up"}]},{"number":98,"label":"98","id":"b10-l98","source":"ἔνθα μὲν οὔτε βοῶν οὔτʼ ἀνδρῶν φαίνετο ἔργα,","translation":"There no works of oxen or of men appeared,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l98.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔνθα","lemma":"ἔνθα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to δ᾽","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"βοῶν","lemma":"βοῦς","morphology":"genitive plural noun","role":"modifies οὔ","gloss":"of oxen"},{"surface":"ἀνδρῶν","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies οὔ","gloss":"of men"},{"surface":"φαίνετο","lemma":"φαίνω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"appeared"},{"surface":"ἔργα","lemma":"ἔργον","morphology":"nominative plural neuter noun","role":"subject of φαίνετο","gloss":"works, deeds","note":"'works of oxen or men' = plowed fields, farmed land — a formulaic sign of no human habitation"}]},{"number":99,"label":"99","id":"b10-l99","source":"καπνὸν δʼ οἶον ὁρῶμεν ἀπὸ χθονὸς ἀίσσοντα.","translation":"only smoke we saw rising up from the earth.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l99.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καπνὸν","lemma":"καπνός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ὁρῶμεν","gloss":"smoke"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"οἶον","lemma":"οἶος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"ὁρῶμεν","lemma":"ὁράω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"we saw"},{"surface":"ἀπὸ","lemma":"ἀπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"χθονὸς","lemma":"χθών","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἀπὸ","gloss":"the ground"},{"surface":"ἀίσσοντα","lemma":"ἀίσσω","morphology":"present active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"rising up"}]},{"number":100,"label":"100","id":"b10-l100","source":"δὴ τότʼ ἐγὼν ἑτάρους προΐειν πεύθεσθαι ἰόντας,","translation":"Then I sent comrades ahead to go and learn","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l100.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed, then"},{"surface":"τότ","lemma":"τότε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to προΐειν","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἐγὼν","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of προΐειν","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ἑτάρους","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of προΐειν","gloss":"comrades"},{"surface":"προΐειν","lemma":"προίημι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"sent forth"},{"surface":"πεύθεσθαι","lemma":"πεύθομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive infinitive","role":"adverbial to προΐειν","gloss":"to find out, learn"},{"surface":"ἰόντας","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active participle, accusative plural masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"going","note":"ἰόντας is glossed under lemma εἰμί here (treebank quirk) but functions as 'going', from εἶμι 'go', not 'to be'"}]},{"number":101,"label":"101","id":"b10-l101","source":"οἵ τινες ἀνέρες εἶεν ἐπὶ χθονὶ σῖτον ἔδοντες,","translation":"what manner of men, eating bread, dwelt on that land,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l101.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"σῖτον ἔδοντες","title":"Bread-eating men","body":"\"Eaters of bread\" is a Homeric way of saying ordinary, civilized humans, as opposed to monsters or the gods."}],"words":[{"surface":"οἵ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"what sort (correlative)"},{"surface":"τινες","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"modifies ἀνέρες","gloss":"ever, indefinite"},{"surface":"ἀνέρες","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of εἶεν","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"εἶεν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active optative, 3rd plural verb","role":"object of πεύθεσθαι","gloss":"might be","note":"optative εἶεν in indirect question after a past-tense verb of learning — 'to learn what sort of men might be...'"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"χθονὶ","lemma":"χθών","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"modifies ἐπὶ","gloss":"the land"},{"surface":"σῖτον","lemma":"σῖτος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἔδοντες","gloss":"bread, grain"},{"surface":"ἔδοντες","lemma":"ἔδω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"modifies ἀνέρες","gloss":"eating"}]},{"number":102,"label":"102","id":"b10-l102","source":"ἄνδρε δύω κρίνας, τρίτατον κήρυχʼ ἅμʼ ὀπάσσας.","translation":"choosing two men, and sending a herald as a third.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l102.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἄνδρε δύω","title":"The dual number","body":"\"Two men\" uses the dual, a special grammatical number Homer keeps for natural pairs. Greek has singular, dual, and plural."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἄνδρε","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"accusative dual masculine noun","role":"object of κρίνας","gloss":"two men","note":"ἄνδρε, dual accusative — Homeric Greek still uses the dual for a pair"},{"surface":"δύω","lemma":"δύο","morphology":"numeral","role":"modifies ἄνδρε","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"κρίνας","lemma":"κρίνω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ,","gloss":"having chosen"},{"surface":"τρίτατον","lemma":"τρίτατος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"as a third"},{"surface":"κήρυχ","lemma":"κῆρυξ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ὀπάσσας","gloss":"a herald"},{"surface":"ἅμ","lemma":"ἅμα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ὀπάσσας","gloss":"together with"},{"surface":"ὀπάσσας","lemma":"ὀπάζω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ,","gloss":"having sent along"}]},{"number":103,"label":"103","id":"b10-l103","source":"οἱ δʼ ἴσαν ἐκβάντες λείην ὁδόν, ᾗ περ ἄμαξαι","translation":"They went, stepping out onto a smooth road by which wagons","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l103.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of δὲ","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἴσαν","lemma":"εἶμι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"ἐκβάντες","lemma":"ἐκβαίνω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ἴσαν","gloss":"stepping out, disembarking"},{"surface":"λείην","lemma":"λεῖος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ὁδόν","gloss":"smooth"},{"surface":"ὁδόν","lemma":"ὁδός","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἴσαν","gloss":"road"},{"surface":"ᾗ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"dative singular feminine pronoun","role":"adverbial to καταγίνεον","gloss":"by which"},{"surface":"περ","lemma":"πέρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἄμαξαι","lemma":"ἄμαξα","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject of καταγίνεον","gloss":"wagons"}]},{"number":104,"label":"104","id":"b10-l104","source":"ἄστυδʼ ἀφʼ ὑψηλῶν ὀρέων καταγίνεον ὕλην,","translation":"brought down timber to the town from the high mountains,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l104.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἄστυδ","lemma":"ἄστυδε","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of καταγίνεον","gloss":"to the town"},{"surface":"ἀφ","lemma":"ἀπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"ὑψηλῶν","lemma":"ὑψηλός","morphology":"genitive plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ὀρέων","gloss":"high"},{"surface":"ὀρέων","lemma":"ὄρος","morphology":"genitive plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἀφ᾽","gloss":"mountains"},{"surface":"καταγίνεον","lemma":"καταγινέω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ὁδόν","gloss":"used to bring down","note":"imperfect indicative; the epic uncontracted -εον ending of -έω verbs here gives a habitual sense in context, but is not itself an iterative-aspect marker (contrast the true -σκον iterative suffix in φέρεσκον at b10-l108-w7)."},{"surface":"ὕλην","lemma":"ὕλη","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of καταγίνεον","gloss":"timber, wood"}]},{"number":105,"label":"105","id":"b10-l105","source":"κούρῃ δὲ ξύμβληντο πρὸ ἄστεος ὑδρευούσῃ,","translation":"and before the town they met a girl drawing water,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l105.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κούρῃ","lemma":"κόρη","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ,","gloss":"a girl"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ξύμβληντο","lemma":"συμβάλλω","morphology":"aorist medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"they met"},{"surface":"πρὸ","lemma":"πρό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"before, in front of"},{"surface":"ἄστεος","lemma":"ἄστυ","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to πρὸ","gloss":"of the town"},{"surface":"ὑδρευούσῃ","lemma":"ὑδρεύω","morphology":"present active participle, dative singular feminine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"drawing water"}]},{"number":106,"label":"106","id":"b10-l106","source":"θυγατέρʼ ἰφθίμῃ Λαιστρυγόνος Ἀντιφάταο.","translation":"the strong daughter of the Laestrygonian Antiphates.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l106.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"θυγατέρ","lemma":"θυγάτηρ","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ,","gloss":"daughter"},{"surface":"ἰφθίμῃ","lemma":"ἴφθιμος","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies θυγατέρ᾽","gloss":"strong, mighty","note":"ἴφθιμος, stock epithet for strength/vigor, here applied to the girl"},{"surface":"Λαιστρυγόνος","lemma":"Λαιστρυγών","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ἀντιφάταο","gloss":"of the Laestrygonian"},{"surface":"Ἀντιφάταο","lemma":"Ἀντιφάτης","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies θυγατέρ᾽","gloss":"of Antiphates","note":"introduces the Laestrygonian king Antiphates, whose people are man-eating giants"}]},{"number":107,"label":"107","id":"b10-l107","source":"ἡ μὲν ἄρʼ ἐς κρήνην κατεβήσετο καλλιρέεθρον","translation":"She had gone down to the fair-flowing spring,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l107.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἡ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of κατεβήσετο","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"κρήνην","lemma":"κρήνη","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐς","gloss":"a spring"},{"surface":"κατεβήσετο","lemma":"καταβαίνω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"had gone down"},{"surface":"καλλιρέεθρον","lemma":"καλλιρέεθρος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies κρήνην","gloss":"fair-flowing"}]},{"number":108,"label":"108","id":"b10-l108","source":"Ἀρτακίην· ἔνθεν γὰρ ὕδωρ προτὶ ἄστυ φέρεσκον·","translation":"Artacia; for from there they carried water to the town.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l108.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ἀρτακίην","lemma":"Ἀρτακίη","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"modifies κρήνην","gloss":"Artacia","note":"proper name of the spring, marking this scene's specific local geography"},{"surface":"ἔνθεν","lemma":"ἔνθεν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to φέρεσκον","gloss":"from there"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ὕδωρ","lemma":"ὕδωρ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of φέρεσκον","gloss":"water"},{"surface":"προτὶ","lemma":"πρός","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to","note":"προτί, epic variant of πρός 'toward'"},{"surface":"ἄστυ","lemma":"ἄστυ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of προτὶ","gloss":"the town"},{"surface":"φέρεσκον","lemma":"φέρω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"used to carry","note":"iterative imperfect -εσκον, marking a habitual action, 'used to carry'"}]},{"number":109,"label":"109","id":"b10-l109","source":"οἱ δὲ παριστάμενοι προσεφώνεον ἔκ τʼ ἐρέοντο","translation":"Standing beside her they spoke and asked","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l109.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of προσεφώνεον","gloss":"the men"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"παριστάμενοι","lemma":"παρίστημι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to προσεφώνεον","gloss":"standing beside"},{"surface":"προσεφώνεον","lemma":"προσφωνέω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spoke to"},{"surface":"ἔκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"out, closely","note":"ἐκ here is a preverb in tmesis with ἐρέοντο (=ἐξερέοντο, from ἐξερέομαι 'ask out, question closely'), not a standalone word meaning 'indeed' or 'in turn'."},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐρέοντο","lemma":"ἔρομαι","morphology":"imperfect middle indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"asked"}]},{"number":110,"label":"110","id":"b10-l110","source":"ὅς τις τῶνδʼ εἴη βασιλεὺς καὶ οἷσιν ἀνάσσοι·","translation":"who was the king of these people and over whom he ruled;","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l110.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὅς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of εἴη","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"τις","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies ὅς","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"τῶνδ","lemma":"ὅδε","morphology":"genitive plural feminine pronoun","role":"modifies βασιλεὺς","gloss":"of these people"},{"surface":"εἴη","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"might be","note":"optative in an embedded indirect question, matching εἴη...ἀνάσσοι mood"},{"surface":"βασιλεὺς","lemma":"βασιλεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"king"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"οἷσιν","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"dative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἀνάσσοι","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"ἀνάσσοι","lemma":"ἀνάσσω","morphology":"present active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"might rule"}]},{"number":111,"label":"111","id":"b10-l111","source":"ἡ δὲ μάλʼ αὐτίκα πατρὸς ἐπέφραδεν ὑψερεφὲς δῶ.","translation":"And at once she pointed out her father's high-roofed house.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l111.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἡ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of ἐπέφραδεν","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μάλ","lemma":"μάλα","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"αὐτίκα","lemma":"αὐτίκα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐπέφραδεν","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"πατρὸς","lemma":"πατήρ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies δῶ","gloss":"of her father"},{"surface":"ἐπέφραδεν","lemma":"φράζω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"pointed out, showed","note":"reduplicated aorist ἐπέφραδεν from φράζω, epic form 'made known clearly'"},{"surface":"ὑψερεφὲς","lemma":"ὑψερεφής","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies δῶ","gloss":"high-roofed"},{"surface":"δῶ","lemma":"δῶμα","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἐπέφραδεν","gloss":"house"}]},{"number":112,"label":"112","id":"b10-l112","source":"οἱ δʼ ἐπεὶ εἰσῆλθον κλυτὰ δώματα, τὴν δὲ γυναῖκα","translation":"But when they entered the glorious halls, they found his wife,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l112.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of δ᾽","gloss":"the men"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"εἰσῆλθον","lemma":"εἰσέρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to ἐπεὶ","gloss":"they entered"},{"surface":"κλυτὰ","lemma":"κλυτός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies δώματα","gloss":"glorious, famed"},{"surface":"δώματα","lemma":"δῶμα","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of εἰσῆλθον","gloss":"halls"},{"surface":"τὴν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine article","role":"modifies γυναῖκα","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and, but"},{"surface":"γυναῖκα","lemma":"γυνή","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of εὗρον","gloss":"wife","note":"τὴν δὲ γυναῖκα anticipates the ominous next line — this 'wife' is a giantess"}]},{"number":113,"label":"113","id":"b10-l113","source":"εὗρον, ὅσην τʼ ὄρεος κορυφήν, κατὰ δʼ ἔστυγον αὐτήν.","translation":"huge as a mountain peak, and they were filled with horror at her.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l113.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"κατὰ δʼ ἔστυγον","title":"shuddered with loathing","body":"The verb στυγέω conveys not mere fear but revulsion and dread, the same root that gives the river Styx its name."}],"words":[{"surface":"εὗρον","lemma":"εὑρίσκω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to δ᾽","gloss":"they found"},{"surface":"ὅσην","lemma":"ὅσος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"as huge as","note":"ὅσος + genitive of measure: 'as big as a mountain peak'"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὄρεος","lemma":"ὄρος","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"modifies κορυφήν","gloss":"of a mountain"},{"surface":"κορυφήν","lemma":"κορυφή","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"peak"},{"surface":"κατὰ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"utterly","note":"κατά here intensifies ἔστυγον rather than governing a case — a tmesis-like adverbial use"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔστυγον","lemma":"στυγέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"they loathed"},{"surface":"αὐτήν","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"object of ἔστυγον","gloss":"her"}]},{"number":114,"label":"114","id":"b10-l114","source":"ἡ δʼ αἶψʼ ἐξ ἀγορῆς ἐκάλει κλυτὸν Ἀντιφατῆα,","translation":"She at once called out from the assembly her famous Antiphates,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l114.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἡ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of ἐκάλει","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αἶψ","lemma":"αἶψα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐκάλει","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"ἐξ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"ἀγορῆς","lemma":"ἀγορά","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐξ","gloss":"the assembly"},{"surface":"ἐκάλει","lemma":"καλέω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"called out","note":"imperfect ἐκάλει: the calling as an ongoing/repeated act, not a single cry"},{"surface":"κλυτὸν","lemma":"κλυτός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἀντιφατῆα","gloss":"famous"},{"surface":"Ἀντιφατῆα","lemma":"Ἀντιφάτης","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ,","gloss":"Antiphates"}]},{"number":115,"label":"115","id":"b10-l115","source":"ὃν πόσιν, ὃς δὴ τοῖσιν ἐμήσατο λυγρὸν ὄλεθρον.","translation":"her husband, who then plotted a grim destruction for them.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l115.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὃν","lemma":"ἑός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies πόσιν","gloss":"her own","note":"ἑός, the possessive reflexive 'his/her own' — epic vocabulary distinct from αὐτοῦ"},{"surface":"πόσιν","lemma":"πόσις","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ,","gloss":"husband"},{"surface":"ὃς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἐμήσατο","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"τοῖσιν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἐμήσατο","gloss":"for them"},{"surface":"ἐμήσατο","lemma":"μήδομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ,","gloss":"devised"},{"surface":"λυγρὸν","lemma":"λυγρός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ὄλεθρον","gloss":"grim"},{"surface":"ὄλεθρον","lemma":"ὄλεθρος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐμήσατο","gloss":"destruction"}]},{"number":116,"label":"116","id":"b10-l116","source":"αὐτίχʼ ἕνα μάρψας ἑτάρων ὡπλίσσατο δεῖπνον·","translation":"Straightaway he seized one of my comrades and made him his meal;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l116.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτίχ","lemma":"αὐτίκα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ὡπλίσσατο","gloss":"straightaway"},{"surface":"ἕνα","lemma":"εἷς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of μάρψας","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"μάρψας","lemma":"μάρπτω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ὡπλίσσατο","gloss":"seizing","note":"aorist participle μάρψας: the seizing precedes the main verb ὡπλίσσατο ('made ready')"},{"surface":"ἑτάρων","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ἕνα","gloss":"of the comrades"},{"surface":"ὡπλίσσατο","lemma":"ὁπλίζω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"made ready"},{"surface":"δεῖπνον","lemma":"δεῖπνον","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ὡπλίσσατο","gloss":"a meal"}]},{"number":117,"label":"117","id":"b10-l117","source":"τὼ δὲ δύʼ ἀίξαντε φυγῇ ἐπὶ νῆας ἱκέσθην.","translation":"but the other two leapt up and fled, and reached the ships.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l117.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἱκέσθην","title":"dual verb for the two men","body":"The ending -σθην is third-person dual aorist: Homer keeps the two surviving scouts grammatically paired throughout the line."}],"words":[{"surface":"τὼ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative dual masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἱκέσθην","gloss":"the two of them","note":"dual pronoun τώ — Homeric Greek marks pairs with its own dual forms, not just plural"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"δύ","lemma":"δύο","morphology":"numeral","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"ἀίξαντε","lemma":"ἀίσσω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative dual masculine","role":"adverbial to ἱκέσθην","gloss":"darting up","note":"dual participle ἀίξαντε agrees with dual τώ — the two men act as one unit"},{"surface":"φυγῇ","lemma":"φυγή","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἱκέσθην","gloss":"in flight"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"νῆας","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἐπὶ","gloss":"the ships"},{"surface":"ἱκέσθην","lemma":"ἱκνέομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd dual verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"reached"}]},{"number":118,"label":"118","id":"b10-l118","source":"αὐτὰρ ὁ τεῦχε βοὴν διὰ ἄστεος· οἱ δʼ ἀίοντες","translation":"Then he raised a war-cry through the town, and hearing it","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l118.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ὁ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of τεῦχε","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"τεῦχε","lemma":"τεύχω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"raised"},{"surface":"βοὴν","lemma":"βοή","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of τεῦχε","gloss":"a war-cry"},{"surface":"διὰ","lemma":"διά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"ἄστεος","lemma":"ἄστυ","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"modifies διὰ","gloss":"the town"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀίοντες","lemma":"ἀίω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to φοίτων","gloss":"hearing"}]},{"number":119,"label":"119","id":"b10-l119","source":"φοίτων ἴφθιμοι Λαιστρυγόνες ἄλλοθεν ἄλλος,","translation":"the mighty Laestrygonians came thronging from every side,","scansion":"—— | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l119.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"φοίτων","lemma":"φοιτάω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"kept coming"},{"surface":"ἴφθιμοι","lemma":"ἴφθιμος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies Λαιστρυγόνες","gloss":"mighty"},{"surface":"Λαιστρυγόνες","lemma":"Λαιστρυγών","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"Laestrygonians"},{"surface":"ἄλλοθεν","lemma":"ἄλλοθεν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to φοίτων","gloss":"from one side"},{"surface":"ἄλλος","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"another","note":"ἄλλοθεν ἄλλος: 'from different sides, different men' — a distributive epic pairing"}]},{"number":120,"label":"120","id":"b10-l120","source":"μυρίοι, οὐκ ἄνδρεσσιν ἐοικότες, ἀλλὰ Γίγασιν.","translation":"countless, not like men but like Giants.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l120.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μυρίοι","lemma":"μυρίος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"countless"},{"surface":"οὐκ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ἄνδρεσσιν","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἐοικότες","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"ἐοικότες","lemma":"ἔοικα","morphology":"perfect active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"modifies","gloss":"resembling"},{"surface":"ἀλλὰ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Γίγασιν","lemma":"Γίγας","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object","gloss":"Giants","note":"simile comparing the Laestrygonians to Giants (Gigantes), monstrous size"}]},{"number":121,"label":"121","id":"b10-l121","source":"οἵ ῥʼ ἀπὸ πετράων ἀνδραχθέσι χερμαδίοισιν","translation":"They hurled down from the cliffs boulders a man could barely lift,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l121.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ἀνδραχθέσι","title":"man-burdening stones","body":"ἀνδραχθής literally means \"a load for a man\" — rocks so heavy that one man could scarcely carry a single one."}],"words":[{"surface":"οἵ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of βάλλον","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"ἀπὸ","lemma":"ἀπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"πετράων","lemma":"πέτρα","morphology":"genitive plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἀπὸ","gloss":"the cliffs"},{"surface":"ἀνδραχθέσι","lemma":"ἀνδραχθής","morphology":"dative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies χερμαδίοισιν","gloss":"as much as a man could carry","note":"ἀνδραχθής: compound epithet 'as much as a man can carry' — vivid epic exaggeration for the boulders' weight"},{"surface":"χερμαδίοισιν","lemma":"χερμάδιον","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"object of βάλλον","gloss":"boulders"}]},{"number":122,"label":"122","id":"b10-l122","source":"βάλλον· ἄφαρ δὲ κακὸς κόναβος κατὰ νῆας ὀρώρει","translation":"and at once a hideous din arose among the ships,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l122.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"βάλλον","lemma":"βάλλω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"they threw"},{"surface":"ἄφαρ","lemma":"ἄφαρ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ὀρώρει","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κακὸς","lemma":"κακός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies κόναβος","gloss":"terrible"},{"surface":"κόναβος","lemma":"κόναβος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ὀρώρει","gloss":"din"},{"surface":"κατὰ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"νῆας","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to κατὰ","gloss":"the ships"},{"surface":"ὀρώρει","lemma":"ὄρνυμι","morphology":"pluperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"had arisen","note":"pluperfect ὀρώρει (from ὄρνυμι) marks the din as already fully risen when noticed"}]},{"number":123,"label":"123","id":"b10-l123","source":"ἀνδρῶν τʼ ὀλλυμένων νηῶν θʼ ἅμα ἀγνυμενάων·","translation":"of men being killed and of ships being smashed together;","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l123.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ὀλλυμένων ... ἀγνυμενάων","title":"genitive present participles","body":"Both participles are genitive plural, describing the men and ships whose dying and shattering make the din. The present tense pictures the action as ongoing."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἀνδρῶν","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies θ᾽","gloss":"of men"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὀλλυμένων","lemma":"ὄλλυμι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, genitive plural masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"being killed"},{"surface":"νηῶν","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"genitive plural feminine noun","role":"modifies θ᾽","gloss":"of ships"},{"surface":"θ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἅμα","lemma":"ἅμα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀγνυμενάων","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"ἀγνυμενάων","lemma":"ἄγνυμι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, genitive plural feminine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"being smashed"}]},{"number":124,"label":"124","id":"b10-l124","source":"ἰχθῦς δʼ ὣς πείροντες ἀτερπέα δαῖτα φέροντο.","translation":"and spearing them like fish they carried them off, a grim feast.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l124.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἰχθῦς","lemma":"ἰχθύς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object","gloss":"fish"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"like","note":"ἰχθῦς...ὣς: simile marker ὥς placed after its noun, a common epic word order"},{"surface":"πείροντες","lemma":"πείρω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to φέροντο","gloss":"spearing"},{"surface":"ἀτερπέα","lemma":"ἀτερπής","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies δαῖτα","gloss":"joyless"},{"surface":"δαῖτα","lemma":"δαίς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of φέροντο","gloss":"feast"},{"surface":"φέροντο","lemma":"φέρω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"they carried off"}]},{"number":125,"label":"125","id":"b10-l125","source":"ὄφρʼ οἱ τοὺς ὄλεκον λιμένος πολυβενθέος ἐντός,","translation":"While they were destroying my men inside the deep harbor,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l125.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὄφρ","lemma":"ὄφρα","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ὄλεκον","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"τοὺς","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of ὄλεκον","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"ὄλεκον","lemma":"ὀλέκω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to ὄφρ᾽","gloss":"were destroying"},{"surface":"λιμένος","lemma":"λιμήν","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐντός","gloss":"of the harbor"},{"surface":"πολυβενθέος","lemma":"πολυβενθής","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies λιμένος","gloss":"deep","note":"πολυβενθής: compound epithet 'very deep,' typical of Homer's stock descriptive adjectives for harbors"},{"surface":"ἐντός","lemma":"ἐντός","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"within"}]},{"number":126,"label":"126","id":"b10-l126","source":"τόφρα δʼ ἐγὼ ξίφος ὀξὺ ἐρυσσάμενος παρὰ μηροῦ","translation":"meanwhile I drew the sharp sword from beside my thigh","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l126.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τόφρα","lemma":"τόφρα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔκοψα","gloss":"meanwhile"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐγὼ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἔκοψα","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ξίφος","lemma":"ξίφος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἐρυσσάμενος","gloss":"sword"},{"surface":"ὀξὺ","lemma":"ὀξύς","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ξίφος","gloss":"sharp"},{"surface":"ἐρυσσάμενος","lemma":"ἐρύω","morphology":"aorist middle participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἔκοψα","gloss":"drawing","note":"middle voice ἐρυσσάμενος: drawing the sword for oneself/one's own use"},{"surface":"παρὰ","lemma":"παρά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from beside"},{"surface":"μηροῦ","lemma":"μηρός","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of παρὰ","gloss":"my thigh"}]},{"number":127,"label":"127","id":"b10-l127","source":"τῷ ἀπὸ πείσματʼ ἔκοψα νεὸς κυανοπρῴροιο.","translation":"and with it cut the cables of my dark-prowed ship.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l127.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"κυανοπρῴροιο","title":"dark-prowed","body":"A standing epithet for ships, \"with prow of dark blue,\" referring to the painted or pitch-coated bow."}],"words":[{"surface":"τῷ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"adverbial to ἔκοψα","gloss":"with it"},{"surface":"ἀπὸ","lemma":"ἀπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"away","note":"ἀπό here used adverbially with ἔκοψα ('cut off'), not governing πείσματ᾽ directly"},{"surface":"πείσματ","lemma":"πεῖσμα","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἔκοψα","gloss":"the cables"},{"surface":"ἔκοψα","lemma":"κόπτω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I cut"},{"surface":"νεὸς","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies πείσματ᾽","gloss":"of the ship"},{"surface":"κυανοπρῴροιο","lemma":"κυανόπρῳρος","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies νεὸς","gloss":"dark-prowed","note":"κυανόπρῳρος: stock epic epithet for ships, 'blue/dark-prowed'"}]},{"number":128,"label":"128","id":"b10-l128","source":"αἶψα δʼ ἐμοῖς ἑτάροισιν ἐποτρύνας ἐκέλευσα","translation":"At once I urged on my comrades and commanded them","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l128.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αἶψα","lemma":"αἶψα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐκέλευσα","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐμοῖς","lemma":"ἐμός","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἑτάροισιν","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"ἑτάροισιν","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἐκέλευσα","gloss":"comrades"},{"surface":"ἐποτρύνας","lemma":"ἐποτρύνω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐκέλευσα","gloss":"urging on"},{"surface":"ἐκέλευσα","lemma":"κελεύω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I commanded"}]},{"number":129,"label":"129","id":"b10-l129","source":"ἐμβαλέειν κώπῃς, ἵνʼ ὑπὲκ κακότητα φύγοιμεν·","translation":"to fall to the oars, so we might escape from disaster;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l129.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐμβαλέειν","lemma":"ἐμβάλλω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of ἐκέλευσα","gloss":"to fall to","note":"infinitive of purpose/command after ἐκέλευσα: 'I commanded [them] to fall to the oars'"},{"surface":"κώπῃς","lemma":"κώπη","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἐμβαλέειν","gloss":"the oars"},{"surface":"ἵν","lemma":"ἵνα","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"ὑπὲκ","lemma":"ὑπέκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"out from"},{"surface":"κακότητα","lemma":"κακότης","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of φύγοιμεν","gloss":"disaster"},{"surface":"φύγοιμεν","lemma":"φεύγω","morphology":"aorist active optative, 1st plural verb","role":"adverbial to ἵν᾽","gloss":"we might escape"}]},{"number":130,"label":"130","id":"b10-l130","source":"οἱ δʼ ἅλα πάντες ἀνέρριψαν, δείσαντες ὄλεθρον.","translation":"and they all churned up the sea, fearing destruction.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l130.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἀνέρριψαν","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἅλα","lemma":"ἅλς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἀνέρριψαν","gloss":"the sea"},{"surface":"πάντες","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies οἱ","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"ἀνέρριψαν","lemma":"ἀναρρίπτω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"churned up","note":"ἀναρρίπτω: literally 'tossed up' the sea with the oars, vivid for frantic rowing"},{"surface":"δείσαντες","lemma":"δείδω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ἀνέρριψαν","gloss":"fearing"},{"surface":"ὄλεθρον","lemma":"ὄλεθρος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of δείσαντες","gloss":"destruction"}]},{"number":131,"label":"131","id":"b10-l131","source":"ἀσπασίως δʼ ἐς πόντον ἐπηρεφέας φύγε πέτρας","translation":"Gladly out to the open sea, away from the overhanging rocks,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l131.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀσπασίως","lemma":"ἀσπάσιος","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to φύγε","gloss":"gladly"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"πόντον","lemma":"πόντος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐς","gloss":"the sea"},{"surface":"ἐπηρεφέας","lemma":"ἐπηρεφής","morphology":"accusative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies πέτρας","gloss":"overhanging"},{"surface":"φύγε","lemma":"φεύγω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"fled","note":"aorist φύγε with subject νηῦς in the next line — enjambment delays the subject for suspense"},{"surface":"πέτρας","lemma":"πέτρα","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of φύγε","gloss":"rocks"}]},{"number":132,"label":"132","id":"b10-l132","source":"νηῦς ἐμή· αὐτὰρ αἱ ἄλλαι ἀολλέες αὐτόθʼ ὄλοντο.","translation":"fled my ship; but all the rest were destroyed together there.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l132.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ὄλοντο","title":"aorist middle of perishing","body":"ὄλοντο is aorist middle, here intransitive: \"they perished.\" The middle voice expresses the ships and men undergoing their own destruction."}],"words":[{"surface":"νηῦς","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of φύγε","gloss":"ship"},{"surface":"ἐμή","lemma":"ἐμός","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies νηῦς","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"αἱ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural feminine article","role":"modifies ἄλλαι","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ἄλλαι","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"nominative plural feminine adjective","role":"subject of ὄλοντο","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"ἀολλέες","lemma":"ἀολλής","morphology":"nominative plural feminine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"all together","note":"ἀολλής: 'crowded together,' underscoring that the whole fleet was lost as one mass"},{"surface":"αὐτόθ","lemma":"αὐτόθι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ὄλοντο","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"ὄλοντο","lemma":"ὄλλυμι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"were destroyed"}]},{"number":133,"label":"133","id":"b10-l133","source":"ἔνθεν δὲ προτέρω πλέομεν ἀκαχήμενοι ἦτορ,","translation":"From there we sailed onward, grieving at heart,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l133.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔνθεν","lemma":"ἔνθεν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to πλέομεν","gloss":"from there"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"προτέρω","lemma":"προτέρω","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of πλέομεν","gloss":"onward"},{"surface":"πλέομεν","lemma":"πλέω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"we sailed"},{"surface":"ἀκαχήμενοι","lemma":"ἀχεύω","morphology":"perfect passive participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ,","gloss":"grieving"},{"surface":"ἦτορ","lemma":"ἦτορ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἀκαχήμενοι","gloss":"at heart","note":"accusative of respect ἦτορ: 'grieving in respect to the heart' — common Homeric idiom"}]},{"number":134,"label":"134","id":"b10-l134","source":"ἄσμενοι ἐκ θανάτοιο, φίλους ὀλέσαντες ἑταίρους.","translation":"glad to be alive past death, but having lost dear comrades.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l134.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἄσμενοι","lemma":"ἄσμενος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"adverbial to ,","gloss":"glad"},{"surface":"ἐκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"θανάτοιο","lemma":"θάνατος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐκ","gloss":"death"},{"surface":"φίλους","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἑταίρους","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"ὀλέσαντες","lemma":"ὄλλυμι","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ,","gloss":"having lost"},{"surface":"ἑταίρους","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ὀλέσαντες","gloss":"comrades"}]},{"number":135,"label":"135","id":"b10-l135","source":"Αἰαίην δʼ ἐς νῆσον ἀφικόμεθʼ· ἔνθα δʼ ἔναιε","translation":"We came to the island of Aeaea; and there dwelt","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l135.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Αἰαίην","lemma":"Αἰαία","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"modifies νῆσον","gloss":"Aeaean"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"νῆσον","lemma":"νῆσος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐς","gloss":"the island"},{"surface":"ἀφικόμεθ","lemma":"ἀφικνέομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"we arrived"},{"surface":"ἔνθα","lemma":"ἔνθα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔναιε","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔναιε","lemma":"ναίω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"dwelt"}]},{"number":136,"label":"136","id":"b10-l136","source":"Κίρκη ἐυπλόκαμος, δεινὴ θεὸς αὐδήεσσα,","translation":"Circe of the lovely braids, dread goddess of human speech,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l136.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"αὐδήεσσα","title":"speaking with human voice","body":"αὐδήεσσα marks a divine being who speaks in mortal language, a recurring epithet for goddesses like Circe and Calypso who interact directly with men."}],"words":[{"surface":"Κίρκη","lemma":"Κίρκη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ,","gloss":"Circe"},{"surface":"ἐυπλόκαμος","lemma":"εὐπλόκαμος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Κίρκη","gloss":"lovely-haired","note":"εὐπλόκαμος: stock epic epithet for goddesses/women, 'with beautiful braids'"},{"surface":"δεινὴ","lemma":"δεινός","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies θεὸς","gloss":"dread"},{"surface":"θεὸς","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ,","gloss":"goddess"},{"surface":"αὐδήεσσα","lemma":"αὐδήεις","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies θεὸς","gloss":"of human speech","note":"αὐδήεσσα: 'possessing human voice' — marks Circe as a divinity who speaks like mortals, unusual for a goddess"}]},{"number":137,"label":"137","id":"b10-l137","source":"αὐτοκασιγνήτη ὀλοόφρονος Αἰήταο·","translation":"own sister of Aeetes, whose mind is set on ruin;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l137.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτοκασιγνήτη","lemma":"αὐτοκασιγνήτη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ,","gloss":"own sister"},{"surface":"ὀλοόφρονος","lemma":"ὀλοόφρων","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Αἰήταο","gloss":"baleful-minded","note":"ὀλοόφρων: epithet for Aeetes, 'with destructive intent' — foreshadows the family's dangerous nature"},{"surface":"Αἰήταο","lemma":"Αἰήτης","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies αὐτοκασιγνήτη","gloss":"of Aeetes"}]},{"number":138,"label":"138","id":"b10-l138","source":"ἄμφω δʼ ἐκγεγάτην φαεσιμβρότου Ἠελίοιο","translation":"both were born of the Sun who gives light to mortals","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l138.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἐκγεγάτην","title":"dual perfect of birth","body":"ἐκγεγάτην is third-person dual perfect: \"the two of them were born,\" keeping Circe and Aeetes paired as a sibling pair."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἄμφω","lemma":"ἄμφω","morphology":"nominative dual masculine adjective","role":"subject of ἐκγεγάτην","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐκγεγάτην","lemma":"ἐκγίγνομαι","morphology":"perfect active indicative, 3rd dual verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"were born"},{"surface":"φαεσιμβρότου","lemma":"φαεσίμβροτος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἠελίοιο","gloss":"light-giving-to-mortals","note":"φαεσίμβροτος: compound epithet of Helios, 'giving light to mortals'"},{"surface":"Ἠελίοιο","lemma":"ἠέλιος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of τ᾽","gloss":"the Sun"}]},{"number":139,"label":"139","id":"b10-l139","source":"μητρός τʼ ἐκ Πέρσης, τὴν Ὠκεανὸς τέκε παῖδα.","translation":"and of their mother Perse, whom Ocean fathered as his child.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l139.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μητρός","lemma":"μήτηρ","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies Πέρσης","gloss":"of a mother"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Πέρσης","lemma":"Π́ερση","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of τ᾽","gloss":"Perse"},{"surface":"τὴν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of τέκε","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"Ὠκεανὸς","lemma":"Ὠκεανός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of τέκε","gloss":"Ocean"},{"surface":"τέκε","lemma":"τίκτω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing Πέρσης","gloss":"fathered"},{"surface":"παῖδα","lemma":"παῖς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"as a child","note":"παῖδα in apposition to τὴν: 'whom Ocean begot as [his] child'"}]},{"number":140,"label":"140","id":"b10-l140","source":"ἔνθα δʼ ἐπʼ ἀκτῆς νηὶ κατηγαγόμεσθα σιωπῇ","translation":"There we brought our ship to land along the shore in silence,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l140.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔνθα","lemma":"ἔνθα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to κατηγαγόμεσθα","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐπ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"ἀκτῆς","lemma":"ἀκτή","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐπ᾽","gloss":"the shore"},{"surface":"νηὶ","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to κατηγαγόμεσθα","gloss":"with the ship"},{"surface":"κατηγαγόμεσθα","lemma":"κατάγω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"we brought to land"},{"surface":"σιωπῇ","lemma":"σιωπή","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to κατηγαγόμεσθα","gloss":"in silence","note":"σιωπῇ: dative of manner — contrasts with the noisy Laestrygonian escape, signaling wary caution"}]},{"number":141,"label":"141","id":"b10-l141","source":"ναύλοχον ἐς λιμένα, καί τις θεὸς ἡγεμόνευεν.","translation":"into a sheltering harbor, and some god guided us.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l141.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ναύλοχον","lemma":"ναύλοχος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies λιμένα","gloss":"sheltering","note":"Epic compound epithet ναύλοχος 'ship-sheltering,' formulaic for harbors in the Odyssey."},{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"λιμένα","lemma":"λιμήν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐς","gloss":"harbor"},{"surface":"καί","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τις","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies θεὸς","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"θεὸς","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἡγεμόνευεν","gloss":"god","note":"τις θεός, vague divine agency—typical epic hedge when the guiding power is unnamed."},{"surface":"ἡγεμόνευεν","lemma":"ἡγεμονεύω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was guiding"}]},{"number":142,"label":"142","id":"b10-l142","source":"ἔνθα τότʼ ἐκβάντες δύο τʼ ἤματα καὶ δύο νύκτας","translation":"There then, having disembarked, for two days and two nights","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l142.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔνθα","lemma":"ἔνθα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to κείμεθ᾽","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"τότ","lemma":"τότε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to κείμεθ᾽","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἐκβάντες","lemma":"ἐκβαίνω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to κείμεθ᾽","gloss":"disembarking","note":"Aorist participle ἐκβάντες, action prior to/simultaneous with the lying-still of the next line."},{"surface":"δύο","lemma":"δύο","morphology":"numeral","role":"modifies ἤματα","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἤματα","lemma":"ἦμαρ","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"days","note":"Accusative of extent of time ἤματα, answering 'for how long.'"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"δύο","lemma":"δύο","morphology":"numeral","role":"modifies νύκτας","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"νύκτας","lemma":"νύξ","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"nights"}]},{"number":143,"label":"143","id":"b10-l143","source":"κείμεθʼ ὁμοῦ καμάτῳ τε καὶ ἄλγεσι θυμὸν ἔδοντες.","translation":"we lay still, eating our hearts with weariness and pains.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l143.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"θυμὸν ἔδοντες","title":"eating one's heart","body":"A vivid Homeric idiom: grief is figured as inwardly devouring the spirit. The image of consuming sorrow is literal in the Greek."}],"words":[{"surface":"κείμεθ","lemma":"κεῖμαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"we lay"},{"surface":"ὁμοῦ","lemma":"ὁμοῦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"καμάτῳ","lemma":"κάματος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"with weariness"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄλγεσι","lemma":"ἄλγος","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"with pains"},{"surface":"θυμὸν","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἔδοντες","gloss":"heart","note":"θυμὸν ἔδοντες 'eating the heart'—epic idiom for grief consuming oneself, not literal eating."},{"surface":"ἔδοντες","lemma":"ἔδω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to κείμεθ᾽","gloss":"eating"}]},{"number":144,"label":"144","id":"b10-l144","source":"ἀλλʼ ὅτε δὴ τρίτον ἦμαρ ἐυπλόκαμος τέλεσʼ Ἠώς,","translation":"But when fair-braided Dawn brought the third day to its close,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l144.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ὅτε","lemma":"ὅτε","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"τρίτον","lemma":"τρίτος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἦμαρ","gloss":"third"},{"surface":"ἦμαρ","lemma":"ἦμαρ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of τέλεσ᾽","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"ἐυπλόκαμος","lemma":"εὐπλόκαμος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Ἠώς","gloss":"fair-tressed","note":"εὐπλόκαμος, stock epithet of Dawn/goddesses; ornamental, not situational."},{"surface":"τέλεσ","lemma":"τελέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὅτε","gloss":"brought to end"},{"surface":"Ἠώς","lemma":"ἠώς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of τέλεσ᾽","gloss":"Dawn"}]},{"number":145,"label":"145","id":"b10-l145","source":"καὶ τότʼ ἐγὼν ἐμὸν ἔγχος ἑλὼν καὶ φάσγανον ὀξὺ","translation":"then I took up my spear and my sharp sword","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l145.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τότ","lemma":"τότε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀνήιον","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἐγὼν","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἀνήιον","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ἐμὸν","lemma":"ἐμός","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"ἔγχος","lemma":"ἔγχος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"spear"},{"surface":"ἑλὼν","lemma":"αἱρέω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἀνήιον","gloss":"taking","note":"ἑλὼν, aorist participle of αἱρέω, 'having taken up'—precedes the main verb ἀνήιον."},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"φάσγανον","lemma":"φάσγανον","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"sword"},{"surface":"ὀξὺ","lemma":"ὀξύς","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies φάσγανον","gloss":"sharp"}]},{"number":146,"label":"146","id":"b10-l146","source":"καρπαλίμως παρὰ νηὸς ἀνήιον ἐς περιωπήν,","translation":"and went swiftly up from the ship to a lookout point,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l146.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καρπαλίμως","lemma":"καρπάλιμος","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀνήιον","gloss":"swiftly"},{"surface":"παρὰ","lemma":"παρά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"νηὸς","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to παρὰ","gloss":"ship"},{"surface":"ἀνήιον","lemma":"ἄνειμι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I went up","note":"ἄνειμι, athematic 'go' compound with ἀνα-; imperfect ἀνήιον = 'was going up.'"},{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"περιωπήν","lemma":"περιωπή","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐς","gloss":"lookout point"}]},{"number":147,"label":"147","id":"b10-l147","source":"εἴ πως ἔργα ἴδοιμι βροτῶν ἐνοπήν τε πυθοίμην.","translation":"in hope I might see the works of men and hear their voices.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l147.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἴδοιμι ... πυθοίμην","title":"optatives of purpose","body":"Both verbs are aorist optatives after εἴ πως, expressing the purpose Odysseus hoped for: \"if somehow I might see and learn.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"εἴ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"πως","lemma":"πως","morphology":"particle","role":"adverbial to τε","gloss":"somehow","note":"εἴ πως + optative expresses a hoped-for possibility: 'in case I might.'"},{"surface":"ἔργα","lemma":"ἔργον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἴδοιμι","gloss":"works"},{"surface":"ἴδοιμι","lemma":"εἶδον","morphology":"aorist active optative, 1st singular verb","role":"adverbial to τε","gloss":"I might see"},{"surface":"βροτῶν","lemma":"βροτός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ἔργα","gloss":"of mortals"},{"surface":"ἐνοπήν","lemma":"ἐνοπή","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of πυθοίμην","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πυθοίμην","lemma":"πυνθάνομαι","morphology":"aorist optative, 1st singular verb","role":"adverbial to τε","gloss":"I might hear"}]},{"number":148,"label":"148","id":"b10-l148","source":"ἔστην δὲ σκοπιὴν ἐς παιπαλόεσσαν ἀνελθών,","translation":"I stood, having climbed up to a rugged lookout,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l148.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔστην","lemma":"ἵστημι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I stood"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"σκοπιὴν","lemma":"σκοπιά","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐς","gloss":"lookout"},{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"παιπαλόεσσαν","lemma":"παιπαλόεις","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies σκοπιὴν","gloss":"rugged"},{"surface":"ἀνελθών","lemma":"ἀνέρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἔστην","gloss":"having climbed"}]},{"number":149,"label":"149","id":"b10-l149","source":"καί μοι ἐείσατο καπνὸς ἀπὸ χθονὸς εὐρυοδείης,","translation":"and smoke appeared to me, rising from the broad-pathed earth,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l149.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καί","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἐείσατο","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"ἐείσατο","lemma":"εἴδομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"appeared","note":"εἴδομαι middle, 'seemed/appeared'—same root as εἶδον 'saw,' both from *weid- 'see.'"},{"surface":"καπνὸς","lemma":"καπνός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐείσατο","gloss":"smoke"},{"surface":"ἀπὸ","lemma":"ἀπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"χθονὸς","lemma":"χθών","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies ἀπὸ","gloss":"earth"},{"surface":"εὐρυοδείης","lemma":"εὐρυόδεια","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies χθονὸς","gloss":"wide-pathed","note":"εὐρυόδεια, ornamental epithet of the earth, common in epic diction."}]},{"number":150,"label":"150","id":"b10-l150","source":"Κίρκης ἐν μεγάροισι, διὰ δρυμὰ πυκνὰ καὶ ὕλην.","translation":"in Circe's halls, through the dense thickets and the woods.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l150.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Κίρκης","lemma":"Κίρκη","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies μεγάροισι","gloss":"Circe's"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"μεγάροισι","lemma":"μέγαρον","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"modifies ἐν","gloss":"halls"},{"surface":"διὰ","lemma":"διά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"δρυμὰ","lemma":"δρυμός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"thickets"},{"surface":"πυκνὰ","lemma":"πυκνός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies δρυμὰ","gloss":"dense"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὕλην","lemma":"ὕλη","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"woods"}]},{"number":151,"label":"151","id":"b10-l151","source":"μερμήριξα δʼ ἔπειτα κατὰ φρένα καὶ κατὰ θυμὸν","translation":"Then I pondered in my mind and heart","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l151.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μερμήριξα","lemma":"μερμηρίζω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I pondered"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔπειτα","lemma":"ἔπειτα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to μερμήριξα","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"κατὰ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"φρένα","lemma":"φρήν","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to κατὰ","gloss":"mind","note":"κατὰ φρένα καὶ κατὰ θυμὸν, a formulaic doublet for inner deliberation, repeating κατά before each noun."},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κατὰ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"θυμὸν","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to κατὰ","gloss":"heart"}]},{"number":152,"label":"152","id":"b10-l152","source":"ἐλθεῖν ἠδὲ πυθέσθαι, ἐπεὶ ἴδον αἴθοπα καπνόν.","translation":"whether to go and inquire, since I had seen the flickering smoke.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l152.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐλθεῖν","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of ἠδὲ","gloss":"to go"},{"surface":"ἠδὲ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πυθέσθαι","lemma":"πυνθάνομαι","morphology":"aorist middle infinitive","role":"object of ἠδὲ","gloss":"to inquire"},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"ἴδον","lemma":"εἶδον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἐπεὶ","gloss":"I saw"},{"surface":"αἴθοπα","lemma":"αἶθοψ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies καπνόν","gloss":"flickering","note":"αἴθοψ, 'fiery/gleaming,' vivid visual epithet for the rising smoke."},{"surface":"καπνόν","lemma":"καπνός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἴδον","gloss":"smoke"}]},{"number":153,"label":"153","id":"b10-l153","source":"ὧδε δέ μοι φρονέοντι δοάσσατο κέρδιον εἶναι,","translation":"And as I thought it over, this seemed the better course:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l153.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"κέρδιον","title":"the more profitable course","body":"κέρδιον is the comparative of the adjective tied to κέρδος, \"gain\": Odysseus weighs what is most advantageous, a hallmark of his calculating mind."}],"words":[{"surface":"ὧδε","lemma":"ὧδε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to δοάσσατο","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of δοάσσατο","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"φρονέοντι","lemma":"φρονέω","morphology":"present active participle, dative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"pondering"},{"surface":"δοάσσατο","lemma":"δοάσσατο","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"it seemed","note":"δοάσσατο, a rare epic verb meaning 'it seemed'—an impersonal aorist; this exact line recurs at Odyssey 9.424, so it is not unique to this passage."},{"surface":"κέρδιον","lemma":"κερδίων","morphology":"nominative singular neuter comparative adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"εἶναι","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of δοάσσατο","gloss":"to be"}]},{"number":154,"label":"154","id":"b10-l154","source":"πρῶτʼ ἐλθόντʼ ἐπὶ νῆα θοὴν καὶ θῖνα θαλάσσης","translation":"to go first to the swift ship and the shore of the sea,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l154.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πρῶτ","lemma":"πρῶτος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ἐλθόντ᾽","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"ἐλθόντ","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"going"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"νῆα","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"ship"},{"surface":"θοὴν","lemma":"θοός","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies νῆα","gloss":"swift"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"θῖνα","lemma":"θίς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"shore"},{"surface":"θαλάσσης","lemma":"θάλασσα","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies θῖνα","gloss":"of the sea"}]},{"number":155,"label":"155","id":"b10-l155","source":"δεῖπνον ἑταίροισιν δόμεναι προέμεν τε πυθέσθαι.","translation":"to give my comrades their meal and send some ahead to inquire.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l155.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δεῖπνον","lemma":"δεῖπνον","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of δόμεναι","gloss":"meal"},{"surface":"ἑταίροισιν","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of δόμεναι","gloss":"to comrades"},{"surface":"δόμεναι","lemma":"δίδωμι","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"subject of τε","gloss":"to give","note":"δόμεναι, epic infinitive form of δίδωμι (=δοῦναι in later Greek)."},{"surface":"προέμεν","lemma":"προίημι","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"subject of τε","gloss":"to send ahead"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πυθέσθαι","lemma":"πυνθάνομαι","morphology":"aorist middle infinitive","role":"object of προέμεν","gloss":"to inquire"}]},{"number":156,"label":"156","id":"b10-l156","source":"ἀλλʼ ὅτε δὴ σχεδὸν ἦα κιὼν νεὸς ἀμφιελίσσης,","translation":"But when, going on, I was near the curved ship,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l156.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ὅτε","lemma":"ὅτε","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"σχεδὸν","lemma":"σχεδόν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"near"},{"surface":"ἦα","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὅτε","gloss":"I was"},{"surface":"κιὼν","lemma":"κίω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἦα","gloss":"going"},{"surface":"νεὸς","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of σχεδὸν","gloss":"of ship"},{"surface":"ἀμφιελίσσης","lemma":"ἀμφιέλισσα","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies νεὸς","gloss":"curved","note":"ἀμφιέλισσα, epithet of ships curved at both ends, formulaic in the Odyssey."}]},{"number":157,"label":"157","id":"b10-l157","source":"καὶ τότε τίς με θεῶν ὀλοφύρατο μοῦνον ἐόντα,","translation":"then some god took pity on me as I went alone,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l157.