{"work":{"slug":"odyssey","title":{"source":"Ὀδύσσεια","translated":"The Odyssey"},"author":"Homer","language":"Ancient Greek","languageCode":"grc","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey"},"unit":{"kind":"book","number":11,"id":"book-11","title":{"source":"Ὀδυσσείας λ","translated":"Book 11 — The Book of the Dead: Odysseus Among the Shades"},"section":"The Wanderings","summary":"Odysseus sails to the edge of the world and calls up the dead: Tiresias, his mother, Agamemnon, Achilles, and the great sinners at their punishments.","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/11","lines":640},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/10","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/12","license":"Source text: public domain (Homer, ancient; Greek per the Murray/Allen text via the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA 3.0). English translation: © 2026 1732 Studios, LLC — original line-aligned draft, pending editorial review. Word-by-word morphology and syntax derived from the Perseus Ancient Greek Dependency Treebank (CC BY-SA 3.0); English glosses and notes © 2026 1732 Studios, LLC.","audioBase":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/","lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"b11-l1","source":"αὐτὰρ ἐπεί ῥʼ ἐπὶ νῆα κατήλθομεν ἠδὲ θάλασσαν,","translation":"But when we had come down to the ship and the sea,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"κατήλθομεν","title":"Aorist of κατέρχομαι","body":"An aorist indicative with the augment, marking the completed past action of going down. Homer often opens a scene with such an aorist."}],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐπεί","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ῥ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"(then)","note":"ῥα is a light connective particle, untranslatable, common in Homeric narrative flow."},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"νῆα","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἠδὲ","gloss":"ship"},{"surface":"κατήλθομεν","lemma":"κατέρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"adverbial to ἐπεί","gloss":"we came down","note":"κατήλθομεν: aorist of κατέρχομαι, 'went down' — the compound κατά- marks descent from Circe's isle to shore."},{"surface":"ἠδὲ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"θάλασσαν","lemma":"θάλασσα","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἠδὲ","gloss":"sea"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"b11-l2","source":"νῆα μὲν ἂρ πάμπρωτον ἐρύσσαμεν εἰς ἅλα δῖαν,","translation":"first of all we dragged the ship down into the bright sea,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"νῆα","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐρύσσαμεν","gloss":"ship"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"(indeed)"},{"surface":"ἂρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"πάμπρωτον","lemma":"πάμπρωτος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ἐρύσσαμεν","gloss":"first of all","note":"πάμπρωτον: intensive prefix παν- + πρῶτος, 'first of all' — epic emphasis word."},{"surface":"ἐρύσσαμεν","lemma":"ἐρύω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"we dragged"},{"surface":"εἰς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"ἅλα","lemma":"ἅλς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of εἰς","gloss":"sea"},{"surface":"δῖαν","lemma":"δῖος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἅλα","gloss":"bright","note":"δῖαν 'divine/bright' is a stock epic epithet applied to the sea, not literal to this moment."}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"b11-l3","source":"ἐν δʼ ἱστὸν τιθέμεσθα καὶ ἱστία νηὶ μελαίνῃ,","translation":"and set the mast and sails in the black ship,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"νηὶ μελαίνῃ","title":"Black ship","body":"A standing Homeric epithet for ships, referring to the dark pitch that waterproofed the hull."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἱστὸν","lemma":"ἱστός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"mast"},{"surface":"τιθέμεσθα","lemma":"τίθημι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"we set","note":"τιθέμεσθα: unaugmented middle form of τίθημι, 'we set (for ourselves)' — middle voice fits gear stowed for their own use."},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἱστία","lemma":"ἱστίον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"sails"},{"surface":"νηὶ","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of τιθέμεσθα","gloss":"ship"},{"surface":"μελαίνῃ","lemma":"μέλας","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies νηὶ","gloss":"black","note":"'black ship' (νηὶ μελαίνῃ) is a fixed Homeric formula for a ship, tarred hull, not mood."}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"b11-l4","source":"ἐν δὲ τὰ μῆλα λαβόντες ἐβήσαμεν, ἂν δὲ καὶ αὐτοὶ","translation":"and took the sheep and put them aboard, and ourselves too","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l4.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τὰ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"article","role":"modifies μῆλα","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"μῆλα","lemma":"μῆλον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἐβήσαμεν","gloss":"sheep"},{"surface":"λαβόντες","lemma":"λαμβάνω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐβήσαμεν","gloss":"taking"},{"surface":"ἐβήσαμεν","lemma":"βαίνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"we put aboard"},{"surface":"ἂν","lemma":"ἀνά","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"up","note":"ἂν here is the adverbial use of ἀνά, 'up (aboard)', paired with ἐβήσαμεν — not a true preposition governing a noun here."},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"αὐτοὶ","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"ourselves"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"b11-l5","source":"βαίνομεν ἀχνύμενοι θαλερὸν κατὰ δάκρυ χέοντες.","translation":"embarked, grieving and shedding swelling tears.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l5.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἀχνύμενοι ... χέοντες","title":"Participles of manner","body":"Two present participles describe how the men board: grieving and weeping. They agree with the subject of the main verb."}],"words":[{"surface":"βαίνομεν","lemma":"βαίνω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"we went aboard"},{"surface":"ἀχνύμενοι","lemma":"ἀχεύω","morphology":"present passive participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to βαίνομεν","gloss":"grieving"},{"surface":"θαλερὸν","lemma":"θαλερός","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies δάκρυ","gloss":"swelling"},{"surface":"κατὰ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"down"},{"surface":"δάκρυ","lemma":"δάκρυον","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of χέοντες","gloss":"tears"},{"surface":"χέοντες","lemma":"χέω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to βαίνομεν","gloss":"shedding","note":"κατὰ...χέοντες: tmesis, the preposition κατά is separated from its verb χέω ('pour down') across the line — classic Homeric split compound."}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"b11-l6","source":"ἡμῖν δʼ αὖ κατόπισθε νεὸς κυανοπρῴροιο","translation":"And for us, behind the dark-prowed ship,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l6.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἡμῖν","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἵει","gloss":"for us"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αὖ","lemma":"αὖ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"κατόπισθε","lemma":"κατόπισθεν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"behind"},{"surface":"νεὸς","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of κατόπισθε","gloss":"ship"},{"surface":"κυανοπρῴροιο","lemma":"κυανόπρῳρος","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies νεὸς","gloss":"dark-prowed","note":"κυανοπρῴροιο: compound epithet 'dark-blue-prowed', a stock Homeric ship-epithet, genitive agreeing with νεὸς."}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"b11-l7","source":"ἴκμενον οὖρον ἵει πλησίστιον, ἐσθλὸν ἑταῖρον,","translation":"a fair following wind that filled the sail, a good companion,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l7.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἴκμενον","lemma":"ἴκμενος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies οὖρον","gloss":"fair"},{"surface":"οὖρον","lemma":"οὖρος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ,","gloss":"wind"},{"surface":"ἵει","lemma":"ἵημι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"sent","note":"ἵει: imperfect of ἵημι, 'was sending' — subject is Circe (named next line), sending the wind as a gift."},{"surface":"πλησίστιον","lemma":"πλησίστιος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies οὖρον","gloss":"sail-filling"},{"surface":"ἐσθλὸν","lemma":"ἐσθλός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἑταῖρον","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"ἑταῖρον","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ,","gloss":"companion"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"b11-l8","source":"Κίρκη εὐπλόκαμος, δεινὴ θεὸς αὐδήεσσα.","translation":"was sent by fair-haired Circe, dread goddess with a human voice.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l8.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Κίρκη","lemma":"Κίρκη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ,","gloss":"Circe"},{"surface":"εὐπλόκαμος","lemma":"εὐπλόκαμος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Κίρκη","gloss":"fair-haired","note":"εὐπλόκαμος 'fair-tressed' is Circe's regular epic epithet, not a one-off description."},{"surface":"δεινὴ","lemma":"δεινός","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies θεὸς","gloss":"dread"},{"surface":"θεὸς","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ,","gloss":"goddess"},{"surface":"αὐδήεσσα","lemma":"αὐδήεις","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies θεὸς","gloss":"human-voiced","note":"αὐδήεσσα 'having human speech' marks Circe as a goddess who, unlike some divinities, speaks like a mortal."}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"b11-l9","source":"ἡμεῖς δʼ ὅπλα ἕκαστα πονησάμενοι κατὰ νῆα","translation":"And we, when we had seen to each piece of tackle throughout the ship,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l9.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἡμεῖς","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἥμεθα","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὅπλα","lemma":"ὅπλον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of πονησάμενοι","gloss":"gear"},{"surface":"ἕκαστα","lemma":"ἕκαστος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ὅπλα","gloss":"each"},{"surface":"πονησάμενοι","lemma":"πονέω","morphology":"aorist middle participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ἥμεθα","gloss":"having tended"},{"surface":"κατὰ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"throughout"},{"surface":"νῆα","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of κατὰ","gloss":"ship"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"b11-l10","source":"ἥμεθα· τὴν δʼ ἄνεμός τε κυβερνήτης τʼ ἴθυνε.","translation":"sat still; and the wind and the helmsman kept her straight.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l10.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἥμεθα","lemma":"ἧμαι","morphology":"pluperfect indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"we sat","note":"ἥμεθα: from ἧμαι 'sit', here durative — the crew sits idle while wind and helmsman do the work."},{"surface":"τὴν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of ἴθυνε","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄνεμός","lemma":"ἄνεμος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of τ᾽","gloss":"wind"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κυβερνήτης","lemma":"κυβερνήτης","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of τ᾽","gloss":"helmsman"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἴθυνε","lemma":"ἰθύνω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"steered"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"b11-l11","source":"τῆς δὲ πανημερίης τέταθʼ ἱστία ποντοπορούσης·","translation":"All day long her sails were stretched as she crossed the deep;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l11.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τῆς","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"genitive singular feminine pronoun","role":"modifies ἱστία","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πανημερίης","lemma":"πανημέριος","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"all day long"},{"surface":"τέταθ","lemma":"τείνω","morphology":"pluperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"were stretched","note":"τέταθ᾽: pluperfect passive of τείνω, 'had been stretched taut' — vivid image of sails kept full the whole day."},{"surface":"ἱστία","lemma":"ἱστίον","morphology":"nominative plural neuter noun","role":"subject of τέταθ᾽","gloss":"sails"},{"surface":"ποντοπορούσης","lemma":"ποντοπορέω","morphology":"present active participle, genitive singular feminine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"crossing the sea"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"b11-l12","source":"δύσετό τʼ ἠέλιος σκιόωντό τε πᾶσαι ἀγυιαί.","translation":"then the sun set and all the ways grew dark.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l12.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δύσετό","lemma":"δύω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"set"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἠέλιος","lemma":"ἠέλιος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of δύσετό","gloss":"sun"},{"surface":"σκιόωντό","lemma":"σκιάω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"grew dark"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πᾶσαι","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"nominative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἀγυιαί","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"ἀγυιαί","lemma":"ἀγυιά","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject of σκιόωντό","gloss":"ways","note":"ἀγυιαί 'streets/ways' used broadly for the paths of travel growing dim at dusk, a formulaic close-of-day line."}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"b11-l13","source":"ἡ δʼ ἐς πείραθʼ ἵκανε βαθυρρόου Ὠκεανοῖο.","translation":"She came to the bounds of deep-flowing Okeanos,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l13.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἡ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of ἵκανε","gloss":"she","note":"ἡ resumes 'the ship' (νηῦς) from earlier, subject continuing across several lines."},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"πείραθ","lemma":"πεῖραρ","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἐς","gloss":"bounds"},{"surface":"ἵκανε","lemma":"ἱκάνω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"βαθυρρόου","lemma":"βαθύρροος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ὠκεανοῖο","gloss":"deep-flowing","note":"βαθυρρόου: compound epithet for Okeanos, the mythic river encircling the world, marking the edge of the known earth."},{"surface":"Ὠκεανοῖο","lemma":"Ὠκεανός","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies πείραθ᾽","gloss":"Okeanos"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"b11-l14","source":"ἔνθα δὲ Κιμμερίων ἀνδρῶν δῆμός τε πόλις τε,","translation":"where lie the land and the city of the Cimmerian men,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l14.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔνθα","lemma":"ἔνθα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Κιμμερίων","lemma":"Κιμμέριοι","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ἀνδρῶν","gloss":"Cimmerian"},{"surface":"ἀνδρῶν","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies τε","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"δῆμός","lemma":"δῆμος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"land"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πόλις","lemma":"πόλις","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"city"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and","note":"Correlative τε...τε ('both...and') links δῆμός and πόλις; verb is elided/understood, typical of rapid Homeric listing."}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"b11-l15","source":"ἠέρι καὶ νεφέλῃ κεκαλυμμένοι· οὐδέ ποτʼ αὐτοὺς","translation":"wrapped in mist and cloud; never upon them","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l15.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἠέρι","lemma":"ἀήρ","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"mist"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"νεφέλῃ","lemma":"νεφέλη","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"cloud"},{"surface":"κεκαλυμμένοι","lemma":"καλύπτω","morphology":"perfect medio-passive participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial","gloss":"wrapped","note":"κεκαλυμμένοι: perfect passive participle, 'having been covered' — permanent state of the Cimmerians' misty land, never touched by sun."},{"surface":"ποτ","lemma":"πρός","morphology":"preposition","role":"adverbial to καταδέρκεται","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"αὐτοὺς","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of καταδέρκεται","gloss":"them"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"b11-l16","source":"ἠέλιος φαέθων καταδέρκεται ἀκτίνεσσιν,","translation":"does the shining sun look down with his rays,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l16.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἠέλιος","lemma":"ἠέλιος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of καταδέρκεται","gloss":"sun"},{"surface":"φαέθων","lemma":"φαέθω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to καταδέρκεται","gloss":"shining"},{"surface":"καταδέρκεται","lemma":"καταδέρκομαι","morphology":"present middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"looks down"},{"surface":"ἀκτίνεσσιν","lemma":"ἀκτίς","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to καταδέρκεται","gloss":"with rays"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"b11-l17","source":"οὔθʼ ὁπότʼ ἂν στείχῃσι πρὸς οὐρανὸν ἀστερόεντα,","translation":"neither when he climbs toward the starry heaven,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l17.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"στείχῃσι","title":"Subjunctive in a general clause","body":"The subjunctive with ἄν after ὁπότε expresses a general, repeated occurrence: \"whenever he climbs.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"οὔθ","lemma":"οὔτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"neither"},{"surface":"ὁπότ","lemma":"ὁπότε","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ἂν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"(ever)"},{"surface":"στείχῃσι","lemma":"στείχω","morphology":"present active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὁπότ᾽","gloss":"climbs","note":"στείχῃσι: present subjunctive with ἂν, 'whenever he climbs' — generalizing/habitual clause describing the sun's daily path."},{"surface":"πρὸς","lemma":"πρός","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"οὐρανὸν","lemma":"οὐρανός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of πρὸς","gloss":"heaven"},{"surface":"ἀστερόεντα","lemma":"ἀστερόεις","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies οὐρανὸν","gloss":"starry"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"b11-l18","source":"οὔθʼ ὅτʼ ἂν ἂψ ἐπὶ γαῖαν ἀπʼ οὐρανόθεν προτράπηται,","translation":"nor when he turns back to earth from heaven,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l18.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οὔθ","lemma":"οὔτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"ὅτ","lemma":"ὅτε","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ἂν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"(ever)"},{"surface":"ἂψ","lemma":"ἄψ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to προτράπηται","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"γαῖαν","lemma":"γαῖα","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐπὶ","gloss":"earth"},{"surface":"ἀπ","lemma":"ἀπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"οὐρανόθεν","lemma":"οὐρανόθεν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to προτράπηται","gloss":"from heaven"},{"surface":"προτράπηται","lemma":"προτρέπω","morphology":"aorist medio-passive subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὅτ᾽","gloss":"turns","note":"προτράπηται: aorist subjunctive passive, 'turns himself' — describes the sun's westward descent back toward earth."}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"b11-l19","source":"ἀλλʼ ἐπὶ νὺξ ὀλοὴ τέταται δειλοῖσι βροτοῖσι.","translation":"but deadly night is stretched over those wretched mortals.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l19.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"νὺξ","lemma":"νύξ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of τέταται","gloss":"night"},{"surface":"ὀλοὴ","lemma":"ὀλοός","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies νὺξ","gloss":"deadly"},{"surface":"τέταται","lemma":"τείνω","morphology":"perfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"is stretched","note":"τέταται echoes τέταθ᾽ in l11 — same verb τείνω used for sails and for night, linking imagery of things spread taut over the world."},{"surface":"δειλοῖσι","lemma":"δειλός","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies βροτοῖσι","gloss":"wretched"},{"surface":"βροτοῖσι","lemma":"βροτός","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of τέταται","gloss":"mortals"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"b11-l20","source":"νῆα μὲν ἔνθʼ ἐλθόντες ἐκέλσαμεν, ἐκ δὲ τὰ μῆλα","translation":"Coming there, we beached the ship, and the sheep","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l20.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"νῆα","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐκέλσαμεν","gloss":"ship"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"(then)"},{"surface":"ἔνθ","lemma":"ἔνθα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐκέλσαμεν","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"ἐλθόντες","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐκέλσαμεν","gloss":"coming"},{"surface":"ἐκέλσαμεν","lemma":"κέλλω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"we beached","note":"ἐκέλσαμεν: from κέλλω, 'run ashore' — technical nautical verb for grounding a ship."},{"surface":"ἐκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"out"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τὰ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative plural neuter article","role":"modifies μῆλα","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"μῆλα","lemma":"μῆλον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of εἱλόμεθ᾽","gloss":"sheep"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"b11-l21","source":"εἱλόμεθʼ· αὐτοὶ δʼ αὖτε παρὰ ῥόον Ὠκεανοῖο","translation":"we took out; then we ourselves went along the stream of Okeanos","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l21.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἱλόμεθ","lemma":"αἱρέω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"we took out"},{"surface":"αὐτοὶ","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"ourselves"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αὖτε","lemma":"αὖτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ᾔομεν","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"παρὰ","lemma":"παρά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"along"},{"surface":"ῥόον","lemma":"ῥόος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of παρὰ","gloss":"stream"},{"surface":"Ὠκεανοῖο","lemma":"Ὠκεανός","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ῥόον","gloss":"of Okeanos"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"b11-l22","source":"ᾔομεν, ὄφρʼ ἐς χῶρον ἀφικόμεθʼ, ὃν φράσε Κίρκη.","translation":"until we reached the place that Circe had told us of.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l22.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ᾔομεν","lemma":"εἶμι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"we went","note":"ᾔομεν: imperfect of εἶμι (go), the ordinary verb of motion used in past narrative — 'we kept going/walking'."},{"surface":"ὄφρ","lemma":"ὄφρα","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"χῶρον","lemma":"χῶρος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐς","gloss":"place"},{"surface":"ἀφικόμεθ","lemma":"ἀφικνέομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"adverbial to ὄφρ᾽","gloss":"we reached"},{"surface":"ὃν","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of φράσε","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"φράσε","lemma":"φράζω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing χῶρον","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"Κίρκη","lemma":"Κίρκη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of φράσε","gloss":"Circe"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"b11-l23","source":"ἔνθʼ ἱερήια μὲν Περιμήδης Εὐρύλοχός τε","translation":"There Perimedes and Eurylochus held the victims,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l23.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔνθ","lemma":"ἔνθα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔσχον","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"ἱερήια","lemma":"ἱερεῖον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἔσχον","gloss":"victims","note":"ἱερήια: sacrificial animals, here the ram and ewe for the necromancy rite Circe instructed."},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"(indeed)"},{"surface":"Περιμήδης","lemma":"Περιμήδης","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of τε","gloss":"Perimedes"},{"surface":"Εὐρύλοχός","lemma":"Εὐρύλοχος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of τε","gloss":"Eurylochus"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"b11-l24","source":"ἔσχον· ἐγὼ δʼ ἄορ ὀξὺ ἐρυσσάμενος παρὰ μηροῦ","translation":"while I drew the sharp sword from beside my thigh","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l24.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἐρυσσάμενος","title":"Middle participle","body":"The aorist middle participle shows Odysseus drawing the sword for himself, the middle voice marking the action as done in his own interest."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἔσχον","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"held"},{"surface":"ἐγὼ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ,","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄορ","lemma":"ἄορ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἐρυσσάμενος","gloss":"sword","note":"ἄορ: an old poetic word for sword, distinct from the more common ξίφος — epic vocabulary for Odysseus's weapon."},{"surface":"ὀξὺ","lemma":"ὀξύς","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἄορ","gloss":"sharp"},{"surface":"ἐρυσσάμενος","lemma":"ἐρύω","morphology":"aorist middle participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ὄρυξ᾽","gloss":"drawing"},{"surface":"παρὰ","lemma":"παρά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from beside"},{"surface":"μηροῦ","lemma":"μηρός","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of παρὰ","gloss":"thigh"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"b11-l25","source":"βόθρον ὄρυξʼ ὅσσον τε πυγούσιον ἔνθα καὶ ἔνθα,","translation":"and dug a pit, about a cubit each way,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l25.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"βόθρον","lemma":"βόθρος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ὄρυξ᾽","gloss":"pit"},{"surface":"ὄρυξ","lemma":"ὀρύσσω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I dug","note":"ὄρυξ᾽ (ὄρυξα): first-person aorist, Odysseus himself performing the necromantic rite — his voice takes over the narration here."},{"surface":"ὅσσον","lemma":"ὅσος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"as much as"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"(just)"},{"surface":"πυγούσιον","lemma":"πυγούσιος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"subject","gloss":"a cubit","note":"πυγούσιον: 'a forearm's length', a concrete measure giving the pit's size — about 18 inches each way."},{"surface":"ἔνθα","lemma":"ἔνθα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"this way"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔνθα","lemma":"ἔνθα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"that way"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"b11-l26","source":"ἀμφʼ αὐτῷ δὲ χοὴν χεόμην πᾶσιν νεκύεσσι,","translation":"and around it I poured a drink-offering to all the dead,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l26.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀμφ","lemma":"ἀμφί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"αὐτῷ","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"object of ἀμφ᾽","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"χοὴν","lemma":"χοή","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of χεόμην","gloss":"drink-offering"},{"surface":"χεόμην","lemma":"χέω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I poured","note":"χεόμην: middle voice of χέω, 'poured for myself/my purpose' — ritual libation to the dead."},{"surface":"πᾶσιν","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies νεκύεσσι","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"νεκύεσσι","lemma":"νέκυς","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of χεόμην","gloss":"the dead"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"b11-l27","source":"πρῶτα μελικρήτῳ, μετέπειτα δὲ ἡδέι οἴνῳ,","translation":"first with mixed honey and milk, then with sweet wine,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l27.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πρῶτα","lemma":"πρῶτος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"adverbial","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"μελικρήτῳ","lemma":"μελίκρητον","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial","gloss":"with honey-milk","note":"μελίκρητον: a mixture of honey and milk, the first of three ritual libation liquids poured to the dead."},{"surface":"μετέπειτα","lemma":"μετέπειτα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"then afterward"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἡδέι","lemma":"ἡδύς","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies οἴνῳ","gloss":"sweet"},{"surface":"οἴνῳ","lemma":"οἶνος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial","gloss":"wine"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"b11-l28","source":"τὸ τρίτον αὖθʼ ὕδατι· ἐπὶ δʼ ἄλφιτα λευκὰ πάλυνον.","translation":"and a third time with water; and over it I sprinkled white barley meal.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l28.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὸ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter article","role":"modifies τρίτον","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"τρίτον","lemma":"τρίτος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial","gloss":"third","note":"τὸ τρίτον: 'as a third (time)', completing the ritual triad of libations — honey-milk, wine, water."},{"surface":"αὖθ","lemma":"αὖτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"ὕδατι","lemma":"ὕδωρ","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial","gloss":"with water"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄλφιτα","lemma":"ἄλφιτον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of πάλυνον","gloss":"barley meal"},{"surface":"λευκὰ","lemma":"λευκός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἄλφιτα","gloss":"white"},{"surface":"πάλυνον","lemma":"παλύνω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I sprinkled"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"b11-l29","source":"πολλὰ δὲ γουνούμην νεκύων ἀμενηνὰ κάρηνα,","translation":"And earnestly I prayed to the strengthless heads of the dead,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l29.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ἀμενηνὰ κάρηνα","title":"Strengthless heads","body":"A vivid kenning for the dead: \"the strengthless heads,\" picturing the shades as drained of force."}],"words":[{"surface":"πολλὰ","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to γουνούμην","gloss":"earnestly, much"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"γουνούμην","lemma":"γουνόομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I prayed","note":"γουνόομαι lit. 'clasp the knees' — supplication verb, denominative from γόνυ 'knee'"},{"surface":"νεκύων","lemma":"νέκυς","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies κάρηνα","gloss":"of the dead"},{"surface":"ἀμενηνὰ","lemma":"ἀμενηνός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies κάρηνα","gloss":"strengthless"},{"surface":"κάρηνα","lemma":"κάρηνον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of γουνούμην","gloss":"heads","note":"κάρηνα for 'ghosts/shades' — pars pro toto, the head standing for the whole faded soul"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"b11-l30","source":"ἐλθὼν εἰς Ἰθάκην στεῖραν βοῦν, ἥ τις ἀρίστη,","translation":"vowing that, when I came to Ithaca, a barren cow, the best I had,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l30.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐλθὼν","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ῥέξειν","gloss":"having come"},{"surface":"εἰς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Ἰθάκην","lemma":"Ἰθάκη","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of εἰς","gloss":"Ithaca"},{"surface":"στεῖραν","lemma":"στεῖρα","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies βοῦν","gloss":"barren"},{"surface":"βοῦν","lemma":"βοῦς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ῥέξειν","gloss":"cow"},{"surface":"ἥ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"τις","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies ἥ","gloss":"the one","note":"τις here loosely intensifies ἥ ('whichever cow') rather than meaning 'someone' — epic idiom"},{"surface":"ἀρίστη","lemma":"ἄριστος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"best"}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"b11-l31","source":"ῥέξειν ἐν μεγάροισι πυρήν τʼ ἐμπλησέμεν ἐσθλῶν,","translation":"I would sacrifice in my halls and heap the pyre with good things,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l31.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ῥέξειν","lemma":"ῥέζω","morphology":"future active infinitive","role":"object of δ᾽","gloss":"I would sacrifice","note":"future infinitive ῥέξειν reports a vow — indirect statement after a verb of promising"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"μεγάροισι","lemma":"μέγαρον","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"halls"},{"surface":"πυρήν","lemma":"πυρή","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐμπλησέμεν","gloss":"pyre"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐμπλησέμεν","lemma":"ἐμπίπλημι","morphology":"future active infinitive","role":"object of δ᾽","gloss":"heap full"},{"surface":"ἐσθλῶν","lemma":"ἐσθλός","morphology":"genitive plural neuter adjective","role":"object of ἐμπλησέμεν","gloss":"with good things"}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"b11-l32","source":"Τειρεσίῃ δʼ ἀπάνευθεν ὄιν ἱερευσέμεν οἴῳ","translation":"and that to Teiresias apart I would offer a sheep, one alone,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l32.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Τειρεσίῃ","lemma":"Τειρεσίης","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἱερευσέμεν","gloss":"to Teiresias","note":"dative of the seer-prophet whose shade Odysseus seeks; the whole Nekyia turns on this promise"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀπάνευθεν","lemma":"ἀπάνευθε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἱερευσέμεν","gloss":"apart, separately"},{"surface":"ὄιν","lemma":"ὄις","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἱερευσέμεν","gloss":"a sheep"},{"surface":"ἱερευσέμεν","lemma":"ἱερεύω","morphology":"future active infinitive","role":"object of δ᾽","gloss":"I would offer"},{"surface":"οἴῳ","lemma":"οἶος","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"alone"}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"b11-l33","source":"παμμέλανʼ, ὃς μήλοισι μεταπρέπει ἡμετέροισι.","translation":"all black, the finest among my flocks.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l33.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"παμμέλαν","lemma":"παμμέλας","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ,","gloss":"all black","note":"black victim fitting a chthonic/underworld offering, unlike the usual light-colored animals for Olympian gods"},{"surface":"ὃς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of μεταπρέπει","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"μήλοισι","lemma":"μῆλον","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"object of μεταπρέπει","gloss":"among the flocks"},{"surface":"μεταπρέπει","lemma":"μεταπρέπω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ,","gloss":"stands out"},{"surface":"ἡμετέροισι","lemma":"ἡμέτερος","morphology":"dative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies μήλοισι","gloss":"our"}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"b11-l34","source":"τοὺς δʼ ἐπεὶ εὐχωλῇσι λιτῇσί τε, ἔθνεα νεκρῶν,","translation":"When with prayers and entreaties I had besought the tribes of the dead,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l34.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τοὺς","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of ,","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"εὐχωλῇσι","lemma":"εὐχωλή","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to τε","gloss":"with prayers"},{"surface":"λιτῇσί","lemma":"λιτή","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to τε","gloss":"and entreaties"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔθνεα","lemma":"ἔθνος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ,","gloss":"tribes","note":"ἔθνεα νεκρῶν, 'tribes/hosts of the dead' — a formulaic mass noun for the crowding shades"},{"surface":"νεκρῶν","lemma":"νεκρός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ἔθνεα","gloss":"of the dead"}]},{"number":35,"label":"35","id":"b11-l35","source":"ἐλλισάμην, τὰ δὲ μῆλα λαβὼν ἀπεδειροτόμησα","translation":"I took the sheep and cut their throats","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l35.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐλλισάμην","lemma":"λίσσομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἐπεὶ","gloss":"I besought","note":"λίσσομαι 'entreat/supplicate' — resumes the vow described in ll.29-34 with a finite verb"},{"surface":"τὰ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative plural neuter article","role":"modifies μῆλα","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μῆλα","lemma":"μῆλον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἀπεδειροτόμησα","gloss":"sheep"},{"surface":"λαβὼν","lemma":"λαμβάνω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἀπεδειροτόμησα","gloss":"having taken"},{"surface":"ἀπεδειροτόμησα","lemma":"ἀποδειροτομέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I cut their throats"}]},{"number":36,"label":"36","id":"b11-l36","source":"ἐς βόθρον, ῥέε δʼ αἷμα κελαινεφές· αἱ δʼ ἀγέροντο","translation":"over the pit, and the dark blood flowed; and there gathered","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l36.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"κελαινεφές","title":"Dark as a cloud","body":"The blood is \"dark-clouded,\" a compound epithet stressing its blackness as it pools in the pit."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"βόθρον","lemma":"βόθρος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐς","gloss":"the pit","note":"the βόθρος, ritual trench for necromancy — sacrificial blood lets the dead speak (cf. l.98)"},{"surface":"ῥέε","lemma":"ῥέω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"flowed"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αἷμα","lemma":"αἷμα","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of ῥέε","gloss":"blood"},{"surface":"κελαινεφές","lemma":"κελαινεφής","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies αἷμα","gloss":"dark"},{"surface":"αἱ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural feminine pronoun","role":"subject","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀγέροντο","lemma":"ἀγείρω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"gathered"}]},{"number":37,"label":"37","id":"b11-l37","source":"ψυχαὶ ὑπὲξ Ἐρέβευς νεκύων κατατεθνηώτων.","translation":"the souls of the dead and departed, up out of Erebus.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l37.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ψυχαὶ","lemma":"ψυχή","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"souls"},{"surface":"ὑπὲξ","lemma":"ὑπέκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"up out of","note":"ὑπέκ, 'up from beneath/out of' — compound preposition vividly showing shades rising from the underworld"},{"surface":"Ἐρέβευς","lemma":"Ἔρεβος","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"object of ὑπὲξ","gloss":"Erebus"},{"surface":"νεκύων","lemma":"νέκυς","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ψυχαὶ","gloss":"of the dead"},{"surface":"κατατεθνηώτων","lemma":"καταθνήσκω","morphology":"perfect active participle, genitive plural masculine","role":"modifies νεκύων","gloss":"having died"}]},{"number":38,"label":"38","id":"b11-l38","source":"νύμφαι τʼ ἠίθεοί τε πολύτλητοί τε γέροντες","translation":"Brides and unwed young men and toil-worn old men,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l38.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"νύμφαι","lemma":"νύμφη","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject of δ᾽","gloss":"brides"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἠίθεοί","lemma":"ἠίθεος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of δ᾽","gloss":"unwed young men"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πολύτλητοί","lemma":"πολύτλητος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies γέροντες","gloss":"toil-worn","note":"triple τε...τε...τε links three classes of dead in one rolling catalogue line, a common epic listing device"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"γέροντες","lemma":"γέρων","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of δ᾽","gloss":"old men"}]},{"number":39,"label":"39","id":"b11-l39","source":"παρθενικαί τʼ ἀταλαὶ νεοπενθέα θυμὸν ἔχουσαι,","translation":"and tender maidens with grief fresh in their hearts,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l39.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"παρθενικαί","lemma":"παρθενική","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject of δ᾽","gloss":"maidens"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative singular pronoun","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and","note":"treebank lemma σύ/'you' is a mis-tag here; in context this τ᾽ is the enclitic conjunction τε linking to νύμφαι"},{"surface":"ἀταλαὶ","lemma":"ἀταλός","morphology":"nominative plural feminine adjective","role":"subject of παρθενικαί","gloss":"tender"},{"surface":"νεοπενθέα","lemma":"νεοπενθής","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies θυμὸν","gloss":"fresh in grief"},{"surface":"θυμὸν","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἔχουσαι","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"ἔχουσαι","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative plural feminine","role":"modifies παρθενικαί","gloss":"having"}]},{"number":40,"label":"40","id":"b11-l40","source":"πολλοὶ δʼ οὐτάμενοι χαλκήρεσιν ἐγχείῃσιν,","translation":"and many pierced by bronze-tipped spears,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l40.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πολλοὶ","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"subject of ,","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"οὐτάμενοι","lemma":"οὐτάω","morphology":"aorist middle participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"modifies πολλοὶ","gloss":"wounded"},{"surface":"χαλκήρεσιν","lemma":"χαλκήρης","morphology":"dative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἐγχείῃσιν","gloss":"bronze-tipped"},{"surface":"ἐγχείῃσιν","lemma":"ἐγχείη","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"object of οὐτάμενοι","gloss":"with spears"}]},{"number":41,"label":"41","id":"b11-l41","source":"ἄνδρες ἀρηίφατοι βεβροτωμένα τεύχεʼ ἔχοντες·","translation":"men slain in war, wearing armor stained with blood;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l41.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἄνδρες","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ,","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"ἀρηίφατοι","lemma":"ἀρείφατος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἄνδρες","gloss":"slain in war"},{"surface":"βεβροτωμένα","lemma":"βροτόομαι","morphology":"perfect medio-passive participle, accusative plural neuter","role":"modifies τεύχε᾽","gloss":"bloodstained","note":"βροτόομαι, denominative from βρότος 'gore' — perfect passive stresses the armor still caked with old blood"},{"surface":"τεύχε","lemma":"τεῦχος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἔχοντες","gloss":"armor"},{"surface":"ἔχοντες","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"modifies ἄνδρες","gloss":"wearing"}]},{"number":42,"label":"42","id":"b11-l42","source":"οἳ πολλοὶ περὶ βόθρον ἐφοίτων ἄλλοθεν ἄλλος","translation":"in throngs they flocked about the pit from every side,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l42.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἳ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἐφοίτων","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"πολλοὶ","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"περὶ","lemma":"περί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"βόθρον","lemma":"βόθρος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of περὶ","gloss":"the pit"},{"surface":"ἐφοίτων","lemma":"φοιτάω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"flocked, thronged"},{"surface":"ἄλλοθεν","lemma":"ἄλλοθεν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐφοίτων","gloss":"from one side"},{"surface":"ἄλλος","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"another","note":"ἄλλοθεν ἄλλος, 'one from here, another from there' — idiomatic distributive pairing for a crowd converging"}]},{"number":43,"label":"43","id":"b11-l43","source":"θεσπεσίῃ ἰαχῇ· ἐμὲ δὲ χλωρὸν δέος ᾕρει.","translation":"with an eerie cry; and pale fear seized me.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l43.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"χλωρὸν δέος","title":"Pale fear","body":"Literally \"green/pale fear,\" the color-word χλωρός conveying the blanching of the face in terror."}],"words":[{"surface":"θεσπεσίῃ","lemma":"θεσπέσιος","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἰαχῇ","gloss":"eerie, unearthly"},{"surface":"ἰαχῇ","lemma":"ἰαχή","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐφοίτων","gloss":"cry"},{"surface":"ἐμὲ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ᾕρει","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"χλωρὸν","lemma":"χλωρός","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies δέος","gloss":"pale, sickly"},{"surface":"δέος","lemma":"δέος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of ᾕρει","gloss":"fear","note":"χλωρὸν δέος, 'pale/green fear' — Homeric color-fear formula describing the physical pallor of terror"},{"surface":"ᾕρει","lemma":"αἱρέω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"seized"}]},{"number":44,"label":"44","id":"b11-l44","source":"δὴ τότʼ ἔπειθʼ ἑτάροισιν ἐποτρύνας ἐκέλευσα","translation":"Then at once I urged my companions and ordered them","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l44.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"τότ","lemma":"τότε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐκέλευσα","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἔπειθ","lemma":"ἔπειτα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐκέλευσα","gloss":"thereupon"},{"surface":"ἑτάροισιν","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἐκέλευσα","gloss":"companions"},{"surface":"ἐποτρύνας","lemma":"ἐποτρύνω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐκέλευσα","gloss":"having urged"},{"surface":"ἐκέλευσα","lemma":"κελεύω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I ordered"}]},{"number":45,"label":"45","id":"b11-l45","source":"μῆλα, τὰ δὴ κατέκειτʼ ἐσφαγμένα νηλέι χαλκῷ,","translation":"to take the sheep that lay there, slaughtered by the pitiless bronze,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l45.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μῆλα","lemma":"μῆλον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of κατακῆαι","gloss":"the sheep"},{"surface":"τὰ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural neuter pronoun","role":"subject of κατέκειτ᾽","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"κατέκειτ","lemma":"κατακείω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing μῆλα","gloss":"lay"},{"surface":"ἐσφαγμένα","lemma":"σφάζω","morphology":"perfect medio-passive participle, nominative plural neuter","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"slaughtered"},{"surface":"νηλέι","lemma":"νηλής","morphology":"dative singular adjective","role":"modifies χαλκῷ","gloss":"pitiless"},{"surface":"χαλκῷ","lemma":"χαλκός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐσφαγμένα","gloss":"bronze","note":"νηλέι χαλκῷ, 'pitiless bronze' — stock epic epithet for the weapon/blade that deals death impersonally"}]},{"number":46,"label":"46","id":"b11-l46","source":"δείραντας κατακῆαι, ἐπεύξασθαι δὲ θεοῖσιν,","translation":"and flay them and burn them, and to pray to the gods,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l46.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δείραντας","lemma":"δέρω","morphology":"aorist active participle, accusative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to κατακῆαι","gloss":"having flayed"},{"surface":"κατακῆαι","lemma":"κατακαίω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of δὲ","gloss":"to burn"},{"surface":"ἐπεύξασθαι","lemma":"ἐπεύχομαι","morphology":"aorist middle infinitive","role":"object of δὲ","gloss":"to pray"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"θεοῖσιν","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ,","gloss":"to the gods"}]},{"number":47,"label":"47","id":"b11-l47","source":"ἰφθίμῳ τʼ Ἀΐδῃ καὶ ἐπαινῇ Περσεφονείῃ·","translation":"to mighty Hades and dread Persephone;","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l47.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἰφθίμῳ","lemma":"ἴφθιμος","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἀΐδῃ","gloss":"mighty"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ἀΐδῃ","lemma":"ᾍδης","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"Hades"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐπαινῇ","lemma":"ἐπαινός","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Περσεφονείῃ","gloss":"dread"},{"surface":"Περσεφονείῃ","lemma":"Περσεφόνεια","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"Persephone","note":"formulaic pair of underworld rulers named together, standard invocation before necromancy"}]},{"number":48,"label":"48","id":"b11-l48","source":"αὐτὸς δὲ ξίφος ὀξὺ ἐρυσσάμενος παρὰ μηροῦ","translation":"and I myself, drawing the sharp sword from beside my thigh,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l48.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὸς","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ξίφος","lemma":"ξίφος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἐρυσσάμενος","gloss":"sword"},{"surface":"ὀξὺ","lemma":"ὀξύς","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ξίφος","gloss":"sharp"},{"surface":"ἐρυσσάμενος","lemma":"ἐρύω","morphology":"aorist middle participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἥμην","gloss":"having drawn"},{"surface":"παρὰ","lemma":"παρά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from beside"},{"surface":"μηροῦ","lemma":"μηρός","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of παρὰ","gloss":"thigh"}]},{"number":49,"label":"49","id":"b11-l49","source":"ἥμην, οὐδʼ εἴων νεκύων ἀμενηνὰ κάρηνα","translation":"sat there, and would not let the strengthless heads of the dead","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l49.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἥμην","lemma":"ἧμαι","morphology":"pluperfect middle indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I sat","note":"ἧμαι used as a pluperfect-form imperfect ('I sat/was sitting') — guarding the blood pit with drawn sword"},{"surface":"εἴων","lemma":"ἐάω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I would not let"},{"surface":"νεκύων","lemma":"νέκυς","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies κάρηνα","gloss":"of the dead"},{"surface":"ἀμενηνὰ","lemma":"ἀμενηνός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies κάρηνα","gloss":"strengthless"},{"surface":"κάρηνα","lemma":"κάρηνον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"subject of ἴμεν","gloss":"heads"}]},{"number":50,"label":"50","id":"b11-l50","source":"αἵματος ἆσσον ἴμεν, πρὶν Τειρεσίαο πυθέσθαι.","translation":"come near the blood before I had questioned Teiresias.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l50.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"πρὶν ... πυθέσθαι","title":"πρίν with the infinitive","body":"After a negative main clause, πρίν takes the infinitive to mean \"before questioning,\" marking the limit on the action."}],"words":[{"surface":"αἵματος","lemma":"αἷμα","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἆσσον","gloss":"of the blood"},{"surface":"ἆσσον","lemma":"ἆσσον","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"near"},{"surface":"ἴμεν","lemma":"εἶμι","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of εἴων","gloss":"go, come"},{"surface":"πρὶν","lemma":"πρίν","morphology":"adverb","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"Τειρεσίαο","lemma":"Τειρεσίης","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of πυθέσθαι","gloss":"Teiresias"},{"surface":"πυθέσθαι","lemma":"πυνθάνομαι","morphology":"aorist middle infinitive","role":"adverbial to πρὶν","gloss":"I had inquired","note":"πρὶν + infinitive, 'before' clause — Odysseus blocks the shades until the prophet drinks first"}]},{"number":51,"label":"51","id":"b11-l51","source":"πρώτη δὲ ψυχὴ Ἐλπήνορος ἦλθεν ἑταίρου·","translation":"First came the soul of my companion Elpenor,","scansion":"—— | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l51.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πρώτη","lemma":"πρῶτος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ψυχὴ","lemma":"ψυχή","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἦλθεν","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"Ἐλπήνορος","lemma":"Ἐλπήνωρ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ψυχὴ","gloss":"of Elpenor","note":"Elpenor, the young crewman who died falling from Circe's roof — his shade fittingly arrives first, unburied"},{"surface":"ἦλθεν","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"ἑταίρου","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ἐλπήνορος","gloss":"companion"}]},{"number":52,"label":"52","id":"b11-l52","source":"οὐ γάρ πω ἐτέθαπτο ὑπὸ χθονὸς εὐρυοδείης·","translation":"for he had not yet been buried beneath the wide-wayed earth;","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l52.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οὐ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"γάρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"πω","lemma":"πω","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"ἐτέθαπτο","lemma":"θάπτω","morphology":"pluperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"had been buried"},{"surface":"ὑπὸ","lemma":"ὑπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"beneath"},{"surface":"χθονὸς","lemma":"χθών","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ὑπὸ","gloss":"earth"},{"surface":"εὐρυοδείης","lemma":"εὐρυόδεια","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies χθονὸς","gloss":"wide-wayed","note":"εὐρυόδεια, standing epithet of the earth ('broad-pathed'), a formula filling the line-end regardless of context"}]},{"number":53,"label":"53","id":"b11-l53","source":"σῶμα γὰρ ἐν Κίρκης μεγάρῳ κατελείπομεν ἡμεῖς","translation":"his body we had left behind in Circe's hall,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l53.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"σῶμα","lemma":"σῶμα","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of κατελείπομεν","gloss":"body"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Κίρκης","lemma":"Κίρκη","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies μεγάρῳ","gloss":"Circe's"},{"surface":"μεγάρῳ","lemma":"μέγαρον","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἐν","gloss":"hall"},{"surface":"κατελείπομεν","lemma":"καταλείπω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"we had left"},{"surface":"ἡμεῖς","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of κατελείπομεν","gloss":"we"}]},{"number":54,"label":"54","id":"b11-l54","source":"ἄκλαυτον καὶ ἄθαπτον, ἐπεὶ πόνος ἄλλος ἔπειγε.","translation":"unwept and unburied, since another task was pressing us.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l54.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἄκλαυτον","lemma":"ἄκλαυστος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"unwept"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄθαπτον","lemma":"ἄθαπτος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"unburied","note":"ἄκλαυτον καὶ ἄθαπτον — the pathos of denied funeral rites, a grave breach of custom that haunts Elpenor's shade"},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"πόνος","lemma":"πόνος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔπειγε","gloss":"task, toil"},{"surface":"ἄλλος","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies πόνος","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"ἔπειγε","lemma":"ἐπείγω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἐπεὶ","gloss":"pressed, urged"}]},{"number":55,"label":"55","id":"b11-l55","source":"τὸν μὲν ἐγὼ δάκρυσα ἰδὼν ἐλέησά τε θυμῷ,","translation":"When I saw him I wept and pitied him in my heart,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l55.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἰδὼν","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἐγὼ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of καί","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"δάκρυσα","lemma":"δακρύω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I wept"},{"surface":"ἰδὼν","lemma":"εἶδον","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to δάκρυσα","gloss":"having seen","note":"ἰδὼν from εἶδον, root ϝιδ- — the aorist participle 'seeing him' triggers the emotional response δάκρυσα"},{"surface":"ἐλέησά","lemma":"ἐλεέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I pitied"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"θυμῷ","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐλέησά","gloss":"in heart"}]},{"number":56,"label":"56","id":"b11-l56","source":"καί μιν φωνήσας ἔπεα πτερόεντα προσηύδων·","translation":"and I spoke to him and addressed him with winged words:","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l56.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ἔπεα πτερόεντα","title":"Winged words","body":"The most famous Homeric formula for speech: words that fly from the speaker to the hearer."}],"words":[{"surface":"καί","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of φωνήσας","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"φωνήσας","lemma":"φωνέω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to προσηύδων","gloss":"having spoken"},{"surface":"ἔπεα","lemma":"ἔπος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of προσηύδων","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"πτερόεντα","lemma":"πτερόεις","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἔπεα","gloss":"winged","note":"ἔπεα πτερόεντα, 'winged words' — the classic Homeric formula introducing direct speech"},{"surface":"προσηύδων","lemma":"προσαυδάω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I addressed"}]},{"number":57,"label":"57","id":"b11-l57","source":"Ἐλπῆνορ, πῶς ἦλθες ὑπὸ ζόφον ἠερόεντα;","translation":"\"Elpenor, how did you come beneath the murky gloom?","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l57.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ἐλπῆνορ","lemma":"Ἐλπήνωρ","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"Elpenor","note":"Vocative addressing the dead shipmate; head noun understood, hence 'elided head'."},{"surface":"πῶς","lemma":"πῶς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἦλθες","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"ἦλθες","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"did you come","note":"Aorist of ἔρχομαι, root ἐλθ-, not the present stem."},{"surface":"ὑπὸ","lemma":"ὑπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"beneath"},{"surface":"ζόφον","lemma":"ζόφος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ὑπὸ","gloss":"gloom"},{"surface":"ἠερόεντα","lemma":"ἠερόεις","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ζόφον","gloss":"murky"}]},{"number":58,"label":"58","id":"b11-l58","source":"ἔφθης πεζὸς ἰὼν ἢ ἐγὼ σὺν νηὶ μελαίνῃ.","translation":"You have come on foot quicker than I in my black ship.\"","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l58.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔφθης","lemma":"φθάνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"you outstripped","note":"φθάνω 'to be first/beat someone to it' + participle ἰών: 'you arrived on foot before I did.'"},{"surface":"πεζὸς","lemma":"πεζός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"on foot"},{"surface":"ἰὼν","lemma":"εἶμι","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἔφθης","gloss":"going"},{"surface":"ἢ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"ἐγὼ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"σὺν","lemma":"σύν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"νηὶ","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial","gloss":"ship"},{"surface":"μελαίνῃ","lemma":"μέλας","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies νηὶ","gloss":"black","note":"Stock Homeric epithet νηῒ μελαίνῃ, 'black ship', a fixed formula."}]},{"number":59,"label":"59","id":"b11-l59","source":"ὣς ἐφάμην, ὁ δέ μʼ οἰμώξας ἠμείβετο μύθῳ·","translation":"So I spoke, and he with a groan answered me:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l59.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐφάμην","gloss":"so","note":"Formulaic ὣς ἐφάμην closing a speech, common Homeric transition."},{"surface":"ἐφάμην","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I spoke"},{"surface":"ὁ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἠμείβετο","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἠμείβετο","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"οἰμώξας","lemma":"οἰμώζω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἠμείβετο","gloss":"groaning","note":"οἰμώζω, aorist participle 'having groaned', paints his grief before he speaks."},{"surface":"ἠμείβετο","lemma":"ἀμείβω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"μύθῳ","lemma":"μῦθος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἠμείβετο","gloss":"with a word"}]},{"number":60,"label":"60","id":"b11-l60","source":"διογενὲς Λαερτιάδη, πολυμήχανʼ Ὀδυσσεῦ,","translation":"\"Zeus-born son of Laertes, resourceful Odysseus,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l60.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"πολυμήχανʼ","title":"Resourceful Odysseus","body":"A standing epithet, \"of many devices,\" naming the hero's defining cleverness. Keep it as a formulaic title."}],"words":[{"surface":"διογενὲς","lemma":"διογενής","morphology":"vocative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies Λαερτιάδη","gloss":"Zeus-born","note":"διογενής, epic epithet 'sprung from Zeus', formulaic praise for heroes."},{"surface":"Λαερτιάδη","lemma":"Λαερτιάδης","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"son of Laertes"},{"surface":"πολυμήχαν","lemma":"πολυμήχανος","morphology":"vocative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ὀδυσσεῦ","gloss":"resourceful","note":"πολυμήχανος 'of many devices', a recurring Odysseus epithet paired with his name."},{"surface":"Ὀδυσσεῦ","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"Odysseus"}]},{"number":61,"label":"61","id":"b11-l61","source":"ἆσέ με δαίμονος αἶσα κακὴ καὶ ἀθέσφατος οἶνος.","translation":"an evil doom from some god undid me, and measureless wine.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l61.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἆσέ","lemma":"ἀάω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"undid me","note":"ἀάω 'to blind/ruin/delude', the same verb used of Ate's madness elsewhere in Homer."},{"surface":"με","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἆσέ","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"δαίμονος","lemma":"δαίμων","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies αἶσα","gloss":"of a god"},{"surface":"αἶσα","lemma":"αἶσα","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"doom"},{"surface":"κακὴ","lemma":"κακός","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies αἶσα","gloss":"evil"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀθέσφατος","lemma":"ἀθέσφατος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies οἶνος","gloss":"measureless"},{"surface":"οἶνος","lemma":"οἶνος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"wine"}]},{"number":62,"label":"62","id":"b11-l62","source":"Κίρκης δʼ ἐν μεγάρῳ καταλέγμενος οὐκ ἐνόησα","translation":"Lying down in Circe's hall, I did not think","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l62.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Κίρκης","lemma":"Κίρκη","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies μεγάρῳ","gloss":"Circe's"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"μεγάρῳ","lemma":"μέγαρον","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"hall"},{"surface":"καταλέγμενος","lemma":"καταλέγω","morphology":"aorist passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐνόησα","gloss":"lying down","note":"Aorist passive participle of καταλέγω 'lay oneself down', describing Elpenor sleeping on the roof."},{"surface":"οὐκ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ἐνόησα","lemma":"νοέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I thought"}]},{"number":63,"label":"63","id":"b11-l63","source":"ἄψορρον καταβῆναι ἰὼν ἐς κλίμακα μακρήν,","translation":"to go back down again by the long ladder,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l63.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἄψορρον","lemma":"ἄψορρος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to καταβῆναι","gloss":"back again"},{"surface":"καταβῆναι","lemma":"καταβαίνω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of ἐνόησα","gloss":"to go down"},{"surface":"ἰὼν","lemma":"εἶμι","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to καταβῆναι","gloss":"going"},{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"κλίμακα","lemma":"κλῖμαξ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐς","gloss":"ladder"},{"surface":"μακρήν","lemma":"μακρός","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies κλίμακα","gloss":"long"}]},{"number":64,"label":"64","id":"b11-l64","source":"ἀλλὰ καταντικρὺ τέγεος πέσον· ἐκ δέ μοι αὐχὴν","translation":"but fell straight from the roof; and my neck","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l64.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλὰ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"καταντικρὺ","lemma":"καταντικρύ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"straight down from"},{"surface":"τέγεος","lemma":"τέγος","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"object of καταντικρὺ","gloss":"the roof"},{"surface":"πέσον","lemma":"πίπτω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I fell"},{"surface":"ἐκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from","note":"ἐκ...