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τότε","lemma":"τότε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ὀλοφύρατο","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"τίς","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ὀλοφύρατο","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"με","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ὀλοφύρατο","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"θεῶν","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies τίς","gloss":"of the gods"},{"surface":"ὀλοφύρατο","lemma":"ὀλοφύρομαι","morphology":"aorist medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"took pity"},{"surface":"μοῦνον","lemma":"μόνος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"ἐόντα","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"being"}]},{"number":158,"label":"158","id":"b10-l158","source":"ὅς ῥά μοι ὑψίκερων ἔλαφον μέγαν εἰς ὁδὸν αὐτὴν","translation":"who sent a great high-antlered stag right into my path.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l158.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὅς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἧκεν","gloss":"who","note":"Relative ὅς picks up τίς θεῶν from the previous line, introducing the god's action."},{"surface":"ῥά","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἧκεν","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"ὑψίκερων","lemma":"ὑψίκερως","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἔλαφον","gloss":"high-antlered","note":"ὑψίκερως, vivid compound epithet describing the stag's great rack."},{"surface":"ἔλαφον","lemma":"ἔλαφος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἧκεν","gloss":"stag"},{"surface":"μέγαν","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἔλαφον","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"εἰς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"ὁδὸν","lemma":"ὁδός","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of εἰς","gloss":"path"},{"surface":"αὐτὴν","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ὁδὸν","gloss":"very"}]},{"number":159,"label":"159","id":"b10-l159","source":"ἧκεν. ὁ μὲν ποταμόνδε κατήιεν ἐκ νομοῦ ὕλης","translation":"It was coming down toward the river from its woodland pasture","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l159.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἧκεν","lemma":"ἵημι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing τίς","gloss":"sent","note":"ἧκεν from ἵημι 'send/let go'; the relative clause's verb, referring to the god sending the stag."},{"surface":"ὁ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of κατήιεν","gloss":"it","note":"ὁ used as a demonstrative pronoun 'he/it,' a Homeric usage predating the definite article."},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ποταμόνδε","lemma":"ποταμόνδε","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of κατήιεν","gloss":"riverward"},{"surface":"κατήιεν","lemma":"κάτειμι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was coming down"},{"surface":"ἐκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"νομοῦ","lemma":"νομός","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐκ","gloss":"pasture"},{"surface":"ὕλης","lemma":"ὕλη","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies νομοῦ","gloss":"of woodland"}]},{"number":160,"label":"160","id":"b10-l160","source":"πιόμενος· δὴ γάρ μιν ἔχεν μένος ἠελίοιο.","translation":"to drink, for the sun's heat had taken hold of it.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l160.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πιόμενος","lemma":"πίνω","morphology":"future middle participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to κατήιεν","gloss":"to drink","note":"πιόμενος, future participle expressing purpose: 'in order to drink.'"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"γάρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἔχεν","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"ἔχεν","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"held"},{"surface":"μένος","lemma":"μένος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of ἔχεν","gloss":"force","note":"μένος ἠελίοιο, 'strength/force of the sun,' epic personification of heat."},{"surface":"ἠελίοιο","lemma":"ἠέλιος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies μένος","gloss":"of sun"}]},{"number":161,"label":"161","id":"b10-l161","source":"τὸν δʼ ἐγὼ ἐκβαίνοντα κατʼ ἄκνηστιν μέσα νῶτα","translation":"As it came out, I struck it along the spine, in the middle of the back;","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l161.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of πλῆξα","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐγὼ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of πλῆξα","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ἐκβαίνοντα","lemma":"ἐκβαίνω","morphology":"present active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"coming out"},{"surface":"κατ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"along"},{"surface":"ἄκνηστιν","lemma":"ἄκνηστις","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object","gloss":"spine","note":"ἄκνηστις, a rare anatomical term found only here in Homer, 'ridge of the backbone.'"},{"surface":"μέσα","lemma":"μέσος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies νῶτα","gloss":"middle"},{"surface":"νῶτα","lemma":"νῶτον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object","gloss":"of back"}]},{"number":162,"label":"162","id":"b10-l162","source":"πλῆξα· τὸ δʼ ἀντικρὺ δόρυ χάλκεον ἐξεπέρησε,","translation":"the bronze spear passed straight through it,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l162.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πλῆξα","lemma":"πλήσσω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I struck"},{"surface":"τὸ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular neuter article","role":"modifies δόρυ","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀντικρὺ","lemma":"ἀντικρύ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐξεπέρησε","gloss":"straight through"},{"surface":"δόρυ","lemma":"δόρυ","morphology":"nominative neuter noun","role":"subject of ἐξεπέρησε","gloss":"spear"},{"surface":"χάλκεον","lemma":"χάλκεος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies δόρυ","gloss":"bronze"},{"surface":"ἐξεπέρησε","lemma":"ἐκπεράω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"passed through"}]},{"number":163,"label":"163","id":"b10-l163","source":"κὰδ δʼ ἔπεσʼ ἐν κονίῃσι μακών, ἀπὸ δʼ ἔπτατο θυμός.","translation":"and it fell with a bleat in the dust, and the life flew from it.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l163.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἀπὸ δʼ ἔπτατο θυμός","title":"tmesis: the spirit flew off","body":"The preverb ἀπό is split from its verb (ἔπτατο, aorist of πέτομαι), a Homeric construction called tmesis. The life literally \"flies away\" from the dying animal."}],"words":[{"surface":"κὰδ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"down","note":"κὰδ = κατά in elided/apocopated form before δ᾽, an epic tmesis with ἔπεσ᾽."},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔπεσ","lemma":"πίπτω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"it fell"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"κονίῃσι","lemma":"κονία","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἐν","gloss":"dust"},{"surface":"μακών","lemma":"μηκάομαι","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἔπεσ᾽","gloss":"bleating","note":"μακών, aorist participle of μηκάομαι, the bleat/cry of the dying stag—a vivid sensory touch."},{"surface":"ἀπὸ","lemma":"ἀπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"away"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔπτατο","lemma":"πέτομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"flew"},{"surface":"θυμός","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔπτατο","gloss":"life","note":"θυμός here means 'life-breath,' flying away at death—common Homeric image."}]},{"number":164,"label":"164","id":"b10-l164","source":"τῷ δʼ ἐγὼ ἐμβαίνων δόρυ χάλκεον ἐξ ὠτειλῆς","translation":"Setting my foot on it, I drew the bronze spear from the wound","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l164.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τῷ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἐμβαίνων","gloss":"on it"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐγὼ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of εἰρυσάμην","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ἐμβαίνων","lemma":"ἐμβαίνω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to εἰρυσάμην","gloss":"setting foot","note":"ἐμβαίνων, 'stepping on/in'—Odysseus braces his foot on the carcass to pull the spear free."},{"surface":"δόρυ","lemma":"δόρυ","morphology":"accusative neuter noun","role":"object of εἰρυσάμην","gloss":"spear"},{"surface":"χάλκεον","lemma":"χάλκεος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies δόρυ","gloss":"bronze"},{"surface":"ἐξ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"ὠτειλῆς","lemma":"ὠτειλή","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐξ","gloss":"wound"}]},{"number":165,"label":"165","id":"b10-l165","source":"εἰρυσάμην· τὸ μὲν αὖθι κατακλίνας ἐπὶ γαίῃ","translation":"and pulled it out; then I laid the spear down on the ground","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l165.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἰρυσάμην","lemma":"ἐρύω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I drew out"},{"surface":"τὸ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"subject","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"αὖθι","lemma":"αὖθι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to εἴασ᾽","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"κατακλίνας","lemma":"κατακλίνω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to εἴασ᾽","gloss":"laying down"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"γαίῃ","lemma":"γαῖα","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object","gloss":"ground"}]},{"number":166,"label":"166","id":"b10-l166","source":"εἴασʼ· αὐτὰρ ἐγὼ σπασάμην ῥῶπάς τε λύγους τε,","translation":"and left it there; meanwhile I plucked twigs and withies,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l166.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἴασ","lemma":"ἐάω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"left","note":"ἐάω 'let/allow'—here 'left it lying,' completing the μὲν...clause begun in the prior line."},{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐγὼ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of δὲ","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"σπασάμην","lemma":"σπάω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"plucked"},{"surface":"ῥῶπάς","lemma":"ῥώψ","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of τε","gloss":"twigs"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"λύγους","lemma":"λύγος","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of τε","gloss":"withies"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"}]},{"number":167,"label":"167","id":"b10-l167","source":"πεῖσμα δʼ, ὅσον τʼ ὄργυιαν, ἐυστρεφὲς ἀμφοτέρωθεν","translation":"and a rope about a fathom long, well-twisted at both ends,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l167.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πεῖσμα","lemma":"πεῖσμα","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of πλεξάμενος","gloss":"rope"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὅσον","lemma":"ὅσος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies πεῖσμα","gloss":"as much as","note":"ὅσον...ὄργυιαν, 'as much as a fathom'—an accusative of measure describing the rope's length."},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ὄργυιαν","lemma":"ὄργυια","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"a fathom"},{"surface":"ἐυστρεφὲς","lemma":"ἐυστρεφής","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies πεῖσμα","gloss":"well-twisted"},{"surface":"ἀμφοτέρωθεν","lemma":"ἀμφοτέρωθεν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to πλεξάμενος","gloss":"at both ends"}]},{"number":168,"label":"168","id":"b10-l168","source":"πλεξάμενος συνέδησα πόδας δεινοῖο πελώρου,","translation":"I plaited, and bound together the feet of the monstrous beast,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l168.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πλεξάμενος","lemma":"πλέκω","morphology":"aorist middle participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to συνέδησα","gloss":"plaiting","note":"πλεξάμενος, aorist middle participle 'having plaited for himself'—precedes συνέδησα, the main verb."},{"surface":"συνέδησα","lemma":"συνδέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I bound together"},{"surface":"πόδας","lemma":"πούς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of συνέδησα","gloss":"feet"},{"surface":"δεινοῖο","lemma":"δεινός","morphology":"genitive singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies πελώρου","gloss":"of dreadful"},{"surface":"πελώρου","lemma":"πέλωρον","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"modifies πόδας","gloss":"monster"}]},{"number":169,"label":"169","id":"b10-l169","source":"βῆν δὲ καταλοφάδεια φέρων ἐπὶ νῆα μέλαιναν","translation":"and went, carrying it slung round my neck, toward the dark ship,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l169.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"βῆν","lemma":"βαίνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I went","note":"Aorist of βαίνω, 1st sg 'went' — narrator Odysseus."},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"καταλοφάδεια","lemma":"καταλοφάδεια","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to φέρων","gloss":"across the neck","note":"Rare adverb 'slung across the shoulders/neck', hapax-like formulaic detail."},{"surface":"φέρων","lemma":"φέρω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to βῆν","gloss":"carrying"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"νῆα","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐπὶ","gloss":"ship"},{"surface":"μέλαιναν","lemma":"μέλας","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies νῆα","gloss":"black","note":"νῆα μέλαιναν 'dark ship' is a stock Homeric epithet-noun pairing."}]},{"number":170,"label":"170","id":"b10-l170","source":"ἔγχει ἐρειδόμενος, ἐπεὶ οὔ πως ἦεν ἐπʼ ὤμου","translation":"leaning on my spear, since there was no way to bear it on my shoulder","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l170.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔγχει","lemma":"ἔγχος","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἐρειδόμενος","gloss":"spear"},{"surface":"ἐρειδόμενος","lemma":"ἐρείδω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to βῆν","gloss":"leaning on"},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"οὔ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"πως","lemma":"πως","morphology":"particle","role":"adverbial to ἦεν","gloss":"in any way","note":"πως is the indefinite enclitic adverb 'somehow/in any way'; with negated οὔ it gives 'in no way'. Not the modern discourse word 'anyhow'."},{"surface":"ἦεν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἐπεὶ","gloss":"it was","note":"ἦεν = epic imperfect of εἰμί, alt to ἦν."},{"surface":"ἐπ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"ὤμου","lemma":"ὦμος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐπ᾽","gloss":"shoulder"}]},{"number":171,"label":"171","id":"b10-l171","source":"χειρὶ φέρειν ἑτέρῃ· μάλα γὰρ μέγα θηρίον ἦεν.","translation":"with the other hand; for it was a very great beast.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l171.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"χειρὶ","lemma":"χείρ","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to φέρειν","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"φέρειν","lemma":"φέρω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"subject of ἦεν","gloss":"to carry"},{"surface":"ἑτέρῃ","lemma":"ἕτερος","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies χειρὶ","gloss":"other","note":"ἑτέρῃ 'the other (hand)' — dative agreeing with χειρὶ, since spear occupied one hand."},{"surface":"μάλα","lemma":"μάλα","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"μέγα","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies θηρίον","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"θηρίον","lemma":"θηρίον","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"beast"},{"surface":"ἦεν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"it was"}]},{"number":172,"label":"172","id":"b10-l172","source":"κὰδʼ δʼ ἔβαλον προπάροιθε νεός, ἀνέγειρα δʼ ἑταίρους","translation":"I threw it down before the ship, and roused my comrades","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l172.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κὰδ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"down","note":"κὰδ = apocopated κατά before δ᾽, tmesis with ἔβαλον 'threw down'."},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔβαλον","lemma":"βάλλω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I threw"},{"surface":"προπάροιθε","lemma":"προπάροιθε","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"νεός","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of προπάροιθε","gloss":"of the ship"},{"surface":"ἀνέγειρα","lemma":"ἀνεγείρω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I roused"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἑταίρους","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἀνέγειρα","gloss":"comrades"}]},{"number":173,"label":"173","id":"b10-l173","source":"μειλιχίοις ἐπέεσσι παρασταδὸν ἄνδρα ἕκαστον·","translation":"with gentle words, standing beside each man:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l173.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μειλιχίοις","lemma":"μειλίχιος","morphology":"dative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἐπέεσσι","gloss":"gentle","note":"μειλιχίοις ἐπέεσσι 'with gentle words' — Homeric formula for calming speech."},{"surface":"ἐπέεσσι","lemma":"ἔπος","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἀνέγειρα","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"παρασταδὸν","lemma":"παρασταδόν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀνέγειρα","gloss":"standing beside"},{"surface":"ἄνδρα","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of παρασταδὸν","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"ἕκαστον","lemma":"ἕκαστος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἄνδρα","gloss":"each"}]},{"number":174,"label":"174","id":"b10-l174","source":"ὦ φίλοι, οὐ γάρ πω καταδυσόμεθʼ ἀχνύμενοί\n                        περ","translation":"\"Friends, for all our grief we will not yet go down","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l174.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὦ","lemma":"ὦ","morphology":"exclamation","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"O","note":"Vocative interjection opening direct speech, common Homeric address."},{"surface":"φίλοι","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"vocative plural masculine adjective","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"friends"},{"surface":"οὐ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"γάρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"πω","lemma":"πω","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"καταδυσόμεθ","lemma":"καταδύω","morphology":"future middle indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"we will go down","note":"Future middle of καταδύω, euphemism for dying/descending to Hades."},{"surface":"ἀχνύμενοί","lemma":"ἀχεύω","morphology":"present passive participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to καταδυσόμεθ᾽","gloss":"grieving"},{"surface":"περ","lemma":"πέρ","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"though"}]},{"number":175,"label":"175","id":"b10-l175","source":"εἰς Ἀίδαο δόμους, πρὶν μόρσιμον ἦμαρ ἐπέλθῃ·","translation":"into the house of Hades before our fated day arrives.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l175.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"μόρσιμον ἦμαρ","title":"the fated day","body":"μόρσιμον (\"appointed by fate\") with ἦμαρ marks the destined day of death. The image of a fixed day allotted to each life is central to Homeric thought."}],"words":[{"surface":"εἰς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"Ἀίδαο","lemma":"ᾍδης","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies δόμους","gloss":"of Hades","note":"Ἀίδαο, epic genitive in -αο (for -ου) of ᾍδης."},{"surface":"δόμους","lemma":"δόμος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of εἰς","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"πρὶν","lemma":"πρίν","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"μόρσιμον","lemma":"μόρσιμος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἦμαρ","gloss":"fated"},{"surface":"ἦμαρ","lemma":"ἦμαρ","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of ἐπέλθῃ","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"ἐπέλθῃ","lemma":"ἐπέρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to πρὶν","gloss":"arrives","note":"Aorist subjunctive after πρίν, standard future-time clause construction."}]},{"number":176,"label":"176","id":"b10-l176","source":"ἀλλʼ ἄγετʼ, ὄφρʼ ἐν νηὶ θοῇ βρῶσίς τε πόσις τε,","translation":"Come then, while there is food and drink in the swift ship,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l176.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἄγετ","lemma":"ἄγε","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"come now"},{"surface":"ὄφρ","lemma":"ὄφρα","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"νηὶ","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial","gloss":"ship"},{"surface":"θοῇ","lemma":"θοός","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies νηὶ","gloss":"swift"},{"surface":"βρῶσίς","lemma":"βρῶσις","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"food"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πόσις","lemma":"πόσις","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"drink"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and","note":"τε...τε correlative 'both...and' pairs βρῶσίς and πόσις."}]},{"number":177,"label":"177","id":"b10-l177","source":"μνησόμεθα βρώμης, μηδὲ τρυχώμεθα λιμῷ.","translation":"let us think of eating, and not waste away with hunger.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l177.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μνησόμεθα","lemma":"μιμνήσκω","morphology":"aorist middle subjunctive, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"let us think of","note":"Aorist middle subjunctive, hortatory 'let us'."},{"surface":"βρώμης","lemma":"βρώμη","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of μνησόμεθα","gloss":"food"},{"surface":"τρυχώμεθα","lemma":"τρύχω","morphology":"present medio-passive subjunctive, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"let us waste away"},{"surface":"λιμῷ","lemma":"λιμός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of τρυχώμεθα","gloss":"with hunger"}]},{"number":178,"label":"178","id":"b10-l178","source":"ὣς ἐφάμην, οἱ δʼ ὦκα ἐμοῖς ἐπέεσσι πίθοντο,","translation":"So I spoke, and they quickly obeyed my words,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l178.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐφάμην","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ἐφάμην","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I spoke","note":"φημί imperfect middle, Homeric speech-frame formula."},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of πίθοντο","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὦκα","lemma":"ὦκα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to πίθοντο","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"ἐμοῖς","lemma":"ἐμός","morphology":"dative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἐπέεσσι","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"ἐπέεσσι","lemma":"ἔπος","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"object of πίθοντο","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"πίθοντο","lemma":"πείθω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"obeyed"}]},{"number":179,"label":"179","id":"b10-l179","source":"ἐκ δὲ καλυψάμενοι παρὰ θῖνʼ ἁλὸς ἀτρυγέτοιο","translation":"and uncovering their heads along the shore of the barren sea","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l179.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ἁλὸς ἀτρυγέτοιο","title":"the barren sea","body":"ἀτρύγετος, a fixed epithet of the sea, means \"unharvested\" or \"fruitless\" — the sea yields no crop to those who cross it."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἐκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"out","note":"Tmesis: ἐκ...καλυψάμενοι 'uncovering' — prefix separated from verb."},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"καλυψάμενοι","lemma":"καλύπτω","morphology":"aorist middle participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to θηήσαντ᾽","gloss":"uncovering"},{"surface":"παρὰ","lemma":"παρά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"along"},{"surface":"θῖν","lemma":"θίς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"shore"},{"surface":"ἁλὸς","lemma":"ἅλς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies θῖν᾽","gloss":"of the sea"},{"surface":"ἀτρυγέτοιο","lemma":"ἀτρύγετος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἁλὸς","gloss":"barren","note":"ἁλὸς ἀτρυγέτοιο 'the barren/unharvested sea' is a fixed Homeric epithet."}]},{"number":180,"label":"180","id":"b10-l180","source":"θηήσαντʼ ἔλαφον· μάλα γὰρ μέγα θηρίον ἦεν.","translation":"they marveled at the stag; for it was a very great beast.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l180.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"θηήσαντ","lemma":"θεάομαι","morphology":"aorist medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"they gazed"},{"surface":"ἔλαφον","lemma":"ἔλαφος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of θηήσαντ᾽","gloss":"stag"},{"surface":"μάλα","lemma":"μάλα","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"μέγα","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies θηρίον","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"θηρίον","lemma":"θηρίον","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"beast"},{"surface":"ἦεν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"it was","note":"Repeated verbatim line from l171 — Homeric formulaic repetition."}]},{"number":181,"label":"181","id":"b10-l181","source":"αὐτὰρ ἐπεὶ τάρπησαν ὁρώμενοι ὀφθαλμοῖσιν,","translation":"But when they had taken their fill of gazing with their eyes,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l181.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"τάρπησαν","lemma":"τέρπω","morphology":"aorist passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to ἐπεὶ","gloss":"they had their fill"},{"surface":"ὁρώμενοι","lemma":"ὁράω","morphology":"present participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to τάρπησαν","gloss":"gazing"},{"surface":"ὀφθαλμοῖσιν","lemma":"ὀφθαλμός","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ὁρώμενοι","gloss":"with their eyes"}]},{"number":182,"label":"182","id":"b10-l182","source":"χεῖρας νιψάμενοι τεύχοντʼ ἐρικυδέα δαῖτα.","translation":"they washed their hands and prepared a glorious feast.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l182.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"χεῖρας","lemma":"χείρ","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of νιψάμενοι","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"νιψάμενοι","lemma":"νίζω","morphology":"aorist middle participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to τεύχοντ᾽","gloss":"having washed"},{"surface":"τεύχοντ","lemma":"τεύχω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"they prepared"},{"surface":"ἐρικυδέα","lemma":"ἐρικυδής","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies δαῖτα","gloss":"glorious"},{"surface":"δαῖτα","lemma":"δαίς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of τεύχοντ᾽","gloss":"feast"}]},{"number":183,"label":"183","id":"b10-l183","source":"ὣς τότε μὲν πρόπαν ἦμαρ ἐς ἠέλιον καταδύντα","translation":"So then all day long until the setting of the sun","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l183.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἥμεθα","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"τότε","lemma":"τότε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἥμεθα","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"πρόπαν","lemma":"πρόπας","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἦμαρ","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"ἦμαρ","lemma":"ἦμαρ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἥμεθα","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"ἠέλιον","lemma":"ἠέλιος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐς","gloss":"sun"},{"surface":"καταδύντα","lemma":"καταδύω","morphology":"aorist active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"setting","note":"ἐς ἠέλιον καταδύντα 'until sun going-down' — participle used as time marker."}]},{"number":184,"label":"184","id":"b10-l184","source":"ἥμεθα δαινύμενοι κρέα τʼ ἄσπετα καὶ μέθυ ἡδύ·","translation":"we sat feasting on abundant meat and sweet wine.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l184.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἥμεθα","lemma":"ἧμαι","morphology":"pluperfect indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"we sat"},{"surface":"δαινύμενοι","lemma":"δαίνυμι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ἥμεθα","gloss":"feasting"},{"surface":"κρέα","lemma":"κρέας","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"meat"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄσπετα","lemma":"ἄσπετος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies κρέα","gloss":"abundant"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μέθυ","lemma":"μέθυ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"wine"},{"surface":"ἡδύ","lemma":"ἡδύς","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies μέθυ","gloss":"sweet"}]},{"number":185,"label":"185","id":"b10-l185","source":"ἦμος δʼ ἠέλιος κατέδυ καὶ ἐπὶ κνέφας ἦλθε,","translation":"But when the sun went down and darkness came on,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l185.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἦμος","lemma":"ἦμος","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἠέλιος","lemma":"ἠέλιος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of κατέδυ","gloss":"sun"},{"surface":"κατέδυ","lemma":"καταδύω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"went down"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"κνέφας","lemma":"κνέφας","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of ἦλθε","gloss":"darkness"},{"surface":"ἦλθε","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"came"}]},{"number":186,"label":"186","id":"b10-l186","source":"δὴ τότε κοιμήθημεν ἐπὶ ῥηγμῖνι θαλάσσης.","translation":"then we lay down to sleep on the breaking surf of the sea.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l186.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then indeed"},{"surface":"τότε","lemma":"τότε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to κοιμήθημεν","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"κοιμήθημεν","lemma":"κοιμάω","morphology":"aorist passive indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"we slept"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"ῥηγμῖνι","lemma":"ῥηγμίν","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐπὶ","gloss":"breaking surf"},{"surface":"θαλάσσης","lemma":"θάλασσα","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies ῥηγμῖνι","gloss":"of the sea"}]},{"number":187,"label":"187","id":"b10-l187","source":"ἦμος δʼ ἠριγένεια φάνη ῥοδοδάκτυλος Ἠώς,","translation":"And when early-born, rosy-fingered Dawn appeared,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l187.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ῥοδοδάκτυλος Ἠώς","title":"rosy-fingered Dawn","body":"The most famous of Homer's formulaic epithets, marking daybreak. Such fixed phrases fit the dactylic hexameter and recur identically throughout the poems."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἦμος","lemma":"ἦμος","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἠριγένεια","lemma":"ἠριγένεια","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"modifies Ἠώς","gloss":"early-born","note":"ἠριγένεια ῥοδοδάκτυλος Ἠώς 'early-born rosy-fingered Dawn' — classic Homeric dawn formula."},{"surface":"φάνη","lemma":"φαίνω","morphology":"aorist passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἦμος","gloss":"appeared"},{"surface":"ῥοδοδάκτυλος","lemma":"ῥοδοδάκτυλος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Ἠώς","gloss":"rosy-fingered"},{"surface":"Ἠώς","lemma":"ἠώς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of φάνη","gloss":"Dawn"}]},{"number":188,"label":"188","id":"b10-l188","source":"καὶ τότʼ ἐγὼν ἀγορὴν θέμενος μετὰ πᾶσιν ἔειπον·","translation":"then I called an assembly and spoke among them all:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l188.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τότ","lemma":"τότε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔειπον","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἐγὼν","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἔειπον","gloss":"I","note":"ἐγὼν, epic form of ἐγώ with movable ν before vowel."},{"surface":"ἀγορὴν","lemma":"ἀγορά","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of θέμενος","gloss":"assembly"},{"surface":"θέμενος","lemma":"τίθημι","morphology":"aorist participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἔειπον","gloss":"having called"},{"surface":"μετὰ","lemma":"μετά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"πᾶσιν","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"adverbial to μετὰ","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"ἔειπον","lemma":"εἶπον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I spoke"}]},{"number":189,"label":"189","id":"b10-l189","source":"κέκλυτέ μευ μύθων, κακά περ πάσχοντες\n                        ἑταῖροι·","translation":"\"Hear my words, comrades, for all the evils you have suffered.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l189.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κέκλυτέ","lemma":"κλύω","morphology":"aorist active imperative, 2nd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"hear","note":"Aorist imperative κέκλυτε 'hear!' — solemn epic command opening a speech."},{"surface":"μευ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies μύθων","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"μύθων","lemma":"μῦθος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"object of κέκλυτέ","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"κακά","lemma":"κακός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of πάσχοντες","gloss":"evils"},{"surface":"περ","lemma":"πέρ","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"πάσχοντες","lemma":"πάσχω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to κέκλυτέ","gloss":"suffering"},{"surface":"ἑταῖροι","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"vocative plural masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"comrades"}]},{"number":190,"label":"190","id":"b10-l190","source":"ὦ φίλοι, οὐ γάρ τʼ ἴδμεν, ὅπῃ ζόφος οὐδʼ ὅπῃ ἠώς,","translation":"Friends, we do not know where the darkness lies, nor where the dawn,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l190.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὦ","lemma":"ὦ","morphology":"exclamation","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"O"},{"surface":"φίλοι","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"vocative plural masculine adjective","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"friends"},{"surface":"οὐ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"γάρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἴδμεν","lemma":"οἶδα","morphology":"perfect active indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"we know","note":"ἴδμεν, epic perfect of οἶδα (know) with present sense — cf. Attic ἴσμεν."},{"surface":"ὅπῃ","lemma":"ὅπη","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"ζόφος","lemma":"ζόφος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"darkness"},{"surface":"ὅπῃ","lemma":"ὅπη","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"ἠώς","lemma":"ἠώς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"dawn"}]},{"number":191,"label":"191","id":"b10-l191","source":"οὐδʼ ὅπῃ ἠέλιος φαεσίμβροτος εἶσʼ ὑπὸ γαῖαν,","translation":"nor where the sun that gives light to mortals goes beneath the earth,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l191.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὅπῃ","lemma":"ὅπη","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to εἶσ᾽","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"ἠέλιος","lemma":"ἠέλιος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of εἶσ᾽","gloss":"sun"},{"surface":"φαεσίμβροτος","lemma":"φαεσίμβροτος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἠέλιος","gloss":"light-giver to mortals","note":"φαεσίμβροτος, compound epithet 'giving light to mortals', unique to the sun."},{"surface":"εἶσ","lemma":"εἶμι","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"object","gloss":"goes"},{"surface":"ὑπὸ","lemma":"ὑπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"beneath"},{"surface":"γαῖαν","lemma":"γαῖα","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ὑπὸ","gloss":"earth"}]},{"number":192,"label":"192","id":"b10-l192","source":"οὐδʼ ὅπῃ ἀννεῖται· ἀλλὰ φραζώμεθα θᾶσσον","translation":"nor where it rises; but let us consider quickly","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l192.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὅπῃ","lemma":"ὅπη","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀννεῖται","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"ἀννεῖται","lemma":"ἀνανέομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"object","gloss":"it rises"},{"surface":"ἀλλὰ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"φραζώμεθα","lemma":"φράζω","morphology":"present medio-passive subjunctive, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"let us consider","note":"Hortatory subjunctive, middle voice 'let us take counsel'."},{"surface":"θᾶσσον","lemma":"ταχύς","morphology":"accusative singular neuter comparative adjective","role":"adverbial to φραζώμεθα","gloss":"quickly"}]},{"number":193,"label":"193","id":"b10-l193","source":"εἴ τις ἔτʼ ἔσται μῆτις. ἐγὼ δʼ οὔκ οἴομαι εἶναι.","translation":"whether any plan is still left. I think there is none.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l193.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"μῆτις","title":"cunning plan","body":"μῆτις denotes resourceful cunning, the quality that defines Odysseus (polymētis). Even he admits here that no clever scheme presents itself."}],"words":[{"surface":"εἴ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"τις","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"modifies μῆτις","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"ἔτ","lemma":"ἔτι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔσται","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"ἔσται","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"future indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"object of εἴ","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"μῆτις","lemma":"μῆτις","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἔσται","gloss":"plan"},{"surface":"ἐγὼ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of οἴομαι","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"οὔκ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"οἴομαι","lemma":"οἴομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I think"},{"surface":"εἶναι","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of οἴομαι","gloss":"to be"}]},{"number":194,"label":"194","id":"b10-l194","source":"εἶδον γὰρ σκοπιὴν ἐς παιπαλόεσσαν ἀνελθὼν","translation":"For I saw, having climbed up to a rugged lookout,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l194.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἶδον","lemma":"εἶδον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I saw","note":"εἶδον, root aorist of ὁράω, suppletive with lemma listed separately."},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"σκοπιὴν","lemma":"σκοπιά","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐς","gloss":"lookout"},{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"παιπαλόεσσαν","lemma":"παιπαλόεις","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies σκοπιὴν","gloss":"rugged"},{"surface":"ἀνελθὼν","lemma":"ἀνέρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to εἶδον","gloss":"having climbed up"}]},{"number":195,"label":"195","id":"b10-l195","source":"νῆσον, τὴν πέρι πόντος ἀπείριτος ἐστεφάνωται·","translation":"an island, around which the boundless sea lies like a crown;","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l195.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ἐστεφάνωται","title":"wreathed around","body":"The verb (perfect of στεφανόω, \"to crown\") pictures the sea as a garland encircling the low-lying island."}],"words":[{"surface":"νῆσον","lemma":"νῆσος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of εἶδον","gloss":"island"},{"surface":"τὴν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of πέρι","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"πέρι","lemma":"περί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"πόντος","lemma":"πόντος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐστεφάνωται","gloss":"sea"},{"surface":"ἀπείριτος","lemma":"ἀπείριτος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies πόντος","gloss":"boundless"},{"surface":"ἐστεφάνωται","lemma":"στεφανόω","morphology":"perfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing νῆσον","gloss":"is crowned","note":"Perfect passive of στεφανόω, vivid metaphor of sea 'crowning' the island."}]},{"number":196,"label":"196","id":"b10-l196","source":"αὐτὴ δὲ χθαμαλὴ κεῖται· καπνὸν δʼ ἐνὶ μέσσῃ","translation":"and it lies low; and smoke in the middle of it","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l196.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὴ","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"subject of κεῖται","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"χθαμαλὴ","lemma":"χθαμαλός","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"low-lying"},{"surface":"κεῖται","lemma":"κεῖμαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"lies"},{"surface":"καπνὸν","lemma":"καπνός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἔδρακον","gloss":"smoke"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"μέσσῃ","lemma":"μέσος","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἐνὶ","gloss":"middle"}]},{"number":197,"label":"197","id":"b10-l197","source":"ἔδρακον ὀφθαλμοῖσι διὰ δρυμὰ πυκνὰ καὶ ὕλην.","translation":"I saw with my eyes, through dense thickets and woods.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l197.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔδρακον","lemma":"δέρκομαι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I saw","note":"Root δέρκ- 'to see' with a flash/gleam in the eye; vivid epic verb for seeing."},{"surface":"ὀφθαλμοῖσι","lemma":"ὀφθαλμός","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἔδρακον","gloss":"with eyes"},{"surface":"διὰ","lemma":"διά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"δρυμὰ","lemma":"δρυμός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"thickets"},{"surface":"πυκνὰ","lemma":"πυκνός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies δρυμὰ","gloss":"dense"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὕλην","lemma":"ὕλη","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"woods"}]},{"number":198,"label":"198","id":"b10-l198","source":"ὣς ἐφάμην, τοῖσιν δὲ κατεκλάσθη φίλον ἦτορ","translation":"So I spoke, and their dear hearts were broken within them,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l198.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐφάμην","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ἐφάμην","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I spoke","note":"Middle voice of φημί, common epic form for 'I said' introducing reported speech."},{"surface":"τοῖσιν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative plural masculine pronoun","role":"modifies ἦτορ","gloss":"for them"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κατεκλάσθη","lemma":"κατακλάω","morphology":"aorist passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was broken","note":"κατακλάω 'break down/shatter' used metaphorically of a heart crushed by fear — vivid Homeric idiom."},{"surface":"φίλον","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἦτορ","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"ἦτορ","lemma":"ἦτορ","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of κατεκλάσθη","gloss":"heart"}]},{"number":199,"label":"199","id":"b10-l199","source":"μνησαμένοις ἔργων Λαιστρυγόνος Ἀντιφάταο","translation":"remembering the deeds of the Laestrygonian Antiphates","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l199.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μνησαμένοις","lemma":"μιμνήσκω","morphology":"aorist middle participle, dative plural masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"remembering"},{"surface":"ἔργων","lemma":"ἔργον","morphology":"genitive plural neuter noun","role":"object of τε","gloss":"deeds"},{"surface":"Λαιστρυγόνος","lemma":"Λαιστρυγών","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ἀντιφάταο","gloss":"Laestrygonian","note":"Genitive epithet-noun modifying Antiphates, the cannibal Laestrygonian king from Book 10's earlier episode."},{"surface":"Ἀντιφάταο","lemma":"Ἀντιφάτης","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ἔργων","gloss":"of Antiphates"}]},{"number":200,"label":"200","id":"b10-l200","source":"Κύκλωπός τε βίης μεγαλήτορος, ἀνδροφάγοιο.","translation":"and the violence of the great-hearted, man-eating Cyclops.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l200.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Κύκλωπός","lemma":"Κύκλωψ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies βίης","gloss":"of Cyclops","note":"Refers to Polyphemus, recalling the earlier Cyclops episode as another remembered horror."},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"βίης","lemma":"βία","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of τε","gloss":"violence"},{"surface":"μεγαλήτορος","lemma":"μεγαλήτωρ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ,","gloss":"great-hearted","note":"μεγαλήτωρ, a stock Homeric epithet ('great-hearted') applied here ironically to a monster."},{"surface":"ἀνδροφάγοιο","lemma":"ἀνδροφάγος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ,","gloss":"man-eating"}]},{"number":201,"label":"201","id":"b10-l201","source":"κλαῖον δὲ λιγέως θαλερὸν κατὰ δάκρυ χέοντες·","translation":"They wept shrilly, shedding swelling tears;","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l201.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κλαῖον","lemma":"κλαίω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"they wept"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"λιγέως","lemma":"λιγύς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to κλαῖον","gloss":"shrilly"},{"surface":"θαλερὸν","lemma":"θαλερός","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies δάκρυ","gloss":"swelling"},{"surface":"κατὰ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"down","note":"κατά here is adverbial/emphatic ('down' the cheeks) rather than a true governing preposition — common tmesis-like use with χέοντες."},{"surface":"δάκρυ","lemma":"δάκρυον","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of χέοντες","gloss":"tears"},{"surface":"χέοντες","lemma":"χέω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to κλαῖον","gloss":"shedding"}]},{"number":202,"label":"202","id":"b10-l202","source":"ἀλλʼ οὐ γάρ τις πρῆξις ἐγίγνετο μυρομένοισιν.","translation":"but no good came of their lamenting.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l202.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"οὐ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"γάρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"τις","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"modifies πρῆξις","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"πρῆξις","lemma":"πρᾶξις","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἐγίγνετο","gloss":"good/profit","note":"πρᾶξις 'accomplishment, result' — here 'no good came of it', a proverbial-sounding Homeric turn of phrase."},{"surface":"ἐγίγνετο","lemma":"γίγνομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"μυρομένοισιν","lemma":"μύρω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, dative plural masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"lamenting"}]},{"number":203,"label":"203","id":"b10-l203","source":"αὐτὰρ ἐγὼ δίχα πάντας ἐυκνήμιδας ἑταίρους","translation":"Then I divided all my well-greaved comrades","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l203.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ἐυκνήμιδας","title":"well-greaved","body":"ἐυκνήμις, \"with fine greaves,\" is a standard epithet for the Achaeans, referring to the bronze shin-guards of their armor."}],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἐγὼ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of δὲ","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"δίχα","lemma":"δίχα","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of ἠρίθμεον","gloss":"in two"},{"surface":"πάντας","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἑταίρους","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"ἐυκνήμιδας","lemma":"ἐυκνήμις","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἑταίρους","gloss":"well-greaved","note":"ἐυκνήμις, a standard Homeric formulaic epithet for Achaean warriors (bronze shin-guards)."},{"surface":"ἑταίρους","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἠρίθμεον","gloss":"comrades"}]},{"number":204,"label":"204","id":"b10-l204","source":"ἠρίθμεον, ἀρχὸν δὲ μετʼ ἀμφοτέροισιν ὄπασσα·","translation":"into two groups, and I gave a leader to each;","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l204.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἠρίθμεον","lemma":"ἀριθμέω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I counted"},{"surface":"ἀρχὸν","lemma":"ἀρχός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ὄπασσα","gloss":"a leader"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μετ","lemma":"μετά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"ἀμφοτέροισιν","lemma":"ἀμφότερος","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of μετ᾽","gloss":"both groups"},{"surface":"ὄπασσα","lemma":"ὀπάζω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I assigned"}]},{"number":205,"label":"205","id":"b10-l205","source":"τῶν μὲν ἐγὼν ἦρχον, τῶν δʼ Εὐρύλοχος θεοειδής.","translation":"of the one I myself was leader, and of the other godlike Eurylochus.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l205.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τῶν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἦρχον","gloss":"of one group"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἐγὼν","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἦρχον","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ἦρχον","lemma":"ἄρχω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was leader"},{"surface":"τῶν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine pronoun","role":"object","gloss":"of the other"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Εὐρύλοχος","lemma":"Εὐρύλοχος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"Eurylochus"},{"surface":"θεοειδής","lemma":"θεοειδής","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Εὐρύλοχος","gloss":"godlike","note":"θεοειδής, a formulaic epithet marking a named character as noble/heroic — here for Eurylochus."}]},{"number":206,"label":"206","id":"b10-l206","source":"κλήρους δʼ ἐν κυνέῃ χαλκήρεϊ πάλλομεν ὦκα·","translation":"Quickly we shook the lots in a bronze-fitted helmet,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l206.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κλήρους","lemma":"κλῆρος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of πάλλομεν","gloss":"lots"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"κυνέῃ","lemma":"κυνέη","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"a helmet"},{"surface":"χαλκήρεϊ","lemma":"χαλκήρης","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies κυνέῃ","gloss":"bronze-fitted"},{"surface":"πάλλομεν","lemma":"πάλλω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"we shook","note":"πάλλω 'shake/toss' the lots in a helmet — the standard Homeric method of drawing lots by chance."},{"surface":"ὦκα","lemma":"ὦκα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to πάλλομεν","gloss":"quickly"}]},{"number":207,"label":"207","id":"b10-l207","source":"ἐκ δʼ ἔθορε κλῆρος μεγαλήτορος Εὐρυλόχοιο.","translation":"and out leapt the lot of great-hearted Eurylochus.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l207.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"out"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔθορε","lemma":"θρῴσκω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"leapt"},{"surface":"κλῆρος","lemma":"κλῆρος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔθορε","gloss":"lot"},{"surface":"μεγαλήτορος","lemma":"μεγαλήτωρ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Εὐρυλόχοιο","gloss":"great-hearted"},{"surface":"Εὐρυλόχοιο","lemma":"Εὐρύλοχος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies κλῆρος","gloss":"of Eurylochus"}]},{"number":208,"label":"208","id":"b10-l208","source":"βῆ δʼ ἰέναι, ἅμα τῷ γε δύω καὶ εἴκοσʼ ἑταῖροι","translation":"He set out to go, and with him twenty-two comrades,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l208.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"βῆ","lemma":"βαίνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he went","note":"βῆ...ἰέναι, the common Homeric periphrasis 'he went to go' for setting out."},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἰέναι","lemma":"εἶμι","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of βῆ","gloss":"to go"},{"surface":"ἅμα","lemma":"ἅμα","morphology":"adverb","role":"preposition","gloss":"together with"},{"surface":"τῷ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"adverbial","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"δύω","lemma":"δύο","morphology":"numeral","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"εἴκοσ","lemma":"εἴκοσι","morphology":"numeral","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"twenty"},{"surface":"ἑταῖροι","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"comrades"}]},{"number":209,"label":"209","id":"b10-l209","source":"κλαίοντες· κατὰ δʼ ἄμμε λίπον γοόωντας ὄπισθεν.","translation":"weeping; and they left us behind, wailing.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l209.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κλαίοντες","lemma":"κλαίω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial","gloss":"weeping"},{"surface":"κατὰ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"down","note":"κατά again used adverbially/emphatically rather than governing an object, matching l201's idiom."},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄμμε","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of λίπον","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"λίπον","lemma":"λείπω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"γοόωντας","lemma":"γοάω","morphology":"present active participle, accusative plural masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"wailing"},{"surface":"ὄπισθεν","lemma":"ὄπισθεν","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of λίπον","gloss":"behind"}]},{"number":210,"label":"210","id":"b10-l210","source":"εὗρον δʼ ἐν βήσσῃσι τετυγμένα δώματα Κίρκης","translation":"In the glades they found the well-built halls of Circe,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l210.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εὗρον","lemma":"εὑρίσκω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"they found"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"βήσσῃσι","lemma":"βῆσσα","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"glades"},{"surface":"τετυγμένα","lemma":"τεύχω","morphology":"perfect medio-passive participle, accusative plural neuter","role":"modifies δώματα","gloss":"well-built","note":"Perfect passive participle of τεύχω, stressing the finished, crafted state of Circe's halls."},{"surface":"δώματα","lemma":"δῶμα","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of εὗρον","gloss":"halls"},{"surface":"Κίρκης","lemma":"Κίρκη","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies δώματα","gloss":"of Circe"}]},{"number":211,"label":"211","id":"b10-l211","source":"ξεστοῖσιν λάεσσι, περισκέπτῳ ἐνὶ χώρῳ·","translation":"made of polished stones, in a place open to view all round;","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l211.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ξεστοῖσιν","lemma":"ξεστός","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies λάεσσι","gloss":"polished"},{"surface":"λάεσσι","lemma":"λᾶας","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of τετυγμένα","gloss":"stones"},{"surface":"περισκέπτῳ","lemma":"περίσκεπτος","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies χώρῳ","gloss":"open to view","note":"περίσκεπτος 'visible all around' — Circe's palace is set in a clearing, conspicuous, unlike a hidden lair."},{"surface":"ἐνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"χώρῳ","lemma":"χῶρος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐνὶ","gloss":"a place"}]},{"number":212,"label":"212","id":"b10-l212","source":"ἀμφὶ δέ μιν λύκοι ἦσαν ὀρέστεροι ἠδὲ λέοντες,","translation":"around it were mountain wolves and lions,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l212.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀμφὶ","lemma":"ἀμφί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"adverbial to ἀμφὶ","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"λύκοι","lemma":"λύκος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ἠδὲ","gloss":"wolves"},{"surface":"ἦσαν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"ὀρέστεροι","lemma":"ὀρέστερος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies λύκοι","gloss":"mountain-bred"},{"surface":"ἠδὲ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"λέοντες","lemma":"λέων","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ἠδὲ","gloss":"lions"}]},{"number":213,"label":"213","id":"b10-l213","source":"τοὺς αὐτὴ κατέθελξεν, ἐπεὶ κακὰ φάρμακʼ ἔδωκεν.","translation":"which she herself had bewitched, since she gave them evil drugs.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l213.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"κατέθελξεν","title":"bewitched, charmed","body":"θέλγω is the verb of magical enchantment that pervades the Circe episode, used of spells that subdue both beasts and men."}],"words":[{"surface":"τοὺς","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of κατέθελξεν","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"αὐτὴ","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"she herself"},{"surface":"κατέθελξεν","lemma":"καταθέλγω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ἠδὲ","gloss":"had bewitched","note":"καταθέλγω 'enchant utterly' — Circe's drugs tame wild beasts into eerie tameness, a key motif of her magic."},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"κακὰ","lemma":"κακός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies φάρμακ᾽","gloss":"evil"},{"surface":"φάρμακ","lemma":"φάρμακον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἔδωκεν","gloss":"drugs"},{"surface":"ἔδωκεν","lemma":"δίδωμι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἐπεὶ","gloss":"gave"}]},{"number":214,"label":"214","id":"b10-l214","source":"οὐδʼ οἵ γʼ ὡρμήθησαν ἐπʼ ἀνδράσιν, ἀλλʼ ἄρα τοί γε","translation":"These did not rush upon the men, but instead","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l214.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἵ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἀλλ᾽","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"γ","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ὡρμήθησαν","lemma":"ὁρμάω","morphology":"aorist passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"rushed","note":"ὁρμάω here negated: the drugged beasts did NOT attack, subverting the reader's expectation of danger."},{"surface":"ἐπ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"ἀνδράσιν","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἐπ᾽","gloss":"the men"},{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἄρα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"τοί","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἀνέσταν","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"}]},{"number":215,"label":"215","id":"b10-l215","source":"οὐρῇσιν μακρῇσι περισσαίνοντες ἀνέσταν.","translation":"stood up, fawning with their long tails.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l215.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οὐρῇσιν","lemma":"οὐρά","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"object of περισσαίνοντες","gloss":"tails"},{"surface":"μακρῇσι","lemma":"μακρός","morphology":"dative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies οὐρῇσιν","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"περισσαίνοντες","lemma":"περισαίνω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ἀνέσταν","gloss":"fawning","note":"περισαίνω 'wag around/fawn' — describes wolves/lions acting like tame dogs, an uncanny image."},{"surface":"ἀνέσταν","lemma":"ἀνίστημι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"stood up"}]},{"number":216,"label":"216","id":"b10-l216","source":"ὡς δʼ ὅτʼ ἂν ἀμφὶ ἄνακτα κύνες δαίτηθεν ἰόντα","translation":"As when dogs fawn about their master coming from a feast,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l216.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ὡς δʼ ὅτʼ ἂν","title":"epic simile marker","body":"ὡς δʼ ὅτε (\"as when\") with the subjunctive introduces a Homeric simile, here likening the tame beasts to dogs greeting their returning master."}],"words":[{"surface":"ὡς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὅτ","lemma":"ὅτι","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ἂν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"(indef.)"},{"surface":"ἀμφὶ","lemma":"ἀμφί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"ἄνακτα","lemma":"ἄναξ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἀμφὶ","gloss":"master"},{"surface":"κύνες","lemma":"κύων","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of σαίνωσ᾽","gloss":"dogs"},{"surface":"δαίτηθεν","lemma":"δαίτηθεν","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of ἰόντα","gloss":"from the feast","note":"δαίτηθεν, an adverb with the ablatival -θεν suffix meaning 'from the feast', a compact Homeric formation."},{"surface":"ἰόντα","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"coming"}]},{"number":217,"label":"217","id":"b10-l217","source":"σαίνωσʼ, αἰεὶ γάρ τε φέρει μειλίγματα θυμοῦ,","translation":"for he always brings them tidbits to please their hearts,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l217.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"σαίνωσ","lemma":"σαίνω","morphology":"present active subjunctive, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to ὅτ᾽","gloss":"fawn"},{"surface":"αἰεὶ","lemma":"ἀεί","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to φέρει","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"γάρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"φέρει","lemma":"φέρω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"he brings"},{"surface":"μειλίγματα","lemma":"μείλιγμα","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of φέρει","gloss":"treats","note":"μειλίγματα 'soothing gifts/tidbits' — the master's scraps that keep dogs friendly, source of the simile's logic."},{"surface":"θυμοῦ","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies μειλίγματα","gloss":"of heart"}]},{"number":218,"label":"218","id":"b10-l218","source":"ὣς τοὺς ἀμφὶ λύκοι κρατερώνυχες ἠδὲ λέοντες","translation":"so the strong-clawed wolves and lions fawned about my men;","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l218.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to σαῖνον","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"τοὺς","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἀμφὶ","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"ἀμφὶ","lemma":"ἀμφί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"λύκοι","lemma":"λύκος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ἠδὲ","gloss":"wolves"},{"surface":"κρατερώνυχες","lemma":"κρατερῶνυξ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies λύκοι","gloss":"strong-clawed","note":"κρατερώνυξ, a vivid one-off epithet stressing the animals' natural ferocity despite their tame behavior."