αὐχὴν ἐάγη in l65: tmesis, the preposition separated from its verb ἄγνυμι across the line break."},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies αὐχὴν","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"αὐχὴν","lemma":"αὐχήν","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐάγη","gloss":"neck"}]},{"number":65,"label":"65","id":"b11-l65","source":"ἀστραγάλων ἐάγη, ψυχὴ δʼ Ἄϊδόσδε κατῆλθε.","translation":"was broken at the joint, and my soul went down to Hades.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l65.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀστραγάλων","lemma":"ἀστράγαλος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἐκ","gloss":"at the joints","note":"ἀστράγαλος, the neck vertebra/ankle-bone joint; genitive of place 'from the joints'."},{"surface":"ἐάγη","lemma":"ἄγνυμι","morphology":"aorist passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was broken"},{"surface":"ψυχὴ","lemma":"ψυχή","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of κατῆλθε","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ἄϊδόσδε","lemma":"Ἀϊδόσδε","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of κατῆλθε","gloss":"to Hades","note":"Directional suffix -δε 'toward', built onto the god's name to mean 'to the house of Hades'."},{"surface":"κατῆλθε","lemma":"κατέρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"went down"}]},{"number":66,"label":"66","id":"b11-l66","source":"νῦν δέ σε τῶν ὄπιθεν γουνάζομαι, οὐ παρεόντων,","translation":"Now I beseech you by those left behind, who are not here,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l66.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"γουνάζομαι","title":"Middle voice of supplication","body":"The verb \"I beseech\" is middle in form, fitting the personal, self-interested act of clasping the knees in entreaty."}],"words":[{"surface":"νῦν","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to γουνάζομαι","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"σε","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative singular pronoun","role":"object of γουνάζομαι","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"τῶν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of ,","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"ὄπιθεν","lemma":"ὄπισθεν","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies τῶν","gloss":"left behind"},{"surface":"γουνάζομαι","lemma":"γουνάζομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I beseech","note":"γουνάζομαι, 'to clasp the knees in supplication', a vivid ritual-gesture verb."},{"surface":"οὐ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"παρεόντων","lemma":"πάρειμι","morphology":"present active participle, genitive plural masculine","role":"object of ,","gloss":"being present"}]},{"number":67,"label":"67","id":"b11-l67","source":"πρός τʼ ἀλόχου καὶ πατρός, ὅ σʼ ἔτρεφε τυτθὸν ἐόντα,","translation":"by your wife and your father, who reared you when you were little,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l67.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πρός","lemma":"πρός","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀλόχου","lemma":"ἄλοχος","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of θ᾽","gloss":"your wife"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πατρός","lemma":"πατήρ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of θ᾽","gloss":"your father"},{"surface":"ὅ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἔτρεφε","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"σ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative singular pronoun","role":"object of ἔτρεφε","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ἔτρεφε","lemma":"τρέφω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing πατρός","gloss":"reared"},{"surface":"τυτθὸν","lemma":"τυτθός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"small","note":"τυτθόν as predicate adjective with ἐόντα: 'when you were little', describing you as a child."},{"surface":"ἐόντα","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"being"}]},{"number":68,"label":"68","id":"b11-l68","source":"Τηλεμάχου θʼ, ὃν μοῦνον ἐνὶ μεγάροισιν ἔλειπες·","translation":"and by Telemachus, the only son you left in your halls:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l68.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Τηλεμάχου","lemma":"Τηλέμαχος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of θ᾽","gloss":"Telemachus"},{"surface":"θ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὃν","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἔλειπες","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"μοῦνον","lemma":"μόνος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"ἐνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"μεγάροισιν","lemma":"μέγαρον","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἐνὶ","gloss":"halls"},{"surface":"ἔλειπες","lemma":"λείπω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing Τηλεμάχου","gloss":"you left"}]},{"number":69,"label":"69","id":"b11-l69","source":"οἶδα γὰρ ὡς ἐνθένδε κιὼν δόμου ἐξ Ἀίδαο","translation":"for I know that, when you leave this house of Hades,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l69.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἶδα","lemma":"οἶδα","morphology":"perfect active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I know"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ὡς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ἐνθένδε","lemma":"ἐνθένδε","morphology":"adverb","role":"object","gloss":"from here"},{"surface":"κιὼν","lemma":"κίω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to σχήσεις","gloss":"going","note":"κίω, an old epic verb for 'go', rare outside Homer."},{"surface":"δόμου","lemma":"δόμος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"ἐξ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Ἀίδαο","lemma":"ᾍδης","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies δόμου","gloss":"of Hades"}]},{"number":70,"label":"70","id":"b11-l70","source":"νῆσον ἐς Αἰαίην σχήσεις ἐυεργέα νῆα·","translation":"you will bring your well-built ship to the island of Aeaea.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l70.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"νῆσον","lemma":"νῆσος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐς","gloss":"island"},{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Αἰαίην","lemma":"Αἰαίη","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"modifies νῆσον","gloss":"Aeaea"},{"surface":"σχήσεις","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"future active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"object of ὡς","gloss":"you will hold course","note":"ἔχω here means 'steer/direct (a ship)', future tense predicting Odysseus' return voyage."},{"surface":"ἐυεργέα","lemma":"εὐεργής","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies νῆα","gloss":"well-built"},{"surface":"νῆα","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of σχήσεις","gloss":"ship"}]},{"number":71,"label":"71","id":"b11-l71","source":"ἔνθα σʼ ἔπειτα, ἄναξ, κέλομαι μνήσασθαι ἐμεῖο.","translation":"There then, my lord, I beg you to remember me.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l71.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔνθα","lemma":"ἔνθα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to μνήσασθαι","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"σ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative singular pronoun","role":"subject of μνήσασθαι","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ἔπειτα","lemma":"ἔπειτα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to μνήσασθαι","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἄναξ","lemma":"ἄναξ","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"lord","note":"Vocative ἄναξ, respectful address from a subordinate ghost to Odysseus."},{"surface":"κέλομαι","lemma":"κέλομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I beg"},{"surface":"μνήσασθαι","lemma":"μιμνήσκω","morphology":"aorist middle infinitive","role":"object of κέλομαι","gloss":"to remember"},{"surface":"ἐμεῖο","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of μνήσασθαι","gloss":"me"}]},{"number":72,"label":"72","id":"b11-l72","source":"μή μʼ ἄκλαυτον ἄθαπτον ἰὼν ὄπιθεν καταλείπειν","translation":"Do not, when you leave, go away and abandon me","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l72.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μή","lemma":"μή","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"μ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of καταλείπειν","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ἄκλαυτον","lemma":"ἄκλαυστος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"unwept","note":"ἄκλαυστος, alpha-privative adjective 'without weeping'; paired with ἄθαπτον for pathos."},{"surface":"ἄθαπτον","lemma":"ἄθαπτος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"unburied"},{"surface":"ἰὼν","lemma":"εἶμι","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to καταλείπειν","gloss":"going"},{"surface":"ὄπιθεν","lemma":"ὄπισθεν","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of καταλείπειν","gloss":"behind"},{"surface":"καταλείπειν","lemma":"καταλείπω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"main verb","gloss":"abandon"}]},{"number":73,"label":"73","id":"b11-l73","source":"νοσφισθείς, μή τοί τι θεῶν μήνιμα γένωμαι,","translation":"turning aside from me, lest I become a cause of the gods' wrath against you,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l73.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"νοσφισθείς","lemma":"νοσφίζομαι","morphology":"aorist medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to καταλείπειν","gloss":"turning away","note":"νοσφίζομαι, medio-passive 'turning yourself away from', stressing Odysseus' own choice to leave."},{"surface":"μή","lemma":"μή","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"lest"},{"surface":"τοί","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"object of γένωμαι","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"τι","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular neuter pronoun","role":"modifies μήνιμα","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"θεῶν","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies μήνιμα","gloss":"of the gods'"},{"surface":"μήνιμα","lemma":"μήνιμα","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"cause of wrath","note":"μήνιμα, rare noun from μῆνις 'wrath', the same root as the Iliad's opening word."},{"surface":"γένωμαι","lemma":"γίγνομαι","morphology":"aorist middle subjunctive, 1st singular verb","role":"adverbial to μή","gloss":"I become"}]},{"number":74,"label":"74","id":"b11-l74","source":"ἀλλά με κακκῆαι σὺν τεύχεσιν, ἅσσα μοι ἔστιν,","translation":"but burn me with whatever armor is mine,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l74.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλά","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"με","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of κακκῆαι","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"κακκῆαι","lemma":"κατακαίω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"main verb","gloss":"burn","note":"κατακαίω aorist infinitive 'burn up', ritual cremation-with-armor request."},{"surface":"σὺν","lemma":"σύν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"τεύχεσιν","lemma":"τεῦχος","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to σὺν","gloss":"armor"},{"surface":"ἅσσα","lemma":"ὅστις","morphology":"nominative plural neuter pronoun","role":"subject of ἔστιν","gloss":"whatever"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἔστιν","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"ἔστιν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing τεύχεσιν","gloss":"is"}]},{"number":75,"label":"75","id":"b11-l75","source":"σῆμά τέ μοι χεῦαι πολιῆς ἐπὶ θινὶ θαλάσσης,","translation":"and heap up a tomb for me on the shore of the gray sea,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l75.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"σῆμά","lemma":"σῆμα","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of χεῦαι","gloss":"a marker","note":"σῆμα here means 'grave-mound/tomb marker', not just 'sign'."},{"surface":"τέ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative singular pronoun","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of χεῦαι","gloss":"for me"},{"surface":"χεῦαι","lemma":"χέω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"main verb","gloss":"heap up"},{"surface":"πολιῆς","lemma":"πολιός","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies θαλάσσης","gloss":"gray"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"θινὶ","lemma":"θίς","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐπὶ","gloss":"shore"},{"surface":"θαλάσσης","lemma":"θάλασσα","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies θινὶ","gloss":"of the sea"}]},{"number":76,"label":"76","id":"b11-l76","source":"ἀνδρὸς δυστήνοιο καὶ ἐσσομένοισι πυθέσθαι.","translation":"the grave of an unlucky man, for those yet to come to learn of.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l76.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἐσσομένοισι","title":"Future participle as substantive","body":"The future participle \"those who will be\" stands for \"men of later times,\" the dative naming for whom the tomb is made."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἀνδρὸς","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of πυθέσθαι","gloss":"of a man"},{"surface":"δυστήνοιο","lemma":"δύστηνος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἀνδρὸς","gloss":"unlucky"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"ἐσσομένοισι","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"future participle, dative plural masculine","role":"object of πυθέσθαι","gloss":"those to come","note":"Future participle of εἰμί, 'those who will be'—i.e. future generations."},{"surface":"πυθέσθαι","lemma":"πυνθάνομαι","morphology":"aorist middle infinitive","role":"modifies σῆμά","gloss":"to learn of"}]},{"number":77,"label":"77","id":"b11-l77","source":"ταῦτά τέ μοι τελέσαι πῆξαί τʼ ἐπὶ τύμβῳ ἐρετμόν,","translation":"Do these things for me, and fix on the mound the oar","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l77.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ταῦτά","lemma":"οὗτος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of τελέσαι","gloss":"these things"},{"surface":"τέ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative singular pronoun","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of τελέσαι","gloss":"for me"},{"surface":"τελέσαι","lemma":"τελέω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"main verb","gloss":"accomplish"},{"surface":"πῆξαί","lemma":"πήγνυμι","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"main verb","gloss":"fix"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"τύμβῳ","lemma":"τύμβος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐπὶ","gloss":"mound"},{"surface":"ἐρετμόν","lemma":"ἐρετμόν","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of πῆξαί","gloss":"oar","note":"The oar-as-grave-marker is fulfilled later when Odysseus and his crew bury Elpenor and plant his oar on the mound (Book 12); this is distinct from Teiresias's separate prophecy about an oar mistaken for a winnowing-fan."}]},{"number":78,"label":"78","id":"b11-l78","source":"τῷ καὶ ζωὸς ἔρεσσον ἐὼν μετʼ ἐμοῖς ἑτάροισιν.","translation":"with which I rowed in life among my companions.\"","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l78.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τῷ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative singular neuter pronoun","role":"object of ἔρεσσον","gloss":"with which"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"ζωὸς","lemma":"ζωός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"alive","note":"ζωός 'living', contrasted poignantly with his current status as a ghost."},{"surface":"ἔρεσσον","lemma":"ἐρέσσω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ἐρετμόν","gloss":"I rowed"},{"surface":"ἐὼν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἔρεσσον","gloss":"being"},{"surface":"μετ","lemma":"μετά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"ἐμοῖς","lemma":"ἐμός","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἑτάροισιν","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"ἑτάροισιν","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to μετ᾽","gloss":"companions"}]},{"number":79,"label":"79","id":"b11-l79","source":"ὣς ἔφατʼ, αὐτὰρ ἐγώ μιν ἀμειβόμενος\n                     προσέειπον·","translation":"So he spoke, and I answered him and said:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l79.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔφατ᾽","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ἔφατ","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he spoke"},{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐγώ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of προσέειπον","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of προσέειπον","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ἀμειβόμενος","lemma":"ἀμείβω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to προσέειπον","gloss":"answering"},{"surface":"προσέειπον","lemma":"προσεῖπον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I addressed","note":"προσεῖπον, suppletive aorist for 'speak to', unrelated in root to its own present stem."}]},{"number":80,"label":"80","id":"b11-l80","source":"ταῦτά τοι, ὦ δύστηνε, τελευτήσω τε καὶ ἔρξω.","translation":"\"These things, unhappy man, I will fulfill and do for you.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l80.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ταῦτά","lemma":"οὗτος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"these things"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"for you"},{"surface":"ὦ","lemma":"ὦ","morphology":"exclamation","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"δύστηνε","lemma":"δύστηνος","morphology":"vocative singular masculine adjective","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"unhappy one","note":"Vocative δύστηνε, Odysseus' sympathetic address to Elpenor's ghost."},{"surface":"τελευτήσω","lemma":"τελευτάω","morphology":"future active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I will fulfill"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔρξω","lemma":"ἔρδω","morphology":"future active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I will do"}]},{"number":81,"label":"81","id":"b11-l81","source":"νῶι μὲν ὣς ἐπέεσσιν ἀμειβομένω στυγεροῖσιν","translation":"So we two sat exchanging grievous words,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l81.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"νῶι ... ἀμειβομένω","title":"Dual forms","body":"The pronoun \"we two\" and the participle are dual, a number Homer uses for exactly two, here Odysseus and Elpenor."}],"words":[{"surface":"νῶι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative dual masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἥμεθ᾽","gloss":"we two","note":"Dual number νῶι, used because exactly two speakers (Odysseus and Elpenor's ghost) are meant."},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἥμεθ᾽","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ἐπέεσσιν","lemma":"ἔπος","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἀμειβομένω","gloss":"with words"},{"surface":"ἀμειβομένω","lemma":"ἀμείβω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative dual masculine","role":"adverbial to ἥμεθ᾽","gloss":"exchanging","note":"Dual participle ἀμειβομένω agreeing with νῶι, matching the dual grammar throughout the line."},{"surface":"στυγεροῖσιν","lemma":"στυγερός","morphology":"dative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἐπέεσσιν","gloss":"grievous"}]},{"number":82,"label":"82","id":"b11-l82","source":"ἥμεθʼ, ἐγὼ μὲν ἄνευθεν ἐφʼ αἵματι φάσγανον ἴσχων,","translation":"I on the one side holding my sword over the blood,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l82.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἥμεθ","lemma":"ἧμαι","morphology":"pluperfect indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"we sat"},{"surface":"ἐγὼ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἴσχων","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"on one side"},{"surface":"ἄνευθεν","lemma":"ἄνευθε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἴσχων","gloss":"apart"},{"surface":"ἐφ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"αἵματι","lemma":"αἷμα","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἐφ᾽","gloss":"blood","note":"The sacrificial blood-pit that lets ghosts speak; Odysseus guards it with his sword."},{"surface":"φάσγανον","lemma":"φάσγανον","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἴσχων","gloss":"sword"},{"surface":"ἴσχων","lemma":"ἴσχω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἥμεθ᾽","gloss":"holding"}]},{"number":83,"label":"83","id":"b11-l83","source":"εἴδωλον δʼ ἑτέρωθεν ἑταίρου πόλλʼ ἀγόρευεν·","translation":"while the phantom of my companion spoke much from the other side.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l83.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἴδωλον","lemma":"εἴδωλον","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of ἀγόρευεν","gloss":"phantom","note":"εἴδωλον, the 'image/likeness' of the dead—Homer's term for a ghost's insubstantial form."},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἑτέρωθεν","lemma":"ἑτέρωθεν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀγόρευεν","gloss":"from the other side"},{"surface":"ἑταίρου","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies εἴδωλον","gloss":"of my companion"},{"surface":"πόλλ","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of ἀγόρευεν","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"ἀγόρευεν","lemma":"ἀγορεύω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spoke"}]},{"number":84,"label":"84","id":"b11-l84","source":"ἦλθε δʼ ἐπὶ ψυχὴ μητρὸς κατατεθνηυίης,","translation":"Then came up the soul of my dead mother,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l84.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἦλθε","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"up"},{"surface":"ψυχὴ","lemma":"ψυχή","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ,","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"μητρὸς","lemma":"μήτηρ","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies ψυχὴ","gloss":"of my mother"},{"surface":"κατατεθνηυίης","lemma":"καταθνήσκω","morphology":"perfect active participle, genitive singular feminine","role":"modifies μητρὸς","gloss":"dead","note":"Perfect participle 'having died'—marks that she died after Odysseus left for Troy, a fresh grief for him."}]},{"number":85,"label":"85","id":"b11-l85","source":"Αὐτολύκου θυγάτηρ μεγαλήτορος Ἀντίκλεια,","translation":"Anticleia, daughter of great-hearted Autolycus,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l85.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Αὐτολύκου","lemma":"Αὐτόλυκος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies θυγάτηρ","gloss":"of Autolycus"},{"surface":"θυγάτηρ","lemma":"θυγάτηρ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"daughter"},{"surface":"μεγαλήτορος","lemma":"μεγαλήτωρ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Αὐτολύκου","gloss":"great-hearted","note":"Homeric epithet μεγαλήτωρ 'great-hearted', standard heroic formula."},{"surface":"Ἀντίκλεια","lemma":"Ἀντίκλεια","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"Anticleia"}]},{"number":86,"label":"86","id":"b11-l86","source":"τὴν ζωὴν κατέλειπον ἰὼν εἰς Ἴλιον ἱρήν.","translation":"whom I had left alive when I went to sacred Ilion.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l86.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὴν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"article","role":"object of κατέλειπον","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"ζωὴν","lemma":"ζωή","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"alive","note":"ζωήν used adverbially, 'alive', with κατέλειπον — accusative of state, not a direct object noun."},{"surface":"κατέλειπον","lemma":"καταλείπω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ,","gloss":"I had left"},{"surface":"ἰὼν","lemma":"εἶμι","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to κατέλειπον","gloss":"going"},{"surface":"εἰς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Ἴλιον","lemma":"Ἴλιος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"object of εἰς","gloss":"Ilion"},{"surface":"ἱρήν","lemma":"ἱρός","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Ἴλιον","gloss":"sacred","note":"ἱρός = Attic ἱερός; epic dialect keeps the older uncontracted form."}]},{"number":87,"label":"87","id":"b11-l87","source":"τὴν μὲν ἐγὼ δάκρυσα ἰδὼν ἐλέησά τε θυμῷ·","translation":"When I saw her I wept and pitied her in my heart,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l87.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὴν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of τε","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἐγὼ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of τε","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"δάκρυσα","lemma":"δακρύω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"wept"},{"surface":"ἰδὼν","lemma":"εἶδον","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to δάκρυσα","gloss":"seeing","note":"ἰδών from εἶδον (root ϝιδ-), aorist 'having seen', not from εἶμι 'go'."},{"surface":"ἐλέησά","lemma":"ἐλεέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"pitied"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"θυμῷ","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐλέησά","gloss":"in heart"}]},{"number":88,"label":"88","id":"b11-l88","source":"ἀλλʼ οὐδʼ ὣς εἴων προτέρην, πυκινόν περ ἀχεύων,","translation":"but even so, though I grieved sorely, I would not let her come first","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l88.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to εἴων","gloss":"even so"},{"surface":"εἴων","lemma":"ἐάω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I let","note":"ἐάω imperfect εἴων, 'I was letting/allowing' — sets up the infinitive ἴμεν next line."},{"surface":"προτέρην","lemma":"πρότερος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"come first"},{"surface":"πυκινόν","lemma":"πυκνός","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ἀχεύων","gloss":"deeply","note":"πυκινόν used adverbially with ἀχεύων, 'grieving deeply/closely', not modifying a noun."},{"surface":"περ","lemma":"πέρ","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"ἀχεύων","lemma":"ἀχεύω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to εἴων","gloss":"grieving"}]},{"number":89,"label":"89","id":"b11-l89","source":"αἵματος ἆσσον ἴμεν, πρὶν Τειρεσίαο πυθέσθαι.","translation":"near the blood before I had questioned Teiresias.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l89.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αἵματος","lemma":"αἷμα","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἆσσον","gloss":"the blood"},{"surface":"ἆσσον","lemma":"ἆσσον","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"near"},{"surface":"ἴμεν","lemma":"εἶμι","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of εἴων","gloss":"to go","note":"infinitive completing εἴων 'I did not let (her) go near the blood'."},{"surface":"πρὶν","lemma":"πρίν","morphology":"adverb","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"Τειρεσίαο","lemma":"Τειρεσίης","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of πυθέσθαι","gloss":"Teiresias"},{"surface":"πυθέσθαι","lemma":"πυνθάνομαι","morphology":"aorist middle infinitive","role":"adverbial to πρὶν","gloss":"inquiring of"}]},{"number":90,"label":"90","id":"b11-l90","source":"ἦλθε δʼ ἐπὶ ψυχὴ Θηβαίου Τειρεσίαο","translation":"Then came up the soul of Theban Teiresias,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l90.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἦλθε","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"up","note":"ἐπί here is a 'tmesis' preverb separated from ἦλθε — together 'came up/approached'."},{"surface":"ψυχὴ","lemma":"ψυχή","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"Θηβαίου","lemma":"Θηβαῖος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Τειρεσίαο","gloss":"Theban"},{"surface":"Τειρεσίαο","lemma":"Τειρεσίης","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ψυχὴ","gloss":"Teiresias"}]},{"number":91,"label":"91","id":"b11-l91","source":"χρύσεον σκῆπτρον ἔχων, ἐμὲ δʼ ἔγνω καὶ προσέειπεν·","translation":"holding a golden staff; and he knew me and spoke:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l91.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"χρύσεον","lemma":"χρύσεος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies σκῆπτρον","gloss":"golden"},{"surface":"σκῆπτρον","lemma":"σκῆπτρον","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἔχων","gloss":"staff","note":"σκῆπτρον 'staff' marks Teiresias's authority even among the dead."},{"surface":"ἔχων","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἦλθε","gloss":"holding"},{"surface":"ἐμὲ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἔγνω","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔγνω","lemma":"γιγνώσκω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"recognized"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"προσέειπεν","lemma":"προσεῖπον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spoke"}]},{"number":92,"label":"92","id":"b11-l92","source":"διογενὲς Λαερτιάδη, πολυμήχανʼ Ὀδυσσεῦ,","translation":"\"Zeus-born son of Laertes, resourceful Odysseus,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l92.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"διογενὲς","lemma":"διογενής","morphology":"vocative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies Λαερτιάδη","gloss":"Zeus-born","note":"διογενής, formulaic epithet 'sprung from Zeus', used of heroes regardless of literal descent."},{"surface":"Λαερτιάδη","lemma":"Λαερτιάδης","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"son of Laertes"},{"surface":"πολυμήχαν","lemma":"πολυμήχανος","morphology":"vocative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ὀδυσσεῦ","gloss":"resourceful","note":"πολυμήχανος, one of Odysseus's stock epithets, 'of many devices'."},{"surface":"Ὀδυσσεῦ","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"Odysseus"}]},{"number":93,"label":"93","id":"b11-l93","source":"τίπτʼ αὖτʼ, ὦ δύστηνε, λιπὼν φάος ἠελίοιο","translation":"why now, unhappy man, leaving the light of the sun,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l93.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τίπτ","lemma":"τίπτε","morphology":"pronoun","role":"adverbial to ἤλυθες","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"αὖτ","lemma":"αὖτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"now again"},{"surface":"ὦ","lemma":"ὦ","morphology":"exclamation","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"δύστηνε","lemma":"δύστηνος","morphology":"vocative singular masculine adjective","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"unhappy man"},{"surface":"λιπὼν","lemma":"λείπω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἤλυθες","gloss":"leaving"},{"surface":"φάος","lemma":"φάος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of λιπὼν","gloss":"light","note":"φάος ἠελίοιο 'the light of the sun' is a set epic phrase for being alive."},{"surface":"ἠελίοιο","lemma":"ἠέλιος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies φάος","gloss":"of the sun"}]},{"number":94,"label":"94","id":"b11-l94","source":"ἤλυθες, ὄφρα ἴδῃ νέκυας καὶ ἀτερπέα χῶρον;","translation":"have you come to see the dead and this joyless place?","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l94.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἤλυθες","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"have you come"},{"surface":"ὄφρα","lemma":"ὄφρα","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"ἴδῃ","lemma":"εἶδον","morphology":"aorist medio-passive subjunctive, 2nd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὄφρα","gloss":"you may see"},{"surface":"νέκυας","lemma":"νέκυς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"the dead"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀτερπέα","lemma":"ἀτερπής","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies χῶρον","gloss":"joyless"},{"surface":"χῶρον","lemma":"χῶρος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"place"}]},{"number":95,"label":"95","id":"b11-l95","source":"ἀλλʼ ἀποχάζεο βόθρου, ἄπισχε δὲ φάσγανον ὀξύ,","translation":"Stand back from the pit and hold off your sharp sword,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l95.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἀποχάζεο ... ἄπισχε","title":"Imperatives","body":"Teiresias issues two commands in the imperative: \"stand back\" and \"hold off,\" directing Odysseus so he can drink the blood."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἀποχάζεο","lemma":"ἀποχάζομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"stand back","note":"imperative middle, 'draw yourself back' — Teiresias must drink blood before Odysseus can question him."},{"surface":"βόθρου","lemma":"βόθρος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἀποχάζεο","gloss":"from the pit"},{"surface":"ἄπισχε","lemma":"ἀπίσχω","morphology":"present active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"hold off"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"φάσγανον","lemma":"φάσγανον","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἄπισχε","gloss":"sword"},{"surface":"ὀξύ","lemma":"ὀξύς","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies φάσγανον","gloss":"sharp"}]},{"number":96,"label":"96","id":"b11-l96","source":"αἵματος ὄφρα πίω καί τοι νημερτέα εἴπω.","translation":"that I may drink of the blood and tell you the truth.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l96.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αἵματος","lemma":"αἷμα","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"object of πίω","gloss":"of the blood"},{"surface":"ὄφρα","lemma":"ὄφρα","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"πίω","lemma":"πίνω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 1st singular verb","role":"adverbial to καί","gloss":"I may drink","note":"drinking the sacrificial blood lets the shade speak with clear mind — key ritual logic of the Nekyia."},{"surface":"καί","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"object of εἴπω","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"νημερτέα","lemma":"νημερτής","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of εἴπω","gloss":"unerring truth"},{"surface":"εἴπω","lemma":"εἶπον","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 1st singular verb","role":"adverbial to καί","gloss":"tell"}]},{"number":97,"label":"97","id":"b11-l97","source":"ὣς φάτʼ, ἐγὼ δʼ ἀναχασσάμενος ξίφος\n                     ἀργυρόηλον","translation":"So he spoke, and I drew back and the silver-studded sword","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l97.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to φάτ᾽","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"φάτ","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"aorist indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he spoke"},{"surface":"ἐγὼ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἐγκατέπηξ᾽","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀναχασσάμενος","lemma":"ἀναχάζω","morphology":"aorist middle participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐγκατέπηξ᾽","gloss":"drawing back"},{"surface":"ξίφος","lemma":"ξίφος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἐγκατέπηξ᾽","gloss":"sword"},{"surface":"ἀργυρόηλον","lemma":"ἀργυρόηλος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ξίφος","gloss":"silver-studded","note":"ξίφος ἀργυρόηλον, a formulaic decorative epithet for a hero's sword."}]},{"number":98,"label":"98","id":"b11-l98","source":"κουλεῷ ἐγκατέπηξʼ. ὁ δʼ ἐπεὶ πίεν αἷμα κελαινόν,","translation":"thrust into its sheath. And when he had drunk the dark blood,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l98.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κουλεῷ","lemma":"κολεόν","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἐγκατέπηξ᾽","gloss":"sheath"},{"surface":"ἐγκατέπηξ","lemma":"ἐγκαταπήγνυμι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"thrust into"},{"surface":"ὁ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"πίεν","lemma":"πίνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἐπεὶ","gloss":"drank"},{"surface":"αἷμα","lemma":"αἷμα","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of πίεν","gloss":"blood"},{"surface":"κελαινόν","lemma":"κελαινός","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies αἷμα","gloss":"dark"}]},{"number":99,"label":"99","id":"b11-l99","source":"καὶ τότε δή μʼ ἐπέεσσι προσηύδα μάντις ἀμύμων·","translation":"then at last the noble seer spoke to me with words:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l99.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τότε","lemma":"τότε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to προσηύδα","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"δή","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"μ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of προσηύδα","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ἐπέεσσι","lemma":"ἔπος","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to προσηύδα","gloss":"with words"},{"surface":"προσηύδα","lemma":"προσαυδάω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"addressed"},{"surface":"μάντις","lemma":"μάντις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"seer"},{"surface":"ἀμύμων","lemma":"ἀμύμων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies μάντις","gloss":"noble","note":"ἀμύμων, formulaic epithet 'blameless/noble', regularly paired with μάντις for Teiresias."}]},{"number":100,"label":"100","id":"b11-l100","source":"νόστον δίζηαι μελιηδέα, φαίδιμʼ Ὀδυσσεῦ·","translation":"\"You seek a honey-sweet homecoming, glorious Odysseus,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l100.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"νόστον","lemma":"νόστος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of δίζηαι","gloss":"homecoming"},{"surface":"δίζηαι","lemma":"δίζημαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"you seek"},{"surface":"μελιηδέα","lemma":"μελιηδής","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies νόστον","gloss":"honey-sweet","note":"μελιηδής 'honey-sweet' modifying νόστος — homecoming imagined as a taste, a favorite Odyssean metaphor."},{"surface":"φαίδιμ","lemma":"φαίδιμος","morphology":"vocative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ὀδυσσεῦ","gloss":"glorious"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσσεῦ","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"Odysseus"}]},{"number":101,"label":"101","id":"b11-l101","source":"τὸν δέ τοι ἀργαλέον θήσει θεός· οὐ γὰρ ὀίω","translation":"but a god will make it hard for you; for I do not think","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l101.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of θήσει","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"object of θήσει","gloss":"for you"},{"surface":"ἀργαλέον","lemma":"ἀργαλέος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"complement of θήσει","gloss":"hard"},{"surface":"θήσει","lemma":"τίθημι","morphology":"future active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will make"},{"surface":"θεός","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of θήσει","gloss":"a god"},{"surface":"οὐ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ὀίω","lemma":"οἴομαι","morphology":"present active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I think"}]},{"number":102,"label":"102","id":"b11-l102","source":"λήσειν ἐννοσίγαιον, ὅ τοι κότον ἔνθετο θυμῷ","translation":"you will escape the Earth-shaker, who has set anger in his heart against you,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l102.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ἐννοσίγαιον","title":"Earth-shaker","body":"A title of Poseidon, \"shaker of the earth,\" marking his power over earthquakes and the sea."}],"words":[{"surface":"λήσειν","lemma":"λανθάνω","morphology":"future active infinitive","role":"object of ὀίω","gloss":"escape notice of","note":"λήσειν + acc., 'escape the notice of' — idiom with λανθάνω, governing ἐννοσίγαιον as object."},{"surface":"ἐννοσίγαιον","lemma":"Ἐννοσίγαιος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of λήσειν","gloss":"the Earth-shaker","note":"Ἐννοσίγαιος, epithet-name for Poseidon, 'shaker of the earth'."},{"surface":"ὅ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἔνθετο","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"object of ἔνθετο","gloss":"against you"},{"surface":"κότον","lemma":"κότος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἔνθετο","gloss":"anger"},{"surface":"ἔνθετο","lemma":"ἐντίθημι","morphology":"aorist indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ἐννοσίγαιον","gloss":"has set"},{"surface":"θυμῷ","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἔνθετο","gloss":"in heart"}]},{"number":103,"label":"103","id":"b11-l103","source":"χωόμενος ὅτι οἱ υἱὸν φίλον ἐξαλάωσας.","translation":"enraged because you blinded his dear son.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l103.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"χωόμενος","lemma":"χώομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἔνθετο","gloss":"being enraged"},{"surface":"ὅτι","lemma":"ὅτι","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies υἱὸν","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"υἱὸν","lemma":"υἱός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐξαλάωσας","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"φίλον","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies υἱὸν","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"ἐξαλάωσας","lemma":"ἐξαλαόω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"object of ὅτι","gloss":"you blinded","note":"refers to Polyphemus, Poseidon's son, blinded by Odysseus in Book 9 — the source of the god's wrath."}]},{"number":104,"label":"104","id":"b11-l104","source":"ἀλλʼ ἔτι μέν κε καὶ ὣς κακά περ πάσχοντες ἵκοισθε,","translation":"Yet even so, though suffering hardships, you may still reach home,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l104.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἵκοισθε","title":"Optative of possibility","body":"The optative with κε expresses a possible future outcome: \"you may reach.\" Homer often uses it for cautious prediction."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἔτι","lemma":"ἔτι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἵκοισθε","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"μέν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"κε","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"would","note":"κε/ἄν + optative ἵκοισθε forms a potential 'you might still arrive' — a hopeful, uncertain future."},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἵκοισθε","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"κακά","lemma":"κακός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of πάσχοντες","gloss":"evils"},{"surface":"περ","lemma":"πέρ","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"πάσχοντες","lemma":"πάσχω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ἵκοισθε","gloss":"suffering"},{"surface":"ἵκοισθε","lemma":"ἱκνέομαι","morphology":"aorist middle optative, 2nd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"you might arrive"}]},{"number":105,"label":"105","id":"b11-l105","source":"αἴ κʼ ἐθέλῃς σὸν θυμὸν ἐρυκακέειν καὶ ἑταίρων,","translation":"if you are willing to restrain your own heart and your companions',","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l105.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αἴ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"κ","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"(potential particle)"},{"surface":"ἐθέλῃς","lemma":"ἐθέλω","morphology":"present active subjunctive, 2nd singular verb","role":"adverbial to αἴ","gloss":"you are willing"},{"surface":"σὸν","lemma":"σός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"your own"},{"surface":"θυμὸν","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐρυκακέειν","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"ἐρυκακέειν","lemma":"ἐρύκω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of ἐθέλῃς","gloss":"to restrain"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἑταίρων","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"of companions","note":"θυμόν governs both 'your' and 'your companions'' hearts — warning that the crew's restraint matters too (foreshadowing the cattle of the sun)."}]},{"number":106,"label":"106","id":"b11-l106","source":"ὁππότε κε πρῶτον πελάσῃς ἐυεργέα νῆα","translation":"when first you bring your well-built ship near","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l106.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὁππότε","lemma":"ὁπότε","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"κε","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"(potential particle)"},{"surface":"πρῶτον","lemma":"πρῶτος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to πελάσῃς","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"πελάσῃς","lemma":"πελάζω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 2nd singular verb","role":"adverbial to δ᾽","gloss":"you bring near"},{"surface":"ἐυεργέα","lemma":"εὐεργής","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies νῆα","gloss":"well-built"},{"surface":"νῆα","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of πελάσῃς","gloss":"ship"}]},{"number":107,"label":"107","id":"b11-l107","source":"Θρινακίῃ νήσῳ, προφυγὼν ἰοειδέα πόντον,","translation":"to the island of Thrinacia, escaping the violet sea,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l107.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Θρινακίῃ","lemma":"Θρινακίη","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"modifies νήσῳ","gloss":"Thrinacia"},{"surface":"νήσῳ","lemma":"νῆσος","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of πελάσῃς","gloss":"island"},{"surface":"προφυγὼν","lemma":"προφεύγω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to πελάσῃς","gloss":"escaping"},{"surface":"ἰοειδέα","lemma":"ἰοειδής","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies πόντον","gloss":"violet","note":"ἰοειδής 'violet-colored', a poetic sea-epithet describing the sea's dark hue, distinct from οἴνοψ 'wine-dark'."},{"surface":"πόντον","lemma":"πόντος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of προφυγὼν","gloss":"sea"}]},{"number":108,"label":"108","id":"b11-l108","source":"βοσκομένας δʼ εὕρητε βόας καὶ ἴφια μῆλα","translation":"and you find grazing there the cattle and sturdy sheep","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l108.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"βοσκομένας","lemma":"βόσκω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, accusative plural feminine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"grazing"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"εὕρητε","lemma":"εὑρίσκω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 2nd plural verb","role":"adverbial to δ᾽","gloss":"you find"},{"surface":"βόας","lemma":"βοῦς","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"cattle"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἴφια","lemma":"ἴφιος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies μῆλα","gloss":"sturdy"},{"surface":"μῆλα","lemma":"μῆλον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"sheep"}]},{"number":109,"label":"109","id":"b11-l109","source":"Ἠελίου, ὃς πάντʼ ἐφορᾷ καὶ πάντʼ ἐπακούει.","translation":"of Helios, who sees all things and hears all things.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l109.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ἠελίου","lemma":"Ἠέλιος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"of Helios"},{"surface":"ὃς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"πάντ","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of ἐφορᾷ","gloss":"all things"},{"surface":"ἐφορᾷ","lemma":"ἐφοράω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing καὶ","gloss":"oversees","note":"ἐφοράω 'watches over all', stressing the sun-god's omniscience — the cattle cannot be harmed unseen."},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πάντ","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of ἐπακούει","gloss":"all things"},{"surface":"ἐπακούει","lemma":"ἐπακούω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing καὶ","gloss":"hears"}]},{"number":110,"label":"110","id":"b11-l110","source":"τὰς εἰ μέν κʼ ἀσινέας ἐάᾳς νόστου τε μέδηαι,","translation":"If you leave these unharmed and keep your mind on your homecoming,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l110.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὰς","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative plural feminine pronoun","role":"object of ἐάᾳς","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"εἰ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"μέν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"κ","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"(potential particle)"},{"surface":"ἀσινέας","lemma":"ἀσινής","morphology":"accusative plural feminine adjective","role":"complement of ἐάᾳς","gloss":"unharmed"},{"surface":"ἐάᾳς","lemma":"ἐάω","morphology":"present active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"adverbial to τε","gloss":"you leave"},{"surface":"νόστου","lemma":"νόστος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of μέδηαι","gloss":"homecoming"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μέδηαι","lemma":"μέδομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive subjunctive, 2nd singular verb","role":"adverbial to τε","gloss":"keep mind on","note":"μέδομαι + gen., 'be mindful of' — governs νόστου, 'keep your mind on your return'."}]},{"number":111,"label":"111","id":"b11-l111","source":"καί κεν ἔτʼ εἰς Ἰθάκην κακά περ πάσχοντες ἵκοισθε·","translation":"then you may still reach Ithaca, though after much suffering;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l111.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καί","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"κεν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"(potential particle)"},{"surface":"ἔτ","lemma":"ἔτι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἵκοισθε","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"εἰς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Ἰθάκην","lemma":"Ἰθάκη","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of εἰς","gloss":"Ithaca"},{"surface":"κακά","lemma":"κακός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of πάσχοντες","gloss":"evils"},{"surface":"περ","lemma":"πέρ","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"πάσχοντες","lemma":"πάσχω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ἵκοισθε","gloss":"suffering"},{"surface":"ἵκοισθε","lemma":"ἱκνέομαι","morphology":"aorist middle optative, 2nd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"you might arrive","note":"line repeats l104's ἵκοισθε formula almost verbatim — typical Homeric ring repetition to underline the conditional promise."}]},{"number":112,"label":"112","id":"b11-l112","source":"εἰ δέ κε σίνηαι, τότε τοι τεκμαίρομʼ ὄλεθρον,","translation":"but if you harm them, then I foretell ruin for you,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l112.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"τεκμαίρομʼ","title":"Vivid present","body":"Teiresias uses the present tense \"I foretell\" to mark the prophecy as a present, certain act, heightening its force."}],"words":[{"surface":"εἰ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"but if"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κε","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"(potential particle)"},{"surface":"σίνηαι","lemma":"σίνομαι","morphology":"aorist medio-passive subjunctive, 2nd singular verb","role":"adverbial to εἰ","gloss":"you harm them"},{"surface":"τότε","lemma":"τότε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to τεκμαίρομ᾽","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"object of ,","gloss":"for you"},{"surface":"τεκμαίρομ","lemma":"τεκμαίρομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I foretell"},{"surface":"ὄλεθρον","lemma":"ὄλεθρος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of τεκμαίρομ᾽","gloss":"ruin","note":"ὄλεθρος foreshadows the crew's doom on Thrinacia in Book 12 — Teiresias's prophecy sets up that entire episode."}]},{"number":113,"label":"113","id":"b11-l113","source":"νηί τε καὶ ἑτάροις. αὐτὸς δʼ εἴ πέρ κεν ἀλύξῃς,","translation":"for your ship and your comrades. And even if you yourself escape,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l113.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"νηί","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"ship"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἑτάροις","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"comrades"},{"surface":"αὐτὸς","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"you yourself","note":"αὐτός adds emphatic 'yourself', contrasting Odysseus's fate with his ship's and crew's loss."},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"εἴ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"πέρ","lemma":"πέρ","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"κεν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"(modal particle)"},{"surface":"ἀλύξῃς","lemma":"ἀλύσκω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 2nd singular verb","role":"adverbial to εἴ","gloss":"escape","note":"aorist subjunctive with εἴ...κεν marks a vivid future condition: 'if you should escape'."}]},{"number":114,"label":"114","id":"b11-l114","source":"ὀψὲ κακῶς νεῖαι, ὀλέσας ἄπο πάντας ἑταίρους,","translation":"you will come home late and in misery, having lost all your comrades,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l114.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὀψὲ","lemma":"ὀψέ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to νεῖαι","gloss":"late"},{"surface":"κακῶς","lemma":"κακός","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to νεῖαι","gloss":"miserably"},{"surface":"νεῖαι","lemma":"νέομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"you will come home","note":"νέομαι here has future sense despite present form, typical of Homeric usage."},{"surface":"ὀλέσας","lemma":"ὄλλυμι","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to νεῖαι","gloss":"having lost"},{"surface":"ἄπο","lemma":"ἀπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"away"},{"surface":"πάντας","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἑταίρους","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"ἑταίρους","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ὀλέσας","gloss":"comrades"}]},{"number":115,"label":"115","id":"b11-l115","source":"νηὸς ἐπʼ ἀλλοτρίης· δήεις δʼ ἐν πήματα οἴκῳ,","translation":"aboard another man's ship; and you will find troubles in your house,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l115.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"νηὸς","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐπ᾽","gloss":"ship"},{"surface":"ἐπ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"ἀλλοτρίης","lemma":"ἀλλότριος","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies νηὸς","gloss":"another's","note":"ἀλλότριος 'belonging to another' — a bitter foreshadowing: he'll return on a stranger's ship, not his own."},{"surface":"δήεις","lemma":"δήω","morphology":"present active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"you will find"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"πήματα","lemma":"πῆμα","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ,","gloss":"troubles"},{"surface":"οἴκῳ","lemma":"οἶκος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"house"}]},{"number":116,"label":"116","id":"b11-l116","source":"ἄνδρας ὑπερφιάλους, οἵ τοι βίοτον κατέδουσι","translation":"arrogant men who are devouring your livelihood,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l116.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἄνδρας","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ,","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"ὑπερφιάλους","lemma":"ὑπερφίαλος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἄνδρας","gloss":"arrogant","note":"ὑπερφίαλος, the standard epic epithet for the suitors' overweening insolence."},{"surface":"οἵ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of κατέδουσι","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"object of κατέδουσι","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"βίοτον","lemma":"βίοτος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of κατέδουσι","gloss":"livelihood"},{"surface":"κατέδουσι","lemma":"κατέδω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ἄνδρας","gloss":"devour"}]},{"number":117,"label":"117","id":"b11-l117","source":"μνώμενοι ἀντιθέην ἄλοχον καὶ ἕδνα διδόντες.","translation":"courting your godlike wife and offering bridal gifts.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l117.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μνώμενοι","lemma":"μνάομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"courting"},{"surface":"ἀντιθέην","lemma":"ἀντίθεος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἄλοχον","gloss":"godlike","note":"ἀντίθεος 'equal to the gods' — formulaic epithet elevating Penelope even in this grim context."},{"surface":"ἄλοχον","lemma":"ἄλοχος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of μνώμενοι","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἕδνα","lemma":"ἕδνον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of διδόντες","gloss":"bridal gifts"},{"surface":"διδόντες","lemma":"δίδωμι","morphology":"present active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"offering"}]},{"number":118,"label":"118","id":"b11-l118","source":"ἀλλʼ ἦ τοι κείνων γε βίας ἀποτίσεαι ἐλθών·","translation":"But you will surely avenge their violence when you come;","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l118.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἀποτίσεαι","title":"Future middle","body":"The future middle \"you will avenge yourself\" (ἀποτίσεαι) frames the revenge as something Odysseus does for his own interest, the typical sense of the middle voice."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"τοι","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"κείνων","lemma":"ἐκεῖνος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies βίας","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"βίας","lemma":"βία","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἀποτίσεαι","gloss":"violence","note":"βίας (acc. pl.) 'acts of violence' functions almost like 'crimes'—object of the vengeance verb."},{"surface":"ἀποτίσεαι","lemma":"ἀποτίνω","morphology":"future middle indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"you will avenge"},{"surface":"ἐλθών","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἀποτίσεαι","gloss":"having come"}]},{"number":119,"label":"119","id":"b11-l119","source":"αὐτὰρ ἐπὴν μνηστῆρας ἐνὶ μεγάροισι τεοῖσι","translation":"and after you have killed the suitors in your halls,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l119.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but then"},{"surface":"ἐπὴν","lemma":"ἐπήν","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"μνηστῆρας","lemma":"μνηστήρ","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of κτείνῃς","gloss":"suitors"},{"surface":"ἐνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"μεγάροισι","lemma":"μέγαρον","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἐνὶ","gloss":"halls"},{"surface":"τεοῖσι","lemma":"τεός","morphology":"dative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies μεγάροισι","gloss":"your","note":"τεός is the epic/Homeric possessive 'your', an older form beside σός."}]},{"number":120,"label":"120","id":"b11-l120","source":"κτείνῃς ἠὲ δόλῳ ἢ ἀμφαδὸν ὀξέι χαλκῷ,","translation":"whether by guile or openly with sharp bronze,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l120.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κτείνῃς","lemma":"κτείνω","morphology":"present active subjunctive, 2nd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἐπὴν","gloss":"you kill"},{"surface":"ἠὲ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"either"},{"surface":"δόλῳ","lemma":"δόλος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἢ","gloss":"by guile"},{"surface":"ἢ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"ἀμφαδὸν","lemma":"ἀμφαδόν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἢ","gloss":"openly"},{"surface":"ὀξέι","lemma":"ὀξύς","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies χαλκῷ","gloss":"sharp"},{"surface":"χαλκῷ","lemma":"χαλκός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to κτείνῃς","gloss":"bronze","note":"χαλκός 'bronze' stands for a bladed weapon, a common metonymy in Homer."}]},{"number":121,"label":"121","id":"b11-l121","source":"ἔρχεσθαι δὴ ἔπειτα λαβὼν ἐυῆρες ἐρετμόν,","translation":"then you must set out, taking a well-fitted oar,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l121.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔρχεσθαι","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive infinitive","role":"main verb","gloss":"set out"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then indeed"},{"surface":"ἔπειτα","lemma":"ἔπειτα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔρχεσθαι","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"λαβὼν","lemma":"λαμβάνω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἔρχεσθαι","gloss":"taking"},{"surface":"ἐυῆρες","lemma":"εὐήρης","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἐρετμόν","gloss":"well-fitted","note":"εὐήρης 'well-fitted' is the fixed epic epithet for oars, repeated later at l129."},{"surface":"ἐρετμόν","lemma":"ἐρετμόν","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of λαβὼν","gloss":"oar"}]},{"number":122,"label":"122","id":"b11-l122","source":"εἰς ὅ κε τοὺς ἀφίκηαι οἳ οὐκ ἴσασι θάλασσαν","translation":"until you reach men who know nothing of the sea","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l122.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἰς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"ὅ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"adverbial to ἀφίκηαι","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"κε","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"(modal particle)"},{"surface":"τοὺς","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἀφίκηαι","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"ἀφίκηαι","lemma":"ἀφικνέομαι","morphology":"aorist medio-passive subjunctive, 2nd singular verb","role":"adverbial to εἰς","gloss":"you reach"},{"surface":"οἳ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"modifies ἀνέρες","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"οὐκ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ἴσασι","lemma":"οἶδα","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing δέ","gloss":"know","note":"ἴσασι is perfect in form but present in sense, from οἶδα—Homer's stative 'know'."},{"surface":"θάλασσαν","lemma":"θάλασσα","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἴσασι","gloss":"the sea"}]},{"number":123,"label":"123","id":"b11-l123","source":"ἀνέρες, οὐδέ θʼ ἅλεσσι μεμιγμένον εἶδαρ ἔδουσιν·","translation":"and eat no food mixed with salt;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l123.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀνέρες","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of δέ","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"θ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἅλεσσι","lemma":"ἅλς","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of μεμιγμένον","gloss":"salt"},{"surface":"μεμιγμένον","lemma":"μίγνυμι","morphology":"perfect medio-passive participle, accusative singular neuter","role":"modifies εἶδαρ","gloss":"mixed"},{"surface":"εἶδαρ","lemma":"εἶδαρ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἔδουσιν","gloss":"food"},{"surface":"ἔδουσιν","lemma":"ἔδω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing δέ","gloss":"eat"}]},{"number":124,"label":"124","id":"b11-l124","source":"οὐδʼ ἄρα τοί γʼ ἴσασι νέας φοινικοπαρῄους","translation":"they know nothing of ships with crimson cheeks,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l124.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"φοινικοπαρῄους","title":"Crimson-cheeked ships","body":"Ships' prows were painted red; the compound literally means \"red-cheeked,\" treating the bow like a face."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἄρα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"τοί","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of δ᾽","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"γ","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἴσασι","lemma":"οἶδα","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"νέας","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἴσασι","gloss":"ships"},{"surface":"φοινικοπαρῄους","lemma":"φοινικοπάρῃος","morphology":"accusative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies νέας","gloss":"crimson-cheeked","note":"φοινικοπάρῃος 'red-cheeked' describes painted prows—a vivid compound epithet unique to this formula."}]},{"number":125,"label":"125","id":"b11-l125","source":"οὐδʼ ἐυήρεʼ ἐρετμά, τά τε πτερὰ νηυσὶ πέλονται.","translation":"nor of well-fitted oars, which are the wings of ships.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l125.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"πτερὰ","title":"Oars as wings","body":"Calling oars the \"wings\" of ships is a Homeric image likening rowing to flight."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἐυήρε","lemma":"εὐήρης","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἐρετμά","gloss":"well-fitted"},{"surface":"ἐρετμά","lemma":"ἐρετμόν","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object","gloss":"oars"},{"surface":"τά","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural neuter pronoun","role":"subject of πέλονται","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"πτερὰ","lemma":"πτερόν","morphology":"nominative plural neuter noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"wings","note":"πτερά 'wings' is a poetic metaphor calling oars the 'wings of ships'."},{"surface":"νηυσὶ","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"object of πέλονται","gloss":"ships"},{"surface":"πέλονται","lemma":"πέλω","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ἐρετμά","gloss":"are"}]},{"number":126,"label":"126","id":"b11-l126","source":"σῆμα δέ τοι ἐρέω μάλʼ ἀριφραδές, οὐδέ σε λήσει·","translation":"I will tell you a very clear sign, and it will not escape you:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l126.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"σῆμα","title":"Sign / token","body":"A sêma is a sign or token to be recognized; here, the unmistakable proof that Odysseus has reached the inland people."}],"words":[{"surface":"σῆμα","lemma":"σῆμα","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἐρέω","gloss":"a sign"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"object of ἐρέω","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"ἐρέω","lemma":"ἐρῶ","morphology":"future active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I will tell"},{"surface":"μάλ","lemma":"μάλα","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"ἀριφραδές","lemma":"ἀριφραδής","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies σῆμα","gloss":"clear"},{"surface":"σε","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative singular pronoun","role":"object of λήσει","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"λήσει","lemma":"λανθάνω","morphology":"future active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"escape notice","note":"λήσει from λανθάνω 'escape notice' — the sign 'will not escape' him, i.e. he'll recognize it unmistakably."