},{"surface":"ἠδὲ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"λέοντες","lemma":"λέων","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ἠδὲ","gloss":"lions"}]},{"number":219,"label":"219","id":"b10-l219","source":"σαῖνον· τοὶ δʼ ἔδεισαν, ἐπεὶ ἴδον αἰνὰ πέλωρα.","translation":"but they were afraid, when they saw the dreadful monsters.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l219.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"σαῖνον","lemma":"σαίνω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"fawned"},{"surface":"τοὶ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἔδεισαν","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔδεισαν","lemma":"δείδω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"were afraid"},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ἴδον","lemma":"εἶδον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to ἐπεὶ","gloss":"they saw"},{"surface":"αἰνὰ","lemma":"αἰνός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies πέλωρα","gloss":"dreadful"},{"surface":"πέλωρα","lemma":"πέλωρον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἴδον","gloss":"monsters","note":"πέλωρα, the men's own fear-driven perception of the wolves/lions as 'monsters' despite their tameness."}]},{"number":220,"label":"220","id":"b10-l220","source":"ἔσταν δʼ ἐν προθύροισι θεᾶς καλλιπλοκάμοιο,","translation":"They stood in the forecourt of the lovely-braided goddess,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l220.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔσταν","lemma":"ἵστημι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"they stood"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"προθύροισι","lemma":"πρόθυρον","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἐν","gloss":"forecourt"},{"surface":"θεᾶς","lemma":"θεά","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies προθύροισι","gloss":"of the goddess"},{"surface":"καλλιπλοκάμοιο","lemma":"καλλιπλόκαμος","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies θεᾶς","gloss":"lovely-braided","note":"καλλιπλόκαμος, a formulaic beauty-epithet for goddesses, here marking Circe's divine allure."}]},{"number":221,"label":"221","id":"b10-l221","source":"Κίρκης δʼ ἔνδον ἄκουον ἀειδούσης ὀπὶ καλῇ,","translation":"And within they heard Circe singing in a lovely voice,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l221.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἀειδούσης","title":"Genitive participle","body":"The present participle 'singing' is genitive, agreeing with Circe, the source of the sound they heard. Verbs of hearing often take a genitive of the thing heard."}],"words":[{"surface":"Κίρκης","lemma":"Κίρκη","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἄκουον","gloss":"Circe","note":"Object of ἄκουον despite genitive case — Greek genitive of the person heard, common with verbs of perception."},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔνδον","lemma":"ἔνδον","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀειδούσης","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"ἄκουον","lemma":"ἀκούω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"they heard"},{"surface":"ἀειδούσης","lemma":"ἀείδω","morphology":"present active participle, genitive singular feminine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"singing"},{"surface":"ὀπὶ","lemma":"ὄψ","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἀειδούσης","gloss":"with voice"},{"surface":"καλῇ","lemma":"καλός","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ὀπὶ","gloss":"lovely"}]},{"number":222,"label":"222","id":"b10-l222","source":"ἱστὸν ἐποιχομένης μέγαν ἄμβροτον, οἷα θεάων","translation":"as she paced before her great immortal loom, such webs as goddesses make,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l222.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἱστὸν","lemma":"ἱστός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐποιχομένης","gloss":"loom"},{"surface":"ἐποιχομένης","lemma":"ἐποίχομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, genitive singular feminine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"working at","note":"ἐποίχομαι 'go to and fro at' — pacing before the loom, the standard Homeric image of weaving."},{"surface":"μέγαν","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ,","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"ἄμβροτον","lemma":"ἄμβροτος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ,","gloss":"immortal"},{"surface":"οἷα","lemma":"οἷος","morphology":"nominative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἔργα","gloss":"such as"},{"surface":"θεάων","lemma":"θεά","morphology":"genitive plural feminine noun","role":"modifies ἔργα","gloss":"goddesses'"}]},{"number":223,"label":"223","id":"b10-l223","source":"λεπτά τε καὶ χαρίεντα καὶ ἀγλαὰ ἔργα πέλονται.","translation":"delicate and graceful and gleaming work.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l223.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"λεπτά","lemma":"λεπτός","morphology":"nominative plural neuter adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"delicate"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"χαρίεντα","lemma":"χαρίεις","morphology":"nominative plural neuter adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"graceful"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀγλαὰ","lemma":"ἀγλαός","morphology":"nominative plural neuter adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"gleaming"},{"surface":"ἔργα","lemma":"ἔργον","morphology":"nominative plural neuter noun","role":"subject of πέλονται","gloss":"work"},{"surface":"πέλονται","lemma":"πέλω","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ,","gloss":"are","note":"πέλονται, an epic present of εἰμί, giving the line a timeless, gnomic ring ('such works as goddesses' are')."}]},{"number":224,"label":"224","id":"b10-l224","source":"τοῖσι δὲ μύθων ἦρχε Πολίτης ὄρχαμος ἀνδρῶν,","translation":"Polites was first among them to speak, a leader of men,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l224.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τοῖσι","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἦρχε","gloss":"among them"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μύθων","lemma":"μῦθος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἦρχε","gloss":"of words"},{"surface":"ἦρχε","lemma":"ἄρχω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was first","note":"ἄρχω μύθων, 'to lead off in speech' — a common Homeric formula introducing the first speaker in a scene."},{"surface":"Πολίτης","lemma":"Πολίτης","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"Polites","note":"A named companion of Odysseus who speaks up here, urging the men to approach Circe's house."},{"surface":"ὄρχαμος","lemma":"ὄρχαμος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"leader"},{"surface":"ἀνδρῶν","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ὄρχαμος","gloss":"of men"}]},{"number":225,"label":"225","id":"b10-l225","source":"ὅς μοι κήδιστος ἑτάρων ἦν κεδνότατός τε·","translation":"who was dearest to me of my companions and most trustworthy:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l225.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὅς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἦν","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies ἑτάρων","gloss":"to me","note":"Possessive-flavored dative 'μοι' with ἑτάρων: 'dearest of my companions.'"},{"surface":"κήδιστος","lemma":"κήδιστος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"dearest"},{"surface":"ἑτάρων","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies τε","gloss":"companions"},{"surface":"ἦν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"κεδνότατός","lemma":"κεδνός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine superlative adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"most trustworthy","note":"κεδνότατος: superlative of κεδνός, 'most trusty/careful' — paired with κήδιστος for emphasis."},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"}]},{"number":226,"label":"226","id":"b10-l226","source":"ὦ φίλοι, ἔνδον γάρ τις ἐποιχομένη μέγαν\n                        ἱστὸν","translation":"\"Friends, inside someone pacing at a great loom","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l226.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὦ","lemma":"ὦ","morphology":"exclamation","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"oh","note":"Vocative interjection ὦ marks direct address, common epic opening for speeches."},{"surface":"φίλοι","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"vocative plural masculine adjective","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"friends"},{"surface":"ἔνδον","lemma":"ἔνδον","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀοιδιάει","gloss":"inside"},{"surface":"γάρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"τις","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of ,","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"ἐποιχομένη","lemma":"ἐποίχομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to ἀοιδιάει","gloss":"going about","note":"Present participle ἐποιχομένη: 'moving to and fro' at the loom, vivid ongoing action."},{"surface":"μέγαν","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἱστὸν","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"ἱστὸν","lemma":"ἱστός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐποιχομένη","gloss":"loom"}]},{"number":227,"label":"227","id":"b10-l227","source":"καλὸν ἀοιδιάει, δάπεδον δʼ ἅπαν ἀμφιμέμυκεν,","translation":"is singing sweetly, and the whole floor echoes with it,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l227.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καλὸν","lemma":"καλός","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ἀοιδιάει","gloss":"sweetly","note":"Neuter adjective καλόν used adverbially with ἀοιδιάει: 'sings beautifully.'"},{"surface":"ἀοιδιάει","lemma":"ἀοιδιάω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"is singing"},{"surface":"δάπεδον","lemma":"δάπεδον","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of ἀμφιμέμυκεν","gloss":"floor"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἅπαν","lemma":"ἅπας","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies δάπεδον","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"ἀμφιμέμυκεν","lemma":"ἀμφιμυκάομαι","morphology":"perfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"echoes","note":"Perfect ἀμφιμέμυκεν with present force: 'the whole floor rings/resounds.'"}]},{"number":228,"label":"228","id":"b10-l228","source":"ἢ θεὸς ἠὲ γυνή· ἀλλὰ φθεγγώμεθα θᾶσσον.","translation":"a goddess or a woman. Come, let us call out at once.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l228.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"φθεγγώμεθα","title":"Hortatory subjunctive","body":"The first-person plural subjunctive 'let us call out' is used to urge a shared action. The particle θᾶσσον ('quickly') sharpens the urging."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἢ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"either"},{"surface":"θεὸς","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἠὲ","gloss":"a goddess"},{"surface":"ἠὲ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"γυνή","lemma":"γυνή","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἠὲ","gloss":"a woman"},{"surface":"ἀλλὰ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"φθεγγώμεθα","lemma":"φθέγγομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive subjunctive, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"let us call out","note":"Hortatory subjunctive φθεγγώμεθα: 'let us speak/call' — a command to the group."},{"surface":"θᾶσσον","lemma":"ταχύς","morphology":"accusative singular neuter comparative adjective","role":"adverbial to φθεγγώμεθα","gloss":"more quickly"}]},{"number":229,"label":"229","id":"b10-l229","source":"ὣς ἄρʼ ἐφώνησεν, τοὶ δὲ φθέγγοντο καλεῦντες.","translation":"So he spoke, and they called out, raising their voices.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l229.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐφώνησεν","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἐφώνησεν","lemma":"φωνέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he spoke"},{"surface":"τοὶ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of φθέγγοντο","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"φθέγγοντο","lemma":"φθέγγομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"called out"},{"surface":"καλεῦντες","lemma":"καλέω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to φθέγγοντο","gloss":"calling","note":"καλεῦντες: uncontracted epic form of καλοῦντες, participle 'calling.'"}]},{"number":230,"label":"230","id":"b10-l230","source":"ἡ δʼ αἶψʼ ἐξελθοῦσα θύρας ὤιξε φαεινὰς","translation":"At once she came out, opened the shining doors,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l230.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἡ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αἶψ","lemma":"αἶψα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐξελθοῦσα","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"ἐξελθοῦσα","lemma":"ἐξέρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"coming out"},{"surface":"θύρας","lemma":"θύρα","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ὤιξε","gloss":"doors"},{"surface":"ὤιξε","lemma":"οἴγω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"opened","note":"ὤιξε from οἴγω (aorist), epic form for 'opened.'"},{"surface":"φαεινὰς","lemma":"φαεινός","morphology":"accusative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies θύρας","gloss":"shining"}]},{"number":231,"label":"231","id":"b10-l231","source":"καὶ κάλει· οἱ δʼ ἅμα πάντες ἀιδρείῃσιν ἕποντο·","translation":"and called them in; and they all followed, foolishly;","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l231.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ἀιδρείῃσιν","title":"Through ignorance","body":"The dative plural 'in their ignorance' marks the men's fatal cluelessness; they have no idea what awaits them. The poet underscores the contrast with cautious Eurylochus in the next line."}],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κάλει","lemma":"καλέω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"called them in"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἕποντο","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἅμα","lemma":"ἅμα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἕποντο","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"πάντες","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies οἱ","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"ἀιδρείῃσιν","lemma":"ἀιδρείη","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἕποντο","gloss":"in folly","note":"ἀιδρείῃσιν, dative plural of manner: 'in their ignorance/foolishness,' foreshadowing danger."},{"surface":"ἕποντο","lemma":"ἕπομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"followed"}]},{"number":232,"label":"232","id":"b10-l232","source":"Εὐρύλοχος δʼ ὑπέμεινεν, ὀισάμενος δόλον εἶναι.","translation":"but Eurylochus held back, suspecting it was a trap.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l232.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Εὐρύλοχος","lemma":"Εὐρύλοχος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ὑπέμεινεν","gloss":"Eurylochus"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ὑπέμεινεν","lemma":"ὑπομένω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"held back"},{"surface":"ὀισάμενος","lemma":"οἴομαι","morphology":"aorist middle participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ὑπέμεινεν","gloss":"suspecting","note":"ὀισάμενος + infinitive εἶναι: 'suspecting (it) to be' a trap — his caution sets up his role as messenger."},{"surface":"δόλον","lemma":"δόλος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of εἶναι","gloss":"a trap"},{"surface":"εἶναι","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of ὀισάμενος","gloss":"to be"}]},{"number":233,"label":"233","id":"b10-l233","source":"εἷσεν δʼ εἰσαγαγοῦσα κατὰ κλισμούς τε θρόνους τε,","translation":"She led them in and seated them on chairs and high seats,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l233.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἷσεν","lemma":"ἵζω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"she seated them"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"εἰσαγαγοῦσα","lemma":"εἰσάγω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to εἷσεν","gloss":"leading in"},{"surface":"κατὰ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"κλισμούς","lemma":"κλισμός","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of τε","gloss":"chairs"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"θρόνους","lemma":"θρόνος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of τε","gloss":"high seats"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"}]},{"number":234,"label":"234","id":"b10-l234","source":"ἐν δέ σφιν τυρόν τε καὶ ἄλφιτα καὶ μέλι χλωρὸν","translation":"and for them she stirred up cheese and barley meal and pale honey","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l234.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"σφιν","lemma":"σφεῖς","morphology":"dative plural masculine pronoun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"for them"},{"surface":"τυρόν","lemma":"τυρός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"cheese"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄλφιτα","lemma":"ἄλφιτον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"barley meal"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μέλι","lemma":"μέλι","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"honey"},{"surface":"χλωρὸν","lemma":"χλωρός","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies μέλι","gloss":"pale","note":"χλωρόν 'pale/greenish-yellow,' the epic color word for fresh honey."}]},{"number":235,"label":"235","id":"b10-l235","source":"οἴνῳ Πραμνείῳ ἐκύκα· ἀνέμισγε δὲ σίτῳ","translation":"into Pramnian wine; but into the food she mixed","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l235.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἴνῳ","lemma":"οἶνος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐκύκα","gloss":"wine"},{"surface":"Πραμνείῳ","lemma":"Πράμνειος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies οἴνῳ","gloss":"Pramnian","note":"Πράμνειος: a famed strong wine, named for Pramnos — a realistic culinary detail in the spell."},{"surface":"ἐκύκα","lemma":"κυκάω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"she stirred up"},{"surface":"ἀνέμισγε","lemma":"ἀναμίγνυμι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"she mixed in"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"σίτῳ","lemma":"σῖτος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἀνέμισγε","gloss":"food"}]},{"number":236,"label":"236","id":"b10-l236","source":"φάρμακα λύγρʼ, ἵνα πάγχυ λαθοίατο πατρίδος αἴης.","translation":"baleful drugs, so that they might wholly forget their native land.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l236.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"φάρμακα","lemma":"φάρμακον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἀνέμισγε","gloss":"drugs"},{"surface":"λύγρ","lemma":"λυγρός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies φάρμακα","gloss":"baleful","note":"λύγρα 'baleful/harmful' modifying φάρμακα, the drugs hidden in the feast."},{"surface":"ἵνα","lemma":"ἵνα","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"πάγχυ","lemma":"πάγχυ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to λαθοίατο","gloss":"wholly"},{"surface":"λαθοίατο","lemma":"λανθάνω","morphology":"aorist middle optative, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to ἵνα","gloss":"they might forget","note":"Optative λαθοίατο in a ἵνα purpose clause: 'so that they might forget' — epic middle form of λανθάνω."},{"surface":"πατρίδος","lemma":"πατρίς","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies αἴης","gloss":"native"},{"surface":"αἴης","lemma":"αἶα","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of λαθοίατο","gloss":"land"}]},{"number":237,"label":"237","id":"b10-l237","source":"αὐτὰρ ἐπεὶ δῶκέν τε καὶ ἔκπιον, αὐτίκʼ ἔπειτα","translation":"But after she had given it and they drank it down, at once","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l237.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"δῶκέν","lemma":"δίδωμι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"she gave it"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔκπιον","lemma":"ἐκπίνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"they drank it down"},{"surface":"αὐτίκ","lemma":"αὐτίκα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐέργνυ","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"ἔπειτα","lemma":"ἔπειτα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐέργνυ","gloss":"then"}]},{"number":238,"label":"238","id":"b10-l238","source":"ῥάβδῳ πεπληγυῖα κατὰ συφεοῖσιν ἐέργνυ.","translation":"she struck them with her wand and penned them in the pigsties.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l238.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"πεπληγυῖα","title":"Perfect participle","body":"πεπληγυῖα is a perfect participle 'having struck,' formed with reduplication of the stem. It marks the completed blow whose effect (their transformation) now holds."}],"words":[{"surface":"ῥάβδῳ","lemma":"ῥάβδος","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to πεπληγυῖα","gloss":"with her wand","note":"ῥάβδῳ, the magic wand — instrument of transformation, a folk-tale motif."},{"surface":"πεπληγυῖα","lemma":"πλήσσω","morphology":"perfect active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to ἐέργνυ","gloss":"having struck"},{"surface":"κατὰ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"συφεοῖσιν","lemma":"συφεός","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of κατὰ","gloss":"pigsties"},{"surface":"ἐέργνυ","lemma":"ἔργνυμι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"she penned them"}]},{"number":239,"label":"239","id":"b10-l239","source":"οἱ δὲ συῶν μὲν ἔχον κεφαλὰς φωνήν τε τρίχας τε","translation":"They had the heads of pigs, the voice, the bristles,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l239.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἔχον","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"συῶν","lemma":"ὗς","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"of pigs"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἔχον","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"κεφαλὰς","lemma":"κεφαλή","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"heads"},{"surface":"φωνήν","lemma":"φωνή","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τρίχας","lemma":"θρίξ","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"bristles"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"}]},{"number":240,"label":"240","id":"b10-l240","source":"καὶ δέμας, αὐτὰρ νοῦς ἦν ἔμπεδος, ὡς τὸ πάρος περ.","translation":"and the body, but their mind stayed firm, as it was before.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l240.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"νοῦς","title":"Mind unchanged","body":"The horror of the spell is that their noos (mind, awareness) remains human and intact inside the animal body. The same word recurs at line 329 of Odysseus's 'unenchantable' mind."}],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"δέμας","lemma":"δέμας","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"body"},{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"νοῦς","lemma":"νόος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἦν","gloss":"mind"},{"surface":"ἦν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"stayed"},{"surface":"ἔμπεδος","lemma":"ἔμπεδος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"firm","note":"ἔμπεδος 'steadfast' — key point: their human minds remained intact despite pig bodies."},{"surface":"ὡς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"τὸ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter article","role":"modifies πάρος","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"πάρος","lemma":"πάρος","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"περ","lemma":"πέρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"}]},{"number":241,"label":"241","id":"b10-l241","source":"ὣς οἱ μὲν κλαίοντες ἐέρχατο, τοῖσι δὲ Κίρκη","translation":"So they were penned in, weeping, and Circe threw before them","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l241.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐέρχατο","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἐέρχατο","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"κλαίοντες","lemma":"κλαίω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐέρχατο","gloss":"weeping"},{"surface":"ἐέρχατο","lemma":"ἔργνυμι","morphology":"pluperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"were penned","note":"Pluperfect ἐέρχατο (from ἔργνυμι) with present-like force: 'they were shut in.'"},{"surface":"τοῖσι","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of βάλεν","gloss":"before them"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Κίρκη","lemma":"Κίρκη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of βάλεν","gloss":"Circe"}]},{"number":242,"label":"242","id":"b10-l242","source":"πάρ ῥʼ ἄκυλον βάλανόν τε βάλεν καρπόν τε κρανείης","translation":"acorns and ilex-mast and cornel fruit","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l242.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πάρ","lemma":"παρά","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"before","note":"πάρ = παρά, apocope + tmesis with βάλεν: 'threw down beside' them."},{"surface":"ῥ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἄκυλον","lemma":"ἄκυλος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of τε","gloss":"acorns"},{"surface":"βάλανόν","lemma":"βάλανος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of τε","gloss":"ilex-mast"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"βάλεν","lemma":"βάλλω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"she threw"},{"surface":"καρπόν","lemma":"καρπός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of τε","gloss":"fruit"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κρανείης","lemma":"κράνεια","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies καρπόν","gloss":"of cornel","note":"κρανείης: cornel-cherry, wild fodder — pig food, marking their bestial diet."}]},{"number":243,"label":"243","id":"b10-l243","source":"ἔδμεναι, οἷα σύες χαμαιευνάδες αἰὲν ἔδουσιν.","translation":"to eat, such as ground-bedded swine always feed on.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l243.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔδμεναι","lemma":"ἔδω","morphology":"active infinitive","role":"adverbial to βάλεν","gloss":"to eat"},{"surface":"οἷα","lemma":"οἷος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of ἔδουσιν","gloss":"such as"},{"surface":"σύες","lemma":"ὗς","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject of ἔδουσιν","gloss":"swine"},{"surface":"αἰὲν","lemma":"ἀεί","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔδουσιν","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"ἔδουσιν","lemma":"ἔδω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing τε","gloss":"feed on"}]},{"number":244,"label":"244","id":"b10-l244","source":"Εὐρύλοχος δʼ αἶψʼ ἦλθε θοὴν ἐπὶ νῆα μέλαιναν","translation":"Eurylochus came back at once to the swift black ship","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l244.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Εὐρύλοχος","lemma":"Εὐρύλοχος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἦλθε","gloss":"Eurylochus"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αἶψ","lemma":"αἶψα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἦλθε","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"ἦλθε","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"θοὴν","lemma":"θοός","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies νῆα","gloss":"swift"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"νῆα","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐπὶ","gloss":"ship"},{"surface":"μέλαιναν","lemma":"μέλας","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies νῆα","gloss":"black","note":"μέλαιναν 'black,' the standard Homeric epithet for ships."}]},{"number":245,"label":"245","id":"b10-l245","source":"ἀγγελίην ἑτάρων ἐρέων καὶ ἀδευκέα πότμον.","translation":"to bring word of his companions and their bitter fate.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l245.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀγγελίην","lemma":"ἀγγελία","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"news"},{"surface":"ἑτάρων","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"of companions"},{"surface":"ἐρέων","lemma":"ἐρῶ","morphology":"future active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἦλθε","gloss":"to tell","note":"Future participle ἐρέων expressing purpose: 'to tell' the news."},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀδευκέα","lemma":"ἀδευκής","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies πότμον","gloss":"bitter"},{"surface":"πότμον","lemma":"πότμος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"fate"}]},{"number":246,"label":"246","id":"b10-l246","source":"οὐδέ τι ἐκφάσθαι δύνατο ἔπος ἱέμενός περ,","translation":"But he could not utter a single word, though he longed to,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l246.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τι","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"modifies ἔπος","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"ἐκφάσθαι","lemma":"ἔκφημι","morphology":"present infinitive","role":"object of δύνατο","gloss":"to utter"},{"surface":"δύνατο","lemma":"δύναμαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was able"},{"surface":"ἔπος","lemma":"ἔπος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἐκφάσθαι","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"ἱέμενός","lemma":"ἵημι","morphology":"present participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ,","gloss":"longing","note":"ἱέμενός περ: 'though eager to,' concessive participle with περ intensifying the contrast."},{"surface":"περ","lemma":"πέρ","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"though"}]},{"number":247,"label":"247","id":"b10-l247","source":"κῆρ ἄχεϊ μεγάλῳ βεβολημένος· ἐν δέ οἱ ὄσσε","translation":"stricken in his heart by great anguish; and his eyes","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l247.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κῆρ","lemma":"κῆρ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of βεβολημένος","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"ἄχεϊ","lemma":"ἄχος","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"object of βεβολημένος","gloss":"with anguish"},{"surface":"μεγάλῳ","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"dative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἄχεϊ","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"βεβολημένος","lemma":"βεβόλημαι","morphology":"perfect medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ,","gloss":"stricken","note":"βεβολημένος, perfect passive participle 'having been struck (as by a blow)' — grief hits like a wound."},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies ὄσσε","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"ὄσσε","lemma":"ὄσσα","morphology":"nominative dual neuter noun","role":"subject of πίμπλαντο","gloss":"eyes","note":"ὄσσε, dual noun 'the two eyes' — old dual form still surviving in epic Greek."}]},{"number":248,"label":"248","id":"b10-l248","source":"δακρυόφιν πίμπλαντο, γόον δʼ ὠίετο θυμός.","translation":"filled with tears, and his spirit was set on wailing.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l248.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δακρυόφιν","lemma":"δάκρυον","morphology":"genitive plural neuter noun","role":"object of πίμπλαντο","gloss":"with tears"},{"surface":"πίμπλαντο","lemma":"πίμπλημι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"were filled"},{"surface":"γόον","lemma":"γόος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ὠίετο","gloss":"wailing"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὠίετο","lemma":"οἴομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was set on","note":"ὠίετο 'was inclined toward' — his heart yearned toward mourning."},{"surface":"θυμός","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ὠίετο","gloss":"his spirit"}]},{"number":249,"label":"249","id":"b10-l249","source":"ἀλλʼ ὅτε δή μιν πάντες ἀγασσάμεθʼ ἐξερέοντες,","translation":"But when we had all questioned him in our amazement,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l249.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ὅτε","lemma":"ὅτε","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"δή","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἀγασσάμεθ᾽","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"πάντες","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"subject of ἀγασσάμεθ᾽","gloss":"all of us"},{"surface":"ἀγασσάμεθ","lemma":"ἄγαμαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"adverbial to ὅτε","gloss":"we marveled","note":"ἀγασσάμεθ' from ἄγαμαι 'to wonder at, be amazed at' — we marveled at Eurylochus's silent distress; the amazement matches the translation's 'in our amazement,' distinct from the following participle ἐξερέοντες 'questioning.'"},{"surface":"ἐξερέοντες","lemma":"ἐξερέω","morphology":"future active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ἀγασσάμεθ᾽","gloss":"questioning"}]},{"number":250,"label":"250","id":"b10-l250","source":"καὶ τότε τῶν ἄλλων ἑτάρων κατέλεξεν ὄλεθρον·","translation":"then at last he told the destruction of the other companions:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l250.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τότε","lemma":"τότε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to κατέλεξεν","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"τῶν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine article","role":"modifies ἑτάρων","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"ἄλλων","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἑτάρων","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"ἑτάρων","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ὄλεθρον","gloss":"companions"},{"surface":"κατέλεξεν","lemma":"καταλέγω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he told"},{"surface":"ὄλεθρον","lemma":"ὄλεθρος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of κατέλεξεν","gloss":"destruction"}]},{"number":251,"label":"251","id":"b10-l251","source":"ἤιομεν, ὡς ἐκέλευες, ἀνὰ δρυμά, φαίδιμʼ\n                        Ὀδυσσεῦ·","translation":"\"We went, as you ordered, through the thickets, glorious Odysseus,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l251.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἤιομεν","lemma":"εἶμι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"we went"},{"surface":"ὡς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐκέλευες","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"ἐκέλευες","lemma":"κελεύω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἤιομεν","gloss":"you ordered"},{"surface":"ἀνὰ","lemma":"ἀνά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"δρυμά","lemma":"δρυμός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἀνὰ","gloss":"thickets"},{"surface":"φαίδιμ","lemma":"φαίδιμος","morphology":"vocative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ὀδυσσεῦ","gloss":"glorious","note":"φαίδιμ(ε) Ὀδυσσεῦ: a formulaic epic address to Odysseus, vocative epithet-plus-name."},{"surface":"Ὀδυσσεῦ","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"Odysseus"}]},{"number":252,"label":"252","id":"b10-l252","source":"εὕρομεν ἐν βήσσῃσι τετυγμένα δώματα καλὰ","translation":"and we found in the glens a fine house, well-built","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l252.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εὕρομεν","lemma":"εὑρίσκω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"we found"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"βήσσῃσι","lemma":"βῆσσα","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"glens"},{"surface":"τετυγμένα","lemma":"τεύχω","morphology":"perfect medio-passive participle, accusative plural neuter","role":"modifies δώματα","gloss":"well-built","note":"τετυγμένα, perfect passive participle of τεύχω: 'wrought/constructed,' emphasizing Circe's fine craftsmanship."},{"surface":"δώματα","lemma":"δῶμα","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of εὕρομεν","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"καλὰ","lemma":"καλός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies δώματα","gloss":"fine"}]},{"number":253,"label":"253","id":"b10-l253","source":"ξεστοῖσιν λάεσσι, περισκέπτῳ ἐνὶ χώρῳ.","translation":"of polished stones, in a place open to view.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l253.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ξεστοῖσιν","lemma":"ξεστός","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies λάεσσι","gloss":"polished"},{"surface":"λάεσσι","lemma":"λᾶας","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to τετυγμένα","gloss":"stones","note":"λᾶας 'stone' — dative of material/place, epic vocab for building blocks"},{"surface":"περισκέπτῳ","lemma":"περίσκεπτος","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies χώρῳ","gloss":"open to view"},{"surface":"ἐνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"χώρῳ","lemma":"χῶρος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐνὶ","gloss":"place"}]},{"number":254,"label":"254","id":"b10-l254","source":"ἔνθα δέ τις μέγαν ἱστὸν ἐποιχομένη λίγʼ ἄειδεν,","translation":"There someone, pacing at a great loom, was singing clearly,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l254.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔνθα","lemma":"ἔνθα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἄειδεν","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τις","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of ,","gloss":"someone","note":"τις here = an unnamed 'someone,' building suspense before Circe is named"},{"surface":"μέγαν","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἱστὸν","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"ἱστὸν","lemma":"ἱστός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐποιχομένη","gloss":"loom"},{"surface":"ἐποιχομένη","lemma":"ἐποίχομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to ἄειδεν","gloss":"working at, pacing"},{"surface":"λίγ","lemma":"λίγα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἄειδεν","gloss":"clearly, loudly"},{"surface":"ἄειδεν","lemma":"ἀείδω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was singing","note":"imperfect ἄειδεν = ongoing background action, the singing she was doing when they arrived"}]},{"number":255,"label":"255","id":"b10-l255","source":"ἢ θεὸς ἠὲ γυνή· τοὶ δὲ φθέγγοντο καλεῦντες.","translation":"a goddess or a woman; and they called out, raising their voices.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l255.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἢ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"either"},{"surface":"θεὸς","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἠὲ","gloss":"a goddess"},{"surface":"ἠὲ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"γυνή","lemma":"γυνή","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἠὲ","gloss":"a woman","note":"ἢ...ἠὲ 'either...or' — classic Homeric device leaving divine/mortal identity ambiguous"},{"surface":"τοὶ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of φθέγγοντο","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"φθέγγοντο","lemma":"φθέγγομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"called out, cried"},{"surface":"καλεῦντες","lemma":"καλέω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to φθέγγοντο","gloss":"calling"}]},{"number":256,"label":"256","id":"b10-l256","source":"ἡ δʼ αἶψʼ ἐξελθοῦσα θύρας ὤιξε φαεινὰς","translation":"At once she came out, opened the shining doors,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l256.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἡ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αἶψ","lemma":"αἶψα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐξελθοῦσα","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"ἐξελθοῦσα","lemma":"ἐξέρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"coming out"},{"surface":"θύρας","lemma":"θύρα","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ὤιξε","gloss":"doors"},{"surface":"ὤιξε","lemma":"οἴγω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"opened","note":"οἴγω aorist ὤιξε, single decisive act framed by the ongoing scene"},{"surface":"φαεινὰς","lemma":"φαεινός","morphology":"accusative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies θύρας","gloss":"shining"}]},{"number":257,"label":"257","id":"b10-l257","source":"καὶ κάλει· οἱ δʼ ἅμα πάντες ἀιδρείῃσιν ἕποντο·","translation":"and called them in; and they all followed, foolishly;","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l257.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κάλει","lemma":"καλέω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"called (them) in"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἕποντο","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἅμα","lemma":"ἅμα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἕποντο","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"πάντες","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies οἱ","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"ἀιδρείῃσιν","lemma":"ἀιδρείη","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἕποντο","gloss":"foolishly, unwittingly","note":"ἀιδρείῃσιν, dative plural of manner from ἀιδρείη 'ignorance' — instrumental/modal dative, no preposition needed"},{"surface":"ἕποντο","lemma":"ἕπομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"followed"}]},{"number":258,"label":"258","id":"b10-l258","source":"αὐτὰρ ἐγὼν ὑπέμεινα, ὀισάμενος δόλον εἶναι.","translation":"but I held back, suspecting it was a trap.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l258.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐγὼν","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ὑπέμεινα","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ὑπέμεινα","lemma":"ὑπομένω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"held back, stayed"},{"surface":"ὀισάμενος","lemma":"οἴομαι","morphology":"aorist participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ὑπέμεινα","gloss":"suspecting","note":"ὀισάμενος + infinitive εἶναι = 'thinking it to be' — participle of mental judgment governing indirect statement"},{"surface":"δόλον","lemma":"δόλος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of εἶναι","gloss":"a trap"},{"surface":"εἶναι","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of ὀισάμενος","gloss":"to be"}]},{"number":259,"label":"259","id":"b10-l259","source":"οἱ δʼ ἅμʼ ἀιστώθησαν ἀολλέες, οὐδέ τις αὐτῶν","translation":"Then they all vanished together, and not one of them","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l259.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἀιστώθησαν","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἅμ","lemma":"ἅμα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀιστώθησαν","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"ἀιστώθησαν","lemma":"ἀιστόω","morphology":"aorist passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"vanished","note":"aorist passive ἀιστώθησαν 'were made unseen' — vivid Circe-magic verb, disappearance not death"},{"surface":"ἀολλέες","lemma":"ἀολλής","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"all together, in a group"},{"surface":"τις","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἐξεφάνη","gloss":"anyone"},{"surface":"αὐτῶν","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies τις","gloss":"of them"}]},{"number":260,"label":"260","id":"b10-l260","source":"ἐξεφάνη· δηρὸν δὲ καθήμενος ἐσκοπίαζον.","translation":"came back out; and I sat watching a long while.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l260.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐξεφάνη","lemma":"ἐκφαίνω","morphology":"aorist passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"came back into view"},{"surface":"δηρὸν","lemma":"δηρός","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ἐσκοπίαζον","gloss":"a long while"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"καθήμενος","lemma":"κάθημαι","morphology":"perfect participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐσκοπίαζον","gloss":"sitting","note":"perfect participle καθήμενος 'seated' describing the stance held during the watching"},{"surface":"ἐσκοπίαζον","lemma":"σκοπιάζω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was watching, kept watch"}]},{"number":261,"label":"261","id":"b10-l261","source":"ὣς ἔφατʼ, αὐτὰρ ἐγὼ περὶ μὲν ξίφος\n                     ἀργυρόηλον","translation":"So he spoke; and I slung my silver-studded sword","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l261.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔφατ᾽","gloss":"so, thus"},{"surface":"ἔφατ","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spoke","note":"ἔφατ(ο), the recurring Homeric speech-formula verb φημί, middle in form"},{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐγὼ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of βαλόμην","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"περὶ","lemma":"περί","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"around, about"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed (particle)"},{"surface":"ξίφος","lemma":"ξίφος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of βαλόμην","gloss":"sword"},{"surface":"ἀργυρόηλον","lemma":"ἀργυρόηλος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ,","gloss":"silver-studded","note":"ἀργυρόηλος, a stock Homeric epithet for fine weapons — formulaic epic diction"}]},{"number":262,"label":"262","id":"b10-l262","source":"ὤμοιιν βαλόμην, μέγα χάλκεον, ἀμφὶ δὲ τόξα·","translation":"over my shoulders, a great bronze blade, and my bow as well;","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l262.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὤμοιιν","lemma":"ὦμος","morphology":"dative dual masculine noun","role":"object of βαλόμην","gloss":"shoulders","note":"dual number ὤμοιιν 'the (pair of) shoulders' — Greek dual for natural pairs"},{"surface":"βαλόμην","lemma":"βάλλω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"slung, threw"},{"surface":"μέγα","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ,","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"χάλκεον","lemma":"χάλκεος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ,","gloss":"bronze"},{"surface":"ἀμφὶ","lemma":"ἀμφί","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"around, also"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τόξα","lemma":"τόξον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object","gloss":"bow"}]},{"number":263,"label":"263","id":"b10-l263","source":"τὸν δʼ ἂψ ἠνώγεα αὐτὴν ὁδὸν ἡγήσασθαι.","translation":"and I ordered him to lead me back by that same road.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l263.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἡγήσασθαι","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἂψ","lemma":"ἄψ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἡγήσασθαι","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"ἠνώγεα","lemma":"ἄνωγα","morphology":"pluperfect active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"had ordered","note":"pluperfect ἠνώγεα of ἄνωγα (perfect with present sense) — 'I had bidden/was bidding'"},{"surface":"αὐτὴν","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ὁδὸν","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"ὁδὸν","lemma":"ὁδός","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἡγήσασθαι","gloss":"road, path"},{"surface":"ἡγήσασθαι","lemma":"ἡγέομαι","morphology":"aorist middle infinitive","role":"object of ἠνώγεα","gloss":"to lead"}]},{"number":264,"label":"264","id":"b10-l264","source":"αὐτὰρ ὅ γʼ ἀμφοτέρῃσι λαβὼν ἐλλίσσετο γούνων","translation":"But he clasped my knees with both his hands and begged,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l264.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ὅ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of καί","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"γ","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed (particle)"},{"surface":"ἀμφοτέρῃσι","lemma":"ἀμφότερος","morphology":"dative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies","gloss":"with both"},{"surface":"λαβὼν","lemma":"λαμβάνω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐλλίσσετο","gloss":"taking, grasping"},{"surface":"ἐλλίσσετο","lemma":"λίσσομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"begged, implored"},{"surface":"γούνων","lemma":"γόνυ","morphology":"genitive plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἐλλίσσετο","gloss":"knees","note":"γούνων, genitive object of λίσσομαι — supplication gesture of clasping the knees, a formal ritual of pleading"}]},{"number":265,"label":"265","id":"b10-l265","source":"καί μʼ ὀλοφυρόμενος ἔπεα πτερόεντα προσηύδα·","translation":"and weeping he spoke to me winged words:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l265.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἔπεα πτερόεντα","title":"Winged words","body":"This formulaic epithet for speech, 'winged words,' recurs throughout Homer. The image is of words flying swiftly from speaker to hearer."}],"words":[{"surface":"καί","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of προσηύδα","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ὀλοφυρόμενος","lemma":"ὀλοφύρομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to προσηύδα","gloss":"weeping, lamenting"},{"surface":"ἔπεα","lemma":"ἔπος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of προσηύδα","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"πτερόεντα","lemma":"πτερόεις","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἔπεα","gloss":"winged","note":"ἔπεα πτερόεντα 'winged words' — one of Homer's most famous recurring formulas introducing speech"},{"surface":"προσηύδα","lemma":"προσαυδάω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spoke to"}]},{"number":266,"label":"266","id":"b10-l266","source":"μή μʼ ἄγε κεῖσʼ ἀέκοντα, διοτρεφές, ἀλλὰ λίπʼ\n                        αὐτοῦ.","translation":"\"Do not lead me there against my will, god-nurtured one, but leave me here.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l266.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μή","lemma":"μή","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not (prohibitive)"},{"surface":"μ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἄγε","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ἄγε","lemma":"ἄγω","morphology":"present active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"lead","note":"μή + present imperative ἄγε = a prohibition against ongoing action, 'do not (keep) lead(ing)'"},{"surface":"κεῖσ","lemma":"ἐκεῖσε","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of ἄγε","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"ἀέκοντα","lemma":"ἀέκων","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"unwilling"},{"surface":"διοτρεφές","lemma":"διοτρεφής","morphology":"vocative singular neuter adjective","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"god-nurtured one","note":"διοτρεφές, vocative epithet 'nurtured by Zeus' addressed to Odysseus — heroic formula"},{"surface":"ἀλλὰ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"λίπ","lemma":"λείπω","morphology":"aorist active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"leave"},{"surface":"αὐτοῦ","lemma":"αὐτοῦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of λίπ᾽","gloss":"here"}]},{"number":267,"label":"267","id":"b10-l267","source":"οἶδα γάρ, ὡς οὔτʼ αὐτὸς ἐλεύσεαι οὔτε τινʼ ἄλλον","translation":"For I know that you will neither come back yourself nor bring any other","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l267.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἶδα","lemma":"οἶδα","morphology":"perfect active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I know"},{"surface":"γάρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ὡς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"αὐτὸς","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"ἐλεύσεαι","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"future middle indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"object of οὔ","gloss":"will come","note":"future middle ἐλεύσεαι of ἔρχομαι — a suppletive future stem, unrelated-looking to present"},{"surface":"τιν","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἄξεις","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"ἄλλον","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies τιν᾽","gloss":"other"}]},{"number":268,"label":"268","id":"b10-l268","source":"ἄξεις σῶν ἑτάρων. ἀλλὰ ξὺν τοίσδεσι θᾶσσον","translation":"of your companions. No, with these men here, quickly","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l268.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἄξεις","lemma":"ἄγω","morphology":"future active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"object of οὔ","gloss":"will bring, lead"},{"surface":"σῶν","lemma":"σός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἑτάρων","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"ἑτάρων","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies τιν᾽","gloss":"companions"},{"surface":"ἀλλὰ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ξὺν","lemma":"σύν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"τοίσδεσι","lemma":"ὅδε","morphology":"dative plural masculine pronoun","role":"adverbial to ξὺν","gloss":"these men"},{"surface":"θᾶσσον","lemma":"ταχύς","morphology":"accusative singular neuter comparative adjective","role":"adverbial to φεύγωμεν","gloss":"more quickly"}]},{"number":269,"label":"269","id":"b10-l269","source":"φεύγωμεν· ἔτι γάρ κεν ἀλύξαιμεν κακὸν ἦμαρ.","translation":"let us flee; for we might still escape the day of doom.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l269.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"φεύγωμεν","lemma":"φεύγω","morphology":"present active subjunctive, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"let us flee","note":"hortatory subjunctive φεύγωμεν, 'let us,' Eurylochus urging immediate group action"},{"surface":"ἔτι","lemma":"ἔτι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀλύξαιμεν","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"γάρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"κεν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"might (potential particle)"},{"surface":"ἀλύξαιμεν","lemma":"ἀλύσκω","morphology":"aorist active optative, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"we might escape","note":"optative + κεν = potential mood, 'we could still escape'"},{"surface":"κακὸν","lemma":"κακός","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἦμαρ","gloss":"evil, doomed"},{"surface":"ἦμαρ","lemma":"ἦμαρ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἀλύξαιμεν","gloss":"day"}]},{"number":270,"label":"270","id":"b10-l270","source":"ὣς ἔφατʼ, αὐτὰρ ἐγώ μιν ἀμειβόμενος\n                     προσέειπον·","translation":"So he spoke; but I answered him and said:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l270.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔφατ᾽","gloss":"so, thus"},{"surface":"ἔφατ","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐγώ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of προσέειπον","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of προσέειπον","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ἀμειβόμενος","lemma":"ἀμείβω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to προσέειπον","gloss":"answering"},{"surface":"προσέειπον","lemma":"προσεῖπον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"said"}]},{"number":271,"label":"271","id":"b10-l271","source":"Εὐρύλοχʼ, ἦ τοι μὲν σὺ μένʼ αὐτοῦ τῷδʼ ἐνὶ χώρῳ","translation":"\"Eurylochus, you may stay right here in this place,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l271.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Εὐρύλοχ","lemma":"Εὐρύλοχος","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"Eurylochus","note":"vocative addressing a named companion — sets up Odysseus's reply and decision to go on alone"},{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"truly (particle)"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"τοι","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed (particle)"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"on the one hand"},{"surface":"σὺ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"nominative singular pronoun","role":"subject of μέν᾽","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"μέν","lemma":"μένω","morphology":"present active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"stay","note":"present imperative μέν᾽ (μένε) 'stay,' contrasting with Odysseus going on — paired with the μέν...αὐτάρ correlation (μὲν σὺ μέν᾽... / αὐτὰρ ἐγὼν εἶμι in l273), not μέν...δέ."},{"surface":"αὐτοῦ","lemma":"αὐτοῦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"object","gloss":"right here"},{"surface":"τῷδ","lemma":"ὅδε","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies χώρῳ","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ἐνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"χώρῳ","lemma":"χῶρος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object","gloss":"place"}]},{"number":272,"label":"272","id":"b10-l272","source":"ἔσθων καὶ πίνων κοίλῃ παρὰ νηὶ μελαίνῃ·","translation":"eating and drinking beside the hollow black ship;","scansion":"—— | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l272.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔσθων","lemma":"ἔσθω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"eating"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πίνων","lemma":"πίνω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"drinking"},{"surface":"κοίλῃ","lemma":"κοῖλος","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies νηὶ","gloss":"hollow"},{"surface":"παρὰ","lemma":"παρά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"νηὶ","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to παρὰ","gloss":"ship"},{"surface":"μελαίνῃ","lemma":"μέλας","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies νηὶ","gloss":"black","note":"'hollow black ship,' a stock Homeric ship epithet pair repeated throughout the epic"}]},{"number":273,"label":"273","id":"b10-l273","source":"αὐτὰρ ἐγὼν εἶμι, κρατερὴ δέ μοι ἔπλετʼ ἀνάγκη.","translation":"but I will go, for hard necessity is upon me.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l273.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐγὼν","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of εἶμι","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"εἶμι","lemma":"εἶμι","morphology":"present active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will go"},{"surface":"κρατερὴ","lemma":"κρατερός","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἀνάγκη","gloss":"strong, harsh"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἔπλετ᾽","gloss":"upon me"},{"surface":"ἔπλετ","lemma":"πέλω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"is, has come","note":"ἔπλετ(ο) from πέλω 'to be/become,' an epic equivalent of εἰμί used for vivid or fated states"},{"surface":"ἀνάγκη","lemma":"ἀνάγκη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἔπλετ᾽","gloss":"necessity"}]},{"number":274,"label":"274","id":"b10-l274","source":"ὣς εἰπὼν παρὰ νηὸς ἀνήιον ἠδὲ θαλάσσης.","translation":"So saying I went up from the ship and the sea.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l274.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to εἰπὼν","gloss":"so, thus"},{"surface":"εἰπὼν","lemma":"εἶπον","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἀνήιον","gloss":"saying"},{"surface":"παρὰ","lemma":"παρά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"νηὸς","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἠδὲ","gloss":"ship"},{"surface":"ἀνήιον","lemma":"ἄνειμι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"went up","note":"ἀνήιον, imperfect of ἄνειμι (ἀνά + εἶμι) 'to go up' — compound of the athematic verb εἶμι, common in epic"},{"surface":"ἠδὲ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"θαλάσσης","lemma":"θάλασσα","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἠδὲ","gloss":"sea"}]},{"number":275,"label":"275","id":"b10-l275","source":"ἀλλʼ ὅτε δὴ ἄρʼ ἔμελλον ἰὼν ἱερὰς ἀνὰ βήσσας","translation":"But when, on my way, I was about to come up through the sacred glens","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l275.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ὅτε","lemma":"ὅτε","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed (particle)"},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then (particle)"},{"surface":"ἔμελλον","lemma":"μέλλω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὅτε","gloss":"was about to","note":"imperfect ἔμελλον + infinitive ἱκνέομαι later, expresses 'was on the point of' — future-in-past construction"},{"surface":"ἰὼν","lemma":"εἶμι","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἔμελλον","gloss":"going"},{"surface":"ἱερὰς","lemma":"ἱερή","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"modifies βήσσας","gloss":"sacred"},{"surface":"ἀνὰ","lemma":"ἀνά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"through, up"},{"surface":"βήσσας","lemma":"βῆσσα","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἀνὰ","gloss":"glens, valleys"}]},{"number":276,"label":"276","id":"b10-l276","source":"Κίρκης ἵξεσθαι πολυφαρμάκου ἐς μέγα δῶμα,","translation":"and reach the great house of Circe, rich in drugs,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l276.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Κίρκης","lemma":"Κίρκη","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies δῶμα","gloss":"of Circe"},{"surface":"ἵξεσθαι","lemma":"ἱκνέομαι","morphology":"future middle infinitive","role":"object of ἔμελλον","gloss":"to reach"},{"surface":"πολυφαρμάκου","lemma":"πολυφάρμακος","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Κίρκης","gloss":"rich in drugs","note":"πολυφάρμακος 'of many drugs' — recurring epithet marking Circe as sorceress"},{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to, into"},{"surface":"μέγα","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies δῶμα","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"δῶμα","lemma":"δῶμα","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἐς","gloss":"house"}]},{"number":277,"label":"277","id":"b10-l277","source":"ἔνθα μοι Ἑρμείας χρυσόρραπις ἀντεβόλησεν","translation":"there Hermes of the golden wand met me","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l277.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔνθα","lemma":"ἔνθα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀντεβόλησεν","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἀντεβόλησεν","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"Ἑρμείας","lemma":"Ἑρμῆς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἀντεβόλησεν","gloss":"Hermes"},{"surface":"χρυσόρραπις","lemma":"χρυσόραπις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἑρμείας","gloss":"of the golden wand","note":"χρυσόρραπις, a fixed epithet for Hermes — the god's identifying formula in epic"},{"surface":"ἀντεβόλησεν","lemma":"ἀντιβολέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"met"}]},{"number":278,"label":"278","id":"b10-l278","source":"ἐρχομένῳ πρὸς δῶμα, νεηνίῃ ἀνδρὶ ἐοικώς,","translation":"as I went toward the house, looking like a young man,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l278.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐρχομένῳ","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, dative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"going, as I went"},{"surface":"πρὸς","lemma":"πρός","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"δῶμα","lemma":"δῶμα","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of πρὸς","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"νεηνίῃ","lemma":"νεανίης","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ἀνδρὶ","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"ἀνδρὶ","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ,","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"ἐοικώς","lemma":"ἔοικα","morphology":"perfect active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἀντεβόλησεν","gloss":"looking like, resembling","note":"perfect participle ἐοικώς 'having the look of' — Hermes disguised as a youth, a classic divine-disguise motif"}]},{"number":279,"label":"279","id":"b10-l279","source":"πρῶτον ὑπηνήτῃ, τοῦ περ χαριεστάτη ἥβη·","translation":"in the first down of his beard, with the loveliest grace of youth.