}]},{"number":127,"label":"127","id":"b11-l127","source":"ὁππότε κεν δή τοι συμβλήμενος ἄλλος ὁδίτης","translation":"when another wayfarer, meeting you,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l127.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὁππότε","lemma":"ὁπότε","morphology":"adverb","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"whenever"},{"surface":"κεν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"(modal particle)"},{"surface":"δή","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"object of συμβλήμενος","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"συμβλήμενος","lemma":"συμβάλλω","morphology":"aorist participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to φήῃ","gloss":"meeting"},{"surface":"ἄλλος","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ὁδίτης","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"ὁδίτης","lemma":"ὁδίτης","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of φήῃ","gloss":"wayfarer"}]},{"number":128,"label":"128","id":"b11-l128","source":"φήῃ ἀθηρηλοιγὸν ἔχειν ἀνὰ φαιδίμῳ ὤμῳ,","translation":"says you have a winnowing-fan on your shining shoulder,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l128.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"φήῃ","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"present active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὁππότε","gloss":"says"},{"surface":"ἀθηρηλοιγὸν","lemma":"ἀθηρηλοιγός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἔχειν","gloss":"winnowing-fan","note":"ἀθηρηλοιγός, a rare compound ('chaff-destroyer') naming the oar-mistaken-for-fan, key to the sign's meaning."},{"surface":"ἔχειν","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of φήῃ","gloss":"to have"},{"surface":"ἀνὰ","lemma":"ἀνά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"φαιδίμῳ","lemma":"φαίδιμος","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ὤμῳ","gloss":"shining"},{"surface":"ὤμῳ","lemma":"ὦμος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἀνὰ","gloss":"shoulder"}]},{"number":129,"label":"129","id":"b11-l129","source":"καὶ τότε δὴ γαίῃ πήξας ἐυῆρες ἐρετμόν,","translation":"then plant the well-fitted oar in the earth,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l129.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τότε","lemma":"τότε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀποστείχειν","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"γαίῃ","lemma":"γαῖα","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of πήξας","gloss":"in the earth"},{"surface":"πήξας","lemma":"πήγνυμι","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ,","gloss":"having planted","note":"πήξας 'having fixed/planted' — the ritual act that ends Odysseus's wandering with the oar."},{"surface":"ἐυῆρες","lemma":"εὐήρης","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἐρετμόν","gloss":"well-fitted"},{"surface":"ἐρετμόν","lemma":"ἐρετμόν","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of πήξας","gloss":"oar"}]},{"number":130,"label":"130","id":"b11-l130","source":"ῥέξας ἱερὰ καλὰ Ποσειδάωνι ἄνακτι,","translation":"and sacrifice fine offerings to lord Poseidon,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l130.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ῥέξας","lemma":"ῥέζω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ,","gloss":"having sacrificed"},{"surface":"ἱερὰ","lemma":"ἱερόν","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ,","gloss":"offerings"},{"surface":"καλὰ","lemma":"καλός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἱερὰ","gloss":"fine"},{"surface":"Ποσειδάωνι","lemma":"Ποσειδεών","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ῥέξας","gloss":"to Poseidon"},{"surface":"ἄνακτι","lemma":"ἄναξ","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ποσειδάωνι","gloss":"lord","note":"ἄναξ 'lord' in apposition to Poseidon, a standard divine title of respect."}]},{"number":131,"label":"131","id":"b11-l131","source":"ἀρνειὸν ταῦρόν τε συῶν τʼ ἐπιβήτορα κάπρον,","translation":"a ram, a bull, and a boar that mounts the sows,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l131.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀρνειὸν","lemma":"ἀρνειός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of τ᾽","gloss":"a ram"},{"surface":"ταῦρόν","lemma":"ταῦρος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of τ᾽","gloss":"a bull"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"συῶν","lemma":"ὗς","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies κάπρον","gloss":"sows"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐπιβήτορα","lemma":"ἐπιβήτωρ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies κάπρον","gloss":"that mounts","note":"ἐπιβήτωρ 'mounter/sire' describes the boar's breeding role, a vivid rustic detail."},{"surface":"κάπρον","lemma":"κάπρος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of τ᾽","gloss":"boar"}]},{"number":132,"label":"132","id":"b11-l132","source":"οἴκαδʼ ἀποστείχειν ἔρδειν θʼ ἱερᾶς ἑκατόμβας","translation":"and then go home and offer sacred hecatombs","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l132.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἴκαδ","lemma":"οἴκαδε","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of ἀποστείχειν","gloss":"homeward"},{"surface":"ἀποστείχειν","lemma":"ἀποστείχω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"main verb","gloss":"go back"},{"surface":"ἔρδειν","lemma":"ἔρδω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"main verb","gloss":"perform"},{"surface":"θ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἱερᾶς","lemma":"ἱερός","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἑκατόμβας","gloss":"sacred"},{"surface":"ἑκατόμβας","lemma":"ἑκατόμβη","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἔρδειν","gloss":"hecatombs","note":"ἑκατόμβη literally 'hundred oxen', the grandest form of sacrifice, though used loosely of any large offering."}]},{"number":133,"label":"133","id":"b11-l133","source":"ἀθανάτοισι θεοῖσι, τοὶ οὐρανὸν εὐρὺν ἔχουσι,","translation":"to the immortal gods who hold the wide heaven,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l133.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀθανάτοισι","lemma":"ἀθάνατος","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies θεοῖσι","gloss":"immortal"},{"surface":"θεοῖσι","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἔρδειν","gloss":"gods"},{"surface":"τοὶ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἔχουσι","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"οὐρανὸν","lemma":"οὐρανός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἔχουσι","gloss":"heaven"},{"surface":"εὐρὺν","lemma":"εὐρύς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies οὐρανὸν","gloss":"wide"},{"surface":"ἔχουσι","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing θεοῖσι","gloss":"hold"}]},{"number":134,"label":"134","id":"b11-l134","source":"πᾶσι μάλʼ ἑξείης. θάνατος δέ τοι ἐξ ἁλὸς αὐτῷ","translation":"to all in due order. And for you death will come from the sea,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l134.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πᾶσι","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies θεοῖσι","gloss":"to all"},{"surface":"μάλ","lemma":"μάλα","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"ἑξείης","lemma":"ἑξῆς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔρδειν","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"θάνατος","lemma":"θάνατος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐλεύσεται","gloss":"death"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"object of ἐλεύσεται","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"ἐξ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"ἁλὸς","lemma":"ἅλς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐξ","gloss":"the sea"},{"surface":"αὐτῷ","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies τοι","gloss":"yourself","note":"αὐτῷ 'to you yourself' intensifies τοι, stressing this fate is uniquely Odysseus's own."}]},{"number":135,"label":"135","id":"b11-l135","source":"ἀβληχρὸς μάλα τοῖος ἐλεύσεται, ὅς κέ σε πέφνῃ","translation":"a death so gentle, that will lay you low","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l135.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀβληχρὸς","lemma":"ἀβληχρός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"gentle"},{"surface":"μάλα","lemma":"μάλα","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"τοῖος","lemma":"τοῖος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies θάνατος","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"ἐλεύσεται","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"future middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will come"},{"surface":"ὅς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of πέφνῃ","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"κέ","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"(modal particle)"},{"surface":"σε","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative singular pronoun","role":"object of πέφνῃ","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"πέφνῃ","lemma":"θείνω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing θάνατος","gloss":"will slay","note":"πέφνῃ, a rare aorist subjunctive from θείνω 'strike down', poetic and archaic even in Homer."}]},{"number":136,"label":"136","id":"b11-l136","source":"γήραι ὕπο λιπαρῷ ἀρημένον· ἀμφὶ δὲ λαοὶ","translation":"worn out under sleek old age; and around you your people","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l136.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"γήραι","lemma":"γῆρας","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ὕπο","gloss":"old age"},{"surface":"ὕπο","lemma":"ὑπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"λιπαρῷ","lemma":"λιπαρός","morphology":"dative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies γήραι","gloss":"sleek","note":"λιπαρός 'sleek, glossy' — an unusual, almost positive epithet for old age, suggesting ease and comfort."},{"surface":"ἀρημένον","lemma":"ἀράω","morphology":"perfect medio-passive participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"worn out"},{"surface":"ἀμφὶ","lemma":"ἀμφί","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔσσονται","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"λαοὶ","lemma":"λαός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔσσονται","gloss":"people"}]},{"number":137,"label":"137","id":"b11-l137","source":"ὄλβιοι ἔσσονται. τὰ δέ τοι νημερτέα εἴρω.","translation":"will be prosperous. This is the truth I tell you.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l137.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὄλβιοι","lemma":"ὄλβιος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies λαοὶ","gloss":"prosperous"},{"surface":"ἔσσονται","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"future indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"τὰ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative plural neuter pronoun","role":"object of εἴρω","gloss":"these things"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"object of εἴρω","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"νημερτέα","lemma":"νημερτής","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"unerring","note":"νημερτής 'unerring, true' underscores Teiresias's prophetic authority as he closes his speech."},{"surface":"εἴρω","lemma":"εἴρω","morphology":"present active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I tell"}]},{"number":138,"label":"138","id":"b11-l138","source":"ὣς ἔφατʼ, αὐτὰρ ἐγώ μιν ἀμειβόμενος\n                     προσέειπον·","translation":"So he spoke, and I answered him, saying:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l138.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔφατ᾽","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ἔφατ","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he spoke"},{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but then"},{"surface":"ἐγώ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of προσέειπον","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of προσέειπον","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ἀμειβόμενος","lemma":"ἀμείβω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to προσέειπον","gloss":"answering"},{"surface":"προσέειπον","lemma":"προσεῖπον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"addressed","note":"προσέειπον, the formulaic aorist closing a speech-introduction line, common throughout Homer."}]},{"number":139,"label":"139","id":"b11-l139","source":"Τειρεσίη, τὰ μὲν ἄρ που ἐπέκλωσαν θεοὶ αὐτοί.","translation":"\"Teiresias, all this surely the gods themselves have spun.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l139.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Τειρεσίη","lemma":"τειρεσίης","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"Teiresias","note":"vocative direct address opening Odysseus's reply to the seer."},{"surface":"τὰ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative plural neuter pronoun","role":"object of ἐπέκλωσαν","gloss":"these things"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"που","lemma":"πού","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"ἐπέκλωσαν","lemma":"ἐπικλώθω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"have spun","note":"ἐπικλώθω 'spin out (fate)', the classic image of the gods/Fates weaving destiny."},{"surface":"θεοὶ","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐπέκλωσαν","gloss":"gods"},{"surface":"αὐτοί","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"themselves"}]},{"number":140,"label":"140","id":"b11-l140","source":"ἀλλʼ ἄγε μοι τόδε εἰπὲ καὶ ἀτρεκέως κατάλεξον·","translation":"But come, tell me this and recount it truly:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l140.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἄγε","lemma":"ἄγε","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"τόδε","lemma":"ὅδε","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"εἰπὲ","lemma":"εἶπον","morphology":"aorist active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀτρεκέως","lemma":"ἀτρεκής","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to κατάλεξον","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"κατάλεξον","lemma":"καταλέγω","morphology":"aorist active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"recount","note":"καταλέγω 'recount in full detail', paired with εἰπέ to stress Odysseus wants the complete, exact account."}]},{"number":141,"label":"141","id":"b11-l141","source":"μητρὸς τήνδʼ ὁρόω ψυχὴν κατατεθνηυίης·","translation":"I see here the ghost of my dead mother;","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l141.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μητρὸς","lemma":"μήτηρ","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies ψυχὴν","gloss":"of my mother"},{"surface":"τήνδ","lemma":"ὅδε","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"modifies ψυχὴν","gloss":"this here","note":"deictic ὅδε points at the ghost right in front of him, not just 'the'"},{"surface":"ὁρόω","lemma":"ὁράω","morphology":"present active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I see"},{"surface":"ψυχὴν","lemma":"ψυχή","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ὁρόω","gloss":"ghost, soul"},{"surface":"κατατεθνηυίης","lemma":"καταθνήσκω","morphology":"perfect active participle, genitive singular feminine","role":"modifies μητρὸς","gloss":"who has died","note":"perfect participle: state of being dead, not the act of dying"}]},{"number":142,"label":"142","id":"b11-l142","source":"ἡ δʼ ἀκέουσʼ ἧσται σχεδὸν αἵματος, οὐδʼ ἑὸν υἱὸν","translation":"she sits in silence near the blood, and has not dared","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l142.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἡ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of ἧσται","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and, but"},{"surface":"ἀκέουσ","lemma":"ἀκέων","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"in silence","note":"ἀκέων/ἀκέουσα 'silent' is a fossilized epic adjective, no living verb root felt"},{"surface":"ἧσται","lemma":"ἧμαι","morphology":"perfect indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"sits"},{"surface":"σχεδὸν","lemma":"σχεδόν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"near"},{"surface":"αἵματος","lemma":"αἷμα","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"object of σχεδὸν","gloss":"the blood"},{"surface":"ἑὸν","lemma":"ἑός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies υἱὸν","gloss":"her own"},{"surface":"υἱὸν","lemma":"υἱός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἰδεῖν","gloss":"son"}]},{"number":143,"label":"143","id":"b11-l143","source":"ἔτλη ἐσάντα ἰδεῖν οὐδὲ προτιμυθήσασθαι.","translation":"to look her own son in the face nor to speak to him.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l143.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἰδεῖν","title":"Complementary infinitives","body":"ἔτλη (\"she dared\") governs the infinitives ἰδεῖν (\"to look\") and προτιμυθήσασθαι (\"to speak to\"), completing the verb's sense."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἔτλη","lemma":"τλάω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"she dared","note":"τλάω 'endure/dare' governs the infinitives ἰδεῖν and προτιμυθήσασθαι"},{"surface":"ἐσάντα","lemma":"εἰσάντα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἰδεῖν","gloss":"face to face"},{"surface":"ἰδεῖν","lemma":"εἶδον","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of ἔτλη","gloss":"to look at"},{"surface":"προτιμυθήσασθαι","lemma":"προσμυθέομαι","morphology":"aorist medio-passive infinitive","role":"object","gloss":"to speak to"}]},{"number":144,"label":"144","id":"b11-l144","source":"εἰπέ, ἄναξ, πῶς κέν με ἀναγνοίη τὸν ἐόντα;","translation":"Tell me, lord, how can she know me for who I am?\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l144.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἰπέ","lemma":"εἶπον","morphology":"aorist active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"ἄναξ","lemma":"ἄναξ","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"lord","note":"vocative addressing Teiresias, who was just speaking to Odysseus"},{"surface":"πῶς","lemma":"πῶς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀναγνοίη","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"κέν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"(marks potential)"},{"surface":"με","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ἀναγνοίη","lemma":"ἀναγιγνώσκω","morphology":"aorist active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"object of εἰπέ","gloss":"might recognize","note":"optative + κέν: a hesitant 'could she possibly...'"},{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"article","role":"modifies ἐόντα","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ἐόντα","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"one who I am"}]},{"number":145,"label":"145","id":"b11-l145","source":"ὣς ἐφάμην, ὁ δέ μʼ αὐτίκʼ ἀμειβόμενος\n                     προσέειπεν·","translation":"So I spoke, and he at once answered me, saying:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l145.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐφάμην","gloss":"so, thus"},{"surface":"ἐφάμην","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I spoke"},{"surface":"ὁ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of προσέειπεν","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of προσέειπεν","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"αὐτίκ","lemma":"αὐτίκα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to προσέειπεν","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"ἀμειβόμενος","lemma":"ἀμείβω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to προσέειπεν","gloss":"answering","note":"stock formula: participle + main verb of speech, marks a reply is coming"},{"surface":"προσέειπεν","lemma":"προσεῖπον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spoke to"}]},{"number":146,"label":"146","id":"b11-l146","source":"ῥηΐδιόν τοι ἔπος ἐρέω καὶ ἐπὶ φρεσὶ θήσω.","translation":"\"Easy is the word I will tell you and set in your mind.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l146.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ῥηΐδιόν","lemma":"ῥᾴδιος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"easy"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"for you"},{"surface":"ἔπος","lemma":"ἔπος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"a word"},{"surface":"ἐρέω","lemma":"ἐρῶ","morphology":"future active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I will speak"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"φρεσὶ","lemma":"φρήν","morphology":"dative plural noun","role":"object of ἐπὶ","gloss":"your mind","note":"φρεσί lit. 'in the midriff/heart' — Homeric seat of thought and feeling"},{"surface":"θήσω","lemma":"τίθημι","morphology":"future active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I will set"}]},{"number":147,"label":"147","id":"b11-l147","source":"ὅν τινα μέν κεν ἐᾷς νεκύων κατατεθνηώτων","translation":"Whichever of the dead departed you allow","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l147.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὅν","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἴμεν","gloss":"whichever"},{"surface":"τινα","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies ὅν","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"μέν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"(marks the clause)"},{"surface":"κεν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"(marks potential)"},{"surface":"ἐᾷς","lemma":"ἐάω","morphology":"present active subjunctive, 2nd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ὁ","gloss":"you allow"},{"surface":"νεκύων","lemma":"νέκυς","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ὅν","gloss":"of the dead"},{"surface":"κατατεθνηώτων","lemma":"καταθνήσκω","morphology":"perfect active participle, genitive plural masculine","role":"modifies νεκύων","gloss":"departed","note":"perfect participle again: the dead in their settled state, echoing l141"}]},{"number":148,"label":"148","id":"b11-l148","source":"αἵματος ἆσσον ἴμεν, ὁ δέ τοι νημερτὲς ἐνίψει·","translation":"to come near the blood will speak to you truly;","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l148.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αἵματος","lemma":"αἷμα","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἆσσον","gloss":"the blood"},{"surface":"ἆσσον","lemma":"ἆσσον","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"nearer"},{"surface":"ἴμεν","lemma":"εἶμι","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of ἐᾷς","gloss":"to come","note":"present infinitive of εἶμι 'go' (used with future sense in Homer), not an aorist form — the ghosts must physically approach the blood to gain speech"},{"surface":"ὁ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἐνίψει","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"object of ἐνίψει","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"νημερτὲς","lemma":"νημερτής","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"object of ἐνίψει","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"ἐνίψει","lemma":"ἐνέπω","morphology":"future active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will tell"}]},{"number":149,"label":"149","id":"b11-l149","source":"ᾧ δέ κʼ ἐπιφθονέῃς, ὁ δέ τοι πάλιν εἶσιν ὀπίσσω.","translation":"but whoever you refuse will go back again.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l149.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἐπιφθονέῃς","title":"Conditional relative","body":"The relative clause with the subjunctive (ᾧ δέ κʼ ἐπιφθονέῃς) is conditional: \"whoever you should begrudge.\" The particle κε marks the contingency."}],"words":[{"surface":"ᾧ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἐπιφθονέῃς","gloss":"whoever"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"κ","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"(marks potential)"},{"surface":"ἐπιφθονέῃς","lemma":"ἐπιφθονέω","morphology":"present active subjunctive, 2nd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ὁ","gloss":"you begrudge","note":"ἐπιφθονέω 'feel envy/grudge toward' — Teiresias implies Odysseus controls who gets to drink"},{"surface":"ὁ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of εἶσιν","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"τοι","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"πάλιν","lemma":"πάλιν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to εἶσιν","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"εἶσιν","lemma":"εἶμι","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will go"},{"surface":"ὀπίσσω","lemma":"ὀπίσω","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of εἶσιν","gloss":"again, away"}]},{"number":150,"label":"150","id":"b11-l150","source":"ὣς φαμένη ψυχὴ μὲν ἔβη δόμον Ἄϊδος εἴσω","translation":"Having spoken so, the ghost went into the house of Hades,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l150.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to φαμένη","gloss":"so, thus"},{"surface":"φαμένη","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"present middle participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to ἔβη","gloss":"having spoken"},{"surface":"ψυχὴ","lemma":"ψυχή","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἔβη","gloss":"ghost"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"(marks contrast)"},{"surface":"ἔβη","lemma":"βαίνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"δόμον","lemma":"δόμος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of εἴσω","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"εἴσω","lemma":"εἴσω","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"into"}]},{"number":151,"label":"151","id":"b11-l151","source":"Τειρεσίαο ἄνακτος, ἐπεὶ κατὰ θέσφατʼ ἔλεξεν·","translation":"the ghost of lord Teiresias, once he had told the decrees of fate;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l151.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Τειρεσίαο","lemma":"Τειρεσίης","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ψυχὴ","gloss":"of Teiresias"},{"surface":"ἄνακτος","lemma":"ἄναξ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Τειρεσίαο","gloss":"the lord"},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when, since"},{"surface":"κατὰ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"(intensifying)"},{"surface":"θέσφατ","lemma":"θέσφατος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of ἔλεξεν","gloss":"the fated things"},{"surface":"ἔλεξεν","lemma":"λέγω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἐπεὶ","gloss":"he had told"}]},{"number":152,"label":"152","id":"b11-l152","source":"αὐτὰρ ἐγὼν αὐτοῦ μένον ἔμπεδον, ὄφρʼ ἐπὶ μήτηρ","translation":"but I stayed firmly there, until my mother","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l152.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐγὼν","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of μένον","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"αὐτοῦ","lemma":"αὐτοῦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of μένον","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"μένον","lemma":"μένω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"stayed"},{"surface":"ἔμπεδον","lemma":"ἔμπεδος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to μένον","gloss":"firmly"},{"surface":"ὄφρ","lemma":"ὄφρα","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"(intensifying)"},{"surface":"μήτηρ","lemma":"μήτηρ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"my mother"}]},{"number":153,"label":"153","id":"b11-l153","source":"ἤλυθε καὶ πίεν αἷμα κελαινεφές· αὐτίκα δʼ ἔγνω,","translation":"came and drank the dark-clouded blood; and at once she knew me,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l153.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"κελαινεφές","title":"Dark-clouded blood","body":"κελαινεφές, \"black as a storm-cloud,\" is normally an epithet of Zeus; here transferred to blood to deepen its darkness."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἤλυθε","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πίεν","lemma":"πίνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"drank"},{"surface":"αἷμα","lemma":"αἷμα","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of πίεν","gloss":"blood"},{"surface":"κελαινεφές","lemma":"κελαινεφής","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies αἷμα","gloss":"dark-clouded","note":"κελαινεφής, usually an epithet of Zeus 'dark-clouded'; here transferred to the blood's dark color"},{"surface":"αὐτίκα","lemma":"αὐτίκα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔγνω","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔγνω","lemma":"γιγνώσκω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"she knew"}]},{"number":154,"label":"154","id":"b11-l154","source":"καί μʼ ὀλοφυρομένη ἔπεα πτερόεντα προσηύδα·","translation":"and wailing she spoke winged words to me:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l154.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἔπεα πτερόεντα","title":"Winged words","body":"\"Winged words\" (ἔπεα πτερόεντα) is one of Homer's most frequent formulaic epithets, introducing direct speech that flies from speaker to hearer."}],"words":[{"surface":"καί","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of προσηύδα","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ὀλοφυρομένη","lemma":"ὀλοφύρομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to προσηύδα","gloss":"wailing"},{"surface":"ἔπεα","lemma":"ἔπος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of προσηύδα","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"πτερόεντα","lemma":"πτερόεις","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἔπεα","gloss":"winged","note":"ἔπεα πτερόεντα 'winged words' — classic Homeric formula for speech taking flight"},{"surface":"προσηύδα","lemma":"προσαυδάω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spoke to"}]},{"number":155,"label":"155","id":"b11-l155","source":"τέκνον ἐμόν, πῶς ἦλθες ὑπὸ ζόφον ἠερόεντα","translation":"\"My child, how did you come beneath the murky gloom","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l155.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τέκνον","lemma":"τέκνον","morphology":"vocative singular neuter noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"child"},{"surface":"ἐμόν","lemma":"ἐμός","morphology":"vocative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies τέκνον","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"πῶς","lemma":"πῶς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἦλθες","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"ἦλθες","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"did you come"},{"surface":"ὑπὸ","lemma":"ὑπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"beneath"},{"surface":"ζόφον","lemma":"ζόφος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ὑπὸ","gloss":"gloom"},{"surface":"ἠερόεντα","lemma":"ἠερόεις","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ζόφον","gloss":"murky","note":"ζόφον ἠερόεντα, another formulaic pairing for the darkness of the underworld"}]},{"number":156,"label":"156","id":"b11-l156","source":"ζωὸς ἐών; χαλεπὸν δὲ τάδε ζωοῖσιν ὁρᾶσθαι.","translation":"while still alive? Hard it is for the living to behold these things.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l156.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ζωὸς","lemma":"ζωός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"alive"},{"surface":"ἐών","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἦλθες","gloss":"being","note":"circumstantial participle: 'while being alive', concessive force"},{"surface":"χαλεπὸν","lemma":"χαλεπός","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"hard"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and, but"},{"surface":"τάδε","lemma":"ὅδε","morphology":"accusative plural neuter pronoun","role":"object of ὁρᾶσθαι","gloss":"these things"},{"surface":"ζωοῖσιν","lemma":"ζωός","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"object","gloss":"for the living"},{"surface":"ὁρᾶσθαι","lemma":"ὁράω","morphology":"present medio-passive infinitive","role":"subject","gloss":"to see"}]},{"number":157,"label":"157","id":"b11-l157","source":"μέσσῳ γὰρ μεγάλοι ποταμοὶ καὶ δεινὰ ῥέεθρα,","translation":"For in between are great rivers and dread streams,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l157.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μέσσῳ","lemma":"μέσος","morphology":"dative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial","gloss":"in between"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"μεγάλοι","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ποταμοὶ","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"ποταμοὶ","lemma":"ποταμός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"rivers"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"δεινὰ","lemma":"δεινός","morphology":"nominative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ῥέεθρα","gloss":"dread"},{"surface":"ῥέεθρα","lemma":"ῥεῖθρον","morphology":"nominative plural neuter noun","role":"subject","gloss":"streams"}]},{"number":158,"label":"158","id":"b11-l158","source":"Ὠκεανὸς μὲν πρῶτα, τὸν οὔ πως ἔστι περῆσαι","translation":"Okeanos first of all, which there is no way to cross","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l158.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ὠκεανὸς","lemma":"Ὠκεανός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"Ocean","note":"Ὠκεανός: the mythic river encircling the world, the first barrier named"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"(marks contrast)"},{"surface":"πρῶτα","lemma":"πρῶτος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"adverbial","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of περῆσαι","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"οὔ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"πως","lemma":"πως","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"ἔστι","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing Ὠκεανὸς","gloss":"is possible"},{"surface":"περῆσαι","lemma":"περάω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"subject of ἔστι","gloss":"to cross"}]},{"number":159,"label":"159","id":"b11-l159","source":"πεζὸν ἐόντʼ, ἢν μή τις ἔχῃ ἐυεργέα νῆα.","translation":"on foot, unless one has a well-built ship.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l159.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πεζὸν","lemma":"πεζός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"on foot"},{"surface":"ἐόντ","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"being"},{"surface":"ἢν","lemma":"ἐάν","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"unless"},{"surface":"μή","lemma":"μή","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"τις","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἔχῃ","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"ἔχῃ","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"present active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἢν","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"ἐυεργέα","lemma":"εὐεργής","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies νῆα","gloss":"well-built"},{"surface":"νῆα","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἔχῃ","gloss":"a ship"}]},{"number":160,"label":"160","id":"b11-l160","source":"ἦ νῦν δὴ Τροίηθεν ἀλώμενος ἐνθάδʼ ἱκάνεις","translation":"Have you only now come here, wandering from Troy","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l160.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"(interrogative marker)"},{"surface":"νῦν","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἱκάνεις","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"(intensifying)"},{"surface":"Τροίηθεν","lemma":"Τροίαθεν","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of ἀλώμενος","gloss":"from Troy","note":"-θεν suffix = 'from': a directional case-ending baked onto the place name"},{"surface":"ἀλώμενος","lemma":"ἀλάομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἱκάνεις","gloss":"wandering"},{"surface":"ἐνθάδ","lemma":"ἐνθάδε","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of ἱκάνεις","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"ἱκάνεις","lemma":"ἱκάνω","morphology":"present active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"have you arrived"}]},{"number":161,"label":"161","id":"b11-l161","source":"νηί τε καὶ ἑτάροισι πολὺν χρόνον; οὐδέ πω ἦλθες","translation":"with your ship and comrades, after long time? Have you not yet come","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l161.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"νηί","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"with ship"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἑτάροισι","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"comrades"},{"surface":"πολὺν","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies χρόνον","gloss":"much, long"},{"surface":"χρόνον","lemma":"χρόνος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἀλώμενος","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"πω","lemma":"πω","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"ἦλθες","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"have you come"}]},{"number":162,"label":"162","id":"b11-l162","source":"εἰς Ἰθάκην, οὐδʼ εἶδες ἐνὶ μεγάροισι γυναῖκα;","translation":"to Ithaca, nor seen your wife in your halls?\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l162.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἰς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Ἰθάκην","lemma":"Ἰθάκη","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of εἰς","gloss":"Ithaca"},{"surface":"εἶδες","lemma":"εἶδον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"seen"},{"surface":"ἐνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"μεγάροισι","lemma":"μέγαρον","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἐνὶ","gloss":"halls"},{"surface":"γυναῖκα","lemma":"γυνή","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of εἶδες","gloss":"wife","note":"γυναῖκα here means Penelope; a mother's anxious question about home"}]},{"number":163,"label":"163","id":"b11-l163","source":"ὣς ἔφατʼ, αὐτὰρ ἐγώ μιν ἀμειβόμενος\n                     προσέειπον·","translation":"So she spoke, and I answered her, saying:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l163.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔφατ᾽","gloss":"so, thus"},{"surface":"ἔφατ","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"she spoke"},{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐγώ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of προσέειπον","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of προσέειπον","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"ἀμειβόμενος","lemma":"ἀμείβω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to προσέειπον","gloss":"answering"},{"surface":"προσέειπον","lemma":"προσεῖπον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spoke to"}]},{"number":164,"label":"164","id":"b11-l164","source":"μῆτερ ἐμή, χρειώ με κατήγαγεν εἰς Ἀίδαο","translation":"\"My mother, need brought me down to Hades","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l164.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"κατήγαγεν","title":"Augmented aorist","body":"κατήγαγεν (\"brought down\") is an aorist with the augment κατ-ή-, marking past time in the indicative. Completed aspect is a property of the aorist stem itself, not of the augment — the augment appears equally on the imperfect (ongoing past) as on the aorist."}],"words":[{"surface":"μῆτερ","lemma":"μήτηρ","morphology":"vocative singular feminine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"mother"},{"surface":"ἐμή","lemma":"ἐμός","morphology":"vocative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies μῆτερ","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"χρειώ","lemma":"χρεώ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of κατήγαγεν","gloss":"need","note":"χρειώ personified almost as an agent: 'need' itself brought him down, not his own choice"},{"surface":"με","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of κατήγαγεν","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"κατήγαγεν","lemma":"κατάγω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"brought down"},{"surface":"εἰς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Ἀίδαο","lemma":"ᾍδης","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of εἰς","gloss":"Hades"}]},{"number":165,"label":"165","id":"b11-l165","source":"ψυχῇ χρησόμενον Θηβαίου Τειρεσίαο·","translation":"to consult the ghost of Theban Teiresias.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l165.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ψυχῇ","lemma":"ψυχή","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of χρησόμενον","gloss":"the ghost"},{"surface":"χρησόμενον","lemma":"χράω","morphology":"future participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"to consult","note":"future participle expressing purpose: 'in order to consult'"},{"surface":"Θηβαίου","lemma":"Θηβαῖος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Τειρεσίαο","gloss":"Theban"},{"surface":"Τειρεσίαο","lemma":"Τειρεσίης","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ψυχῇ","gloss":"Teiresias"}]},{"number":166,"label":"166","id":"b11-l166","source":"οὐ γάρ πω σχεδὸν ἦλθον Ἀχαιΐδος, οὐδέ πω ἁμῆς","translation":"For not yet have I come near Achaea, nor yet","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l166.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οὐ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"γάρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"πω","lemma":"πω","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"σχεδὸν","lemma":"σχεδόν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"near"},{"surface":"ἦλθον","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"have I come"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιΐδος","lemma":"Ἀχαιίς","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of σχεδὸν","gloss":"of Achaea"},{"surface":"πω","lemma":"πω","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"ἁμῆς","lemma":"ἁμός","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies γῆς","gloss":"my own","note":"ἁμός is the epic/Doric form of ἐμός/ἡμέτερος 'my/our'"}]},{"number":167,"label":"167","id":"b11-l167","source":"γῆς ἐπέβην, ἀλλʼ αἰὲν ἔχων ἀλάλημαι ὀιζύν,","translation":"set foot on my own land, but always wander in misery,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l167.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"γῆς","lemma":"γῆ","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐπέβην","gloss":"land"},{"surface":"ἐπέβην","lemma":"ἐπιβαίνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"set foot on"},{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"αἰὲν","lemma":"ἀεί","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀλάλημαι","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"ἔχων","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἀλάλημαι","gloss":"having"},{"surface":"ἀλάλημαι","lemma":"ἀλάλημαι","morphology":"present middle indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I wander"},{"surface":"ὀιζύν","lemma":"ὀιζύς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἔχων","gloss":"in misery"}]},{"number":168,"label":"168","id":"b11-l168","source":"ἐξ οὗ τὰ πρώτισθʼ ἑπόμην Ἀγαμέμνονι δίῳ","translation":"from the very first, when I followed godlike Agamemnon","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l168.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐξ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"οὗ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine pronoun","role":"adverbial to ἐξ","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"τὰ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative plural neuter article","role":"modifies πρώτισθ᾽","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"πρώτισθ","lemma":"πρώτιστος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ἑπόμην","gloss":"very first"},{"surface":"ἑπόμην","lemma":"ἕπομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἀλάλημαι","gloss":"I followed"},{"surface":"Ἀγαμέμνονι","lemma":"Ἀγαμέμνων","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἑπόμην","gloss":"Agamemnon"},{"surface":"δίῳ","lemma":"δῖος","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἀγαμέμνονι","gloss":"godlike","note":"δῖος 'godlike/shining', a stock heroic epithet attached to major figures like Agamemnon"}]},{"number":169,"label":"169","id":"b11-l169","source":"Ἴλιον εἰς ἐύπωλον, ἵνα Τρώεσσι μαχοίμην.","translation":"to Ilion of the fine horses, to fight against the Trojans.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l169.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ἴλιον","lemma":"Ἴλιος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"object of εἰς","gloss":"Ilion (Troy)"},{"surface":"εἰς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ἐύπωλον","lemma":"εὔπωλος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Ἴλιον","gloss":"of fine horses","note":"Epic compound epithet εὔ-πωλος 'good-foaled', formulaic praise-adjective for Troy."},{"surface":"ἵνα","lemma":"ἵνα","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"Τρώεσσι","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of μαχοίμην","gloss":"the Trojans"},{"surface":"μαχοίμην","lemma":"μάχομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive optative, 1st singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἵνα","gloss":"I might fight","note":"Optative μαχοίμην expresses purpose after ἵνα: 'so that I might fight.'"}]},{"number":170,"label":"170","id":"b11-l170","source":"ἀλλʼ ἄγε μοι τόδε εἰπὲ καὶ ἀτρεκέως κατάλεξον·","translation":"But come, tell me this and recount it truly:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l170.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἄγε","lemma":"ἄγε","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"come now","note":"Fossilized imperative ἄγε used as an interjection ('come!'), not a full verb here."},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"τόδε","lemma":"ὅδε","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"εἰπὲ","lemma":"εἶπον","morphology":"aorist active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀτρεκέως","lemma":"ἀτρεκής","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to κατάλεξον","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"κατάλεξον","lemma":"καταλέγω","morphology":"aorist active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"recount","note":"κατάλεξον: aorist imperative of καταλέγω, 'tell in full/list out' — a common formula for storytelling requests."}]},{"number":171,"label":"171","id":"b11-l171","source":"τίς νύ σε κὴρ ἐδάμασσε τανηλεγέος θανάτοιο;","translation":"what doom of grievous death overcame you?","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l171.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"κὴρ","title":"Kêr, doom of death","body":"A kêr is a personified spirit of death, the particular fate that brings a mortal down."}],"words":[{"surface":"τίς","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies κὴρ","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"νύ","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"σε","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative singular pronoun","role":"object of ἐδάμασσε","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"κὴρ","lemma":"κήρ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐδάμασσε","gloss":"doom","note":"κήρ: a personified death-spirit/agent of doom, not an abstract 'fate' — matches the published translation's 'doom.'"},{"surface":"ἐδάμασσε","lemma":"δαμάζω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"overcame"},{"surface":"τανηλεγέος","lemma":"τανηλεγής","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies θανάτοιο","gloss":"far-outstretching","note":"τανηλεγής 'long-laid-out', a Homeric epithet for death evoking the corpse laid out at length."},{"surface":"θανάτοιο","lemma":"θάνατος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies κὴρ","gloss":"of death"}]},{"number":172,"label":"172","id":"b11-l172","source":"ἦ δολιχὴ νοῦσος, ἦ Ἄρτεμις ἰοχέαιρα","translation":"Was it a long illness, or did Artemis the archer","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l172.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"was it"},{"surface":"δολιχὴ","lemma":"δολιχός","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies νοῦσος","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"νοῦσος","lemma":"νοῦσος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"illness"},{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"Ἄρτεμις","lemma":"Ἄρτεμις","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of κατέπεφνεν","gloss":"Artemis"},{"surface":"ἰοχέαιρα","lemma":"ἰοχέαιρα","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"modifies Ἄρτεμις","gloss":"arrow-shooting","note":"ἰοχέαιρα, standing epithet for Artemis 'she who pours arrows' — women's sudden deaths were traditionally attributed to her."}]},{"number":173,"label":"173","id":"b11-l173","source":"οἷς ἀγανοῖς βελέεσσιν ἐποιχομένη κατέπεφνεν;","translation":"come upon you with her gentle arrows and slay you?","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l173.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἷς","lemma":"ἑός","morphology":"dative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies βελέεσσιν","gloss":"her (own)"},{"surface":"ἀγανοῖς","lemma":"ἀγανός","morphology":"dative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies βελέεσσιν","gloss":"gentle"},{"surface":"βελέεσσιν","lemma":"βέλος","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"object of κατέπεφνεν","gloss":"arrows"},{"surface":"ἐποιχομένη","lemma":"ἐποίχομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to κατέπεφνεν","gloss":"coming upon"},{"surface":"κατέπεφνεν","lemma":"κατέπεφνον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"slay","note":"κατέπεφνεν, an old reduplicated aorist (root πεφν-) used only in poetry for 'slew'."}]},{"number":174,"label":"174","id":"b11-l174","source":"εἰπὲ δέ μοι πατρός τε καὶ υἱέος, ὃν κατέλειπον,","translation":"Tell me too of my father and of the son I left behind,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l174.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἰπὲ","lemma":"εἶπον","morphology":"aorist active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of κατέλειπον","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"πατρός","lemma":"πατήρ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"of father"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"υἱέος","lemma":"υἱός","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"of son"},{"surface":"ὃν","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of κατέλειπον","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"κατέλειπον","lemma":"καταλείπω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing υἱέος","gloss":"I left behind"}]},{"number":175,"label":"175","id":"b11-l175","source":"ἢ ἔτι πὰρ κείνοισιν ἐμὸν γέρας, ἦέ τις ἤδη","translation":"whether my honor still rests with them, or whether some","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l175.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἢ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"ἔτι","lemma":"ἔτι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"πὰρ","lemma":"παρά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"κείνοισιν","lemma":"ἐκεῖνος","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"object","gloss":"those men"},{"surface":"ἐμὸν","lemma":"ἐμός","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies γέρας","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"γέρας","lemma":"γέρας","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject","gloss":"honor/prerogative","note":"γέρας: a chief's rightful share of honor/property, key social-status term in Homer."},{"surface":"ἦέ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"τις","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἔχει","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"ἤδη","lemma":"ἤδη","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔχει","gloss":"already"}]},{"number":176,"label":"176","id":"b11-l176","source":"ἀνδρῶν ἄλλος ἔχει, ἐμὲ δʼ οὐκέτι φασὶ νέεσθαι.","translation":"other man already holds it, and they say I will return no more.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l176.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀνδρῶν","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies τις","gloss":"of men"},{"surface":"ἄλλος","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies τις","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"ἔχει","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"object of δ᾽","gloss":"holds"},{"surface":"ἐμὲ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of νέεσθαι","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"οὐκέτι","lemma":"οὐκέτι","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"no longer"},{"surface":"φασὶ","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"object of δ᾽","gloss":"they say"},{"surface":"νέεσθαι","lemma":"νέομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive infinitive","role":"object of φασὶ","gloss":"I return","note":"νέεσθαι, infinitive of νέομαι 'to return home' — the Odyssey's core theme word (nostos)."}]},{"number":177,"label":"177","id":"b11-l177","source":"εἰπὲ δέ μοι μνηστῆς ἀλόχου βουλήν τε νόον τε,","translation":"Tell me too of my wedded wife, her purpose and her mind,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l177.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἰπὲ","lemma":"εἶπον","morphology":"aorist active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of εἰπὲ","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"μνηστῆς","lemma":"μνηστός","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἀλόχου","gloss":"wedded"},{"surface":"ἀλόχου","lemma":"ἄλοχος","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies τε","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"βουλήν","lemma":"βουλή","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of τε","gloss":"purpose/plan"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"νόον","lemma":"νόος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of τε","gloss":"mind"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and","note":"τε...τε correlative pairing links βουλήν and νόον, 'both her purpose and her mind.'"}]},{"number":178,"label":"178","id":"b11-l178","source":"ἠὲ μένει παρὰ παιδὶ καὶ ἔμπεδα πάντα φυλάσσει","translation":"whether she stays with our son and keeps all secure,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l178.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἠὲ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"μένει","lemma":"μένω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"stays"},{"surface":"παρὰ","lemma":"παρά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"παιδὶ","lemma":"παῖς","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of παρὰ","gloss":"the son"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔμπεδα","lemma":"ἔμπεδος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"secure","note":"ἔμπεδα, adverbial neuter plural 'steadfastly/securely', a common Homeric idiom for household order intact."},{"surface":"πάντα","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of φυλάσσει","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"φυλάσσει","lemma":"φυλάσσω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"guards"}]},{"number":179,"label":"179","id":"b11-l179","source":"ἦ ἤδη μιν ἔγημεν Ἀχαιῶν ὅς τις ἄριστος.","translation":"or whether some best man of the Achaeans has already married her.\"","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l179.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"ἤδη","lemma":"ἤδη","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔγημεν","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of ἔγημεν","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"ἔγημεν","lemma":"γαμέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"object of ἦ","gloss":"has married","note":"ἔγημεν from γαμέω, aorist 'married' — asks whether Penelope has remarried, the poem's central suspense."},{"surface":"Ἀχαιῶν","lemma":"Ἀχαιός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἄριστος","gloss":"of Achaeans"},{"surface":"ὅς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"τις","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies ὅς","gloss":"whoever"},{"surface":"ἄριστος","lemma":"ἄριστος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"best"}]},{"number":180,"label":"180","id":"b11-l180","source":"ὣς ἐφάμην, ἡ δʼ αὐτίκʼ ἀμείβετο πότνια\n                     μήτηρ·","translation":"So I spoke, and at once my honored mother answered:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l180.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐφάμην","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"ἐφάμην","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I spoke"},{"surface":"ἡ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αὐτίκ","lemma":"αὐτίκα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀμείβετο","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"ἀμείβετο","lemma":"ἀμείβω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"πότνια","lemma":"πότνια","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"modifies μήτηρ","gloss":"honored","note":"πότνια, a formulaic honorific epithet 'lady/mistress', paired here with μήτηρ to elevate the mother's speech."},{"surface":"μήτηρ","lemma":"μήτηρ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"mother"}]},{"number":181,"label":"181","id":"b11-l181","source":"καὶ λίην κείνη γε μένει τετληότι θυμῷ","translation":"\"Indeed she stays with enduring heart","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l181.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"τετληότι","title":"Perfect participle","body":"τετληότι (\"enduring\") is a perfect active participle of τλάω, with reduplication, describing the settled, lasting state of Penelope's patience."}],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"λίην","lemma":"λίαν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to μένει","gloss":"very much"},{"surface":"κείνη","lemma":"ἐκεῖνος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"subject of μένει","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"μένει","lemma":"μένω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"stays"},{"surface":"τετληότι","lemma":"τλάω","morphology":"perfect active participle, dative singular masculine","role":"modifies θυμῷ","gloss":"enduring","note":"τετληότι, perfect participle of τλάω 'to endure', vividly conveys Penelope's steeled patience."},{"surface":"θυμῷ","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to μένει","gloss":"heart"}]},{"number":182,"label":"182","id":"b11-l182","source":"σοῖσιν ἐνὶ μεγάροισιν· ὀιζυραὶ δέ οἱ αἰεὶ","translation":"in your halls; and ever wretchedly for her","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l182.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"σοῖσιν","lemma":"σός","morphology":"dative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies μεγάροισιν","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"ἐνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"μεγάροισιν","lemma":"μέγαρον","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἐνὶ","gloss":"halls"},{"surface":"ὀιζυραὶ","lemma":"ὀιζυρός","morphology":"nominative plural feminine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"wretchedly"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of φθίνουσιν","gloss":"for her"},{"surface":"αἰεὶ","lemma":"ἀεί","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to φθίνουσιν","gloss":"always"}]},{"number":183,"label":"183","id":"b11-l183","source":"φθίνουσιν νύκτες τε καὶ ἤματα δάκρυ χεούσῃ.","translation":"the nights and days waste away as she sheds tears.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l183.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"φθίνουσιν","lemma":"φθίω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"waste away","note":"φθίνουσιν describes nights and days literally 'dwindling/perishing' as they pass — a grief-marked image of time."},{"surface":"νύκτες","lemma":"νύξ","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"nights"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἤματα","lemma":"ἦμαρ","morphology":"nominative plural neuter noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"δάκρυ","lemma":"δάκρυον","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of χεούσῃ","gloss":"tears"},{"surface":"χεούσῃ","lemma":"χέω","morphology":"present active participle, dative singular feminine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"shedding"}]},{"number":184,"label":"184","id":"b11-l184","source":"σὸν δʼ οὔ πώ τις ἔχει καλὸν γέρας, ἀλλὰ ἕκηλος","translation":"No one yet holds your fine honor, but in peace","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l184.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"σὸν","lemma":"σός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies γέρας","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"οὔ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"πώ","lemma":"πω","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"τις","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἔχει","gloss":"anyone"},{"surface":"ἔχει","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"holds"},{"surface":"καλὸν","lemma":"καλός","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies γέρας","gloss":"fine"},{"surface":"γέρας","lemma":"γέρας","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἔχει","gloss":"honor/prerogative"},{"surface":"ἀλλὰ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἕκηλος","lemma":"ἕκηλος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"undisturbed","note":"ἕκηλος 'at ease/unmolested', sets up Telemachus's peaceful enjoyment of his rightful role."}]},{"number":185,"label":"185","id":"b11-l185","source":"Τηλέμαχος τεμένεα νέμεται καὶ δαῖτας ἐίσας","translation":"Telemachus tends the estates and shares in equal feasts,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l185.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Τηλέμαχος","lemma":"Τηλέμαχος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"Telemachus"},{"surface":"τεμένεα","lemma":"τέμενος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of νέμεται","gloss":"the estates"},{"surface":"νέμεται","lemma":"νέμω","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"tends"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"δαῖτας","lemma":"δαῖς","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of δαίνυται","gloss":"feasts"},{"surface":"ἐίσας","lemma":"ἔισος","morphology":"accusative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies δαῖτας","gloss":"equal/fair","note":"ἐίσας 'equal-shared', formulaic of feasts where portions are fairly divided — a mark of just hospitality."}]},{"number":186,"label":"186","id":"b11-l186","source":"δαίνυται, ἃς ἐπέοικε δικασπόλον ἄνδρʼ ἀλεγύνειν·","translation":"the banquets it befits a man who deals justice to attend,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l186.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δαίνυται","lemma":"δαίνυμι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"attends/feasts"},{"surface":"ἃς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"accusative plural feminine pronoun","role":"object of ἀλεγύνειν","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"ἐπέοικε","lemma":"ἐπέοικε","morphology":"perfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing δαῖτας","gloss":"it befits"},{"surface":"δικασπόλον","lemma":"δικασπόλος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ἄνδρ᾽","gloss":"justice-dealing","note":"δικασπόλος 'judgment-tending', epithet for a man who renders verdicts — Telemachus inherits Odysseus's judicial role."},{"surface":"ἄνδρ","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἀλεγύνειν","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"ἀλεγύνειν","lemma":"ἀλεγύνω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"subject of ἐπέοικε","gloss":"to attend to"}]},{"number":187,"label":"187","id":"b11-l187","source":"πάντες γὰρ καλέουσι. πατὴρ δὲ σὸς αὐτόθι μίμνει","translation":"for all invite him. But your father stays out there","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l187.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πάντες","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"subject of καλέουσι","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"καλέουσι","lemma":"καλέω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"invite"},{"surface":"πατὴρ","lemma":"πατήρ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of δὲ","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"σὸς","lemma":"σός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies πατὴρ","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"αὐτόθι","lemma":"αὐτόθι","morphology":"adverb","role":"object","gloss":"out there","note":"αὐτόθι refers to Laertes' self-imposed exile on his farm, away from the palace."},{"surface":"μίμνει","lemma":"μίμνω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"stays"}]},{"number":188,"label":"188","id":"b11-l188","source":"ἀγρῷ, οὐδὲ πόλινδε κατέρχεται. οὐδέ οἱ εὐναὶ","translation":"in the country, and does not come down to town. He has no bed,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l188.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀγρῷ","lemma":"ἀγρός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object","gloss":"in the countryside"},{"surface":"οὐδὲ","lemma":"οὐδέ","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and not"},{"surface":"πόλινδε","lemma":"πόλινδε","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of κατέρχεται","gloss":"to town"},{"surface":"κατέρχεται","lemma":"κατέρχομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"comes down"},{"surface":"οὐδέ","lemma":"οὐδέ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object","gloss":"for him"},{"surface":"εὐναὶ","lemma":"εὐνή","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"bedding"}]},{"number":189,"label":"189","id":"b11-l189","source":"δέμνια καὶ χλαῖναι καὶ ῥήγεα σιγαλόεντα,","translation":"no bedstead, no cloaks, no glossy coverlets,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l189.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δέμνια","lemma":"δέμνιον","morphology":"nominative plural neuter noun","role":"subject","gloss":"bedstead"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"χλαῖναι","lemma":"χλαῖνα","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"cloaks"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ῥήγεα","lemma":"ῥῆγος","morphology":"nominative plural neuter noun","role":"subject","gloss":"coverlets"},{"surface":"σιγαλόεντα","lemma":"σιγαλόεις","morphology":"nominative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ῥήγεα","gloss":"glossy"}]},{"number":190,"label":"190","id":"b11-l190","source":"ἀλλʼ ὅ γε χεῖμα μὲν εὕδει ὅθι δμῶες ἐνὶ οἴκῳ,","translation":"but in winter he sleeps where the servants do in the house,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l190.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ὅ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of εὕδει","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"χεῖμα","lemma":"χεῖμα","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to εὕδει","gloss":"in winter"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"εὕδει","lemma":"εὕδω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"sleeps"},{"surface":"ὅθι","lemma":"ὅθι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"δμῶες","lemma":"δμώς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"servants","note":"δμῶες, war-captive household slaves — Laertes voluntarily shares their humble sleeping conditions."},{"surface":"ἐνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"οἴκῳ","lemma":"οἶκος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial","gloss":"house"}]},{"number":191,"label":"191","id":"b11-l191","source":"ἐν κόνι ἄγχι πυρός, κακὰ δὲ χροῒ εἵματα εἷται·","translation":"in the dust beside the fire, and wears poor clothes upon his body;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l191.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"κόνι","lemma":"κόνις","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"dust"},{"surface":"ἄγχι","lemma":"ἄγχι","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"near"},{"surface":"πυρός","lemma":"πῦρ","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἄγχι","gloss":"the fire"},{"surface":"κακὰ","lemma":"κακός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies εἵματα","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"χροῒ","lemma":"χρώς","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of εἷται","gloss":"on his skin"},{"surface":"εἵματα","lemma":"εἷμα","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of εἷται","gloss":"clothes"},{"surface":"εἷται","lemma":"ἕννυμι","morphology":"perfect passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"wears","note":"εἷται, perfect passive of ἕννυμι, 'is clad in' — stative perfect describing his habitual poor dress."}]},{"number":192,"label":"192","id":"b11-l192","source":"αὐτὰρ ἐπὴν ἔλθῃσι θέρος τεθαλυῖά τʼ ὀπώρη,","translation":"but when summer comes and the rich autumn,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l192.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐπὴν","lemma":"ἐπήν","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ἔλθῃσι","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἐπὴν","gloss":"comes"},{"surface":"θέρος","lemma":"θέρος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of τ᾽","gloss":"summer"},{"surface":"τεθαλυῖά","lemma":"θάλλω","morphology":"perfect active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"modifies ὀπώρη","gloss":"blooming","note":"τεθαλυῖα, perfect participle of θάλλω 'to bloom', vividly personifies autumn as flourishing."},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὀπώρη","lemma":"ὀπώρα","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of τ᾽","gloss":"autumn"}]},{"number":193,"label":"193","id":"b11-l193","source":"πάντῃ οἱ κατὰ γουνὸν ἀλωῆς οἰνοπέδοιο","translation":"everywhere along the slope of his vineyard ground","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l193.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πάντῃ","lemma":"πάντῃ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to βεβλήαται","gloss":"everywhere"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of βεβλήαται","gloss":"for him"},{"surface":"κατὰ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"along"},{"surface":"γουνὸν","lemma":"γουνός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of κατὰ","gloss":"the slope"},{"surface":"ἀλωῆς","lemma":"ἀλωή","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies γουνὸν","gloss":"of vineyard"},{"surface":"οἰνοπέδοιο","lemma":"οἰνόπεδος","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἀλωῆς","gloss":"wine-producing","note":"οἰνόπεδος 'wine-ground', a compound epithet describing the vineyard's soil as wine-bearing."}]},{"number":194,"label":"194","id":"b11-l194","source":"φύλλων κεκλιμένων χθαμαλαὶ βεβλήαται εὐναί.","translation":"low beds of fallen leaves are strewn for him.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l194.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"φύλλων","lemma":"φύλλον","morphology":"genitive plural neuter noun","role":"modifies εὐναί","gloss":"of leaves"},{"surface":"κεκλιμένων","lemma":"κλίνω","morphology":"perfect medio-passive participle, genitive plural neuter","role":"modifies φύλλων","gloss":"fallen"},{"surface":"χθαμαλαὶ","lemma":"χθαμαλός","morphology":"nominative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies εὐναί","gloss":"low"},{"surface":"βεβλήαται","lemma":"βάλλω","morphology":"perfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"are strewn","note":"βεβλήαται, perfect passive of βάλλω with epic -αται ending, 'have been thrown/strewn' describing his makeshift bed."},{"surface":"εὐναί","lemma":"εὐνή","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject of βεβλήαται","gloss":"beds"}]},{"number":195,"label":"195","id":"b11-l195","source":"ἔνθʼ ὅ γε κεῖτʼ ἀχέων, μέγα δὲ φρεσὶ πένθος ἀέξει","translation":"There he lies grieving, and the great sorrow swells in his heart","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l195.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔνθ","lemma":"ἔνθα","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of κεῖτ᾽","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"ὅ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of κεῖτ᾽","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"κεῖτ","lemma":"κεῖμαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"lies"},{"surface":"ἀχέων","lemma":"ἠχέω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to κεῖτ᾽","gloss":"grieving"},{"surface":"μέγα","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies πένθος","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"φρεσὶ","lemma":"φρήν","morphology":"dative plural noun","role":"adverbial to ἀέξει","gloss":"in heart"},{"surface":"πένθος","lemma":"πένθος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἀέξει","gloss":"sorrow"},{"surface":"ἀέξει","lemma":"ἀέξω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"swells","note":"ἀέξει 'makes grow', vivid image of sorrow physically swelling in the chest."}]},{"number":196,"label":"196","id":"b11-l196","source":"σὸν νόστον ποθέων, χαλεπὸν δʼ ἐπὶ γῆρας ἱκάνει.","translation":"as he longs for your return, and harsh old age comes upon him.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l196.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"νόστον","title":"Nostos, homecoming","body":"nostos is the homecoming that drives the whole poem; here Laertes pines for Odysseus's return."}],"words":[{"surface":"σὸν","lemma":"σός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies νόστον","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"νόστον","lemma":"νόστος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ποθέων","gloss":"return","note":"νόστος, the Odyssey's key theme-word for homecoming."},{"surface":"ποθέων","lemma":"ποθέω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἀέξει","gloss":"longing for"},{"surface":"χαλεπὸν","lemma":"χαλεπός","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies γῆρας","gloss":"harsh"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"upon (him)"},{"surface":"γῆρας","lemma":"γῆρας","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of ἱκάνει","gloss":"old age"},{"surface":"ἱκάνει","lemma":"ἱκάνω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"comes"}]},{"number":197,"label":"197","id":"b11-l197","source":"οὕτω γὰρ καὶ ἐγὼν ὀλόμην καὶ πότμον ἐπέσπον·","translation":"For so I too perished and met my doom:","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l197.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οὕτω","lemma":"οὕτως","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"ἐγὼν","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ὀλόμην","lemma":"ὄλλυμι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"perished","note":"ὀλόμην, aorist middle of ὄλλυμι, 'I was destroyed/died' — the mother's own death, mirroring the underworld setting."},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πότμον","lemma":"πότμος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐπέσπον","gloss":"doom"},{"surface":"ἐπέσπον","lemma":"ἐφέπω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"met"}]},{"number":198,"label":"198","id":"b11-l198","source":"οὔτʼ ἐμέ γʼ ἐν μεγάροισιν ἐύσκοπος ἰοχέαιρα","translation":"it was not the keen-eyed archer goddess who in my halls","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l198.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐμέ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of κατέπεφνεν","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"γ","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"μεγάροισιν","lemma":"μέγαρον","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"halls","note":"Epic dative plural in -οισιν, formulaic 'in the halls'."},{"surface":"ἐύσκοπος","lemma":"εὔσκοπος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἰοχέαιρα","gloss":"keen-eyed"},{"surface":"ἰοχέαιρα","lemma":"ἰοχέαιρα","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of κατέπεφνεν","gloss":"archer goddess","note":"Standing epithet of Artemis: 'the arrow-pourer'."}]},{"number":199,"label":"199","id":"b11-l199","source":"οἷς ἀγανοῖς βελέεσσιν ἐποιχομένη κατέπεφνεν,","translation":"came upon me with her gentle arrows and slew me,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l199.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἷς","lemma":"ἑός","morphology":"dative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies βελέεσσιν","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"ἀγανοῖς","lemma":"ἀγανός","morphology":"dative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies βελέεσσιν","gloss":"gentle"},{"surface":"βελέεσσιν","lemma":"βέλος","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to κατέπεφνεν","gloss":"arrows","note":"Epic dative plural βελέεσσιν, extended -εσσιν ending."},{"surface":"ἐποιχομένη","lemma":"ἐποίχομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to κατέπεφνεν","gloss":"coming upon"},{"surface":"κατέπεφνεν","lemma":"κατέπεφνον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"slew","note":"Rare reduplicated aorist of an old poetic verb 'to slay'."}]},{"number":200,"label":"200","id":"b11-l200","source":"οὔτε τις οὖν μοι νοῦσος ἐπήλυθεν, ἥ τε μάλιστα","translation":"nor did any illness come over me, the kind that most often","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l200.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τις","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"modifies νοῦσος","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"οὖν","lemma":"οὖν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of ἐπήλυθεν","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"νοῦσος","lemma":"νοῦσος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἐπήλυθεν","gloss":"illness"},{"surface":"ἐπήλυθεν","lemma":"ἐπέρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"came over"},{"surface":"ἥ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of ἐξείλετο","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"(generalizing particle)","note":"Epic generalizing τε, marks a timeless/habitual relative clause; not equivalent to 'and'."},{"surface":"μάλιστα","lemma":"μάλιστα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐξείλετο","gloss":"most often"}]},{"number":201,"label":"201","id":"b11-l201","source":"τηκεδόνι στυγερῇ μελέων ἐξείλετο θυμόν·","translation":"with hateful wasting takes the spirit from the limbs;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l201.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τηκεδόνι","lemma":"τηκεδών","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐξείλετο","gloss":"wasting sickness"},{"surface":"στυγερῇ","lemma":"στυγερός","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies τηκεδόνι","gloss":"hateful"},{"surface":"μελέων","lemma":"μέλος","morphology":"genitive plural neuter noun","role":"modifies τηκεδόνι","gloss":"limbs"},{"surface":"ἐξείλετο","lemma":"ἐξαιρέω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing νοῦσος","gloss":"takes away","note":"Gnomic aorist describing a general, timeless truth about death."},{"surface":"θυμόν","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐξείλετο","gloss":"life"}]},{"number":202,"label":"202","id":"b11-l202","source":"ἀλλά με σός τε πόθος σά τε μήδεα, φαίδιμʼ Ὀδυσσεῦ,","translation":"but longing for you, and your counsels, glorious Odysseus,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l202.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλά","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"με","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of ἀπηύρα","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"σός","lemma":"σός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies πόθος","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πόθος","lemma":"πόθος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of τ᾽","gloss":"longing"},{"surface":"σά","lemma":"σός","morphology":"nominative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies μήδεα","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μήδεα","lemma":"μῆδος","morphology":"nominative plural neuter noun","role":"subject of τ᾽","gloss":"counsels"},{"surface":"φαίδιμ","lemma":"φαίδιμος","morphology":"vocative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ὀδυσσεῦ","gloss":"glorious"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσσεῦ","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"Odysseus","note":"Vocative direct address; 'glorious Odysseus' is a recurring Homeric formula."}]},{"number":203,"label":"203","id":"b11-l203","source":"σή τʼ ἀγανοφροσύνη μελιηδέα θυμὸν ἀπηύρα.","translation":"and your tenderness, took my honey-sweet life away.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l203.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"μελιηδέα","title":"Honey-sweet life","body":"μελιηδής, \"honey-sweet,\" is a stock epithet applied to wine, fruit, sleep, and here to life itself."}],"words":[{"surface":"σή","lemma":"σός","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἀγανοφροσύνη","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀγανοφροσύνη","lemma":"ἀγανοφροσύνη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of τ᾽","gloss":"gentleness"},{"surface":"μελιηδέα","lemma":"μελιηδής","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies θυμὸν","gloss":"honey-sweet","note":"Vivid Homeric compound (μέλι + ἡδύς), 'honey-sweet life'."},{"surface":"θυμὸν","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἀπηύρα","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"ἀπηύρα","lemma":"ἀπαυράω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"took away","note":"Unaugmented epic imperfect ἀπηύρα, 'stripped away'."}]},{"number":204,"label":"204","id":"b11-l204","source":"ὣς ἔφατʼ, αὐτὰρ ἐγώ γʼ ἔθελον φρεσὶ\n                     μερμηρίξας","translation":"So she spoke, and I, pondering in my heart, longed","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l204.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔφατ᾽","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ἔφατ","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spoke","note":"Middle-voice φημί formula opening/closing a speech, 'thus she spoke'."},{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐγώ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἔθελον","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"γ","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἔθελον","lemma":"ἐθέλω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"wished"},{"surface":"φρεσὶ","lemma":"φρήν","morphology":"dative plural noun","role":"adverbial to μερμηρίξας","gloss":"in heart"},{"surface":"μερμηρίξας","lemma":"μερμηρίζω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἔθελον","gloss":"pondering"}]},{"number":205,"label":"205","id":"b11-l205","source":"μητρὸς ἐμῆς ψυχὴν ἑλέειν κατατεθνηυίης.","translation":"to clasp the ghost of my dead mother.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l205.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μητρὸς","lemma":"μήτηρ","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies ψυχὴν","gloss":"mother's"},{"surface":"ἐμῆς","lemma":"ἐμός","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies μητρὸς","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"ψυχὴν","lemma":"ψυχή","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἑλέειν","gloss":"soul/ghost"},{"surface":"ἑλέειν","lemma":"αἱρέω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of ἔθελον","gloss":"to clasp"},{"surface":"κατατεθνηυίης","lemma":"καταθνήσκω","morphology":"perfect active participle, genitive singular feminine","role":"modifies μητρὸς","gloss":"dead","note":"Perfect participle 'having died', stresses her completed, settled state of death."}]},{"number":206,"label":"206","id":"b11-l206","source":"τρὶς μὲν ἐφωρμήθην, ἑλέειν τέ με θυμὸς ἀνώγει,","translation":"Three times I rushed forward, and my heart urged me to clasp her,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l206.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"τρὶς ... τρὶς","title":"Threefold attempt","body":"The \"three times... three times\" pattern (here and in line 207) is a Homeric formula for a futile, repeated effort."}],"words":[{"surface":"τρὶς","lemma":"τρίς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐφωρμήθην","gloss":"three times","note":"Ritual triple attempt, a Homeric pattern echoed again at l207 ('three times')."},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἐφωρμήθην","lemma":"ἐφορμάω","morphology":"aorist passive indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"rushed forward"},{"surface":"ἑλέειν","lemma":"αἱρέω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of ἀνώγει","gloss":"to clasp"},{"surface":"τέ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"με","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἑλέειν","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"θυμὸς","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἀνώγει","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"ἀνώγει","lemma":"ἄνωγα","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"urged"}]},{"number":207,"label":"207","id":"b11-l207","source":"τρὶς δέ μοι ἐκ χειρῶν σκιῇ εἴκελον ἢ καὶ ὀνείρῳ","translation":"but three times she flew from my hands, like a shadow or a dream,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l207.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τρὶς","lemma":"τρίς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔπτατ᾽","gloss":"three times"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἔπτατ᾽","gloss":"from me"},{"surface":"ἐκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"χειρῶν","lemma":"χείρ","morphology":"genitive plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἐκ","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"σκιῇ","lemma":"σκιά","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"modifies ἢ","gloss":"a shadow","note":"Simile likening the ghost to a shadow/dream, a key underworld image."},{"surface":"εἴκελον","lemma":"εἴκελος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"ἢ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"ὀνείρῳ","lemma":"ὄνειρος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ἢ","gloss":"a dream"}]},{"number":208,"label":"208","id":"b11-l208","source":"ἔπτατʼ. ἐμοὶ δʼ ἄχος ὀξὺ γενέσκετο κηρόθι μᾶλλον,","translation":"and the sharp grief grew the more within my heart,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l208.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔπτατ","lemma":"πέτομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"flew away"},{"surface":"ἐμοὶ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of γενέσκετο","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄχος","lemma":"ἄχος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of γενέσκετο","gloss":"grief"},{"surface":"ὀξὺ","lemma":"ὀξύς","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἄχος","gloss":"sharp"},{"surface":"γενέσκετο","lemma":"γίγνομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"grew","note":"Iterative aorist in -σκετο, marks repeated welling-up of grief."},{"surface":"κηρόθι","lemma":"κηρόθι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to γενέσκετο","gloss":"in heart"},{"surface":"μᾶλλον","lemma":"μᾶλλον","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to γενέσκετο","gloss":"more"}]},{"number":209,"label":"209","id":"b11-l209","source":"καί μιν φωνήσας ἔπεα πτερόεντα προσηύδων·","translation":"and I spoke winged words to her:","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l209.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καί","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of προσηύδων","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"φωνήσας","lemma":"φωνέω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to προσηύδων","gloss":"having spoken"},{"surface":"ἔπεα","lemma":"ἔπος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of προσηύδων","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"πτερόεντα","lemma":"πτερόεις","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἔπεα","gloss":"winged","note":"The classic Homeric formula 'winged words' (ἔπεα πτερόεντα)."},{"surface":"προσηύδων","lemma":"προσαυδάω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"addressed"}]},{"number":210,"label":"210","id":"b11-l210","source":"μῆτερ ἐμή, τί νύ μʼ οὐ μίμνεις ἑλέειν\n                        μεμαῶτα,","translation":"\"My mother, why do you not stay for me, who long to hold you,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l210.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μῆτερ","lemma":"μήτηρ","morphology":"vocative singular feminine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"mother"},{"surface":"ἐμή","lemma":"ἐμός","morphology":"vocative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies μῆτερ","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"τί","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"adverbial to μίμνεις","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"νύ","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to μίμνεις","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"μ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of μίμνεις","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"οὐ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"μίμνεις","lemma":"μίμνω","morphology":"present active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"stay"},{"surface":"ἑλέειν","lemma":"αἱρέω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of μεμαῶτα","gloss":"to grasp"},{"surface":"μεμαῶτα","lemma":"μέμαα","morphology":"perfect active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"eager","note":"Perfect participle of μέμαα ('to be eager'), intensifies Odysseus's longing."}]},{"number":211,"label":"211","id":"b11-l211","source":"ὄφρα καὶ εἰν Ἀίδαο φίλας περὶ χεῖρε βαλόντε","translation":"so that even in Hades, throwing our dear arms around each other,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l211.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"χεῖρε ... βαλόντε","title":"Dual number","body":"χεῖρε (\"two hands\") and βαλόντε (\"the two of them throwing\") are duals: the special Homeric form for a natural pair, here mother and son embracing."}],"words":[{"surface":"ὄφρα","lemma":"ὄφρα","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"εἰν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Ἀίδαο","lemma":"ᾍδης","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies","gloss":"Hades"},{"surface":"φίλας","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"accusative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies χεῖρε","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"περὶ","lemma":"περί","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"χεῖρε","lemma":"χείρ","morphology":"accusative dual feminine noun","role":"object of βαλόντε","gloss":"arms","note":"Dual number χεῖρε refers to the pair of one's own two arms/hands, the ordinary Homeric dual for a paired body part."},{"surface":"βαλόντε","lemma":"βάλλω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative dual masculine","role":"adverbial to τεταρπώμεσθα","gloss":"throwing","note":"Dual participle matching ἀμφοτέρω/χεῖρε, marking a mutual embrace."}]},{"number":212,"label":"212","id":"b11-l212","source":"ἀμφοτέρω κρυεροῖο τεταρπώμεσθα γόοιο;","translation":"we might both take our fill of chilling lament?","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l212.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀμφοτέρω","lemma":"ἀμφότερος","morphology":"nominative dual masculine adjective","role":"subject of τεταρπώμεσθα","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"κρυεροῖο","lemma":"κρυερός","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies γόοιο","gloss":"chilling"},{"surface":"τεταρπώμεσθα","lemma":"τέρπω","morphology":"aorist middle subjunctive, 1st plural verb","role":"adverbial to ὄφρα","gloss":"take our fill","note":"Reduplicated aorist subjunctive of τέρπω, 'sate ourselves fully with'."},{"surface":"γόοιο","lemma":"γόος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of τεταρπώμεσθα","gloss":"of lament"}]},{"number":213,"label":"213","id":"b11-l213","source":"ἦ τί μοι εἴδωλον τόδʼ ἀγαυὴ Περσεφόνεια","translation":"Or is this only a phantom that majestic Persephone","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l213.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"τί","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"modifies εἴδωλον","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ὤτρυν᾽","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"εἴδωλον","lemma":"εἴδωλον","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ὤτρυν᾽","gloss":"phantom","note":"εἴδωλον, the standard Homeric term for a ghostly image/shade."},{"surface":"τόδ","lemma":"ὅδε","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"modifies εἴδωλον","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ἀγαυὴ","lemma":"ἀγαυός","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Περσεφόνεια","gloss":"majestic"},{"surface":"Περσεφόνεια","lemma":"Περσεφόνεια","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ὤτρυν᾽","gloss":"Persephone"}]},{"number":214,"label":"214","id":"b11-l214","source":"ὤτρυνʼ, ὄφρʼ ἔτι μᾶλλον ὀδυρόμενος στεναχίζω;","translation":"has sent me, so that I may groan and grieve still more?\"","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l214.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὤτρυν","lemma":"ὀτρύνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"sent/urged"},{"surface":"ὄφρ","lemma":"ὄφρα","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"ἔτι","lemma":"ἔτι","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"μᾶλλον","lemma":"μᾶλλον","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to στεναχίζω","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"ὀδυρόμενος","lemma":"ὀδύρομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to στεναχίζω","gloss":"lamenting"},{"surface":"στεναχίζω","lemma":"στεναχίζω","morphology":"present active subjunctive, 1st singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὄφρ᾽","gloss":"groan"}]},{"number":215,"label":"215","id":"b11-l215","source":"ὣς ἐφάμην, ἡ δʼ αὐτίκʼ ἀμείβετο πότνια\n                     μήτηρ·","translation":"So I spoke, and at once my honored mother answered:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l215.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐφάμην","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ἐφάμην","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"ἡ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αὐτίκ","lemma":"αὐτίκα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀμείβετο","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"ἀμείβετο","lemma":"ἀμείβω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"πότνια","lemma":"πότνια","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"modifies μήτηρ","gloss":"revered"},{"surface":"μήτηρ","lemma":"μήτηρ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"mother","note":"Formulaic pairing πότνια μήτηρ, 'honored/queenly mother'."}]},{"number":216,"label":"216","id":"b11-l216","source":"ὤ μοι, τέκνον ἐμόν, περὶ πάντων κάμμορε φωτῶν,","translation":"\"Ah me, my child, most ill-fated of all men,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l216.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὤ","lemma":"ὦ","morphology":"exclamation","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular feminine pronoun","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"me","note":"Exclamatory dative: ὤ μοι, 'woe is me!'"},{"surface":"τέκνον","lemma":"τέκνον","morphology":"vocative singular neuter noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"child"},{"surface":"ἐμόν","lemma":"ἐμός","morphology":"vocative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ,","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"περὶ","lemma":"περί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"beyond"},{"surface":"πάντων","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies φωτῶν","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"κάμμορε","lemma":"κάμμορος","morphology":"vocative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ,","gloss":"ill-fated","note":"Vocative epithet, 'most doomed of all men'."},{"surface":"φωτῶν","lemma":"φώς","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies περὶ","gloss":"of men"}]},{"number":217,"label":"217","id":"b11-l217","source":"οὔ τί σε Περσεφόνεια Διὸς θυγάτηρ ἀπαφίσκει,","translation":"it is not Persephone, daughter of Zeus, who deceives you,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l217.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οὔ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"τί","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"σε","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative singular pronoun","role":"object of ἀπαφίσκει","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Περσεφόνεια","lemma":"Περσεφόνεια","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"Persephone"},{"surface":"Διὸς","lemma":"Ζεύς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies θυγάτηρ","gloss":"of Zeus"},{"surface":"θυγάτηρ","lemma":"θυγάτηρ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"daughter"},{"surface":"ἀπαφίσκει","lemma":"ἀπαφίσκω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"deceives"}]},{"number":218,"label":"218","id":"b11-l218","source":"ἀλλʼ αὕτη δίκη ἐστὶ βροτῶν, ὅτε τίς κε θάνῃσιν·","translation":"but this is the way of mortals when one of them dies:","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l218.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"δίκη","title":"Dikê, the way / custom","body":"Here δίκη means not \"justice\" but \"the way things are,\" the customary lot of mortals after death."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"αὕτη","lemma":"οὗτος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"δίκη","lemma":"δίκη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἐστὶ","gloss":"custom","note":"δίκη here means the customary 'way' of things, not legal justice."},{"surface":"ἐστὶ","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"βροτῶν","lemma":"βροτός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies δίκη","gloss":"of mortals"},{"surface":"ὅτε","lemma":"ὅτε","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"τίς","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of θάνῃσιν","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"κε","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"(modal particle)"},{"surface":"θάνῃσιν","lemma":"θνήσκω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὅτε","gloss":"dies"}]},{"number":219,"label":"219","id":"b11-l219","source":"οὐ γὰρ ἔτι σάρκας τε καὶ ὀστέα ἶνες ἔχουσιν,","translation":"for the sinews no longer hold the flesh and the bones,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l219.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οὐ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ἔτι","lemma":"ἔτι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔχουσιν","gloss":"any longer"},{"surface":"σάρκας","lemma":"σάρξ","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"flesh"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὀστέα","lemma":"ὀστέον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"bones"},{"surface":"ἶνες","lemma":"ἴς","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject of ἔχουσιν","gloss":"sinews"},{"surface":"ἔχουσιν","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"hold"}]},{"number":220,"label":"220","id":"b11-l220","source":"ἀλλὰ τὰ μέν τε πυρὸς κρατερὸν μένος αἰθομένοιο","translation":"but the mighty force of blazing fire","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l220.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλὰ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"τὰ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative plural neuter pronoun","role":"object of δαμνᾷ","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"μέν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"on one hand"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πυρὸς","lemma":"πῦρ","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"modifies μένος","gloss":"of fire"},{"surface":"κρατερὸν","lemma":"κρατερός","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies μένος","gloss":"mighty"},{"surface":"μένος","lemma":"μένος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of δαμνᾷ","gloss":"force","note":"μένος, 'vital force,' applied metaphorically to fire's destructive power."},{"surface":"αἰθομένοιο","lemma":"αἴθω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, genitive singular neuter","role":"modifies πυρὸς","gloss":"blazing"}]},{"number":221,"label":"221","id":"b11-l221","source":"δαμνᾷ, ἐπεί κε πρῶτα λίπῃ λεύκʼ ὀστέα θυμός,","translation":"subdues them, once the spirit first leaves the white bones,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l221.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δαμνᾷ","lemma":"δαμνάω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"overcomes"},{"surface":"ἐπεί","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"κε","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"(modal particle)"},{"surface":"πρῶτα","lemma":"πρῶτος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to λίπῃ","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"λίπῃ","lemma":"λείπω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to δ᾽","gloss":"leaves"},{"surface":"λεύκ","lemma":"λευκός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ὀστέα","gloss":"white","note":"'White bones' is a formulaic Homeric phrase for bones after cremation."},{"surface":"ὀστέα","lemma":"ὀστέον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of λίπῃ","gloss":"bones"},{"surface":"θυμός","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of λίπῃ","gloss":"spirit"}]},{"number":222,"label":"222","id":"b11-l222","source":"ψυχὴ δʼ ἠύτʼ ὄνειρος ἀποπταμένη πεπότηται.","translation":"and the soul flits away like a dream and is gone, fluttering off.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l222.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ψυχή","title":"psyche as the fluttering shade","body":"Here psyche is the soul that leaves the body at death and survives as a powerless shade. The simile likens it to a dream, an image as insubstantial as it is real."}],"words":[{"surface":"ψυχὴ","lemma":"ψυχή","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of πεπότηται","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἠύτ","lemma":"ἠύτε","morphology":"particle","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"ὄνειρος","lemma":"ὄνειρος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"a dream","note":"Simile equating the departing soul with a dream, a core Homeric afterlife image."},{"surface":"ἀποπταμένη","lemma":"ἀποπέτομαι","morphology":"aorist middle participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to πεπότηται","gloss":"having flown off"},{"surface":"πεπότηται","lemma":"ποτάομαι","morphology":"perfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to δ᾽","gloss":"flutters away","note":"Perfect tense marks the soul's departure as a completed, lasting state."}]},{"number":223,"label":"223","id":"b11-l223","source":"ἀλλὰ φόωσδε τάχιστα λιλαίεο· ταῦτα δὲ πάντα","translation":"But long for the light with all speed; and all these things","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l223.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλὰ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"φόωσδε","lemma":"φόωσδε","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of λιλαίεο","gloss":"toward the light","note":"Directive suffix -δε: 'to/toward the light,' i.e. back to the living world."},{"surface":"τάχιστα","lemma":"ταχύς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to λιλαίεο","gloss":"most quickly"},{"surface":"λιλαίεο","lemma":"λιλαίομαι","morphology":"present middle imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"yearn"},{"surface":"ταῦτα","lemma":"οὗτος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of ἴσθ᾽","gloss":"these things"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πάντα","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ταῦτα","gloss":"all"}]},{"number":224,"label":"224","id":"b11-l224","source":"ἴσθʼ, ἵνα καὶ μετόπισθε τεῇ εἴπῃσθα γυναικί.","translation":"know, so that hereafter you may tell them to your wife.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l224.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἴσθι","title":"imperative \"know\"","body":"ἴσθι is the imperative of οἶδα, \"know.\" Antikleia commands Odysseus to take careful note so he can later report to Penelope."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἴσθ","lemma":"οἶδα","morphology":"perfect active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"know","note":"Perfect imperative of οἶδα used as a command, 'know (this well)'."},{"surface":"ἵνα","lemma":"ἵνα","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"μετόπισθε","lemma":"μετόπισθε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to εἴπῃσθα","gloss":"hereafter"},{"surface":"τεῇ","lemma":"τεός","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies γυναικί","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"εἴπῃσθα","lemma":"εἶπον","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 2nd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἵνα","gloss":"you may tell"},{"surface":"γυναικί","lemma":"γυνή","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of εἴπῃσθα","gloss":"wife"}]},{"number":225,"label":"225","id":"b11-l225","source":"νῶι μὲν ὣς ἐπέεσσιν ἀμειβόμεθʼ, αἱ δὲ\n                     γυναῖκες","translation":"So the two of us went on exchanging words, and the women","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l225.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"νῶι","title":"dual \"the two of us\"","body":"νῶι is the dual pronoun, \"we two,\" used for Odysseus and his mother as a natural pair in conversation."}],"words":[{"surface":"νῶι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative dual masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἀμειβόμεθ᾽","gloss":"we two","note":"Dual pronoun νῶι marks the intimate two-person exchange with his mother's shade."},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"on one hand"},{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀμειβόμεθ᾽","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"ἐπέεσσιν","lemma":"ἔπος","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἀμειβόμεθ᾽","gloss":"with words"},{"surface":"ἀμειβόμεθ","lemma":"ἀμείβω","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"exchanged"},{"surface":"αἱ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"article","role":"modifies γυναῖκες","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"γυναῖκες","lemma":"γυνή","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject of ἤλυθον","gloss":"women"}]},{"number":226,"label":"226","id":"b11-l226","source":"ἤλυθον, ὤτρυνεν γὰρ ἀγαυὴ Περσεφόνεια,","translation":"came, for noble Persephone urged them on,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l226.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἤλυθον","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"ὤτρυνεν","lemma":"ὀτρύνω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"urged on","note":"imperfect: Persephone's urging was ongoing, driving the ghosts forward in a steady stream."},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ἀγαυὴ","lemma":"ἀγαυός","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Περσεφόνεια","gloss":"noble"},{"surface":"Περσεφόνεια","lemma":"Περσεφόνεια","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ὤτρυνεν","gloss":"Persephone","note":"queen of the dead; the formulaic epithet ἀγαυή marks her divine status even in the underworld."}]},{"number":227,"label":"227","id":"b11-l227","source":"ὅσσαι ἀριστήων ἄλοχοι ἔσαν ἠδὲ θύγατρες.","translation":"all those who had been the wives and daughters of great men.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l227.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὅσσαι","lemma":"ὅσος","morphology":"nominative plural feminine adjective","role":"subject of ἔσαν","gloss":"as many as"},{"surface":"ἀριστήων","lemma":"ἀριστεύς","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ἠδὲ","gloss":"of chieftains"},{"surface":"ἄλοχοι","lemma":"ἄλοχος","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"wives"},{"surface":"ἔσαν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing γυναῖκες","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"ἠδὲ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"θύγατρες","lemma":"θυγάτηρ","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"daughters"}]},{"number":228,"label":"228","id":"b11-l228","source":"αἱ δʼ ἀμφʼ αἷμα κελαινὸν ἀολλέες ἠγερέθοντο,","translation":"They gathered in a throng about the dark blood,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l228.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αἱ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural feminine pronoun","role":"subject of ἠγερέθοντο","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀμφ","lemma":"ἀμφί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"αἷμα","lemma":"αἷμα","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἀμφ᾽","gloss":"blood"},{"surface":"κελαινὸν","lemma":"κελαινός","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies αἷμα","gloss":"dark"},{"surface":"ἀολλέες","lemma":"ἀολλής","morphology":"nominative plural feminine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"in a throng","note":"ἀολλέες, 'massed together' — vivid Homeric word for a crowd pressing as one body."},{"surface":"ἠγερέθοντο","lemma":"ἠγερέθομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"gathered"}]},{"number":229,"label":"229","id":"b11-l229","source":"αὐτὰρ ἐγὼ βούλευον ὅπως ἐρέοιμι ἑκάστην.","translation":"while I was planning how I might question each of them.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l229.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐγὼ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of βούλευον","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"βούλευον","lemma":"βουλεύω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was planning"},{"surface":"ὅπως","lemma":"ὅπως","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"ἐρέοιμι","lemma":"ἐρῶ","morphology":"future active optative, 1st singular verb","role":"object of ὅπως","gloss":"might question","note":"future optative ἐρέοιμι under ὅπως expresses Odysseus's deliberated purpose, 'how I should question.'"},{"surface":"ἑκάστην","lemma":"ἕκαστος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"object of ἐρέοιμι","gloss":"each one"}]},{"number":230,"label":"230","id":"b11-l230","source":"ἥδε δέ μοι κατὰ θυμὸν ἀρίστη φαίνετο βουλή·","translation":"And this seemed to my mind the best plan:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l230.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἥδε","lemma":"ὅδε","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of φαίνετο","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of φαίνετο","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"κατὰ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"θυμὸν","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of κατὰ","gloss":"mind","note":"κατὰ θυμόν, 'in my heart' — a common Homeric idiom for inward thought or feeling."},{"surface":"ἀρίστη","lemma":"ἄριστος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies βουλή","gloss":"best"},{"surface":"φαίνετο","lemma":"φαίνω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"seemed"},{"surface":"βουλή","lemma":"βουλή","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"plan"}]},{"number":231,"label":"231","id":"b11-l231","source":"σπασσάμενος τανύηκες ἄορ παχέος παρὰ μηροῦ","translation":"drawing the long-edged sword from beside my stout thigh,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l231.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"σπασσάμενος","lemma":"σπάω","morphology":"aorist middle participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to εἴων","gloss":"drawing","note":"aorist middle participle: he draws the sword himself, for his own use — the middle voice marks self-interest."},{"surface":"τανύηκες","lemma":"τανυήκης","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἄορ","gloss":"long-edged"},{"surface":"ἄορ","lemma":"ἄορ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of σπασσάμενος","gloss":"sword"},{"surface":"παχέος","lemma":"παχύς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies μηροῦ","gloss":"stout"},{"surface":"παρὰ","lemma":"παρά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"μηροῦ","lemma":"μηρός","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of παρὰ","gloss":"thigh"}]},{"number":232,"label":"232","id":"b11-l232","source":"οὐκ εἴων πίνειν ἅμα πάσας αἷμα κελαινόν.","translation":"I would not let them all drink the dark blood at once.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l232.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οὐκ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"εἴων","lemma":"ἐάω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was letting"},{"surface":"πίνειν","lemma":"πίνω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of εἴων","gloss":"drink"},{"surface":"ἅμα","lemma":"ἅμα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to πίνειν","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"πάσας","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"accusative plural feminine adjective","role":"subject of πίνειν","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"αἷμα","lemma":"αἷμα","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of πίνειν","gloss":"blood"},{"surface":"κελαινόν","lemma":"κελαινός","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies αἷμα","gloss":"dark"}]},{"number":233,"label":"233","id":"b11-l233","source":"αἱ δὲ προμνηστῖναι ἐπήισαν, ἠδὲ ἑκάστη","translation":"So they came forward one after another, and each","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l233.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αἱ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural feminine pronoun","role":"subject of ἐπήισαν","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"προμνηστῖναι","lemma":"προμνηστῖνοι","morphology":"nominative plural feminine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"one by one","note":"προμνηστῖναι, 'one after another, in succession' — an adverbial word for an orderly procession (no notion of social rank), not a chaotic crowd."},{"surface":"ἐπήισαν","lemma":"ἔπειμι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"came forward"},{"surface":"ἠδὲ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἑκάστη","lemma":"ἕκαστος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"each"}]},{"number":234,"label":"234","id":"b11-l234","source":"ὃν γόνον ἐξαγόρευεν· ἐγὼ δʼ ἐρέεινον ἁπάσας.","translation":"declared her lineage; and I questioned them all.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l234.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὃν","lemma":"ἑός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies γόνον","gloss":"her own","note":"ὅν here is the possessive reflexive adjective ('her own'), not the relative pronoun — easy to mistake for ὅς."},{"surface":"γόνον","lemma":"γόνος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐξαγόρευεν","gloss":"lineage"},{"surface":"ἐξαγόρευεν","lemma":"ἐξαγορεύω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"declared"},{"surface":"ἐγὼ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἐρέεινον","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐρέεινον","lemma":"ἐρεείνω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"questioned"},{"surface":"ἁπάσας","lemma":"ἅπας","morphology":"accusative plural feminine adjective","role":"object of ἐρέεινον","gloss":"all"}]},{"number":235,"label":"235","id":"b11-l235","source":"ἔνθʼ ἦ τοι πρώτην Τυρὼ ἴδον εὐπατέρειαν,","translation":"There first I saw Tyro, born of a noble father,","scansion":"—— | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l235.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔνθ","lemma":"ἔνθα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἴδον","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"τοι","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"πρώτην","lemma":"πρῶτος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"Τυρὼ","lemma":"Τυρώ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἴδον","gloss":"Tyro"},{"surface":"ἴδον","lemma":"εἶδον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I saw","note":"ἴδον, root aorist of εἶδον/ὁράω — begins the catalogue-of-heroines scene, a set epic device."},{"surface":"εὐπατέρειαν","lemma":"εὐπατέρεια","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Τυρὼ","gloss":"nobly-fathered"}]},{"number":236,"label":"236","id":"b11-l236","source":"ἣ φάτο Σαλμωνῆος ἀμύμονος ἔκγονος εἶναι,","translation":"who said she was the daughter of blameless Salmoneus,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l236.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἣ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of δὲ","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"φάτο","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"aorist indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing δὲ","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Σαλμωνῆος","lemma":"Σαλμωνεύς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ἔκγονος","gloss":"of Salmoneus"},{"surface":"ἀμύμονος","lemma":"ἀμύμων","morphology":"genitive singular adjective","role":"modifies Σαλμωνῆος","gloss":"blameless"},{"surface":"ἔκγονος","lemma":"ἔκγονος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"offspring"},{"surface":"εἶναι","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of φάτο","gloss":"to be"}]},{"number":237,"label":"237","id":"b11-l237","source":"φῆ δὲ Κρηθῆος γυνὴ ἔμμεναι Αἰολίδαο·","translation":"and said she was the wife of Cretheus, son of Aeolus.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l237.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"φῆ","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing δὲ","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Κρηθῆος","lemma":"Κρηθεύς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies γυνὴ","gloss":"of Cretheus"},{"surface":"γυνὴ","lemma":"γυνή","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"ἔμμεναι","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of φῆ","gloss":"to be","note":"ἔμμεναι, epic infinitive of εἰμί with athematic -μεναι ending, common variant beside εἶναι."},{"surface":"Αἰολίδαο","lemma":"Αἰολίδης","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Κρηθῆος","gloss":"son of Aeolus"}]},{"number":238,"label":"238","id":"b11-l238","source":"ἣ ποταμοῦ ἠράσσατʼ Ἐνιπῆος θείοιο,","translation":"She fell in love with the river, divine Enipeus,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l238.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἣ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of καί","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"ποταμοῦ","lemma":"ποταμός","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἠράσσατ᾽","gloss":"the river"},{"surface":"ἠράσσατ","lemma":"ἔραμαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing καί","gloss":"fell in love with","note":"ἠράσσατο takes a genitive object (ποταμοῦ) — Greek verbs of desire/love often govern the genitive."},{"surface":"Ἐνιπῆος","lemma":"Ἐνιπεύς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ποταμοῦ","gloss":"Enipeus"},{"surface":"θείοιο","lemma":"θεῖος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἐνιπῆος","gloss":"divine"}]},{"number":239,"label":"239","id":"b11-l239","source":"ὃς πολὺ κάλλιστος ποταμῶν ἐπὶ γαῖαν ἵησι,","translation":"who is by far the fairest of rivers that flow upon the earth,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l239.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὃς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἵησι","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"πολὺ","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"by far"},{"surface":"κάλλιστος","lemma":"καλός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"fairest"},{"surface":"ποταμῶν","lemma":"ποταμός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies κάλλιστος","gloss":"of rivers"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"γαῖαν","lemma":"γαῖα","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐπὶ","gloss":"earth"},{"surface":"ἵησι","lemma":"ἵημι","morphology":"present active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ποταμοῦ","gloss":"flows"}]},{"number":240,"label":"240","id":"b11-l240","source":"καί ῥʼ ἐπʼ Ἐνιπῆος πωλέσκετο καλὰ ῥέεθρα.","translation":"and she would often haunt the beautiful streams of Enipeus.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l240.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"πωλέσκετο","title":"iterative imperfect","body":"πωλέσκετο is an iterative form (with the -σκ- suffix), describing a repeated, habitual action: she \"used to go\" again and again to the river."}],"words":[{"surface":"καί","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ῥ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἐπ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"Ἐνιπῆος","lemma":"Ἐνιπεύς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ῥέεθρα","gloss":"of Enipeus"},{"surface":"πωλέσκετο","lemma":"πωλέομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing καί","gloss":"used to haunt","note":"πωλέσκετο, iterative imperfect in -σκε- expressing repeated, habitual action: 'she would keep visiting.'"},{"surface":"καλὰ","lemma":"καλός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ῥέεθρα","gloss":"beautiful"},{"surface":"ῥέεθρα","lemma":"ῥεῖθρον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἐπ᾽","gloss":"streams"}]},{"number":241,"label":"241","id":"b11-l241","source":"τῷ δʼ ἄρα εἰσάμενος γαιήοχος ἐννοσίγαιος","translation":"Taking his shape, the earth-holder, the earth-shaker,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l241.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ἐννοσίγαιος","title":"epithet of Poseidon","body":"γαιήοχος ἐννοσίγαιος, \"earth-holder, earth-shaker,\" are standard epithets of Poseidon, marking his power over land and sea and his role in earthquakes."}],"words":[{"surface":"τῷ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of εἰσάμενος","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄρα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"εἰσάμενος","lemma":"εἴδομαι","morphology":"aorist middle participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to παρελέξατο","gloss":"taking the shape of","note":"εἰσάμενος, aorist middle of εἴδομαι, 'making himself look like' — the disguise-taking participle, common divine-deception formula."},{"surface":"γαιήοχος","lemma":"γαιήοχος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἐννοσίγαιος","gloss":"earth-holding"},{"surface":"ἐννοσίγαιος","lemma":"Ἐννοσίγαιος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of παρελέξατο","gloss":"earth-shaker","note":"ἐννοσίγαιος, standard epithet-name for Poseidon, 'the earth-shaker' — held in suspense until l.252 names him directly."}]},{"number":242,"label":"242","id":"b11-l242","source":"ἐν προχοῇς ποταμοῦ παρελέξατο δινήεντος·","translation":"lay with her at the outpourings of the eddying river.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l242.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"προχοῇς","lemma":"προχοή","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἐν","gloss":"outpourings"},{"surface":"ποταμοῦ","lemma":"ποταμός","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies προχοῇς","gloss":"of the river"},{"surface":"παρελέξατο","lemma":"παραλέγω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"lay with her"},{"surface":"δινήεντος","lemma":"δινήεις","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ποταμοῦ","gloss":"eddying"}]},{"number":243,"label":"243","id":"b11-l243","source":"πορφύρεον δʼ ἄρα κῦμα περιστάθη, οὔρεϊ ἶσον,","translation":"A dark wave stood arched around them, high as a mountain,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l243.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πορφύρεον","lemma":"πορφύρεος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ,","gloss":"dark"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄρα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"κῦμα","lemma":"κῦμα","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of περιστάθη","gloss":"wave"},{"surface":"περιστάθη","lemma":"περιίστημι","morphology":"aorist passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"stood arched","note":"περιστάθη, aorist passive of περιίστημι, 'was made to stand around' — the sea itself forms a concealing wall."},{"surface":"οὔρεϊ","lemma":"ὄρος","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"modifies ἶσον","gloss":"a mountain"},{"surface":"ἶσον","lemma":"ἴσος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ,","gloss":"equal to"}]},{"number":244,"label":"244","id":"b11-l244","source":"κυρτωθέν, κρύψεν δὲ θεὸν θνητήν τε γυναῖκα.","translation":"curving over, and it hid the god and the mortal woman.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l244.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κυρτωθέν","lemma":"κυρτόω","morphology":"aorist passive participle, nominative singular neuter","role":"modifies ,","gloss":"arching over"},{"surface":"κρύψεν","lemma":"κρύπτω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"hid"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"θεὸν","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of τε","gloss":"the god"},{"surface":"θνητήν","lemma":"θνητός","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies γυναῖκα","gloss":"mortal"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"γυναῖκα","lemma":"γυνή","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of τε","gloss":"woman"}]},{"number":245,"label":"245","id":"b11-l245","source":"λῦσε δὲ παρθενίην ζώνην, κατὰ δʼ ὕπνον ἔχευεν.","translation":"He loosed her maiden girdle and poured sleep upon her.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l245.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"λῦσε","lemma":"λύω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"loosed"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"παρθενίην","lemma":"παρθένιος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ζώνην","gloss":"maiden"},{"surface":"ζώνην","lemma":"ζώνη","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of λῦσε","gloss":"girdle","note":"'loosing the girdle' is a standard Homeric euphemism for taking a woman's virginity."},{"surface":"κατὰ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"down"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὕπνον","lemma":"ὕπνος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἔχευεν","gloss":"sleep"},{"surface":"ἔχευεν","lemma":"χέω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"poured"}]},{"number":246,"label":"246","id":"b11-l246","source":"αὐτὰρ ἐπεί ῥʼ ἐτέλεσσε θεὸς φιλοτήσια ἔργα,","translation":"But when the god had finished the work of love,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l246.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐπεί","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ῥ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἐτέλεσσε","lemma":"τελέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἐπεί","gloss":"finished"},{"surface":"θεὸς","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐτέλεσσε","gloss":"the god"},{"surface":"φιλοτήσια","lemma":"φιλοτήσιος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἔργα","gloss":"of love"},{"surface":"ἔργα","lemma":"ἔργον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἐτέλεσσε","gloss":"deeds","note":"φιλοτήσια ἔργα, 'the works of love' — a stock euphemistic phrase for lovemaking."}]},{"number":247,"label":"247","id":"b11-l247","source":"ἔν τʼ ἄρα οἱ φῦ χειρί, ἔπος τʼ ἔφατʼ ἔκ τʼ ὀνόμαζε·","translation":"he clasped her hand, spoke a word, and called her by name:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l247.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"(and)"},{"surface":"ἄρα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of φῦ","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"φῦ","lemma":"φύω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"grasped","note":"ἔν...φῦ, 'grew into' her hand — a striking tmesis (verb split by intervening words) expressing a firm, clinging grip."},{"surface":"χειρί","lemma":"χείρ","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of φῦ","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"ἔπος","lemma":"ἔπος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἔφατ᾽","gloss":"a word"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"(and)"},{"surface":"ἔφατ","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"ἔκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"out"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"(and)"},{"surface":"ὀνόμαζε","lemma":"ὀνομάζω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"named her","note":"ἔπος τ᾽ ἔφατ᾽ ἔκ τ᾽ ὀνόμαζε, the recurring Homeric formula introducing direct speech."}]},{"number":248,"label":"248","id":"b11-l248","source":"χαῖρε, γύναι, φιλότητι· περιπλομένου δʼ\n                        ἐνιαυτοῦ","translation":"\"Rejoice, woman, in this love; and as the year comes round","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l248.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"χαῖρε","lemma":"χαίρω","morphology":"present active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"rejoice"},{"surface":"γύναι","lemma":"γυνή","morphology":"vocative singular feminine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"φιλότητι","lemma":"φιλότης","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of χαῖρε","gloss":"in love"},{"surface":"περιπλομένου","lemma":"περιπέλομαι","morphology":"present participle, genitive singular masculine","role":"adverbial to τέξεις","gloss":"coming round","note":"περιπλομένου ἐνιαυτοῦ, genitive absolute: 'as the year revolves' — formulaic epic phrase marking time's cyclical passing."},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐνιαυτοῦ","lemma":"ἐνιαυτός","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"subject of περιπλομένου","gloss":"of the year"}]},{"number":249,"label":"249","id":"b11-l249","source":"τέξεις ἀγλαὰ τέκνα, ἐπεὶ οὐκ ἀποφώλιοι εὐναὶ","translation":"you will bear splendid children, for the beds of the immortals","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l249.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τέξεις","lemma":"τίκτω","morphology":"future active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"you will bear"},{"surface":"ἀγλαὰ","lemma":"ἀγλαός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies τέκνα","gloss":"splendid"},{"surface":"τέκνα","lemma":"τέκνον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of τέξεις","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"οὐκ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ἀποφώλιοι","lemma":"ἀποφώλιος","morphology":"nominative plural feminine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"fruitless"},{"surface":"εὐναὶ","lemma":"εὐνή","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"couplings"}]},{"number":250,"label":"250","id":"b11-l250","source":"ἀθανάτων· σὺ δὲ τοὺς κομέειν ἀτιταλλέμεναί τε.","translation":"are not barren; and you must nurse and rear them.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l250.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀθανάτων","lemma":"ἀθάνατος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies εὐναὶ","gloss":"of the immortals"},{"surface":"σὺ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"nominative singular pronoun","role":"subject of τε","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τοὺς","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of τε","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"κομέειν","lemma":"κομέω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"main verb","gloss":"to tend"},{"surface":"ἀτιταλλέμεναί","lemma":"ἀτιτάλλω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"main verb","gloss":"to rear","note":"paired infinitives κομέειν...ἀτιταλλέμεναί, near-synonyms for nurturing — epic doubling for emphasis."},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"}]},{"number":251,"label":"251","id":"b11-l251","source":"νῦν δʼ ἔρχευ πρὸς δῶμα, καὶ ἴσχεο μηδʼ ὀνομήνῃς·","translation":"But now go to your house, and hold back, and name no name;","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l251.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ὀνομήνῃς","title":"prohibition with the subjunctive","body":"μηδʼ ὀνομήνῃς uses μή with the aorist subjunctive to forbid an action: \"do not name (me).\" Poseidon orders Tyro to keep his identity secret."}],"words":[{"surface":"νῦν","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔρχευ","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἔρχευ","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"πρὸς","lemma":"πρός","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"δῶμα","lemma":"δῶμα","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of πρὸς","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἴσχεο","lemma":"ἴσχω","morphology":"present medio-passive imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"hold back","note":"ἴσχεο, middle imperative 'restrain yourself' — Poseidon warns her to keep silent about his identity."},{"surface":"ὀνομήνῃς","lemma":"ὀνομαίνω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"name","note":"aorist subjunctive with μηδέ as prohibition: 'do not speak my name' — the god insists on secrecy."}]},{"number":252,"label":"252","id":"b11-l252","source":"αὐτὰρ ἐγώ τοί εἰμι Ποσειδάων ἐνοσίχθων.","translation":"but know that I am Poseidon, the earth-shaker.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l252.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐγώ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of εἰμι","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"τοί","lemma":"τοι","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"εἰμι","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"am"},{"surface":"Ποσειδάων","lemma":"Ποσειδεών","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"Poseidon"},{"surface":"ἐνοσίχθων","lemma":"Ἐνοσίχθων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ποσειδάων","gloss":"earth-shaker","note":"the god finally reveals his true name, paired with the epithet ἐνοσίχθων (single-ν form) echoing l.241's γαιήοχος ἐννοσίγαιος."}]},{"number":253,"label":"253","id":"b11-l253","source":"ὣς εἰπὼν ὑπὸ πόντον ἐδύσετο κυμαίνοντα.","translation":"So saying, he plunged beneath the surging sea.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l253.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to εἰπὼν","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"εἰπὼν","lemma":"εἶπον","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐδύσετο","gloss":"speaking"},{"surface":"ὑπὸ","lemma":"ὑπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"beneath"},{"surface":"πόντον","lemma":"πόντος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ὑπὸ","gloss":"sea"},{"surface":"ἐδύσετο","lemma":"δύω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"plunged"},{"surface":"κυμαίνοντα","lemma":"κυμαίνω","morphology":"present active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"modifies πόντον","gloss":"surging","note":"κυμαίνοντα, present participle 'billowing' modifying the sea he vanishes into — a vivid closing image."}]},{"number":254,"label":"254","id":"b11-l254","source":"ἡ δʼ ὑποκυσαμένη Πελίην τέκε καὶ Νηλῆα,","translation":"And she conceived and bore Pelias and Neleus,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l254.