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l279.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πρῶτον","lemma":"πρῶτος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"ὑπηνήτῃ","lemma":"ὑπηνήτης","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ,","gloss":"bearded, downy-cheeked","note":"ὑπηνήτης, 'one with the first down of beard' — marks the disguised god's youthful age precisely"},{"surface":"τοῦ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies ἥβη","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"περ","lemma":"πέρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed (particle)"},{"surface":"χαριεστάτη","lemma":"χαρίεις","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"loveliest, most graceful"},{"surface":"ἥβη","lemma":"ἥβη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"youth, prime"}]},{"number":280,"label":"280","id":"b10-l280","source":"ἔν τʼ ἄρα μοι φῦ χειρί, ἔπος τʼ ἔφατʼ ἔκ τʼ ὀνόμαζε·","translation":"He took my hand and clasped it, spoke and called me by name:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l280.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"in, on"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and (particle)"},{"surface":"ἄρα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then (particle)"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of φῦ","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"φῦ","lemma":"φύω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"took, clasped","note":"φῦ (aorist of φύω 'grow, cling') + ἐν... = 'grew into,' i.e. clasped my hand firmly — vivid physical idiom"},{"surface":"χειρί","lemma":"χείρ","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of φῦ","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"ἔπος","lemma":"ἔπος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἔφατ᾽","gloss":"word, speech"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and (particle)"},{"surface":"ἔφατ","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"ἔκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"out"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and (particle)"},{"surface":"ὀνόμαζε","lemma":"ὀνομάζω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"called by name"}]},{"number":281,"label":"281","id":"b10-l281","source":"πῇ δὴ αὖτʼ, ὦ δύστηνε, διʼ ἄκριας ἔρχεαι\n                        οἶος,","translation":"\"Where now again, poor wretch, are you going alone through the hilltops,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l281.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πῇ","lemma":"πῆ","morphology":"pronoun","role":"object of ἔρχεαι","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"αὖτ","lemma":"αὖτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"again","note":"αὖτε ('again') signals this is not the first time Odysseus has gone off alone, prompting Hermes' surprised/reproachful greeting."},{"surface":"ὦ","lemma":"ὦ","morphology":"exclamation","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"δύστηνε","lemma":"δύστηνος","morphology":"vocative singular masculine adjective","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"poor wretch","note":"Vocative adjective in direct address with an implied but unstated noun (a common Homeric ellipsis); conveys Hermes' pity."},{"surface":"δι","lemma":"διά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"ἄκριας","lemma":"ἄκρις","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of δι᾽","gloss":"hilltops"},{"surface":"ἔρχεαι","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"are going","note":"Mediopassive form of ἔρχομαι functions as ordinary active 'go/come' in Homeric Greek."},{"surface":"οἶος","lemma":"οἶος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"alone"}]},{"number":282,"label":"282","id":"b10-l282","source":"χώρου ἄιδρις ἐών; ἕταροι δέ τοι οἵδʼ ἐνὶ Κίρκης","translation":"ignorant of the land? Your companions, there in Circe's house,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l282.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"χώρου","lemma":"χῶρος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ἄιδρις","gloss":"of the land"},{"surface":"ἄιδρις","lemma":"ἄιδρις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"ignorant","note":"ἄιδρις 'ignorant' governs a genitive of the thing not known: χώρου, 'ignorant of the land.'"},{"surface":"ἐών","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἔρχεαι","gloss":"being"},{"surface":"ἕταροι","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔρχαται","gloss":"companions"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"modifies ἕταροι","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"οἵδ","lemma":"ὅδε","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"modifies ἕταροι","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"ἐνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Κίρκης","lemma":"Κίρκη","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies","gloss":"Circe's","note":"Genitive with ἐνί: 'in Circe's (house)' — the noun δώμασι is left understood, common Homeric ellipsis."}]},{"number":283,"label":"283","id":"b10-l283","source":"ἔρχαται ὥς τε σύες πυκινοὺς κευθμῶνας ἔχοντες.","translation":"are penned like swine, holding their close-built lairs.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l283.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔρχαται","lemma":"ἔργνυμι","morphology":"perfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"are penned","note":"Perfect passive of ἔργνυμι 'shut in' pictures the men still confined, like the swine they've become."},{"surface":"ὥς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"(correlative)"},{"surface":"σύες","lemma":"ὗς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"swine"},{"surface":"πυκινοὺς","lemma":"πυκνός","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies κευθμῶνας","gloss":"close-built"},{"surface":"κευθμῶνας","lemma":"κευθμών","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἔχοντες","gloss":"lairs"},{"surface":"ἔχοντες","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ἔρχαται","gloss":"holding"}]},{"number":284,"label":"284","id":"b10-l284","source":"ἦ τοὺς λυσόμενος δεῦρʼ ἔρχεαι; οὐδέ σέ φημι","translation":"Have you come here to set them free? I tell you, you will not","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l284.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"τοὺς","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of λυσόμενος","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"λυσόμενος","lemma":"λύω","morphology":"future middle participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἔρχεαι","gloss":"to free","note":"Future middle participle expressing purpose: 'coming in order to free them.'"},{"surface":"δεῦρ","lemma":"δεῦρο","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of ἔρχεαι","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"ἔρχεαι","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"are you coming"},{"surface":"σέ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative singular pronoun","role":"subject of νοστήσειν","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"φημι","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"present active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I say","note":"φημι + accusative-infinitive (σέ ... νοστήσειν) is the standard indirect-statement construction: 'I say that you...'"}]},{"number":285,"label":"285","id":"b10-l285","source":"αὐτὸν νοστήσειν, μενέεις δὲ σύ γʼ, ἔνθα περ ἄλλοι.","translation":"return yourself either; you will stay right where the others are.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l285.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὸν","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"νοστήσειν","lemma":"νοστέω","morphology":"future active infinitive","role":"object of φημι","gloss":"will return"},{"surface":"μενέεις","lemma":"μένω","morphology":"future active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"you will stay"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"σύ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"nominative singular pronoun","role":"subject of μενέεις","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"γ","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"function word","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἔνθα","lemma":"ἔνθα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"there where"},{"surface":"περ","lemma":"πέρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"ἄλλοι","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"subject","gloss":"the others"}]},{"number":286,"label":"286","id":"b10-l286","source":"ἀλλʼ ἄγε δή σε κακῶν ἐκλύσομαι ἠδὲ σαώσω.","translation":"But come, I will deliver you from these evils and save you.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l286.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἄγε","lemma":"ἄγε","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"come","note":"ἄγε is a frozen imperative used as an interjection ('come now'), common to introduce a command or offer."},{"surface":"δή","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"σε","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative singular pronoun","role":"object of ἐκλύσομαι","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"κακῶν","lemma":"κακός","morphology":"genitive plural neuter adjective","role":"object of ἐκλύσομαι","gloss":"from evils"},{"surface":"ἐκλύσομαι","lemma":"ἐκλύω","morphology":"future middle indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I will free"},{"surface":"ἠδὲ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"σαώσω","lemma":"σώζω","morphology":"future active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I will save"}]},{"number":287,"label":"287","id":"b10-l287","source":"τῆ, τόδε φάρμακον ἐσθλὸν ἔχων ἐς δώματα Κίρκης","translation":"Here, take this potent drug and go into Circe's house","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l287.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"τῆ","title":"Homeric 'here, take it!'","body":"τῆ is an old interjection used when handing something over, equivalent to 'here!' It belongs to the elevated, archaic register of Homeric speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"τῆ","lemma":"τῆ","morphology":"aorist active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"here, take","note":"τῆ is a fossilized imperative ('here! take this') used as an interjection when handing something over."},{"surface":"τόδε","lemma":"ὅδε","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"modifies φάρμακον","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"φάρμακον","lemma":"φάρμακον","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἔχων","gloss":"drug"},{"surface":"ἐσθλὸν","lemma":"ἐσθλός","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies φάρμακον","gloss":"potent"},{"surface":"ἔχων","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἔρχευ","gloss":"holding"},{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"δώματα","lemma":"δῶμα","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἐς","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"Κίρκης","lemma":"Κίρκη","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies δώματα","gloss":"Circe's"}]},{"number":288,"label":"288","id":"b10-l288","source":"ἔρχευ, ὅ κέν τοι κρατὸς ἀλάλκῃσιν κακὸν ἦμαρ.","translation":"with it: it will ward off the day of doom from your head.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l288.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔρχευ","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"go","note":"ἔρχευ, a rare middle imperative of ἔρχομαι, picks up ἔχων from the prior line: 'holding it, go...'"},{"surface":"ὅ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular neuter pronoun","role":"subject of ἀλάλκῃσιν","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"κέν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"(modal particle)"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"modifies κρατὸς","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"κρατὸς","lemma":"κράς","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἀλάλκῃσιν","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"ἀλάλκῃσιν","lemma":"ἄλαλκε","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing φάρμακον","gloss":"will ward off","note":"Epic subjunctive with κέν in a relative clause of characteristic: 'which will ward off.'"},{"surface":"κακὸν","lemma":"κακός","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἦμαρ","gloss":"evil"},{"surface":"ἦμαρ","lemma":"ἦμαρ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἀλάλκῃσιν","gloss":"day"}]},{"number":289,"label":"289","id":"b10-l289","source":"πάντα δέ τοι ἐρέω ὀλοφώια δήνεα Κίρκης.","translation":"And I will tell you all the deadly schemes of Circe.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l289.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πάντα","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies δήνεα","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"object of ἐρέω","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ἐρέω","lemma":"ἐρῶ","morphology":"future active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I will tell"},{"surface":"ὀλοφώια","lemma":"ὀλοφώιος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies δήνεα","gloss":"deadly"},{"surface":"δήνεα","lemma":"δῆνος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἐρέω","gloss":"schemes"},{"surface":"Κίρκης","lemma":"Κίρκη","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies δήνεα","gloss":"Circe's"}]},{"number":290,"label":"290","id":"b10-l290","source":"τεύξει τοι κυκεῶ, βαλέει δʼ ἐν φάρμακα σίτῳ.","translation":"She will mix you a potion and put drugs in the food;","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l290.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τεύξει","lemma":"τεύχω","morphology":"future active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"she will mix"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"object of τεύξει","gloss":"for you"},{"surface":"κυκεῶ","lemma":"κυκεών","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of τεύξει","gloss":"potion","note":"κυκεών, the barley-wine-cheese mixture also drunk in Eleusinian ritual — Circe weaponizes an ordinary drink."},{"surface":"βαλέει","lemma":"βάλλω","morphology":"future active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"she will put"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"φάρμακα","lemma":"φάρμακον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of βαλέει","gloss":"drugs"},{"surface":"σίτῳ","lemma":"σῖτος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of βαλέει","gloss":"food"}]},{"number":291,"label":"291","id":"b10-l291","source":"ἀλλʼ οὐδʼ ὣς θέλξαι σε δυνήσεται· οὐ γὰρ ἐάσει","translation":"but even so she will not be able to bewitch you, for it will not allow it,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l291.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to δυνήσεται","gloss":"even so"},{"surface":"θέλξαι","lemma":"θέλγω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of δυνήσεται","gloss":"to bewitch"},{"surface":"σε","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative singular pronoun","role":"object of θέλξαι","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"δυνήσεται","lemma":"δύναμαι","morphology":"future middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"she will be able","note":"δυνήσεται + infinitive θέλξαι: 'she will be able to bewitch' — negated by the preceding οὐδ᾽."},{"surface":"οὐ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ἐάσει","lemma":"ἐάω","morphology":"future active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will allow it"}]},{"number":292,"label":"292","id":"b10-l292","source":"φάρμακον ἐσθλόν, ὅ τοι δώσω, ἐρέω δὲ ἕκαστα.","translation":"this potent drug I will give you. And I will tell you each thing.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l292.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"φάρμακον","lemma":"φάρμακον","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of ἐάσει","gloss":"drug"},{"surface":"ἐσθλόν","lemma":"ἐσθλός","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies φάρμακον","gloss":"potent"},{"surface":"ὅ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"object of δώσω","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"object of δώσω","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"δώσω","lemma":"δίδωμι","morphology":"future active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing φάρμακον","gloss":"I will give","note":"Relative clause ὅ τοι δώσω describes φάρμακον: 'this drug, which I will give you.'"},{"surface":"ἐρέω","lemma":"ἐρῶ","morphology":"future active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I will tell"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἕκαστα","lemma":"ἕκαστος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of ἐρέω","gloss":"each thing"}]},{"number":293,"label":"293","id":"b10-l293","source":"ὁππότε κεν Κίρκη σʼ ἐλάσῃ περιμήκεϊ ῥάβδῳ,","translation":"When Circe strikes at you with her long wand,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l293.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ὁππότε κεν ... ἐλάσῃ","title":"Indefinite temporal clause","body":"'Whenever she strikes' uses the subjunctive with κεν to mark a future, conditional event. Greek regularly uses the subjunctive for an anticipated 'when' that has not yet happened."}],"words":[{"surface":"ὁππότε","lemma":"ὁπότε","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"whenever"},{"surface":"κεν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"(modal particle)"},{"surface":"Κίρκη","lemma":"Κίρκη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἐλάσῃ","gloss":"Circe"},{"surface":"σ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative singular pronoun","role":"object of ἐλάσῃ","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ἐλάσῃ","lemma":"ἐλαύνω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὁππότε","gloss":"strikes","note":"ἐλαύνω here means 'strike/drive at' with the wand, subjunctive in a general temporal clause (ὁππότε κεν)."},{"surface":"περιμήκεϊ","lemma":"περιμήκης","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ῥάβδῳ","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"ῥάβδῳ","lemma":"ῥάβδος","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐλάσῃ","gloss":"wand"}]},{"number":294,"label":"294","id":"b10-l294","source":"δὴ τότε σὺ ξίφος ὀξὺ ἐρυσσάμενος παρὰ μηροῦ","translation":"then draw your sharp sword from beside your thigh","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l294.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"τότε","lemma":"τότε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐπαῖξαι","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"σὺ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"nominative singular pronoun","role":"subject of ἐπαῖξαι","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ξίφος","lemma":"ξίφος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἐρυσσάμενος","gloss":"sword"},{"surface":"ὀξὺ","lemma":"ὀξύς","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ξίφος","gloss":"sharp"},{"surface":"ἐρυσσάμενος","lemma":"ἐρύω","morphology":"aorist middle participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐπαῖξαι","gloss":"having drawn","note":"Aorist middle participle: drawing the sword 'for oneself,' i.e. from one's own side."},{"surface":"παρὰ","lemma":"παρά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from beside"},{"surface":"μηροῦ","lemma":"μηρός","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of παρὰ","gloss":"thigh"}]},{"number":295,"label":"295","id":"b10-l295","source":"Κίρκῃ ἐπαῖξαι, ὥς τε κτάμεναι μενεαίνων.","translation":"and rush at Circe as though eager to kill her.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l295.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Κίρκῃ","lemma":"Κίρκη","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐπαῖξαι","gloss":"at Circe"},{"surface":"ἐπαῖξαι","lemma":"ἐπαίσσω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"main verb","gloss":"rush","note":"Aorist infinitive of sudden attack, ἐπαίσσω, paired with a purpose-like ὥς τε clause: 'rush as if eager to kill.'"},{"surface":"ὥς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"(correlative)"},{"surface":"κτάμεναι","lemma":"κτείνω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object","gloss":"to kill"},{"surface":"μενεαίνων","lemma":"μενεαίνω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐπαῖξαι","gloss":"eager"}]},{"number":296,"label":"296","id":"b10-l296","source":"ἡ δέ σʼ ὑποδείσασα κελήσεται εὐνηθῆναι·","translation":"She, in terror, will then invite you to her bed;","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l296.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἡ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of κελήσεται","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"σ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative singular pronoun","role":"subject of εὐνηθῆναι","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ὑποδείσασα","lemma":"ὑποδείδω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to κελήσεται","gloss":"terrified","note":"Aorist participle ὑποδείσασα, 'having grown afraid,' explains why Circe suddenly turns inviting."},{"surface":"κελήσεται","lemma":"κέλομαι","morphology":"future middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will invite"},{"surface":"εὐνηθῆναι","lemma":"εὐνάω","morphology":"aorist passive infinitive","role":"object of κελήσεται","gloss":"to bed"}]},{"number":297,"label":"297","id":"b10-l297","source":"ἔνθα σὺ μηκέτʼ ἔπειτʼ ἀπανήνασθαι θεοῦ εὐνήν,","translation":"and do not at that point refuse the goddess's bed,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l297.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἀπανήνασθαι","title":"Infinitive as command","body":"Homer uses the infinitive 'to refuse' with a negative as a forceful instruction: 'do not refuse.' The infinitive frequently stands in for an imperative in such directives."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἔνθα","lemma":"ἔνθα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀπανήνασθαι","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"σὺ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"nominative singular pronoun","role":"subject of ἀπανήνασθαι","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"μηκέτ","lemma":"μηκέτι","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"no longer"},{"surface":"ἔπειτ","lemma":"ἔπειτα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀπανήνασθαι","gloss":"thereafter"},{"surface":"ἀπανήνασθαι","lemma":"ἀπαναίνομαι","morphology":"aorist middle infinitive","role":"main verb","gloss":"refuse","note":"μηκέτ(ι) ... ἀπανήνασθαι: negated infinitive of command, 'do not then refuse.'"},{"surface":"θεοῦ","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies εὐνήν","gloss":"goddess's"},{"surface":"εὐνήν","lemma":"εὐνή","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἀπανήνασθαι","gloss":"bed"}]},{"number":298,"label":"298","id":"b10-l298","source":"ὄφρα κέ τοι λύσῃ θʼ ἑτάρους αὐτόν τε κομίσσῃ·","translation":"so that she may free your companions and care for you yourself.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l298.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὄφρα","lemma":"ὄφρα","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"κέ","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"(modal particle)"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"adverbial to λύσῃ","gloss":"for you"},{"surface":"λύσῃ","lemma":"λύω","morphology":"aorist middle subjunctive, 2nd singular verb","role":"adverbial to τε","gloss":"she may free"},{"surface":"θ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἑτάρους","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of λύσῃ","gloss":"companions"},{"surface":"αὐτόν","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"object of κομίσσῃ","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κομίσσῃ","lemma":"κομίζω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to τε","gloss":"care for","note":"Purpose clause ὄφρα κέ with two subjunctives, λύσῃ...κομίσσῃ, 'so that she may free...and care for.'"}]},{"number":299,"label":"299","id":"b10-l299","source":"ἀλλὰ κέλεσθαί μιν μακάρων μέγαν ὅρκον ὀμόσσαι,","translation":"But bid her swear the great oath of the blessed gods,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l299.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλὰ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"κέλεσθαί","lemma":"κέλομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive infinitive","role":"main verb","gloss":"bid","note":"Imperative infinitive κέλεσθαι used as a command form, typical Homeric idiom: 'bid her swear.'"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of ὀμόσσαι","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"μακάρων","lemma":"μάκαρ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ὅρκον","gloss":"of the blessed gods"},{"surface":"μέγαν","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ὅρκον","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"ὅρκον","lemma":"ὅρκος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ,","gloss":"oath"},{"surface":"ὀμόσσαι","lemma":"ὄμνυμι","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of κέλεσθαί","gloss":"to swear"}]},{"number":300,"label":"300","id":"b10-l300","source":"μή τί τοι αὐτῷ πῆμα κακὸν βουλευσέμεν ἄλλο,","translation":"that she will plot no other evil harm against you,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l300.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μή","lemma":"μή","morphology":"conjunction","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"τί","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"modifies πῆμα","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"object of βουλευσέμεν","gloss":"against you"},{"surface":"αὐτῷ","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies τοι","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"πῆμα","lemma":"πῆμα","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of βουλευσέμεν","gloss":"harm"},{"surface":"κακὸν","lemma":"κακός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies πῆμα","gloss":"evil"},{"surface":"βουλευσέμεν","lemma":"βουλεύω","morphology":"future active infinitive","role":"object of ,","gloss":"to plot","note":"μή ... βουλευσέμεν: negative purpose/oath content, 'that she plot no other harm.'"},{"surface":"ἄλλο","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies πῆμα","gloss":"other"}]},{"number":301,"label":"301","id":"b10-l301","source":"μή σʼ ἀπογυμνωθέντα κακὸν καὶ ἀνήνορα θήῃ.","translation":"lest, stripping you bare, she make you a coward and unmanned.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l301.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μή","lemma":"μή","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"lest"},{"surface":"σ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative singular pronoun","role":"object of θήῃ","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ἀπογυμνωθέντα","lemma":"ἀπογυμνόω","morphology":"aorist passive participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"stripped bare","note":"ἀπογυμνωθέντα, 'made naked/disarmed,' vividly recalls Odysseus's actual vulnerability once weaponless in bed."},{"surface":"κακὸν","lemma":"κακός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"complement of καὶ","gloss":"cowardly"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀνήνορα","lemma":"ἀνήνωρ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"complement of καὶ","gloss":"unmanned"},{"surface":"θήῃ","lemma":"τίθημι","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to μή","gloss":"she make"}]},{"number":302,"label":"302","id":"b10-l302","source":"ὣς ἄρα φωνήσας πόρε φάρμακον ἀργεϊφόντης","translation":"So speaking, the Slayer of Argos handed me the drug,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l302.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ἀργεϊφόντης","title":"Slayer of Argos","body":"This is a standing epithet of Hermes; the traditional sense is 'Argos-slayer,' after the many-eyed guardian Argos he killed. It is used here in place of his name."}],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to φωνήσας","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ἄρα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"φωνήσας","lemma":"φωνέω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to πόρε","gloss":"speaking"},{"surface":"πόρε","lemma":"πόρω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"gave"},{"surface":"φάρμακον","lemma":"φάρμακον","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of πόρε","gloss":"drug"},{"surface":"ἀργεϊφόντης","lemma":"Ἀργειφόντης","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of πόρε","gloss":"Slayer of Argos","note":"Ἀργειφόντης, Hermes' epic epithet ('Argos-slayer'), recalling the myth of his killing the giant Argus."}]},{"number":303,"label":"303","id":"b10-l303","source":"ἐκ γαίης ἐρύσας, καί μοι φύσιν αὐτοῦ ἔδειξε.","translation":"pulling it out of the ground, and showed me its nature.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l303.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"γαίης","lemma":"γαῖα","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐκ","gloss":"the ground"},{"surface":"ἐρύσας","lemma":"ἐρύω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to πόρε","gloss":"having pulled","note":"ἐρύσας, 'having drawn/pulled out,' picks up πόρε: Hermes pulls the plant from the earth before giving it."},{"surface":"καί","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἔδειξε","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"φύσιν","lemma":"φύσις","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἔδειξε","gloss":"nature"},{"surface":"αὐτοῦ","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"genitive singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies φύσιν","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"ἔδειξε","lemma":"δείκνυμι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"showed"}]},{"number":304,"label":"304","id":"b10-l304","source":"ῥίζῃ μὲν μέλαν ἔσκε, γάλακτι δὲ εἴκελον ἄνθος·","translation":"At the root it was black, but its flower was like milk.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l304.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ῥίζῃ","lemma":"ῥίζα","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἔσκε","gloss":"at the root","note":"ῥίζῃ is a dative of respect: 'black in respect to its root.'"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"on one hand"},{"surface":"μέλαν","lemma":"μέλας","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"black"},{"surface":"ἔσκε","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"imperfect indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"γάλακτι","lemma":"γάλα","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"modifies εἴκελον","gloss":"milk"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"εἴκελον","lemma":"εἴκελος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"ἄνθος","lemma":"ἄνθος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject","gloss":"flower"}]},{"number":305,"label":"305","id":"b10-l305","source":"μῶλυ δέ μιν καλέουσι θεοί· χαλεπὸν δέ τʼ ὀρύσσειν","translation":"The gods call it moly; and it is hard to dig up","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l305.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"μῶλυ","title":"Moly","body":"Moly is the magical plant Hermes gives Odysseus as protection against Circe's drugs. Its 'divine' name and milk-white flower mark it as no ordinary herb."}],"words":[{"surface":"μῶλυ","lemma":"μῶλυ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"complement of καλέουσι","gloss":"moly","note":"μῶλυ, the magical herb's proper name — otherwise unattested outside this passage, a divine-only word for mortals."},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"object of καλέουσι","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"καλέουσι","lemma":"καλέω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"call"},{"surface":"θεοί","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of καλέουσι","gloss":"gods"},{"surface":"χαλεπὸν","lemma":"χαλεπός","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"hard"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"(untranslatable particle)"},{"surface":"ὀρύσσειν","lemma":"ὀρύσσω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"modifies χαλεπὸν","gloss":"to dig up"}]},{"number":306,"label":"306","id":"b10-l306","source":"ἀνδράσι γε θνητοῖσι, θεοὶ δέ τε πάντα δύνανται.","translation":"for mortal men, at least; but the gods can do all things.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l306.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀνδράσι","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object","gloss":"for men"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"at least"},{"surface":"θνητοῖσι","lemma":"θνητός","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἀνδράσι","gloss":"mortal"},{"surface":"θεοὶ","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of δύνανται","gloss":"gods"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"(untranslatable particle)"},{"surface":"πάντα","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of δύνανται","gloss":"all things"},{"surface":"δύνανται","lemma":"δύναμαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"can do","note":"θεοὶ...πάντα δύνανται closes the moly episode with a gnomic statement of divine power vs. mortal limit."}]},{"number":307,"label":"307","id":"b10-l307","source":"Ἑρμείας μὲν ἔπειτʼ ἀπέβη πρὸς μακρὸν Ὄλυμπον","translation":"Then Hermes departed to high Olympus","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l307.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ἑρμείας","lemma":"Ἑρμῆς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἀπέβη","gloss":"Hermes"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"on one hand"},{"surface":"ἔπειτ","lemma":"ἔπειτα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀπέβη","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἀπέβη","lemma":"ἀποβαίνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"departed"},{"surface":"πρὸς","lemma":"πρός","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"μακρὸν","lemma":"μακρός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ὄλυμπον","gloss":"high"},{"surface":"Ὄλυμπον","lemma":"Ὄλυμπος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of πρὸς","gloss":"Olympus","note":"μὲν...δ᾽ (l308) is a classic Homeric balance: Hermes goes one way, Odysseus another."}]},{"number":308,"label":"308","id":"b10-l308","source":"νῆσον ἀνʼ ὑλήεσσαν, ἐγὼ δʼ ἐς δώματα Κίρκης","translation":"over the wooded island, and I went on toward Circe's house;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l308.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"νῆσον","lemma":"νῆσος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἀν᾽","gloss":"island"},{"surface":"ἀν","lemma":"ἀνά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"ὑλήεσσαν","lemma":"ὑλήεις","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies νῆσον","gloss":"wooded"},{"surface":"ἐγὼ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἤια","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"δώματα","lemma":"δῶμα","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἐς","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"Κίρκης","lemma":"Κίρκη","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies δώματα","gloss":"Circe's"}]},{"number":309,"label":"309","id":"b10-l309","source":"ἤια, πολλὰ δέ μοι κραδίη πόρφυρε κιόντι.","translation":"and as I walked my heart darkened with many thoughts.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l309.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"πόρφυρε","title":"A churning heart","body":"The verb porphyro literally evokes the dark heaving of the sea; applied to the heart it means it surged and brooded with anxious thought."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἤια","lemma":"εἶμι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I went","note":"ἤια is the epic imperfect indicative of εἶμι (augmented ἠ-, ending -ια), meaning 'I was going'; not a present-tense form."},{"surface":"πολλὰ","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to πόρφυρε","gloss":"many things"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies κραδίη","gloss":"for me"},{"surface":"κραδίη","lemma":"καρδία","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of πόρφυρε","gloss":"my heart"},{"surface":"πόρφυρε","lemma":"πορφύρω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"darkened, seethed","note":"πορφύρω, lit. 'to surge like the sea'; metaphor for turbulent thought, root of English 'purple'."},{"surface":"κιόντι","lemma":"κίω","morphology":"aorist active participle, dative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"as I went"}]},{"number":310,"label":"310","id":"b10-l310","source":"ἔστην δʼ εἰνὶ θύρῃσι θεᾶς καλλιπλοκάμοιο·","translation":"I stood at the doors of the fair-haired goddess;","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l310.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔστην","lemma":"ἵστημι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I stood","note":"root aorist ἔστην from ἵστημι, a common strong epic aorist form."},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"εἰνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"θύρῃσι","lemma":"θύρα","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to εἰνὶ","gloss":"doors"},{"surface":"θεᾶς","lemma":"θεά","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies θύρῃσι","gloss":"of the goddess"},{"surface":"καλλιπλοκάμοιο","lemma":"καλλιπλόκαμος","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies θεᾶς","gloss":"fair-haired","note":"stock epic epithet for goddesses, 'lovely-tressed'; formulaic, always attached to θεά/goddess figures."}]},{"number":311,"label":"311","id":"b10-l311","source":"ἔνθα στὰς ἐβόησα, θεὰ δέ μευ ἔκλυεν αὐδῆς.","translation":"standing there I called out, and the goddess heard my voice.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l311.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔνθα","lemma":"ἔνθα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to στὰς","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"στὰς","lemma":"ἵστημι","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐβόησα","gloss":"standing","note":"aorist participle of ἵστημι, ingressive: 'having taken my stand'."},{"surface":"ἐβόησα","lemma":"βοάω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I called out"},{"surface":"θεὰ","lemma":"θεά","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἔκλυεν","gloss":"the goddess"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μευ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies αὐδῆς","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"ἔκλυεν","lemma":"κλύω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"heard","note":"κλύω governs genitive of the thing heard, here αὐδῆς 'my voice'."},{"surface":"αὐδῆς","lemma":"αὐδή","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἔκλυεν","gloss":"voice"}]},{"number":312,"label":"312","id":"b10-l312","source":"ἡ δʼ αἶψʼ ἐξελθοῦσα θύρας ὤιξε φαεινὰς","translation":"At once she came out, opened the shining doors,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l312.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἡ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αἶψ","lemma":"αἶψα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐξελθοῦσα","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"ἐξελθοῦσα","lemma":"ἐξέρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to ὤιξε","gloss":"coming out"},{"surface":"θύρας","lemma":"θύρα","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ὤιξε","gloss":"doors"},{"surface":"ὤιξε","lemma":"οἴγω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"opened","note":"οἴγω 'open', root of English via Latin unrelated but note reduplicated/augmented aorist ὤιξε."},{"surface":"φαεινὰς","lemma":"φαεινός","morphology":"accusative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies θύρας","gloss":"shining"}]},{"number":313,"label":"313","id":"b10-l313","source":"καὶ κάλει· αὐτὰρ ἐγὼν ἑπόμην ἀκαχήμενος ἦτορ.","translation":"and called me in; and I followed, grieved in my heart.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l313.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κάλει","lemma":"καλέω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"called (me in)"},{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐγὼν","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἑπόμην","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ἑπόμην","lemma":"ἕπομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"followed"},{"surface":"ἀκαχήμενος","lemma":"ἀχεύω","morphology":"present passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἑπόμην","gloss":"grieving"},{"surface":"ἦτορ","lemma":"ἦτορ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἀκαχήμενος","gloss":"in heart","note":"accusative of respect: 'grieved with respect to my heart'."}]},{"number":314,"label":"314","id":"b10-l314","source":"εἷσε δέ μʼ εἰσαγαγοῦσα ἐπὶ θρόνου ἀργυροήλου","translation":"She led me in and seated me on a silver-studded chair,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l314.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἷσε","lemma":"ἵζω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"she seated"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of εἷσε","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"εἰσαγαγοῦσα","lemma":"εἰσάγω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to εἷσε","gloss":"leading in"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"θρόνου","lemma":"θρόνος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐπὶ","gloss":"chair"},{"surface":"ἀργυροήλου","lemma":"ἀργυρόηλος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies θρόνου","gloss":"silver-studded","note":"compound epithet, formulaic decoration marking luxury furniture in epic."}]},{"number":315,"label":"315","id":"b10-l315","source":"καλοῦ δαιδαλέου· ὑπὸ δὲ θρῆνυς ποσὶν ἦεν·","translation":"a fine, intricately wrought one, with a footstool beneath my feet;","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l315.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καλοῦ","lemma":"καλός","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies θρόνου","gloss":"fine"},{"surface":"δαιδαλέου","lemma":"δαιδάλεος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies θρόνου","gloss":"intricately wrought","note":"δαιδάλεος, from Daedalus-root, 'craftsman-worked', epic marker of fine artifice."},{"surface":"ὑπὸ","lemma":"ὑπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"beneath"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"θρῆνυς","lemma":"θρῆνυς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἦεν","gloss":"a footstool"},{"surface":"ποσὶν","lemma":"πούς","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἦεν","gloss":"for feet"},{"surface":"ἦεν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"there was","note":"epic imperfect ἦεν of εἰμί, alt. to ἦν."}]},{"number":316,"label":"316","id":"b10-l316","source":"τεῦχε δέ μοι κυκεῶ χρυσέῳ δέπαι, ὄφρα πίοιμι,","translation":"and she made me a potion in a golden cup, for me to drink,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l316.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τεῦχε","lemma":"τεύχω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"she made"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of τεῦχε","gloss":"for me"},{"surface":"κυκεῶ","lemma":"κυκεών","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of τεῦχε","gloss":"a potion","note":"κυκεών, the mixed drink of barley/wine/cheese famous from this scene and the Eleusinian rite."},{"surface":"χρυσέῳ","lemma":"χρύσεος","morphology":"dative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies δέπαι","gloss":"golden"},{"surface":"δέπαι","lemma":"δέπας","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to τεῦχε","gloss":"in a cup"},{"surface":"ὄφρα","lemma":"ὄφρα","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"πίοιμι","lemma":"πίνω","morphology":"aorist active optative, 1st singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὄφρα","gloss":"I might drink","note":"aorist optative in purpose clause after ὄφρα, standard epic sequence."}]},{"number":317,"label":"317","id":"b10-l317","source":"ἐν δέ τε φάρμακον ἧκε, κακὰ φρονέουσʼ ἐνὶ θυμῷ.","translation":"and into it she put a drug, scheming evil in her heart.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l317.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"φάρμακον","lemma":"φάρμακον","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἧκε","gloss":"a drug","note":"φάρμακον, ambiguous 'drug/poison/remedy'; here Circe's transforming potion."},{"surface":"ἧκε","lemma":"ἵημι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"she put in"},{"surface":"κακὰ","lemma":"κακός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of φρονέουσ᾽","gloss":"evil things"},{"surface":"φρονέουσ","lemma":"φρονέω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative plural feminine","role":"adverbial to ἧκε","gloss":"scheming"},{"surface":"ἐνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"θυμῷ","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐνὶ","gloss":"heart"}]},{"number":318,"label":"318","id":"b10-l318","source":"αὐτὰρ ἐπεὶ δῶκέν τε καὶ ἔκπιον, οὐδέ μʼ ἔθελξε,","translation":"But after she had given it and I drank it down, and it did not bewitch me,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l318.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"δῶκέν","lemma":"δίδωμι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to δέ","gloss":"she gave (it)"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔκπιον","lemma":"ἐκπίνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"adverbial to δέ","gloss":"I drank it down","note":"compound ἐκπίνω, 'drink out/down completely', emphasizing he drained the cup."},{"surface":"μ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἔθελξε","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ἔθελξε","lemma":"θέλγω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to δέ","gloss":"bewitched","note":"θέλγω 'enchant, cast a spell on'; central verb for Circe's magic in this episode."}]},{"number":319,"label":"319","id":"b10-l319","source":"ῥάβδῳ πεπληγυῖα ἔπος τʼ ἔφατʼ ἔκ τʼ ὀνόμαζεν·","translation":"she struck me with her wand, spoke, and called me by name:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l319.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ῥάβδῳ","lemma":"ῥάβδος","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to πεπληγυῖα","gloss":"with her wand"},{"surface":"πεπληγυῖα","lemma":"πλήσσω","morphology":"perfect active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to τ᾽","gloss":"striking","note":"perfect participle πεπληγυῖα, 'having struck'; the ritual wand-blow that would normally transform a man into a beast."},{"surface":"ἔπος","lemma":"ἔπος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἔφατ᾽","gloss":"a word"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔφατ","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"she spoke"},{"surface":"ἔκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"out"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὀνόμαζεν","lemma":"ὀνομάζω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"named (me)","note":"ἔκ...ὀνόμαζεν is a split (tmesis) compound, ἐξονομάζω, typical of Homeric verse."}]},{"number":320,"label":"320","id":"b10-l320","source":"ἔρχεο νῦν συφεόνδε, μετʼ ἄλλων λέξο ἑταίρων.","translation":"\"Off to the pigsty now! Lie down with the rest of your companions!\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l320.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔρχεο","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"go!","note":"imperative ἔρχεο, Circe's command that would normally turn men into swine."},{"surface":"νῦν","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔρχεο","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"συφεόνδε","lemma":"συφεός","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of ἔρχεο","gloss":"to the pigsty","note":"συφεόνδε: directional -δε suffix meaning 'to/toward', attached to συφεός 'pigsty'."},{"surface":"μετ","lemma":"μετά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ἄλλων","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἑταίρων","gloss":"the others"},{"surface":"λέξο","lemma":"λέγω","morphology":"aorist passive imperative, singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"lie down"},{"surface":"ἑταίρων","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"object of μετ᾽","gloss":"companions"}]},{"number":321,"label":"321","id":"b10-l321","source":"ὣς φάτʼ, ἐγὼ δʼ ἄορ ὀξὺ ἐρυσσάμενος παρὰ\n                     μηροῦ","translation":"So she spoke; but I drew my sharp sword from beside my thigh","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l321.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to φάτ᾽","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"φάτ","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"she spoke"},{"surface":"ἐγὼ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἐπήιξα","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἄορ","lemma":"ἄορ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἐρυσσάμενος","gloss":"sword"},{"surface":"ὀξὺ","lemma":"ὀξύς","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἄορ","gloss":"sharp"},{"surface":"ἐρυσσάμενος","lemma":"ἐρύω","morphology":"aorist participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐπήιξα","gloss":"drawing","note":"middle voice ἐρυσσάμενος, 'drawing (his own sword) for himself', typical reflexive middle."},{"surface":"παρὰ","lemma":"παρά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from beside"},{"surface":"μηροῦ","lemma":"μηρός","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of παρὰ","gloss":"my thigh"}]},{"number":322,"label":"322","id":"b10-l322","source":"Κίρκῃ ἐπήιξα ὥς τε κτάμεναι μενεαίνων.","translation":"and rushed at Circe as though eager to kill her.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l322.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Κίρκῃ","lemma":"Κίρκη","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐπήιξα","gloss":"at Circe"},{"surface":"ἐπήιξα","lemma":"ἐπαίσσω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I rushed"},{"surface":"ὥς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"κτάμεναι","lemma":"κτείνω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object","gloss":"to kill","note":"epic infinitive κτάμεναι (root aorist), archaic ending -μεναι common in Homer."},{"surface":"μενεαίνων","lemma":"μενεαίνω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐπήιξα","gloss":"eager"}]},{"number":323,"label":"323","id":"b10-l323","source":"ἡ δὲ μέγα ἰάχουσα ὑπέδραμε καὶ λάβε γούνων,","translation":"But she, shrieking loudly, ran beneath the stroke and clasped my knees,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l323.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἡ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of καί","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"μέγα","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ἰάχουσα","gloss":"loudly"},{"surface":"ἰάχουσα","lemma":"ἰάχω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to ὑπέδραμε","gloss":"shrieking"},{"surface":"ὑπέδραμε","lemma":"ὑποτρέχω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"ran under","note":"ὑποτρέχω, 'run in under (the sword-stroke)', vivid physical image of ducking beneath the blade."},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"λάβε","lemma":"λαμβάνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"grasped"},{"surface":"γούνων","lemma":"γόνυ","morphology":"genitive plural neuter noun","role":"object of λάβε","gloss":"knees","note":"clasping the knees is the standard epic gesture of supplication."}]},{"number":324,"label":"324","id":"b10-l324","source":"καί μʼ ὀλοφυρομένη ἔπεα πτερόεντα προσηύδα·","translation":"and weeping she spoke to me winged words:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l324.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καί","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of προσηύδα","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ὀλοφυρομένη","lemma":"ὀλοφύρομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to προσηύδα","gloss":"weeping"},{"surface":"ἔπεα","lemma":"ἔπος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of προσηύδα","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"πτερόεντα","lemma":"πτερόεις","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἔπεα","gloss":"winged","note":"ἔπεα πτερόεντα 'winged words', one of Homer's most famous formulas introducing speech."},{"surface":"προσηύδα","lemma":"προσαυδάω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"she addressed"}]},{"number":325,"label":"325","id":"b10-l325","source":"τίς πόθεν εἰς ἀνδρῶν; πόθι τοι πόλις ἠδὲ\n                        τοκῆες;","translation":"\"Who are you, and from where among men? Where is your city, and your parents?","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l325.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τίς","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"πόθεν","lemma":"πόθεν","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"whence"},{"surface":"εἰς","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"are you","note":"formulaic Homeric question of identity, 'who/whence are you among men?' asked of nearly every stranger."},{"surface":"ἀνδρῶν","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies τίς","gloss":"of men"},{"surface":"πόθι","lemma":"πόθι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"modifies ἠδὲ","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"πόλις","lemma":"πόλις","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"city"},{"surface":"ἠδὲ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τοκῆες","lemma":"τοκεύς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"parents"}]},{"number":326,"label":"326","id":"b10-l326","source":"θαῦμά μʼ ἔχει ὡς οὔ τι πιὼν τάδε φάρμακʼ ἐθέλχθης·","translation":"Amazement holds me, that you drank these drugs and were not bewitched.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l326.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"θαῦμά","lemma":"θαῦμα","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of ἔχει","gloss":"amazement"},{"surface":"μ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of ἔχει","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ἔχει","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"holds"},{"surface":"ὡς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"οὔ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"τι","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"at all","note":"οὔ τι, emphatic double negative construction 'not at all', common intensifier."},{"surface":"πιὼν","lemma":"πίνω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐθέλχθης","gloss":"drinking"},{"surface":"τάδε","lemma":"ὅδε","morphology":"accusative plural neuter pronoun","role":"modifies φάρμακ᾽","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"φάρμακ","lemma":"φάρμακον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of πιὼν","gloss":"drugs"},{"surface":"ἐθέλχθης","lemma":"θέλγω","morphology":"aorist passive indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὡς","gloss":"you were bewitched","note":"aorist passive of θέλγω with negated ὡς οὔ...; 'were NOT enchanted' is the surprise."}]},{"number":327,"label":"327","id":"b10-l327","source":"οὐδὲ γὰρ οὐδέ τις ἄλλος ἀνὴρ τάδε φάρμακʼ ἀνέτλη,","translation":"For no other man at all has withstood these drugs","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l327.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"τις","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies ἀνὴρ","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"ἄλλος","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἀνὴρ","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"ἀνὴρ","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἀνέτλη","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"τάδε","lemma":"ὅδε","morphology":"accusative plural neuter pronoun","role":"modifies φάρμακ᾽","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"φάρμακ","lemma":"φάρμακον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἀνέτλη","gloss":"drugs"},{"surface":"ἀνέτλη","lemma":"ἀνατλῆναι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"has withstood","note":"rare/irregular verb ἀνατλῆναι 'to endure, hold out against', a strong epic aorist."}]},{"number":328,"label":"328","id":"b10-l328","source":"ὅς κε πίῃ καὶ πρῶτον ἀμείψεται ἕρκος ὀδόντων.","translation":"once he drank and they passed the barrier of his teeth.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l328.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἕρκος ὀδόντων","title":"The fence of the teeth","body":"'The barrier of the teeth' is a recurring Homeric phrase for the mouth, the line that words or drink cross. Here it marks the point past which Circe's potion always wins, but did not with Odysseus."}],"words":[{"surface":"ὅς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"whoever"},{"surface":"κε","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"(indefinite marker)"},{"surface":"πίῃ","lemma":"πίνω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing καὶ","gloss":"drinks","note":"subjunctive with κε in a general/indefinite relative clause, 'whoever should drink'."},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πρῶτον","lemma":"πρῶτος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ἀμείψεται","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"ἀμείψεται","lemma":"ἀμείβω","morphology":"aorist middle subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing καὶ","gloss":"passes"},{"surface":"ἕρκος","lemma":"ἕρκος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἀμείψεται","gloss":"barrier","note":"ἕρκος ὀδόντων, 'barrier/fence of the teeth' — the teeth themselves as the barrier past which words pass, not the mouth or lips."},{"surface":"ὀδόντων","lemma":"ὀδούς","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ἕρκος","gloss":"of teeth"}]},{"number":329,"label":"329","id":"b10-l329","source":"σοὶ δέ τις ἐν στήθεσσιν ἀκήλητος νόος ἐστίν.","translation":"But in your breast there is a mind that cannot be enchanted.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l329.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"σοὶ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"modifies νόος","gloss":"in you"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"τις","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies νόος","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"στήθεσσιν","lemma":"στῆθος","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"breast"},{"surface":"ἀκήλητος","lemma":"ἀκήλητος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies νόος","gloss":"unenchantable","note":"ἀκήλητος, 'un-charmable', a rare compound praising Odysseus's resistant mind."},{"surface":"νόος","lemma":"νόος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐστίν","gloss":"mind"},{"surface":"ἐστίν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"is"}]},{"number":330,"label":"330","id":"b10-l330","source":"ἦ σύ γʼ Ὀδυσσεύς ἐσσι πολύτροπος, ὅν τέ μοι αἰεὶ","translation":"Surely you are Odysseus of many turns, whom always","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l330.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"πολύτροπος","title":"Of many turns","body":"polytropos, the famous opening epithet of Odysseus, means both 'much-traveled' and 'of many shifts/wiles.' Circe recognizes him by exactly the cunning that defeated her magic."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"σύ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"nominative singular pronoun","role":"subject of ἐσσι","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"γ","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσσεύς","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"Odysseus"},{"surface":"ἐσσι","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"πολύτροπος","lemma":"πολύτροπος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ὀδυσσεύς","gloss":"of many turns","note":"πολύτροπος, Odysseus's signature epithet, 'much-turning/resourceful'; it appears in the poem's opening line (Ἄνδρα μοι ἔννεπε, Μοῦσα, πολύτροπον...) but is not itself the first word."},{"surface":"ὅν","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἐλεύσεσθαι","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"τέ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of φάσκεν","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"αἰεὶ","lemma":"ἀεί","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to φάσκεν","gloss":"always"}]},{"number":331,"label":"331","id":"b10-l331","source":"φάσκεν ἐλεύσεσθαι χρυσόρραπις ἀργεϊφόντης,","translation":"would come here, said Hermes of the golden wand, the slayer of Argus,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l331.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἐλεύσεσθαι","title":"Future infinitive","body":"ἐλεύσεσθαι is the future infinitive of ἔρχομαι, in indirect statement after φάσκεν: Hermes kept saying that Odysseus would come."}],"words":[{"surface":"φάσκεν","lemma":"φάσκω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing Ὀδυσσεύς","gloss":"used to say","note":"iterative imperfect φάσκεν, 'kept saying/used to claim', matching αἰεὶ 'always'."},{"surface":"ἐλεύσεσθαι","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"future middle infinitive","role":"object of φάσκεν","gloss":"would come"},{"surface":"χρυσόρραπις","lemma":"χρυσόρραπις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἀργεϊφόντης","gloss":"golden-wanded","note":"epithet of Hermes χρυσόρραπις, 'with golden wand', his standard formulaic attribute."},{"surface":"ἀργεϊφόντης","lemma":"Ἀργειφόντης","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of φάσκεν","gloss":"Argus-slayer","note":"Ἀργειφόντης, Hermes's standing epic epithet, 'slayer of Argus'."}]},{"number":332,"label":"332","id":"b10-l332","source":"ἐκ Τροίης ἀνιόντα θοῇ σὺν νηὶ μελαίνῃ.","translation":"coming back from Troy with his swift black ship.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l332.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Τροίης","lemma":"Τροία","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐκ","gloss":"Troy"},{"surface":"ἀνιόντα","lemma":"ἄνειμι","morphology":"present active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"returning"},{"surface":"θοῇ","lemma":"θοός","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies νηὶ","gloss":"swift"},{"surface":"σὺν","lemma":"σύν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"νηὶ","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to σὺν","gloss":"ship"},{"surface":"μελαίνῃ","lemma":"μέλας","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies νηὶ","gloss":"black","note":"'black ship' (νηῦς μέλαινα) is a standing Homeric formula, likely from pitch-tarred hulls."}]},{"number":333,"label":"333","id":"b10-l333","source":"ἀλλʼ ἄγε δὴ κολεῷ μὲν ἄορ θέο, νῶι δʼ ἔπειτα","translation":"But come now, put your sword back in its sheath, and let the two of us then","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l333.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"νῶι","title":"Dual pronoun","body":"νῶι is the dual of the first-person pronoun, 'we two', matching μιγέντε below: Circe speaks of herself and Odysseus as a pair."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἄγε","lemma":"ἄγε","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"come now"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"κολεῷ","lemma":"κολεόν","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"object of θέο","gloss":"in sheath"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"(contrastive marker)"},{"surface":"ἄορ","lemma":"ἄορ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of θέο","gloss":"sword"},{"surface":"θέο","lemma":"τίθημι","morphology":"aorist middle imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"put!","note":"middle imperative θέο 'put (for yourself)', i.e. sheathe your own sword."},{"surface":"νῶι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative dual masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἐπιβείομεν","gloss":"we two","note":"dual pronoun νῶι, 'the two of us'; Homeric dual number, largely obsolete outside epic."},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔπειτα","lemma":"ἔπειτα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐπιβείομεν","gloss":"then"}]},{"number":334,"label":"334","id":"b10-l334","source":"εὐνῆς ἡμετέρης ἐπιβείομεν, ὄφρα μιγέντε","translation":"go up into our bed, so that, once joined","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l334.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"μιγέντε","title":"Dual aorist participle","body":"μιγέντε is a dual aorist passive participle of μίγνυμι, 'the two of us having been joined'; the dual carries through Circe's invitation."}],"words":[{"surface":"εὐνῆς","lemma":"εὐνή","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐπιβείομεν","gloss":"bed"},{"surface":"ἡμετέρης","lemma":"ἡμέτερος","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies εὐνῆς","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"ἐπιβείομεν","lemma":"ἐπιβαίνω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"let us go up into","note":"aorist subjunctive hortatory, 'let us mount/ascend', euphemism for going to bed together."},{"surface":"ὄφρα","lemma":"ὄφρα","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"μιγέντε","lemma":"μίγνυμι","morphology":"aorist passive participle, nominative dual masculine","role":"adverbial to πεποίθομεν","gloss":"joined together","note":"dual participle μιγέντε, 'the two of us having mingled', matching the dual subject."}]},{"number":335,"label":"335","id":"b10-l335","source":"εὐνῇ καὶ φιλότητι πεποίθομεν ἀλλήλοισιν.","translation":"in love and the bed, we may trust each other.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l335.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εὐνῇ","lemma":"εὐνή","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"in bed"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"φιλότητι","lemma":"φιλότης","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"in love"},{"surface":"πεποίθομεν","lemma":"πείθω","morphology":"perfect active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὄφρα","gloss":"we may trust","note":"perfect πεποίθομεν with present sense, 'we may come to trust', standard Greek perfect-as-present for πείθω/πείθομαι."},{"surface":"ἀλλήλοισιν","lemma":"ἀλλήλων","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of πεποίθομεν","gloss":"each other"}]},{"number":336,"label":"336","id":"b10-l336","source":"ὣς ἔφατʼ, αὐτὰρ ἐγώ μιν ἀμειβόμενος\n                     προσέειπον·","translation":"So she spoke, but answering her I said:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l336.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔφατ᾽","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"ἔφατ","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"she spoke"},{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐγώ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of προσέειπον","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of προσέειπον","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"ἀμειβόμενος","lemma":"ἀμείβω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to προσέειπον","gloss":"answering"},{"surface":"προσέειπον","lemma":"προσεῖπον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I said"}]},{"number":337,"label":"337","id":"b10-l337","source":"ὦ Κίρκη, πῶς γάρ με κέλεαι σοὶ ἤπιον εἶναι,","translation":"Circe, how can you ask me to be gentle with you,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l337.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὦ","lemma":"ὦ","morphology":"exclamation","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"Κίρκη","lemma":"Κίρκη","morphology":"vocative singular feminine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"Circe","note":"Vocative address; ὦ + name is the epic pattern for direct, emotional appeal."},{"surface":"πῶς","lemma":"πῶς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to κέλεαι","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"γάρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"με","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of εἶναι","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"κέλεαι","lemma":"κέλομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"you bid","note":"κέλομαι mid. 'bid/urge'; governs the infinitive εἶναι + acc. subject με."},{"surface":"σοὶ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"object of εἶναι","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"ἤπιον","lemma":"ἤπιος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"gentle"},{"surface":"εἶναι","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of κέλεαι","gloss":"to be"}]},{"number":338,"label":"338","id":"b10-l338","source":"ἥ μοι σῦς μὲν ἔθηκας ἐνὶ μεγάροισιν ἑταίρους,","translation":"you who turned my comrades into swine in your halls,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l338.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἥ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of δ᾽","gloss":"you who"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies ἑταίρους","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"σῦς","lemma":"ὗς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"complement of ἔθηκας","gloss":"swine","note":"Predicate accusative after ἔθηκας: 'made [them] swine' — double accusative construction."},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἔθηκας","lemma":"τίθημι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"turned/made"},{"surface":"ἐνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"μεγάροισιν","lemma":"μέγαρον","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἐνὶ","gloss":"halls"},{"surface":"ἑταίρους","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἔθηκας","gloss":"comrades"}]},{"number":339,"label":"339","id":"b10-l339","source":"αὐτὸν δʼ ἐνθάδʼ ἔχουσα δολοφρονέουσα κελεύεις","translation":"and now, holding me here, with treachery in mind you bid me","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l339.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"δολοφρονέουσα","title":"Participle of intent","body":"δολοφρονέουσα, 'plotting guile / with treachery in mind', is a present participle describing Circe's manner as she gives the command (κελεύεις)."}],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὸν","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"me myself"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐνθάδ","lemma":"ἐνθάδε","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of ἔχουσα","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"ἔχουσα","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to κελεύεις","gloss":"holding"},{"surface":"δολοφρονέουσα","lemma":"δολοφρονέων","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to κελεύεις","gloss":"scheming treachery","note":"δολοφρονέων 'plotting deceit' — a vivid compound participle painting Circe's intent."},{"surface":"κελεύεις","lemma":"κελεύω","morphology":"present active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"you bid"}]},{"number":340,"label":"340","id":"b10-l340","source":"ἐς θάλαμόν τʼ ἰέναι καὶ σῆς ἐπιβήμεναι εὐνῆς,","translation":"go into your chamber and climb into your bed,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l340.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"θάλαμόν","lemma":"θάλαμος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐς","gloss":"chamber"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἰέναι","lemma":"εἶμι","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"to go"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"σῆς","lemma":"σός","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies εὐνῆς","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"ἐπιβήμεναι","lemma":"ἐπιβαίνω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"to mount","note":"ἐπιβαίνω + genitive εὐνῆς: 'step onto/into' takes the object in genitive, not accusative."},{"surface":"εὐνῆς","lemma":"εὐνή","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐπιβήμεναι","gloss":"bed"}]},{"number":341,"label":"341","id":"b10-l341","source":"ὄφρα με γυμνωθέντα κακὸν καὶ ἀνήνορα θήῃς.","translation":"so that, once you have me stripped, you may make me a coward and unmanned.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l341.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὄφρα","lemma":"ὄφρα","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"με","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of θήῃς","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"γυμνωθέντα","lemma":"γυμνόω","morphology":"aorist passive participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"stripped","note":"Aorist passive participle: 'once I am stripped' — sets up the purpose clause with ὄφρα + subjunctive θήῃς."},{"surface":"κακὸν","lemma":"κακός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"complement of καὶ","gloss":"bad/weak"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀνήνορα","lemma":"ἀνήνωρ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"complement of καὶ","gloss":"unmanned"},{"surface":"θήῃς","lemma":"τίθημι","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 2nd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὄφρα","gloss":"you may make"}]},{"number":342,"label":"342","id":"b10-l342","source":"οὐδʼ ἂν ἐγώ γʼ ἐθέλοιμι τεῆς ἐπιβήμεναι εὐνῆς,","translation":"No, I would not be willing to climb into your bed,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l342.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἐθέλοιμι","title":"Potential optative","body":"ἐθέλοιμι with ἂν is a potential optative: 'I would not be willing'. Homer uses the optative to frame a refusal hedged on a condition."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἂν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἐγώ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἐθέλοιμι","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"γ","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"at least"},{"surface":"ἐθέλοιμι","lemma":"ἐθέλω","morphology":"present active optative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"would wish","note":"Optative ἐθέλοιμι + ἄν expresses a polite/hypothetical refusal — 'I would not be willing.'"},{"surface":"τεῆς","lemma":"τεός","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies εὐνῆς","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"ἐπιβήμεναι","lemma":"ἐπιβαίνω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of ἐθέλοιμι","gloss":"to mount"},{"surface":"εὐνῆς","lemma":"εὐνή","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐπιβήμεναι","gloss":"bed"}]},{"number":343,"label":"343","id":"b10-l343","source":"εἰ μή μοι τλαίης γε, θεά, μέγαν ὅρκον ὀμόσσαι","translation":"unless you would consent, goddess, to swear me a great oath","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l343.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἰ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"unless"},{"surface":"μή","lemma":"μή","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ὀμόσσαι","gloss":"for me"},{"surface":"τλαίης","lemma":"τλάω","morphology":"aorist active optative, 2nd singular verb","role":"adverbial to εἰ","gloss":"you dare/consent","note":"τλάω 'endure/bring yourself to' — optative of polite request, softening the demand for an oath."},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"θεά","lemma":"θεά","morphology":"vocative singular feminine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"goddess","note":"Vocative epithet addressing Circe directly; formulaic in appeals to a deity."},{"surface":"μέγαν","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ὅρκον","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"ὅρκον","lemma":"ὅρκος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object","gloss":"oath"},{"surface":"ὀμόσσαι","lemma":"ὄμνυμι","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of τλαίης","gloss":"to swear"}]},{"number":344,"label":"344","id":"b10-l344","source":"μή τί μοι αὐτῷ πῆμα κακὸν βουλευσέμεν ἄλλο.","translation":"that you will plot no other evil harm against me.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l344.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μή","lemma":"μή","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"τί","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"modifies πῆμα","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of βουλευσέμεν","gloss":"against me"},{"surface":"αὐτῷ","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies μοι","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"πῆμα","lemma":"πῆμα","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of βουλευσέμεν","gloss":"harm"},{"surface":"κακὸν","lemma":"κακός","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies πῆμα","gloss":"evil"},{"surface":"βουλευσέμεν","lemma":"βουλεύω","morphology":"future active infinitive","role":"object","gloss":"will plot","note":"Future infinitive after μή: content of the oath ('that you will plot no other harm')."},{"surface":"ἄλλο","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies πῆμα","gloss":"other"}]},{"number":345,"label":"345","id":"b10-l345","source":"ὣς ἐφάμην, ἡ δʼ αὐτίκʼ ἀπώμνυεν, ὡς\n                     ἐκέλευον.","translation":"So I spoke, and at once she swore the oath, as I demanded.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l345.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐφάμην","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"ἐφάμην","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I spoke"},{"surface":"ἡ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of ἀπώμνυεν","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αὐτίκ","lemma":"αὐτίκα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀπώμνυεν","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"ἀπώμνυεν","lemma":"ἀπόμνυμι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"swore the oath","note":"ἀπόμνυμι 'swear off/away' — completes the oath demanded in the previous lines."},{"surface":"ὡς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐκέλευον","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"ἐκέλευον","lemma":"κελεύω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἀπώμνυεν","gloss":"I demanded"}]},{"number":346,"label":"346","id":"b10-l346","source":"αὐτὰρ ἐπεί ῥʼ ὄμοσέν τε τελεύτησέν τε τὸν ὅρκον,","translation":"Then, when she had sworn and completed the oath,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l346.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἐπεί","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ῥ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ὄμοσέν","lemma":"ὄμνυμι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to τε","gloss":"she swore"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τελεύτησέν","lemma":"τελευτάω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to τε","gloss":"completed","note":"τελευτάω 'bring to an end' paired with ὄμοσεν — formulaic pairing 'swore and completed the oath.'"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine article","role":"modifies ὅρκον","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ὅρκον","lemma":"ὅρκος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of τελεύτησέν","gloss":"oath"}]},{"number":347,"label":"347","id":"b10-l347","source":"καὶ τότʼ ἐγὼ Κίρκης ἐπέβην περικαλλέος εὐνῆς.","translation":"I climbed at last into Circe's surpassingly beautiful bed.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l347.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τότ","lemma":"τότε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐπέβην","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἐγὼ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἐπέβην","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"Κίρκης","lemma":"Κίρκη","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies εὐνῆς","gloss":"Circe's"},{"surface":"ἐπέβην","lemma":"ἐπιβαίνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I mounted","note":"ἐπιβαίνω 1st sg. aorist + genitive εὐνῆς — same genitive-of-object pattern as l340."},{"surface":"περικαλλέος","lemma":"περικαλλής","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies εὐνῆς","gloss":"very beautiful"},{"surface":"εὐνῆς","lemma":"εὐνή","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐπέβην","gloss":"bed"}]},{"number":348,"label":"348","id":"b10-l348","source":"ἀμφίπολοι δʼ ἄρα τέως μὲν ἐνὶ μεγάροισι\n                     πένοντο","translation":"Meanwhile four handmaids busied themselves in the halls,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l348.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀμφίπολοι","lemma":"ἀμφίπολος","morphology":"nominative plural feminine adjective","role":"subject of πένοντο","gloss":"handmaids"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄρα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"τέως","lemma":"τέως","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to πένοντο","gloss":"meanwhile"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἐνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"μεγάροισι","lemma":"μέγαρον","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἐνὶ","gloss":"halls"},{"surface":"πένοντο","lemma":"πένομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"busied themselves"}]},{"number":349,"label":"349","id":"b10-l349","source":"τέσσαρες, αἵ οἱ δῶμα κάτα δρήστειραι ἔασι·","translation":"the ones who are her serving-women throughout the house;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l349.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τέσσαρες","lemma":"τέσσαρες","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"modifies ,","gloss":"four"},{"surface":"αἵ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative plural feminine pronoun","role":"subject of ἔασι","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular feminine pronoun","role":"modifies δρήστειραι","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"δῶμα","lemma":"δῶμα","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to κάτα","gloss":"house","note":"δῶμα κατά 'throughout the house' — accusative of extent with the postposed preposition κατά (anastrophe)."},{"surface":"κάτα","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"throughout"},{"surface":"δρήστειραι","lemma":"δρηστήρ","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"servants"},{"surface":"ἔασι","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ,","gloss":"are"}]},{"number":350,"label":"350","id":"b10-l350","source":"γίγνονται δʼ ἄρα ταί γʼ ἔκ τε κρηνέων ἀπό τʼ ἀλσέων","translation":"they are born from the springs and from the groves","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l350.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"γίγνονται","lemma":"γίγνομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"they are born"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄρα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ταί","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural feminine pronoun","role":"subject of γίγνονται","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"γ","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἔκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from","note":"ἔκ...τε...ἀπό τ' pairs two prepositions for 'from springs and from groves' — nymphs' divine origin from nature."},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κρηνέων","lemma":"κρήνη","morphology":"genitive plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἔκ","gloss":"springs"},{"surface":"ἀπό","lemma":"ἀπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀλσέων","lemma":"ἄλσος","morphology":"genitive plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἀπό","gloss":"groves"}]},{"number":351,"label":"351","id":"b10-l351","source":"ἔκ θʼ ἱερῶν ποταμῶν, οἵ τʼ εἰς ἅλαδε προρέουσι.","translation":"and from the sacred rivers that flow down to the sea.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l351.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"θ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἱερῶν","lemma":"ἱερός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ποταμῶν","gloss":"sacred"},{"surface":"ποταμῶν","lemma":"ποταμός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἔκ","gloss":"rivers"},{"surface":"οἵ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of προρέουσι","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"εἰς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"ἅλαδε","lemma":"ἅλαδε","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of προρέουσι","gloss":"seaward","note":"ἅλαδε 'to/toward the sea' — directional -δε suffix on ἅλς, common epic motion-marker."},{"surface":"προρέουσι","lemma":"προρέω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ποταμῶν","gloss":"flow forth"}]},{"number":352,"label":"352","id":"b10-l352","source":"τάων ἡ μὲν ἔβαλλε θρόνοις ἔνι ῥήγεα καλὰ","translation":"One of them threw fine coverings over the chairs,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l352.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τάων","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"genitive plural feminine pronoun","role":"modifies ἡ","gloss":"of them"},{"surface":"ἡ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of δὲ","gloss":"one","note":"ἡ μέν...ἡ δέ (l354)...ἡ δέ (l356)...ἡ δέ (l358): epic 'one...another...another...another' listing four handmaids in turn."},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἔβαλλε","lemma":"βάλλω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"threw"},{"surface":"θρόνοις","lemma":"θρόνος","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἔνι","gloss":"chairs"},{"surface":"ἔνι","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"on/over"},{"surface":"ῥήγεα","lemma":"ῥῆγος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἔβαλλε","gloss":"coverings"},{"surface":"καλὰ","lemma":"καλός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ῥήγεα","gloss":"fine"}]},{"number":353,"label":"353","id":"b10-l353","source":"πορφύρεα καθύπερθʼ, ὑπένερθε δὲ λῖθʼ ὑπέβαλλεν·","translation":"purple ones on top, and beneath she spread linen cloths;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l353.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πορφύρεα","lemma":"πορφύρεος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ῥήγεα","gloss":"purple"},{"surface":"καθύπερθ","lemma":"καθύπερθε","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of ἔβαλλε","gloss":"on top"},{"surface":"ὑπένερθε","lemma":"ὑπένερθε","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of ὑπέβαλλεν","gloss":"beneath"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"λῖθ","lemma":"λίς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ὑπέβαλλεν","gloss":"linen cloths"},{"surface":"ὑπέβαλλεν","lemma":"ὑποβάλλω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spread under"}]},{"number":354,"label":"354","id":"b10-l354","source":"ἡ δʼ ἑτέρη προπάροιθε θρόνων ἐτίταινε τραπέζας","translation":"another drew up silver tables before the chairs","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l354.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἡ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"modifies ἑτέρη","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἑτέρη","lemma":"ἕτερος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"subject of δέ","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"προπάροιθε","lemma":"προπάροιθε","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"θρόνων","lemma":"θρόνος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to προπάροιθε","gloss":"chairs"},{"surface":"ἐτίταινε","lemma":"τιταίνω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"drew up"},{"surface":"τραπέζας","lemma":"τράπεζα","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἐτίταινε","gloss":"tables"}]},{"number":355,"label":"355","id":"b10-l355","source":"ἀργυρέας, ἐπὶ δέ σφι τίθει χρύσεια κάνεια·","translation":"and set golden baskets upon them;","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l355.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀργυρέας","lemma":"ἀργύρεος","morphology":"accusative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies τραπέζας","gloss":"silver"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"σφι","lemma":"σφεῖς","morphology":"dative plural feminine pronoun","role":"object of ἐπὶ","gloss":"on them"},{"surface":"τίθει","lemma":"τίθημι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"set"},{"surface":"χρύσεια","lemma":"χρύσεος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies κάνεια","gloss":"golden"},{"surface":"κάνεια","lemma":"κάνεον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of τίθει","gloss":"baskets"}]},{"number":356,"label":"356","id":"b10-l356","source":"ἡ δὲ τρίτη κρητῆρι μελίφρονα οἶνον ἐκίρνα","translation":"a third mixed honey-sweet wine in a silver","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l356.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἡ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"modifies τρίτη","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τρίτη","lemma":"τρίτος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"subject of δὲ","gloss":"third"},{"surface":"κρητῆρι","lemma":"κρατήρ","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"mixing-bowl"},{"surface":"μελίφρονα","lemma":"μελίφρων","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies οἶνον","gloss":"honey-sweet","note":"μελίφρων 'honey-minded/sweet' — compound epithet, sensory epic flourish for the wine."},{"surface":"οἶνον","lemma":"οἶνος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐκίρνα","gloss":"wine"},{"surface":"ἐκίρνα","lemma":"κιρνάω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"mixed"}]},{"number":357,"label":"357","id":"b10-l357","source":"ἡδὺν ἐν ἀργυρέῳ, νέμε δὲ χρύσεια κύπελλα·","translation":"mixing-bowl, the sweet wine, and dealt out golden cups;","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l357.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἡδὺν","lemma":"ἡδύς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies οἶνον","gloss":"sweet"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ἀργυρέῳ","lemma":"ἀργύρεος","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies κρητῆρι","gloss":"silver"},{"surface":"νέμε","lemma":"νέμω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"dealt out"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"χρύσεια","lemma":"χρύσεος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies κύπελλα","gloss":"golden"},{"surface":"κύπελλα","lemma":"κύπελλον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of νέμε","gloss":"cups"}]},{"number":358,"label":"358","id":"b10-l358","source":"ἡ δὲ τετάρτη ὕδωρ ἐφόρει καὶ πῦρ ἀνέκαιε","translation":"the fourth brought water and kindled a great fire","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l358.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἡ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"modifies τετάρτη","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τετάρτη","lemma":"τέταρτος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"fourth"},{"surface":"ὕδωρ","lemma":"ὕδωρ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἐφόρει","gloss":"water"},{"surface":"ἐφόρει","lemma":"φορέω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"brought"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πῦρ","lemma":"πῦρ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἀνέκαιε","gloss":"fire"},{"surface":"ἀνέκαιε","lemma":"ἀνακαίω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"kindled"}]},{"number":359,"label":"359","id":"b10-l359","source":"πολλὸν ὑπὸ τρίποδι μεγάλῳ· ἰαίνετο δʼ ὕδωρ.","translation":"under a large tripod, and the water grew warm.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l359.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πολλὸν","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies πῦρ","gloss":"much/great"},{"surface":"ὑπὸ","lemma":"ὑπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"τρίποδι","lemma":"τρίπους","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ὑπὸ","gloss":"tripod"},{"surface":"μεγάλῳ","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies τρίποδι","gloss":"large"},{"surface":"ἰαίνετο","lemma":"ἰαίνω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"grew warm","note":"ἰαίνετο mediopassive 'was warmed' — the water as patient of the heating process."},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὕδωρ","lemma":"ὕδωρ","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of ἰαίνετο","gloss":"water"}]},{"number":360,"label":"360","id":"b10-l360","source":"αὐτὰρ ἐπεὶ δὴ ζέσσεν ὕδωρ ἐνὶ ἤνοπι χαλκῷ,","translation":"Then, when the water boiled in the gleaming bronze,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l360.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ζέσσεν","lemma":"ζέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἐπεὶ","gloss":"boiled"},{"surface":"ὕδωρ","lemma":"ὕδωρ","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of ζέσσεν","gloss":"water"},{"surface":"ἐνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ἤνοπι","lemma":"ἦνοψ","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies χαλκῷ","gloss":"gleaming","note":"ἦνοψ 'gleaming/bright-faced' — rare poetic epithet for bronze, evoking firelit metal."},{"surface":"χαλκῷ","lemma":"χαλκός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐνὶ","gloss":"bronze"}]},{"number":361,"label":"361","id":"b10-l361","source":"ἔς ῥʼ ἀσάμινθον ἕσασα λόʼ ἐκ τρίποδος μεγάλοιο,","translation":"she sat me in a bath and washed me from the great tripod,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l361.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"ῥ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἀσάμινθον","lemma":"ἀσάμινθος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἔς","gloss":"bathtub"},{"surface":"ἕσασα","lemma":"ἵζω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to λό᾽","gloss":"having seated","note":"ἵζω aorist participle 'having set (me) down' — precedes and modifies the main verb λοῦ' (washed)."},{"surface":"λό","lemma":"λούω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"she washed"},{"surface":"ἐκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"τρίποδος","lemma":"τρίπους","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐκ","gloss":"tripod"},{"surface":"μεγάλοιο","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies τρίποδος","gloss":"great"}]},{"number":362,"label":"362","id":"b10-l362","source":"θυμῆρες κεράσασα, κατὰ κρατός τε καὶ ὤμων,","translation":"mixing it to a pleasant warmth, over my head and shoulders,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l362.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"θυμῆρες","lemma":"θυμαρής","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"complement of κεράσασα","gloss":"pleasantly warm"},{"surface":"κεράσασα","lemma":"κεράννυμι","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to λό᾽","gloss":"having mixed","note":"κεράσασα 'having tempered' the water's heat — a vivid detail of Homeric bathing hospitality."},{"surface":"κατὰ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"κρατός","lemma":"κράς","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὤμων","lemma":"ὦμος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"shoulders"}]},{"number":363,"label":"363","id":"b10-l363","source":"ὄφρα μοι ἐκ κάματον θυμοφθόρον εἵλετο γυίων.","translation":"until she had taken the spirit-wasting weariness from my limbs.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l363.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"θυμοφθόρον","title":"Spirit-wasting","body":"θυμοφθόρος literally means 'destroying the thumos (life-spirit)'; here it characterizes a weariness so deep it wears down the heart, not only the body."}],"words":[{"surface":"ὄφρα","lemma":"ὄφρα","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"adverbial to εἵλετο","gloss":"from me"},{"surface":"ἐκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"out"},{"surface":"κάματον","lemma":"κάματος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of εἵλετο","gloss":"weariness"},{"surface":"θυμοφθόρον","lemma":"θυμοφθόρος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies κάματον","gloss":"spirit-wasting","note":"θυμοφθόρος 'soul-destroying' — strong compound adjective for exhaustion, epic hyperbole."},{"surface":"εἵλετο","lemma":"αἱρέω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὄφρα","gloss":"she took away"},{"surface":"γυίων","lemma":"γυῖον","morphology":"genitive plural neuter noun","role":"object of εἵλετο","gloss":"limbs"}]},{"number":364,"label":"364","id":"b10-l364","source":"αὐτὰρ ἐπεὶ λοῦσέν τε καὶ ἔχρισεν λίπʼ ἐλαίῳ,","translation":"And when she had bathed me and anointed me richly with oil,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l364.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"λοῦσέν","lemma":"λούω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"she bathed"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔχρισεν","lemma":"χρίω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"anointed"},{"surface":"λίπ","lemma":"λίπα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔχρισεν","gloss":"richly","note":"λίπα 'richly/abundantly' — adverbial accusative modifying ἔχρισεν, standard formula for oiling after a bath."},{"surface":"ἐλαίῳ","lemma":"ἔλαιον","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἔχρισεν","gloss":"oil"}]},{"number":365,"label":"365","id":"b10-l365","source":"ἀμφὶ δέ με χλαῖναν καλὴν βάλεν ἠδὲ χιτῶνα,","translation":"she threw a fine cloak about me, and a tunic,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l365.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀμφὶ","lemma":"ἀμφί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"με","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἀμφὶ","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"χλαῖναν","lemma":"χλαῖνα","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἠδὲ","gloss":"cloak"},{"surface":"καλὴν","lemma":"καλός","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies χλαῖναν","gloss":"fine","note":"καλός 'beautiful/fine' — stock epic adjective, agrees with χλαῖναν."},{"surface":"βάλεν","lemma":"βάλλω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"threw","note":"aorist βάλεν 'she threw/cast' — governs the ἀμφὶ...χλαῖναν 'round me' idiom for dressing someone."},{"surface":"ἠδὲ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"χιτῶνα","lemma":"χιτών","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἠδὲ","gloss":"tunic"}]},{"number":366,"label":"366","id":"b10-l366","source":"εἷσε δέ μʼ εἰσαγαγοῦσα ἐπὶ θρόνου ἀργυροήλου","translation":"and led me in and sat me on a silver-studded chair,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l366.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἷσε","lemma":"ἵζω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"seated","note":"ἵζω aorist εἷσε 'she made sit/seated' — causative sense, not 'she sat'."},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of εἷσε","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"εἰσαγαγοῦσα","lemma":"εἰσάγω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to εἷσε","gloss":"leading in","note":"aorist participle 'having led in' — action prior to/simultaneous with εἷσε, describes Circe."},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"θρόνου","lemma":"θρόνος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐπὶ","gloss":"chair"},{"surface":"ἀργυροήλου","lemma":"ἀργυρόηλος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies θρόνου","gloss":"silver-studded","note":"ἀργυρόηλος — compound epithet 'silver-nailed', typical Homeric decorative detail for furniture."}]},{"number":367,"label":"367","id":"b10-l367","source":"καλοῦ δαιδαλέου, ὑπὸ δὲ θρῆνυς ποσὶν ἦεν·","translation":"beautiful and intricately wrought, with a footstool for my feet;","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l367.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καλοῦ","lemma":"καλός","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies θρόνου","gloss":"beautiful"},{"surface":"δαιδαλέου","lemma":"δαιδάλεος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies θρόνου","gloss":"finely wrought","note":"δαιδάλεος 'cunningly made' — from Δαίδαλος, marks elaborate craftsmanship."},{"surface":"ὑπὸ","lemma":"ὑπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"θρῆνυς","lemma":"θρῆνυς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἦεν","gloss":"footstool"},{"surface":"ποσὶν","lemma":"πούς","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"modifies θρῆνυς","gloss":"for the feet"},{"surface":"ἦεν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was","note":"ἦεν, epic imperfect of εἰμί 'there was' — unaugmented form typical of Homeric diction."}]},{"number":368,"label":"368","id":"b10-l368","source":"χέρνιβα δʼ ἀμφίπολος προχόῳ ἐπέχευε φέρουσα","translation":"a handmaid brought water for washing in a pitcher,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l368.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"χέρνιβα","lemma":"χέρνιψ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐπέχευε","gloss":"water"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀμφίπολος","lemma":"ἀμφίπολος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"subject of ἐπέχευε","gloss":"handmaid"},{"surface":"προχόῳ","lemma":"πρόχοος","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐπέχευε","gloss":"pitcher"},{"surface":"ἐπέχευε","lemma":"ἐπιχέω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"poured","note":"ἐπιχέω 'pour over/upon' — standard verb for the ritual handwashing before a meal."},{"surface":"φέρουσα","lemma":"φέρω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to ἐπέχευε","gloss":"bringing"}]},{"number":369,"label":"369","id":"b10-l369","source":"καλῇ χρυσείῃ, ὑπὲρ ἀργυρέοιο λέβητος,","translation":"a beautiful golden one, and poured it over a silver basin,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l369.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καλῇ","lemma":"καλός","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies προχόῳ","gloss":"beautiful"},{"surface":"χρυσείῃ","lemma":"χρύσεος","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies προχόῳ","gloss":"golden"},{"surface":"ὑπὲρ","lemma":"ὑπέρ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"ἀργυρέοιο","lemma":"ἀργύρεος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies λέβητος","gloss":"silver"},{"surface":"λέβητος","lemma":"λέβης","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of ὑπὲρ","gloss":"basin"}]},{"number":370,"label":"370","id":"b10-l370","source":"νίψασθαι· παρὰ δὲ ξεστὴν ἐτάνυσσε τράπεζαν.","translation":"for me to wash; and she drew up a polished table beside me.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l370.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"νίψασθαι","lemma":"νίζω","morphology":"aorist middle infinitive","role":"adverbial to ἐπέχευε","gloss":"to wash","note":"middle infinitive νίψασθαι 'to wash oneself' — purpose infinitive completing ἐπέχευε."},{"surface":"παρὰ","lemma":"παρά","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ξεστὴν","lemma":"ξεστός","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies τράπεζαν","gloss":"polished","note":"ξεστός 'scraped smooth/polished' — common epic epithet for wooden furniture."},{"surface":"ἐτάνυσσε","lemma":"τανύω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"drew up"},{"surface":"τράπεζαν","lemma":"τράπεζα","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐτάνυσσε","gloss":"table"}]},{"number":371,"label":"371","id":"b10-l371","source":"σῖτον δʼ αἰδοίη ταμίη παρέθηκε φέρουσα,","translation":"The honored housekeeper brought bread and set it by me,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l371.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"σῖτον","lemma":"σῖτος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of παρέθηκε","gloss":"bread"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αἰδοίη","lemma":"αἰδοῖος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ταμίη","gloss":"honored","note":"αἰδοῖος 'venerable, held in respect' — epithet marking the housekeeper's status."},{"surface":"ταμίη","lemma":"ταμία","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of παρέθηκε","gloss":"housekeeper"},{"surface":"παρέθηκε","lemma":"παρατίθημι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"set beside"},{"surface":"φέρουσα","lemma":"φέρω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to ,","gloss":"bringing"}]},{"number":372,"label":"372","id":"b10-l372","source":"εἴδατα πόλλʼ ἐπιθεῖσα, χαριζομένη παρεόντων.","translation":"laying out many dishes, freely giving of her store.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l372.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἴδατα","lemma":"εἶδαρ","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἐπιθεῖσα","gloss":"dishes","note":"εἶδαρ 'food/victuals', epic neuter plural εἴδατα — poetic word for food, distinct from σῖτος."},{"surface":"πόλλ","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies εἴδατα","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"ἐπιθεῖσα","lemma":"ἐπιτίθημι","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to ,","gloss":"laying out"},{"surface":"χαριζομένη","lemma":"χαρίζομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to ,","gloss":"giving freely","note":"middle χαρίζομαι 'give graciously/generously' — stresses her generosity, not mere duty."},{"surface":"παρεόντων","lemma":"πάρειμι","morphology":"present active participle, genitive plural neuter","role":"object of χαριζομένη","gloss":"of what was at hand"}]},{"number":373,"label":"373","id":"b10-l373","source":"ἐσθέμεναι δʼ ἐκέλευεν· ἐμῷ δʼ οὐχ ἥνδανε θυμῷ,","translation":"She urged me to eat, but it did not please my heart;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l373.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἥνδανε","title":"Imperfect of ἁνδάνω","body":"ἥνδανε is the imperfect of ἁνδάνω ('to please'), describing Odysseus's lasting state of mind: eating 'kept not pleasing' him."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἐσθέμεναι","lemma":"ἔσθω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of ἐκέλευεν","gloss":"to eat"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐκέλευεν","lemma":"κελεύω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"urged"},{"surface":"ἐμῷ","lemma":"ἐμός","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies θυμῷ","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"οὐχ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ἥνδανε","lemma":"ἁνδάνω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"pleased","note":"ἁνδάνω 'be pleasing to' — takes dative θυμῷ, common idiom 'it did not please my heart.'"},{"surface":"θυμῷ","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἥνδανε","gloss":"heart"}]},{"number":374,"label":"374","id":"b10-l374","source":"ἀλλʼ ἥμην ἀλλοφρονέων, κακὰ δʼ ὄσσετο θυμός.","translation":"instead I sat with my mind elsewhere, and my heart foreboded evil.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l374.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἥμην","lemma":"ἧμαι","morphology":"pluperfect middle indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I sat","note":"ἥμην is the pluperfect-form of the stative verb ἧμαι, used with simple past force 'I sat/was sitting' — parallel to ἧμαι itself (present-form, present force 'I sit'); the note in the sibling entry mislabeled ἧμαι as the pluperfect and wrongly claimed present force here."},{"surface":"ἀλλοφρονέων","lemma":"ἀλλοφρονέω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἥμην","gloss":"with mind elsewhere","note":"ἀλλοφρονέω 'to have one's thoughts elsewhere' — vivid compound for Odysseus's distraction."},{"surface":"κακὰ","lemma":"κακός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of ὄσσετο","gloss":"evil things"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὄσσετο","lemma":"ὄσσομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"foreboded","note":"ὄσσομαι 'have a foreboding, sense omens' — poetic verb of dark premonition."},{"surface":"θυμός","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ὄσσετο","gloss":"heart"}]},{"number":375,"label":"375","id":"b10-l375","source":"Κίρκη δʼ ὡς ἐνόησεν ἔμʼ ἥμενον οὐδʼ ἐπὶ σίτῳ","translation":"When Circe noticed me sitting there, not laying","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l375.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Κίρκη","lemma":"Κίρκη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of προσηύδα","gloss":"Circe"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὡς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ἐνόησεν","lemma":"νοέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὡς","gloss":"noticed"},{"surface":"ἔμ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of δέ","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ἥμενον","lemma":"ἧμαι","morphology":"perfect middle participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"sitting","note":"perfect participle ἥμενον with present sense 'sitting' — stative perfect, common for ἧμαι."},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"σίτῳ","lemma":"σῖτος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐπὶ","gloss":"food"}]},{"number":376,"label":"376","id":"b10-l376","source":"χεῖρας ἰάλλοντα, κρατερὸν δέ με πένθος ἔχοντα,","translation":"my hands on the food, but held by heavy grief,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l376.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"πένθος","title":"Penthos (grief)","body":"πένθος is deep, settled grief or mourning, stronger than passing sorrow; here it grips Odysseus as he refuses to eat."}],"words":[{"surface":"χεῖρας","lemma":"χείρ","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἰάλλοντα","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"ἰάλλοντα","lemma":"ἰάλλω","morphology":"present active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"putting to","note":"ἰάλλω 'send/put forth (hands)' — idiom 'putting hands to food' = beginning to eat."},{"surface":"κρατερὸν","lemma":"κρατερός","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies πένθος","gloss":"heavy"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"με","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἔχοντα","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"πένθος","lemma":"πένθος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of δέ","gloss":"grief"},{"surface":"ἔχοντα","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"present active participle, accusative plural neuter","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"holding"}]},{"number":377,"label":"377","id":"b10-l377","source":"ἄγχι παρισταμένη ἔπεα πτερόεντα προσηύδα·","translation":"she came and stood near me and spoke winged words:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l377.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἄγχι","lemma":"ἄγχι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to παρισταμένη","gloss":"near"},{"surface":"παρισταμένη","lemma":"παρίστημι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to προσηύδα","gloss":"standing beside"},{"surface":"ἔπεα","lemma":"ἔπος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of προσηύδα","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"πτερόεντα","lemma":"πτερόεις","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἔπεα","gloss":"winged","note":"πτερόεντα ἔπεα 'winged words' — the classic Homeric formula introducing direct speech."},{"surface":"προσηύδα","lemma":"προσαυδάω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"addressed"}]},{"number":378,"label":"378","id":"b10-l378","source":"τίφθʼ οὕτως, Ὀδυσεῦ, κατʼ ἄρʼ ἕζεαι ἶσος\n                        ἀναύδῳ,","translation":"Why, Odysseus, do you sit like this, as if you were speechless,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l378.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τίφθ","lemma":"τίπτε","morphology":"pronoun","role":"adverbial to δ᾽","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"οὕτως","lemma":"οὕτως","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to δ᾽","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσεῦ","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"Odysseus","note":"vocative Ὀδυσεῦ — direct address, epithet-free here, unusually plain for Homer."},{"surface":"κατ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"down"},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἕζεαι","lemma":"ἕζομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"do you sit"},{"surface":"ἶσος","lemma":"ἴσος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"ἀναύδῳ","lemma":"ἄναυδος","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἶσος","gloss":"speechless one","note":"ἄναυδος 'without voice/speechless' — a simile comparing Odysseus's silence to muteness."}]},{"number":379,"label":"379","id":"b10-l379","source":"θυμὸν ἔδων, βρώμης δʼ οὐχ ἅπτεαι οὐδὲ ποτῆτος;","translation":"eating at your own heart, and touch neither food nor drink?","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l379.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"θυμὸν ἔδων","title":"Eating one's heart","body":"The image θυμὸν ἔδων, 'devouring the thumos', is a Homeric idiom for brooding misery, consuming oneself with sorrow."}],"words":[{"surface":"θυμὸν","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἔδων","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"ἔδων","lemma":"ἔδω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἕζεαι","gloss":"eating away at","note":"ἔδω 'eat, gnaw' + θυμόν — idiom 'eating one's own heart' = brooding, self-consuming grief."},{"surface":"βρώμης","lemma":"βρώμη","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of οὐ","gloss":"food"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"οὐχ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ἅπτεαι","lemma":"ἅπτω","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"touch"},{"surface":"ποτῆτος","lemma":"ποτής","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of οὐ","gloss":"drink"}]},{"number":380,"label":"380","id":"b10-l380","source":"ἦ τινά που δόλον ἄλλον ὀίεαι· οὐδέ τί σε χρὴ","translation":"Do you suspect some other trick? You have no need","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l380.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"τινά","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies δόλον","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"που","lemma":"πού","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"δόλον","lemma":"δόλος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ὀίεαι","gloss":"trick"},{"surface":"ἄλλον","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies δόλον","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"ὀίεαι","lemma":"οἴομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"suspect","note":"οἴομαι 'suppose, suspect' — Circe questioning Odysseus's wary silence."},{"surface":"τί","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"adverbial to χρὴ","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"σε","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative singular pronoun","role":"subject of δειδίμεν","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"χρὴ","lemma":"χρή","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"need"}]},{"number":381,"label":"381","id":"b10-l381","source":"δειδίμεν· ἤδη γάρ τοι ἀπώμοσα καρτερὸν ὅρκον.","translation":"to be afraid; for already I have sworn you a binding oath.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l381.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δειδίμεν","lemma":"δείδω","morphology":"perfect active infinitive","role":"object of χρὴ","gloss":"to fear","note":"perfect infinitive δειδίμεν with present sense 'to be afraid' — stative perfect, like ἧμαι."},{"surface":"ἤδη","lemma":"ἤδη","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀπώμοσα","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"γάρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"object of ἀπώμοσα","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"ἀπώμοσα","lemma":"ἀπόμνυμι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"swore","note":"ἀπόμνυμι 'swear an oath (to renounce harm)' — Circe references her earlier binding promise."},{"surface":"καρτερὸν","lemma":"καρτερός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ὅρκον","gloss":"binding"},{"surface":"ὅρκον","lemma":"ὅρκος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἀπώμοσα","gloss":"oath"}]},{"number":382,"label":"382","id":"b10-l382","source":"ὣς ἔφατʼ, αὐτὰρ ἐγώ μιν ἀμειβόμενος\n                     προσέειπον·","translation":"So she spoke, but answering her I said:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l382.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔφατ᾽","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ἔφατ","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐγώ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of προσέειπον","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of προσέειπον","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"ἀμειβόμενος","lemma":"ἀμείβω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to προσέειπον","gloss":"answering"},{"surface":"προσέειπον","lemma":"προσεῖπον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"said"}]},{"number":383,"label":"383","id":"b10-l383","source":"ὦ Κίρκη, τίς γάρ κεν ἀνήρ, ὃς ἐναίσιμος εἴη,","translation":"Circe, what man who has any sense of right","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l383.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ἐναίσιμος","title":"Right-minded","body":"ἐναίσιμος describes a man who is fitting, just, and decent, one who keeps to what is right (αἶσα). Odysseus appeals to common standards of conduct."}],"words":[{"surface":"ὦ","lemma":"ὦ","morphology":"exclamation","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"Κίρκη","lemma":"Κίρκη","morphology":"vocative singular feminine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"Circe"},{"surface":"τίς","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies ἀνήρ","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"γάρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"κεν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"would","note":"particle κεν marks the potential mood with the following optative τλαίη — 'what man... could bear.'"},{"surface":"ἀνήρ","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of τλαίη","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"ὃς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of εἴη","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"ἐναίσιμος","lemma":"ἐναίσιμος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"righteous","note":"ἐναίσιμος 'fitting, right-minded' — describes a man of proper moral sense."},{"surface":"εἴη","lemma":"ἐάω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ἀνήρ","gloss":"would be"}]},{"number":384,"label":"384","id":"b10-l384","source":"πρὶν τλαίη πάσσασθαι ἐδητύος ἠδὲ ποτῆτος,","translation":"could bear to taste food and drink","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l384.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πρὶν","lemma":"πρίν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to τλαίη","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"τλαίη","lemma":"τλάω","morphology":"aorist active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"could bear","note":"optative τλαίη 'would endure/bring himself' — potential optative expressing hypothetical willingness."},{"surface":"πάσσασθαι","lemma":"πατέομαι","morphology":"aorist middle infinitive","role":"object of τλαίη","gloss":"to taste"},{"surface":"ἐδητύος","lemma":"ἐδητύς","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἠδὲ","gloss":"food"},{"surface":"ἠδὲ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ποτῆτος","lemma":"ποτής","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἠδὲ","gloss":"drink"}]},{"number":385,"label":"385","id":"b10-l385","source":"πρὶν λύσασθʼ ἑτάρους καὶ ἐν ὀφθαλμοῖσιν ἰδέσθαι;","translation":"before he had freed his comrades and seen them with his eyes?","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l385.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πρὶν","lemma":"πρίν","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"λύσασθ","lemma":"λύω","morphology":"aorist middle infinitive","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"freeing","note":"middle λύσασθ᾽ 'free/release (for oneself/one's own)' — middle voice stresses personal stake in freeing his men."},{"surface":"ἑτάρους","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of λύσασθ᾽","gloss":"comrades"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ὀφθαλμοῖσιν","lemma":"ὀφθαλμός","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"ἰδέσθαι","lemma":"εἶδον","morphology":"aorist middle infinitive","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"seeing"}]},{"number":386,"label":"386","id":"b10-l386","source":"ἀλλʼ εἰ δὴ πρόφρασσα πιεῖν φαγέμεν τε κελεύεις,","translation":"But if in good will you urge me to drink and eat,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l386.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"εἰ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"πρόφρασσα","lemma":"πρόφρων","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"willingly","note":"πρόφρων 'eager, well-disposed' — feminine πρόφρασσα describing Circe's sincere goodwill."},{"surface":"πιεῖν","lemma":"πίνω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of τε","gloss":"to drink"},{"surface":"φαγέμεν","lemma":"φαγεῖν","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of τε","gloss":"to eat","note":"φαγέμεν — athematic epic infinitive of ἐσθίω/ἔφαγον, archaic alternative form."},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κελεύεις","lemma":"κελεύω","morphology":"present active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"adverbial to εἰ","gloss":"urge"}]},{"number":387,"label":"387","id":"b10-l387","source":"λῦσον, ἵνʼ ὀφθαλμοῖσιν ἴδω ἐρίηρας ἑταίρους.","translation":"set them free, so that with my eyes I may see my trusty comrades.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l387.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"λῦσον","lemma":"λύω","morphology":"aorist active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"free them"},{"surface":"ἵν","lemma":"ἵνα","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"ὀφθαλμοῖσιν","lemma":"ὀφθαλμός","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἴδω","gloss":"with eyes"},{"surface":"ἴδω","lemma":"εἶδον","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 1st singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἵν᾽","gloss":"I may see"},{"surface":"ἐρίηρας","lemma":"ἐρίηρος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἑταίρους","gloss":"trusty","note":"ἐρίηρος 'well-fitted, trusty' — standard epic epithet for close comrades."},{"surface":"ἑταίρους","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἴδω","gloss":"comrades"}]},{"number":388,"label":"388","id":"b10-l388","source":"ὣς ἐφάμην, Κίρκη δὲ διὲκ μεγάροιο βεβήκει","translation":"So I spoke, and Circe went out through the hall","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l388.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐφάμην","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ἐφάμην","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I spoke"},{"surface":"Κίρκη","lemma":"Κίρκη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of δ᾽","gloss":"Circe"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"διὲκ","lemma":"διέκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"out through"},{"surface":"μεγάροιο","lemma":"μέγαρον","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"object of διὲκ","gloss":"hall"},{"surface":"βεβήκει","lemma":"βαίνω","morphology":"pluperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"had gone","note":"pluperfect βεβήκει 'had gone/stepped' — marks the action as completed before what follows."}]},{"number":389,"label":"389","id":"b10-l389","source":"ῥάβδον ἔχουσʼ ἐν χειρί, θύρας δʼ ἀνέῳξε συφειοῦ,","translation":"with the wand in her hand, and opened the doors of the pigsty,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l389.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ῥάβδον","lemma":"ῥάβδος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἔχουσ᾽","gloss":"wand","note":"ῥάβδος — Circe's magic wand, the instrument of both transformation and its reversal."},{"surface":"ἔχουσ","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to βεβήκει","gloss":"holding"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"χειρί","lemma":"χείρ","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"θύρας","lemma":"θύρα","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἀνέῳξε","gloss":"doors"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀνέῳξε","lemma":"ἀνοίγνυμι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"opened"},{"surface":"συφειοῦ","lemma":"συφεός","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies θύρας","gloss":"of the pigsty"}]},{"number":390,"label":"390","id":"b10-l390","source":"ἐκ δʼ ἔλασεν σιάλοισιν ἐοικότας ἐννεώροισιν.","translation":"and drove them out, looking like nine-year-old fattened hogs.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l390.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"out"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔλασεν","lemma":"ἐλαύνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"drove"},{"surface":"σιάλοισιν","lemma":"σίαλος","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἐοικότας","gloss":"hogs"},{"surface":"ἐοικότας","lemma":"ἔοικα","morphology":"perfect active participle, accusative plural masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"looking like"},{"surface":"ἐννεώροισιν","lemma":"ἐννέωρος","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies σιάλοισιν","gloss":"nine-year-old","note":"ἐννέωρος 'of nine years' — an odd, much-discussed epithet for fattened hogs, prized for size/age."}]},{"number":391,"label":"391","id":"b10-l391","source":"οἱ μὲν ἔπειτʼ ἔστησαν ἐναντίοι, ἡ δὲ διʼ αὐτῶν","translation":"Then they stood facing her, and she went among them","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l391.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἔστησαν","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἔπειτ","lemma":"ἔπειτα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔστησαν","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἔστησαν","lemma":"ἵστημι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"ἐναντίοι","lemma":"ἐναντίος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"facing"},{"surface":"ἡ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of προσάλειφεν","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"δι","lemma":"διά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"αὐτῶν","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"object of δι᾽","gloss":"them"}]},{"number":392,"label":"392","id":"b10-l392","source":"ἐρχομένη προσάλειφεν ἑκάστῳ φάρμακον ἄλλο.","translation":"and anointed each one with another drug.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l392.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐρχομένη","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to προσάλειφεν","gloss":"going"},{"surface":"προσάλειφεν","lemma":"προσαλείφω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"anointed"},{"surface":"ἑκάστῳ","lemma":"ἕκαστος","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"object of προσάλειφεν","gloss":"each"},{"surface":"φάρμακον","lemma":"φάρμακον","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of προσάλειφεν","gloss":"drug","note":"φάρμακον 'drug/charm' — the antidote reversing the earlier transformation into swine."},{"surface":"ἄλλο","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies φάρμακον","gloss":"another"}]},{"number":393,"label":"393","id":"b10-l393","source":"τῶν δʼ ἐκ μὲν μελέων τρίχες ἔρρεον, ἃς πρὶν ἔφυσε","translation":"From their limbs the bristles fell away, which earlier had been grown by","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l393.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τῶν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine pronoun","role":"modifies μελέων","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"μελέων","lemma":"μέλος","morphology":"genitive plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἐκ","gloss":"limbs"},{"surface":"τρίχες","lemma":"θρίξ","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject of ἔρρεον","gloss":"bristles/hairs","note":"θρίξ 'hair' used of pig bristles here — men turning back from swine."},{"surface":"ἔρρεον","lemma":"ῥέω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"fell away","note":"imperfect ἔρρεον pictures the hair streaming off gradually as the spell reverses."