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἡ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of τέκε","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὑποκυσαμένη","lemma":"ὑποκύομαι","morphology":"aorist middle participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to τέκε","gloss":"having conceived","note":"middle voice marks the physical process happening to/for herself"},{"surface":"Πελίην","lemma":"Πελίης","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"Pelias"},{"surface":"τέκε","lemma":"τίκτω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"bore","note":"aorist τίκτω, 'gave birth to' — narrates a specific past event, not a gnomic (general-truth) aorist"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Νηλῆα","lemma":"Νηλεύς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"Neleus"}]},{"number":255,"label":"255","id":"b11-l255","source":"τὼ κρατερὼ θεράποντε Διὸς μεγάλοιο γενέσθην","translation":"who both became mighty servants of great Zeus,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l255.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"γενέσθην","title":"dual verb","body":"γενέσθην is a dual aorist, \"the two of them became,\" matching the dual subject of Pelias and Neleus as a pair of brothers."}],"words":[{"surface":"τὼ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative dual masculine pronoun","role":"subject of γενέσθην","gloss":"the two of them","note":"dual number τὼ used for exactly two subjects, common in Homer"},{"surface":"κρατερὼ","lemma":"κρατερός","morphology":"nominative dual masculine adjective","role":"modifies θεράποντε","gloss":"mighty"},{"surface":"θεράποντε","lemma":"θεράπων","morphology":"nominative dual masculine noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"servants","note":"dual predicate noun agreeing with dual subject τὼ"},{"surface":"Διὸς","lemma":"Ζεύς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies θεράποντε","gloss":"of Zeus"},{"surface":"μεγάλοιο","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Διὸς","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"γενέσθην","lemma":"γίγνομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd dual verb","role":"verb of a clause describing καὶ","gloss":"became"}]},{"number":256,"label":"256","id":"b11-l256","source":"ἀμφοτέρω· Πελίης μὲν ἐν εὐρυχόρῳ Ἰαωλκῷ","translation":"the two of them: Pelias in spacious Iolcus","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l256.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀμφοτέρω","lemma":"ἀμφότερος","morphology":"nominative dual masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"both","note":"dual adjective resuming τὼ, sets up the μέν...δέ split that follows"},{"surface":"Πελίης","lemma":"Πελίης","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ναῖε","gloss":"Pelias"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"on one hand"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"εὐρυχόρῳ","lemma":"εὐρύχορος","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἰαωλκῷ","gloss":"spacious"},{"surface":"Ἰαωλκῷ","lemma":"Ἰαωλκός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐν","gloss":"Iolcus"}]},{"number":257,"label":"257","id":"b11-l257","source":"ναῖε πολύρρηνος, ὁ δʼ ἄρʼ ἐν Πύλῳ ἠμαθόεντι.","translation":"dwelt, rich in flocks, and the other in sandy Pylos.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l257.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ναῖε","lemma":"ναίω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"dwelt"},{"surface":"πολύρρηνος","lemma":"πολύρρηνος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"rich in flocks","note":"epithet describing Pelias' wealth, in apposition to the subject"},{"surface":"ὁ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject","gloss":"the other"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Πύλῳ","lemma":"Πύλος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object","gloss":"Pylos"},{"surface":"ἠμαθόεντι","lemma":"ἠμαθόεις","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Πύλῳ","gloss":"sandy","note":"stock epithet for Pylos, formulaic epic diction"}]},{"number":258,"label":"258","id":"b11-l258","source":"τοὺς δʼ ἑτέρους Κρηθῆι τέκεν βασίλεια γυναικῶν,","translation":"The rest she bore to Cretheus, that queen among women:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l258.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τοὺς","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative plural masculine article","role":"modifies ἑτέρους","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἑτέρους","lemma":"ἕτερος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of ,","gloss":"the others"},{"surface":"Κρηθῆι","lemma":"Κρηθεύς","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of τέκεν","gloss":"to Cretheus"},{"surface":"τέκεν","lemma":"τίκτω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"bore"},{"surface":"βασίλεια","lemma":"βασίλεια","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of τέκεν","gloss":"queen"},{"surface":"γυναικῶν","lemma":"γυνή","morphology":"genitive plural feminine noun","role":"modifies βασίλεια","gloss":"of women","note":"partitive genitive, 'queen among women' — honorific epic formula"}]},{"number":259,"label":"259","id":"b11-l259","source":"Αἴσονά τʼ ἠδὲ Φέρητʼ Ἀμυθάονά θʼ ἱππιοχάρμην.","translation":"Aeson and Pheres and Amythaon, who delights in chariots.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l259.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Αἴσονά","lemma":"Αἴσων","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of θ᾽","gloss":"Aeson"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἠδὲ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Φέρητ","lemma":"Φέρης","morphology":"accusative dual masculine noun","role":"object of θ᾽","gloss":"Pheres"},{"surface":"Ἀμυθάονά","lemma":"Ἀμυθάων","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of θ᾽","gloss":"Amythaon"},{"surface":"θ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἱππιοχάρμην","lemma":"ἱππιοχάρμης","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ἀμυθάονά","gloss":"chariot-fighter","note":"compound epithet ('delighting in horses/chariots') marking heroic status"}]},{"number":260,"label":"260","id":"b11-l260","source":"τὴν δὲ μετʼ Ἀντιόπην ἴδον, Ἀσωποῖο θύγατρα,","translation":"After her I saw Antiope, daughter of Asopus,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l260.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὴν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"adverbial to μετ᾽","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μετ","lemma":"μετά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"after","note":"μετά + accusative, 'after her' in the catalogue sequence"},{"surface":"Ἀντιόπην","lemma":"Ἀντιόπη","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ,","gloss":"Antiope"},{"surface":"ἴδον","lemma":"εἶδον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I saw"},{"surface":"Ἀσωποῖο","lemma":"Ἀσωπός","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies θύγατρα","gloss":"of Asopus"},{"surface":"θύγατρα","lemma":"θυγάτηρ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ,","gloss":"daughter"}]},{"number":261,"label":"261","id":"b11-l261","source":"ἣ δὴ καὶ Διὸς εὔχετʼ ἐν ἀγκοίνῃσιν ἰαῦσαι,","translation":"who boasted that she had slept in the very arms of Zeus,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l261.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἣ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of καί","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"even","note":"emphatic καί, 'even in the arms of Zeus'"},{"surface":"Διὸς","lemma":"Ζεύς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ἀγκοίνῃσιν","gloss":"of Zeus"},{"surface":"εὔχετ","lemma":"εὔχομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing καί","gloss":"boasted","note":"present tense used for a past claim she still makes; boasting verb + infinitive"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ἀγκοίνῃσιν","lemma":"ἀγκοίνη","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἐν","gloss":"arms"},{"surface":"ἰαῦσαι","lemma":"ἰαύω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of εὔχετ᾽","gloss":"to have slept"}]},{"number":262,"label":"262","id":"b11-l262","source":"καί ῥʼ ἔτεκεν δύο παῖδʼ, Ἀμφίονά τε Ζῆθόν τε,","translation":"and she bore two sons, Amphion and Zethus,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l262.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καί","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ῥ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἔτεκεν","lemma":"τίκτω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing καί","gloss":"bore"},{"surface":"δύο","lemma":"δύο","morphology":"numeral","role":"modifies παῖδ᾽","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"παῖδ","lemma":"παῖς","morphology":"accusative dual masculine noun","role":"object of ,","gloss":"sons","note":"dual noun παῖδε, matching δύο, for the pair Amphion and Zethus"},{"surface":"Ἀμφίονά","lemma":"Ἀμφίων","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of τε","gloss":"Amphion"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ζῆθόν","lemma":"Ζῆθος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of τε","gloss":"Zethus"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"}]},{"number":263,"label":"263","id":"b11-l263","source":"οἳ πρῶτοι Θήβης ἕδος ἔκτισαν ἑπταπύλοιο,","translation":"who first founded the seat of seven-gated Thebes","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l263.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἳ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of τ᾽","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"πρῶτοι","lemma":"πρῶτος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"Θήβης","lemma":"Θήβη","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies ἔκτισαν","gloss":"of Thebes"},{"surface":"ἕδος","lemma":"ἕδος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of τ᾽","gloss":"seat","note":"ἕδος, 'seat/foundation' — the city site itself, object of ἔκτισαν"},{"surface":"ἔκτισαν","lemma":"ἐκτίνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing τ᾽","gloss":"founded"},{"surface":"ἑπταπύλοιο","lemma":"ἑπτάπυλος","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Θήβης","gloss":"seven-gated","note":"famous epithet of Thebes referencing its seven gates"}]},{"number":264,"label":"264","id":"b11-l264","source":"πύργωσάν τʼ, ἐπεὶ οὐ μὲν ἀπύργωτόν γʼ ἐδύναντο","translation":"and walled it, since they could not, for all their strength,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l264.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πύργωσάν","lemma":"πυργόω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing τ᾽","gloss":"walled"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"οὐ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἀπύργωτόν","lemma":"ἀπύργωτος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"unwalled","note":"alpha-privative adjective, 'without walls' — echoes πύργωσαν wordplay"},{"surface":"γ","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"at least"},{"surface":"ἐδύναντο","lemma":"δύναμαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to ἐπεὶ","gloss":"were able"}]},{"number":265,"label":"265","id":"b11-l265","source":"ναιέμεν εὐρύχορον Θήβην, κρατερώ περ ἐόντε.","translation":"dwell in spacious Thebes unwalled, mighty though they were.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l265.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἐόντε","title":"dual participle","body":"ἐόντε is the dual participle of εἰμί, \"being (the two of them),\" agreeing with the brothers Amphion and Zethus."}],"words":[{"surface":"ναιέμεν","lemma":"ναίω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of ἐδύναντο","gloss":"to dwell"},{"surface":"εὐρύχορον","lemma":"εὐρύχορος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Θήβην","gloss":"spacious"},{"surface":"Θήβην","lemma":"Θήβη","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ναιέμεν","gloss":"Thebes"},{"surface":"κρατερώ","lemma":"κρατερός","morphology":"nominative dual masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"mighty","note":"dual predicate adjective, again marking the pair of brothers"},{"surface":"περ","lemma":"πέρ","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"ἐόντε","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active participle, nominative dual masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐδύναντο","gloss":"being","note":"concessive participle, 'though being mighty'"}]},{"number":266,"label":"266","id":"b11-l266","source":"τὴν δὲ μετʼ Ἀλκμήνην ἴδον, Ἀμφιτρύωνος\n                     ἄκοιτιν,","translation":"After her I saw Alcmene, the wife of Amphitryon,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l266.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὴν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"adverbial to μετ᾽","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μετ","lemma":"μετά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"Ἀλκμήνην","lemma":"Ἀλκμήνη","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ,","gloss":"Alcmene"},{"surface":"ἴδον","lemma":"εἶδον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I saw"},{"surface":"Ἀμφιτρύωνος","lemma":"Ἀμφιτρύων","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ἄκοιτιν","gloss":"of Amphitryon"},{"surface":"ἄκοιτιν","lemma":"ἄκοιτις","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ,","gloss":"wife"}]},{"number":267,"label":"267","id":"b11-l267","source":"ἥ ῥʼ Ἡρακλῆα θρασυμέμνονα θυμολέοντα","translation":"who bore Heracles, bold in spirit, lion-hearted,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l267.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἥ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of γείνατ᾽","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"ῥ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"Ἡρακλῆα","lemma":"Ἡρακλέης","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of γείνατ᾽","gloss":"Heracles"},{"surface":"θρασυμέμνονα","lemma":"θρασυμέμνων","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἡρακλῆα","gloss":"bold-hearted","note":"rare compound epithet, 'daring in spirit'"},{"surface":"θυμολέοντα","lemma":"θυμαλέων","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἡρακλῆα","gloss":"lion-hearted","note":"compound epithet θυμολέων, 'lion of spirit' — vivid heroic imagery"}]},{"number":268,"label":"268","id":"b11-l268","source":"γείνατʼ ἐν ἀγκοίνῃσι Διὸς μεγάλοιο μιγεῖσα·","translation":"after she lay in the arms of great Zeus.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l268.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"γείνατ","lemma":"γείνομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ,","gloss":"bore"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ἀγκοίνῃσι","lemma":"ἀγκοίνη","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἐν","gloss":"arms"},{"surface":"Διὸς","lemma":"Ζεύς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ἀγκοίνῃσι","gloss":"of Zeus"},{"surface":"μεγάλοιο","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Διὸς","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"μιγεῖσα","lemma":"μίγνυμι","morphology":"aorist passive participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to γείνατ᾽","gloss":"having mingled","note":"passive participle used euphemistically for sexual union with Zeus"}]},{"number":269,"label":"269","id":"b11-l269","source":"καὶ Μεγάρην, Κρείοντος ὑπερθύμοιο θύγατρα,","translation":"And Megara, daughter of proud-hearted Creon,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l269.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Μεγάρην","lemma":"Μεγάρη","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object","gloss":"Megara"},{"surface":"Κρείοντος","lemma":"Κρείων","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies θύγατρα","gloss":"of Creon"},{"surface":"ὑπερθύμοιο","lemma":"ὑπέρθυμος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Κρείοντος","gloss":"proud-hearted"},{"surface":"θύγατρα","lemma":"θυγάτηρ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object","gloss":"daughter"}]},{"number":270,"label":"270","id":"b11-l270","source":"τὴν ἔχεν Ἀμφιτρύωνος υἱὸς μένος αἰὲν ἀτειρής.","translation":"whom the son of Amphitryon held, ever unwearied in strength.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l270.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὴν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of ἔχεν","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"ἔχεν","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ,","gloss":"held","note":"imperfect ἔχω, 'kept as wife,' implying ongoing marriage"},{"surface":"Ἀμφιτρύωνος","lemma":"Ἀμφιτρύων","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies υἱὸς","gloss":"of Amphitryon"},{"surface":"υἱὸς","lemma":"υἱός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔχεν","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"μένος","lemma":"μένος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"modifies ἀτειρής","gloss":"strength","note":"μένος αἰὲν ἀτειρής, 'strength ever unwearied' — heroic epithet for Heracles"},{"surface":"αἰὲν","lemma":"ἀεί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"ἀτειρής","lemma":"ἀτειρής","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies υἱὸς","gloss":"unwearied"}]},{"number":271,"label":"271","id":"b11-l271","source":"μητέρα τʼ Οἰδιπόδαο ἴδον, καλὴν Ἐπικάστην,","translation":"And I saw the mother of Oedipus, fair Epicaste,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l271.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μητέρα","lemma":"μήτηρ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ,","gloss":"mother"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Οἰδιπόδαο","lemma":"Οἰδιπόδης","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies μητέρα","gloss":"of Oedipus"},{"surface":"ἴδον","lemma":"εἶδον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I saw"},{"surface":"καλὴν","lemma":"καλός","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Ἐπικάστην","gloss":"fair"},{"surface":"Ἐπικάστην","lemma":"Ἐπικάστη","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ,","gloss":"Epicaste","note":"Homer's name for Jocasta, mother/wife of Oedipus"}]},{"number":272,"label":"272","id":"b11-l272","source":"ἣ μέγα ἔργον ἔρεξεν ἀιδρείῃσι νόοιο","translation":"who did a monstrous thing in the blindness of her mind,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l272.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἣ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of ἔρεξεν","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"μέγα","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἔργον","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"ἔργον","lemma":"ἔργον","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἔρεξεν","gloss":"deed","note":"μέγα ἔργον, understatement for the incest — epic litotes-like euphemism"},{"surface":"ἔρεξεν","lemma":"ῥέζω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ,","gloss":"did"},{"surface":"ἀιδρείῃσι","lemma":"ἀιδρείη","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἔρεξεν","gloss":"in ignorance","note":"instrumental dative plural, 'through the blindness/ignorance of her mind'"},{"surface":"νόοιο","lemma":"νόος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ἀιδρείῃσι","gloss":"of mind"}]},{"number":273,"label":"273","id":"b11-l273","source":"γημαμένη ᾧ υἷι· ὁ δʼ ὃν πατέρʼ ἐξεναρίξας","translation":"marrying her own son; and he, having killed his father,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l273.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"γημαμένη","lemma":"γαμέω","morphology":"aorist middle participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to ἔρεξεν","gloss":"having married","note":"middle participle stresses she married for herself, unknowingly wedding her own son"},{"surface":"ᾧ","lemma":"ἑός","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies υἷι","gloss":"her own"},{"surface":"υἷι","lemma":"υἱός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of γημαμένη","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"ὁ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of γῆμεν","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὃν","lemma":"ἑός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies πατέρ᾽","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"πατέρ","lemma":"πατήρ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐξεναρίξας","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"ἐξεναρίξας","lemma":"ἐξεναρίζω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to γῆμεν","gloss":"having killed","note":"strong compound verb, 'slain outright' — Oedipus killing Laius"}]},{"number":274,"label":"274","id":"b11-l274","source":"γῆμεν· ἄφαρ δʼ ἀνάπυστα θεοὶ θέσαν ἀνθρώποισιν.","translation":"married her; and at once the gods made it known to mortals.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l274.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"γῆμεν","lemma":"γαμέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"married"},{"surface":"ἄφαρ","lemma":"ἄφαρ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to θέσαν","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀνάπυστα","lemma":"ἀνάπυστος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"complement of θέσαν","gloss":"known","note":"neuter plural adjective ἀνάπυστα, 'things made known/published'"},{"surface":"θεοὶ","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of θέσαν","gloss":"gods"},{"surface":"θέσαν","lemma":"τίθημι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"ἀνθρώποισιν","lemma":"ἄνθρωπος","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of θέσαν","gloss":"to mortals"}]},{"number":275,"label":"275","id":"b11-l275","source":"ἀλλʼ ὁ μὲν ἐν Θήβῃ πολυηράτῳ ἄλγεα πάσχων","translation":"Yet he, suffering pains in lovely Thebes,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l275.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ὁ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἤνασσε","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"on his part"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Θήβῃ","lemma":"Θήβη","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"Thebes"},{"surface":"πολυηράτῳ","lemma":"πολυήρατος","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Θήβῃ","gloss":"lovely","note":"ironic epithet given the horrors just described in this city"},{"surface":"ἄλγεα","lemma":"ἄλγος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of πάσχων","gloss":"pains"},{"surface":"πάσχων","lemma":"πάσχω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἤνασσε","gloss":"suffering"}]},{"number":276,"label":"276","id":"b11-l276","source":"Καδμείων ἤνασσε θεῶν ὀλοὰς διὰ βουλάς·","translation":"ruled the Cadmeans through the gods' deadly designs;","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l276.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Καδμείων","lemma":"Καδμεῖος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"object of ἤνασσε","gloss":"Cadmeans","note":"the Thebans, named for founder Cadmus"},{"surface":"ἤνασσε","lemma":"ἀνάσσω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"ruled"},{"surface":"θεῶν","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies βουλάς","gloss":"of gods'"},{"surface":"ὀλοὰς","lemma":"ὀλοός","morphology":"accusative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies βουλάς","gloss":"deadly"},{"surface":"διὰ","lemma":"διά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"βουλάς","lemma":"βουλή","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to διὰ","gloss":"designs","note":"θεῶν ὀλοὰς...βουλάς, 'through the gods' deadly counsels' — theme of fate driving tragedy"}]},{"number":277,"label":"277","id":"b11-l277","source":"ἡ δʼ ἔβη εἰς Ἀίδαο πυλάρταο κρατεροῖο,","translation":"but she went down to the house of Hades, the strong gatekeeper,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l277.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἡ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of ἔβη","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔβη","lemma":"βαίνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"εἰς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Ἀίδαο","lemma":"ᾍδης","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies","gloss":"of Hades"},{"surface":"πυλάρταο","lemma":"πυλάρτης","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ἀίδαο","gloss":"gate-fastener","note":"epithet for Hades as 'holder/closer of gates,' the underworld gatekeeper"},{"surface":"κρατεροῖο","lemma":"κρατερός","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies πυλάρταο","gloss":"strong"}]},{"number":278,"label":"278","id":"b11-l278","source":"ἁψαμένη βρόχον αἰπὺν ἀφʼ ὑψηλοῖο μελάθρου,","translation":"having fastened a sheer noose from the high rafter,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l278.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἁψαμένη","lemma":"ἅπτω","morphology":"aorist middle participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to ἔβη","gloss":"having fastened","note":"middle participle, 'tying for herself' the noose — her own act of suicide"},{"surface":"βρόχον","lemma":"βρόχος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἁψαμένη","gloss":"noose"},{"surface":"αἰπὺν","lemma":"αἰπύς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies βρόχον","gloss":"sheer","note":"αἰπύς usually 'steep/high,' here vividly describing the hanging noose"},{"surface":"ἀφ","lemma":"ἀπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"ὑψηλοῖο","lemma":"ὑψηλός","morphology":"genitive singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies μελάθρου","gloss":"high"},{"surface":"μελάθρου","lemma":"μέλαθρον","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἀφ᾽","gloss":"rafter"}]},{"number":279,"label":"279","id":"b11-l279","source":"ᾧ ἄχεϊ σχομένη· τῷ δʼ ἄλγεα κάλλιπʼ ὀπίσσω","translation":"gripped by her grief; and to him she left sorrows behind,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l279.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ᾧ","lemma":"ἑός","morphology":"dative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἄχεϊ","gloss":"her own"},{"surface":"ἄχεϊ","lemma":"ἄχος","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"object of σχομένη","gloss":"grief"},{"surface":"σχομένη","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"aorist middle participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to ἁψαμένη","gloss":"gripped","note":"middle participle, 'seized/held by her own grief' — reflexive nuance of ἔχω"},{"surface":"τῷ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of κάλλιπ᾽","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄλγεα","lemma":"ἄλγος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of κάλλιπ᾽","gloss":"sorrows"},{"surface":"κάλλιπ","lemma":"καταλείπω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"left behind"},{"surface":"ὀπίσσω","lemma":"ὀπίσω","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of κάλλιπ᾽","gloss":"afterward"}]},{"number":280,"label":"280","id":"b11-l280","source":"πολλὰ μάλʼ, ὅσσα τε μητρὸς Ἐρινύες ἐκτελέουσιν.","translation":"very many, all that a mother's Furies bring to pass.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l280.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πολλὰ","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ,","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"μάλ","lemma":"μάλα","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"ὅσσα","lemma":"ὅσος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of ἐκτελέουσιν","gloss":"as many as"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"μητρὸς","lemma":"μήτηρ","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies Ἐρινύες","gloss":"of a mother"},{"surface":"Ἐρινύες","lemma":"Ἐρινύς","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject of ἐκτελέουσιν","gloss":"Furies","note":"Erinyes invoked as agents of a mother's curse, key underworld motif"},{"surface":"ἐκτελέουσιν","lemma":"ἐκτελέω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ,","gloss":"bring to pass"}]},{"number":281,"label":"281","id":"b11-l281","source":"καὶ Χλῶριν εἶδον περικαλλέα, τήν ποτε Νηλεὺς","translation":"And I saw beautiful Chloris, whom once Neleus","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l281.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Χλῶριν","lemma":"Χλῶρις","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ,","gloss":"Chloris"},{"surface":"εἶδον","lemma":"εἶδον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I saw"},{"surface":"περικαλλέα","lemma":"περικαλλής","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Χλῶριν","gloss":"very beautiful"},{"surface":"τήν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of γῆμεν","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"ποτε","lemma":"ποτέ","morphology":"particle","role":"adverbial to γῆμεν","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"Νηλεὺς","lemma":"Νηλεύς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of γῆμεν","gloss":"Neleus"}]},{"number":282,"label":"282","id":"b11-l282","source":"γῆμεν ἑὸν διὰ κάλλος, ἐπεὶ πόρε μυρία ἕδνα,","translation":"married for her beauty, after he gave countless bridal gifts,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l282.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"γῆμεν","lemma":"γαμέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ,","gloss":"married her","note":"Aorist γαμέω 'married' — epic marriage-gift narrative formula."},{"surface":"ἑὸν","lemma":"ἑός","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies κάλλος","gloss":"her own"},{"surface":"διὰ","lemma":"διά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"for/because of"},{"surface":"κάλλος","lemma":"κάλλος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to διὰ","gloss":"beauty","note":"διὰ κάλλος 'because of beauty' — accusative of cause with διά."},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"after, since"},{"surface":"πόρε","lemma":"πόρω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἐπεὶ","gloss":"gave"},{"surface":"μυρία","lemma":"μυρίος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἕδνα","gloss":"countless"},{"surface":"ἕδνα","lemma":"ἕδνον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of πόρε","gloss":"bridal gifts","note":"ἕδνα = bride-price gifts a suitor gives the bride's family, key Homeric marriage custom."}]},{"number":283,"label":"283","id":"b11-l283","source":"ὁπλοτάτην κούρην Ἀμφίονος Ἰασίδαο,","translation":"the youngest daughter of Amphion son of Iasus,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l283.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὁπλοτάτην","lemma":"ὁπλότατος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies κούρην","gloss":"youngest"},{"surface":"κούρην","lemma":"κόρη","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ,","gloss":"daughter","note":"κούρην, epic form of κόρη 'girl, daughter'."},{"surface":"Ἀμφίονος","lemma":"Ἀμφίων","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies κούρην","gloss":"of Amphion"},{"surface":"Ἰασίδαο","lemma":"Ἰασίδης","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ἀμφίονος","gloss":"son of Iasus","note":"patronymic in -ίδης, 'son of Iasus' — standard epic naming pattern."}]},{"number":284,"label":"284","id":"b11-l284","source":"ὅς ποτʼ ἐν Ὀρχομενῷ Μινυείῳ ἶφι ἄνασσεν·","translation":"who once ruled mightily in Minyan Orchomenus.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l284.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὅς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἄνασσεν","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"ποτ","lemma":"ποτέ","morphology":"particle","role":"adverbial to ἄνασσεν","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Ὀρχομενῷ","lemma":"Ὀρχομενός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"Orchomenus"},{"surface":"Μινυείῳ","lemma":"Μινύειος","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ὀρχομενῷ","gloss":"Minyan","note":"epithet locating the city among the Minyans, a Boeotian people."},{"surface":"ἶφι","lemma":"ἶφι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἄνασσεν","gloss":"mightily","note":"ἶφι, old instrumental adverb 'by force/might' — fossilized Homeric case form."},{"surface":"ἄνασσεν","lemma":"ἀνάσσω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing Ἀμφίονος","gloss":"ruled"}]},{"number":285,"label":"285","id":"b11-l285","source":"ἡ δὲ Πύλου βασίλευε, τέκεν δέ οἱ ἀγλαὰ τέκνα,","translation":"She was queen of Pylos, and bore him splendid children,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l285.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἡ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of δέ","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Πύλου","lemma":"Πύλος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of βασίλευε","gloss":"of Pylos"},{"surface":"βασίλευε","lemma":"βασιλεύω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was queen","note":"βασίλευε governs the genitive Πύλου, 'ruled over Pylos' — genitive of the domain ruled."},{"surface":"τέκεν","lemma":"τίκτω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"bore"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of τέκεν","gloss":"for him","note":"οἱ, dative of the epic 3rd-person pronoun ἕ, 'to/for him' (dative of advantage)."},{"surface":"ἀγλαὰ","lemma":"ἀγλαός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies τέκνα","gloss":"splendid"},{"surface":"τέκνα","lemma":"τέκνον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ,","gloss":"children"}]},{"number":286,"label":"286","id":"b11-l286","source":"Νέστορά τε Χρόμιον τε Περικλύμενόν τʼ ἀγέρωχον.","translation":"Nestor and Chromius and lordly Periclymenus.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l286.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Νέστορά","lemma":"Νέστωρ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of τ᾽","gloss":"Nestor"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Περικλύμενόν","lemma":"Περικλύμενος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of τ᾽","gloss":"Periclymenus"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀγέρωχον","lemma":"ἀγέρωχος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Περικλύμενόν","gloss":"lordly"}]},{"number":287,"label":"287","id":"b11-l287","source":"τοῖσι δʼ ἐπʼ ἰφθίμην Πηρὼ τέκε, θαῦμα βροτοῖσι,","translation":"And besides them she bore mighty Pero, a wonder to mortals,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l287.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τοῖσι","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative plural masculine pronoun","role":"adverbial to ἐπ᾽","gloss":"to them, besides","note":"τοῖσι δ᾽ ἐπ(ί), 'in addition to them' — dative + postposed preposition (tmesis-like)."},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐπ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"ἰφθίμην","lemma":"ἴφθιμος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Πηρὼ","gloss":"mighty"},{"surface":"Πηρὼ","lemma":"Πηρώ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ,","gloss":"Pero"},{"surface":"τέκε","lemma":"τίκτω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"bore"},{"surface":"θαῦμα","lemma":"θαῦμα","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ,","gloss":"a wonder","note":"θαῦμα βροτοῖσι, 'a wonder to mortals' — common epic praise formula for beauty."},{"surface":"βροτοῖσι","lemma":"βροτός","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"modifies θαῦμα","gloss":"to mortals"}]},{"number":288,"label":"288","id":"b11-l288","source":"τὴν πάντες μνώοντο περικτίται· οὐδʼ ἄρα Νηλεὺς","translation":"whom all the neighbors wooed; but Neleus","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l288.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὴν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of μνώοντο","gloss":"her, whom"},{"surface":"πάντες","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies περικτίται","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"μνώοντο","lemma":"μνάομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing Πηρὼ","gloss":"wooed"},{"surface":"περικτίται","lemma":"περικτίονες","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of μνώοντο","gloss":"neighbors"},{"surface":"ἄρα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"Νηλεὺς","lemma":"Νηλεύς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἐδίδου","gloss":"Neleus"}]},{"number":289,"label":"289","id":"b11-l289","source":"τῷ ἐδίδου ὃς μὴ ἕλικας βόας εὐρυμετώπους","translation":"would give her to no man who did not drive off the curved-horned,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l289.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τῷ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἐδίδου","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"ἐδίδου","lemma":"δίδωμι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"gave (in marriage)","note":"imperfect ἐδίδου, 'kept giving/would give' — iterative/customary sense in narrative past."},{"surface":"ὃς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἐλάσειε","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"μὴ","lemma":"μή","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ἕλικας","lemma":"ἕλιξ","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"modifies βόας","gloss":"curved-horned"},{"surface":"βόας","lemma":"βοῦς","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἐλάσειε","gloss":"cattle"},{"surface":"εὐρυμετώπους","lemma":"εὐρυμέτωπος","morphology":"accusative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies βόας","gloss":"broad-browed","note":"stock Homeric cattle epithet, εὐρυμέτωπος, paired with ἕλικας for oral-formulaic rhythm."}]},{"number":290,"label":"290","id":"b11-l290","source":"ἐκ Φυλάκης ἐλάσειε βίης Ἰφικληείης","translation":"broad-browed cattle from Phylace, those of mighty Iphicles,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l290.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Φυλάκης","lemma":"Φυλάκη","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐκ","gloss":"Phylace"},{"surface":"ἐλάσειε","lemma":"ἐλαύνω","morphology":"aorist active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing τῷ","gloss":"drive off","note":"optative ἐλάσειε in a relative clause of characteristic — expresses the suitor's required feat."},{"surface":"βίης","lemma":"βία","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies βόας","gloss":"of the might of"},{"surface":"Ἰφικληείης","lemma":"Ἰφικληεῖος","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies βίης","gloss":"mighty Iphicles","note":"βίης Ἰφικληείης, 'might of Iphicles' — periphrasis using βία + name for 'mighty X', epic idiom."}]},{"number":291,"label":"291","id":"b11-l291","source":"ἀργαλέας· τὰς δʼ οἶος ὑπέσχετο μάντις ἀμύμων","translation":"hard to take; these alone a blameless seer undertook","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l291.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"μάντις ἀμύμων","title":"the blameless seer","body":"The unnamed seer is Melampus, famed in legend for prophecy. ἀμύμων, \"blameless, excellent,\" is a recurring heroic epithet."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἀργαλέας","lemma":"ἀργαλέος","morphology":"accusative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies βόας","gloss":"hard to drive"},{"surface":"τὰς","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative plural feminine pronoun","role":"object of ἐξελάαν","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and, but"},{"surface":"οἶος","lemma":"οἶος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"ὑπέσχετο","lemma":"ὑπέχω","morphology":"aorist indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"undertook","note":"ὑπέχω here in aorist middle sense 'undertook/promised' rather than literal 'held under'."},{"surface":"μάντις","lemma":"μάντις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ὑπέσχετο","gloss":"seer"},{"surface":"ἀμύμων","lemma":"ἀμύμων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies μάντις","gloss":"blameless"}]},{"number":292,"label":"292","id":"b11-l292","source":"ἐξελάαν· χαλεπὴ δὲ θεοῦ κατὰ μοῖρα πέδησε,","translation":"to drive away; but the harsh fate of the god bound him fast,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l292.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐξελάαν","lemma":"ἐξελαύνω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of ὑπέσχετο","gloss":"to drive away"},{"surface":"χαλεπὴ","lemma":"χαλεπός","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies μοῖρα","gloss":"harsh"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"θεοῦ","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies μοῖρα","gloss":"of the god"},{"surface":"κατὰ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"utterly, completely","note":"κατά here intensifies πέδησε rather than governing an object — adverbial/emphasizing use."},{"surface":"μοῖρα","lemma":"μοῖρα","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ,","gloss":"fate"},{"surface":"πέδησε","lemma":"πεδάω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"bound fast"}]},{"number":293,"label":"293","id":"b11-l293","source":"δεσμοί τʼ ἀργαλέοι καὶ βουκόλοι ἀγροιῶται.","translation":"with grievous bonds and the rustic herdsmen.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l293.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δεσμοί","lemma":"δεσμός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"bonds"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀργαλέοι","lemma":"ἀργαλέος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies δεσμοί","gloss":"grievous"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"βουκόλοι","lemma":"βουκόλος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"herdsmen"},{"surface":"ἀγροιῶται","lemma":"ἀγριοώτης","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies βουκόλοι","gloss":"rustic"}]},{"number":294,"label":"294","id":"b11-l294","source":"ἀλλʼ ὅτε δὴ μῆνές τε καὶ ἡμέραι ἐξετελεῦντο","translation":"But when at last the months and the days were fulfilled,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l294.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ὅτε","lemma":"ὅτε","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed, at last"},{"surface":"μῆνές","lemma":"μείς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"months"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἡμέραι","lemma":"ἡμέρα","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"ἐξετελεῦντο","lemma":"ἐκτελέω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"were fulfilled","note":"imperfect passive, marking the ongoing completion of the term of imprisonment."}]},{"number":295,"label":"295","id":"b11-l295","source":"ἂψ περιτελλομένου ἔτεος καὶ ἐπήλυθον ὧραι,","translation":"as the year came round again and the seasons returned,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l295.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἂψ","lemma":"ἄψ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to περιτελλομένου","gloss":"back again"},{"surface":"περιτελλομένου","lemma":"περιτέλλομαι","morphology":"aorist middle participle, genitive singular neuter","role":"adverbial to ἐξετελεῦντο","gloss":"as it came round","note":"genitive absolute construction: 'the year having come round' — ἔτεος περιτελλομένου."},{"surface":"ἔτεος","lemma":"ἔτος","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"subject of περιτελλομένου","gloss":"of the year"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐπήλυθον","lemma":"ἐπέρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"came on"},{"surface":"ὧραι","lemma":"ὥρα","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject of ἐπήλυθον","gloss":"seasons"}]},{"number":296,"label":"296","id":"b11-l296","source":"καὶ τότε δή μιν ἔλυσε βίη Ἰφικληείη,","translation":"then mighty Iphicles set him free,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l296.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τότε","lemma":"τότε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔλυσε","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"δή","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἔλυσε","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ἔλυσε","lemma":"λύω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"freed"},{"surface":"βίη","lemma":"βία","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἔλυσε","gloss":"might of","note":"βίη as periphrasis for 'mighty Iphicles', matching l290's βίης Ἰφικληείης."},{"surface":"Ἰφικληείη","lemma":"Ἰφικληεῖος","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies βίη","gloss":"Iphicles"}]},{"number":297,"label":"297","id":"b11-l297","source":"θέσφατα πάντʼ εἰπόντα· Διὸς δʼ ἐτελείετο βουλή.","translation":"once he had told all the oracles; and the will of Zeus was fulfilled.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l297.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"θέσφατα","lemma":"θέσφατος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of εἰπόντα","gloss":"oracles","note":"θέσφατα, 'things spoken by a god' — divinely-ordained prophecies, from θεός+φημί root."},{"surface":"πάντ","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies θέσφατα","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"εἰπόντα","lemma":"εἶπον","morphology":"aorist active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"having told"},{"surface":"Διὸς","lemma":"Ζεύς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies βουλή","gloss":"of Zeus"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐτελείετο","lemma":"τελέω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was fulfilled"},{"surface":"βουλή","lemma":"βουλή","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἐτελείετο","gloss":"will, plan"}]},{"number":298,"label":"298","id":"b11-l298","source":"καὶ Λήδην εἶδον, τὴν Τυνδαρέου παράκοιτιν,","translation":"And I saw Leda, the bedmate of Tyndareus,","scansion":"—— | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l298.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Λήδην","lemma":"Λήδη","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ,","gloss":"Leda"},{"surface":"εἶδον","lemma":"εἶδον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I saw"},{"surface":"τὴν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"article","role":"modifies παράκοιτιν","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Τυνδαρέου","lemma":"Τυνδάρεος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies παράκοιτιν","gloss":"of Tyndareus"},{"surface":"παράκοιτιν","lemma":"παράκοιτις","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ,","gloss":"bedmate, wife"}]},{"number":299,"label":"299","id":"b11-l299","source":"ἥ ῥʼ ὑπὸ Τυνδαρέῳ κρατερόφρονε γείνατο παῖδε,","translation":"who bore to Tyndareus two stout-hearted sons,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l299.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἥ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of γείνατο","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"ῥ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ὑπὸ","lemma":"ὑπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"by, to"},{"surface":"Τυνδαρέῳ","lemma":"Τυνδάρεος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ὑπὸ","gloss":"Tyndareus"},{"surface":"κρατερόφρονε","lemma":"κρατερόφρων","morphology":"accusative dual adjective","role":"modifies παῖδε","gloss":"stout-hearted","note":"dual adjective κρατερόφρονε, agreeing with dual παῖδε 'two sons' — Homeric dual number in full use."},{"surface":"γείνατο","lemma":"γείνομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ,","gloss":"bore"},{"surface":"παῖδε","lemma":"παῖς","morphology":"accusative dual masculine noun","role":"object of ,","gloss":"two sons"}]},{"number":300,"label":"300","id":"b11-l300","source":"Κάστορά θʼ ἱππόδαμον καὶ πὺξ ἀγαθὸν Πολυδεύκεα,","translation":"Castor tamer of horses and Polydeuces, good with his fists.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l300.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Κάστορά","lemma":"Κάστωρ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"Castor"},{"surface":"θ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἱππόδαμον","lemma":"ἱππόδαμος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Κάστορά","gloss":"tamer of horses","note":"ἱππόδαμος, Castor's fixed Homeric epithet, 'horse-tamer'."},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πὺξ","lemma":"πύξ","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ἀγαθὸν","gloss":"with the fist","note":"πύξ, adverb 'in boxing' — marks Polydeuces as the boxer twin."},{"surface":"ἀγαθὸν","lemma":"ἀγαθός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Πολυδεύκεα","gloss":"good (at)"},{"surface":"Πολυδεύκεα","lemma":"Πολυδεύκης","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"Polydeuces"}]},{"number":301,"label":"301","id":"b11-l301","source":"τοὺς ἄμφω ζωοὺς κατέχει φυσίζοος αἶα·","translation":"Both of them the life-giving earth holds, though alive,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l301.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τοὺς","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of κατέχει","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"ἄμφω","lemma":"ἄμφω","morphology":"accusative dual masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"ζωοὺς","lemma":"ζωός","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"alive","note":"ζωοὺς 'alive' juxtaposed with κατέχει 'holds (in the earth)' — the paradox of living dead heroes."},{"surface":"κατέχει","lemma":"κατέχω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing καὶ","gloss":"holds"},{"surface":"φυσίζοος","lemma":"φυσίζους","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies αἶα","gloss":"life-giving","note":"φυσίζοος, 'life-bearing' — striking epithet for earth that also entombs the dual heroes."},{"surface":"αἶα","lemma":"αἶα","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of κατέχει","gloss":"earth"}]},{"number":302,"label":"302","id":"b11-l302","source":"οἳ καὶ νέρθεν γῆς τιμὴν πρὸς Ζηνὸς ἔχοντες","translation":"who even beneath the earth, holding honor from Zeus,","scansion":"—— | —— | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l302.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἳ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of δ᾽","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"νέρθεν","lemma":"ἔνερθε","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"beneath"},{"surface":"γῆς","lemma":"γῆ","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to νέρθεν","gloss":"the earth"},{"surface":"τιμὴν","lemma":"τιμή","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἔχοντες","gloss":"honor"},{"surface":"πρὸς","lemma":"πρός","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Ζηνὸς","lemma":"Ζεύς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of πρὸς","gloss":"of Zeus"},{"surface":"ἔχοντες","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to δ᾽","gloss":"holding","note":"present participle ἔχοντες describing their ongoing divine privilege even in death."}]},{"number":303,"label":"303","id":"b11-l303","source":"ἄλλοτε μὲν ζώουσʼ ἑτερήμεροι, ἄλλοτε δʼ αὖτε","translation":"live one day at a time, and at another","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l303.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἄλλοτε","lemma":"ἄλλοτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ζώουσ᾽","gloss":"at one time"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"on one hand"},{"surface":"ζώουσ","lemma":"ζώω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing δ᾽","gloss":"they live"},{"surface":"ἑτερήμεροι","lemma":"ἑτερήμερος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"on alternate days","note":"ἑτερήμεροι, 'every other day' — the Dioscuri's famous myth of alternating life and death."},{"surface":"ἄλλοτε","lemma":"ἄλλοτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to τεθνᾶσιν","gloss":"at another"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"αὖτε","lemma":"αὖτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to τεθνᾶσιν","gloss":"again"}]},{"number":304,"label":"304","id":"b11-l304","source":"τεθνᾶσιν· τιμὴν δὲ λελόγχασιν ἶσα θεοῖσι.","translation":"are dead; and they have won honor equal to the gods.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l304.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τεθνᾶσιν","lemma":"θνήσκω","morphology":"perfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing δ᾽","gloss":"they are dead"},{"surface":"τιμὴν","lemma":"τιμή","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of λελόγχασιν","gloss":"honor"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"λελόγχασιν","lemma":"λαγχάνω","morphology":"perfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"have won","note":"perfect λελόγχασιν, 'have obtained by lot' — stresses the honor as a lasting, allotted state."},{"surface":"ἶσα","lemma":"ἴσος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to λελόγχασιν","gloss":"equal"},{"surface":"θεοῖσι","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ἶσα","gloss":"to the gods"}]},{"number":305,"label":"305","id":"b11-l305","source":"τὴν δὲ μετʼ Ἰφιμέδειαν, Ἀλωῆος παράκοιτιν","translation":"After her I saw Iphimedeia, the bedmate of Aloeus,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l305.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὴν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"adverbial to μετ᾽","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μετ","lemma":"μετά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"Ἰφιμέδειαν","lemma":"Ἰφιμέδεια","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ,","gloss":"Iphimedeia"},{"surface":"Ἀλωῆος","lemma":"Ἀλωεύς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies παράκοιτιν","gloss":"of Aloeus"},{"surface":"παράκοιτιν","lemma":"παράκοιτις","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ,","gloss":"bedmate, wife"}]},{"number":306,"label":"306","id":"b11-l306","source":"εἴσιδον, ἣ δὴ φάσκε Ποσειδάωνι μιγῆναι,","translation":"who claimed that she had lain with Poseidon,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l306.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἴσιδον","lemma":"εἰσείδω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I saw"},{"surface":"ἣ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of καί","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"φάσκε","lemma":"φάσκω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing καί","gloss":"claimed","note":"φάσκε, iterative/emphatic imperfect of φημί, 'kept claiming' — marks her boast as a repeated assertion."},{"surface":"Ποσειδάωνι","lemma":"Ποσειδεών","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of μιγῆναι","gloss":"with Poseidon"},{"surface":"μιγῆναι","lemma":"μίγνυμι","morphology":"aorist passive infinitive","role":"object of φάσκε","gloss":"had lain, mated","note":"aorist passive infinitive of μίγνυμι, 'to be united/mingled' — standard epic euphemism for intercourse."}]},{"number":307,"label":"307","id":"b11-l307","source":"καί ῥʼ ἔτεκεν δύο παῖδε, μινυνθαδίω δʼ ἐγενέσθην,","translation":"and she bore two sons, but they were short-lived,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l307.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καί","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ῥ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἔτεκεν","lemma":"τίκτω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing καί","gloss":"bore"},{"surface":"δύο","lemma":"δύο","morphology":"numeral","role":"modifies παῖδε","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"παῖδε","lemma":"παῖς","morphology":"accusative dual masculine noun","role":"object of ,","gloss":"sons"},{"surface":"μινυνθαδίω","lemma":"μινυνθάδιος","morphology":"nominative dual masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"short-lived","note":"predicate adjective in the dual, foreshadowing the sons' early death despite their giant stature."},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐγενέσθην","lemma":"γίγνομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd dual verb","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"became","note":"dual aorist ἐγενέσθην, 'the two became' — matches the dual subject, the twin giants."}]},{"number":308,"label":"308","id":"b11-l308","source":"Ὦτόν τʼ ἀντίθεον τηλεκλειτόν τʼ Ἐφιάλτην,","translation":"godlike Otus and far-famed Ephialtes,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l308.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ὦτόν","lemma":"Ὦτος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of τ᾽","gloss":"Otus"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀντίθεον","lemma":"ἀντίθεος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ὦτόν","gloss":"godlike"},{"surface":"τηλεκλειτόν","lemma":"τηλεκλειτός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἐφιάλτην","gloss":"far-famed"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative singular pronoun","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ἐφιάλτην","lemma":"Ἐφιάλτης","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of τ᾽","gloss":"Ephialtes"}]},{"number":309,"label":"309","id":"b11-l309","source":"οὓς δὴ μηκίστους θρέψε ζείδωρος ἄρουρα","translation":"whom the grain-giving earth reared to be the tallest","scansion":"—— | —— | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l309.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οὓς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of θρέψε","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"μηκίστους","lemma":"μήκιστος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"tallest","note":"μηκίστους, superlative 'tallest' — sets up the Giants' legendary size (Ossa-on-Olympus myth follows)."},{"surface":"θρέψε","lemma":"τρέφω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ,","gloss":"reared"},{"surface":"ζείδωρος","lemma":"ζείδωρος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἄρουρα","gloss":"grain-giving","note":"ζείδωρος ἄρουρα, formulaic epithet for the fertile, life-sustaining earth."},{"surface":"ἄρουρα","lemma":"ἄρουρα","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of θρέψε","gloss":"earth"}]},{"number":310,"label":"310","id":"b11-l310","source":"καὶ πολὺ καλλίστους μετά γε κλυτὸν Ὠρίωνα·","translation":"and by far the fairest, after famous Orion;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l310.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πολὺ","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"by far","note":"neuter acc. πολύ used adverbially, 'by much/far' intensifying the superlative."},{"surface":"καλλίστους","lemma":"καλός","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"fairest"},{"surface":"μετά","lemma":"μετά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"at least"},{"surface":"κλυτὸν","lemma":"κλυτός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ὠρίωνα","gloss":"famous","note":"κλυτός is a stock epic epithet, 'renowned', attached formulaically to heroes."},{"surface":"Ὠρίωνα","lemma":"Ὠρίων","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies μετά","gloss":"Orion"}]},{"number":311,"label":"311","id":"b11-l311","source":"ἐννέωροι γὰρ τοί γε καὶ ἐννεαπήχεες ἦσαν","translation":"for at nine years old they were nine cubits","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l311.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐννέωροι","lemma":"ἐννέωρος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"nine years old","note":"ἐννέωρος 'of nine years' — compound numeral adjective, rare outside epic."},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"τοί","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἀτὰρ","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐννεαπήχεες","lemma":"ἐννεάπηχυς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"nine cubits","note":"ἐννεάπηχυς, 'measuring nine cubits' — a regular compound number-adjective; 'wide' comes from εὖρος in the surrounding clause, not this word alone, and the compound was not specially coined for these giants."},{"surface":"ἦσαν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"were"}]},{"number":312,"label":"312","id":"b11-l312","source":"εὖρος, ἀτὰρ μῆκός γε γενέσθην ἐννεόργυιοι.","translation":"in breadth, and in height the two of them grew nine fathoms.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l312.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"γενέσθην","title":"dual again for the giant brothers","body":"γενέσθην is dual aorist, \"the two grew,\" continuing to treat Otus and Ephialtes as an inseparable pair."}],"words":[{"surface":"εὖρος","lemma":"εὖρος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"modifies ἐννεαπήχεες","gloss":"in breadth"},{"surface":"ἀτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"μῆκός","lemma":"μῆκος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"modifies ἐννεόργυιοι","gloss":"in height"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"γενέσθην","lemma":"γίγνομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd dual verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"grew","note":"dual verb form γενέσθην — marks the two giants (Otus and Ephialtes) as a pair, standard for twins in Greek."},{"surface":"ἐννεόργυιοι","lemma":"ἐννεόργυιος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"nine fathoms tall"}]},{"number":313,"label":"313","id":"b11-l313","source":"οἵ ῥα καὶ ἀθανάτοισιν ἀπειλήτην ἐν Ὀλύμπῳ","translation":"These two even threatened the immortals on Olympus","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l313.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἵ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἀπειλήτην","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"ῥα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"ἀθανάτοισιν","lemma":"ἀθάνατος","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of ἀπειλήτην","gloss":"the immortals"},{"surface":"ἀπειλήτην","lemma":"ἀπειλέω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd dual verb","role":"verb of a subordinate clause","gloss":"threatened","note":"dual verb ἀπειλήτην continues the twin-subject construction from the previous line."},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"Ὀλύμπῳ","lemma":"Ὄλυμπος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐν","gloss":"Olympus"}]},{"number":314,"label":"314","id":"b11-l314","source":"φυλόπιδα στήσειν πολυάικος πολέμοιο.","translation":"to raise the din of furious war.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l314.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"φυλόπιδα","lemma":"φύλοπις","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of στήσειν","gloss":"din of battle"},{"surface":"στήσειν","lemma":"ἵστημι","morphology":"future active infinitive","role":"object of ἀπειλήτην","gloss":"to raise","note":"future infinitive στήσειν, 'to set/raise (war)', object of the threat verb ἀπειλήτην."},{"surface":"πολυάικος","lemma":"πολυάιξ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies πολέμοιο","gloss":"furious"},{"surface":"πολέμοιο","lemma":"πόλεμος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies φυλόπιδα","gloss":"of war"}]},{"number":315,"label":"315","id":"b11-l315","source":"Ὄσσαν ἐπʼ Οὐλύμπῳ μέμασαν θέμεν, αὐτὰρ ἐπʼ Ὄσσῃ","translation":"They strove to set Ossa on Olympus, and on Ossa","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l315.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ὄσσαν","lemma":"Ὄσσα","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of θέμεν","gloss":"Ossa"},{"surface":"ἐπ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"Οὐλύμπῳ","lemma":"Ὄλυμπος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐπ᾽","gloss":"Olympus"},{"surface":"μέμασαν","lemma":"μέμαα","morphology":"pluperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"strove","note":"μέμαα is a perfect with present force, 'be eager/strive' — a defective epic verb."},{"surface":"θέμεν","lemma":"τίθημι","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of αὐτὰρ","gloss":"to set","note":"aorist infinitive θέμεν, an epic/Aeolic -μεν infinitive form of τίθημι, parallel to θεῖναι — not 'apocope' (which refers to a different phenomenon, the dropping of a preposition's or prefix's final vowel)."},{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and then"},{"surface":"ἐπ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"Ὄσσῃ","lemma":"Ὄσσα","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object","gloss":"Ossa"}]},{"number":316,"label":"316","id":"b11-l316","source":"Πήλιον εἰνοσίφυλλον, ἵνʼ οὐρανὸς ἀμβατὸς εἴη.","translation":"leaf-shaking Pelion, that heaven might be scaled.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l316.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Πήλιον","lemma":"Πήλιον","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object","gloss":"Pelion"},{"surface":"εἰνοσίφυλλον","lemma":"εἰνοσίφυλλος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies Πήλιον","gloss":"leaf-shaking","note":"εἰνοσίφυλλος, 'leaf-shaking' — a Homeric epithet also applied to Pelion elsewhere (e.g. Iliad 2.757), not unique to this passage."},{"surface":"ἵν","lemma":"ἵνα","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"οὐρανὸς","lemma":"οὐρανός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of εἴη","gloss":"heaven"},{"surface":"ἀμβατὸς","lemma":"ἀναβατός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"scalable"},{"surface":"εἴη","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἵν᾽","gloss":"might be","note":"optative εἴη in a purpose clause after ἵνα, expressing the giants' hoped-for result."}]},{"number":317,"label":"317","id":"b11-l317","source":"καί νύ κεν ἐξετέλεσσαν, εἰ ἥβης μέτρον ἵκοντο·","translation":"And they would have done it, had they reached the measure of youth;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l317.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καί","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"νύ","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐξετέλεσσαν","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"κεν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"would have","note":"κεν + aorist indicative = unreal past conditional, 'would have accomplished'."},{"surface":"ἐξετέλεσσαν","lemma":"ἐκτελέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"accomplished"},{"surface":"εἰ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"ἥβης","lemma":"ἥβη","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies μέτρον","gloss":"of youth"},{"surface":"μέτρον","lemma":"μέτρον","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἵκοντο","gloss":"measure"},{"surface":"ἵκοντο","lemma":"ἱκνέομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to εἰ","gloss":"had reached"}]},{"number":318,"label":"318","id":"b11-l318","source":"ἀλλʼ ὄλεσεν Διὸς υἱός, ὃν ἠύκομος τέκε Λητώ,","translation":"but the son of Zeus, whom fair-haired Leto bore, destroyed","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l318.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ὄλεσεν","lemma":"ὄλλυμι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"destroyed"},{"surface":"Διὸς","lemma":"Ζεύς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies υἱός","gloss":"of Zeus"},{"surface":"υἱός","lemma":"υἱός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ὄλεσεν","gloss":"son","note":"'son of Zeus' here refers to Apollo, killer of the giants — periphrasis for a god's name is a common epic device."},{"surface":"ὃν","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of τέκε","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"ἠύκομος","lemma":"εὔκομος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Λητώ","gloss":"fair-haired"},{"surface":"τέκε","lemma":"τίκτω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing υἱός","gloss":"bore"},{"surface":"Λητώ","lemma":"Λητώ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of τέκε","gloss":"Leto"}]},{"number":319,"label":"319","id":"b11-l319","source":"ἀμφοτέρω, πρίν σφωιν ὑπὸ κροτάφοισιν ἰούλους","translation":"them both, before the down beneath their temples","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l319.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀμφοτέρω","lemma":"ἀμφότερος","morphology":"accusative dual masculine adjective","role":"object of ὄλεσεν","gloss":"both","note":"dual ἀμφοτέρω, 'both of the two', matching the paired giants."},{"surface":"πρίν","lemma":"πρίν","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"σφωιν","lemma":"σφεῖς","morphology":"genitive plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of τε","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"ὑπὸ","lemma":"ὑπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"beneath"},{"surface":"κροτάφοισιν","lemma":"κρόταφος","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ὑπὸ","gloss":"temples"},{"surface":"ἰούλους","lemma":"ἴουλος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of τε","gloss":"down (beard)"}]},{"number":320,"label":"320","id":"b11-l320","source":"ἀνθῆσαι πυκάσαι τε γένυς ἐυανθέι λάχνῃ.","translation":"could bloom and thicken their cheeks with flowering beard.