},{"surface":"ἃς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"accusative plural feminine pronoun","role":"object of ἔφυσε","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"πρὶν","lemma":"πρίν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔφυσε","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"ἔφυσε","lemma":"φύω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing τρίχες","gloss":"had grown"}]},{"number":394,"label":"394","id":"b10-l394","source":"φάρμακον οὐλόμενον, τό σφιν πόρε πότνια Κίρκη·","translation":"the ruinous drug that queenly Circe had given them;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l394.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"φάρμακον","lemma":"φάρμακον","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of ἔφυσε","gloss":"drug"},{"surface":"οὐλόμενον","lemma":"οὐλόμενος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies φάρμακον","gloss":"baneful","note":"οὐλόμενος, syncopated aorist middle participle of ὄλλυμαι 'accursed, destructive' — a formulaic epithet for deadly things."},{"surface":"τό","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"object of πόρε","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"σφιν","lemma":"σφεῖς","morphology":"dative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of πόρε","gloss":"to them"},{"surface":"πόρε","lemma":"πόρω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing φάρμακον","gloss":"gave","note":"πόρε, root aorist of πόρω (no present stem in use), 'gave/furnished' — a defective epic verb."},{"surface":"πότνια","lemma":"πότνια","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Κίρκη","gloss":"queenly"},{"surface":"Κίρκη","lemma":"Κίρκη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of πόρε","gloss":"Circe"}]},{"number":395,"label":"395","id":"b10-l395","source":"ἄνδρες δʼ ἂψ ἐγένοντο νεώτεροι ἢ πάρος ἦσαν,","translation":"and they became men again, younger than they were before,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l395.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἄνδρες","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἂψ","lemma":"ἄψ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐγένοντο","gloss":"back again","note":"ἄψ 'back' signals reversal — the men return to their former human shape."},{"surface":"ἐγένοντο","lemma":"γίγνομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"became"},{"surface":"νεώτεροι","lemma":"νέος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine comparative adjective","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"younger"},{"surface":"ἢ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"πάρος","lemma":"πάρος","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἦσαν","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"ἦσαν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ἢ","gloss":"they were"}]},{"number":396,"label":"396","id":"b10-l396","source":"καὶ πολὺ καλλίονες καὶ μείζονες εἰσοράασθαι.","translation":"and far handsomer and taller to look upon.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l396.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πολὺ","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"far, much","note":"adverbial accusative πολύ intensifying the comparatives 'far handsomer'."},{"surface":"καλλίονες","lemma":"καλός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine comparative adjective","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"handsomer"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μείζονες","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"nominative plural masculine comparative adjective","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"taller"},{"surface":"εἰσοράασθαι","lemma":"εἰσοράω","morphology":"present medio-passive infinitive","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"to look upon","note":"epexegetic infinitive εἰσοράασθαι, 'to behold' — specifies in what respect they are finer."}]},{"number":397,"label":"397","id":"b10-l397","source":"ἔγνωσαν δέ μʼ ἐκεῖνοι ἔφυν τʼ ἐν χερσὶν ἕκαστος.","translation":"They recognized me, and each one clung to my hands.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l397.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔγνωσαν","lemma":"γιγνώσκω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"recognized"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἔγνωσαν","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ἐκεῖνοι","lemma":"ἐκεῖνος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"subject of τ᾽","gloss":"those men"},{"surface":"ἔφυν","lemma":"φύω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"clung","note":"ἔφυν here is the intransitive root aorist of φύω used idiomatically 'grew fast to/clung' + dative, not 'grew'."},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"χερσὶν","lemma":"χείρ","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἐν","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"ἕκαστος","lemma":"ἕκαστος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"each one"}]},{"number":398,"label":"398","id":"b10-l398","source":"πᾶσιν δʼ ἱμερόεις ὑπέδυ γόος, ἀμφὶ δὲ δῶμα","translation":"Over all of them came a longing to weep, and around the house","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l398.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πᾶσιν","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of ὑπέδυ","gloss":"upon all"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἱμερόεις","lemma":"ἱμερόεις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies γόος","gloss":"longing to weep","note":"ἱμερόεις, 'yearning', modifies γόος: a poetic personification of an overwhelming urge to lament."},{"surface":"ὑπέδυ","lemma":"ὑποδύομαι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"came over","note":"ὑπέδυ 'crept under/came over (them)', a vivid compound for emotion stealing in."},{"surface":"γόος","lemma":"γόος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ὑπέδυ","gloss":"weeping, lament"},{"surface":"ἀμφὶ","lemma":"ἀμφί","morphology":"preposition","role":"adverbial to κονάβιζε","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"δῶμα","lemma":"δῶμα","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of κονάβιζε","gloss":"house"}]},{"number":399,"label":"399","id":"b10-l399","source":"σμερδαλέον κονάβιζε· θεὰ δʼ ἐλέαιρε καὶ αὐτή.","translation":"rang a fearful sound; even the goddess herself took pity.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l399.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"σμερδαλέον","lemma":"σμερδαλέος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to κονάβιζε","gloss":"fearfully","note":"σμερδαλέον, adverbial accusative describing the manner of the ringing sound — a stock epic intensifier."},{"surface":"κονάβιζε","lemma":"κοναβίζω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"rang, echoed"},{"surface":"θεὰ","lemma":"θεά","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἐλέαιρε","gloss":"goddess"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐλέαιρε","lemma":"ἐλεαίρω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"took pity"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"αὐτή","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"she herself"}]},{"number":400,"label":"400","id":"b10-l400","source":"ἡ δέ μευ ἄγχι στᾶσα προσηύδα δῖα θεάων·","translation":"She came and stood near me, that bright one among goddesses, and said:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l400.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἡ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μευ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine pronoun","role":"adverbial to ἄγχι","gloss":"of me"},{"surface":"ἄγχι","lemma":"ἄγχι","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"near"},{"surface":"στᾶσα","lemma":"ἵστημι","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to προσηύδα","gloss":"standing","note":"στᾶσα, aorist participle of ἵστημι, 'having stood' — pictures her taking up a fixed position before speaking."},{"surface":"προσηύδα","lemma":"προσαυδάω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"addressed"},{"surface":"δῖα","lemma":"δῖος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"subject","gloss":"bright, divine"},{"surface":"θεάων","lemma":"θεά","morphology":"genitive plural feminine noun","role":"modifies δῖα","gloss":"among goddesses","note":"δῖα θεάων, a partitive-genitive epic formula 'shining among goddesses' used of Circe/Calypso."}]},{"number":401,"label":"401","id":"b10-l401","source":"διογενὲς Λαερτιάδη, πολυμήχανʼ Ὀδυσσεῦ,","translation":"Zeus-born son of Laertes, resourceful Odysseus,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l401.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"πολυμήχανʼ Ὀδυσσεῦ","title":"Vocative of address","body":"διογενὲς Λαερτιάδη ... Ὀδυσσεῦ are all vocatives, the case of direct address; this full formula of titles is how gods and heroes hail Odysseus."}],"words":[{"surface":"διογενὲς","lemma":"διογενής","morphology":"vocative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies Λαερτιάδη","gloss":"Zeus-born","note":"διογενής, a stock heroic epithet 'sprung from Zeus', applied formulaically to Odysseus."},{"surface":"Λαερτιάδη","lemma":"Λαερτιάδης","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"son of Laertes"},{"surface":"πολυμήχαν","lemma":"πολυμήχανος","morphology":"vocative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ὀδυσσεῦ","gloss":"resourceful","note":"πολυμήχανος, 'of many devices' — Odysseus's signature epithet marking his cunning."},{"surface":"Ὀδυσσεῦ","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"Odysseus"}]},{"number":402,"label":"402","id":"b10-l402","source":"ἔρχεο νῦν ἐπὶ νῆα θοὴν καὶ θῖνα θαλάσσης.","translation":"go now to your swift ship and the shore of the sea.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l402.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔρχεο","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"νῦν","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔρχεο","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"νῆα","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"ship"},{"surface":"θοὴν","lemma":"θοός","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies νῆα","gloss":"swift"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"θῖνα","lemma":"θίς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"shore"},{"surface":"θαλάσσης","lemma":"θάλασσα","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies θῖνα","gloss":"of the sea"}]},{"number":403,"label":"403","id":"b10-l403","source":"νῆα μὲν ἂρ πάμπρωτον ἐρύσσατε ἤπειρόνδε,","translation":"First of all, draw your ship up onto the land,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l403.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"νῆα","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐρύσσατε","gloss":"ship"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἂρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"πάμπρωτον","lemma":"πάμπρωτος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ἐρύσσατε","gloss":"first of all"},{"surface":"ἐρύσσατε","lemma":"ἐρύω","morphology":"aorist active imperative, 2nd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"haul up"},{"surface":"ἤπειρόνδε","lemma":"ἤπειρόνδε","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of ἐρύσσατε","gloss":"onto dry land","note":"ἤπειρόνδε, directional -δε suffix on ἤπειρος 'mainland/land', meaning 'landward, onto the shore'."}]},{"number":404,"label":"404","id":"b10-l404","source":"κτήματα δʼ ἐν σπήεσσι πελάσσατε ὅπλα τε πάντα·","translation":"and store your goods and all your gear in the caves;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l404.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κτήματα","lemma":"κτῆμα","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of τε","gloss":"possessions"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"σπήεσσι","lemma":"σπέος","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἐν","gloss":"caves"},{"surface":"πελάσσατε","lemma":"πελάζω","morphology":"aorist active imperative, 2nd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"store, stow"},{"surface":"ὅπλα","lemma":"ὅπλον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of τε","gloss":"gear"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πάντα","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ὅπλα","gloss":"all"}]},{"number":405,"label":"405","id":"b10-l405","source":"αὐτὸς δʼ ἂψ ἰέναι καὶ ἄγειν ἐρίηρας ἑταίρους.","translation":"then come back yourself and bring your trusty comrades.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l405.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὸς","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἂψ","lemma":"ἄψ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἰέναι","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"ἰέναι","lemma":"εἶμι","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"main verb","gloss":"come","note":"ἰέναι, present infinitive of εἶμι (used as future), standing for an imperative 'come!' — common epic idiom."},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄγειν","lemma":"ἄγω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"main verb","gloss":"bring"},{"surface":"ἐρίηρας","lemma":"ἐρίηρος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἑταίρους","gloss":"trusty"},{"surface":"ἑταίρους","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἄγειν","gloss":"comrades"}]},{"number":406,"label":"406","id":"b10-l406","source":"ὣς ἔφατʼ, αὐτὰρ ἐμοί γʼ ἐπεπείθετο θυμὸς\n                     ἀγήνωρ,","translation":"So she spoke, and my proud spirit was persuaded,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l406.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔφατ᾽","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"ἔφατ","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"she spoke"},{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐμοί","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies θυμὸς","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"γ","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἐπεπείθετο","lemma":"ἐπιπείθομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was persuaded"},{"surface":"θυμὸς","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐπεπείθετο","gloss":"spirit"},{"surface":"ἀγήνωρ","lemma":"ἀγήνωρ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies θυμὸς","gloss":"proud, manly","note":"ἀγήνωρ modifies θυμός, giving Odysseus's spirit an almost heroic will of its own — common epic personification."}]},{"number":407,"label":"407","id":"b10-l407","source":"βῆν δʼ ἰέναι ἐπὶ νῆα θοὴν καὶ θῖνα θαλάσσης.","translation":"and I set off to go to the swift ship and the shore of the sea.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l407.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"βῆν","lemma":"βαίνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I went","note":"βῆν, root aorist of βαίνω, 'I strode/set out' — often paired with a complementary infinitive as here."},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἰέναι","lemma":"εἶμι","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of βῆν","gloss":"to go"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"νῆα","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"ship"},{"surface":"θοὴν","lemma":"θοός","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies νῆα","gloss":"swift"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"θῖνα","lemma":"θίς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"shore"},{"surface":"θαλάσσης","lemma":"θάλασσα","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies θῖνα","gloss":"of the sea"}]},{"number":408,"label":"408","id":"b10-l408","source":"εὗρον ἔπειτʼ ἐπὶ νηὶ θοῇ ἐρίηρας ἑταίρους","translation":"There at the swift ship I found my trusty comrades,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l408.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εὗρον","lemma":"εὑρίσκω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"ἔπειτ","lemma":"ἔπειτα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to εὗρον","gloss":"then, there"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"νηὶ","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐπὶ","gloss":"ship"},{"surface":"θοῇ","lemma":"θοός","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies νηὶ","gloss":"swift"},{"surface":"ἐρίηρας","lemma":"ἐρίηρος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἑταίρους","gloss":"trusty"},{"surface":"ἑταίρους","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of εὗρον","gloss":"comrades"}]},{"number":409,"label":"409","id":"b10-l409","source":"οἴκτρʼ ὀλοφυρομένους, θαλερὸν κατὰ δάκρυ χέοντας.","translation":"piteously lamenting, shedding warm tears.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l409.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἴκτρ","lemma":"οἰκτρός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ὀλοφυρομένους","gloss":"piteously"},{"surface":"ὀλοφυρομένους","lemma":"ὀλοφύρομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, accusative plural masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"lamenting"},{"surface":"θαλερὸν","lemma":"θαλερός","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies δάκρυ","gloss":"warm, fresh","note":"θαλερός literally 'blooming/fresh', here vividly describing tears as thick and welling."},{"surface":"κατὰ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"down"},{"surface":"δάκρυ","lemma":"δάκρυον","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of χέοντας","gloss":"tears"},{"surface":"χέοντας","lemma":"χέω","morphology":"present active participle, accusative plural masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"shedding"}]},{"number":410,"label":"410","id":"b10-l410","source":"ὡς δʼ ὅτʼ ἂν ἄγραυλοι πόριες περὶ βοῦς ἀγελαίας,","translation":"As when farmyard calves around the herd of cows,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l410.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ὡς δʼ ὅτʼ ἂν","title":"Epic simile","body":"ὡς δʼ ὅτʼ ἂν ('as when') opens a Homeric simile; the picture of calves leaping toward their mothers runs through several lines before returning to the men."}],"words":[{"surface":"ὡς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὅτ","lemma":"ὅτι","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ἂν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"(indefinite marker)"},{"surface":"ἄγραυλοι","lemma":"ἄγραυλος","morphology":"nominative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies πόριες","gloss":"farmyard, pastured","note":"ἄγραυλος 'living in the fields', begins a famous extended epic simile comparing men to calves."},{"surface":"πόριες","lemma":"πόρις","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject of σκαίρουσιν","gloss":"calves"},{"surface":"περὶ","lemma":"περί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"βοῦς","lemma":"βοῦς","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of περὶ","gloss":"cows"},{"surface":"ἀγελαίας","lemma":"ἀγελαῖος","morphology":"accusative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies βοῦς","gloss":"of the herd"}]},{"number":411,"label":"411","id":"b10-l411","source":"ἐλθούσας ἐς κόπρον, ἐπὴν βοτάνης κορέσωνται,","translation":"when they come to the farmyard after grazing their fill of grass,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l411.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐλθούσας","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active participle, accusative plural feminine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"having come"},{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"κόπρον","lemma":"κόπρος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐς","gloss":"farmyard, dung-yard"},{"surface":"ἐπὴν","lemma":"ἐπήν","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"βοτάνης","lemma":"βοτάνη","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of κορέσωνται","gloss":"of grass"},{"surface":"κορέσωνται","lemma":"κορέννυμι","morphology":"aorist middle subjunctive, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to ἐπὴν","gloss":"have had their fill"}]},{"number":412,"label":"412","id":"b10-l412","source":"πᾶσαι ἅμα σκαίρουσιν ἐναντίαι· οὐδʼ ἔτι σηκοὶ","translation":"all together frisk to meet them; and the pens no longer","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l412.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πᾶσαι","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"nominative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies πόριες","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"ἅμα","lemma":"ἅμα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to σκαίρουσιν","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"σκαίρουσιν","lemma":"σκαίρω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to ὅτ᾽","gloss":"frisk, bound"},{"surface":"ἐναντίαι","lemma":"ἐναντίος","morphology":"nominative plural feminine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"to meet them"},{"surface":"ἔτι","lemma":"ἔτι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἴσχουσ᾽","gloss":"no longer"},{"surface":"σηκοὶ","lemma":"σηκός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ἴσχουσ᾽","gloss":"pens"}]},{"number":413,"label":"413","id":"b10-l413","source":"ἴσχουσʼ, ἀλλʼ ἁδινὸν μυκώμεναι ἀμφιθέουσι·","translation":"hold them in, but lowing without ceasing they run about","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l413.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἴσχουσ","lemma":"ἴσχω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"hold back","note":"ἴσχω, reduplicated present of ἔχω, 'restrain/hold in' — the pens can no longer contain the eager calves."},{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἁδινὸν","lemma":"ἀδινός","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to μυκώμεναι","gloss":"incessantly, loudly","note":"ἀδινός adverbial, 'thick and fast', describing the continuous lowing — vivid sound imagery."},{"surface":"μυκώμεναι","lemma":"μυκάομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative plural feminine","role":"adverbial to ἀμφιθέουσι","gloss":"lowing"},{"surface":"ἀμφιθέουσι","lemma":"ἀμφιθέω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"run around"}]},{"number":414,"label":"414","id":"b10-l414","source":"μητέρας· ὣς ἔμʼ ἐκεῖνοι ἐπεὶ ἴδον ὀφθαλμοῖσι,","translation":"their mothers; so those men, when they saw me with their eyes,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l414.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μητέρας","lemma":"μήτηρ","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object","gloss":"mothers"},{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔχυντο","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ἔμ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἔχυντο","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ἐκεῖνοι","lemma":"ἐκεῖνος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"subject of ἔχυντο","gloss":"those men"},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ἴδον","lemma":"εἶδον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to ἐπεὶ","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"ὀφθαλμοῖσι","lemma":"ὀφθαλμός","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἴδον","gloss":"with their eyes"}]},{"number":415,"label":"415","id":"b10-l415","source":"δακρυόεντες ἔχυντο· δόκησε δʼ ἄρα σφίσι θυμὸς","translation":"thronged about me in tears; and to their hearts it seemed","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l415.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δακρυόεντες","lemma":"δακρυόεις","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"adverbial to ἔχυντο","gloss":"in tears","note":"δακρυόεις, 'tearful', picks up the simile's emotional peak as the men swarm around Odysseus weeping."},{"surface":"ἔχυντο","lemma":"χέω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"thronged, poured"},{"surface":"δόκησε","lemma":"δοκέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"it seemed"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄρα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"σφίσι","lemma":"σφεῖς","morphology":"dative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of δόκησε","gloss":"to them"},{"surface":"θυμὸς","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of δόκησε","gloss":"heart, spirit"}]},{"number":416,"label":"416","id":"b10-l416","source":"ὣς ἔμεν, ὡς εἰ πατρίδʼ ἱκοίατο καὶ πόλιν αὐτὴν","translation":"as if they had reached their homeland and the very city","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l416.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔμεν","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"ἔμεν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of δόκησε","gloss":"to be"},{"surface":"ὡς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"εἰ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if","note":"ὡς εἰ + optative, epic construction for an unreal comparison, 'as if they had reached...'."},{"surface":"πατρίδ","lemma":"πατρίς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"homeland"},{"surface":"ἱκοίατο","lemma":"ἱκνέομαι","morphology":"aorist middle optative, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"had reached"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πόλιν","lemma":"πόλις","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"city"},{"surface":"αὐτὴν","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies πόλιν","gloss":"very, itself"}]},{"number":417,"label":"417","id":"b10-l417","source":"τρηχείης Ἰθάκης, ἵνα τʼ ἔτραφεν ἠδʼ ἐγένοντο.","translation":"of rugged Ithaca, where they were bred and born.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l417.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τρηχείης","lemma":"τραχύς","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Ἰθάκης","gloss":"rugged"},{"surface":"Ἰθάκης","lemma":"Ἰθάκη","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies πόλιν","gloss":"Ithaca"},{"surface":"ἵνα","lemma":"ἵνα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἠδ᾽","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔτραφεν","lemma":"τρέφω","morphology":"aorist passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ἠδ᾽","gloss":"were reared","note":"ἔτραφεν, passive aorist of τρέφω, 'were brought up' — paired with ἐγένοντο for the full 'born and bred' formula."},{"surface":"ἠδ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐγένοντο","lemma":"γίγνομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ἠδ᾽","gloss":"were born"}]},{"number":418,"label":"418","id":"b10-l418","source":"καί μʼ ὀλοφυρόμενοι ἔπεα πτερόεντα προσηύδων·","translation":"And lamenting they spoke winged words to me:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l418.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καί","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of προσηύδων","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ὀλοφυρόμενοι","lemma":"ὀλοφύρομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to προσηύδων","gloss":"lamenting"},{"surface":"ἔπεα","lemma":"ἔπος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of προσηύδων","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"πτερόεντα","lemma":"πτερόεις","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἔπεα","gloss":"winged","note":"ἔπεα πτερόεντα, the famous Homeric formula 'winged words' introducing direct speech."},{"surface":"προσηύδων","lemma":"προσαυδάω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spoke to"}]},{"number":419,"label":"419","id":"b10-l419","source":"σοὶ μὲν νοστήσαντι, διοτρεφές, ὣς\n                        ἐχάρημεν,","translation":"At your homecoming, Zeus-nurtured one, we rejoiced","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l419.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"νοστήσαντι","title":"Nostos (homecoming)","body":"νοστήσαντι is from νοστέω, the verb behind nostos, 'homecoming', the central theme of the Odyssey. The men greet Odysseus's return as if it were the longed-for return home."}],"words":[{"surface":"σοὶ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"object of ἐχάρημεν","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"νοστήσαντι","lemma":"νοστέω","morphology":"aorist active participle, dative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"having returned home"},{"surface":"διοτρεφές","lemma":"διοτρεφής","morphology":"vocative singular neuter adjective","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"Zeus-nurtured","note":"διοτρεφής, a formulaic epithet for kings/heroes, 'nurtured/fostered by Zeus'."},{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐχάρημεν","gloss":"so, thus"},{"surface":"ἐχάρημεν","lemma":"χαίρω","morphology":"aorist passive indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"we rejoiced"}]},{"number":420,"label":"420","id":"b10-l420","source":"ὡς εἴ τʼ εἰς Ἰθάκην ἀφικοίμεθα πατρίδα γαῖαν·","translation":"as if we had come back to Ithaca, our native land;","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l420.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὡς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"εἴ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"εἰς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Ἰθάκην","lemma":"Ἰθάκη","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object","gloss":"Ithaca"},{"surface":"ἀφικοίμεθα","lemma":"ἀφικνέομαι","morphology":"aorist middle optative, 1st plural verb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"had arrived"},{"surface":"πατρίδα","lemma":"πατρίς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies γαῖαν","gloss":"native, fatherland"},{"surface":"γαῖαν","lemma":"γαῖα","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object","gloss":"land"}]},{"number":421,"label":"421","id":"b10-l421","source":"ἀλλʼ ἄγε, τῶν ἄλλων ἑτάρων κατάλεξον ὄλεθρον.","translation":"but come, tell us of the death of the rest of our comrades.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l421.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἄγε","lemma":"ἄγε","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"come","note":"ἄγε: frozen imperative used as a discourse particle, 'come now.'"},{"surface":"τῶν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine article","role":"modifies ἑτάρων","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ἄλλων","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἑτάρων","gloss":"the rest of"},{"surface":"ἑτάρων","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ὄλεθρον","gloss":"comrades"},{"surface":"κατάλεξον","lemma":"καταλέγω","morphology":"aorist active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"tell, recount","note":"καταλέγω 'tell in order/list' fits the request for a full narrated account."},{"surface":"ὄλεθρον","lemma":"ὄλεθρος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of κατάλεξον","gloss":"death, destruction"}]},{"number":422,"label":"422","id":"b10-l422","source":"ὣς ἔφαν, αὐτὰρ ἐγὼ προσέφην μαλακοῖς\n                     ἐπέεσσι·","translation":"So they spoke, and I answered them with gentle words:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l422.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔφαν","gloss":"so, thus"},{"surface":"ἔφαν","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"they spoke","note":"ἔφαν: epic/Ionic 3rd pl. imperfect of φημί (=ἔφασαν)."},{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but, and"},{"surface":"ἐγὼ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of προσέφην","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"προσέφην","lemma":"πρόσφημι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I answered","note":"πρόσφημι, compound of φημί, used for direct-speech introductions in Homer."},{"surface":"μαλακοῖς","lemma":"μαλακός","morphology":"dative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἐπέεσσι","gloss":"gentle, soft"},{"surface":"ἐπέεσσι","lemma":"ἔπος","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to προσέφην","gloss":"words"}]},{"number":423,"label":"423","id":"b10-l423","source":"νῆα μὲν ἂρ πάμπρωτον ἐρύσσομεν ἤπειρόνδε,","translation":"First of all let us draw the ship up onto the land,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l423.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"νῆα","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐρύσσομεν","gloss":"the ship"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed (particle)"},{"surface":"ἂρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then (particle)"},{"surface":"πάμπρωτον","lemma":"πάμπρωτος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ἐρύσσομεν","gloss":"first of all"},{"surface":"ἐρύσσομεν","lemma":"ἐρύω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"let us draw","note":"ἐρύσσομεν: short-vowel aorist subjunctive (hortatory), 'let us haul.'"},{"surface":"ἤπειρόνδε","lemma":"ἤπειρόνδε","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of ἐρύσσομεν","gloss":"onto the land","note":"ἤπειρόνδε: directional -δε suffix, 'to(ward) the mainland.'"}]},{"number":424,"label":"424","id":"b10-l424","source":"κτήματα δʼ ἐν σπήεσσι πελάσσομεν ὅπλα τε πάντα·","translation":"and store our goods and all our gear in the caves;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l424.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κτήματα","lemma":"κτῆμα","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of τε","gloss":"goods, possessions"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"σπήεσσι","lemma":"σπέος","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἐν","gloss":"caves","note":"σπήεσσι: epic dative plural of σπέος 'cave' (for σπέεσσι)."},{"surface":"πελάσσομεν","lemma":"πελάζω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"let us store, bring near"},{"surface":"ὅπλα","lemma":"ὅπλον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of τε","gloss":"gear, tackle"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πάντα","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ὅπλα","gloss":"all"}]},{"number":425,"label":"425","id":"b10-l425","source":"αὐτοὶ δʼ ὀτρύνεσθε ἐμοὶ ἅμα πάντες ἕπεσθαι,","translation":"then rouse yourselves, all of you, to follow me,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l425.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτοὶ","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"yourselves"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὀτρύνεσθε","lemma":"ὀτρύνω","morphology":"present medio-passive imperative, 2nd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"rouse yourselves","note":"middle imperative: 'stir yourselves up' rather than stirring others."},{"surface":"ἐμοὶ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἅμα","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ἅμα","lemma":"ἅμα","morphology":"adverb","role":"preposition","gloss":"together with","note":"ἅμα + dative ἐμοί = 'together with me,' an adverbial phrase not a true preposition."},{"surface":"πάντες","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"ἕπεσθαι","lemma":"ἕπομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive infinitive","role":"object of ὀτρύνεσθε","gloss":"to follow"}]},{"number":426,"label":"426","id":"b10-l426","source":"ὄφρα ἴδηθʼ ἑτάρους ἱεροῖς ἐν δώμασι Κίρκης","translation":"so that you may see your comrades in the sacred halls of Circe","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l426.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὄφρα","lemma":"ὄφρα","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"ἴδηθ","lemma":"εἶδον","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 2nd plural verb","role":"adverbial to ὄφρα","gloss":"you may see","note":"εἶδον's root aorist subjunctive ἴδητε, elided before the following vowel with the τ aspirated to θ by the rough breathing of ἑτάρους; epic 2nd pl. ἴδηθ' (not a vowel contraction)."},{"surface":"ἑτάρους","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἴδηθ᾽","gloss":"comrades"},{"surface":"ἱεροῖς","lemma":"ἱερός","morphology":"dative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies δώμασι","gloss":"sacred"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"δώμασι","lemma":"δῶμα","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"halls"},{"surface":"Κίρκης","lemma":"Κίρκη","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies δώμασι","gloss":"of Circe"}]},{"number":427,"label":"427","id":"b10-l427","source":"πίνοντας καὶ ἔδοντας· ἐπηετανὸν γὰρ ἔχουσιν.","translation":"drinking and eating; for they have abundance without end.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l427.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πίνοντας","lemma":"πίνω","morphology":"present active participle, accusative plural masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"drinking"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔδοντας","lemma":"ἔδω","morphology":"present active participle, accusative plural masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"eating","note":"ἔδοντας: epic verb ἔδω 'eat,' rarer than ἐσθίω, paired formulaically with πίνω."},{"surface":"ἐπηετανὸν","lemma":"ἐπηετανός","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ἔχουσιν","gloss":"abundant, without end"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ἔχουσιν","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"they have"}]},{"number":428,"label":"428","id":"b10-l428","source":"ὣς ἐφάμην, οἱ δʼ ὦκα ἐμοῖς ἐπέεσσι πίθοντο.","translation":"So I spoke, and quickly they obeyed my words.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l428.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐφάμην","gloss":"so, thus"},{"surface":"ἐφάμην","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I spoke","note":"ἐφάμην: middle-voice imperfect of φημί, common in Homer for 'I said' with no passive sense."},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of πίθοντο","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὦκα","lemma":"ὦκα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to πίθοντο","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"ἐμοῖς","lemma":"ἐμός","morphology":"dative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἐπέεσσι","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"ἐπέεσσι","lemma":"ἔπος","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"object of πίθοντο","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"πίθοντο","lemma":"πείθω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"obeyed","note":"πίθοντο: root aorist middle of πείθω, 'were persuaded/obeyed' (intransitive middle sense)."}]},{"number":429,"label":"429","id":"b10-l429","source":"Εὐρύλοχος δέ μοι οἶος ἐρύκανε πάντας ἑταίρους·","translation":"But Eurylochus alone tried to hold all the comrades back,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l429.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Εὐρύλοχος","lemma":"Εὐρύλοχος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐρύκανε","gloss":"Eurylochus"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"adverbial to ἐρύκανε","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"οἶος","lemma":"οἶος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"alone","note":"οἶος 'alone' singles Eurylochus out against 'all the comrades' just named."},{"surface":"ἐρύκανε","lemma":"ἐρυκανάω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"tried to hold back","note":"ἐρυκανάω: iterative/intensive form of ἐρύκω 'restrain,' imperfect = repeated effort."},{"surface":"πάντας","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἑταίρους","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"ἑταίρους","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἐρύκανε","gloss":"comrades"}]},{"number":430,"label":"430","id":"b10-l430","source":"καί σφεας φωνήσας ἔπεα πτερόεντα προσηύδα·","translation":"and lifting his voice he spoke winged words to them:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l430.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καί","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"σφεας","lemma":"σφεῖς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of φωνήσας","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"φωνήσας","lemma":"φωνέω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to προσηύδα","gloss":"lifting his voice, calling out"},{"surface":"ἔπεα","lemma":"ἔπος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of προσηύδα","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"πτερόεντα","lemma":"πτερόεις","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἔπεα","gloss":"winged","note":"ἔπεα πτερόεντα: classic Homeric formula, 'winged words,' introducing direct speech."},{"surface":"προσηύδα","lemma":"προσαυδάω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spoke, addressed"}]},{"number":431,"label":"431","id":"b10-l431","source":"ἆ δειλοί, πόσʼ ἴμεν; τί κακῶν ἱμείρετε\n                        τούτων;","translation":"Ah, wretched men, where are we going? Why do you crave these evils,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l431.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἆ","lemma":"ἆ","morphology":"exclamation","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"ah!"},{"surface":"δειλοί","lemma":"δειλός","morphology":"vocative plural masculine adjective","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"wretched men","note":"vocative with elided head noun ('ah, wretched [men]')."},{"surface":"πόσ","lemma":"πόσε","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of ἴμεν","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"ἴμεν","lemma":"εἶμι","morphology":"present active indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"are we going"},{"surface":"τί","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"adverbial to ἱμείρετε","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"κακῶν","lemma":"κακός","morphology":"genitive plural neuter adjective","role":"object of ἱμείρετε","gloss":"evils"},{"surface":"ἱμείρετε","lemma":"ἱμείρω","morphology":"present active indicative, 2nd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"do you crave","note":"ἱμείρω + genitive: 'crave/long for' takes its object in the genitive."},{"surface":"τούτων","lemma":"οὗτος","morphology":"genitive plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies κακῶν","gloss":"these"}]},{"number":432,"label":"432","id":"b10-l432","source":"Κίρκης ἐς μέγαρον καταβήμεναι, ἥ κεν ἅπαντας","translation":"to go down into Circe's hall, who will turn us all","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l432.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Κίρκης","lemma":"Κίρκη","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies μέγαρον","gloss":"Circe's"},{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"μέγαρον","lemma":"μέγαρον","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἐς","gloss":"hall"},{"surface":"καταβήμεναι","lemma":"καταβαίνω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object","gloss":"to go down"},{"surface":"ἥ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of ποιήσεται","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"κεν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"(potential particle)","note":"κεν + future ποιήσεται gives vivid future-potential force, 'who will turn.'"},{"surface":"ἅπαντας","lemma":"ἅπας","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of ποιήσεται","gloss":"all of us"}]},{"number":433,"label":"433","id":"b10-l433","source":"ἢ σῦς ἠὲ λύκους ποιήσεται ἠὲ λέοντας,","translation":"into swine, or wolves, or lions,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l433.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἢ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"either"},{"surface":"σῦς","lemma":"ὗς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"complement of ἠὲ","gloss":"swine"},{"surface":"ἠὲ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"λύκους","lemma":"λύκος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"complement of ἠὲ","gloss":"wolves"},{"surface":"ποιήσεται","lemma":"ποιέω","morphology":"future middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing Κίρκης","gloss":"will make"},{"surface":"ἠὲ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"λέοντας","lemma":"λέων","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"complement of ἠὲ","gloss":"lions"}]},{"number":434,"label":"434","id":"b10-l434","source":"οἵ κέν οἱ μέγα δῶμα φυλάσσοιμεν καὶ ἀνάγκῃ,","translation":"so that under compulsion we would guard her great house,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l434.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"φυλάσσοιμεν","title":"Optative in relative clause","body":"φυλάσσοιμεν is a potential/future-leaning optative ('we would guard'), expressing the dreaded outcome Eurylochus imagines if they go to Circe."}],"words":[{"surface":"οἵ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of φυλάσσοιμεν","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"surface":"κέν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"(potential particle)"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular feminine pronoun","role":"modifies δῶμα","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"μέγα","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies δῶμα","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"δῶμα","lemma":"δῶμα","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of φυλάσσοιμεν","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"φυλάσσοιμεν","lemma":"φυλάσσω","morphology":"present active optative, 1st plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ἠὲ","gloss":"we would guard","note":"optative φυλάσσοιμεν expresses the feared hypothetical result of being enchanted."},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"ἀνάγκῃ","lemma":"ἀνάγκη","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to φυλάσσοιμεν","gloss":"by compulsion"}]},{"number":435,"label":"435","id":"b10-l435","source":"ὥς περ Κύκλωψ ἔρξʼ, ὅτε οἱ μέσσαυλον ἵκοντο","translation":"just as the Cyclops did, when our comrades came","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l435.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὥς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔρξ᾽","gloss":"just as"},{"surface":"περ","lemma":"πέρ","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"Κύκλωψ","lemma":"Κύκλωψ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔρξ᾽","gloss":"the Cyclops"},{"surface":"ἔρξ","lemma":"ἔρδω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ποιήσεται","gloss":"did","note":"ἔρδω 'do/act,' recalling Polyphemus's earlier violence against the crew."},{"surface":"ὅτε","lemma":"ὅτε","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies μέσσαυλον","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"μέσσαυλον","lemma":"μέσαυλος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἵκοντο","gloss":"courtyard, fold","note":"μέσαυλος: the enclosed yard of the Cyclops's cave, recalling Book 9."},{"surface":"ἵκοντο","lemma":"ἱκνέομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to δ᾽","gloss":"came"}]},{"number":436,"label":"436","id":"b10-l436","source":"ἡμέτεροι ἕταροι, σὺν δʼ ὁ θρασὺς εἵπετʼ Ὀδυσσεύς·","translation":"into his courtyard, and bold Odysseus went with them;","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l436.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἡμέτεροι","lemma":"ἡμέτερος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἕταροι","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"ἕταροι","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ἵκοντο","gloss":"comrades"},{"surface":"σὺν","lemma":"σύν","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"along with"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὁ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine article","role":"modifies Ὀδυσσεύς","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"θρασὺς","lemma":"θρασύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ὀδυσσεύς","gloss":"bold","note":"θρασύς here used almost critically by Eurylochus, blaming Odysseus's rashness."},{"surface":"εἵπετ","lemma":"ἕπομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to δ᾽","gloss":"went, followed"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσσεύς","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of εἵπετ᾽","gloss":"Odysseus"}]},{"number":437,"label":"437","id":"b10-l437","source":"τούτου γὰρ καὶ κεῖνοι ἀτασθαλίῃσιν ὄλοντο.","translation":"for it was through his recklessness that those men too perished.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l437.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ἀτασθαλίῃσιν","title":"Reckless folly","body":"ἀτασθαλίη is wanton, presumptuous recklessness, the same fault the poem condemns elsewhere. Eurylochus throws it in Odysseus's face as the cause of the men's deaths."}],"words":[{"surface":"τούτου","lemma":"οὗτος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἀτασθαλίῃσιν","gloss":"this man's"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"also, too"},{"surface":"κεῖνοι","lemma":"ἐκεῖνος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"subject of ὄλοντο","gloss":"those men"},{"surface":"ἀτασθαλίῃσιν","lemma":"ἀτασθαλία","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ὄλοντο","gloss":"recklessness","note":"ἀτασθαλίῃσιν: dative of cause/means, 'through his recklessness,' Eurylochus's accusation."},{"surface":"ὄλοντο","lemma":"ὄλλυμι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"perished"}]},{"number":438,"label":"438","id":"b10-l438","source":"ὣς ἔφατʼ, αὐτὰρ ἐγώ γε μετὰ φρεσὶ μερμήριξα,","translation":"So he spoke, and I pondered within my heart","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l438.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔφατ᾽","gloss":"so, thus"},{"surface":"ἔφατ","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he spoke"},{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐγώ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of μερμήριξα","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed (emphatic)"},{"surface":"μετὰ","lemma":"μετά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"φρεσὶ","lemma":"φρήν","morphology":"dative plural noun","role":"adverbial to μετὰ","gloss":"heart, mind","note":"μετὰ φρεσί: idiomatic 'in my heart/mind,' seat of deliberation in Homer."},{"surface":"μερμήριξα","lemma":"μερμηρίζω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I pondered"}]},{"number":439,"label":"439","id":"b10-l439","source":"σπασσάμενος τανύηκες ἄορ παχέος παρὰ μηροῦ,","translation":"whether to draw the long-edged sword from beside my stout thigh,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l439.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"σπασσάμενος","lemma":"σπάω","morphology":"aorist middle participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to πελάσσαι","gloss":"drawing","note":"σπασσάμενος: middle participle, 'drawing (his own) sword' — reflexive middle sense."},{"surface":"τανύηκες","lemma":"τανυήκης","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἄορ","gloss":"long-edged"},{"surface":"ἄορ","lemma":"ἄορ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of σπασσάμενος","gloss":"sword"},{"surface":"παχέος","lemma":"παχύς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies μηροῦ","gloss":"stout"},{"surface":"παρὰ","lemma":"παρά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from beside"},{"surface":"μηροῦ","lemma":"μηρός","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of παρὰ","gloss":"thigh"}]},{"number":440,"label":"440","id":"b10-l440","source":"τῷ οἱ ἀποπλήξας κεφαλὴν οὖδάσδε πελάσσαι,","translation":"and with it strike off his head and bring it to the ground,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l440.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τῷ","lemma":"τῷ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to πελάσσαι","gloss":"with it"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies κεφαλὴν","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"ἀποπλήξας","lemma":"ἀποπλήσσω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to πελάσσαι","gloss":"striking off","note":"ἀποπλήσσω: rare compound, 'strike off/knock off' — vivid, violent verb for beheading."},{"surface":"κεφαλὴν","lemma":"κεφαλή","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἀποπλήξας","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"οὖδάσδε","lemma":"οὖδας","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of πελάσσαι","gloss":"to the ground","note":"οὖδάσδε: directional -δε suffix on οὖδας 'ground.'"},{"surface":"πελάσσαι","lemma":"πελάζω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of μερμήριξα","gloss":"to bring, send"}]},{"number":441,"label":"441","id":"b10-l441","source":"καὶ πηῷ περ ἐόντι μάλα σχεδόν· ἀλλά μʼ ἑταῖροι","translation":"close kin though he was. But my companions,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l441.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"even, and"},{"surface":"πηῷ","lemma":"πηός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"kinsman","note":"πηός: 'in-law/kinsman by marriage,' Eurylochus was Odysseus's brother-in-law."},{"surface":"περ","lemma":"πέρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"though (concessive)"},{"surface":"ἐόντι","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active participle, dative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"being"},{"surface":"μάλα","lemma":"μάλα","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"σχεδόν","lemma":"σχεδόν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐόντι","gloss":"close, near"},{"surface":"ἀλλά","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"μ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἐρήτυον","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ἑταῖροι","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐρήτυον","gloss":"companions"}]},{"number":442,"label":"442","id":"b10-l442","source":"μειλιχίοις ἐπέεσσιν ἐρήτυον ἄλλοθεν ἄλλος·","translation":"one from this side, one from that, held me back with soothing words:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l442.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μειλιχίοις","lemma":"μειλίχιος","morphology":"dative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἐπέεσσιν","gloss":"soothing, gentle"},{"surface":"ἐπέεσσιν","lemma":"ἔπος","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἐρήτυον","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"ἐρήτυον","lemma":"ἐρητύω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"held back, restrained"},{"surface":"ἄλλοθεν","lemma":"ἄλλοθεν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐρήτυον","gloss":"from one side"},{"surface":"ἄλλος","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"another","note":"ἄλλοθεν ἄλλος: distributive idiom, 'one from here, another from there.'"}]},{"number":443,"label":"443","id":"b10-l443","source":"διογενές, τοῦτον μὲν ἐάσομεν, εἰ σὺ\n                        κελεύεις,","translation":"\"Sprung from Zeus, this man we will let be, if you command it,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l443.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"διογενές","title":"Vocative epithet","body":"diogenés ('sprung from Zeus') is in the vocative, addressing Odysseus directly. It is a recurring honorific epithet for heroes."}],"words":[{"surface":"διογενές","lemma":"διογενής","morphology":"vocative singular neuter adjective","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"sprung from Zeus","note":"vocative epithet for Odysseus, addressed by the crew (elided head noun)."},{"surface":"τοῦτον","lemma":"οὗτος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"this man"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed (particle)"},{"surface":"ἐάσομεν","lemma":"ἐάω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"we will let be"},{"surface":"εἰ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"σὺ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"nominative singular pronoun","role":"subject of κελεύεις","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"κελεύεις","lemma":"κελεύω","morphology":"present active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"adverbial to εἰ","gloss":"command"}]},{"number":444,"label":"444","id":"b10-l444","source":"αὐτοῦ πὰρ νηί τε μένειν καὶ νῆα ἔρυσθαι·","translation":"to stay here by the ship and guard it;","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l444.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτοῦ","lemma":"αὐτοῦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to μένειν","gloss":"here, in that place"},{"surface":"πὰρ","lemma":"παρά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"νηί","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of πὰρ","gloss":"ship"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μένειν","lemma":"μένω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"to stay"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"νῆα","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἔρυσθαι","gloss":"ship"},{"surface":"ἔρυσθαι","lemma":"ἐρύω","morphology":"present medio-passive infinitive","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"to guard","note":"ἔρυσθαι: middle infinitive of ἐρύω, 'to guard/keep safe (for oneself).'"}]},{"number":445,"label":"445","id":"b10-l445","source":"ἡμῖν δʼ ἡγεμόνευʼ ἱερὰ πρὸς δώματα Κίρκης.","translation":"but lead us on to the sacred house of Circe.\"","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l445.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἡμῖν","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἡγεμόνευ᾽","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἡγεμόνευ","lemma":"ἡγεμονεύω","morphology":"present active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"lead the way"},{"surface":"ἱερὰ","lemma":"ἱερόν","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"modifies δώματα","gloss":"sacred"},{"surface":"πρὸς","lemma":"πρός","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"δώματα","lemma":"δῶμα","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of πρὸς","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"Κίρκης","lemma":"Κίρκη","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies δώματα","gloss":"of Circe"}]},{"number":446,"label":"446","id":"b10-l446","source":"ὣς φάμενοι παρὰ νηὸς ἀνήιον ἠδὲ θαλάσσης.","translation":"So they spoke, and we went up from the ship and the sea.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l446.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to φάμενοι","gloss":"so, thus"},{"surface":"φάμενοι","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"present participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ἀνήιον","gloss":"speaking"},{"surface":"παρὰ","lemma":"παρά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"νηὸς","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἠδὲ","gloss":"ship"},{"surface":"ἀνήιον","lemma":"ἄνειμι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"went up","note":"ἄνειμι, compound of εἶμι 'go,' used for the crew's inland journey away from the shore."},{"surface":"ἠδὲ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"θαλάσσης","lemma":"θάλασσα","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἠδὲ","gloss":"sea"}]},{"number":447,"label":"447","id":"b10-l447","source":"οὐδὲ μὲν Εὐρύλοχος κοίλῃ παρὰ νηὶ λέλειπτο,","translation":"Nor was Eurylochus left behind by the hollow ship,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l447.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and yet, indeed"},{"surface":"Εὐρύλοχος","lemma":"Εὐρύλοχος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἀλλ᾽","gloss":"Eurylochus"},{"surface":"κοίλῃ","lemma":"κοῖλος","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies νηὶ","gloss":"hollow"},{"surface":"παρὰ","lemma":"παρά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"νηὶ","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of παρὰ","gloss":"ship"},{"surface":"λέλειπτο","lemma":"λείπω","morphology":"pluperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was left behind","note":"pluperfect λέλειπτο: 'had been left,' emphasizing he was not among those staying — he did go along."}]},{"number":448,"label":"448","id":"b10-l448","source":"ἀλλʼ ἕπετʼ· ἔδεισεν γὰρ ἐμὴν ἔκπαγλον ἐνιπήν.","translation":"but he followed, for he feared my fierce rebuke.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l448.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἕπετ","lemma":"ἕπομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he followed"},{"surface":"ἔδεισεν","lemma":"δείδω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he feared"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ἐμὴν","lemma":"ἐμός","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἐνιπήν","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"ἔκπαγλον","lemma":"ἔκπαγλος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἐνιπήν","gloss":"fierce, terrible"},{"surface":"ἐνιπήν","lemma":"ἐνιπή","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἔδεισεν","gloss":"rebuke","note":"ἐνιπή: a sharp scolding, showing why Eurylochus relented despite his objection."}]},{"number":449,"label":"449","id":"b10-l449","source":"τόφρα δὲ τοὺς ἄλλους ἑτάρους ἐν δώμασι Κίρκη","translation":"Meanwhile, in her halls, Circe had bathed the rest of my companions","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l449.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τόφρα","lemma":"τόφρα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"meanwhile"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and/but"},{"surface":"τοὺς","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"article","role":"modifies ἑτάρους","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ἄλλους","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἑτάρους","gloss":"other, rest of"},{"surface":"ἑτάρους","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"companions","note":"ἑταῖρος 'companion' — key Odyssey word for Odysseus's crew."},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"δώμασι","lemma":"δῶμα","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"halls","note":"δῶμα 'house, hall' often plural in form but singular sense, epic style."},{"surface":"Κίρκη","lemma":"Κίρκη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of δ᾽","gloss":"Circe"}]},{"number":450,"label":"450","id":"b10-l450","source":"ἐνδυκέως λοῦσέν τε καὶ ἔχρισεν λίπʼ ἐλαίῳ,","translation":"with kindly care and anointed them richly with oil,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l450.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐνδυκέως","lemma":"ἐνδυκέως","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"with kindly care"},{"surface":"λοῦσέν","lemma":"λούω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"bathed","note":"λούω 'to bathe' — root of English 'lave'; aorist marks a completed act."},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔχρισεν","lemma":"χρίω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"anointed"},{"surface":"λίπ","lemma":"λίπα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔχρισεν","gloss":"richly"},{"surface":"ἐλαίῳ","lemma":"ἔλαιον","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἔχρισεν","gloss":"with oil","note":"ἔλαιον 'olive oil' — source of English 'oleo, oil'."}]},{"number":451,"label":"451","id":"b10-l451","source":"ἀμφὶ δʼ ἄρα χλαίνας οὔλας βάλεν ἠδὲ χιτῶνας·","translation":"and cast about them thick wool cloaks and tunics;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l451.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀμφὶ","lemma":"ἀμφί","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"about (them)"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄρα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"χλαίνας","lemma":"χλαῖνα","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἠδὲ","gloss":"cloaks"},{"surface":"οὔλας","lemma":"οὖλος","morphology":"accusative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies χλαίνας","gloss":"thick, woolly","note":"οὖλος 'woolly/thick' describes cloak texture, not the more common 'whole' sense of ὅλος."},{"surface":"βάλεν","lemma":"βάλλω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"cast, threw","note":"βάλλω 'throw, cast' — root of English 'ballistic'."},{"surface":"ἠδὲ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"χιτῶνας","lemma":"χιτών","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἠδὲ","gloss":"tunics"}]},{"number":452,"label":"452","id":"b10-l452","source":"δαινυμένους δʼ ἐὺ πάντας ἐφεύρομεν ἐν μεγάροισιν.","translation":"we found them all feasting well in the halls.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l452.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δαινυμένους","lemma":"δαίνυμι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, accusative plural masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"feasting","note":"δαίνυμι 'to feast' middle voice participle — recurring formula for shipboard/hall meals."