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l320.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀνθῆσαι","lemma":"ἀνθέω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"adverbial to τε","gloss":"could bloom"},{"surface":"πυκάσαι","lemma":"πυκάζω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"adverbial to τε","gloss":"thicken","note":"the two infinitives ἀνθῆσαι/πυκάσαι depend on the same 'before' clause, describing the beard that never got to grow."},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"γένυς","lemma":"γένυς","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"subject of πυκάσαι","gloss":"cheeks"},{"surface":"ἐυανθέι","lemma":"εὐανθής","morphology":"dative singular adjective","role":"modifies λάχνῃ","gloss":"flowering"},{"surface":"λάχνῃ","lemma":"λάχνη","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of πυκάσαι","gloss":"beard-down"}]},{"number":321,"label":"321","id":"b11-l321","source":"Φαίδρην τε Πρόκριν τε ἴδον καλήν τʼ\n                     Ἀριάδνην,","translation":"Phaedra and Procris I saw, and fair Ariadne,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l321.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Φαίδρην","lemma":"Φαίδρη","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of τ᾽","gloss":"Phaedra"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Πρόκριν","lemma":"Πρόκρις","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of τ᾽","gloss":"Procris"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἴδον","lemma":"εἶδον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I saw","note":"ἴδον 1st singular begins the catalogue-of-women refrain repeated through this section of book 11."},{"surface":"καλήν","lemma":"καλός","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Ἀριάδνην","gloss":"fair"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ἀριάδνην","lemma":"Ἀριάδνη","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ,","gloss":"Ariadne"}]},{"number":322,"label":"322","id":"b11-l322","source":"κούρην Μίνωος ὀλοόφρονος, ἥν ποτε Θησεὺς","translation":"daughter of malign-minded Minos, whom once Theseus","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l322.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κούρην","lemma":"κόρη","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ,","gloss":"daughter"},{"surface":"Μίνωος","lemma":"Μίνως","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies κούρην","gloss":"of Minos"},{"surface":"ὀλοόφρονος","lemma":"ὀλοόφρων","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Μίνωος","gloss":"malign-minded","note":"ὀλοόφρων, 'baleful-minded', a formulaic negative epithet applied to Minos here."},{"surface":"ἥν","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of ἦγε","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"ποτε","lemma":"ποτέ","morphology":"particle","role":"adverbial to ἦγε","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"Θησεὺς","lemma":"Θησεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of δ᾽","gloss":"Theseus"}]},{"number":323,"label":"323","id":"b11-l323","source":"ἐκ Κρήτης ἐς γουνὸν Ἀθηνάων ἱεράων","translation":"from Crete toward the hill of sacred Athens","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l323.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Κρήτης","lemma":"Κρήτη","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐκ","gloss":"Crete"},{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"γουνὸν","lemma":"γουνός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐς","gloss":"hill"},{"surface":"Ἀθηνάων","lemma":"Ἀθῆναι","morphology":"genitive plural feminine noun","role":"modifies γουνὸν","gloss":"of Athens"},{"surface":"ἱεράων","lemma":"ἱερός","morphology":"genitive plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies Ἀθηνάων","gloss":"sacred"}]},{"number":324,"label":"324","id":"b11-l324","source":"ἦγε μέν, οὐδʼ ἀπόνητο· πάρος δέ μιν Ἄρτεμις ἔκτα","translation":"tried to bring, but had no joy of her; for first Artemis killed her","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l324.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἦγε","lemma":"ἄγω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing δ᾽","gloss":"was bringing"},{"surface":"μέν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἀπόνητο","lemma":"ἀπονίναμαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing δ᾽","gloss":"had no joy","note":"ἀπονίναμαι, 'to get benefit/joy from', negated — Theseus never got to enjoy Ariadne."},{"surface":"πάρος","lemma":"πάρος","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔκτα","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of ἔκτα","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"Ἄρτεμις","lemma":"Ἄρτεμις","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἔκτα","gloss":"Artemis"},{"surface":"ἔκτα","lemma":"κτείνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"killed"}]},{"number":325,"label":"325","id":"b11-l325","source":"Δίῃ ἐν ἀμφιρύτῃ Διονύσου μαρτυρίῃσιν.","translation":"in sea-girt Dia, on the testimony of Dionysus.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l325.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Δίῃ","lemma":"Δίη","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"Dia"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ἀμφιρύτῃ","lemma":"ἀμφίρυτος","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Δίῃ","gloss":"sea-girt"},{"surface":"Διονύσου","lemma":"Διόνυσος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies μαρτυρίῃσιν","gloss":"of Dionysus","note":"an obscure mythic variant: Artemis kills Ariadne 'on the testimony of Dionysus', hinting at a lost tradition."},{"surface":"μαρτυρίῃσιν","lemma":"μαρτυρία","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἔκτα","gloss":"testimony"}]},{"number":326,"label":"326","id":"b11-l326","source":"Μαῖράν τε Κλυμένην τε ἴδον στυγερήν τʼ\n                     Ἐριφύλην,","translation":"Maera and Clymene I saw, and hateful Eriphyle,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l326.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Μαῖράν","lemma":"Μαῖρα","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of τ᾽","gloss":"Maera"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Κλυμένην","lemma":"Κλυμένη","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of τ᾽","gloss":"Clymene"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἴδον","lemma":"εἶδον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I saw"},{"surface":"στυγερήν","lemma":"στυγερός","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Ἐριφύλην","gloss":"hateful","note":"στυγερός marks Eriphyle's moral condemnation before her crime is even named — foreshadowing."},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ἐριφύλην","lemma":"Ἐριφύλη","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of τ᾽","gloss":"Eriphyle"}]},{"number":327,"label":"327","id":"b11-l327","source":"ἣ χρυσὸν φίλου ἀνδρὸς ἐδέξατο τιμήεντα.","translation":"who took precious gold as the price of her own husband.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l327.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἣ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of ἐδέξατο","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"χρυσὸν","lemma":"χρυσός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐδέξατο","gloss":"gold"},{"surface":"φίλου","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἀνδρὸς","gloss":"own"},{"surface":"ἀνδρὸς","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies χρυσὸν","gloss":"husband"},{"surface":"ἐδέξατο","lemma":"δέχομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing Ἐριφύλην","gloss":"accepted","note":"ἐδέξατο refers to Eriphyle's bribe (a necklace) to betray her husband Amphiaraus — a famous myth of treachery."},{"surface":"τιμήεντα","lemma":"τιμήεις","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies χρυσὸν","gloss":"precious"}]},{"number":328,"label":"328","id":"b11-l328","source":"πάσας δʼ οὐκ ἂν ἐγὼ μυθήσομαι οὐδʼ ὀνομήνω,","translation":"But I could not name or recount them all,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l328.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πάσας","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"accusative plural feminine adjective","role":"object of δ᾽","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"οὐκ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ἂν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"ἐγὼ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of δ᾽","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"μυθήσομαι","lemma":"μυθέομαι","morphology":"aorist medio-passive subjunctive, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"recount","note":"subjunctive μυθήσομαι with οὐκ ἄν = potential, 'I could not tell' — Odysseus breaks off his catalogue here."},{"surface":"ὀνομήνω","lemma":"ὀνομαίνω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"name"}]},{"number":329,"label":"329","id":"b11-l329","source":"ὅσσας ἡρώων ἀλόχους ἴδον ἠδὲ θύγατρας·","translation":"as many as the wives and daughters of heroes I saw;","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l329.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὅσσας","lemma":"ὅσος","morphology":"accusative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἠδὲ","gloss":"as many as"},{"surface":"ἡρώων","lemma":"ἥρως","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ἠδὲ","gloss":"of heroes"},{"surface":"ἀλόχους","lemma":"ἄλοχος","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἠδὲ","gloss":"wives"},{"surface":"ἴδον","lemma":"εἶδον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing πάσας","gloss":"I saw"},{"surface":"ἠδὲ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"θύγατρας","lemma":"θυγάτηρ","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἠδὲ","gloss":"daughters"}]},{"number":330,"label":"330","id":"b11-l330","source":"πρὶν γάρ κεν καὶ νὺξ φθῖτʼ ἄμβροτος. ἀλλὰ καὶ ὥρη","translation":"before that, the immortal night would wane. But it is time","scansion":"—— | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l330.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πρὶν","lemma":"πρίν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to φθῖτ᾽","gloss":"before that"},{"surface":"γάρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"κεν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"would","note":"κεν + optative φθῖτ᾽ forms a potential clause: 'the night would wane' before he finished the list."},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"νὺξ","lemma":"νύξ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of φθῖτ᾽","gloss":"night"},{"surface":"φθῖτ","lemma":"φθίω","morphology":"aorist middle optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"would wane"},{"surface":"ἄμβροτος","lemma":"ἄμβροτος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies νὺξ","gloss":"immortal"},{"surface":"ἀλλὰ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"ὥρη","lemma":"ὥρα","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"time","note":"ὥρη, 'it is time (for)' — introduces Odysseus's polite pause, transitioning back to the frame narrative."}]},{"number":331,"label":"331","id":"b11-l331","source":"εὕδειν, ἢ ἐπὶ νῆα θοὴν ἐλθόντʼ ἐς ἑταίρους","translation":"to sleep, whether after going to the swift ship and my comrades","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l331.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εὕδειν","lemma":"εὕδω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"modifies ὥρη","gloss":"to sleep"},{"surface":"ἢ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"νῆα","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐπὶ","gloss":"ship"},{"surface":"θοὴν","lemma":"θοός","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies νῆα","gloss":"swift"},{"surface":"ἐλθόντ","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἢ","gloss":"having gone"},{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ἑταίρους","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἐς","gloss":"comrades"}]},{"number":332,"label":"332","id":"b11-l332","source":"ἢ αὐτοῦ· πομπὴ δὲ θεοῖς ὑμῖν τε μελήσει.","translation":"or staying here; my escort shall be the gods' concern and yours.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l332.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἢ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"αὐτοῦ","lemma":"αὐτοῦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἢ","gloss":"staying here"},{"surface":"πομπὴ","lemma":"πομπή","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of μελήσει","gloss":"escort","note":"πομπή, 'safe conduct home' — the central promise the Phaeacians owe their guest, a key theme of the poem."},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"θεοῖς","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of τε","gloss":"to gods"},{"surface":"ὑμῖν","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative plural pronoun","role":"object of τε","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μελήσει","lemma":"μέλω","morphology":"future active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will be a concern"}]},{"number":333,"label":"333","id":"b11-l333","source":"ὣς ἔφαθʼ, οἱ δʼ ἄρα πάντες ἀκὴν ἐγένοντο σιωπῇ,","translation":"So he spoke, and they all fell hushed in silence,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l333.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔφαθ᾽","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ἔφαθ","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he spoke"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἐγένοντο","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄρα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"πάντες","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies οἱ","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"ἀκὴν","lemma":"ἀκήν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐγένοντο","gloss":"in stillness","note":"ἀκὴν ἐγένοντο σιωπῇ is a formulaic epic line for an audience falling silent, marking narrative closure."},{"surface":"ἐγένοντο","lemma":"γίγνομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"became"},{"surface":"σιωπῇ","lemma":"σιωπή","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐγένοντο","gloss":"silence"}]},{"number":334,"label":"334","id":"b11-l334","source":"κηληθμῷ δʼ ἔσχοντο κατὰ μέγαρα σκιόεντα.","translation":"and they were held spellbound throughout the shadowy halls.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l334.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"κηληθμῷ","title":"Held spellbound","body":"kêlêthmos is the enchantment of song or skilled speech. Homer uses it to mark how completely the Phaeacians are captivated by Odysseus's tale."}],"words":[{"surface":"κηληθμῷ","lemma":"κηληθμός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἔσχοντο","gloss":"spellbound"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔσχοντο","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"were held"},{"surface":"κατὰ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"throughout"},{"surface":"μέγαρα","lemma":"μέγαρον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to κατὰ","gloss":"halls"},{"surface":"σκιόεντα","lemma":"σκιόεις","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies μέγαρα","gloss":"shadowy"}]},{"number":335,"label":"335","id":"b11-l335","source":"τοῖσιν δʼ Ἀρήτη λευκώλενος ἤρχετο μύθων.","translation":"Among them white-armed Arete was the first to speak:","scansion":"—— | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l335.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"λευκώλενος","title":"White-armed","body":"A standard epithet for noble women in Homer. Such fixed name-epithet pairings help the oral poet fill out the hexameter line."}],"words":[{"surface":"τοῖσιν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἤρχετο","gloss":"among them"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ἀρήτη","lemma":"Ἀρήτη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἤρχετο","gloss":"Arete"},{"surface":"λευκώλενος","lemma":"λευκώλενος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Ἀρήτη","gloss":"white-armed","note":"λευκώλενος, a standard formulaic epithet for noble women in Homer, here for Queen Arete."},{"surface":"ἤρχετο","lemma":"ἄρχω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"μύθων","lemma":"μῦθος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἤρχετο","gloss":"speaking","note":"genitive μύθων after ἄρχομαι, 'begin (of) words' — idiomatic partitive genitive with verbs of beginning."}]},{"number":336,"label":"336","id":"b11-l336","source":"Φαίηκες, πῶς ὔμμιν ἀνὴρ ὅδε φαίνεται εἶναι","translation":"\"Phaeacians, how does this man seem to you to be,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l336.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Φαίηκες","lemma":"Φαίαξ","morphology":"vocative plural masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"Phaeacians","note":"vocative direct address opening Arete's speech to the assembled court."},{"surface":"πῶς","lemma":"πῶς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to φαίνεται","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"ὔμμιν","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative plural pronoun","role":"object of φαίνεται","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"ἀνὴρ","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of φαίνεται","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"ὅδε","lemma":"ὅδε","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies ἀνὴρ","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"φαίνεται","lemma":"φαίνω","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"seem"},{"surface":"εἶναι","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of φαίνεται","gloss":"to be"}]},{"number":337,"label":"337","id":"b11-l337","source":"εἶδός τε μέγεθός τε ἰδὲ φρένας ἔνδον ἐίσας;","translation":"in looks and stature and the well-balanced mind within?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l337.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἶδός","lemma":"εἶδος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἰδὲ","gloss":"in looks"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μέγεθός","lemma":"μέγεθος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἰδὲ","gloss":"in stature"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἰδὲ","lemma":"ἰδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"φρένας","lemma":"φρήν","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἰδὲ","gloss":"mind"},{"surface":"ἔνδον","lemma":"ἔνδον","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies φρένας","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"ἐίσας","lemma":"ἔισος","morphology":"accusative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies φρένας","gloss":"well-balanced","note":"ἔισος, 'equal/balanced', describing a well-tempered mind — a compliment paid to Odysseus's inner character."}]},{"number":338,"label":"338","id":"b11-l338","source":"ξεῖνος δʼ αὖτʼ ἐμός ἐστιν, ἕκαστος δʼ ἔμμορε τιμῆς·","translation":"He is my own guest, yet each of you has a share in the honor.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l338.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ξεῖνος","lemma":"ξένος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"guest"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and/but"},{"surface":"αὖτ","lemma":"αὖτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"again","note":"αὖτε marks a return to a point already raised — 'yet again I say'."},{"surface":"ἐμός","lemma":"ἐμός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ξεῖνος","gloss":"my own"},{"surface":"ἐστιν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"ἕκαστος","lemma":"ἕκαστος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"subject of ἔμμορε","gloss":"each one"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔμμορε","lemma":"μείρομαι","morphology":"perfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"has a share","note":"perfect of μείρομαι: 'has obtained (and now holds) a portion of' — state resulting from a past allotment."},{"surface":"τιμῆς","lemma":"τιμή","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἔμμορε","gloss":"of honor"}]},{"number":339,"label":"339","id":"b11-l339","source":"τῷ μὴ ἐπειγόμενοι ἀποπέμπετε, μηδὲ τὰ δῶρα","translation":"So do not be hasty to send him off, nor cut short the gifts","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l339.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τῷ","lemma":"τῷ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to δὲ","gloss":"therefore"},{"surface":"μὴ","lemma":"μή","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ἐπειγόμενοι","lemma":"ἐπείγω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ἀποπέμπετε","gloss":"being hasty","note":"μὴ + participle gives a negated circumstantial: 'not being in a hurry (to send him off)'."},{"surface":"ἀποπέμπετε","lemma":"ἀποπέμπω","morphology":"present active imperative, 2nd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"send off"},{"surface":"τὰ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative plural neuter article","role":"modifies δῶρα","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"δῶρα","lemma":"δῶρον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of κολούετε","gloss":"gifts"}]},{"number":340,"label":"340","id":"b11-l340","source":"οὕτω χρηίζοντι κολούετε· πολλὰ γὰρ ὑμῖν","translation":"for one in such need; for many are the","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l340.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οὕτω","lemma":"οὕτως","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to χρηίζοντι","gloss":"so, thus"},{"surface":"χρηίζοντι","lemma":"χρῄζω","morphology":"present active participle, dative singular masculine","role":"object of κολούετε","gloss":"being in need"},{"surface":"κολούετε","lemma":"κολούω","morphology":"present active imperative, 2nd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"cut short","note":"κολούω 'dock, curtail' — imperative telling them not to skimp on the gifts owed a needy guest."},{"surface":"πολλὰ","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"nominative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies κτήματ᾽","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ὑμῖν","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative plural pronoun","role":"object of κέονται","gloss":"for you (pl.)"}]},{"number":341,"label":"341","id":"b11-l341","source":"κτήματʼ ἐνὶ μεγάροισι θεῶν ἰότητι κέονται.","translation":"treasures that lie in your halls by the will of the gods.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l341.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κτήματ","lemma":"κτῆμα","morphology":"nominative plural neuter noun","role":"subject of κέονται","gloss":"possessions"},{"surface":"ἐνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"μεγάροισι","lemma":"μέγαρον","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἐνὶ","gloss":"halls"},{"surface":"θεῶν","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ἰότητι","gloss":"of the gods"},{"surface":"ἰότητι","lemma":"ἰότης","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to κέονται","gloss":"by the will","note":"ἰότητι θεῶν is a formulaic phrase: 'by the gods' will/decree' — treasures are framed as divinely sanctioned."},{"surface":"κέονται","lemma":"κεῖμαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"lie stored"}]},{"number":342,"label":"342","id":"b11-l342","source":"τοῖσι δὲ καὶ μετέειπε γέρων ἥρως Ἐχένηος,","translation":"Then the old hero Echeneus spoke among them too,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l342.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τοῖσι","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of μετέειπε","gloss":"to them"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"μετέειπε","lemma":"μετεῖπον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spoke among","note":"μετεῖπον 'speak among/in the midst of' — used for a speaker addressing an assembled group."},{"surface":"γέρων","lemma":"γέρων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"old man"},{"surface":"ἥρως","lemma":"ἥρως","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ἐχένηος","gloss":"hero","note":"γέρων ἥρως: a formulaic epithet pairing 'old man' with the honorific 'hero', common for respected elders in Homer."},{"surface":"Ἐχένηος","lemma":"Ἐχένηος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"Echeneus"}]},{"number":343,"label":"343","id":"b11-l343","source":"ὃς δὴ Φαιήκων ἀνδρῶν προγενέστερος ἦεν·","translation":"who was the eldest of the Phaeacian men:","scansion":"—— | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l343.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὃς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἦεν","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"Φαιήκων","lemma":"Φαίαξ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ἀνδρῶν","gloss":"of the Phaeacians"},{"surface":"ἀνδρῶν","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies προγενέστερος","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"προγενέστερος","lemma":"προγενής","morphology":"nominative singular masculine comparative adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"eldest","note":"comparative προγενέστερος used with superlative force ('most senior') — normal Homeric comparative-for-superlative usage."},{"surface":"ἦεν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing","gloss":"was"}]},{"number":344,"label":"344","id":"b11-l344","source":"ὦ φίλοι, οὐ μὰν ἧμιν ἀπὸ σκοποῦ οὐδʼ ἀπὸ δόξης","translation":"\"Friends, surely not wide of the mark nor of our own judgment","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l344.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὦ","lemma":"ὦ","morphology":"exclamation","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"O"},{"surface":"φίλοι","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"vocative plural masculine adjective","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"friends"},{"surface":"οὐ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"μὰν","lemma":"μήν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"ἧμιν","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of μυθεῖται","gloss":"to us"},{"surface":"ἀπὸ","lemma":"ἀπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"σκοποῦ","lemma":"σκοπός","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἀπὸ","gloss":"the mark","note":"ἀπὸ σκοποῦ 'off the mark' — idiom for speaking wide of the point; here negated, so 'not off target'."},{"surface":"ἀπὸ","lemma":"ἀπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"δόξης","lemma":"δόξα","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἀπὸ","gloss":"opinion, judgment","note":"ἀπὸ δόξης parallels ἀπὸ σκοποῦ: 'against (our) opinion/judgment' — paired idiom for 'off base'."}]},{"number":345,"label":"345","id":"b11-l345","source":"μυθεῖται βασίλεια περίφρων· ἀλλὰ πίθεσθε.","translation":"does our wise queen speak; so be persuaded.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l345.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μυθεῖται","lemma":"μυθέομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"speaks"},{"surface":"βασίλεια","lemma":"βασίλεια","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of μυθεῖται","gloss":"queen"},{"surface":"περίφρων","lemma":"περίφρων","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies βασίλεια","gloss":"wise, prudent"},{"surface":"ἀλλὰ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"πίθεσθε","lemma":"πείθω","morphology":"aorist middle imperative, 2nd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"be persuaded"}]},{"number":346,"label":"346","id":"b11-l346","source":"Ἀλκινόου δʼ ἐκ τοῦδʼ ἔχεται ἔργον τε ἔπος τε.","translation":"Yet on Alcinous here the deed and the word depend.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l346.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ἀλκινόου","lemma":"Ἀλκίνοος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐκ","gloss":"of Alcinous"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"τοῦδ","lemma":"ὅδε","morphology":"genitive singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies Ἀλκινόου","gloss":"this one"},{"surface":"ἔχεται","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"depends","note":"ἔχεται middle 'is held/depends on' — the whole prepositional phrase ἐκ τοῦδ᾽ (with Ἀλκινόου as object of ἐκ, not of ἔχεται) is what the deed and word depend on: 'hangs on this man Alcinous'."},{"surface":"ἔργον","lemma":"ἔργον","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of τε","gloss":"deed"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔπος","lemma":"ἔπος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of τε","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"}]},{"number":347,"label":"347","id":"b11-l347","source":"τὸν δʼ αὖτʼ Ἀλκίνοος ἀπαμείβετο φώνησέν τε·","translation":"Then in answer Alcinous spoke to him:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l347.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἀπαμείβετο","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αὖτ","lemma":"αὖτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"in turn"},{"surface":"Ἀλκίνοος","lemma":"Ἀλκίνοος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of τε","gloss":"Alcinous"},{"surface":"ἀπαμείβετο","lemma":"ἀπαμείβομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"φώνησέν","lemma":"φωνέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spoke","note":"ἀπαμείβετο... φώνησέν τε is a standard Homeric speech-formula pairing 'answered' with 'gave voice'."},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"}]},{"number":348,"label":"348","id":"b11-l348","source":"τοῦτο μὲν οὕτω δὴ ἔσται ἔπος, αἴ κεν ἐγώ γε","translation":"\"This word shall indeed be so, as surely as I","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l348.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τοῦτο","lemma":"οὗτος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἔπος","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"(untranslatable particle)"},{"surface":"οὕτω","lemma":"οὕτως","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔσται","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἔσται","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"future indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"ἔπος","lemma":"ἔπος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of ἔσται","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"αἴ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if","note":"αἴ κεν + subjunctive (ἀνάσσω) is a vivid future-conditional construction, epic form of ἐάν."},{"surface":"κεν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"(conditional particle)"},{"surface":"ἐγώ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἀνάσσω","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"}]},{"number":349,"label":"349","id":"b11-l349","source":"ζωὸς Φαιήκεσσι φιληρέτμοισιν ἀνάσσω·","translation":"live and rule over the oar-loving Phaeacians.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l349.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ζωὸς","lemma":"ζωός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"alive"},{"surface":"Φαιήκεσσι","lemma":"Φαίαξ","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἀνάσσω","gloss":"over the Phaeacians"},{"surface":"φιληρέτμοισιν","lemma":"φιλήρετμος","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies Φαιήκεσσι","gloss":"oar-loving","note":"φιλήρετμος 'oar-loving' is a stock epithet for the seafaring Phaeacians."},{"surface":"ἀνάσσω","lemma":"ἀνάσσω","morphology":"present active subjunctive, 1st singular verb","role":"adverbial to αἴ","gloss":"I rule"}]},{"number":350,"label":"350","id":"b11-l350","source":"ξεῖνος δὲ τλήτω μάλα περ νόστοιο χατίζων","translation":"But let the stranger, however much he longs for his homecoming,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l350.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"νόστοιο","title":"Nostos: homecoming","body":"nostos is the longing for and act of returning home, the central theme of the whole poem. It later gives us the word 'nostalgia'."}],"words":[{"surface":"ξεῖνος","lemma":"ξένος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of τλήτω","gloss":"stranger"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"τλήτω","lemma":"τλάω","morphology":"aorist active imperative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"let him endure","note":"τλήτω, 3rd-sg aorist imperative of τλάω 'endure, bear up' — a command in the third person, 'let him bring himself to...'."},{"surface":"μάλα","lemma":"μάλα","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"very much"},{"surface":"περ","lemma":"πέρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"although","note":"μάλα περ 'however much' concessive, yielding to χατίζων: 'though he longs greatly'."},{"surface":"νόστοιο","lemma":"νόστος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of χατίζων","gloss":"for homecoming"},{"surface":"χατίζων","lemma":"χατίζω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to τλήτω","gloss":"longing"}]},{"number":351,"label":"351","id":"b11-l351","source":"ἔμπης οὖν ἐπιμεῖναι ἐς αὔριον, εἰς ὅ κε πᾶσαν","translation":"still endure to wait until tomorrow, until I complete","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l351.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔμπης","lemma":"ἔμπας","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐπιμεῖναι","gloss":"nevertheless"},{"surface":"οὖν","lemma":"οὖν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἐπιμεῖναι","lemma":"ἐπιμένω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of τλήτω","gloss":"to wait"},{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"αὔριον","lemma":"αὔριον","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of ἐς","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"εἰς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"ὅ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"adverbial to τελέσω","gloss":"(rel. pronoun)","note":"εἰς ὅ κε 'until (the point) that' — ὅ here is a relative pronoun functioning temporally, common Homeric idiom."},{"surface":"κε","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"(particle)"},{"surface":"πᾶσαν","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies δωτίνην","gloss":"all, whole"}]},{"number":352,"label":"352","id":"b11-l352","source":"δωτίνην τελέσω· πομπὴ δʼ ἄνδρεσσι μελήσει","translation":"the whole gift; and his escort shall be the men's concern,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l352.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δωτίνην","lemma":"δωτίνη","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of τελέσω","gloss":"gift"},{"surface":"τελέσω","lemma":"τελέω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 1st singular verb","role":"object of εἰς","gloss":"I complete"},{"surface":"πομπὴ","lemma":"πομπή","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of δ᾽","gloss":"escort"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄνδρεσσι","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of μελήσει","gloss":"to the men"},{"surface":"μελήσει","lemma":"μέλω","morphology":"future active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will be a concern","note":"μέλω + dative: 'it will be a care to the men' — impersonal-feeling construction, subject πομπή, dative of the one concerned."}]},{"number":353,"label":"353","id":"b11-l353","source":"πᾶσι, μάλιστα δʼ ἐμοί· τοῦ γὰρ κράτος ἔστʼ ἐνὶ δήμῳ.","translation":"all of them, and mine above all; for the power in this land is mine.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l353.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πᾶσι","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἄνδρεσσι","gloss":"to all"},{"surface":"μάλιστα","lemma":"μάλιστα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"most of all"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐμοί","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"τοῦ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine pronoun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"his","note":"τοῦ used as a possessive genitive of the demonstrative/relative, 'his' — points back to the king holding power."},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"κράτος","lemma":"κράτος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of ἔστ᾽","gloss":"power"},{"surface":"ἔστ","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"ἐνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"δήμῳ","lemma":"δῆμος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐνὶ","gloss":"the land"}]},{"number":354,"label":"354","id":"b11-l354","source":"τὸν δʼ ἀπαμειβόμενος προσέφη πολύμητις\n                  Ὀδυσσεύς·","translation":"Then resourceful Odysseus answered him and said:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l354.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"πολύμητις","title":"Resourceful Odysseus","body":"polymêtis ('of many devices') is Odysseus's signature epithet, naming the cunning that defines him."}],"words":[{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of προσέφη","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀπαμειβόμενος","lemma":"ἀπαμείβομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to προσέφη","gloss":"answering"},{"surface":"προσέφη","lemma":"πρόσφημι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spoke to"},{"surface":"πολύμητις","lemma":"πολύμητις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ὀδυσσεύς","gloss":"resourceful","note":"πολύμητις Ὀδυσσεύς, the recurring Homeric epithet-name formula for Odysseus, 'of many wiles'."},{"surface":"Ὀδυσσεύς","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of προσέφη","gloss":"Odysseus"}]},{"number":355,"label":"355","id":"b11-l355","source":"Ἀλκίνοε κρεῖον, πάντων ἀριδείκετε λαῶν,","translation":"\"Lord Alcinous, most renowned of all people,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l355.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ἀλκίνοε","lemma":"Ἀλκίνοος","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"Alcinous"},{"surface":"κρεῖον","lemma":"κρείων","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ,","gloss":"lord"},{"surface":"πάντων","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies λαῶν","gloss":"of all"},{"surface":"ἀριδείκετε","lemma":"ἀριδείκετος","morphology":"vocative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ,","gloss":"most renowned","note":"ἀριδείκετε λαῶν, a formulaic vocative of high praise, 'most illustrious among the people' — deferential court address."},{"surface":"λαῶν","lemma":"λαός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ἀριδείκετε","gloss":"of the people"}]},{"number":356,"label":"356","id":"b11-l356","source":"εἴ με καὶ εἰς ἐνιαυτὸν ἀνώγοιτʼ αὐτόθι μίμνειν,","translation":"even if you bade me wait here a full year,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l356.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἴ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"με","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of μίμνειν","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"εἰς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ἐνιαυτὸν","lemma":"ἐνιαυτός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to εἰς","gloss":"a year"},{"surface":"ἀνώγοιτ","lemma":"ἄνωγα","morphology":"present active optative, 2nd plural verb","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"you bade","note":"ἀνώγοιτ᾽, optative of ἄνωγα (perfect-form verb 'command, bid'), in a future-less-vivid condition with εἴ."},{"surface":"αὐτόθι","lemma":"αὐτόθι","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of μίμνειν","gloss":"here, in this place"},{"surface":"μίμνειν","lemma":"μίμνω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of ἀνώγοιτ᾽","gloss":"to stay"}]},{"number":357,"label":"357","id":"b11-l357","source":"πομπὴν δʼ ὀτρύνοιτε καὶ ἀγλαὰ δῶρα διδοῖτε,","translation":"and urged on my escort and gave me splendid gifts,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l357.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πομπὴν","lemma":"πομπή","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ὀτρύνοιτε","gloss":"escort"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὀτρύνοιτε","lemma":"ὀτρύνω","morphology":"present active optative, 2nd plural verb","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"you would speed"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀγλαὰ","lemma":"ἀγλαός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies δῶρα","gloss":"splendid"},{"surface":"δῶρα","lemma":"δῶρον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of διδοῖτε","gloss":"gifts"},{"surface":"διδοῖτε","lemma":"δίδωμι","morphology":"present active optative, 2nd plural verb","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"you would give"}]},{"number":358,"label":"358","id":"b11-l358","source":"καὶ κε τὸ βουλοίμην, καί κεν πολὺ κέρδιον εἴη,","translation":"I would even wish for that, and it would be far more profitable,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l358.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κε","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"(particle)"},{"surface":"τὸ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"object of βουλοίμην","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"βουλοίμην","lemma":"βούλομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive optative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I would wish"},{"surface":"καί","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κεν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"(particle)"},{"surface":"πολὺ","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"κέρδιον","lemma":"κερδίων","morphology":"nominative singular neuter comparative adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"more profitable","note":"κερδίων, comparative of κερδαλέος-type stem 'profitable, advantageous' — Odysseus weighing practical gain."},{"surface":"εἴη","lemma":"ἐάω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"it would be"}]},{"number":359,"label":"359","id":"b11-l359","source":"πλειοτέρῃ σὺν χειρὶ φίλην ἐς πατρίδʼ ἱκέσθαι·","translation":"to reach my dear homeland with a fuller hand;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l359.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πλειοτέρῃ","lemma":"πλέως","morphology":"dative singular feminine comparative adjective","role":"modifies χειρὶ","gloss":"fuller"},{"surface":"σὺν","lemma":"σύν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"χειρὶ","lemma":"χείρ","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to σὺν","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"φίλην","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies πατρίδ᾽","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"πατρίδ","lemma":"πατρίς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐς","gloss":"homeland"},{"surface":"ἱκέσθαι","lemma":"ἱκνέομαι","morphology":"aorist middle infinitive","role":"subject of εἴη","gloss":"to arrive","note":"σὺν πλειοτέρῃ χειρί, 'with a fuller hand' — vivid Homeric idiom for returning laden with wealth."}]},{"number":360,"label":"360","id":"b11-l360","source":"καί κʼ αἰδοιότερος καὶ φίλτερος ἀνδράσιν εἴην","translation":"and I would be more respected and more dear to all men","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l360.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καί","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κ","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"(particle)"},{"surface":"αἰδοιότερος","lemma":"αἰδοῖος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine comparative adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"more respected"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"φίλτερος","lemma":"φίλτερος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"dearer"},{"surface":"ἀνδράσιν","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of εἴην","gloss":"to men"},{"surface":"εἴην","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active optative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I would be"}]},{"number":361,"label":"361","id":"b11-l361","source":"πᾶσιν, ὅσοι μʼ Ἰθάκηνδε ἰδοίατο νοστήσαντα.","translation":"who should see me come home to Ithaca.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l361.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πᾶσιν","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἀνδράσιν","gloss":"to all"},{"surface":"ὅσοι","lemma":"ὅσος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"subject of ἰδοίατο","gloss":"as many as","note":"ὅσοι μ᾽... ἰδοίατο, a relative clause of characteristic with optative: 'all who would (chance to) see me'."},{"surface":"μ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἰδοίατο","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"Ἰθάκηνδε","lemma":"Ἰθάκηνδε","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of νοστήσαντα","gloss":"to Ithaca"},{"surface":"ἰδοίατο","lemma":"εἶδον","morphology":"aorist middle optative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ἀνδράσιν","gloss":"would see"},{"surface":"νοστήσαντα","lemma":"νοστέω","morphology":"aorist active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"having returned"}]},{"number":362,"label":"362","id":"b11-l362","source":"τὸν δʼ αὖτʼ Ἀλκίνοος ἀπαμείβετο φώνησέν τε·","translation":"Then in answer Alcinous spoke to him and said:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l362.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἀπαμείβετο","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αὖτ","lemma":"αὖτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"in turn"},{"surface":"Ἀλκίνοος","lemma":"Ἀλκίνοος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of τε","gloss":"Alcinous"},{"surface":"ἀπαμείβετο","lemma":"ἀπαμείβομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"φώνησέν","lemma":"φωνέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spoke","note":"same speech-formula as line 347, ἀπαμείβετο φώνησέν τε, a repeated Homeric line-frame."},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"}]},{"number":363,"label":"363","id":"b11-l363","source":"ὦ Ὀδυσεῦ, τὸ μὲν οὔ τί σʼ ἐίσκομεν εἰσορόωντες,","translation":"\"Odysseus, as we look at you we judge you in no way","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l363.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὦ","lemma":"ὦ","morphology":"exclamation","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"O"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσεῦ","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"Odysseus"},{"surface":"τὸ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"object of ,","gloss":"(anticipatory 'this')"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"οὔ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"τί","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"adverbial to ἐίσκομεν","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"σ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative singular pronoun","role":"object of ἐίσκομεν","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ἐίσκομεν","lemma":"ἐίσκω","morphology":"present active indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"we liken","note":"ἐίσκομεν 'we liken/judge (you to be)' governs the infinitive ἠπεροπῆά τ᾽ ἔμεν in the next line — 'we do not take you for a deceiver'."},{"surface":"εἰσορόωντες","lemma":"εἰσοράω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐίσκομεν","gloss":"looking at"}]},{"number":364,"label":"364","id":"b11-l364","source":"ἠπεροπῆά τʼ ἔμεν καὶ ἐπίκλοπον, οἷά τε πολλοὺς","translation":"to be a deceiver and a cheat, such as the black earth","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l364.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἠπεροπῆά","lemma":"ἠπεροπεύς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"a deceiver"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔμεν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of ,","gloss":"to be"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐπίκλοπον","lemma":"ἐπίκλοπος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"a cheat"},{"surface":"οἷά","lemma":"οἷος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to βόσκει","gloss":"such as","note":"οἷά τε introduces a generalizing comparison, 'such as (the kind of men) the dark earth breeds many of'."},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"(generalizing particle)"},{"surface":"πολλοὺς","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἀνθρώπους","gloss":"many"}]},{"number":365,"label":"365","id":"b11-l365","source":"βόσκει γαῖα μέλαινα πολυσπερέας ἀνθρώπους,","translation":"breeds in great numbers, men scattered far and wide,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l365.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"βόσκει","lemma":"βόσκω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing καὶ","gloss":"breeds"},{"surface":"γαῖα","lemma":"γαῖα","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of βόσκει","gloss":"earth"},{"surface":"μέλαινα","lemma":"μέλας","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies γαῖα","gloss":"dark","note":"γαῖα μέλαινα 'the dark/black earth' is a fixed Homeric epithet-phrase for the earth as mother of mortals."},{"surface":"πολυσπερέας","lemma":"πολυσπερής","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἀνθρώπους","gloss":"widely scattered"},{"surface":"ἀνθρώπους","lemma":"ἄνθρωπος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of βόσκει","gloss":"men"}]},{"number":366,"label":"366","id":"b11-l366","source":"ψεύδεά τʼ ἀρτύνοντας ὅθεν κέ τις οὐδὲ ἴδοιτο·","translation":"framing lies out of things no one could ever see.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l366.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ψεύδεά","lemma":"ψεῦδος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἀρτύνοντας","gloss":"lies"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀρτύνοντας","lemma":"ἀρτύνω","morphology":"present active participle, accusative plural masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"framing","note":"Present participle ἀρτύνοντας 'contriving/framing' pictures ongoing fabrication, not a single act."},{"surface":"ὅθεν","lemma":"ὅθεν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἴδοιτο","gloss":"whence"},{"surface":"κέ","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"(potential particle)","note":"κέ is the Homeric equivalent of Attic ἄν, marking the optative ἴδοιτο as a potential 'could'."},{"surface":"τις","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἴδοιτο","gloss":"anyone"},{"surface":"ἴδοιτο","lemma":"εἶδον","morphology":"aorist middle optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἀρτύνοντας","gloss":"could see","note":"Aorist middle optative with κέ gives 'could ever see' — a potential-of-the-past sense."}]},{"number":367,"label":"367","id":"b11-l367","source":"σοὶ δʼ ἔπι μὲν μορφὴ ἐπέων, ἔνι δὲ φρένες ἐσθλαί.","translation":"But upon you is grace of words, and good sense within.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l367.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"μορφὴ ἐπέων","title":"Shapeliness of words","body":"morphê epeôn is the 'form' or 'grace' of speech. Alcinous praises Odysseus's eloquence as the mark of an honest, well-ordered mind, not a liar's flattery."}],"words":[{"surface":"σοὶ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"object of δὲ","gloss":"upon you"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἔπι","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"is upon","note":"ἔπι is ἐπί with anastrophe (accent thrown back) standing for ἔπεστι 'is upon' — a common Homeric ellipsis of εἰμί."},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"μορφὴ","lemma":"μορφή","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"grace","note":"μορφή 'form/grace' of speech — praising Odysseus's storytelling skill."},{"surface":"ἐπέων","lemma":"ἔπος","morphology":"genitive plural neuter noun","role":"modifies μορφὴ","gloss":"of words"},{"surface":"ἔνι","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"is within","note":"ἔνι, like ἔπι above, stands for ἔνεστι 'is in' by the same tmesis/anastrophe pattern."},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"φρένες","lemma":"φρήν","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"good sense"},{"surface":"ἐσθλαί","lemma":"ἐσθλός","morphology":"nominative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies φρένες","gloss":"noble, sound"}]},{"number":368,"label":"368","id":"b11-l368","source":"μῦθον δʼ ὡς ὅτʼ ἀοιδὸς ἐπισταμένως κατέλεξας,","translation":"You have told your tale skillfully, like a bard,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l368.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μῦθον","lemma":"μῦθος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ,","gloss":"tale"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὡς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"conjunction","role":"adverbial","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"ὅτ","lemma":"ὅτε","morphology":"conjunction","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ἀοιδὸς","lemma":"ἀοιδός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"a bard","note":"ἀοιδός 'singer/bard' — Odysseus compared to the professional court poet, high praise in epic culture."},{"surface":"ἐπισταμένως","lemma":"ἐπισταμένως","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to κατέλεξας","gloss":"skillfully"},{"surface":"κατέλεξας","lemma":"καταλέγω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"told, recounted"}]},{"number":369,"label":"369","id":"b11-l369","source":"πάντων τʼ Ἀργείων σέο τʼ αὐτοῦ κήδεα λυγρά.","translation":"the grievous sorrows of all the Argives and of yourself.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l369.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πάντων","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἀργείων","gloss":"of all"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ἀργείων","lemma":"Ἀργεῖος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies τ᾽","gloss":"the Argives","note":"Ἀργεῖοι, 'Argives,' is Homer's regular term for the Greeks at Troy collectively."},{"surface":"σέο","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"genitive singular pronoun","role":"modifies τ᾽","gloss":"of you"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αὐτοῦ","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies σέο","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"κήδεα","lemma":"κῆδος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ,","gloss":"sorrows"},{"surface":"λυγρά","lemma":"λυγρός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies κήδεα","gloss":"grievous"}]},{"number":370,"label":"370","id":"b11-l370","source":"ἀλλʼ ἄγε μοι τόδε εἰπὲ καὶ ἀτρεκέως κατάλεξον,","translation":"But come, tell me this and recount it truly:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l370.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἄγε","lemma":"ἄγε","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"come now","note":"ἄγε is a fossilized imperative used as an interjection 'come!' regardless of the number of the person addressed."},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"τόδε","lemma":"ὅδε","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"object of ,","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"εἰπὲ","lemma":"εἶπον","morphology":"aorist active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀτρεκέως","lemma":"ἀτρεκής","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to κατάλεξον","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"κατάλεξον","lemma":"καταλέγω","morphology":"aorist active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"recount"}]},{"number":371,"label":"371","id":"b11-l371","source":"εἴ τινας ἀντιθέων ἑτάρων ἴδες, οἵ τοι ἅμʼ αὐτῷ","translation":"did you see any of your godlike comrades, who along with you","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l371.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἴ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"τινας","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἴδες","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"ἀντιθέων","lemma":"ἀντίθεος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἑτάρων","gloss":"godlike","note":"ἀντίθεος 'godlike/equal to gods,' a standard epic epithet elevating mortal comrades to heroic stature."},{"surface":"ἑτάρων","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies τινας","gloss":"comrades"},{"surface":"ἴδες","lemma":"εἶδον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"object of εἴ","gloss":"you saw"},{"surface":"οἵ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"object of ἅμ᾽","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"ἅμ","lemma":"ἅμα","morphology":"adverb","role":"preposition","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"αὐτῷ","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies τοι","gloss":"yourself"}]},{"number":372,"label":"372","id":"b11-l372","source":"Ἴλιον εἰς ἅμʼ ἕποντο καὶ αὐτοῦ πότμον ἐπέσπον.","translation":"followed to Ilium and there met their doom?","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l372.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ἴλιον","lemma":"Ἴλιος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"object of εἰς","gloss":"to Ilium","note":"Ἴλιον, Troy — accusative of destination after εἰς, the city's poetic name throughout the epic."},{"surface":"εἰς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ἅμ","lemma":"ἅμα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἕποντο","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"ἕποντο","lemma":"ἕπομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing καὶ","gloss":"followed"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αὐτοῦ","lemma":"αὐτοῦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐπέσπον","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"πότμον","lemma":"πότμος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐπέσπον","gloss":"doom, fate"},{"surface":"ἐπέσπον","lemma":"ἐφέπω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing καὶ","gloss":"met, encountered","note":"ἐπέσπον 'met (their doom)' — the same verb-plus-object formula (πότμον ἐπέσπον) recurs as a death formula."}]},{"number":373,"label":"373","id":"b11-l373","source":"νὺξ δʼ ἥδε μάλα μακρή, ἀθέσφατος· οὐδέ πω ὥρη","translation":"This night is very long, beyond telling; and it is not yet the hour","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l373.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"νὺξ","lemma":"νύξ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"night"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἥδε","lemma":"ὅδε","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"modifies νὺξ","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"μάλα","lemma":"μάλα","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"μακρή","lemma":"μακρός","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"ἀθέσφατος","lemma":"ἀθέσφατος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"beyond telling","note":"ἀθέσφατος, lit. 'unspeakable/immense,' an intensifying epic adjective for something beyond ordinary measure."},{"surface":"πω","lemma":"πω","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"ὥρη","lemma":"ὥρα","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"hour, time"}]},{"number":374,"label":"374","id":"b11-l374","source":"εὕδειν ἐν μεγάρῳ, σὺ δέ μοι λέγε θέσκελα ἔργα.","translation":"to sleep in the hall, so tell me of these marvelous deeds.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l374.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εὕδειν","lemma":"εὕδω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"modifies ὥρη","gloss":"to sleep"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"μεγάρῳ","lemma":"μέγαρον","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"the hall"},{"surface":"σὺ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"nominative singular pronoun","role":"subject of λέγε","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of λέγε","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"λέγε","lemma":"λέγω","morphology":"present active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"θέσκελα","lemma":"θέσκελος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἔργα","gloss":"marvelous","note":"θέσκελος 'god-wrought, marvelous,' used of deeds so extraordinary they seem divinely caused."},{"surface":"ἔργα","lemma":"ἔργον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of λέγε","gloss":"deeds"}]},{"number":375,"label":"375","id":"b11-l375","source":"καί κεν ἐς ἠῶ δῖαν ἀνασχοίμην, ὅτε μοι σὺ","translation":"I could hold out even until the bright dawn, if you","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l375.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καί","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"κεν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"(potential particle)"},{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"ἠῶ","lemma":"ἠώς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐς","gloss":"dawn"},{"surface":"δῖαν","lemma":"δῖος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἠῶ","gloss":"bright, divine"},{"surface":"ἀνασχοίμην","lemma":"ἀνέχω","morphology":"aorist optative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I could hold out","note":"Aorist optative ἀνασχοίμην with κεν: potential 'I could bear/endure' — Alcinous offering to stay up all night listening."},{"surface":"ὅτε","lemma":"ὅτε","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if, when"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of μυθήσασθαι","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"σὺ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"nominative singular pronoun","role":"subject of τλαίης","gloss":"you"}]},{"number":376,"label":"376","id":"b11-l376","source":"τλαίης ἐν μεγάρῳ τὰ σὰ κήδεα μυθήσασθαι.","translation":"would bear to tell me of your sorrows here in the hall.\"","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l376.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τλαίης","lemma":"τλάω","morphology":"aorist active optative, 2nd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὅτε","gloss":"would bear","note":"Optative τλαίης 'would bring yourself to' — polite, wishing mood softening the request to hear painful memories."},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"μεγάρῳ","lemma":"μέγαρον","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"the hall"},{"surface":"τὰ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"article","role":"modifies κήδεα","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"σὰ","lemma":"σός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies κήδεα","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"κήδεα","lemma":"κῆδος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of μυθήσασθαι","gloss":"sorrows"},{"surface":"μυθήσασθαι","lemma":"μυθέομαι","morphology":"aorist medio-passive infinitive","role":"object of τλαίης","gloss":"to tell"}]},{"number":377,"label":"377","id":"b11-l377","source":"τὸν δʼ ἀπαμειβόμενος προσέφη πολύμητις\n                  Ὀδυσσεύς·","translation":"Then resourceful Odysseus answered him and said:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l377.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of προσέφη","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀπαμειβόμενος","lemma":"ἀπαμείβομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to προσέφη","gloss":"answering"},{"surface":"προσέφη","lemma":"πρόσφημι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"said, addressed"},{"surface":"πολύμητις","lemma":"πολύμητις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ὀδυσσεύς","gloss":"resourceful","note":"πολύμητις 'of many wiles' — Odysseus's signature epithet, marking his defining trait of cunning intelligence."},{"surface":"Ὀδυσσεύς","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of προσέφη","gloss":"Odysseus"}]},{"number":378,"label":"378","id":"b11-l378","source":"Ἀλκίνοε κρεῖον, πάντων ἀριδείκετε λαῶν,","translation":"\"Lord Alcinous, most renowned of all people,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l378.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ἀλκίνοε","lemma":"Ἀλκίνοος","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"Alcinous","note":"Vocative case addressing the Phaeacian king directly, opening Odysseus's speech."},{"surface":"κρεῖον","lemma":"κρείων","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ,","gloss":"lord, ruler"},{"surface":"πάντων","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies λαῶν","gloss":"of all"},{"surface":"ἀριδείκετε","lemma":"ἀριδείκετος","morphology":"vocative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ,","gloss":"most renowned"},{"surface":"λαῶν","lemma":"λαός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ἀριδείκετε","gloss":"people, folk"}]},{"number":379,"label":"379","id":"b11-l379","source":"ὥρη μὲν πολέων μύθων, ὥρη δὲ καὶ ὕπνου·","translation":"there is a time for many tales, and a time also for sleep.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l379.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὥρη","lemma":"ὥρα","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"there is a time"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"πολέων","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies μύθων","gloss":"of many"},{"surface":"μύθων","lemma":"μῦθος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ὥρη","gloss":"tales"},{"surface":"ὥρη","lemma":"ὥρα","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"there is a time","note":"Repeated ὥρη...ὥρη forms a balanced gnomic proverb: 'a time for X, a time also for Y.'"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"ὕπνου","lemma":"ὕπνος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ὥρη","gloss":"of sleep"}]},{"number":380,"label":"380","id":"b11-l380","source":"εἰ δʼ ἔτʼ ἀκουέμεναί γε λιλαίεαι, οὐκ ἂν ἐγώ γε","translation":"But if you still long to listen, I would not","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l380.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἰ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἔτ","lemma":"ἔτι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀκουέμεναί","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"ἀκουέμεναί","lemma":"ἀκούω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of λιλαίεαι","gloss":"to listen"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"λιλαίεαι","lemma":"λιλαίομαι","morphology":"present middle indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"adverbial to εἰ","gloss":"you long"},{"surface":"οὐκ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ἂν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"(potential particle)"},{"surface":"ἐγώ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of φθονέοιμι","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"}]},{"number":381,"label":"381","id":"b11-l381","source":"τούτων σοι φθονέοιμι καὶ οἰκτρότερʼ ἄλλʼ ἀγορεύειν,","translation":"grudge you these things, nor telling of others more pitiful still,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l381.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τούτων","lemma":"οὗτος","morphology":"genitive plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies οἰκτρότερ᾽","gloss":"these things"},{"surface":"σοι","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"object of ἀγορεύειν","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"φθονέοιμι","lemma":"φθονέω","morphology":"present active optative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"would grudge","note":"Optative φθονέοιμι in a conditional apodosis: 'I would not grudge' — polite hypothetical willingness."},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"οἰκτρότερ","lemma":"οἰκτρός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter comparative adjective","role":"modifies ἄλλ᾽","gloss":"more pitiful"},{"surface":"ἄλλ","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of ,","gloss":"other things"},{"surface":"ἀγορεύειν","lemma":"ἀγορεύω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of φθονέοιμι","gloss":"to tell"}]},{"number":382,"label":"382","id":"b11-l382","source":"κήδεʼ ἐμῶν ἑτάρων, οἳ δὴ μετόπισθεν ὄλοντο,","translation":"the sorrows of my comrades, who perished afterward,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l382.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κήδε","lemma":"κῆδος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ,","gloss":"sorrows"},{"surface":"ἐμῶν","lemma":"ἐμός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἑτάρων","gloss":"of my"},{"surface":"ἑτάρων","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies κήδε᾽","gloss":"comrades"},{"surface":"οἳ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ὄλοντο","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"μετόπισθεν","lemma":"μετόπισθε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ὄλοντο","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"ὄλοντο","lemma":"ὄλλυμι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ,","gloss":"perished","note":"ὄλοντο, aorist middle 'perished/were destroyed' — the standard epic verb for death in battle or disaster."}]},{"number":383,"label":"383","id":"b11-l383","source":"οἳ Τρώων μὲν ὑπεξέφυγον στονόεσσαν ἀυτήν,","translation":"who escaped the grievous war-cry of the Trojans","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l383.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἳ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of δ᾽","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"Τρώων","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"genitive plural noun","role":"modifies ἀυτήν","gloss":"of the Trojans"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ὑπεξέφυγον","lemma":"ὑπεκφεύγω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing δ᾽","gloss":"escaped"},{"surface":"στονόεσσαν","lemma":"στονόεις","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἀυτήν","gloss":"grievous","note":"στονόεις 'full of groaning/grievous' — an evocative compound describing the war-cry's sorrowful din."},{"surface":"ἀυτήν","lemma":"ἀυτή","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ὑπεξέφυγον","gloss":"war-cry, battle-din"}]},{"number":384,"label":"384","id":"b11-l384","source":"ἐν νόστῳ δʼ ἀπόλοντο κακῆς ἰότητι γυναικός.","translation":"but died on their homecoming by the will of an evil woman.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l384.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"on, in"},{"surface":"νόστῳ","lemma":"νόστος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"homecoming"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἀπόλοντο","lemma":"ἀπόλλυμι","morphology":"aorist indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing δ᾽","gloss":"died, perished"},{"surface":"κακῆς","lemma":"κακός","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies γυναικός","gloss":"evil"},{"surface":"ἰότητι","lemma":"ἰότης","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἀπόλοντο","gloss":"by the will of","note":"ἰότης 'will/design,' rare noun used almost only in this dative-of-cause phrase for a woman's fatal intent — foreshadowing Clytemnestra."},{"surface":"γυναικός","lemma":"γυνή","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies ἰότητι","gloss":"of a woman"}]},{"number":385,"label":"385","id":"b11-l385","source":"αὐτὰρ ἐπεὶ ψυχὰς μὲν ἀπεσκέδασʼ ἄλλυδις ἄλλῃ","translation":"Now after holy Persephone had scattered this way and that","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l385.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"now, but"},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"after, when"},{"surface":"ψυχὰς","lemma":"ψυχή","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἀπεσκέδασ᾽","gloss":"the spirits"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἀπεσκέδασ","lemma":"ἀποσκεδάννυμι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἐπεὶ","gloss":"had scattered"},{"surface":"ἄλλυδις","lemma":"ἄλλυδις","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀπεσκέδασ᾽","gloss":"this way"},{"surface":"ἄλλῃ","lemma":"ἄλλῃ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀπεσκέδασ᾽","gloss":"and that","note":"ἄλλυδις ἄλλῃ, 'this way and that,' a formulaic distributive pair describing the ghosts dispersing in different directions."}]},{"number":386,"label":"386","id":"b11-l386","source":"ἁγνὴ Περσεφόνεια γυναικῶν θηλυτεράων,","translation":"the spirits of the women,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l386.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἁγνὴ","lemma":"ἁγνός","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Περσεφόνεια","gloss":"holy, pure"},{"surface":"Περσεφόνεια","lemma":"Περσεφόνεια","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἀπεσκέδασ᾽","gloss":"Persephone","note":"Queen of the underworld, here shown with authority over the shades — controlling where each ghost may go."},{"surface":"γυναικῶν","lemma":"γυνή","morphology":"genitive plural feminine noun","role":"modifies ψυχὰς","gloss":"of the women"},{"surface":"θηλυτεράων","lemma":"θῆλυς","morphology":"genitive plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies γυναικῶν","gloss":"female"}]},{"number":387,"label":"387","id":"b11-l387","source":"ἦλθε δʼ ἐπὶ ψυχὴ Ἀγαμέμνονος Ἀτρεΐδαο","translation":"there came the spirit of Agamemnon, son of Atreus,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l387.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἦλθε","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"up, near"},{"surface":"ψυχὴ","lemma":"ψυχή","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἦλθε","gloss":"the spirit"},{"surface":"Ἀγαμέμνονος","lemma":"Ἀγαμέμνων","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ψυχὴ","gloss":"Agamemnon"},{"surface":"Ἀτρεΐδαο","lemma":"Ἀτρείδης","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ἀγαμέμνονος","gloss":"son of Atreus","note":"Ἀτρείδης, patronymic 'son of Atreus,' the standard epic way of naming Agamemnon by lineage."}]},{"number":388,"label":"388","id":"b11-l388","source":"ἀχνυμένη· περὶ δʼ ἄλλαι ἀγηγέραθʼ, ὅσσοι ἅμʼ αὐτῷ","translation":"grieving; and round him were gathered the others, all who with him","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l388.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀχνυμένη","lemma":"ἀχεύω","morphology":"present passive participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to ἦλθε","gloss":"grieving"},{"surface":"περὶ","lemma":"περί","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄλλαι","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"nominative plural feminine adjective","role":"subject of ἀγηγέραθ᾽","gloss":"the others"},{"surface":"ἀγηγέραθ","lemma":"ἀγείρω","morphology":"pluperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"had gathered","note":"Pluperfect ἀγηγέραθ᾽ (from ἀγείρω) marks a completed prior state: the other shades were already gathered around him."},{"surface":"ὅσσοι","lemma":"ὅσος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"as many as"},{"surface":"ἅμ","lemma":"ἅμα","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"αὐτῷ","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"adverbial to ἅμ᾽","gloss":"with him"}]},{"number":389,"label":"389","id":"b11-l389","source":"οἴκῳ ἐν Αἰγίσθοιο θάνον καὶ πότμον ἐπέσπον.","translation":"died in the house of Aegisthus and met their doom.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l389.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἴκῳ","lemma":"οἶκος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"in the house"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Αἰγίσθοιο","lemma":"Αἴγισθος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies οἴκῳ","gloss":"of Aegisthus","note":"Aegisthus, Clytemnestra's lover, murdered Agamemnon in his own hall — the killing this line recalls."},{"surface":"θάνον","lemma":"θνήσκω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing καὶ","gloss":"died"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πότμον","lemma":"πότμος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐπέσπον","gloss":"doom, fate"},{"surface":"ἐπέσπον","lemma":"ἐφέπω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing καὶ","gloss":"met"}]},{"number":390,"label":"390","id":"b11-l390","source":"ἔγνω δʼ αἶψʼ ἔμʼ ἐκεῖνος, ἐπεὶ πίεν αἷμα κελαινόν·","translation":"He knew me at once, when he had drunk the dark blood;","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l390.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἔγνω","title":"Aorist of sudden recognition","body":"egnô is the aorist of gignôskô, marking the instant the shade recognizes Odysseus once it has drunk the blood. The aorist captures a single completed event."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἔγνω","lemma":"γιγνώσκω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"knew, recognized"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αἶψ","lemma":"αἶψα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔγνω","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"ἔμ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἔγνω","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ἐκεῖνος","lemma":"ἐκεῖνος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"subject of ἔγνω","gloss":"that one, he"},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"πίεν","lemma":"πίνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἐπεὶ","gloss":"drank","note":"πίεν, aorist 'drank' — recognition of the dead only occurs after tasting the blood, a key rule of Odysseus's underworld rite."},{"surface":"αἷμα","lemma":"αἷμα","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of πίεν","gloss":"blood"},{"surface":"κελαινόν","lemma":"κελαινός","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies αἷμα","gloss":"dark"}]},{"number":391,"label":"391","id":"b11-l391","source":"κλαῖε δʼ ὅ γε λιγέως, θαλερὸν κατὰ δάκρυον εἴβων,","translation":"he wept shrilly, letting fall big tears,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l391.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κλαῖε","lemma":"κλαίω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"wept"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὅ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of κλαῖε","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"λιγέως","lemma":"λιγύς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to κλαῖε","gloss":"shrilly","note":"λιγέως 'shrilly, piercingly' — a vivid adverb often used of keening or lament, intensifying the grief."},{"surface":"θαλερὸν","lemma":"θαλερός","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies δάκρυον","gloss":"big, welling"},{"surface":"κατὰ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"down"},{"surface":"δάκρυον","lemma":"δάκρυον","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of εἴβων","gloss":"tear(s)"},{"surface":"εἴβων","lemma":"εἴβω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ,","gloss":"letting fall","note":"εἴβων 'shedding/letting drip' — vivid participle describing tears streaming down, a recurring epic image of mourning."}]},{"number":392,"label":"392","id":"b11-l392","source":"πιτνὰς εἰς ἐμὲ χεῖρας, ὀρέξασθαι μενεαίνων·","translation":"stretching his hands toward me, eager to embrace me;","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l392.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πιτνὰς","lemma":"πίτνημι","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ,","gloss":"stretching","note":"πιτνάς, 'stretching out (hands),' a gesture of yearning to embrace — poignant since ghosts cannot be touched."},{"surface":"εἰς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"ἐμὲ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of εἰς","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"χεῖρας","lemma":"χείρ","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of πιτνὰς","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"ὀρέξασθαι","lemma":"ὀρέγω","morphology":"aorist middle infinitive","role":"object of μενεαίνων","gloss":"to embrace, reach"},{"surface":"μενεαίνων","lemma":"μενεαίνω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ,","gloss":"longing eagerly"}]},{"number":393,"label":"393","id":"b11-l393","source":"ἀλλʼ οὐ γάρ οἱ ἔτʼ ἦν ἲς ἔμπεδος οὐδέ τι κῖκυς,","translation":"but no longer was there firm strength in him, nor any vigor,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l393.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"οὐ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"γάρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of δέ","gloss":"in him"},{"surface":"ἔτ","lemma":"ἔτι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to δέ","gloss":"still, any longer"},{"surface":"ἦν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"ἲς","lemma":"ἴς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἦν","gloss":"strength"},{"surface":"ἔμπεδος","lemma":"ἔμπεδος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"firm, steady","note":"ἔμπεδος 'firm/steadfast' — the shade's strength is explicitly 'no longer firm,' marking the ghost's diminished, insubstantial state."},{"surface":"τι","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"adverbial","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"κῖκυς","lemma":"κῖκυς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"vigor, might"}]},{"number":394,"label":"394","id":"b11-l394","source":"οἵη περ πάρος ἔσκεν ἐνὶ γναμπτοῖσι μέλεσσι.","translation":"such as once was in his supple limbs.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l394.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἵη","lemma":"οἷος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"such as"},{"surface":"περ","lemma":"πέρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed","note":"περ adds emphasis to οἵη, 'such as it truly was'"},{"surface":"πάρος","lemma":"πάρος","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔσκεν","gloss":"before, once"},{"surface":"ἔσκεν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"imperfect indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing κῖκυς","gloss":"was","note":"ἔσκεν is an iterative/durative imperfect of εἰμί, epic -σκ- suffix marking habitual past"},{"surface":"ἐνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"γναμπτοῖσι","lemma":"γναμπτός","morphology":"dative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies μέλεσσι","gloss":"supple"},{"surface":"μέλεσσι","lemma":"μέλος","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἐνὶ","gloss":"limbs"}]},{"number":395,"label":"395","id":"b11-l395","source":"τὸν μὲν ἐγὼ δάκρυσα ἰδὼν ἐλέησά τε θυμῷ,","translation":"When I saw him I wept and pitied him in my heart,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l395.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of τε","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἐγὼ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of καί","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"δάκρυσα","lemma":"δακρύω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"wept"},{"surface":"ἰδὼν","lemma":"εἶδον","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to δάκρυσα","gloss":"seeing","note":"aorist participle ἰδὼν marks the seeing as prior to/simultaneous with the weeping it triggers"},{"surface":"ἐλέησά","lemma":"ἐλεέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"pitied"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"θυμῷ","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐλέησά","gloss":"in heart"}]},{"number":396,"label":"396","id":"b11-l396","source":"καί μιν φωνήσας ἔπεα πτερόεντα προσηύδων·","translation":"and speaking to him I addressed winged words:","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l396.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἔπεα πτερόεντα","title":"Winged words","body":"This formula, 'winged words', recurs constantly in Homer for direct speech, imagining words flying from speaker to hearer."}],"words":[{"surface":"καί","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of προσηύδων","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"φωνήσας","lemma":"φωνέω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to προσηύδων","gloss":"speaking, calling"},{"surface":"ἔπεα","lemma":"ἔπος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of προσηύδων","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"πτερόεντα","lemma":"πτερόεις","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἔπεα","gloss":"winged","note":"ἔπεα πτερόεντα 'winged words' is a stock Homeric formula introducing direct speech"},{"surface":"προσηύδων","lemma":"προσαυδάω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"addressed"}]},{"number":397,"label":"397","id":"b11-l397","source":"Ἀτρεΐδη κύδιστε, ἄναξ ἀνδρῶν Ἀγάμεμνον,","translation":"\"Most glorious son of Atreus, Agamemnon, lord of men,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l397.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ἀτρεΐδη","lemma":"Ἀτρείδης","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"son of Atreus"},{"surface":"κύδιστε","lemma":"κύδιστος","morphology":"vocative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἀτρεΐδη","gloss":"most glorious"},{"surface":"ἄναξ","lemma":"ἄναξ","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ἀγάμεμνον","gloss":"lord"},{"surface":"ἀνδρῶν","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ἄναξ","gloss":"of men"},{"surface":"Ἀγάμεμνον","lemma":"Ἀγαμέμνων","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"Agamemnon","note":"vocative line addressing the dead king with his full epic epithet-string, formulaic in the Nekyia"}]},{"number":398,"label":"398","id":"b11-l398","source":"τίς νύ σε κὴρ ἐδάμασσε τανηλεγέος θανάτοιο;","translation":"what doom of death that lays men low brought you down?","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l398.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τίς","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies κὴρ","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"νύ","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"σε","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative singular pronoun","role":"object of ἐδάμασσε","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"κὴρ","lemma":"κήρ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐδάμασσε","gloss":"fate, death"},{"surface":"ἐδάμασσε","lemma":"δαμάζω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"overcame","note":"κήρ 'death-spirit' as subject personifies doom as an agent that subdues its victim"},{"surface":"τανηλεγέος","lemma":"τανηλεγής","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies θανάτοιο","gloss":"long-laid-out"},{"surface":"θανάτοιο","lemma":"θάνατος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies κὴρ","gloss":"of death"}]},{"number":399,"label":"399","id":"b11-l399","source":"ἦε σέ γʼ ἐν νήεσσι Ποσειδάων ἐδάμασσεν","translation":"Did Poseidon overcome you among your ships,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l399.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἦε","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"σέ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative singular pronoun","role":"object of ἐδάμασσεν","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"γ","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"νήεσσι","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"ships"},{"surface":"Ποσειδάων","lemma":"Ποσειδεών","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐδάμασσεν","gloss":"Poseidon"},{"surface":"ἐδάμασσεν","lemma":"δαμάζω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"overcame"}]},{"number":400,"label":"400","id":"b11-l400","source":"ὄρσας ἀργαλέων ἀνέμων ἀμέγαρτον ἀυτμήν;","translation":"rousing the cruel blast of grievous winds?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l400.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὄρσας","lemma":"ὄρνυμι","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐδάμασσεν","gloss":"rousing"},{"surface":"ἀργαλέων","lemma":"ἀργαλέος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἀνέμων","gloss":"grievous"},{"surface":"ἀνέμων","lemma":"ἄνεμος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ἀυτμήν","gloss":"of winds"},{"surface":"ἀμέγαρτον","lemma":"ἀμέγαρτος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἀυτμήν","gloss":"cruel"},{"surface":"ἀυτμήν","lemma":"ἀυτμή","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ὄρσας","gloss":"blast"}]},{"number":401,"label":"401","id":"b11-l401","source":"ἦέ σʼ ἀνάρσιοι ἄνδρες ἐδηλήσαντʼ ἐπὶ χέρσου","translation":"Or did hostile men do you harm on dry land","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l401.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἦέ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"σ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative singular pronoun","role":"object of ἐδηλήσαντ᾽","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ἀνάρσιοι","lemma":"ἀνάρσιος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἄνδρες","gloss":"hostile"},{"surface":"ἄνδρες","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐδηλήσαντ᾽","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"ἐδηλήσαντ","lemma":"δηλέομαι","morphology":"aorist medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"harmed","note":"deponent medio-passive δηλέομαι, active in sense"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"χέρσου","lemma":"χέρσος","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐπὶ","gloss":"dry land"}]},{"number":402,"label":"402","id":"b11-l402","source":"βοῦς περιταμνόμενον ἠδʼ οἰῶν πώεα καλά,","translation":"as you cut off their cattle and fine flocks of sheep,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l402.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"βοῦς","lemma":"βοῦς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἠδ᾽","gloss":"cattle"},{"surface":"περιταμνόμενον","lemma":"περιτέμνω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"cutting off","note":"circumstantial participle describing Agamemnon as raider, 'while cutting off cattle'"},{"surface":"ἠδ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"οἰῶν","lemma":"ὄις","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies πώεα","gloss":"of sheep"},{"surface":"πώεα","lemma":"πῶυ","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἠδ᾽","gloss":"flocks"},{"surface":"καλά","lemma":"καλός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies πώεα","gloss":"fine"}]},{"number":403,"label":"403","id":"b11-l403","source":"ἠὲ περὶ πτόλιος μαχεούμενον ἠδὲ γυναικῶν;","translation":"or while fighting for their city and their women?\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l403.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἠὲ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"περὶ","lemma":"περί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"around, for"},{"surface":"πτόλιος","lemma":"πόλις","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἠδὲ","gloss":"city"},{"surface":"μαχεούμενον","lemma":"μάχομαι","morphology":"present middle participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"fighting"},{"surface":"ἠδὲ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"γυναικῶν","lemma":"γυνή","morphology":"genitive plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἠδὲ","gloss":"women"}]},{"number":404,"label":"404","id":"b11-l404","source":"ὣς ἐφάμην, ὁ δέ μʼ αὐτίκʼ ἀμειβόμενος\n                     προσέειπε·","translation":"So I spoke, and at once he answered me and said:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l404.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐφάμην","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"ἐφάμην","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I spoke"},{"surface":"ὁ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of προσέειπε","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and, but"},{"surface":"μ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of προσέειπε","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"αὐτίκ","lemma":"αὐτίκα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to προσέειπε","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"ἀμειβόμενος","lemma":"ἀμείβω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to προσέειπε","gloss":"answering","note":"present participle ἀμειβόμενος 'in reply' paired with aorist προσέειπε is a standard Homeric speech-frame"},{"surface":"προσέειπε","lemma":"προσεῖπον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"said"}]},{"number":405,"label":"405","id":"b11-l405","source":"διογενὲς Λαερτιάδη, πολυμήχανʼ Ὀδυσσεῦ,","translation":"\"Zeus-born son of Laertes, resourceful Odysseus,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l405.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"διογενὲς","lemma":"διογενής","morphology":"vocative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies Λαερτιάδη","gloss":"Zeus-born"},{"surface":"Λαερτιάδη","lemma":"Λαερτιάδης","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"son of Laertes"},{"surface":"πολυμήχαν","lemma":"πολυμήχανος","morphology":"vocative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ὀδυσσεῦ","gloss":"resourceful"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσσεῦ","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"Odysseus","note":"vocative epithet-cluster 'Zeus-born son of Laertes, resourceful Odysseus' is a recurring formula for addressing the hero"}]},{"number":406,"label":"406","id":"b11-l406","source":"οὔτʼ ἐμέ γʼ ἐν νήεσσι Ποσειδάων ἐδάμασσεν","translation":"Poseidon did not overcome me among my ships,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l406.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐμέ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἐδάμασσεν","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"γ","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"νήεσσι","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"ships"},{"surface":"Ποσειδάων","lemma":"Ποσειδεών","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐδάμασσεν","gloss":"Poseidon"},{"surface":"ἐδάμασσεν","lemma":"δαμάζω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"overcame"}]},{"number":407,"label":"407","id":"b11-l407","source":"ὄρσας ἀργαλέων ἀνέμων ἀμέγαρτον ἀυτμήν,","translation":"rousing the cruel blast of grievous winds,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l407.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὄρσας","lemma":"ὄρνυμι","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐδάμασσεν","gloss":"rousing"},{"surface":"ἀργαλέων","lemma":"ἀργαλέος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἀνέμων","gloss":"grievous"},{"surface":"ἀνέμων","lemma":"ἄνεμος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ἀυτμήν","gloss":"of winds"},{"surface":"ἀμέγαρτον","lemma":"ἀμέγαρτος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἀυτμήν","gloss":"cruel"},{"surface":"ἀυτμήν","lemma":"ἀυτμή","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ὄρσας","gloss":"blast"}]},{"number":408,"label":"408","id":"b11-l408","source":"οὔτε μʼ ἀνάρσιοι ἄνδρες ἐδηλήσαντʼ ἐπὶ χέρσου,","translation":"nor did hostile men do me harm on dry land,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l408.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἐδηλήσαντ᾽","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ἀνάρσιοι","lemma":"ἀνάρσιος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἄνδρες","gloss":"hostile"},{"surface":"ἄνδρες","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐδηλήσαντ᾽","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"ἐδηλήσαντ","lemma":"δηλέομαι","morphology":"aorist medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"harmed"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"χέρσου","lemma":"χέρσος","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐπὶ","gloss":"dry land"}]},{"number":409,"label":"409","id":"b11-l409","source":"ἀλλά μοι Αἴγισθος τεύξας θάνατόν τε μόρον τε","translation":"but Aegisthus, contriving my death and doom,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l409.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλά","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of τεύξας","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"Αἴγισθος","lemma":"Αἴγισθος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔκτα","gloss":"Aegisthus","note":"repetition of lines 399-401 broken here as Agamemnon reveals the true cause was treachery at home, not sea or war"},{"surface":"τεύξας","lemma":"τεύχω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ,","gloss":"contriving"},{"surface":"θάνατόν","lemma":"θάνατος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of τε","gloss":"death"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μόρον","lemma":"μόρος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of τε","gloss":"doom"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"}]},{"number":410,"label":"410","id":"b11-l410","source":"ἔκτα σὺν οὐλομένῃ ἀλόχῳ, οἶκόνδε καλέσσας,","translation":"killed me with the help of my accursed wife, after he had called me home,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l410.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔκτα","lemma":"κτείνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"killed","note":"ἔκτα is a root aorist of κτείνω, an archaic strong-aorist form"},{"surface":"σὺν","lemma":"σύν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"οὐλομένῃ","lemma":"οὐλόμενος","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἀλόχῳ","gloss":"accursed"},{"surface":"ἀλόχῳ","lemma":"ἄλοχος","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to σὺν","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"οἶκόνδε","lemma":"οἶκόνδε","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of καλέσσας","gloss":"homeward"},{"surface":"καλέσσας","lemma":"καλέω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ,","gloss":"having invited"}]},{"number":411,"label":"411","id":"b11-l411","source":"δειπνίσσας, ὥς τίς τε κατέκτανε βοῦν ἐπὶ φάτνῃ.","translation":"and feasted me, as one slaughters an ox at the manger.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l411.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δειπνίσσας","lemma":"δειπνίζω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ,","gloss":"having feasted"},{"surface":"ὥς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to κατέκτανε","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"τίς","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of κατέκτανε","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"κατέκτανε","lemma":"κατακτείνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἔκτα","gloss":"slaughters","note":"the ox-at-the-manger simile grimly likens Agamemnon's murder to routine animal slaughter"},{"surface":"βοῦν","lemma":"βοῦς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of κατέκτανε","gloss":"ox"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"φάτνῃ","lemma":"φάτνη","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐπὶ","gloss":"manger"}]},{"number":412,"label":"412","id":"b11-l412","source":"ὣς θάνον οἰκτίστῳ θανάτῳ· περὶ δʼ ἄλλοι ἑταῖροι","translation":"So I died by a most pitiful death; and around me my other comrades","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l412.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to θάνον","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"θάνον","lemma":"θνήσκω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I died"},{"surface":"οἰκτίστῳ","lemma":"οἴκτιστος","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies θανάτῳ","gloss":"most pitiful"},{"surface":"θανάτῳ","lemma":"θάνατος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to θάνον","gloss":"death"},{"surface":"περὶ","lemma":"περί","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and, but"},{"surface":"ἄλλοι","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἑταῖροι","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"ἑταῖροι","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of κτείνοντο","gloss":"comrades"}]},{"number":413,"label":"413","id":"b11-l413","source":"νωλεμέως κτείνοντο σύες ὣς ἀργιόδοντες,","translation":"were slain without pause, like white-tusked swine,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l413.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"νωλεμέως","lemma":"νωλεμές","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to κτείνοντο","gloss":"relentlessly"},{"surface":"κτείνοντο","lemma":"κτείνω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"were slain"},{"surface":"σύες","lemma":"ὗς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"swine"},{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"like","note":"σύες ὣς ἀργιόδοντες: comrades compared to white-tusked swine slaughtered at a feast, a brutal Homeric simile"},{"surface":"ἀργιόδοντες","lemma":"ἀργιόδους","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies σύες","gloss":"white-tusked"}]},{"number":414,"label":"414","id":"b11-l414","source":"οἵ ῥά τʼ ἐν ἀφνειοῦ ἀνδρὸς μέγα δυναμένοιο","translation":"such as are killed in the house of a rich and powerful man","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l414.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἵ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"ῥά","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ἀφνειοῦ","lemma":"ἀφνειός","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἀνδρὸς","gloss":"rich"},{"surface":"ἀνδρὸς","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ἢ","gloss":"of a man"},{"surface":"μέγα","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"greatly"},{"surface":"δυναμένοιο","lemma":"δύναμαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, genitive singular masculine","role":"modifies ἀνδρὸς","gloss":"powerful"}]},{"number":415,"label":"415","id":"b11-l415","source":"ἢ γάμῳ ἢ ἐράνῳ ἢ εἰλαπίνῃ τεθαλυίῃ.","translation":"for a wedding, or a feast, or a lavish banquet.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l415.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἢ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"either"},{"surface":"γάμῳ","lemma":"γάμος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial","gloss":"wedding"},{"surface":"ἢ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"ἐράνῳ","lemma":"ἔρανος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial","gloss":"club-feast"},{"surface":"ἢ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"εἰλαπίνῃ","lemma":"εἰλαπίνη","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial","gloss":"banquet"},{"surface":"τεθαλυίῃ","lemma":"θάλλω","morphology":"perfect active participle, dative singular feminine","role":"modifies εἰλαπίνῃ","gloss":"lavish, flourishing","note":"perfect participle τεθαλυίῃ (from θάλλω, 'bloom') vividly frames the feast as in full flourish"}]},{"number":416,"label":"416","id":"b11-l416","source":"ἤδη μὲν πολέων φόνῳ ἀνδρῶν ἀντεβόλησας,","translation":"You have come upon the slaughter of many men before,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l416.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἤδη","lemma":"ἤδη","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀντεβόλησας","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"πολέων","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἀνδρῶν","gloss":"of many"},{"surface":"φόνῳ","lemma":"φόνος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἀντεβόλησας","gloss":"in slaughter"},{"surface":"ἀνδρῶν","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies φόνῳ","gloss":"of men"},{"surface":"ἀντεβόλησας","lemma":"ἀντιβολέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"you encountered"}]},{"number":417,"label":"417","id":"b11-l417","source":"μουνὰξ κτεινομένων καὶ ἐνὶ κρατερῇ ὑσμίνῃ·","translation":"killed in single combat and in the fierce press of battle;","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l417.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μουνὰξ","lemma":"μουνάξ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"singly, alone"},{"surface":"κτεινομένων","lemma":"κτείνω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, genitive plural masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"being killed"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"κρατερῇ","lemma":"κρατερός","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ὑσμίνῃ","gloss":"fierce"},{"surface":"ὑσμίνῃ","lemma":"ὑσμίνη","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐνὶ","gloss":"battle-press"}]},{"number":418,"label":"418","id":"b11-l418","source":"ἀλλά κε κεῖνα μάλιστα ἰδὼν ὀλοφύραο θυμῷ,","translation":"but you would have grieved most in your heart to see that,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l418.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλά","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"κε","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"would (particle)"},{"surface":"κεῖνα","lemma":"ἐκεῖνος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of ,","gloss":"those things"},{"surface":"μάλιστα","lemma":"μάλιστα","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"ἰδὼν","lemma":"εἶδον","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ὀλοφύραο","gloss":"seeing"},{"surface":"ὀλοφύραο","lemma":"ὀλοφύρομαι","morphology":"aorist medio-passive indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"grieved","note":"κε + aorist indicative ὀλοφύραο forms an unreal past conditional, 'you would have grieved'"},{"surface":"θυμῷ","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ὀλοφύραο","gloss":"in heart"}]},{"number":419,"label":"419","id":"b11-l419","source":"ὡς ἀμφὶ κρητῆρα τραπέζας τε πληθούσας","translation":"how around the mixing-bowl and the laden tables","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l419.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὡς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to δ᾽","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"ἀμφὶ","lemma":"ἀμφί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"κρητῆρα","lemma":"κρατήρ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of τε","gloss":"mixing-bowl"},{"surface":"τραπέζας","lemma":"τράπεζα","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of τε","gloss":"tables"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πληθούσας","lemma":"πλήθω","morphology":"present active participle, accusative plural feminine","role":"modifies τραπέζας","gloss":"laden, full"}]},{"number":420,"label":"420","id":"b11-l420","source":"κείμεθʼ ἐνὶ μεγάρῳ, δάπεδον δʼ ἅπαν αἵματι θῦεν.","translation":"we lay in the hall, and the whole floor steamed with blood.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l420.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"αἵματι θῦεν","title":"The floor steamed with blood","body":"thyen evokes blood seething or steaming like a sacrificial offering, a grim inversion: the murdered men flood the banquet hall as if it were an altar."}],"words":[{"surface":"κείμεθ","lemma":"κεῖμαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"object of δ᾽","gloss":"we lay"},{"surface":"ἐνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"μεγάρῳ","lemma":"μέγαρον","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἐνὶ","gloss":"hall"},{"surface":"δάπεδον","lemma":"δάπεδον","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of θῦεν","gloss":"floor"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἅπαν","lemma":"ἅπας","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies δάπεδον","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"αἵματι","lemma":"αἷμα","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"object of θῦεν","gloss":"with blood"},{"surface":"θῦεν","lemma":"θύω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"object of δ᾽","gloss":"steamed","note":"θῦεν vividly depicts blood-soaked floor 'seething/steaming', a visceral epic image of the massacre"}]},{"number":421,"label":"421","id":"b11-l421","source":"οἰκτροτάτην δʼ ἤκουσα ὄπα Πριάμοιο θυγατρός,","translation":"And I heard the most piteous cry of Priam's daughter,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l421.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἰκτροτάτην","lemma":"οἰκτρός","morphology":"accusative singular feminine superlative adjective","role":"modifies ὄπα","gloss":"most piteous"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἤκουσα","lemma":"ἀκούω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I heard"},{"surface":"ὄπα","lemma":"ὄψ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἤκουσα","gloss":"voice, cry"},{"surface":"Πριάμοιο","lemma":"Πρίαμος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies θυγατρός","gloss":"of Priam"},{"surface":"θυγατρός","lemma":"θυγάτηρ","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies ,","gloss":"daughter","note":"refers to Cassandra, killed alongside Agamemnon; her cry closes the scene of slaughter"}]},{"number":422,"label":"422","id":"b11-l422","source":"Κασσάνδρης, τὴν κτεῖνε Κλυταιμνήστρη δολόμητις","translation":"Cassandra, whom guileful Clytemnestra was killing","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l422.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Κασσάνδρης","lemma":"Κασσάνδρη","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies ,","gloss":"Cassandra's","note":"Genitive of the possessor/victim before the relative clause; Priam's daughter, prophetess."},{"surface":"τὴν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of κτεῖνε","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"κτεῖνε","lemma":"κτείνω","morphology":"present active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ,","gloss":"was killing"},{"surface":"Κλυταιμνήστρη","lemma":"Κλυταιμνήστρη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of κτεῖνε","gloss":"Clytemnestra"},{"surface":"δολόμητις","lemma":"δολομήτης","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Κλυταιμνήστρη","gloss":"guileful","note":"δολόμητις 'scheme-minded' — a formulaic epithet marking her as a treacherous wife."}]},{"number":423,"label":"423","id":"b11-l423","source":"ἀμφʼ ἐμοί, αὐτὰρ ἐγὼ ποτὶ γαίῃ χεῖρας ἀείρων","translation":"over me, while I, raising my hands toward the ground,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l423.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀμφ","lemma":"ἀμφί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"ἐμοί","lemma":"ἐμός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"adverbial to ἀμφ᾽","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐγὼ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of βάλλον","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ποτὶ","lemma":"πρός","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"γαίῃ","lemma":"γαῖα","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ποτὶ","gloss":"ground"},{"surface":"χεῖρας","lemma":"χείρ","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἀείρων","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"ἀείρων","lemma":"ἀείρω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to βάλλον","gloss":"raising","note":"Present participle depicting a dying man's futile gesture, vivid and pathetic."}]},{"number":424,"label":"424","id":"b11-l424","source":"βάλλον ἀποθνήσκων περὶ φασγάνῳ· ἡ δὲ κυνῶπις","translation":"let them fall, dying, upon the sword; and she, the dog-faced one,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l424.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"κυνῶπις","title":"Dog-faced","body":"kynôpis ('dog-eyed/dog-faced') is a bitter term for shamelessness in Homer. Agamemnon hurls it at Clytemnestra for her brazen cruelty."}],"words":[{"surface":"βάλλον","lemma":"βάλλω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"let fall"},{"surface":"ἀποθνήσκων","lemma":"ἀποθνήσκω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to βάλλον","gloss":"dying"},{"surface":"περὶ","lemma":"περί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"φασγάνῳ","lemma":"φάσγανον","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to περὶ","gloss":"the sword"},{"surface":"ἡ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of δέ","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κυνῶπις","lemma":"κυνώπης","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"dog-faced one","note":"κυνῶπις, a harsh insult of shamelessness applied to Clytemnestra."}]},{"number":425,"label":"425","id":"b11-l425","source":"νοσφίσατʼ, οὐδέ μοι ἔτλη ἰόντι περ εἰς Ἀίδαο","translation":"turned away, and did not bear, though I was going down to Hades,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l425.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"νοσφίσατ","lemma":"νοσφίζομαι","morphology":"aorist medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"turned away","note":"Middle voice νοσφίζομαι stresses her own choice to abandon him at the moment of death."},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of τε","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ἔτλη","lemma":"τλάω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"did not bear"},{"surface":"ἰόντι","lemma":"εἶμι","morphology":"present active participle, dative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"going"},{"surface":"περ","lemma":"πέρ","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"εἰς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Ἀίδαο","lemma":"ᾍδης","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies","gloss":"Hades","note":"Genitive with implied 'house'; the standard formula for the realm of the dead."}]},{"number":426,"label":"426","id":"b11-l426","source":"χερσὶ κατʼ ὀφθαλμοὺς ἑλέειν σύν τε στόμʼ ἐρεῖσαι.","translation":"to close my eyes with her hands or to shut my mouth.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l426.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"χερσὶ","lemma":"χείρ","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to τε","gloss":"with her hands"},{"surface":"κατ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"down"},{"surface":"ὀφθαλμοὺς","lemma":"ὀφθαλμός","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἑλέειν","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"ἑλέειν","lemma":"αἱρέω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of τε","gloss":"to close","note":"Epic infinitive αἱρέω 'take/close'; closing the dead man's eyes was the wife's ritual duty, pointedly denied here."},{"surface":"σύν","lemma":"σύν","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"στόμ","lemma":"στόμα","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἐρεῖσαι","gloss":"mouth"},{"surface":"ἐρεῖσαι","lemma":"ἐρείδω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of τε","gloss":"to shut"}]},{"number":427,"label":"427","id":"b11-l427","source":"ὣς οὐκ αἰνότερον καὶ κύντερον ἄλλο γυναικός,","translation":"So there is nothing more dreadful or more shameless than a woman","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l427.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"οὐκ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"αἰνότερον","lemma":"αἰνός","morphology":"nominative singular neuter comparative adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"more dreadful","note":"Comparative αἰνότερον generalizes Agamemnon's grief into a maxim about women."},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κύντερον","lemma":"κύντερος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"more shameless"},{"surface":"ἄλλο","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"subject","gloss":"nothing else"},{"surface":"γυναικός","lemma":"γυνή","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"than a woman","note":"Genitive of comparison after the comparative adjectives."}]},{"number":428,"label":"428","id":"b11-l428","source":"ἥ τις δὴ τοιαῦτα μετὰ φρεσὶν ἔργα βάληται·","translation":"who sets her mind on deeds like these,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l428.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἥ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of βάληται","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"τις","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"modifies ἥ","gloss":"(indefinite)"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"τοιαῦτα","lemma":"τοιοῦτος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἔργα","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"μετὰ","lemma":"μετά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"φρεσὶν","lemma":"φρήν","morphology":"dative plural noun","role":"object of μετὰ","gloss":"her mind","note":"φρεσί, literally 'in the midriff' — Homeric seat of thought and intent."},{"surface":"ἔργα","lemma":"ἔργον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of βάληται","gloss":"deeds"},{"surface":"βάληται","lemma":"βάλλω","morphology":"aorist middle subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing γυναικός","gloss":"sets","note":"Aorist middle subjunctive βάληται 'puts/casts (in her heart)' — a general/gnomic subjunctive."}]},{"number":429,"label":"429","id":"b11-l429","source":"οἷον δὴ καὶ κείνη ἐμήσατο ἔργον ἀεικές,","translation":"as that one too devised a monstrous deed,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l429.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἷον","lemma":"οἷος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἔργον","gloss":"such as"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κείνη","lemma":"ἐκεῖνος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"subject of ἐμήσατο","gloss":"that woman"},{"surface":"ἐμήσατο","lemma":"μήδομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"devised","note":"μήδομαι, 'plot/contrive' — root of the noun μήδεα (counsels) used later of Penelope, a pointed contrast."},{"surface":"ἔργον","lemma":"ἔργον","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἐμήσατο","gloss":"deed"},{"surface":"ἀεικές","lemma":"ἀεικής","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἔργον","gloss":"monstrous"}]},{"number":430,"label":"430","id":"b11-l430","source":"κουριδίῳ τεύξασα πόσει φόνον. ἦ τοι ἔφην γε","translation":"contriving murder for her wedded husband. Truly I thought","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l430.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κουριδίῳ","lemma":"κουρίδιος","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies πόσει","gloss":"wedded","note":"κουρίδιος 'lawfully wedded' underscores the horror: she killed her own rightful husband."},{"surface":"τεύξασα","lemma":"τεύχω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to ἐμήσατο","gloss":"contriving"},{"surface":"πόσει","lemma":"πόσις","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of τεύξασα","gloss":"for husband"},{"surface":"φόνον","lemma":"φόνος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of τεύξασα","gloss":"murder"},{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"τοι","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἔφην","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I thought"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"(emphatic)"}]},{"number":431,"label":"431","id":"b11-l431","source":"ἀσπάσιος παίδεσσιν ἰδὲ δμώεσσιν ἐμοῖσιν","translation":"I would come home welcome to my children and my servants;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l431.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀσπάσιος","lemma":"ἀσπάσιος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"welcome"},{"surface":"παίδεσσιν","lemma":"παῖς","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἰδὲ","gloss":"to children"},{"surface":"ἰδὲ","lemma":"ἰδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"δμώεσσιν","lemma":"δμώς","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἰδὲ","gloss":"to servants"},{"surface":"ἐμοῖσιν","lemma":"ἐμός","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies δμώεσσιν","gloss":"my own"}]},{"number":432,"label":"432","id":"b11-l432","source":"οἴκαδʼ ἐλεύσεσθαι· ἡ δʼ ἔξοχα λυγρὰ ἰδυῖα","translation":"but she, with her thoughts set on utter ruin,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l432.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἴκαδ","lemma":"οἴκαδε","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of ἐλεύσεσθαι","gloss":"homeward"},{"surface":"ἐλεύσεσθαι","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"future middle infinitive","role":"object of ἔφην","gloss":"would come","note":"Future infinitive after ἔφην ('I said I would come'), indirect discourse."},{"surface":"ἡ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of ἔχευε","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἔξοχα","lemma":"ἔξοχος","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἰδυῖα","gloss":"exceedingly"},{"surface":"λυγρὰ","lemma":"λυγρός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of ἰδυῖα","gloss":"grim things"},{"surface":"ἰδυῖα","lemma":"οἶδα","morphology":"perfect active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to ἔχευε","gloss":"knowing","note":"Perfect participle of οἶδα used adjectivally: 'having in mind,' i.e. set upon ruin."}]},{"number":433,"label":"433","id":"b11-l433","source":"οἷ τε κατʼ αἶσχος ἔχευε καὶ ἐσσομένῃσιν ὀπίσσω","translation":"poured shame upon herself and on the women yet to come hereafter,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l433.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἷ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"upon herself"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"(particle)"},{"surface":"κατ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"down"},{"surface":"αἶσχος","lemma":"αἶσχος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἔχευε","gloss":"shame"},{"surface":"ἔχευε","lemma":"χέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"poured","note":"χέω 'pour' used metaphorically for spreading disgrace, as one pours a libation."},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐσσομένῃσιν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"future participle, dative plural feminine","role":"modifies γυναιξί","gloss":"women to come","note":"Future participle of εἰμί used as a substantive: 'those who will be' hereafter."},{"surface":"ὀπίσσω","lemma":"ὀπίσω","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐσσομένῃσιν","gloss":"hereafter"}]},{"number":434,"label":"434","id":"b11-l434","source":"θηλυτέρῃσι γυναιξί, καὶ ἥ κʼ ἐυεργὸς ἔῃσιν.","translation":"even on one who is virtuous.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l434.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"θηλυτέρῃσι","lemma":"θῆλυς","morphology":"dative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies γυναιξί","gloss":"female"},{"surface":"γυναιξί","lemma":"γυνή","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"women"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"ἥ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of ἔῃσιν","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"κ","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"(potential particle)"},{"surface":"ἐυεργὸς","lemma":"εὐεργός","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"virtuous"},{"surface":"ἔῃσιν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing γυναιξί","gloss":"may be","note":"Present subjunctive in a generalizing relative clause: 'even one who happens to be good.'"}]},{"number":435,"label":"435","id":"b11-l435","source":"ὣς ἔφατʼ, αὐτὰρ ἐγώ μιν ἀμειβόμενος\n                     προσέειπον·","translation":"So he spoke, and in answer I said to him:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l435.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔφατ᾽","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ἔφατ","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he spoke"},{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐγώ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of προσέειπον","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of προσέειπον","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ἀμειβόμενος","lemma":"ἀμείβω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to προσέειπον","gloss":"answering"},{"surface":"προσέειπον","lemma":"προσεῖπον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"addressed","note":"Formulaic Homeric speech-closing line, repeated often across the epic."}]},{"number":436,"label":"436","id":"b11-l436","source":"ὢ πόποι, ἦ μάλα δὴ γόνον Ἀτρέος εὐρύοπα Ζεὺς","translation":"\"Ah, surely far-thundering Zeus has indeed hated the line of Atreus","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l436.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"εὐρύοπα Ζεὺς","title":"Far-thundering Zeus","body":"euryopa, a fixed epithet of Zeus (loud- or wide-thundering), keeps its archaic ending here, one of many Homeric forms preserved for the meter."}],"words":[{"surface":"ὢ","lemma":"ὦ","morphology":"exclamation","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"πόποι","lemma":"πόποι","morphology":"exclamation","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"alas","note":"πόποι, a cry of dismay, paired with ὢ for strong emotional emphasis."},{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"μάλα","lemma":"μάλα","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"very much"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"γόνον","lemma":"γόνος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἤχθηρε","gloss":"the line"},{"surface":"Ἀτρέος","lemma":"Ἀτρεύς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies γόνον","gloss":"of Atreus"},{"surface":"εὐρύοπα","lemma":"εὐρύοπα","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ζεὺς","gloss":"far-thundering","note":"εὐρύοπα 'wide-voiced/far-seeing,' a standing epithet of Zeus, metrically fixed."},{"surface":"Ζεὺς","lemma":"Ζεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἤχθηρε","gloss":"Zeus"}]},{"number":437,"label":"437","id":"b11-l437","source":"ἐκπάγλως ἤχθηρε γυναικείας διὰ βουλὰς","translation":"terribly, through the counsels of women,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l437.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐκπάγλως","lemma":"ἔκπαγλος","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἤχθηρε","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"ἤχθηρε","lemma":"ἐχθαίρω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"hated","note":"ἐχθαίρω, strong verb 'to loathe' — Zeus's hatred explains the house of Atreus's curse."},{"surface":"γυναικείας","lemma":"γυναικεῖος","morphology":"accusative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies βουλὰς","gloss":"female"},{"surface":"διὰ","lemma":"διά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"βουλὰς","lemma":"βουλή","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to διὰ","gloss":"counsels"}]},{"number":438,"label":"438","id":"b11-l438","source":"ἐξ ἀρχῆς· Ἑλένης μὲν ἀπωλόμεθʼ εἵνεκα πολλοί,","translation":"from the beginning. For Helen's sake many of us perished,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l438.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐξ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"ἀρχῆς","lemma":"ἀρχή","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐξ","gloss":"the start"},{"surface":"Ἑλένης","lemma":"Ἑλένη","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to εἵνεκα","gloss":"of Helen"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἀπωλόμεθ","lemma":"ἀπόλλυμι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"we perished"},{"surface":"εἵνεκα","lemma":"ἕνεκα","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"for the sake of","note":"εἵνεκα governs the preceding genitive Ἑλένης, epic word order placing object before postposition."},{"surface":"πολλοί","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"subject of ἀπωλόμεθ᾽","gloss":"many"}]},{"number":439,"label":"439","id":"b11-l439","source":"σοὶ δὲ Κλυταιμνήστρη δόλον ἤρτυε τηλόθʼ ἐόντι.","translation":"and against you Clytemnestra wove her treachery while you were far away.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l439.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"σοὶ","lemma":"σός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of ἤρτυε","gloss":"against you"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Κλυταιμνήστρη","lemma":"Κλυταιμνήστρη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἤρτυε","gloss":"Clytemnestra"},{"surface":"δόλον","lemma":"δόλος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἤρτυε","gloss":"a trap"},{"surface":"ἤρτυε","lemma":"ἀρτύω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was weaving","note":"ἀρτύω 'fit together/contrive' — the same verb used of preparing an ambush or plot."},{"surface":"τηλόθ","lemma":"τηλόθι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐόντι","gloss":"far off"},{"surface":"ἐόντι","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active participle, dative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"being"}]},{"number":440,"label":"440","id":"b11-l440","source":"ὣς ἐφάμην, ὁ δέ μʼ αὐτίκʼ ἀμειβόμενος\n                     προσέειπε·","translation":"So I spoke, and at once he answered me and said:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l440.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐφάμην","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ἐφάμην","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I spoke"},{"surface":"ὁ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of προσέειπε","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of προσέειπε","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"αὐτίκ","lemma":"αὐτίκα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to προσέειπε","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"ἀμειβόμενος","lemma":"ἀμείβω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to προσέειπε","gloss":"answering"},{"surface":"προσέειπε","lemma":"προσεῖπον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"said","note":"Mirrors b11-l435's formula, now with Agamemnon as speaker — typical ring-composition of dialogue."}]},{"number":441,"label":"441","id":"b11-l441","source":"τῷ νῦν μή ποτε καὶ σὺ γυναικί περ ἤπιος εἶναι·","translation":"So now never be too gentle, even toward your own wife.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l441.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τῷ","lemma":"τῷ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to εἶναι","gloss":"therefore","note":"τῷ used adverbially, 'wherefore/so,' introducing Agamemnon's moral to Odysseus."},{"surface":"νῦν","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"μή","lemma":"μή","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"ποτε","lemma":"ποτέ","morphology":"particle","role":"adverbial to εἶναι","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"σὺ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"nominative singular pronoun","role":"subject of εἶναι","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"γυναικί","lemma":"γυνή","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of εἶναι","gloss":"to a wife"},{"surface":"περ","lemma":"πέρ","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"ἤπιος","lemma":"ἤπιος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"gentle"},{"surface":"εἶναι","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"main verb","gloss":"be"}]},{"number":442,"label":"442","id":"b11-l442","source":"μή οἱ μῦθον ἅπαντα πιφαυσκέμεν, ὅν κʼ ἐὺ εἰδῇς,","translation":"Do not reveal to her the whole of what you well know,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l442.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μή","lemma":"μή","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of πιφαυσκέμεν","gloss":"to her"},{"surface":"μῦθον","lemma":"μῦθος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of πιφαυσκέμεν","gloss":"speech"},{"surface":"ἅπαντα","lemma":"ἅπας","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies μῦθον","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"πιφαυσκέμεν","lemma":"πιφαύσκω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"main verb","gloss":"reveal","note":"πιφαύσκω 'make known/declare' — Agamemnon warns against total openness with a wife."},{"surface":"ὅν","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of εἰδῇς","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"κ","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"(potential particle)"},{"surface":"ἐὺ","lemma":"εὖ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to εἰδῇς","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"εἰδῇς","lemma":"οἶδα","morphology":"perfect active subjunctive, 2nd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing μῦθον","gloss":"you know"}]},{"number":443,"label":"443","id":"b11-l443","source":"ἀλλὰ τὸ μὲν φάσθαι, τὸ δὲ καὶ κεκρυμμένον εἶναι.","translation":"but tell her one part, and keep the other hidden.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l443.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"φάσθαι ... εἶναι","title":"Infinitives as commands","body":"Both φάσθαi (to speak) and εἶναι (to be) are infinitives used in place of imperatives, a common feature of Homeric instruction. Render them as 'tell' and 'keep'."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλὰ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"τὸ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"object of φάσθαι","gloss":"the one part"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"on one hand"},{"surface":"φάσθαι","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"present infinitive","role":"main verb","gloss":"speak","note":"τὸ μέν... τὸ δέ 'the one... the other' — a balanced Homeric antithesis pattern."},{"surface":"τὸ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular neuter pronoun","role":"subject of εἶναι","gloss":"the other part"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"on the other"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"κεκρυμμένον","lemma":"κρύπτω","morphology":"perfect medio-passive participle, nominative singular neuter","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"hidden"},{"surface":"εἶναι","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"main verb","gloss":"let be"}]},{"number":444,"label":"444","id":"b11-l444","source":"ἀλλʼ οὐ σοί γʼ, Ὀδυσεῦ, φόνος ἔσσεται ἔκ γε γυναικός·","translation":"Yet for you, Odysseus, there will be no murder at your wife's hands;","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l444.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"οὐ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"σοί","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"object of ἔσσεται","gloss":"for you"},{"surface":"γ","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσεῦ","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"Odysseus","note":"Vocative address singles Odysseus out as an exception to the grim warning about wives."},{"surface":"φόνος","lemma":"φόνος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔσσεται","gloss":"murder"},{"surface":"ἔσσεται","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"future indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"there will be"},{"surface":"ἔκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"at the hands of"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"γυναικός","lemma":"γυνή","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἔκ","gloss":"your wife"}]},{"number":445,"label":"445","id":"b11-l445","source":"λίην γὰρ πινυτή τε καὶ εὖ φρεσὶ μήδεα οἶδε","translation":"for she is far too sensible, and her heart knows good counsel,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l445.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"λίην","lemma":"λίαν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"exceedingly"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"πινυτή","lemma":"πινυτός","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"sensible","note":"πινυτή 'prudent, sound-minded' — the key word praising Penelope's character."},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"εὖ","lemma":"εὖ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to οἶδε","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"φρεσὶ","lemma":"φρήν","morphology":"dative plural noun","role":"adverbial to οἶδε","gloss":"in heart"},{"surface":"μήδεα","lemma":"μῆδος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of οἶδε","gloss":"good counsel"},{"surface":"οἶδε","lemma":"οἶδα","morphology":"perfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"she knows"}]},{"number":446,"label":"446","id":"b11-l446","source":"κούρη Ἰκαρίοιο, περίφρων Πηνελόπεια.","translation":"the daughter of Icarius, wise Penelope.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l446.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"περίφρων","title":"An epithet for Penelope","body":"περίφρων means 'thoughtful, circumspect, prudent' and is Penelope's standing epithet throughout the poem."}],"words":[{"surface":"κούρη","lemma":"κόρη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ,","gloss":"daughter"},{"surface":"Ἰκαρίοιο","lemma":"Ἰκάριος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies κούρη","gloss":"of Icarius"},{"surface":"περίφρων","lemma":"περίφρων","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"modifies Πηνελόπεια","gloss":"wise","note":"περίφρων 'very thoughtful,' the standing epithet of Penelope throughout the poem."