},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐὺ","lemma":"εὖ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to δαινυμένους","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"πάντας","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of ἐφεύρομεν","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"ἐφεύρομεν","lemma":"ἐφευρίσκω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"we found","note":"ἐφευρίσκω, compound of εὑρίσκω 'find' (root of English 'heuristic') with prefix ἐπι-."},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"function word","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"μεγάροισιν","lemma":"μέγαρον","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἐν","gloss":"halls"}]},{"number":453,"label":"453","id":"b10-l453","source":"οἱ δʼ ἐπεὶ ἀλλήλους εἶδον φράσσαντό τʼ ἐσάντα,","translation":"And when they saw and recognized one another face to face,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l453.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of κλαῖον","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ἀλλήλους","lemma":"ἀλλήλων","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of εἶδον","gloss":"one another","note":"ἀλλήλων reciprocal pronoun, no nominative form — always used in oblique cases like this."},{"surface":"εἶδον","lemma":"εἶδον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to τ᾽","gloss":"saw","note":"εἶδον, suppletive aorist of ὁράω 'see' — a strong (thematic) aorist stem, not athematic; irregular and worth memorizing."},{"surface":"φράσσαντό","lemma":"φράζω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to τ᾽","gloss":"recognized"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐσάντα","lemma":"εἰσάντα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to φράσσαντό","gloss":"face to face"}]},{"number":454,"label":"454","id":"b10-l454","source":"κλαῖον ὀδυρόμενοι, περὶ δὲ στεναχίζετο δῶμα.","translation":"they wept aloud in grief, and the house rang around with their lament.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l454.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κλαῖον","lemma":"κλαίω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"they wept"},{"surface":"ὀδυρόμενοι","lemma":"ὀδύρομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to κλαῖον","gloss":"grieving"},{"surface":"περὶ","lemma":"περί","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"στεναχίζετο","lemma":"στεναχίζω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"rang, echoed","note":"στεναχίζω 'groan, resound' — vivid onomatopoeic verb for the hall's echo."},{"surface":"δῶμα","lemma":"δῶμα","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of στεναχίζετο","gloss":"the house"}]},{"number":455,"label":"455","id":"b10-l455","source":"ἡ δέ μευ ἄγχι στᾶσα προσηύδα δῖα θεάων·","translation":"Then she who is bright among goddesses stood near me and spoke:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l455.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"δῖα θεάων","title":"Bright among goddesses","body":"dia theaon, 'bright (or radiant) one among goddesses,' is a formulaic epithet here for Circe."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἡ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μευ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἄγχι","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ἄγχι","lemma":"ἄγχι","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"near"},{"surface":"στᾶσα","lemma":"ἵστημι","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to προσηύδα","gloss":"standing","note":"στᾶσα, aorist participle of ἵστημι 'stand' — root behind English 'stasis, static'."},{"surface":"προσηύδα","lemma":"προσαυδάω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spoke to"},{"surface":"δῖα","lemma":"δῖος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"bright, divine","note":"δῖα, epic epithet 'shining, divine', formulaic praise of goddesses."},{"surface":"θεάων","lemma":"θεά","morphology":"genitive plural feminine noun","role":"modifies δῖα","gloss":"of goddesses"}]},{"number":457,"label":"457","id":"b10-l457","source":"μηκέτι νῦν θαλερὸν γόον ὄρνυτε· οἶδα καὶ\n                        αὐτὴ","translation":"\"No longer now raise this swelling lament. I myself know","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l457.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μηκέτι","lemma":"μηκέτι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ὄρνυτε","gloss":"no longer"},{"surface":"νῦν","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ὄρνυτε","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"θαλερὸν","lemma":"θαλερός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies γόον","gloss":"swelling"},{"surface":"γόον","lemma":"γόος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ὄρνυτε","gloss":"lament"},{"surface":"ὄρνυτε","lemma":"ὄρνυμι","morphology":"present active imperative, 2nd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"raise"},{"surface":"οἶδα","lemma":"οἶδα","morphology":"perfect active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I know"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"αὐτὴ","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"myself"}]},{"number":458,"label":"458","id":"b10-l458","source":"ἠμὲν ὅσʼ ἐν πόντῳ πάθετʼ ἄλγεα ἰχθυόεντι,","translation":"both all the sufferings you have endured on the fish-filled sea,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l458.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἠμὲν","lemma":"ἠμέν","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"ὅσ","lemma":"ὅσος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἄλγεα","gloss":"all that"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"πόντῳ","lemma":"πόντος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"the sea"},{"surface":"πάθετ","lemma":"πάσχω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 2nd plural verb","role":"object of ἠδ᾽","gloss":"you endured"},{"surface":"ἄλγεα","lemma":"ἄλγος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of πάθετ᾽","gloss":"sufferings"},{"surface":"ἰχθυόεντι","lemma":"ἰχθυόεις","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies πόντῳ","gloss":"fish-filled"}]},{"number":459,"label":"459","id":"b10-l459","source":"ἠδʼ ὅσʼ ἀνάρσιοι ἄνδρες ἐδηλήσαντʼ ἐπὶ χέρσου.","translation":"and all the harm hostile men have done you on dry land.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l459.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἠδ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὅσ","lemma":"ὅσος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of ἐδηλήσαντ᾽","gloss":"all that"},{"surface":"ἀνάρσιοι","lemma":"ἀνάρσιος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἄνδρες","gloss":"hostile"},{"surface":"ἄνδρες","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐδηλήσαντ᾽","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"ἐδηλήσαντ","lemma":"δηλέομαι","morphology":"aorist medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"object of ἠδ᾽","gloss":"did harm"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"χέρσου","lemma":"χέρσος","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐπὶ","gloss":"dry land"}]},{"number":460,"label":"460","id":"b10-l460","source":"ἀλλʼ ἄγετʼ ἐσθίετε βρώμην καὶ πίνετε οἶνον,","translation":"But come now, eat your food and drink your wine,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l460.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἄγετ","lemma":"ἄγε","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"come now","note":"ἄγε, frozen imperative of ἄγω 'lead' used as an exhortation particle — 'come!'"},{"surface":"ἐσθίετε","lemma":"ἐσθίω","morphology":"present active imperative, 2nd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"eat"},{"surface":"βρώμην","lemma":"βρώμη","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐσθίετε","gloss":"food"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πίνετε","lemma":"πίνω","morphology":"present active imperative, 2nd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"drink"},{"surface":"οἶνον","lemma":"οἶνος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of πίνετε","gloss":"wine"}]},{"number":461,"label":"461","id":"b10-l461","source":"εἰς ὅ κεν αὖτις θυμὸν ἐνὶ στήθεσσι λάβητε,","translation":"until you take heart again within your breasts,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l461.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἰς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"ὅ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"adverbial to λάβητε","gloss":"(that)"},{"surface":"κεν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"(untranslated particle)","note":"κεν/ἄν with subjunctive λάβητε marks an indefinite 'until' clause — common epic construction."},{"surface":"αὖτις","lemma":"αὖθις","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to λάβητε","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"θυμὸν","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of λάβητε","gloss":"heart, spirit"},{"surface":"ἐνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"στήθεσσι","lemma":"στῆθος","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"modifies ἐνὶ","gloss":"breasts"},{"surface":"λάβητε","lemma":"λαμβάνω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 2nd plural verb","role":"adverbial to εἰς","gloss":"you take"}]},{"number":462,"label":"462","id":"b10-l462","source":"οἷον ὅτε πρώτιστον ἐλείπετε πατρίδα γαῖαν","translation":"as when you first left your native land,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l462.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἷον","lemma":"οἷος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies","gloss":"as, such as"},{"surface":"ὅτε","lemma":"ὅτε","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"πρώτιστον","lemma":"πρώτιστος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ἐλείπετε","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"ἐλείπετε","lemma":"λείπω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 2nd plural verb","role":"adverbial to ὅτε","gloss":"you left"},{"surface":"πατρίδα","lemma":"πατρίς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies γαῖαν","gloss":"native"},{"surface":"γαῖαν","lemma":"γαῖα","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐλείπετε","gloss":"land"}]},{"number":463,"label":"463","id":"b10-l463","source":"τρηχείης Ἰθάκης. νῦν δʼ ἀσκελέες καὶ ἄθυμοι,","translation":"rugged Ithaca. Now you are worn out and dispirited,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l463.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τρηχείης","lemma":"τραχύς","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Ἰθάκης","gloss":"rugged","note":"τρηχείης, feminine of τραχύς 'rough' — standard epithet for rocky Ithaca."},{"surface":"Ἰθάκης","lemma":"Ἰθάκη","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies γαῖαν","gloss":"Ithaca"},{"surface":"νῦν","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἀσκελέες","lemma":"ἀσκελής","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"worn out"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄθυμοι","lemma":"ἄθυμος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"dispirited"}]},{"number":464,"label":"464","id":"b10-l464","source":"αἰὲν ἄλης χαλεπῆς μεμνημένοι, οὐδέ ποθʼ ὕμιν","translation":"forever brooding on your harsh wandering, and never is your","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l464.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αἰὲν","lemma":"ἀεί","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to μεμνημένοι","gloss":"forever"},{"surface":"ἄλης","lemma":"ἄλη","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of μεμνημένοι","gloss":"wandering"},{"surface":"χαλεπῆς","lemma":"χαλεπός","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἄλης","gloss":"harsh"},{"surface":"μεμνημένοι","lemma":"μιμνήσκω","morphology":"perfect medio-passive participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial","gloss":"brooding on","note":"μεμνημένοι, perfect participle of μιμνήσκω 'remember' — perfect stem stresses the lingering state of memory."},{"surface":"ποθ","lemma":"ποτέ","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"ὕμιν","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative plural pronoun","role":"modifies θυμὸς","gloss":"for you"}]},{"number":465,"label":"465","id":"b10-l465","source":"θυμὸς ἐν εὐφροσύνῃ, ἐπεὶ ἦ μάλα πολλὰ πέποσθε.","translation":"heart in good cheer, since truly you have suffered very much.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l465.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"θυμὸς","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"heart, spirit"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"εὐφροσύνῃ","lemma":"εὐφροσύνη","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"good cheer"},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"μάλα","lemma":"μάλα","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"πολλὰ","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of πέποσθε","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"πέποσθε","lemma":"πάσχω","morphology":"perfect active indicative, 2nd plural verb","role":"adverbial to ἐπεὶ","gloss":"you have suffered","note":"πέποσθε, perfect of πάσχω 'suffer' — perfect tense emphasizes suffering's lasting effect on them now."}]},{"number":466,"label":"466","id":"b10-l466","source":"ὣς ἔφαθʼ, ἡμῖν δʼ αὖτʼ ἐπεπείθετο θυμὸς\n                     ἀγήνωρ.","translation":"So she spoke, and our proud spirit was persuaded.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l466.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"θυμὸς ἀγήνωρ","title":"Proud spirit","body":"thymos agenor, the 'proud' or 'manly spirit,' is a formulaic phrase for the inner seat of feeling and will."}],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔφαθ᾽","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"ἔφαθ","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"she spoke","note":"ἔφαθ᾽, imperfect middle of φημί 'say' — the recurring epic speech-formula 'so she spoke'."},{"surface":"ἡμῖν","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative plural masculine pronoun","role":"modifies θυμὸς","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αὖτ","lemma":"αὖτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"in turn"},{"surface":"ἐπεπείθετο","lemma":"ἐπιπείθομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was persuaded"},{"surface":"θυμὸς","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐπεπείθετο","gloss":"spirit"},{"surface":"ἀγήνωρ","lemma":"ἀγήνωρ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies θυμὸς","gloss":"proud","note":"ἀγήνωρ 'manly, proud' — formulaic epithet for θυμός, often paired as here."}]},{"number":467,"label":"467","id":"b10-l467","source":"ἔνθα μὲν ἤματα πάντα τελεσφόρον εἰς ἐνιαυτὸν","translation":"There then, day after day for a full year,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l467.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔνθα","lemma":"ἔνθα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἥμεθα","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἤματα","lemma":"ἦμαρ","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἥμεθα","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"πάντα","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἤματα","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"τελεσφόρον","lemma":"τελεσφόρος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἐνιαυτὸν","gloss":"full, completing"},{"surface":"εἰς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ἐνιαυτὸν","lemma":"ἐνιαυτός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to εἰς","gloss":"a year"}]},{"number":468,"label":"468","id":"b10-l468","source":"ἥμεθα δαινύμενοι κρέα τʼ ἄσπετα καὶ μέθυ ἡδύ·","translation":"we sat feasting on abundant meat and sweet wine.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l468.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἥμεθα","lemma":"ἧμαι","morphology":"pluperfect indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"we sat","note":"ἥμεθα, pluperfect-form middle of ἧμαι 'sit' used with imperfect sense in Homer — irregular verb, worth flagging."},{"surface":"δαινύμενοι","lemma":"δαίνυμι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ἥμεθα","gloss":"feasting"},{"surface":"κρέα","lemma":"κρέα","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"meat"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄσπετα","lemma":"ἄσπετος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies κρέα","gloss":"abundant"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μέθυ","lemma":"μέθυ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"wine"},{"surface":"ἡδύ","lemma":"ἡδύς","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies μέθυ","gloss":"sweet"}]},{"number":469,"label":"469","id":"b10-l469","source":"ἀλλʼ ὅτε δή ῥʼ ἐνιαυτὸς ἔην, περὶ δʼ ἔτραπον ὧραι","translation":"But when a year had passed and the seasons came round again","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l469.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ὅτε","lemma":"ὅτε","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"δή","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ῥ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἐνιαυτὸς","lemma":"ἐνιαυτός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔην","gloss":"the year"},{"surface":"ἔην","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to δ᾽","gloss":"had passed"},{"surface":"περὶ","lemma":"περί","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔτραπον","lemma":"τρέπω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to δ᾽","gloss":"turned, came round","note":"ἔτραπον intransitive aorist of τρέπω 'turn' — describes seasons cycling round."},{"surface":"ὧραι","lemma":"ὥρα","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject of ἔτραπον","gloss":"seasons"}]},{"number":470,"label":"470","id":"b10-l470","source":"μηνῶν φθινόντων, περὶ δʼ ἤματα μακρὰ τελέσθη,","translation":"as the months waned and the long days were completed,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l470.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μηνῶν","lemma":"μείς","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"subject of φθινόντων","gloss":"of the months"},{"surface":"φθινόντων","lemma":"φθίω","morphology":"present active participle, genitive plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ἔτραπον","gloss":"waning"},{"surface":"περὶ","lemma":"περί","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἤματα","lemma":"ἦμαρ","morphology":"nominative plural neuter noun","role":"subject of τελέσθη","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"μακρὰ","lemma":"μακρός","morphology":"nominative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἤματα","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"τελέσθη","lemma":"τελέω","morphology":"aorist passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to δ᾽","gloss":"were completed"}]},{"number":471,"label":"471","id":"b10-l471","source":"καὶ τότε μʼ ἐκκαλέσαντες ἔφαν ἐρίηρες ἑταῖροι·","translation":"then my trusty companions called me out and said:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l471.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τότε","lemma":"τότε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔφαν","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"μ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἐκκαλέσαντες","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ἐκκαλέσαντες","lemma":"ἐκκαλέω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ἔφαν","gloss":"called out"},{"surface":"ἔφαν","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"said","note":"ἔφαν, imperfect plural of φημί 'say' — matches ἔφαθ᾽ above, same verb different person."},{"surface":"ἐρίηρες","lemma":"ἐρίηρος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ἑταῖροι","gloss":"trusty","note":"ἐρίηρος 'trusty, faithful' — stock epithet for companions/crew."},{"surface":"ἑταῖροι","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔφαν","gloss":"companions"}]},{"number":472,"label":"472","id":"b10-l472","source":"δαιμόνιʼ, ἤδη νῦν μιμνήσκεο πατρίδος\n                        αἴης,","translation":"\"Strange man, now at last remember your native land,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l472.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"δαιμόνιε","title":"daimonie as address","body":"daimonie literally means 'one driven by a daimon'; in address it is an affectionate or remonstrating 'my good sir / strange man,' tone depending on context."}],"words":[{"surface":"δαιμόνι","lemma":"δαιμόνιος","morphology":"vocative singular masculine adjective","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"strange man","note":"δαιμόνιε, vocative addressing someone acting oddly — not literally 'demonic', more like 'you strange fellow'."},{"surface":"ἤδη","lemma":"ἤδη","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to μιμνήσκεο","gloss":"now at last"},{"surface":"νῦν","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to μιμνήσκεο","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"μιμνήσκεο","lemma":"μιμνήσκω","morphology":"present medio-passive imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"remember"},{"surface":"πατρίδος","lemma":"πατρίς","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies αἴης","gloss":"native"},{"surface":"αἴης","lemma":"αἶα","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of μιμνήσκεο","gloss":"land"}]},{"number":473,"label":"473","id":"b10-l473","source":"εἴ τοι θέσφατόν ἐστι σαωθῆναι καὶ ἱκέσθαι","translation":"if it is fated for you to be saved and to reach","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l473.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἴ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"object of ἐστι","gloss":"for you"},{"surface":"θέσφατόν","lemma":"θέσφατος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"fated","note":"θέσφατος 'god-spoken, fated' — compound of θεός + φημί, literally 'god-said'."},{"surface":"ἐστι","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to εἴ","gloss":"it is"},{"surface":"σαωθῆναι","lemma":"σώζω","morphology":"aorist passive infinitive","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"to be saved"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἱκέσθαι","lemma":"ἱκνέομαι","morphology":"aorist middle infinitive","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"to reach"}]},{"number":474,"label":"474","id":"b10-l474","source":"οἶκον ἐς ὑψόροφον καὶ σὴν ἐς πατρίδα γαῖαν.","translation":"your high-roofed home and your native land.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l474.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἶκον","lemma":"οἶκος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐς","gloss":"home"},{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ὑψόροφον","lemma":"ὑψόροφος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies οἶκον","gloss":"high-roofed"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"σὴν","lemma":"σός","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies γαῖαν","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"πατρίδα","lemma":"πατρίς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies γαῖαν","gloss":"native"},{"surface":"γαῖαν","lemma":"γαῖα","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐς","gloss":"land"}]},{"number":475,"label":"475","id":"b10-l475","source":"ὣς ἔφαν, αὐτὰρ ἐμοί γʼ ἐπεπείθετο θυμὸς\n                     ἀγήνωρ.","translation":"So they spoke, and my proud spirit was persuaded.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l475.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔφαν","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"ἔφαν","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"they spoke"},{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐμοί","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies θυμὸς","gloss":"for me"},{"surface":"γ","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἐπεπείθετο","lemma":"ἐπιπείθομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was persuaded","note":"ἐπεπείθετο θυμὸς ἀγήνωρ echoes the close of l466's line, but the first half differs (plural ἡμῖν δ᾽ αὖτ᾽ 'for us' there vs singular αὐτὰρ ἐμοί γ᾽ 'for me' here) — not a verbatim repeat."},{"surface":"θυμὸς","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐπεπείθετο","gloss":"spirit"},{"surface":"ἀγήνωρ","lemma":"ἀγήνωρ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies θυμὸς","gloss":"proud"}]},{"number":476,"label":"476","id":"b10-l476","source":"ὣς τότε μὲν πρόπαν ἦμαρ ἐς ἠέλιον καταδύντα","translation":"So then for the whole day, until the sun went down,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l476.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἥμεθα","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"τότε","lemma":"τότε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἥμεθα","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"πρόπαν","lemma":"πρόπας","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἦμαρ","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"ἦμαρ","lemma":"ἦμαρ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἥμεθα","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"ἠέλιον","lemma":"ἠέλιος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐς","gloss":"the sun"},{"surface":"καταδύντα","lemma":"καταδύω","morphology":"aorist active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"going down","note":"καταδύντα, aorist participle of καταδύω 'sink, set' — vivid sun-setting image, root δύω 'plunge'."}]},{"number":477,"label":"477","id":"b10-l477","source":"ἥμεθα, δαινύμενοι κρέα τʼ ἄσπετα καὶ μέθυ ἡδύ·","translation":"we sat feasting on abundant meat and sweet wine.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l477.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἥμεθα","lemma":"ἧμαι","morphology":"pluperfect indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"we sat"},{"surface":"δαινύμενοι","lemma":"δαίνυμι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ἥμεθα","gloss":"feasting"},{"surface":"κρέα","lemma":"κρέα","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"meat"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative singular pronoun","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"(untranslated particle)"},{"surface":"ἄσπετα","lemma":"ἄσπετος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies κρέα","gloss":"abundant"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μέθυ","lemma":"μέθυ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"wine"},{"surface":"ἡδύ","lemma":"ἡδύς","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies μέθυ","gloss":"sweet"}]},{"number":478,"label":"478","id":"b10-l478","source":"ἦμος δʼ ἠέλιος κατέδυ καὶ ἐπὶ κνέφας ἦλθεν,","translation":"But when the sun set and darkness came on,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l478.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἦμος","lemma":"ἦμος","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἠέλιος","lemma":"ἠέλιος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of κατέδυ","gloss":"the sun"},{"surface":"κατέδυ","lemma":"καταδύω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"set"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"upon (them)"},{"surface":"κνέφας","lemma":"κνέφας","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of ἦλθεν","gloss":"darkness"},{"surface":"ἦλθεν","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"came"}]},{"number":479,"label":"479","id":"b10-l479","source":"οἱ μὲν κοιμήσαντο κατὰ μέγαρα σκιόεντα.","translation":"they lay down to sleep throughout the shadowy halls.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l479.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of κοιμήσαντο","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"κοιμήσαντο","lemma":"κοιμάω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"lay down to sleep"},{"surface":"κατὰ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"throughout"},{"surface":"μέγαρα","lemma":"μέγαρον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to κατὰ","gloss":"halls"},{"surface":"σκιόεντα","lemma":"σκιόεις","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies μέγαρα","gloss":"shadowy","note":"σκιόεις 'shadowy' from σκιά 'shade/shadow' — root behind English 'sciamachy'."}]},{"number":480,"label":"480","id":"b10-l480","source":"αὐτὰρ ἐγὼ Κίρκης ἐπιβὰς περικαλλέος εὐνῆς","translation":"But I, climbing into Circe's lovely bed,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l480.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐγὼ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἐλλιτάνευσα","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"Κίρκης","lemma":"Κίρκη","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies εὐνῆς","gloss":"Circe's"},{"surface":"ἐπιβὰς","lemma":"ἐπιβαίνω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐλλιτάνευσα","gloss":"climbing into","note":"ἐπιβὰς, aorist participle of ἐπιβαίνω 'step upon, mount' — root βαίνω common in compound motion verbs."},{"surface":"περικαλλέος","lemma":"περικαλλής","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies εὐνῆς","gloss":"lovely"},{"surface":"εὐνῆς","lemma":"εὐνή","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐπιβὰς","gloss":"bed"}]},{"number":481,"label":"481","id":"b10-l481","source":"γούνων ἐλλιτάνευσα, θεὰ δέ μευ ἔκλυεν αὐδῆς·","translation":"implored her by her knees, and the goddess heard my voice;","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l481.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"γούνων","lemma":"γόνυ","morphology":"genitive plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἐλλιτάνευσα","gloss":"by her knees","note":"γούνων: genitive of the body-part supplicated, a formulaic gesture of pleading."},{"surface":"ἐλλιτάνευσα","lemma":"λιτανεύω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I implored"},{"surface":"θεὰ","lemma":"θεά","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἔκλυεν","gloss":"the goddess"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μευ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies αὐδῆς","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"ἔκλυεν","lemma":"κλύω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"heard","note":"ἔκλυεν: aorist of κλύω, 'heard,' governs the genitive αὐδῆς rather than an accusative."},{"surface":"αὐδῆς","lemma":"αὐδή","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἔκλυεν","gloss":"my voice"}]},{"number":482,"label":"482","id":"b10-l482","source":"καί μιν φωνήσας ἔπεα πτερόεντα προσηύδων·","translation":"and speaking out, I addressed her with winged words:","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l482.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἔπεα πτερόεντα","title":"Winged words","body":"epea pteroenta, 'winged words,' is among the most frequent Homeric formulas introducing direct speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"καί","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of φωνήσας","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"φωνήσας","lemma":"φωνέω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to προσηύδων","gloss":"speaking out"},{"surface":"ἔπεα","lemma":"ἔπος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of προσηύδων","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"πτερόεντα","lemma":"πτερόεις","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἔπεα","gloss":"winged","note":"ἔπεα πτερόεντα 'winged words' is a stock Homeric formula introducing speech."},{"surface":"προσηύδων","lemma":"προσαυδάω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I addressed"}]},{"number":483,"label":"483","id":"b10-l483","source":"ὢ Κίρκη, τέλεσόν μοι ὑπόσχεσιν ἥν περ\n                        ὑπέστης,","translation":"\"Circe, fulfill for me the promise you gave,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l483.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὢ","lemma":"ὦ","morphology":"exclamation","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"O","note":"ὢ + vocative: exclamatory address, common in emotional appeals."},{"surface":"Κίρκη","lemma":"Κίρκη","morphology":"vocative singular feminine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"Circe"},{"surface":"τέλεσόν","lemma":"τελέω","morphology":"aorist active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"fulfill"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"adverbial to τέλεσόν","gloss":"for me"},{"surface":"ὑπόσχεσιν","lemma":"ὑπόσχεσις","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ,","gloss":"the promise"},{"surface":"ἥν","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of ὑπέστης","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"περ","lemma":"πέρ","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ὑπέστης","lemma":"ὑφίστημι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ὑπόσχεσιν","gloss":"you gave","note":"ὑπέστης: aorist of ὑφίστημι, 'undertook/promised,' idiomatic for pledging a future act."}]},{"number":484,"label":"484","id":"b10-l484","source":"οἴκαδε πεμψέμεναι· θυμὸς δέ μοι ἔσσυται ἤδη,","translation":"to send me homeward; my heart now urges me on,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l484.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἴκαδε","lemma":"οἴκαδε","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of πεμψέμεναι","gloss":"homeward"},{"surface":"πεμψέμεναι","lemma":"πέμπω","morphology":"future active infinitive","role":"object of ,","gloss":"to send","note":"πεμψέμεναι: Homeric infinitive ending -έμεναι (epic alternative to -ειν), future sense here."},{"surface":"θυμὸς","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔσσυται","gloss":"my heart"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies ἠδ᾽","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ἔσσυται","lemma":"σεύω","morphology":"present middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"urges on","note":"ἔσσυται: present middle of σεύω, 'is driven/urged,' expressing an eager impulse."},{"surface":"ἤδη","lemma":"ἤδη","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔσσυται","gloss":"now"}]},{"number":485,"label":"485","id":"b10-l485","source":"ἠδʼ ἄλλων ἑτάρων, οἵ μευ φθινύθουσι φίλον κῆρ","translation":"and the hearts of my companions, who wear away my dear spirit","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l485.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἠδ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄλλων","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἑτάρων","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"ἑτάρων","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ἠδ᾽","gloss":"companions'"},{"surface":"οἵ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of φθινύθουσι","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"μευ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies κῆρ","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"φθινύθουσι","lemma":"φθινύθω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ἑτάρων","gloss":"wear away"},{"surface":"φίλον","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies κῆρ","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"κῆρ","lemma":"κῆρ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of φθινύθουσι","gloss":"spirit","note":"κῆρ 'heart/spirit,' object of φθινύθουσι; μευ marks it as Odysseus's own heart, worn down by his companions' grief, not a collective feeling."}]},{"number":486,"label":"486","id":"b10-l486","source":"ἀμφʼ ἔμʼ ὀδυρόμενοι, ὅτε που σύ γε νόσφι γένηαι.","translation":"with their grieving around me, whenever you happen to be away.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l486.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀμφ","lemma":"ἀμφί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"ἔμ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"adverbial to ἀμφ᾽","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ὀδυρόμενοι","lemma":"ὀδύρομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to φθινύθουσι","gloss":"grieving","note":"ὀδυρόμενοι: present middle participle, describing the companions as they waste away in v.485."},{"surface":"ὅτε","lemma":"ὅτε","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"whenever"},{"surface":"που","lemma":"πού","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"σύ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"nominative singular pronoun","role":"subject of γένηαι","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"νόσφι","lemma":"νόσφι","morphology":"preposition","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"away"},{"surface":"γένηαι","lemma":"γίγνομαι","morphology":"aorist middle subjunctive, 2nd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὅτε","gloss":"you happen to be","note":"γένηαι: aorist middle subjunctive of γίγνομαι in a general temporal clause with ὅτε...γε."}]},{"number":487,"label":"487","id":"b10-l487","source":"ὣς ἐφάμην, ἡ δʼ αὐτίκʼ ἀμείβετο δῖα θεάων·","translation":"So I spoke, and at once she who is bright among goddesses answered:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l487.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐφάμην","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ἐφάμην","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I spoke"},{"surface":"ἡ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αὐτίκ","lemma":"αὐτίκα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀμείβετο","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"ἀμείβετο","lemma":"ἀμείβω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"δῖα","lemma":"δῖος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"subject","gloss":"bright","note":"δῖα θεάων 'bright among goddesses' is a recurring epithet formula for Circe/divine women."},{"surface":"θεάων","lemma":"θεά","morphology":"genitive plural feminine noun","role":"modifies δῖα","gloss":"among goddesses"}]},{"number":488,"label":"488","id":"b10-l488","source":"διογενὲς Λαερτιάδη, πολυμήχανʼ Ὀδυσσεῦ,","translation":"\"Sprung from Zeus, son of Laertes, resourceful Odysseus,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l488.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"πολυμήχανʼ Ὀδυσσεῦ","title":"Resourceful Odysseus","body":"polymechanos, 'of many devices, resourceful,' is the standing epithet for Odysseus, here in the vocative as direct address."}],"words":[{"surface":"διογενὲς","lemma":"διογενής","morphology":"vocative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies Λαερτιάδη","gloss":"sprung from Zeus","note":"διογενής: formulaic epithet, 'Zeus-born,' honorific address to heroes."},{"surface":"Λαερτιάδη","lemma":"Λαερτιάδης","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"son of Laertes"},{"surface":"πολυμήχαν","lemma":"πολυμήχανος","morphology":"vocative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ὀδυσσεῦ","gloss":"resourceful"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσσεῦ","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"Odysseus"}]},{"number":489,"label":"489","id":"b10-l489","source":"μηκέτι νῦν ἀέκοντες ἐμῷ ἐνὶ μίμνετε οἴκῳ.","translation":"no longer now stay unwilling in my house.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l489.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μηκέτι","lemma":"μηκέτι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to μίμνετε","gloss":"no longer"},{"surface":"νῦν","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to μίμνετε","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"ἀέκοντες","lemma":"ἀέκων","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"adverbial to μίμνετε","gloss":"unwilling","note":"ἀέκοντες: nominative plural describing the men, though grammatically loose it modifies the implied subject of μίμνετε."},{"surface":"ἐμῷ","lemma":"ἐμός","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies οἴκῳ","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"ἐνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"μίμνετε","lemma":"μίμνω","morphology":"present active imperative, 2nd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"stay"},{"surface":"οἴκῳ","lemma":"οἶκος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐνὶ","gloss":"house"}]},{"number":490,"label":"490","id":"b10-l490","source":"ἀλλʼ ἄλλην χρὴ πρῶτον ὁδὸν τελέσαι καὶ ἱκέσθαι","translation":"But first you must complete another journey, and reach","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l490.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἄλλην","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ὁδὸν","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"χρὴ","lemma":"χρή","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"you must","note":"χρή: impersonal verb, 'it is necessary,' takes accusative subject + infinitive (understood 'you')."},{"surface":"πρῶτον","lemma":"πρῶτος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"ὁδὸν","lemma":"ὁδός","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of τελέσαι","gloss":"journey"},{"surface":"τελέσαι","lemma":"τελέω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"complete"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἱκέσθαι","lemma":"ἱκνέομαι","morphology":"aorist middle infinitive","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"reach"}]},{"number":491,"label":"491","id":"b10-l491","source":"εἰς Ἀίδαο δόμους καὶ ἐπαινῆς Περσεφονείης,","translation":"the house of Hades and dread Persephone,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l491.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἰς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Ἀίδαο","lemma":"ᾍδης","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"of Hades","note":"Ἀίδαο: archaic genitive ending -αο (for -ου), typical epic morphology."},{"surface":"δόμους","lemma":"δόμος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of εἰς","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐπαινῆς","lemma":"ἐπαινός","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Περσεφονείης","gloss":"dread"},{"surface":"Περσεφονείης","lemma":"Περσεφόνεια","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"Persephone"}]},{"number":492,"label":"492","id":"b10-l492","source":"ψυχῇ χρησομένους Θηβαίου Τειρεσίαο,","translation":"to consult the spirit of Theban Tiresias,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l492.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ψυχῇ","title":"psyche as departed spirit","body":"psyche here is the disembodied 'shade' or ghost of the dead, the spirit that survives in Hades, not the living breath-soul."}],"words":[{"surface":"ψυχῇ","lemma":"ψυχή","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of χρησομένους","gloss":"the spirit"},{"surface":"χρησομένους","lemma":"χράω","morphology":"future middle participle, accusative plural masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"to consult","note":"χρησομένους: future participle expressing purpose ('in order to consult'), common with motion verbs."},{"surface":"Θηβαίου","lemma":"Θηβαῖος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Τειρεσίαο","gloss":"Theban"},{"surface":"Τειρεσίαο","lemma":"Τειρεσίης","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ,","gloss":"Tiresias"}]},{"number":493,"label":"493","id":"b10-l493","source":"μάντηος ἀλαοῦ, τοῦ τε φρένες ἔμπεδοί εἰσι·","translation":"the blind seer, whose mind stays unshaken;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l493.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μάντηος","lemma":"μάντις","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ,","gloss":"seer"},{"surface":"ἀλαοῦ","lemma":"ἀλαός","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies μάντηος","gloss":"blind"},{"surface":"τοῦ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies φρένες","gloss":"whose"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"φρένες","lemma":"φρήν","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of εἰσι","gloss":"mind"},{"surface":"ἔμπεδοί","lemma":"ἔμπεδος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"unshaken","note":"ἔμπεδοί: predicate adjective, 'steadfast/unimpaired'—unique among the dead, whose φρένες normally fail."},{"surface":"εἰσι","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ,","gloss":"is"}]},{"number":494,"label":"494","id":"b10-l494","source":"τῷ καὶ τεθνηῶτι νόον πόρε Περσεφόνεια,","translation":"to him alone, even in death, Persephone has granted understanding,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l494.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τῷ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of πόρε","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"τεθνηῶτι","lemma":"θνήσκω","morphology":"perfect active participle, dative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"though dead","note":"τεθνηῶτι: perfect participle of θνήσκω, 'having died,' concessive—understanding persists despite death."},{"surface":"νόον","lemma":"νόος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ,","gloss":"understanding"},{"surface":"πόρε","lemma":"πόρω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"granted"},{"surface":"Περσεφόνεια","lemma":"Περσεφόνεια","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of πόρε","gloss":"Persephone"}]},{"number":495,"label":"495","id":"b10-l495","source":"οἴῳ πεπνῦσθαι, τοὶ δὲ σκιαὶ ἀίσσουσιν.","translation":"to keep his wits, while the others flit about as shadows.\"","scansion":"—— | —— | —— | —— | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l495.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἴῳ","lemma":"οἶος","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"to him alone","note":"οἴῳ dative, 'to him alone'—emphasizes Tiresias's unique privilege among the shades."},{"surface":"πεπνῦσθαι","lemma":"πνέω","morphology":"perfect medio-passive infinitive","role":"object of ,","gloss":"to keep his wits"},{"surface":"τοὶ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἀίσσουσιν","gloss":"the others"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"σκιαὶ","lemma":"σκιά","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"as shadows"},{"surface":"ἀίσσουσιν","lemma":"ἀίσσω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"flit about"}]},{"number":496,"label":"496","id":"b10-l496","source":"ὣς ἔφατʼ, αὐτὰρ ἐμοί γε κατεκλάσθη φίλον\n                     ἦτορ·","translation":"So she spoke, and my dear heart was crushed within me;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l496.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔφατ᾽","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ἔφατ","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"she spoke"},{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐμοί","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies ἦτορ","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"κατεκλάσθη","lemma":"κατακλάω","morphology":"aorist passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was crushed","note":"κατεκλάσθη: aorist passive, 'was broken/crushed,' vivid physical metaphor for despair."},{"surface":"φίλον","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἦτορ","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"ἦτορ","lemma":"ἦτορ","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of κατεκλάσθη","gloss":"heart"}]},{"number":497,"label":"497","id":"b10-l497","source":"κλαῖον δʼ ἐν λεχέεσσι καθήμενος, οὐδέ νύ μοι κῆρ","translation":"I wept, sitting on the bed, nor did my heart","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l497.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κλαῖον","lemma":"κλαίω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I wept"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"λεχέεσσι","lemma":"λέχος","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἐν","gloss":"the bed"},{"surface":"καθήμενος","lemma":"κάθημαι","morphology":"perfect participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to κλαῖον","gloss":"sitting","note":"καθήμενος: perfect participle with present meaning, 'sitting,' from the stative verb κάθημαι."},{"surface":"νύ","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἤθελ᾽","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies κῆρ","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"κῆρ","lemma":"κῆρ","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of ἤθελ᾽","gloss":"heart"}]},{"number":498,"label":"498","id":"b10-l498","source":"ἤθελʼ ἔτι ζώειν καὶ ὁρᾶν φάος ἠελίοιο.","translation":"wish to live any longer and look on the light of the sun.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l498.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἤθελ","lemma":"ἐθέλω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"wished","note":"ἤθελ(ε): imperfect, 'kept wishing'—expresses ongoing desire, contrasted with his despair."},{"surface":"ἔτι","lemma":"ἔτι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"any longer"},{"surface":"ζώειν","lemma":"ζώω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"to live"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὁρᾶν","lemma":"ὁράω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"to look on"},{"surface":"φάος","lemma":"φάος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ὁρᾶν","gloss":"the light"},{"surface":"ἠελίοιο","lemma":"ἠέλιος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies φάος","gloss":"of the sun"}]},{"number":499,"label":"499","id":"b10-l499","source":"αὐτὰρ ἐπεὶ κλαίων τε κυλινδόμενος τʼ ἐκορέσθην,","translation":"But when I had had my fill of weeping and writhing,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l499.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"κλαίων","lemma":"κλαίω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to τ᾽","gloss":"weeping"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κυλινδόμενος","lemma":"κυλίνδω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to τ᾽","gloss":"writhing","note":"κυλινδόμενος: literally 'rolling about,' vivid image of grief thrashing on the ground/bed."},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐκορέσθην","lemma":"κορέννυμι","morphology":"aorist passive indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἐπεὶ","gloss":"had my fill"}]},{"number":500,"label":"500","id":"b10-l500","source":"καὶ τότε δή μιν ἔπεσσιν ἀμειβόμενος προσέειπον·","translation":"then at last I answered her and said:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l500.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τότε","lemma":"τότε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to προσέειπον","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"δή","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of προσέειπον","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"ἔπεσσιν","lemma":"ἔπος","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to προσέειπον","gloss":"with words"},{"surface":"ἀμειβόμενος","lemma":"ἀμείβω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to προσέειπον","gloss":"answering","note":"ἀμειβόμενος + προσέειπον: pleonastic pairing, 'answering, I said'—typical epic speech-frame."},{"surface":"προσέειπον","lemma":"προσεῖπον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I said"}]},{"number":501,"label":"501","id":"b10-l501","source":"ὢ Κίρκη, τίς γὰρ ταύτην ὁδὸν ἡγεμονεύσει;","translation":"\"Circe, who then will guide me on this journey?","scansion":"—— | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l501.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὢ","lemma":"ὦ","morphology":"exclamation","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"O"},{"surface":"Κίρκη","lemma":"Κίρκη","morphology":"vocative singular feminine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"Circe"},{"surface":"τίς","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἡγεμονεύσει","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ταύτην","lemma":"οὗτος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ὁδὸν","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ὁδὸν","lemma":"ὁδός","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἡγεμονεύσει","gloss":"journey"},{"surface":"ἡγεμονεύσει","lemma":"ἡγεμονεύω","morphology":"future active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will guide","note":"ἡγεμονεύσει: future, 'will lead/guide'—Odysseus questions how a mortal could pilot such a route."}]},{"number":502,"label":"502","id":"b10-l502","source":"εἰς Ἄϊδος δʼ οὔ πώ τις ἀφίκετο νηὶ μελαίνῃ.","translation":"No one has ever yet reached Hades in a black ship.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l502.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἰς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Ἄϊδος","lemma":"Ἀίδης","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies","gloss":"Hades'"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"οὔ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"πώ","lemma":"πω","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"τις","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἀφίκετο","gloss":"anyone"},{"surface":"ἀφίκετο","lemma":"ἀφικνέομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"has reached","note":"οὔ πώ τις ἀφίκετο: emphatic negative, 'no one has ever yet reached'—no living sailor has made this voyage."},{"surface":"νηὶ","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἀφίκετο","gloss":"in a ship"},{"surface":"μελαίνῃ","lemma":"μέλας","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies νηὶ","gloss":"black"}]},{"number":503,"label":"503","id":"b10-l503","source":"ὣς ἐφάμην, ἡ δʼ αὐτίκʼ ἀμείβετο δῖα θεάων·","translation":"So I spoke, and at once she who is bright among goddesses answered:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l503.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐφάμην","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ἐφάμην","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I spoke"},{"surface":"ἡ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αὐτίκ","lemma":"αὐτίκα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀμείβετο","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"ἀμείβετο","lemma":"ἀμείβω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"δῖα","lemma":"δῖος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"subject","gloss":"bright","note":"Repeated formula from l.487: δῖα θεάων, standard verse for goddess response."},{"surface":"θεάων","lemma":"θεά","morphology":"genitive plural feminine noun","role":"modifies δῖα","gloss":"among goddesses"}]},{"number":504,"label":"504","id":"b10-l504","source":"διογενὲς Λαερτιάδη, πολυμήχανʼ Ὀδυσσεῦ,","translation":"\"Sprung from Zeus, son of Laertes, resourceful Odysseus,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l504.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"διογενὲς","lemma":"διογενής","morphology":"vocative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies Λαερτιάδη","gloss":"sprung from Zeus"},{"surface":"Λαερτιάδη","lemma":"Λαερτιάδης","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"son of Laertes"},{"surface":"πολυμήχαν","lemma":"πολυμήχανος","morphology":"vocative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ὀδυσσεῦ","gloss":"resourceful"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσσεῦ","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"Odysseus"}]},{"number":505,"label":"505","id":"b10-l505","source":"μή τί τοι ἡγεμόνος γε ποθὴ παρὰ νηὶ μελέσθω,","translation":"let no longing for a guide at your ship trouble you,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l505.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μή","lemma":"μή","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"τί","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"object of μελέσθω","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ἡγεμόνος","lemma":"ἡγεμών","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ποθὴ","gloss":"of a guide"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ποθὴ","lemma":"ποθή","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of μελέσθω","gloss":"longing"},{"surface":"παρὰ","lemma":"παρά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"νηὶ","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to παρὰ","gloss":"your ship"},{"surface":"μελέσθω","lemma":"μέλω","morphology":"present medio-passive imperative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"trouble you","note":"μελέσθω: 3rd-sg imperative of μέλω ('be a care to'), impersonal construction with dative τοι."}]},{"number":506,"label":"506","id":"b10-l506","source":"ἱστὸν δὲ στήσας, ἀνά θʼ ἱστία λευκὰ πετάσσας","translation":"but set up the mast, spread the white sails,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l506.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἱστὸν","lemma":"ἱστός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of στήσας","gloss":"the mast"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"στήσας","lemma":"ἵστημι","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to θ᾽","gloss":"set up"},{"surface":"ἀνά","lemma":"ἀνά","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"up"},{"surface":"θ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἱστία","lemma":"ἱστίον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of πετάσσας","gloss":"sails"},{"surface":"λευκὰ","lemma":"λευκός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἱστία","gloss":"white"},{"surface":"πετάσσας","lemma":"πετάννυμι","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to θ᾽","gloss":"spread","note":"ἀνά...πετάσσας: tmesis, the preverb ἀνά separated from πετάννυμι ('spread up'), a common epic word-order feature."}]},{"number":507,"label":"507","id":"b10-l507","source":"ἧσθαι· τὴν δέ κέ τοι πνοιὴ Βορέαο φέρῃσιν.","translation":"and sit still; the breath of the North Wind will carry her on.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l507.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Βορέαο","title":"Boreas, the North Wind","body":"Boreas is the North Wind, here personified as the divine force driving the ship across Ocean to the land of the dead."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἧσθαι","lemma":"ἧμαι","morphology":"perfect middle infinitive","role":"main verb","gloss":"sit still","note":"ἧσθαι: perfect infinitive used as a simple imperative-like command, 'sit' (i.e., do nothing more)."},{"surface":"τὴν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of φέρῃσιν","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κέ","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"τοι","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for you"},{"surface":"πνοιὴ","lemma":"πνοή","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of φέρῃσιν","gloss":"the breath"},{"surface":"Βορέαο","lemma":"Βορέας","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies πνοιὴ","gloss":"of the North Wind"},{"surface":"φέρῃσιν","lemma":"φέρω","morphology":"present active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will carry"}]},{"number":508,"label":"508","id":"b10-l508","source":"ἀλλʼ ὁπότʼ ἂν δὴ νηὶ διʼ Ὠκεανοῖο περήσῃς,","translation":"But when you have crossed through Ocean in your ship,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l508.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ὁπότ","lemma":"ὁπότε","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ἂν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"νηὶ","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to περήσῃς","gloss":"in your ship"},{"surface":"δι","lemma":"διά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"Ὠκεανοῖο","lemma":"Ὠκεανός","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of δι᾽","gloss":"Ocean","note":"Ὠκεανοῖο: the world-encircling river-god Ocean, mythic boundary crossed to reach the underworld."},{"surface":"περήσῃς","lemma":"περάω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 2nd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὁπότ᾽","gloss":"you have crossed"}]},{"number":509,"label":"509","id":"b10-l509","source":"ἔνθʼ ἀκτή τε λάχεια καὶ ἄλσεα Περσεφονείης,","translation":"where there is a low shore and the groves of Persephone,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l509.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔνθ","lemma":"ἔνθα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"ἀκτή","lemma":"ἀκτή","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"shore"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"λάχεια","lemma":"λάχεια","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἀκτή","gloss":"low-lying"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄλσεα","lemma":"ἄλσος","morphology":"nominative plural neuter noun","role":"subject","gloss":"groves"},{"surface":"Περσεφονείης","lemma":"Περσεφόνεια","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies ἄλσεα","gloss":"of Persephone","note":"Genitive singular epithet-name marking the goddess of the underworld who owns these groves."}]},{"number":510,"label":"510","id":"b10-l510","source":"μακραί τʼ αἴγειροι καὶ ἰτέαι ὠλεσίκαρποι,","translation":"tall poplars and willows that let their fruit fall too soon,","scansion":"—— | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l510.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μακραί","lemma":"μακρός","morphology":"nominative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies αἴγειροι","gloss":"tall"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αἴγειροι","lemma":"αἴγειρος","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"poplars"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἰτέαι","lemma":"ἰτέα","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"willows"},{"surface":"ὠλεσίκαρποι","lemma":"ὠλεσίκαρπος","morphology":"nominative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἰτέαι","gloss":"fruit-losing","note":"Compound epithet ὠλεσίκαρπος ('fruit-destroying') describes willows whose fruit drops before ripening — a fixed epic descriptor."}]},{"number":511,"label":"511","id":"b10-l511","source":"νῆα μὲν αὐτοῦ κέλσαι ἐπʼ Ὠκεανῷ βαθυδίνῃ,","translation":"there beach your ship beside deep-eddying Ocean,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l511.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"νῆα","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of κέλσαι","gloss":"ship"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"αὐτοῦ","lemma":"αὐτοῦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"κέλσαι","lemma":"κέλλω","morphology":"aorist imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"beach (it)","note":"Aorist imperative κέλσαι: a one-time command to run the ship ashore."},{"surface":"ἐπ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"Ὠκεανῷ","lemma":"Ὠκεανός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial","gloss":"Ocean"},{"surface":"βαθυδίνῃ","lemma":"βαθυδίνης","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ὠκεανῷ","gloss":"deep-eddying","note":"Stock Homeric epithet for Ocean, the river encircling the world."}]},{"number":512,"label":"512","id":"b10-l512","source":"αὐτὸς δʼ εἰς Ἀίδεω ἰέναι δόμον εὐρώεντα.","translation":"and go yourself to the dank house of Hades.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l512.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὸς","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"εἰς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Ἀίδεω","lemma":"ᾍδης","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies δόμον","gloss":"of Hades","note":"Genitive Ἀίδεω modifies δόμον later in the same line ('house of Hades'), the name used metonymically for the underworld."},{"surface":"ἰέναι","lemma":"εἶμι","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"main verb","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"δόμον","lemma":"δόμος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of εἰς","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"εὐρώεντα","lemma":"εὐρώεις","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies δόμον","gloss":"dank","note":"εὐρώεντα 'moldy/dank' — recurring epithet for the house of Hades, evoking its gloom."}]},{"number":513,"label":"513","id":"b10-l513","source":"ἔνθα μὲν εἰς Ἀχέροντα Πυριφλεγέθων τε ῥέουσιν","translation":"There Pyriphlegethon and Cocytus flow into Acheron,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l513.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔνθα","lemma":"ἔνθα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ,","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"εἰς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"Ἀχέροντα","lemma":"Ἀχέρων","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of εἰς","gloss":"Acheron"},{"surface":"Πυριφλεγέθων","lemma":"Πυριφλεγέθων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of θ᾽","gloss":"Pyriphlegethon","note":"Underworld river name meaning 'blazing with fire' — one of Homer's mythic river-names."},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ῥέουσιν","lemma":"ῥέω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"flow"}]},{"number":514,"label":"514","id":"b10-l514","source":"Κώκυτός θʼ, ὃς δὴ Στυγὸς ὕδατός ἐστιν ἀπορρώξ,","translation":"Cocytus, which is a branch of the water of the Styx,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l514.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Κώκυτός","lemma":"Κωκυτός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of θ᾽","gloss":"Cocytus","note":"'River of Wailing' — another underworld river, named for its association with lamentation."},{"surface":"θ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὃς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἐστιν","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"Στυγὸς","lemma":"Στύξ","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies ὕδατός","gloss":"of Styx"},{"surface":"ὕδατός","lemma":"ὕδωρ","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"modifies ἀπορρώξ","gloss":"of water"},{"surface":"ἐστιν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing Κώκυτός","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"ἀπορρώξ","lemma":"ἀπορρώξ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"branch","note":"ἀπορρώξ 'off-breaking piece' as predicate noun: Cocytus is described as a branch split off from the Styx's water."}]},{"number":515,"label":"515","id":"b10-l515","source":"πέτρη τε ξύνεσίς τε δύω ποταμῶν ἐριδούπων·","translation":"and there is a rock, and the meeting of the two roaring rivers.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l515.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πέτρη","lemma":"πέτρα","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"a rock"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ξύνεσίς","lemma":"σύνεσις","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"meeting"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"δύω","lemma":"δύο","morphology":"numeral","role":"modifies ποταμῶν","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"ποταμῶν","lemma":"ποταμός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ξύνεσίς","gloss":"of rivers"},{"surface":"ἐριδούπων","lemma":"ἐρίδουπος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ποταμῶν","gloss":"loud-roaring","note":"ἐρίδουπος, epic compound epithet for rivers crashing together, vivid sound-imagery."}]},{"number":516,"label":"516","id":"b10-l516","source":"ἔνθα δʼ ἔπειθʼ, ἥρως, χριμφθεὶς πέλας, ὥς σε κελεύω,","translation":"There then, hero, drawing close to the spot, as I bid you,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l516.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔνθα","lemma":"ἔνθα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to δὲ","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἔπειθ","lemma":"ἔπειτα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to δὲ","gloss":"thereupon"},{"surface":"ἥρως","lemma":"ἥρως","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"hero","note":"Vocative ἥρως, direct address — Circe speaking to Odysseus."},{"surface":"χριμφθεὶς","lemma":"χρίμπτω","morphology":"aorist passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ὀρύξαι","gloss":"drawing near","note":"Aorist passive participle χριμφθείς 'having approached' describes Odysseus nearing the spot before digging."},{"surface":"πέλας","lemma":"πέλας","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to χριμφθεὶς","gloss":"close"},{"surface":"ὥς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to κελεύω","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"σε","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative singular pronoun","role":"object of κελεύω","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"κελεύω","lemma":"κελεύω","morphology":"present active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"adverbial to χριμφθεὶς","gloss":"I bid"}]},{"number":517,"label":"517","id":"b10-l517","source":"βόθρον ὀρύξαι, ὅσον τε πυγούσιον ἔνθα καὶ ἔνθα,","translation":"dig a pit, about a cubit each way,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l517.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"βόθρον","lemma":"βόθρος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ὀρύξαι","gloss":"pit"},{"surface":"ὀρύξαι","lemma":"ὀρύσσω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"main verb","gloss":"dig"},{"surface":"ὅσον","lemma":"ὅσος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"as much as"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"πυγούσιον","lemma":"πυγούσιος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"subject","gloss":"a cubit","note":"πυγούσιον, a rare measure-word (about 1.5 feet) giving the pit's precise ritual size."},{"surface":"ἔνθα","lemma":"ἔνθα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"this way"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔνθα","lemma":"ἔνθα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"that way"}]},{"number":518,"label":"518","id":"b10-l518","source":"ἀμφʼ αὐτῷ δὲ χοὴν χεῖσθαι πᾶσιν νεκύεσσιν,","translation":"and around it pour a drink-offering to all the dead:","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l518.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀμφ","lemma":"ἀμφί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"αὐτῷ","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"object of ἀμφ᾽","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"χοὴν","lemma":"χοή","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of χεῖσθαι","gloss":"drink-offering"},{"surface":"χεῖσθαι","lemma":"χέω","morphology":"present medio-passive infinitive","role":"main verb","gloss":"pour","note":"Middle infinitive χεῖσθαι stresses pouring the libation for oneself/one's own rite."},{"surface":"πᾶσιν","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies νεκύεσσιν","gloss":"to all"},{"surface":"νεκύεσσιν","lemma":"νέκυς","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of χεῖσθαι","gloss":"the dead"}]},{"number":519,"label":"519","id":"b10-l519","source":"πρῶτα μελικρήτῳ, μετέπειτα δὲ ἡδέι οἴνῳ,","translation":"first with honey mixed with milk, then with sweet wine,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l519.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πρῶτα","lemma":"πρῶτος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"adverbial","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"μελικρήτῳ","lemma":"μελίκρητον","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial","gloss":"with honey-mix","note":"μελίκρητον: honey blended with milk, the ritual first libation for the dead."},{"surface":"μετέπειτα","lemma":"μετέπειτα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἡδέι","lemma":"ἡδύς","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies οἴνῳ","gloss":"sweet"},{"surface":"οἴνῳ","lemma":"οἶνος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial","gloss":"wine"}]},{"number":520,"label":"520","id":"b10-l520","source":"τὸ τρίτον αὖθʼ ὕδατι· ἐπὶ δʼ ἄλφιτα λευκὰ παλύνειν.","translation":"and a third time with water; and sprinkle white barley meal over it.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l520.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὸ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter article","role":"modifies τρίτον","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"τρίτον","lemma":"τρίτος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial","gloss":"third","note":"τρίτον 'a third time' — the libation sequence is honey-milk, wine, water, a fixed ritual triad."},{"surface":"αὖθ","lemma":"αὖτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"ὕδατι","lemma":"ὕδωρ","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial","gloss":"with water"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄλφιτα","lemma":"ἄλφιτον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of παλύνειν","gloss":"barley meal"},{"surface":"λευκὰ","lemma":"λευκός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἄλφιτα","gloss":"white"},{"surface":"παλύνειν","lemma":"παλύνω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"main verb","gloss":"sprinkle"}]},{"number":521,"label":"521","id":"b10-l521","source":"πολλὰ δὲ γουνοῦσθαι νεκύων ἀμενηνὰ κάρηνα,","translation":"And earnestly entreat the strengthless heads of the dead,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l521.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ἀμενηνὰ κάρηνα","title":"Strengthless heads","body":"amenena karena, 'feeble, strengthless heads,' is Homer's image of the powerless dead, who lack the vigor of the living."}],"words":[{"surface":"πολλὰ","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to γουνοῦσθαι","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"γουνοῦσθαι","lemma":"γουνόομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive infinitive","role":"main verb","gloss":"entreat"},{"surface":"νεκύων","lemma":"νέκυς","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies κάρηνα","gloss":"of the dead"},{"surface":"ἀμενηνὰ","lemma":"ἀμενηνός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies κάρηνα","gloss":"strengthless","note":"ἀμενηνά 'without menos/force' — recurring Homeric description of shades in the underworld, drained of vital power."},{"surface":"κάρηνα","lemma":"κάρηνον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of γουνοῦσθαι","gloss":"heads"}]},{"number":522,"label":"522","id":"b10-l522","source":"ἐλθὼν εἰς Ἰθάκην στεῖραν βοῦν, ἥ τις ἀρίστη,","translation":"vowing that when you come to Ithaca you will sacrifice a barren heifer,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l522.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐλθὼν","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ῥέξειν","gloss":"having come"},{"surface":"εἰς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Ἰθάκην","lemma":"Ἰθάκη","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of εἰς","gloss":"Ithaca"},{"surface":"στεῖραν","lemma":"στεῖρα","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"modifies βοῦν","gloss":"barren"},{"surface":"βοῦν","lemma":"βοῦς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ῥέξειν","gloss":"heifer"},{"surface":"ἥ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject","gloss":"whichever"},{"surface":"τις","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"modifies ἥ","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"ἀρίστη","lemma":"ἄριστος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"best","note":"ἀρίστη, superlative-force adjective picking out the finest heifer as the vowed sacrifice."}]},{"number":523,"label":"523","id":"b10-l523","source":"ῥέξειν ἐν μεγάροισι πυρήν τʼ ἐμπλησέμεν ἐσθλῶν,","translation":"the best you have, in your halls, and heap the pyre with fine offerings,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l523.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ῥέξειν","lemma":"ῥέζω","morphology":"future active infinitive","role":"object of δ᾽","gloss":"(will) sacrifice","note":"Future infinitive ῥέξειν continues an implied vow (Odysseus promising, on reaching Ithaca, to sacrifice a heifer)."},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"μεγάροισι","lemma":"μέγαρον","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"halls"},{"surface":"πυρήν","lemma":"πυρή","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐμπλησέμεν","gloss":"pyre"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐμπλησέμεν","lemma":"ἐμπίπλημι","morphology":"future active infinitive","role":"main verb","gloss":"heap full"},{"surface":"ἐσθλῶν","lemma":"ἐσθλός","morphology":"genitive plural neuter adjective","role":"object of ἐμπλησέμεν","gloss":"of fine things"}]},{"number":524,"label":"524","id":"b10-l524","source":"Τειρεσίῃ δʼ ἀπάνευθεν ὄιν ἱερευσέμεν οἴῳ","translation":"and that to Tiresias apart you will sacrifice a ram by itself,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l524.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Τειρεσίῃ","lemma":"Τειρεσίης","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἱερευσέμεν","gloss":"to Tiresias"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀπάνευθεν","lemma":"ἀπάνευθε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἱερευσέμεν","gloss":"apart"},{"surface":"ὄιν","lemma":"ὄις","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἱερευσέμεν","gloss":"ram"},{"surface":"ἱερευσέμεν","lemma":"ἱερεύω","morphology":"future active infinitive","role":"main verb","gloss":"(will) sacrifice"},{"surface":"οἴῳ","lemma":"οἶος","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"alone","note":"οἴῳ 'by itself/alone' — Tiresias's ram is offered separately from the general rite to the dead, marking his special status as prophet."}]},{"number":525,"label":"525","id":"b10-l525","source":"παμμέλανʼ, ὃς μήλοισι μεταπρέπει ὑμετέροισιν.","translation":"an all-black one, that stands out among your flocks.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l525.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"παμμέλαν","lemma":"παμμέλας","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ὄιν","gloss":"all-black","note":"παμμέλας, an intensified compound ('all'+'black') suiting an offering to chthonic powers."},{"surface":"ὃς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of μεταπρέπει","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"μήλοισι","lemma":"μῆλον","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"object of μεταπρέπει","gloss":"among flocks"},{"surface":"μεταπρέπει","lemma":"μεταπρέπω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ὄιν","gloss":"stands out"},{"surface":"ὑμετέροισιν","lemma":"ὑμέτερος","morphology":"dative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies μήλοισι","gloss":"your"}]},{"number":526,"label":"526","id":"b10-l526","source":"αὐτὰρ ἐπὴν εὐχῇσι λίσῃ κλυτὰ ἔθνεα νεκρῶν,","translation":"But when with prayers you have entreated the famous tribes of the dead,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l526.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐπὴν","lemma":"ἐπήν","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"εὐχῇσι","lemma":"εὐχή","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to λίσῃ","gloss":"with prayers"},{"surface":"λίσῃ","lemma":"λίσσομαι","morphology":"aorist middle subjunctive, 2nd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἐπὴν","gloss":"entreat"},{"surface":"κλυτὰ","lemma":"κλυτός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἔθνεα","gloss":"famous"},{"surface":"ἔθνεα","lemma":"ἔθνος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of λίσῃ","gloss":"tribes"},{"surface":"νεκρῶν","lemma":"νεκρός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἔθνεα","gloss":"of the dead"}]},{"number":527,"label":"527","id":"b10-l527","source":"ἔνθʼ ὄιν ἀρνειὸν ῥέζειν θῆλύν τε μέλαιναν","translation":"then sacrifice a ram and a black ewe,","scansion":"—— | —— | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l527.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔνθ","lemma":"ἔνθα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to δ᾽","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"ὄιν","lemma":"ὄις","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of τε","gloss":"ram"},{"surface":"ἀρνειὸν","lemma":"ἀρνειός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ὄιν","gloss":"male","note":"ἀρνειός specifies a male ram, paired with θῆλυς 'female' ewe next — the standard male/female sacrificial pair."},{"surface":"ῥέζειν","lemma":"ῥέζω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"main verb","gloss":"sacrifice"},{"surface":"θῆλύν","lemma":"θῆλυς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"object of τε","gloss":"female"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μέλαιναν","lemma":"μέλας","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies θῆλύν","gloss":"black"}]},{"number":528,"label":"528","id":"b10-l528","source":"εἰς Ἔρεβος στρέψας, αὐτὸς δʼ ἀπονόσφι τραπέσθαι","translation":"turning them toward Erebus, but yourself turn away,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l528.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Ἔρεβος","title":"Erebus","body":"Erebos is the place of darkness in the underworld; turning the victims toward it directs the offering to the powers below."}],"words":[{"surface":"εἰς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"Ἔρεβος","lemma":"Ἔρεβος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of εἰς","gloss":"Erebus","note":"Name of the underworld's darkness, personified/place-name marking where the sacrificial animals' heads are turned."},{"surface":"στρέψας","lemma":"στρέφω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ῥέζειν","gloss":"having turned"},{"surface":"αὐτὸς","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἀπονόσφι","lemma":"ἀπονόσφι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to τραπέσθαι","gloss":"away"},{"surface":"τραπέσθαι","lemma":"τρέπω","morphology":"aorist middle infinitive","role":"main verb","gloss":"turn"}]},{"number":529,"label":"529","id":"b10-l529","source":"ἱέμενος ποταμοῖο ῥοάων· ἔνθα δὲ πολλαὶ","translation":"facing toward the streams of the river. There many","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l529.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἱέμενος","lemma":"ἵημι","morphology":"present middle participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to τραπέσθαι","gloss":"facing toward","note":"Middle participle ἱέμενος 'straining toward' conveys Odysseus's own posture, turned toward the river's flow while facing away from the sacrifice."},{"surface":"ποταμοῖο","lemma":"ποταμός","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ῥοάων","gloss":"of the river"},{"surface":"ῥοάων","lemma":"ῥοή","morphology":"genitive plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἱέμενος","gloss":"streams"},{"surface":"ἔνθα","lemma":"ἔνθα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐλεύσονται","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πολλαὶ","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"nominative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies ψυχαὶ","gloss":"many"}]},{"number":530,"label":"530","id":"b10-l530","source":"ψυχαὶ ἐλεύσονται νεκύων κατατεθνηώτων.","translation":"spirits of the dead who have perished will come.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l530.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ψυχαὶ","lemma":"ψυχή","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject of ἐλεύσονται","gloss":"spirits"},{"surface":"ἐλεύσονται","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"future middle indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will come"},{"surface":"νεκύων","lemma":"νέκυς","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ψυχαὶ","gloss":"of the dead"},{"surface":"κατατεθνηώτων","lemma":"καταθνήσκω","morphology":"perfect active participle, genitive plural masculine","role":"modifies νεκύων","gloss":"who have died","note":"Perfect participle κατατεθνηώτων stresses the completed state of being dead, not the act of dying."}]},{"number":531,"label":"531","id":"b10-l531","source":"δὴ τότʼ ἔπειθʼ ἑτάροισιν ἐποτρῦναι καὶ ἀνῶξαι","translation":"Then at once urge and command your companions","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l531.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"τότ","lemma":"τότε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἔπειθ","lemma":"ἔπειτα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"thereupon"},{"surface":"ἑτάροισιν","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"companions"},{"surface":"ἐποτρῦναι","lemma":"ἐποτρύνω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"main verb","gloss":"urge"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀνῶξαι","lemma":"ἄνωγα","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"main verb","gloss":"command","note":"ἄνωγα originates as a perfect form used with present sense ('I command'), but this token ἀνῶξαι functions as an aorist infinitive built to that same verb."}]},{"number":532,"label":"532","id":"b10-l532","source":"μῆλα, τὰ δὴ κατάκειτʼ ἐσφαγμένα νηλέι χαλκῷ,","translation":"to flay the sheep that lie there slaughtered by the pitiless bronze,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l532.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μῆλα","lemma":"μῆλον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of κατακῆαι","gloss":"sheep"},{"surface":"τὰ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural neuter pronoun","role":"subject of κατάκειτ᾽","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"κατάκειτ","lemma":"κατακείω","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing μῆλα","gloss":"lie"},{"surface":"ἐσφαγμένα","lemma":"σφάζω","morphology":"perfect medio-passive participle, nominative plural neuter","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"slaughtered"},{"surface":"νηλέι","lemma":"νηλής","morphology":"dative singular adjective","role":"modifies χαλκῷ","gloss":"pitiless","note":"νηλής 'pitiless' personifies the bronze blade itself as merciless — a Homeric transferred epithet."},{"surface":"χαλκῷ","lemma":"χαλκός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐσφαγμένα","gloss":"bronze"}]},{"number":533,"label":"533","id":"b10-l533","source":"δείραντας κατακῆαι, ἐπεύξασθαι δὲ θεοῖσιν,","translation":"and to burn them, and to pray to the gods,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l533.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δείραντας","lemma":"δέρω","morphology":"aorist active participle, accusative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to κατακῆαι","gloss":"having flayed"},{"surface":"κατακῆαι","lemma":"κατακαίω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of δὲ","gloss":"burn"},{"surface":"ἐπεύξασθαι","lemma":"ἐπεύχομαι","morphology":"aorist middle infinitive","role":"object of δὲ","gloss":"pray"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"θεοῖσιν","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ,","gloss":"to gods"}]},{"number":534,"label":"534","id":"b10-l534","source":"ἰφθίμῳ τʼ Ἀίδῃ καὶ ἐπαινῇ Περσεφονείῃ·","translation":"to mighty Hades and dread Persephone.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l534.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἰφθίμῳ","lemma":"ἴφθιμος","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἀίδῃ","gloss":"mighty","note":"ἴφθιμος, a strength-epithet applied to Hades, echoing its frequent use for heroes."},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ἀίδῃ","lemma":"ᾍδης","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"to Hades"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐπαινῇ","lemma":"ἐπαινός","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Περσεφονείῃ","gloss":"dread"},{"surface":"Περσεφονείῃ","lemma":"Περσεφόνεια","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"to Persephone"}]},{"number":535,"label":"535","id":"b10-l535","source":"αὐτὸς δὲ ξίφος ὀξὺ ἐρυσσάμενος παρὰ μηροῦ","translation":"But you yourself, drawing the sharp sword from your thigh,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l535.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὸς","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ξίφος","lemma":"ξίφος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἐρυσσάμενος","gloss":"sword"},{"surface":"ὀξὺ","lemma":"ὀξύς","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ξίφος","gloss":"sharp"},{"surface":"ἐρυσσάμενος","lemma":"ἐρύω","morphology":"aorist middle participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἧσθαι","gloss":"having drawn","note":"Middle participle ἐρυσσάμενος: drawing the sword 'for oneself', i.e. one's own weapon from one's own side."},{"surface":"παρὰ","lemma":"παρά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"μηροῦ","lemma":"μηρός","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of παρὰ","gloss":"thigh"}]},{"number":536,"label":"536","id":"b10-l536","source":"ἧσθαι, μηδὲ ἐᾶν νεκύων ἀμενηνὰ κάρηνα","translation":"sit there, and do not let the strengthless heads of the dead","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l536.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἧσθαι","lemma":"ἧμαι","morphology":"perfect infinitive","role":"main verb","gloss":"sit","note":"Perfect infinitive ἧσθαι with present sense ('to be sitting') — Odysseus keeps guard, seated, sword drawn."},{"surface":"ἐᾶν","lemma":"ἐάω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"main verb","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"νεκύων","lemma":"νέκυς","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies κάρηνα","gloss":"of the dead"},{"surface":"ἀμενηνὰ","lemma":"ἀμενηνός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies κάρηνα","gloss":"strengthless"},{"surface":"κάρηνα","lemma":"κάρηνον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"subject of ἴμεν","gloss":"heads"}]},{"number":537,"label":"537","id":"b10-l537","source":"αἵματος ἆσσον ἴμεν, πρὶν Τειρεσίαο πυθέσθαι.","translation":"come near the blood, before you have questioned Tiresias.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l537.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αἵματος","lemma":"αἷμα","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἆσσον","gloss":"the blood"},{"surface":"ἆσσον","lemma":"ἆσσον","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"nearer","note":"comparative adverb 'nearer' used almost as a preposition governing the genitive αἵματος."},{"surface":"ἴμεν","lemma":"εἶμι","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of ἐᾶν","gloss":"to go"},{"surface":"πρὶν","lemma":"πρίν","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"Τειρεσίαο","lemma":"Τειρεσίης","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of πυθέσθαι","gloss":"Tiresias"},{"surface":"πυθέσθαι","lemma":"πυνθάνομαι","morphology":"aorist middle infinitive","role":"adverbial to πρὶν","gloss":"have questioned","note":"aorist middle infinitive after πρίν: 'before questioning' — πρίν+infinitive is the standard epic construction for 'before X happens'."}]},{"number":538,"label":"538","id":"b10-l538","source":"ἔνθα τοι αὐτίκα μάντις ἐλεύσεται, ὄρχαμε λαῶν,","translation":"There the seer will come to you at once, leader of men,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l538.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔνθα","lemma":"ἔνθα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐλεύσεται","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"object of ἐλεύσεται","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"αὐτίκα","lemma":"αὐτίκα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐλεύσεται","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"μάντις","lemma":"μάντις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐλεύσεται","gloss":"seer"},{"surface":"ἐλεύσεται","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"future middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will come"},{"surface":"ὄρχαμε","lemma":"ὄρχαμος","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"leader","note":"vocative epic epithet 'leader of men,' formulaic address to a hero, here Odysseus."},{"surface":"λαῶν","lemma":"λαός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ὄρχαμε","gloss":"of men"}]},{"number":539,"label":"539","id":"b10-l539","source":"ὅς κέν τοι εἴπῃσιν ὁδὸν καὶ μέτρα κελεύθου","translation":"who will tell you your route and the measures of your way,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l539.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὅς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of εἴπῃσιν","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"κέν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"(modal particle)","note":"κέν (=ἄν) with the subjunctive εἴπῃσιν marks a general/future-more-vivid relative clause, 'who(ever) will tell.'"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"object of εἴπῃσιν","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"εἴπῃσιν","lemma":"εἶπον","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing μάντις","gloss":"will tell","note":"epic subjunctive with lengthened -ῃσιν ending (=εἴπῃ), common Homeric morphology for subjunctives."},{"surface":"ὁδὸν","lemma":"ὁδός","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of θ᾽","gloss":"the route"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μέτρα","lemma":"μέτρον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of θ᾽","gloss":"the measures"},{"surface":"κελεύθου","lemma":"κέλευθος","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies μέτρα","gloss":"of the way"}]},{"number":540,"label":"540","id":"b10-l540","source":"νόστον θʼ, ὡς ἐπὶ πόντον ἐλεύσεαι ἰχθυόεντα.","translation":"and your homecoming, how you will travel over the fish-filled sea.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l540.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"νόστον","title":"nostos, the homecoming","body":"nostos is the 'homecoming' or 'return,' the central theme of the Odyssey and the goal of Odysseus's whole journey."}],"words":[{"surface":"νόστον","lemma":"νόστος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of θ᾽","gloss":"the homecoming"},{"surface":"θ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὡς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"πόντον","lemma":"πόντος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐπὶ","gloss":"the sea"},{"surface":"ἐλεύσεαι","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"future middle indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"object of ὡς","gloss":"you will travel"},{"surface":"ἰχθυόεντα","lemma":"ἰχθυόεις","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies πόντον","gloss":"fish-filled","note":"compound epithet ἰχθυόεις 'full of fish,' a stock Homeric adjective for the sea."}]},{"number":541,"label":"541","id":"b10-l541","source":"ὣς ἔφατʼ, αὐτίκα δὲ χρυσόθρονος ἤλυθεν Ἠώς.","translation":"So she spoke, and at once Dawn came on her golden throne.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l541.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"χρυσόθρονος","title":"Golden-throned Dawn","body":"chrysothronos, 'golden-throned,' is one of the standing epithets of Dawn (Eos), part of Homer's formulaic system for marking daybreak."}],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔφατ᾽","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ἔφατ","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"she spoke","note":"ἔφατο is the imperfect of φημί used as a simple past 'spoke,' very common formulaic closing verb of speeches."},{"surface":"αὐτίκα","lemma":"αὐτίκα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἤλυθεν","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"χρυσόθρονος","lemma":"χρυσόθρονος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Ἠώς","gloss":"golden-throned","note":"epic epithet χρυσόθρονος 'golden-throned,' a fixed formula for Dawn/goddesses."},{"surface":"ἤλυθεν","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"came","note":"epic aorist ἤλυθεν = ἦλθεν, an alternate Homeric form of ἔρχομαι's aorist."},{"surface":"Ἠώς","lemma":"ἠώς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἤλυθεν","gloss":"Dawn"}]},{"number":542,"label":"542","id":"b10-l542","source":"ἀμφὶ δέ με χλαῖνάν τε χιτῶνά τε εἵματα ἕσσεν·","translation":"She clothed me about with cloak and tunic for garments;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l542.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀμφὶ","lemma":"ἀμφί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"με","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἀμφὶ","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"χλαῖνάν","lemma":"χλαῖνα","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of τε","gloss":"cloak"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"χιτῶνά","lemma":"χιτών","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of τε","gloss":"tunic"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"εἵματα","lemma":"εἷμα","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of τε","gloss":"garments"},{"surface":"ἕσσεν","lemma":"ἕννυμι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"clothed","note":"ἕσσεν from ἕννυμι 'to clothe,' governing a double accusative (person + garment)."}]},{"number":543,"label":"543","id":"b10-l543","source":"αὐτὴ δʼ ἀργύφεον φᾶρος μέγα ἕννυτο νύμφη,","translation":"and the nymph herself put on a great silvery robe,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l543.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὴ","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"she herself"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀργύφεον","lemma":"ἀργύφεος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies φᾶρος","gloss":"silvery"},{"surface":"φᾶρος","lemma":"φᾶρος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἕννυτο","gloss":"robe"},{"surface":"μέγα","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies φᾶρος","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"ἕννυτο","lemma":"ἕννυμι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"put on","note":"middle voice ἕννυτο 'clothed herself,' contrasting with active ἕσσεν above 'clothed [me]' — same verb, voice shows self vs other."},{"surface":"νύμφη","lemma":"νύμφη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of δ᾽","gloss":"the nymph"}]},{"number":544,"label":"544","id":"b10-l544","source":"λεπτὸν καὶ χαρίεν, περὶ δὲ ζώνην βάλετʼ ἰξυῖ","translation":"fine and graceful, and around her waist she cast a girdle,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l544.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"λεπτὸν","lemma":"λεπτός","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"fine"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"χαρίεν","lemma":"χαρίες","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"graceful"},{"surface":"περὶ","lemma":"περί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ζώνην","lemma":"ζώνη","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of βάλετ᾽","gloss":"a girdle"},{"surface":"βάλετ","lemma":"βάλλω","morphology":"aorist indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"cast","note":"βάλετ᾽ (=ἔβαλετο) aorist middle of βάλλω, 'cast [on herself],' with περὶ...ἰξυῖ meaning 'around her waist.'"},{"surface":"ἰξυῖ","lemma":"ἰξύς","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of περὶ","gloss":"her waist"}]},{"number":545,"label":"545","id":"b10-l545","source":"καλὴν χρυσείην, κεφαλῇ δʼ ἐπέθηκε καλύπτρην.","translation":"a beautiful golden one, and on her head she set a veil.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l545.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καλὴν","lemma":"καλός","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ζώνην","gloss":"beautiful"},{"surface":"χρυσείην","lemma":"χρύσεος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ζώνην","gloss":"golden"},{"surface":"κεφαλῇ","lemma":"κεφαλή","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐπέθηκε","gloss":"on her head"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐπέθηκε","lemma":"ἐπιτίθημι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"set"},{"surface":"καλύπτρην","lemma":"καλύπτρα","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐπέθηκε","gloss":"a veil"}]},{"number":546,"label":"546","id":"b10-l546","source":"αὐτὰρ ἐγὼ διὰ δώματʼ ἰὼν ὤτρυνον ἑταίρους","translation":"But I, going through the halls, roused my companions","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l546.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐγὼ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ὤτρυνον","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"διὰ","lemma":"διά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"δώματ","lemma":"δῶμα","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of διὰ","gloss":"the halls"},{"surface":"ἰὼν","lemma":"εἶμι","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ὤτρυνον","gloss":"going","note":"present participle ἰών from εἶμι (root of 'to go'), used adverbially to describe accompanying action, not tense-marked."},{"surface":"ὤτρυνον","lemma":"ὀτρύνω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"roused"},{"surface":"ἑταίρους","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ὤτρυνον","gloss":"my companions"}]},{"number":547,"label":"547","id":"b10-l547","source":"μειλιχίοις ἐπέεσσι παρασταδὸν ἄνδρα ἕκαστον·","translation":"with soothing words, standing beside each man:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l547.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μειλιχίοις","lemma":"μειλίχιος","morphology":"dative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἐπέεσσι","gloss":"soothing"},{"surface":"ἐπέεσσι","lemma":"ἔπος","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ὤτρυνον","gloss":"with words"},{"surface":"παρασταδὸν","lemma":"παρασταδόν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"standing beside","note":"παρασταδόν, 'standing near,' a vivid formulaic detail of Odysseus moving man to man as he rouses each one."},{"surface":"ἄνδρα","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to παρασταδὸν","gloss":"each man"},{"surface":"ἕκαστον","lemma":"ἕκαστος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἄνδρα","gloss":"each"}]},{"number":548,"label":"548","id":"b10-l548","source":"μηκέτι νῦν εὕδοντες ἀωτεῖτε γλυκὺν ὕπνον,","translation":"\"No longer now lie sleeping in sweet slumber,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l548.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μηκέτι","lemma":"μηκέτι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀωτεῖτε","gloss":"no longer"},{"surface":"νῦν","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀωτεῖτε","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"εὕδοντες","lemma":"εὕδω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ἀωτεῖτε","gloss":"sleeping"},{"surface":"ἀωτεῖτε","lemma":"ἀωτέω","morphology":"present active imperative, 2nd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"lie slumbering","note":"ἀωτεῖτε, a rare verb ('to sleep the sleep of...') built on ἄωτος, chosen for its poetic, almost tactile sense of deep rest."},{"surface":"γλυκὺν","lemma":"γλυκύς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ὕπνον","gloss":"sweet"},{"surface":"ὕπνον","lemma":"ὕπνος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἀωτεῖτε","gloss":"slumber"}]},{"number":549,"label":"549","id":"b10-l549","source":"ἀλλʼ ἴομεν· δὴ γάρ μοι ἐπέφραδε πότνια Κίρκη.","translation":"but let us go; for queenly Circe has told me the way.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l549.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἴομεν","lemma":"εἶμι","morphology":"present active subjunctive, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"let us go","note":"present subjunctive ἴομεν used as a hortatory subjunctive, 'let us go.'"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"γάρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἐπέφραδε","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ἐπέφραδε","lemma":"φράζω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"has told"},{"surface":"πότνια","lemma":"πότνια","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"modifies Κίρκη","gloss":"queenly","note":"πότνια, a formulaic honorific epithet ('queenly, revered') attached to goddesses like Circe."},{"surface":"Κίρκη","lemma":"Κίρκη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἐπέφραδε","gloss":"Circe"}]},{"number":550,"label":"550","id":"b10-l550","source":"ὣς ἐφάμην, τοῖσιν δʼ ἐπεπείθετο θυμὸς\n                     ἀγήνωρ.","translation":"So I spoke, and their proud spirit was persuaded.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l550.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐφάμην","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ἐφάμην","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I spoke"},{"surface":"τοῖσιν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative plural masculine pronoun","role":"modifies θυμὸς","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐπεπείθετο","lemma":"ἐπιπείθομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was persuaded"},{"surface":"θυμὸς","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐπεπείθετο","gloss":"spirit"},{"surface":"ἀγήνωρ","lemma":"ἀγήνωρ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies θυμὸς","gloss":"proud","note":"ἀγήνωρ 'manly, proud,' a stock epithet for θυμός describing the companions' spirited resolve."}]},{"number":551,"label":"551","id":"b10-l551","source":"οὐδὲ μὲν οὐδʼ ἔνθεν περ ἀπήμονας ἦγον ἑταίρους.","translation":"Yet not even from there did I lead my companions away unharmed.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l551.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἀπήμονας","title":"Predicate accusative","body":"The adjective \"unharmed\" agrees with the accusative \"companions\" but functions predicatively: he led them not-unharmed, i.e. some came to grief."}],"words":[{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἔνθεν","lemma":"ἔνθεν","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of ἦγον","gloss":"from there","note":"ἔνθεν 'from there,' referring back to Circe's island, foreshadowing further losses ahead."},{"surface":"περ","lemma":"πέρ","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"ἀπήμονας","lemma":"ἀπήμων","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"unharmed"},{"surface":"ἦγον","lemma":"ἄγω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"did I lead"},{"surface":"ἑταίρους","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἦγον","gloss":"my companions"}]},{"number":552,"label":"552","id":"b10-l552","source":"Ἐλπήνωρ δέ τις ἔσκε νεώτατος, οὔτε τι λίην","translation":"There was a certain Elpenor, the youngest of us, not overly","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l552.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ἐλπήνωρ","lemma":"Ἐλπήνωρ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔσκε","gloss":"Elpenor","note":"introduces Elpenor, whose death here is recounted before Odysseus even notices him missing — dramatic irony for the audience."},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τις","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies Ἐλπήνωρ","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"ἔσκε","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"imperfect indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was","note":"ἔσκε, an iterative/habitual imperfect form of εἰμί with -σκ- suffix, typical of Homeric narrative for past ongoing states."},{"surface":"νεώτατος","lemma":"νέος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine superlative adjective","role":"modifies τε","gloss":"youngest"},{"surface":"τι","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"λίην","lemma":"λίαν","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"overly"}]},{"number":553,"label":"553","id":"b10-l553","source":"ἄλκιμος ἐν πολέμῳ οὔτε φρεσὶν ᾗσιν ἀρηρώς·","translation":"brave in war nor sound in his wits;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l553.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἄλκιμος","lemma":"ἄλκιμος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies τε","gloss":"brave"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"πολέμῳ","lemma":"πόλεμος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ἐν","gloss":"war"},{"surface":"φρεσὶν","lemma":"φρήν","morphology":"dative plural noun","role":"modifies ἀρηρώς","gloss":"in wits"},{"surface":"ᾗσιν","lemma":"ἑός","morphology":"dative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies φρεσὶν","gloss":"his own","note":"ᾗσιν, epic possessive adjective ἑός/ὅς (=his own), agreeing with φρεσίν — reflexive sense 'his own wits.'"},{"surface":"ἀρηρώς","lemma":"ἀραρίσκω","morphology":"perfect active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"modifies τε","gloss":"sound","note":"perfect participle ἀρηρώς from ἀραρίσκω 'to fit/join,' here idiomatically 'well-fitted/sound' of mind."}]},{"number":554,"label":"554","id":"b10-l554","source":"ὅς μοι ἄνευθʼ ἑτάρων ἱεροῖς ἐν δώμασι Κίρκης,","translation":"he, apart from the others, in the sacred halls of Circe,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l554.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὅς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of κατελέξατο","gloss":"he who"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies ἑτάρων","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"ἄνευθ","lemma":"ἄνευθε","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"apart from"},{"surface":"ἑτάρων","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἄνευθ᾽","gloss":"companions"},{"surface":"ἱεροῖς","lemma":"ἱερός","morphology":"dative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies δώμασι","gloss":"sacred"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"δώμασι","lemma":"δῶμα","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"the halls"},{"surface":"Κίρκης","lemma":"Κίρκη","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies δώμασι","gloss":"of Circe"}]},{"number":555,"label":"555","id":"b10-l555","source":"ψύχεος ἱμείρων, κατελέξατο οἰνοβαρείων.","translation":"craving the cool air, had lain down heavy with wine.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l555.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"οἰνοβαρείων","title":"Heavy with wine","body":"A vivid compound participle, literally \"being weighed down by wine\" — drunk. It marks Elpenor's folly that will cost him his life."}],"words":[{"surface":"ψύχεος","lemma":"ψῦχος","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἱμείρων","gloss":"the cool air"},{"surface":"ἱμείρων","lemma":"ἱμείρω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to κατελέξατο","gloss":"craving"},{"surface":"κατελέξατο","lemma":"καταλέγω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a subordinate clause","gloss":"had lain down","note":"κατελέξατο aorist middle of καταλέγω, here in its rarer sense 'lie down to sleep,' not 'recount.'"},{"surface":"οἰνοβαρείων","lemma":"οἰνοβαρείων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to κατελέξατο","gloss":"heavy with wine","note":"οἰνοβαρείων, a vivid compound ('wine-heavy') painting Elpenor as drunk before his fatal fall."}]},{"number":556,"label":"556","id":"b10-l556","source":"κινυμένων δʼ ἑτάρων ὅμαδον καὶ δοῦπον ἀκούσας","translation":"Hearing the din and tramp of his companions stirring about,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l556.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κινυμένων","lemma":"κίνυμαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, genitive plural masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"stirring"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἑτάρων","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"of his companions"},{"surface":"ὅμαδον","lemma":"ὅμαδος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"the din"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"δοῦπον","lemma":"δοῦπος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"the tramp"},{"surface":"ἀκούσας","lemma":"ἀκούω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἀνόρουσε","gloss":"hearing"}]},{"number":557,"label":"557","id":"b10-l557","source":"ἐξαπίνης ἀνόρουσε καὶ ἐκλάθετο φρεσὶν ᾗσιν","translation":"he leapt up all at once and forgot in his mind","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l557.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐξαπίνης","lemma":"ἐξαπίνης","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀνόρουσε","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"ἀνόρουσε","lemma":"ἀνορούω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"leapt up"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐκλάθετο","lemma":"ἐκλανθάνω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"forgot","note":"ἐκλάθετο from ἐκλανθάνω, middle voice 'forgot (for himself)' — the fatal lapse that leads to his death."},{"surface":"φρεσὶν","lemma":"φρήν","morphology":"dative plural noun","role":"object of ἐκλάθετο","gloss":"in his mind"},{"surface":"ᾗσιν","lemma":"ἑός","morphology":"plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies φρεσὶν","gloss":"his own"}]},{"number":558,"label":"558","id":"b10-l558","source":"ἄψορρον καταβῆναι ἰὼν ἐς κλίμακα μακρήν,","translation":"to go back down again by the long ladder,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l558.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἄψορρον","lemma":"ἄψορρος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to καταβῆναι","gloss":"back again","note":"ἄψορρον, adverbial accusative 'back again,' reinforcing that he forgot to retrace his steps down the stairs."},{"surface":"καταβῆναι","lemma":"καταβαίνω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of ἐκλάθετο","gloss":"to go down"},{"surface":"ἰὼν","lemma":"εἶμι","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to καταβῆναι","gloss":"going"},{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"κλίμακα","lemma":"κλῖμαξ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐς","gloss":"the ladder"},{"surface":"μακρήν","lemma":"μακρός","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies κλίμακα","gloss":"long"}]},{"number":559,"label":"559","id":"b10-l559","source":"ἀλλὰ καταντικρὺ τέγεος πέσεν· ἐκ δέ οἱ αὐχὴν","translation":"but fell headlong straight from the roof; and his neck","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l559.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλὰ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"καταντικρὺ","lemma":"καταντικρύ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"straight down from"},{"surface":"τέγεος","lemma":"τέγος","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"object of καταντικρὺ","gloss":"the roof"},{"surface":"πέσεν","lemma":"πίπτω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"fell"},{"surface":"ἐκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"out","note":"ἐκ here functions adverbially/prepositionally with a following genitive implied, part of the phrase 'his neck broke out of its vertebrae.'"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies αὐχὴν","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"αὐχὴν","lemma":"αὐχήν","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐάγη","gloss":"neck"}]},{"number":560,"label":"560","id":"b10-l560","source":"ἀστραγάλων ἐάγη, ψυχὴ δʼ Ἄϊδόσδε κατῆλθεν.","translation":"was broken from its vertebrae, and his soul went down to Hades.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l560.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀστραγάλων","lemma":"ἀστράγαλος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἐάγη","gloss":"vertebrae","note":"ἀστράγαλοι literally 'ankle-bones/vertebrae,' the exact anatomical detail of Elpenor's broken neck."},{"surface":"ἐάγη","lemma":"ἄγνυμι","morphology":"aorist passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was broken"},{"surface":"ψυχὴ","lemma":"ψυχή","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of κατῆλθεν","gloss":"his soul"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κατῆλθεν","lemma":"κατέρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"went down"}]},{"number":561,"label":"561","id":"b10-l561","source":"ἐρχομένοισι δὲ τοῖσιν ἐγὼ μετὰ μῦθον ἔειπον·","translation":"To the men, as they were setting out, I spoke this word:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l561.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐρχομένοισι","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, dative plural masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"as they went","note":"present participle ἐρχομένοισι, dative plural, describing the men already setting out when Odysseus speaks to them."},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τοῖσιν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative plural masculine pronoun","role":"adverbial to μετὰ","gloss":"to them"},{"surface":"ἐγὼ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἔειπον","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"μετὰ","lemma":"μετά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"μῦθον","lemma":"μῦθος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἔειπον","gloss":"a word"},{"surface":"ἔειπον","lemma":"εἶπον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spoke"}]},{"number":562,"label":"562","id":"b10-l562","source":"φάσθε νύ που οἶκόνδε φίλην ἐς πατρίδα γαῖαν","translation":"\"You suppose, no doubt, that you are going home, to your dear native land;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l562.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"φάσθε","lemma":"πημί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 2nd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"you suppose","note":"φάσθε, 2nd plural of φημί, opens Odysseus's warning speech — he corrects their false assumption of heading straight home."},{"surface":"νύ","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to φάσθε","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"που","lemma":"πού","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"no doubt"},{"surface":"οἶκόνδε","lemma":"οἶκόνδε","morphology":"adverb","role":"object","gloss":"homeward"},{"surface":"φίλην","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies γαῖαν","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"πατρίδα","lemma":"πατρίς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies γαῖαν","gloss":"native"},{"surface":"γαῖαν","lemma":"γαῖα","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object","gloss":"land"}]},{"number":563,"label":"563","id":"b10-l563","source":"ἔρχεσθʼ· ἄλλην δʼ ἧμιν ὁδὸν τεκμήρατο Κίρκη,","translation":"but Circe has marked out another road for us,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l563.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔρχεσθ","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive infinitive","role":"object of φάσθε","gloss":"are going"},{"surface":"ἄλλην","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ὁδὸν","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἧμιν","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of τεκμήρατο","gloss":"for us"},{"surface":"ὁδὸν","lemma":"ὁδός","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ,","gloss":"road"},{"surface":"τεκμήρατο","lemma":"τεκμαίρομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"marked out","note":"τεκμήρατο 'has determined/marked out,' Circe's authoritative act of fixing the crew's onward course to the Underworld."},{"surface":"Κίρκη","lemma":"Κίρκη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of τεκμήρατο","gloss":"Circe"}]},{"number":564,"label":"564","id":"b10-l564","source":"εἰς Ἀίδαο δόμους καὶ ἐπαινῆς Περσεφονείης","translation":"to the house of Hades and dread Persephone,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l564.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἰς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Ἀίδαο","lemma":"ᾍδης","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"of Hades"},{"surface":"δόμους","lemma":"δόμος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐπαινῆς","lemma":"ἐπαινός","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Περσεφονείης","gloss":"dread","note":"ἐπαινή 'dread, terrible,' a fixed formulaic epithet for Persephone as queen of the dead."},{"surface":"Περσεφονείης","lemma":"Περσεφόνεια","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"Persephone"}]},{"number":565,"label":"565","id":"b10-l565","source":"ψυχῇ χρησομένους Θηβαίου Τειρεσίαο.","translation":"to consult the soul of Theban Tiresias.\"","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l565.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"χρησομένους","title":"Future participle of purpose","body":"The future participle \"to consult\" expresses purpose: they go in order to consult the seer's soul. Such future participles regularly mark intention in Homer."}],"words":[{"surface":"ψυχῇ","lemma":"ψυχή","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of χρησομένους","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"χρησομένους","lemma":"χράω","morphology":"future participle, accusative plural masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"to consult","note":"future participle of purpose: 'in order to consult'"},{"surface":"Θηβαίου","lemma":"Θηβαῖος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Τειρεσίαο","gloss":"Theban"},{"surface":"Τειρεσίαο","lemma":"Τειρεσίης","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ψυχῇ","gloss":"of Tiresias","note":"epic genitive -αο (Ionic/Homeric for -ου)"}]},{"number":566,"label":"566","id":"b10-l566","source":"ὣς ἐφάμην, τοῖσιν δὲ κατεκλάσθη φίλον ἦτορ,","translation":"So I spoke, and their dear hearts were crushed within them,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l566.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐφάμην","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ἐφάμην","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I spoke","note":"φημί mid. form ἐφάμην used for active 'I said' in epic"},{"surface":"τοῖσιν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative plural masculine pronoun","role":"modifies ἦτορ","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κατεκλάσθη","lemma":"κατακλάω","morphology":"aorist passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was crushed","note":"vivid passive: 'their dear heart was broken'"},{"surface":"φίλον","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἦτορ","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"ἦτορ","lemma":"ἦτορ","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of κατεκλάσθη","gloss":"heart"}]},{"number":567,"label":"567","id":"b10-l567","source":"ἑζόμενοι δὲ κατʼ αὖθι γόων τίλλοντό τε χαίτας·","translation":"and sitting down right there they wailed and tore their hair;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l567.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἑζόμενοι","lemma":"ἕζομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to τε","gloss":"sitting down"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κατ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"αὖθι","lemma":"αὖθι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἑζόμενοι","gloss":"there","note":"κατ᾽ αὖθι = 'right there, on the spot'"},{"surface":"γόων","lemma":"γοάω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"they wailed"},{"surface":"τίλλοντό","lemma":"τίλλω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"tore","note":"vivid mid. voice: tearing their own hair"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"χαίτας","lemma":"χαίτη","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of τίλλοντό","gloss":"hair"}]},{"number":568,"label":"568","id":"b10-l568","source":"ἀλλʼ οὐ γάρ τις πρῆξις ἐγίγνετο μυρομένοισιν.","translation":"but no good came of their lamenting.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l568.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"οὐ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"γάρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"τις","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"modifies πρῆξις","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"πρῆξις","lemma":"πρᾶξις","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἐγίγνετο","gloss":"good","note":"πρῆξις 'accomplishment' – Ionic form of πρᾶξις"},{"surface":"ἐγίγνετο","lemma":"γίγνομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"μυρομένοισιν","lemma":"μύρω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, dative plural masculine","role":"object of ἐγίγνετο","gloss":"lamenting","note":"dative of persons affected: 'for those lamenting'"}]},{"number":569,"label":"569","id":"b10-l569","source":"ἀλλʼ ὅτε δή ῥʼ ἐπὶ νῆα θοὴν καὶ θῖνα\n                     θαλάσσης","translation":"But when at last to the swift ship and the shore of the sea","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l569.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ὅτε","lemma":"ὅτε","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"δή","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ῥ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"νῆα","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"ship"},{"surface":"θοὴν","lemma":"θοός","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies νῆα","gloss":"swift"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"θῖνα","lemma":"θίς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"shore"},{"surface":"θαλάσσης","lemma":"θάλασσα","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies θῖνα","gloss":"of the sea"}]},{"number":570,"label":"570","id":"b10-l570","source":"ᾔομεν ἀχνύμενοι θαλερὸν κατὰ δάκρυ χέοντες,","translation":"we went, grieving, shedding warm tears,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l570.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ᾔομεν","lemma":"εἶμι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"adverbial to ὅτε","gloss":"we went"},{"surface":"ἀχνύμενοι","lemma":"ἀχεύω","morphology":"present passive participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ᾔομεν","gloss":"grieving"},{"surface":"θαλερὸν","lemma":"θαλερός","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies δάκρυ","gloss":"warm","note":"θαλερός lit. 'blooming, vigorous' — used of tears to mean big, welling, copious"},{"surface":"κατὰ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"down"},{"surface":"δάκρυ","lemma":"δάκρυον","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of χέοντες","gloss":"tear"},{"surface":"χέοντες","lemma":"χέω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ᾔομεν","gloss":"shedding"}]},{"number":571,"label":"571","id":"b10-l571","source":"τόφρα δʼ ἄρʼ οἰχομένη Κίρκη παρὰ νηὶ μελαίνῃ","translation":"meanwhile Circe had gone down beside the black ship","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l571.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τόφρα","lemma":"τόφρα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to κατέδησεν","gloss":"meanwhile"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"οἰχομένη","lemma":"οἴχομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to κατέδησεν","gloss":"having gone"},{"surface":"Κίρκη","lemma":"Κίρκη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of κατέδησεν","gloss":"Circe"},{"surface":"παρὰ","lemma":"παρά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"νηὶ","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to παρὰ","gloss":"ship"},{"surface":"μελαίνῃ","lemma":"μέλας","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies νηὶ","gloss":"black","note":"'black ship' is a stock Homeric epithet (νηῦς μέλαινα)"}]},{"number":572,"label":"572","id":"b10-l572","source":"ἀρνειὸν κατέδησεν ὄιν θῆλύν τε μέλαιναν,","translation":"and tethered a ram and a black ewe,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l572.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀρνειὸν","lemma":"ἀρνειός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ὄιν","gloss":"ram"},{"surface":"κατέδησεν","lemma":"καταδέομαι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"tethered"},{"surface":"ὄιν","lemma":"ὄις","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of τε","gloss":"sheep"},{"surface":"θῆλύν","lemma":"θῆλυς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"object of τε","gloss":"female"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μέλαιναν","lemma":"μέλας","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies θῆλύν","gloss":"black","note":"black victims mark sacrifice to the dead (chthonic ritual)"}]},{"number":573,"label":"573","id":"b10-l573","source":"ῥεῖα παρεξελθοῦσα· τίς ἂν θεὸν οὐκ ἐθέλοντα","translation":"passing easily by us. Who with his eyes could behold a god","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l573.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ῥεῖα","lemma":"ῥεῖα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to παρεξελθοῦσα","gloss":"easily"},{"surface":"παρεξελθοῦσα","lemma":"παρεξέρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to κατέδησεν","gloss":"passing by","note":"παρεξ- 'past and beyond' stresses her unseen, effortless movement"},{"surface":"τίς","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἴδοιτ᾽","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"ἂν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"θεὸν","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἴδοιτ᾽","gloss":"god"},{"surface":"οὐκ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ἐθέλοντα","lemma":"ἐθέλω","morphology":"present active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"willing","note":"a god unwilling to be seen cannot be seen — a common epic motif"}]},{"number":574,"label":"574","id":"b10-l574","source":"ὀφθαλμοῖσιν ἴδοιτʼ ἢ ἔνθʼ ἢ ἔνθα κιόντα;","translation":"going this way or that, if the god does not wish it?","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b10-l574.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὀφθαλμοῖσιν","lemma":"ὀφθαλμός","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἴδοιτ᾽","gloss":"with his eyes"},{"surface":"ἴδοιτ","lemma":"εἶδον","morphology":"aorist middle optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"could see him"},{"surface":"ἢ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"either"},{"surface":"ἔνθ","lemma":"ἔνθα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἢ","gloss":"this way"},{"surface":"ἢ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"ἔνθα","lemma":"ἔνθα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἢ","gloss":"that way"},{"surface":"κιόντα","lemma":"κίω","morphology":"aorist active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"going"}]}]}