},{"surface":"Πηνελόπεια","lemma":"Πηνελόπεια","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ,","gloss":"Penelope"}]},{"number":447,"label":"447","id":"b11-l447","source":"ἦ μέν μιν νύμφην γε νέην κατελείπομεν ἡμεῖς","translation":"Truly we left her a young bride","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l447.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"μέν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of κατελείπομεν","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"νέην","lemma":"νέος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies νύμφη","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"κατελείπομεν","lemma":"καταλείπω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"we left","note":"Imperfect καταλείπομεν, 'we were leaving behind' — nostalgic view of Penelope as a young bride."},{"surface":"ἡμεῖς","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of κατελείπομεν","gloss":"we"}]},{"number":448,"label":"448","id":"b11-l448","source":"ἐρχόμενοι πόλεμόνδε· πάϊς δέ οἱ ἦν ἐπὶ μαζῷ","translation":"when we set out for the war; and she had a boy at the breast,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l448.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐρχόμενοι","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to κατελείπομεν","gloss":"going"},{"surface":"πόλεμόνδε","lemma":"πόλεμόνδε","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of ἐρχόμενοι","gloss":"to war","note":"πόλεμόνδε, directional -δε suffix meaning 'to/toward war.'"},{"surface":"πάϊς","lemma":"παῖς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἦν","gloss":"a boy"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of ἦν","gloss":"to her"},{"surface":"ἦν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"μαζῷ","lemma":"μαστός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ἐπὶ","gloss":"the breast"}]},{"number":449,"label":"449","id":"b11-l449","source":"νήπιος, ὅς που νῦν γε μετʼ ἀνδρῶν ἵζει ἀριθμῷ,","translation":"an infant, who by now no doubt sits among the ranks of men,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l449.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"νήπιος","lemma":"νήπιος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies πάϊς","gloss":"an infant","note":"νήπιος 'not yet speaking, helpless' — a poignant reminder of Telemachus's infancy at Troy's outset."},{"surface":"ὅς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἵζει","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"που","lemma":"πού","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"doubtless"},{"surface":"νῦν","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἵζει","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"μετ","lemma":"μετά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"ἀνδρῶν","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ἀριθμῷ","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"ἵζει","lemma":"ἵζω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing πάϊς","gloss":"sits"},{"surface":"ἀριθμῷ","lemma":"ἀριθμός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to μετ᾽","gloss":"in the ranks","note":"ἀριθμῷ literally 'in number/count' — idiom for being counted among the adult men."}]},{"number":450,"label":"450","id":"b11-l450","source":"ὄλβιος· ἦ γὰρ τόν γε πατὴρ φίλος ὄψεται ἐλθών,","translation":"blessed; for surely his dear father will see him when he comes,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l450.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ὄλβιος","title":"Blessed and prosperous","body":"ὄλβιος means 'happy, blessed, prosperous' — the fortunate state of one whom the gods favor, set bitterly against Agamemnon's own fate."}],"words":[{"surface":"ὄλβιος","lemma":"ὄλβιος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"blessed"},{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"truly","note":"ἦ γάρ together stresses the claim: 'yes indeed, for...'"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"τόν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ὄψεται","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"at least","note":"γε narrows focus onto τόν: 'him, at any rate'"},{"surface":"πατὴρ","lemma":"πατήρ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ὄψεται","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"φίλος","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies πατὴρ","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"ὄψεται","lemma":"ὁράω","morphology":"future middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will see"},{"surface":"ἐλθών","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ὄψεται","gloss":"coming","note":"aorist participle of ἔρχομαι describing the father's arrival, not Odysseus's"}]},{"number":451,"label":"451","id":"b11-l451","source":"καὶ κεῖνος πατέρα προσπτύξεται, ἣ θέμις ἐστίν.","translation":"and he will embrace his father, as is right.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l451.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κεῖνος","lemma":"ἐκεῖνος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"subject of προσπτύξεται","gloss":"that one","note":"ἐκεῖνος (Epic κεῖνος) picks up 'him' as subject, resuming the son from l450"},{"surface":"πατέρα","lemma":"πατήρ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of προσπτύξεται","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"προσπτύξεται","lemma":"ποτιπτύσσω","morphology":"future middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will embrace"},{"surface":"ἣ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of ἐστίν","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"θέμις","lemma":"θέμις","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"right","note":"θέμις 'divine custom' - what is fitting by unwritten law, not mere legality"},{"surface":"ἐστίν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to προσπτύξεται","gloss":"is"}]},{"number":452,"label":"452","id":"b11-l452","source":"ἡ δʼ ἐμὴ οὐδέ περ υἷος ἐνιπλησθῆναι ἄκοιτις","translation":"But my wife did not let me fill even my eyes","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l452.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἡ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine article","role":"modifies ἄκοιτις","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐμὴ","lemma":"ἐμός","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἄκοιτις","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"περ","lemma":"πέρ","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"even","note":"περ concessive: 'not even' - stresses the deprivation was total"},{"surface":"υἷος","lemma":"υἱός","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐνιπλησθῆναι","gloss":"of my son"},{"surface":"ἐνιπλησθῆναι","lemma":"ἐμπίπλημι","morphology":"aorist passive infinitive","role":"object of ἔασε","gloss":"to have my fill of","note":"aorist passive infinitive of ἐμπίπλημι, lit. 'be filled', governs genitive υἷος"},{"surface":"ἄκοιτις","lemma":"ἄκοιτις","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἔασε","gloss":"wife"}]},{"number":453,"label":"453","id":"b11-l453","source":"ὀφθαλμοῖσιν ἔασε· πάρος δέ με πέφνε καὶ αὐτόν.","translation":"with the sight of my son; before that she killed me, his father.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l453.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὀφθαλμοῖσιν","lemma":"ὀφθαλμός","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἐνιπλησθῆναι","gloss":"with eyes","note":"instrumental/locative dative plural completing ἐνιπλησθῆναι ὀφθαλμοῖσιν, 'sate the eyes'"},{"surface":"ἔασε","lemma":"ἐάω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"allowed"},{"surface":"πάρος","lemma":"πάρος","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to πέφνε","gloss":"before that"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"με","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of πέφνε","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"πέφνε","lemma":"θείνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"killed","note":"θείνω's aorist πέφνε (poetic 'slew') - Agamemnon murdered by Clytemnestra"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"αὐτόν","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"myself"}]},{"number":454,"label":"454","id":"b11-l454","source":"ἄλλο δέ τοι ἐρέω, σὺ δʼ ἐνὶ φρεσὶ βάλλεο σῇσιν·","translation":"And another thing I will tell you, and lay it up in your heart:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l454.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἄλλο","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"object of δ᾽","gloss":"another thing"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"object of ἐρέω","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"ἐρέω","lemma":"ἐρῶ","morphology":"future active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I will tell"},{"surface":"σὺ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"nominative singular pronoun","role":"subject of βάλλεο","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"φρεσὶ","lemma":"φρήν","morphology":"dative plural noun","role":"object of ἐνὶ","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"βάλλεο","lemma":"βάλλω","morphology":"present medio-passive imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"lay up","note":"middle imperative βάλλεο, lit. 'throw for yourself' - store this in your mind"},{"surface":"σῇσιν","lemma":"σός","morphology":"dative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies φρεσὶ","gloss":"your"}]},{"number":455,"label":"455","id":"b11-l455","source":"κρύβδην, μηδʼ ἀναφανδά, φίλην ἐς πατρίδα γαῖαν","translation":"in secret, not openly, to your dear native land","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l455.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κρύβδην","lemma":"κρύβδην","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to δ᾽","gloss":"secretly","note":"κρύβδην...ἀναφανδά form a stark contrast pair: 'in secret, not openly'"},{"surface":"ἀναφανδά","lemma":"ἀναφανδά","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to δ᾽","gloss":"openly"},{"surface":"φίλην","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies γαῖαν","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"πατρίδα","lemma":"πατρίς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies γαῖαν","gloss":"native"},{"surface":"γαῖαν","lemma":"γαῖα","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐς","gloss":"land"}]},{"number":456,"label":"456","id":"b11-l456","source":"νῆα κατισχέμεναι· ἐπεὶ οὐκέτι πιστὰ γυναιξίν.","translation":"bring your ship to shore; for women are no longer to be trusted.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l456.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"νῆα","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of κατισχέμεναι","gloss":"ship"},{"surface":"κατισχέμεναι","lemma":"κατίσχω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"main verb","gloss":"bring in","note":"κατίσχω 'hold/steer to shore' - Agamemnon's warning to land the ship quietly"},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"οὐκέτι","lemma":"οὐκέτι","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"no longer"},{"surface":"πιστὰ","lemma":"πιστός","morphology":"nominative plural neuter adjective","role":"subject","gloss":"trustworthy","note":"predicate adjective with implied verb 'are' - Agamemnon's bitter generalization about women after Clytemnestra"},{"surface":"γυναιξίν","lemma":"γυνή","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"object","gloss":"to women"}]},{"number":457,"label":"457","id":"b11-l457","source":"ἀλλʼ ἄγε μοι τόδε εἰπὲ καὶ ἀτρεκέως κατάλεξον,","translation":"But come, tell me this, and recount it truly:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l457.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἄγε","lemma":"ἄγε","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"come now"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"τόδε","lemma":"ὅδε","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"object of ,","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"εἰπὲ","lemma":"εἶπον","morphology":"aorist active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀτρεκέως","lemma":"ἀτρεκής","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to κατάλεξον","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"κατάλεξον","lemma":"καταλέγω","morphology":"aorist active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"recount"}]},{"number":458,"label":"458","id":"b11-l458","source":"εἴ που ἔτι ζώοντος ἀκούετε παιδὸς ἐμοῖο,","translation":"have you perhaps heard that my son is still living,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l458.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἴ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"που","lemma":"πού","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"ἔτι","lemma":"ἔτι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ζώοντος","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"ζώοντος","lemma":"ζώω","morphology":"present active participle, genitive singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"living","note":"genitive participle agreeing with an implied 'him' (son), object of hearing-verb construction"},{"surface":"ἀκούετε","lemma":"ἀκούω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 2nd plural verb","role":"object of εἴ","gloss":"have you heard"},{"surface":"παιδὸς","lemma":"παῖς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἀκούετε","gloss":"of my son"},{"surface":"ἐμοῖο","lemma":"ἐμός","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies παιδὸς","gloss":"my"}]},{"number":459,"label":"459","id":"b11-l459","source":"ἤ που ἐν Ὀρχομενῷ ἢ ἐν Πύλῳ ἠμαθόεντι,","translation":"somewhere in Orchomenos, or in sandy Pylos,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l459.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἤ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"either"},{"surface":"που","lemma":"πού","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Ὀρχομενῷ","lemma":"Ὀρχομενός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐν","gloss":"Orchomenos"},{"surface":"ἢ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Πύλῳ","lemma":"Πύλος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐν","gloss":"Pylos"},{"surface":"ἠμαθόεντι","lemma":"ἠμαθόεις","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Πύλῳ","gloss":"sandy","note":"epithet formula ἠμαθόεντι Πύλῳ, 'sandy Pylos' - fixed geographic epithet"}]},{"number":460,"label":"460","id":"b11-l460","source":"ἤ που πὰρ Μενελάῳ ἐνὶ Σπάρτῃ εὐρείῃ·","translation":"or perhaps with Menelaus in broad Sparta?","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l460.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἤ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"που","lemma":"πού","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"πὰρ","lemma":"παρά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Μενελάῳ","lemma":"Μενέλαος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object","gloss":"Menelaus"},{"surface":"ἐνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Σπάρτῃ","lemma":"Σπάρτη","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object","gloss":"Sparta"},{"surface":"εὐρείῃ","lemma":"εὐρύς","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Σπάρτῃ","gloss":"broad","note":"epithet εὐρείῃ Σπάρτῃ, standard Homeric formula for Sparta"}]},{"number":461,"label":"461","id":"b11-l461","source":"οὐ γάρ πω τέθνηκεν ἐπὶ χθονὶ δῖος Ὀρέστης.","translation":"For noble Orestes has not yet died upon the earth.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l461.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οὐ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"γάρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"πω","lemma":"πω","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"τέθνηκεν","lemma":"θνήσκω","morphology":"perfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"has died"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"χθονὶ","lemma":"χθών","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐπὶ","gloss":"earth"},{"surface":"δῖος","lemma":"δῖος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ὀρέστης","gloss":"noble","note":"δῖος, standard epithet 'god-like/noble' attached to heroic names like Ὀρέστης"},{"surface":"Ὀρέστης","lemma":"Ὀρέστης","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of τέθνηκεν","gloss":"Orestes"}]},{"number":462,"label":"462","id":"b11-l462","source":"ὣς ἔφατʼ, αὐτὰρ ἐγώ μιν ἀμειβόμενος\n                     προσέειπον·","translation":"So he spoke, and I answered him and said:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l462.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔφατ᾽","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"ἔφατ","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he spoke","note":"ἔφατ(ο), imperfect middle of φημί - the recurring Homeric speech-closing formula"},{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐγώ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of προσέειπον","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of προσέειπον","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ἀμειβόμενος","lemma":"ἀμείβω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to προσέειπον","gloss":"answering"},{"surface":"προσέειπον","lemma":"προσεῖπον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"said"}]},{"number":463,"label":"463","id":"b11-l463","source":"Ἀτρεΐδη, τί με ταῦτα διείρεαι; οὐδέ τι οἶδα,","translation":"Son of Atreus, why do you ask me this? I have no idea","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l463.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ἀτρεΐδη","lemma":"Ἀτρείδης","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"son of Atreus","note":"vocative patronymic address to Agamemnon"},{"surface":"τί","lemma":"τίς","morphology":"irregular","role":"adverbial to διείρεαι","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"με","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of διείρεαι","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ταῦτα","lemma":"οὗτος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of διείρεαι","gloss":"these things"},{"surface":"διείρεαι","lemma":"διείρομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"do you ask"},{"surface":"τι","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"adverbial to οἶδα","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"οἶδα","lemma":"οἶδα","morphology":"perfect active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I know","note":"perfect with present sense: 'I know/have knowledge'"}]},{"number":464,"label":"464","id":"b11-l464","source":"ζώει ὅ γʼ ἦ τέθνηκε· κακὸν δʼ ἀνεμώλια βάζειν.","translation":"whether he lives or is dead; and it is a bad thing to speak empty words.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l464.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ἀνεμώλια","title":"'Windy' words","body":"ἀνεμώλια literally means 'windy, like the wind' — hence idle, empty, futile. Odysseus refuses to speak idle guesses about Orestes."}],"words":[{"surface":"ζώει","lemma":"ζώω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"object of ἦ","gloss":"he lives"},{"surface":"ὅ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἦ","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"γ","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"τέθνηκε","lemma":"θνήσκω","morphology":"perfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"object of ἦ","gloss":"he has died"},{"surface":"κακὸν","lemma":"κακός","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"bad"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀνεμώλια","lemma":"ἀνεμώλιος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of βάζειν","gloss":"empty words","note":"ἀνεμώλια lit. 'windy things' - vivid metaphor for idle/vain talk"},{"surface":"βάζειν","lemma":"βάζω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"subject","gloss":"to speak"}]},{"number":465,"label":"465","id":"b11-l465","source":"νῶι μὲν ὣς ἐπέεσσιν ἀμειβομένω στυγεροῖσιν","translation":"So the two of us stood exchanging these grievous words,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l465.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"νῶι ... ἀμειβομένω","title":"The dual: two speakers","body":"νῶι ('we two') and the participle ἀμειβομένω are dual forms, marking exactly two persons in conversation — Odysseus and Agamemnon."}],"words":[{"surface":"νῶι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative dual masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἕσταμεν","gloss":"we two","note":"dual pronoun νῶι - marks the special two-person grammatical number, rare outside Homer"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἕσταμεν","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"ἐπέεσσιν","lemma":"ἔπος","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἀμειβομένω","gloss":"with words"},{"surface":"ἀμειβομένω","lemma":"ἀμείβω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative dual masculine","role":"adverbial to ἕσταμεν","gloss":"exchanging","note":"dual participle agreeing with νῶι, matching the dual number of the subject"},{"surface":"στυγεροῖσιν","lemma":"στυγερός","morphology":"dative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἐπέεσσιν","gloss":"grievous"}]},{"number":466,"label":"466","id":"b11-l466","source":"ἕσταμεν ἀχνύμενοι θαλερὸν κατὰ δάκρυ χέοντες·","translation":"grieving, shedding warm tears down our cheeks;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l466.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἕσταμεν","lemma":"ἵστημι","morphology":"pluperfect active indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"we stood","note":"pluperfect with present-stative force: 'we stood/were standing'"},{"surface":"ἀχνύμενοι","lemma":"ἀχεύω","morphology":"present passive participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ἕσταμεν","gloss":"grieving"},{"surface":"θαλερὸν","lemma":"θαλερός","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies δάκρυ","gloss":"warm"},{"surface":"κατὰ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"down"},{"surface":"δάκρυ","lemma":"δάκρυον","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of χέοντες","gloss":"tears"},{"surface":"χέοντες","lemma":"χέω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ἕσταμεν","gloss":"pouring"}]},{"number":467,"label":"467","id":"b11-l467","source":"ἦλθε δʼ ἐπὶ ψυχὴ Πηληϊάδεω Ἀχιλῆος","translation":"and there came up the ghost of Achilles, son of Peleus,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l467.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἦλθε","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"up","note":"ἐπί as adverbial 'thereupon/up' with ἦλθε, common tmesis-like usage"},{"surface":"ψυχὴ","lemma":"ψυχή","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of θ᾽","gloss":"ghost/soul"},{"surface":"Ἀχιλῆος","lemma":"Ἀχιλλεύς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ψυχὴ","gloss":"Achilles"}]},{"number":468,"label":"468","id":"b11-l468","source":"καὶ Πατροκλῆος καὶ ἀμύμονος Ἀντιλόχοιο","translation":"and of Patroclus, and of blameless Antilochus,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l468.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Πατροκλῆος","lemma":"Πατροκλῆς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies","gloss":"Patroclus"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀμύμονος","lemma":"ἀμύμων","morphology":"genitive singular adjective","role":"modifies Ἀντιλόχοιο","gloss":"blameless","note":"ἀμύμων, formulaic Homeric epithet of praise"},{"surface":"Ἀντιλόχοιο","lemma":"Ἀντίλοχος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies","gloss":"Antilochus"}]},{"number":469,"label":"469","id":"b11-l469","source":"Αἴαντός θʼ, ὃς ἄριστος ἔην εἶδός τε δέμας τε","translation":"and of Ajax, who was the best in form and stature","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l469.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Αἴαντός","lemma":"Αἴας","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies","gloss":"Ajax"},{"surface":"θ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὃς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἔην","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"ἄριστος","lemma":"ἄριστος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"best"},{"surface":"ἔην","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing Αἴαντός","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"εἶδός","lemma":"εἶδος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to τε","gloss":"in form","note":"accusative of respect: 'best in respect to form/looks'"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"δέμας","lemma":"δέμας","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to τε","gloss":"in stature","note":"accusative of respect paired with εἶδός, 'best in build'"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"}]},{"number":470,"label":"470","id":"b11-l470","source":"τῶν ἄλλων Δαναῶν μετʼ ἀμύμονα Πηλεΐωνα.","translation":"of all the other Danaans after the blameless son of Peleus.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l470.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τῶν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine article","role":"modifies Δαναῶν","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"ἄλλων","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies Δαναῶν","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"Δαναῶν","lemma":"Δαναός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ἄριστος","gloss":"Danaans"},{"surface":"μετ","lemma":"μετά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"ἀμύμονα","lemma":"ἀμύμων","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Πηλεΐωνα","gloss":"blameless"},{"surface":"Πηλεΐωνα","lemma":"Πηλείων","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to μετ᾽","gloss":"son of Peleus","note":"patronymic Πηλείων for Achilles, echoing l467's Πηληϊάδεω"}]},{"number":471,"label":"471","id":"b11-l471","source":"ἔγνω δὲ ψυχή με ποδώκεος Αἰακίδαο","translation":"The ghost of the swift-footed grandson of Aeacus knew me,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l471.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔγνω","lemma":"γιγνώσκω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"recognized"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ψυχή","lemma":"ψυχή","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of καί","gloss":"ghost/soul"},{"surface":"με","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἔγνω","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ποδώκεος","lemma":"ποδώκης","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Αἰακίδαο","gloss":"swift-footed","note":"standard epithet of Achilles, ποδώκης"},{"surface":"Αἰακίδαο","lemma":"Αἰακίδης","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ψυχή","gloss":"grandson of Aeacus","note":"patronymic-style epithet for Achilles via his grandfather Aeacus"}]},{"number":472,"label":"472","id":"b11-l472","source":"καί ῥʼ ὀλοφυρομένη ἔπεα πτερόεντα προσηύδα·","translation":"and with lamentation she spoke to me winged words:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l472.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καί","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ῥ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ὀλοφυρομένη","lemma":"ὀλοφύρομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to προσηύδα","gloss":"lamenting"},{"surface":"ἔπεα","lemma":"ἔπος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of προσηύδα","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"πτερόεντα","lemma":"πτερόεις","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἔπεα","gloss":"winged","note":"ἔπεα πτερόεντα, the classic Homeric formula 'winged words' introducing speech"},{"surface":"προσηύδα","lemma":"προσαυδάω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"addressed"}]},{"number":473,"label":"473","id":"b11-l473","source":"διογενὲς Λαερτιάδη, πολυμήχανʼ Ὀδυσσεῦ,","translation":"Zeus-born son of Laertes, resourceful Odysseus,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l473.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"πολυμήχανʼ Ὀδυσσεῦ","title":"Vocative of address","body":"Both the epithet πολυμήχανε ('of many devices') and Ὀδυσσεῦ are vocative, the case used for direct address."}],"words":[{"surface":"διογενὲς","lemma":"διογενής","morphology":"vocative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Λαερτιάδη","gloss":"Zeus-born","note":"διογενής, formulaic honorific epithet"},{"surface":"Λαερτιάδη","lemma":"Λαερτιάδης","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"son of Laertes","note":"patronymic address to Odysseus"},{"surface":"πολυμήχαν","lemma":"πολυμήχανος","morphology":"vocative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ὀδυσσεῦ","gloss":"resourceful","note":"πολυμήχανος, recurring Odysseus epithet 'of many devices'"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσσεῦ","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"Odysseus"}]},{"number":474,"label":"474","id":"b11-l474","source":"σχέτλιε, τίπτʼ ἔτι μεῖζον ἐνὶ φρεσὶ μήσεαι ἔργον;","translation":"rash man, what greater deed than this will you plot in your heart?","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l474.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"σχέτλιε","lemma":"σχέτλιος","morphology":"vocative singular masculine adjective","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"rash man","note":"σχέτλιος, reproachful vocative - Achilles chides Odysseus for daring the descent"},{"surface":"τίπτ","lemma":"τίπτε","morphology":"pronoun","role":"adverbial to μήσεαι","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"ἔτι","lemma":"ἔτι","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"μεῖζον","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"accusative singular neuter comparative adjective","role":"modifies ἔργον","gloss":"greater"},{"surface":"ἐνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"φρεσὶ","lemma":"φρήν","morphology":"dative plural noun","role":"adverbial to ἐνὶ","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"μήσεαι","lemma":"μήδομαι","morphology":"future middle indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will you devise"},{"surface":"ἔργον","lemma":"ἔργον","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of μήσεαι","gloss":"deed"}]},{"number":475,"label":"475","id":"b11-l475","source":"πῶς ἔτλης Ἄϊδόσδε κατελθέμεν, ἔνθα τε νεκροὶ","translation":"How did you dare to come down to Hades, where the dead","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l475.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πῶς","lemma":"πῶς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔτλης","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"ἔτλης","lemma":"τλάω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"did you dare","note":"τλάω 'endure/dare' - captures the boldness of Odysseus's katabasis"},{"surface":"κατελθέμεν","lemma":"κατέρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of ἔτλης","gloss":"to come down"},{"surface":"ἔνθα","lemma":"ἔνθα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ναίουσι","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"νεκροὶ","lemma":"νεκρός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ,","gloss":"the dead"}]},{"number":476,"label":"476","id":"b11-l476","source":"ἀφραδέες ναίουσι, βροτῶν εἴδωλα καμόντων;","translation":"dwell without sense, the phantoms of mortals worn out by toil?","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l476.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀφραδέες","lemma":"ἀφραδής","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies νεκροὶ","gloss":"senseless"},{"surface":"ναίουσι","lemma":"ναίω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing Ἄϊδόσδε","gloss":"dwell"},{"surface":"βροτῶν","lemma":"βροτός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies εἴδωλα","gloss":"of mortals"},{"surface":"εἴδωλα","lemma":"εἴδωλον","morphology":"nominative plural neuter noun","role":"subject of ,","gloss":"phantoms","note":"εἴδωλα - the bloodless 'images/shades' of the dead, key underworld concept"},{"surface":"καμόντων","lemma":"κάμνω","morphology":"aorist active participle, genitive plural masculine","role":"modifies βροτῶν","gloss":"worn out"}]},{"number":477,"label":"477","id":"b11-l477","source":"ὣς ἔφατʼ, αὐτὰρ ἐγώ μιν ἀμειβόμενος\n                     προσέειπον·","translation":"So she spoke, and I answered her and said:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l477.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔφατ᾽","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"ἔφατ","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"she spoke"},{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐγώ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of προσέειπον","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of προσέειπον","gloss":"her","note":"same formulaic couplet as l462, now closing Achilles's speech before Odysseus's reply"},{"surface":"ἀμειβόμενος","lemma":"ἀμείβω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to προσέειπον","gloss":"answering"},{"surface":"προσέειπον","lemma":"προσεῖπον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"said"}]},{"number":478,"label":"478","id":"b11-l478","source":"ὦ Ἀχιλεῦ Πηλῆος υἱέ, μέγα φέρτατʼ Ἀχαιῶν,","translation":"Achilles, son of Peleus, far the mightiest of the Achaeans,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l478.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὦ","lemma":"ὦ","morphology":"exclamation","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"Ἀχιλεῦ","lemma":"Ἀχιλλεύς","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"Achilles"},{"surface":"Πηλῆος","lemma":"Πηλεύς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies υἱέ","gloss":"of Peleus"},{"surface":"υἱέ","lemma":"υἱός","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"son","note":"Vocative case for direct address, standard epic form of hailing a hero by patronymic."},{"surface":"μέγα","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"far, greatly"},{"surface":"φέρτατ","lemma":"φέρτατος","morphology":"vocative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies","gloss":"mightiest","note":"φέρτατος, superlative epithet formula praising the greatest Achaean warrior."},{"surface":"Ἀχαιῶν","lemma":"Ἀχαιός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies φέρτατ᾽","gloss":"of the Achaeans"}]},{"number":479,"label":"479","id":"b11-l479","source":"ἦλθον Τειρεσίαο κατὰ χρέος, εἴ τινα βουλὴν","translation":"I came after Teiresias, in need of some counsel","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l479.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἦλθον","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I came"},{"surface":"Τειρεσίαο","lemma":"Τειρεσίης","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies χρέος","gloss":"Teiresias'"},{"surface":"κατὰ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"χρέος","lemma":"χρέος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to κατὰ","gloss":"need, business","note":"κατὰ χρέος = 'for a need/errand', idiomatic epic phrase meaning 'on business.'"},{"surface":"εἴ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"τινα","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"modifies βουλὴν","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"βουλὴν","lemma":"βουλή","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of εἴποι","gloss":"counsel"}]},{"number":480,"label":"480","id":"b11-l480","source":"εἴποι, ὅπως Ἰθάκην ἐς παιπαλόεσσαν ἱκοίμην·","translation":"that he might tell me, how I might reach rugged Ithaca;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l480.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἴποι","lemma":"εἶπον","morphology":"aorist active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to εἴ","gloss":"he might tell","note":"Optative in a purpose/wish clause after εἴ, giving indirect deliberative force: 'in hope he might tell.'"},{"surface":"ὅπως","lemma":"ὅπως","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"Ἰθάκην","lemma":"Ἰθάκη","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐς","gloss":"Ithaca"},{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"παιπαλόεσσαν","lemma":"παιπαλόεις","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Ἰθάκην","gloss":"rugged","note":"παιπαλόεσσαν, Homer's fixed epithet for rocky Ithaca."},{"surface":"ἱκοίμην","lemma":"ἱκνέομαι","morphology":"aorist middle optative, 1st singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ὅπως","gloss":"I might reach"}]},{"number":481,"label":"481","id":"b11-l481","source":"οὐ γάρ πω σχεδὸν ἦλθον Ἀχαιΐδος, οὐδέ πω ἁμῆς","translation":"for I have not yet come near the land of Achaea, nor have I set foot","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l481.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οὐ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"γάρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"πω","lemma":"πω","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"σχεδὸν","lemma":"σχεδόν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"near"},{"surface":"ἦλθον","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I came"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιΐδος","lemma":"Ἀχαιίς","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of σχεδὸν","gloss":"of Achaea"},{"surface":"πω","lemma":"πω","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"ἁμῆς","lemma":"ἁμός","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies γῆς","gloss":"my own","note":"ἁμός, epic/dialectal possessive = 'my'; rare outside epic verse."}]},{"number":482,"label":"482","id":"b11-l482","source":"γῆς ἐπέβην, ἀλλʼ αἰὲν ἔχω κακά. σεῖο δʼ, Ἀχιλλεῦ,","translation":"on my own ground, but always I have troubles. But you, Achilles,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l482.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"γῆς","lemma":"γῆ","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐπέβην","gloss":"land"},{"surface":"ἐπέβην","lemma":"ἐπιβαίνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I set foot on"},{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"αἰὲν","lemma":"ἀεί","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔχω","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"ἔχω","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"present active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I have"},{"surface":"κακά","lemma":"κακός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of ἔχω","gloss":"troubles"},{"surface":"σεῖο","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"genitive singular pronoun","role":"modifies μακάρτατος","gloss":"of you","note":"σεῖο modifies an implied superlative (μακάρτατος), continuing the sense across lines — common in Homeric enjambment."},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Ἀχιλλεῦ","lemma":"Ἀχιλλεύς","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"Achilles"}]},{"number":483,"label":"483","id":"b11-l483","source":"οὔ τις ἀνὴρ προπάροιθε μακάρτατος οὔτʼ ἄρʼ ὀπίσσω.","translation":"no man before was more blessed, nor will any be hereafter.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l483.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οὔ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"τις","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies ἀνὴρ","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"ἀνὴρ","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"προπάροιθε","lemma":"προπάροιθε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"μακάρτατος","lemma":"μάκαρ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"more blessed","note":"μακάρτατος, superlative of μάκαρ 'blessed' — normally a divine epithet, here hyperbolically applied to Achilles."},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ὀπίσσω","lemma":"ὀπίσω","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"hereafter"}]},{"number":484,"label":"484","id":"b11-l484","source":"πρὶν μὲν γάρ σε ζωὸν ἐτίομεν ἶσα θεοῖσιν","translation":"For before, while you lived, we honored you like the gods,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l484.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πρὶν","lemma":"πρίν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐτίομεν","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"γάρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"σε","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative singular pronoun","role":"object of ἐτίομεν","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ζωὸν","lemma":"ζωός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"alive","note":"ζωὸν as a predicate adjective: 'while (you were) alive', circumstantial not object of the verb."},{"surface":"ἐτίομεν","lemma":"τίω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"we honored"},{"surface":"ἶσα","lemma":"ἴσος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ἐτίομεν","gloss":"equal to"},{"surface":"θεοῖσιν","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ἶσα","gloss":"the gods"}]},{"number":485,"label":"485","id":"b11-l485","source":"Ἀργεῖοι, νῦν αὖτε μέγα κρατέεις νεκύεσσιν","translation":"we Argives; and now you rule with great power among the dead,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l485.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ἀργεῖοι","lemma":"Ἀργεῖος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"subject of ἐτίομεν","gloss":"we Argives"},{"surface":"νῦν","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to κρατέεις","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"αὖτε","lemma":"αὖτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"μέγα","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to κρατέεις","gloss":"greatly"},{"surface":"κρατέεις","lemma":"κρατέω","morphology":"present active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"you rule","note":"κρατέεις, uncontracted Ionic epic form of κρατεῖς — the open vowels fill the meter."},{"surface":"νεκύεσσιν","lemma":"νέκυς","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of κρατέεις","gloss":"among the dead"}]},{"number":486,"label":"486","id":"b11-l486","source":"ἐνθάδʼ ἐών· τῷ μή τι θανὼν ἀκαχίζευ, Ἀχιλλεῦ.","translation":"being here. So do not grieve at all that you are dead, Achilles.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l486.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐνθάδ","lemma":"ἐνθάδε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐών","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"ἐών","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to κρατέεις","gloss":"being"},{"surface":"τῷ","lemma":"τῷ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀκαχίζευ","gloss":"therefore"},{"surface":"μή","lemma":"μή","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"τι","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"θανὼν","lemma":"θνήσκω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἀκαχίζευ","gloss":"having died"},{"surface":"ἀκαχίζευ","lemma":"ἀκαχίζω","morphology":"present medio-passive imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"grieve","note":"Present middle imperative with μή = prohibition 'do not go on grieving.'"},{"surface":"Ἀχιλλεῦ","lemma":"Ἀχιλλεύς","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"Achilles"}]},{"number":487,"label":"487","id":"b11-l487","source":"ὣς ἐφάμην, ὁ δέ μʼ αὐτίκʼ ἀμειβόμενος\n                     προσέειπε·","translation":"So I spoke, and at once he answered me and said:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l487.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐφάμην","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ἐφάμην","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I spoke"},{"surface":"ὁ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of προσέειπε","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of προσέειπε","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"αὐτίκ","lemma":"αὐτίκα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to προσέειπε","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"ἀμειβόμενος","lemma":"ἀμείβω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to προσέειπε","gloss":"answering"},{"surface":"προσέειπε","lemma":"προσεῖπον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"said","note":"προσέειπε, Homeric formula closing a speech-introduction, paired with ἀμειβόμενος."}]},{"number":488,"label":"488","id":"b11-l488","source":"μὴ δή μοι θάνατόν γε παραύδα, φαίδιμʼ Ὀδυσσεῦ.","translation":"Do not try to console me about death, glorious Odysseus.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l488.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"παραύδα","title":"Negative command","body":"μὴ with the present imperative παραύδα forbids an ongoing or attempted action: 'do not keep trying to talk me round about death.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"μὴ","lemma":"μή","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"δή","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of παραύδα","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"θάνατόν","lemma":"θάνατος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of παραύδα","gloss":"death"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"at least"},{"surface":"παραύδα","lemma":"παραυδάω","morphology":"present active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"console","note":"παραύδα, present imperative 'do not keep consoling' — Achilles rejects Odysseus's comfort."},{"surface":"φαίδιμ","lemma":"φαίδιμος","morphology":"vocative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ὀδυσσεῦ","gloss":"glorious"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσσεῦ","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"Odysseus"}]},{"number":489,"label":"489","id":"b11-l489","source":"βουλοίμην κʼ ἐπάρουρος ἐὼν θητευέμεν ἄλλῳ,","translation":"I would rather be on the land, a hired hand serving another,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l489.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"βουλοίμην","lemma":"βούλομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive optative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I would wish"},{"surface":"κ","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"[potential particle]"},{"surface":"ἐπάρουρος","lemma":"ἐπάρουρος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"field hand","note":"ἐπάρουρος, rare compound 'attached to a plot of land' — a hired man bound to someone else's soil, i.e. a landed serf, not literally landless."},{"surface":"ἐὼν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to θητευέμεν","gloss":"being"},{"surface":"θητευέμεν","lemma":"θητεύω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of ἢ","gloss":"to serve as hired hand"},{"surface":"ἄλλῳ","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"object of θητευέμεν","gloss":"another man"}]},{"number":490,"label":"490","id":"b11-l490","source":"ἀνδρὶ παρʼ ἀκλήρῳ, ᾧ μὴ βίοτος πολὺς εἴη,","translation":"beside a man with no allotment of land, whose living was not great,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l490.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀνδρὶ","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to παρ᾽","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"παρ","lemma":"παρά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"ἀκλήρῳ","lemma":"ἄκληρος","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἀνδρὶ","gloss":"landless"},{"surface":"ᾧ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of εἴη","gloss":"whose"},{"surface":"μὴ","lemma":"μή","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"βίοτος","lemma":"βίοτος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of εἴη","gloss":"livelihood"},{"surface":"πολὺς","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies βίοτος","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"εἴη","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ἀνδρὶ","gloss":"were","note":"εἴη, optative of εἰμί in a relative clause of characteristic — 'whose living would not be great.'"}]},{"number":491,"label":"491","id":"b11-l491","source":"ἢ πᾶσιν νεκύεσσι καταφθιμένοισιν ἀνάσσειν.","translation":"than to be king over all the perished dead.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l491.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἢ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"πᾶσιν","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies νεκύεσσι","gloss":"over all"},{"surface":"νεκύεσσι","lemma":"νέκυς","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἀνάσσειν","gloss":"the dead"},{"surface":"καταφθιμένοισιν","lemma":"καταφθίω","morphology":"aorist middle participle, dative plural masculine","role":"modifies νεκύεσσι","gloss":"perished"},{"surface":"ἀνάσσειν","lemma":"ἀνάσσω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of ἢ","gloss":"to be lord","note":"Famous line: Achilles would rather be a hired field hand, bound to another man's land, than king of the dead."}]},{"number":492,"label":"492","id":"b11-l492","source":"ἀλλʼ ἄγε μοι τοῦ παιδὸς ἀγαυοῦ μῦθον ἐνίσπες,","translation":"But come, tell me word of my noble son,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l492.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἄγε","lemma":"ἄγε","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἐνίσπες","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"τοῦ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine article","role":"modifies παιδὸς","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"παιδὸς","lemma":"παῖς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies μῦθον","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"ἀγαυοῦ","lemma":"ἀγαυός","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies παιδὸς","gloss":"noble"},{"surface":"μῦθον","lemma":"μῦθος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ,","gloss":"word, news"},{"surface":"ἐνίσπες","lemma":"ἐνέπω","morphology":"aorist active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"tell","note":"ἐνίσπες, aorist imperative of the suppletive verb ἐνέπω 'to tell,' built on the σπ- root (cf. εἶπον); ἐνέπω itself appears in other tenses in epic too, e.g. the present imperative ἔννεπε that opens the Odyssey."}]},{"number":493,"label":"493","id":"b11-l493","source":"ἢ ἕπετʼ ἐς πόλεμον πρόμος ἔμμεναι, ἦε καὶ οὐκί.","translation":"whether he followed to the war to be a champion, or not.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l493.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἢ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"ἕπετ","lemma":"ἕπομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"object of ἦε","gloss":"he followed"},{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"πόλεμον","lemma":"πόλεμος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐς","gloss":"war"},{"surface":"πρόμος","lemma":"πρόμος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"champion"},{"surface":"ἔμμεναι","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"adverbial to ἕπετ᾽","gloss":"to be","note":"ἔμμεναι, epic infinitive form of εἰμί (=εἶναι), lengthened for the hexameter."},{"surface":"ἦε","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"οὐκί","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":494,"label":"494","id":"b11-l494","source":"εἰπὲ δέ μοι Πηλῆος ἀμύμονος, εἴ τι πέπυσσαι,","translation":"And tell me of blameless Peleus, if you have heard anything,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l494.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἰπὲ","lemma":"εἶπον","morphology":"aorist active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of εἰπὲ","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"Πηλῆος","lemma":"Πηλεύς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of ,","gloss":"Peleus"},{"surface":"ἀμύμονος","lemma":"ἀμύμων","morphology":"genitive singular adjective","role":"modifies Πηλῆος","gloss":"blameless","note":"ἀμύμονος, standard Homeric epithet 'blameless/noble', frequently attached to Peleus."},{"surface":"εἴ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"τι","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"object of πέπυσσαι","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"πέπυσσαι","lemma":"πυνθάνομαι","morphology":"perfect medio-passive indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"adverbial to εἴ","gloss":"you have heard"}]},{"number":495,"label":"495","id":"b11-l495","source":"ἢ ἔτʼ ἔχει τιμὴν πολέσιν μετὰ Μυρμιδόνεσσιν,","translation":"whether he still holds his honor among the many Myrmidons,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l495.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἢ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"ἔτ","lemma":"ἔτι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔχει","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"ἔχει","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"object of ἦ","gloss":"he holds"},{"surface":"τιμὴν","lemma":"τιμή","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἔχει","gloss":"honor"},{"surface":"πολέσιν","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies Μυρμιδόνεσσιν","gloss":"many","note":"πολέσιν, epic dative plural of πολύς — irregular stem πολε- typical of Homeric declension."},{"surface":"μετὰ","lemma":"μετά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"Μυρμιδόνεσσιν","lemma":"Μυρμιδόνες","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to μετὰ","gloss":"the Myrmidons"}]},{"number":496,"label":"496","id":"b11-l496","source":"ἦ μιν ἀτιμάζουσιν ἀνʼ Ἑλλάδα τε Φθίην τε,","translation":"or whether they dishonor him throughout Hellas and Phthia,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l496.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἀτιμάζουσιν","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ἀτιμάζουσιν","lemma":"ἀτιμάζω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"object of ἦ","gloss":"they dishonor"},{"surface":"ἀν","lemma":"ἀνά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"throughout"},{"surface":"Ἑλλάδα","lemma":"Ἑλλάς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to τε","gloss":"Hellas"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Φθίην","lemma":"Φθία","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to τε","gloss":"Phthia"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"}]},{"number":497,"label":"497","id":"b11-l497","source":"οὕνεκά μιν κατὰ γῆρας ἔχει χεῖράς τε πόδας τε.","translation":"because old age holds him fast, in hands and feet.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l497.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οὕνεκά","lemma":"οὕνεκα","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἔχει","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"κατὰ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"down upon"},{"surface":"γῆρας","lemma":"γῆρας","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of ἔχει","gloss":"old age"},{"surface":"ἔχει","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to οὕνεκά","gloss":"holds","note":"κατὰ...ἔχει, tmesis — preposition separated from its verb, a hallmark of epic Greek syntax."},{"surface":"χεῖράς","lemma":"χείρ","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of τε","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πόδας","lemma":"πούς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of τε","gloss":"feet"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"}]},{"number":498,"label":"498","id":"b11-l498","source":"οὐ γὰρ ἐγὼν ἐπαρωγὸς ὑπʼ αὐγὰς ἠελίοιο,","translation":"For I am no helper to him under the rays of the sun,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l498.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οὐ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ἐγὼν","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ἐπαρωγὸς","lemma":"ἐπαρωγός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"helper"},{"surface":"ὑπ","lemma":"ὑπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"αὐγὰς","lemma":"αὐγή","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial","gloss":"rays"},{"surface":"ἠελίοιο","lemma":"ἠέλιος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies αὐγὰς","gloss":"of the sun","note":"ὑπ᾽ αὐγὰς ἠελίοιο, formulaic phrase 'under the light of the sun' = 'among the living.'"}]},{"number":499,"label":"499","id":"b11-l499","source":"τοῖος ἐών, οἷός ποτʼ ἐνὶ Τροίῃ εὐρείῃ","translation":"being such as I once was on the broad plain of Troy,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l499.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τοῖος","lemma":"τοῖος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"ἐών","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial","gloss":"being"},{"surface":"οἷός","lemma":"οἷος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"ποτ","lemma":"ποτέ","morphology":"particle","role":"adverbial to πέφνον","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"ἐνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"Τροίῃ","lemma":"Τροία","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐνὶ","gloss":"Troy"},{"surface":"εὐρείῃ","lemma":"εὐρύς","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Τροίῃ","gloss":"broad","note":"εὐρείῃ, standing epithet for Troy's plain, as often for wide lands and seas in epic diction."}]},{"number":500,"label":"500","id":"b11-l500","source":"πέφνον λαὸν ἄριστον, ἀμύνων Ἀργείοισιν·","translation":"when I slew the best of the host, defending the Argives.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l500.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πέφνον","lemma":"θείνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing τοῖος","gloss":"I slew","note":"πέφνον, archaic athematic aorist of θείνω, a form found almost only in Homer."},{"surface":"λαὸν","lemma":"λαός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of πέφνον","gloss":"host, people"},{"surface":"ἄριστον","lemma":"ἄριστος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies λαὸν","gloss":"best"},{"surface":"ἀμύνων","lemma":"ἀμύνω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to πέφνον","gloss":"defending"},{"surface":"Ἀργείοισιν","lemma":"Ἀργεῖος","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of ἀμύνων","gloss":"the Argives"}]},{"number":501,"label":"501","id":"b11-l501","source":"εἰ τοιόσδʼ ἔλθοιμι μίνυνθά περ ἐς πατέρος δῶ·","translation":"If, being such, I could come even for a little while to my father's house,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l501.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἰ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"τοιόσδ","lemma":"τοιόσδε","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"ἔλθοιμι","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active optative, 1st singular verb","role":"adverbial to εἰ","gloss":"I could come"},{"surface":"μίνυνθά","lemma":"μίνυνθα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔλθοιμι","gloss":"for a little while"},{"surface":"περ","lemma":"πέρ","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"πατέρος","lemma":"πατήρ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies δῶ","gloss":"of my father"},{"surface":"δῶ","lemma":"δῶμα","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἐς","gloss":"house","note":"δῶ, shortened epic form of δῶμα, used for metrical convenience at line's end."}]},{"number":502,"label":"502","id":"b11-l502","source":"τῷ κέ τεῳ στύξαιμι μένος καὶ χεῖρας ἀάπτους,","translation":"then I would make my strength and my invincible hands hateful","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l502.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τῷ","lemma":"τῷ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to στύξαιμι","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"κέ","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"[potential particle]"},{"surface":"τεῳ","lemma":"τις","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"object of στύξαιμι","gloss":"to some"},{"surface":"στύξαιμι","lemma":"στυγέω","morphology":"aorist active optative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I would make hateful","note":"στύξαιμι, causative aorist optative of στυγέω 'hate' — 'I would make (my strength) hated.'"},{"surface":"μένος","lemma":"μένος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"strength"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"χεῖρας","lemma":"χείρ","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"ἀάπτους","lemma":"ἄαπτος","morphology":"accusative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies χεῖρας","gloss":"invincible"}]},{"number":503,"label":"503","id":"b11-l503","source":"οἳ κεῖνον βιόωνται ἐέργουσίν τʼ ἀπὸ τιμῆς.","translation":"to any who do him violence and bar him from his honor.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l503.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἳ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of τ᾽","gloss":"whoever"},{"surface":"κεῖνον","lemma":"ἐκεῖνος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"object of τ᾽","gloss":"that man"},{"surface":"βιόωνται","lemma":"βιάω","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing τ᾽","gloss":"do violence"},{"surface":"ἐέργουσίν","lemma":"ἔργω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing τ᾽","gloss":"bar"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀπὸ","lemma":"ἀπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"τιμῆς","lemma":"τιμή","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἀπὸ","gloss":"honor"}]},{"number":504,"label":"504","id":"b11-l504","source":"ὣς ἔφατʼ, αὐτὰρ ἐγώ μιν ἀμειβόμενος\n                     προσέειπον·","translation":"So he spoke, and I answered him and said:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l504.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔφατ᾽","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ἔφατ","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he spoke"},{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐγώ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of προσέειπον","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of προσέειπον","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ἀμειβόμενος","lemma":"ἀμείβω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to προσέειπον","gloss":"answering"},{"surface":"προσέειπον","lemma":"προσεῖπον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"said"}]},{"number":505,"label":"505","id":"b11-l505","source":"ἦ τοι μὲν Πηλῆος ἀμύμονος οὔ τι πέπυσμαι,","translation":"Truly of blameless Peleus I have heard nothing,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l505.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"τοι","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"on the one hand"},{"surface":"Πηλῆος","lemma":"Πηλεύς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies πέπυσμαι","gloss":"Peleus"},{"surface":"ἀμύμονος","lemma":"ἀμύμων","morphology":"genitive singular adjective","role":"modifies Πηλῆος","gloss":"blameless"},{"surface":"οὔ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"τι","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"object of πέπυσμαι","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"πέπυσμαι","lemma":"πυνθάνομαι","morphology":"perfect medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I have heard","note":"πέπυσμαι, perfect middle of πυνθάνομαι — stresses the resulting state 'I am uninformed', not just a past act."}]},{"number":506,"label":"506","id":"b11-l506","source":"αὐτάρ τοι παιδός γε Νεοπτολέμοιο φίλοιο","translation":"but of your dear son Neoptolemus","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l506.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτάρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"object of μυθήσομαι","gloss":"to you","note":"epic τοι = enclitic dative σοί, marking the addressee (Odysseus)"},{"surface":"παιδός","lemma":"παῖς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"Νεοπτολέμοιο","lemma":"Νεοπτόλεμος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object","gloss":"Neoptolemus"},{"surface":"φίλοιο","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Νεοπτολέμοιο","gloss":"dear","note":"genitive ending -οιο is the epic/Ionic form of -ου, common in Homer"}]},{"number":507,"label":"507","id":"b11-l507","source":"πᾶσαν ἀληθείην μυθήσομαι, ὥς με κελεύεις·","translation":"I will tell you the whole truth, as you bid me.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l507.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ἀληθείην","title":"The whole truth","body":"ἀλήθεια literally means 'unconcealment' — the full, undisguised account. Odysseus pledges the complete story of Neoptolemus."}],"words":[{"surface":"πᾶσαν","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἀληθείην","gloss":"all, whole"},{"surface":"ἀληθείην","lemma":"ἀλήθεια","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of μυθήσομαι","gloss":"the truth"},{"surface":"μυθήσομαι","lemma":"μυθέομαι","morphology":"future medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I will tell","note":"future middle of μυθέομαι 'speak, tell,' deponent in sense though medio-passive form"},{"surface":"ὥς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to κελεύεις","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"με","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of κελεύεις","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"κελεύεις","lemma":"κελεύω","morphology":"present active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"adverbial to μυθήσομαι","gloss":"you bid"}]},{"number":508,"label":"508","id":"b11-l508","source":"αὐτὸς γάρ μιν ἐγὼ κοίλης ἐπὶ νηὸς ἐίσης","translation":"For I myself, in my hollow, balanced ship,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l508.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὸς","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"myself","note":"emphatic αὐτός picks Achilles out as the one who personally fetched his son"},{"surface":"γάρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἤγαγον","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ἐγὼ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἤγαγον","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"κοίλης","lemma":"κοῖλος","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies νηὸς","gloss":"hollow"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"νηὸς","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐπὶ","gloss":"ship","note":"ἐπὶ νηός governs genitive 'upon/aboard the ship,' a common Homeric locative use"},{"surface":"ἐίσης","lemma":"ἔισος","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies νηὸς","gloss":"balanced, trim"}]},{"number":509,"label":"509","id":"b11-l509","source":"ἤγαγον ἐκ Σκύρου μετʼ ἐυκνήμιδας Ἀχαιούς.","translation":"brought him from Scyros to join the well-greaved Achaeans.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l509.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἤγαγον","lemma":"ἄγω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I brought"},{"surface":"ἐκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Σκύρου","lemma":"Σκῦρος","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐκ","gloss":"Scyros"},{"surface":"μετ","lemma":"μετά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to join"},{"surface":"ἐυκνήμιδας","lemma":"ἐυκνήμις","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἀχαιούς","gloss":"well-greaved","note":"stock Homeric epithet for the Achaeans, describing their bronze shin-guards"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιούς","lemma":"Ἀχαιός","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of μετ᾽","gloss":"Achaeans"}]},{"number":510,"label":"510","id":"b11-l510","source":"ἦ τοι ὅτʼ ἀμφὶ πόλιν Τροίην φραζοίμεθα βουλάς,","translation":"Indeed, whenever we took counsel around the city of Troy,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l510.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"τοι","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"ὅτ","lemma":"ὅτι","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"whenever"},{"surface":"ἀμφὶ","lemma":"ἀμφί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"πόλιν","lemma":"πόλις","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἀμφὶ","gloss":"city"},{"surface":"Τροίην","lemma":"Τροία","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"modifies πόλιν","gloss":"Troy"},{"surface":"φραζοίμεθα","lemma":"φράζω","morphology":"present medio-passive optative, 1st plural verb","role":"adverbial to ὅτ᾽","gloss":"we took counsel","note":"optative φραζοίμεθα in a ὅτε clause gives iterative sense: 'whenever we would take counsel'"},{"surface":"βουλάς","lemma":"βουλή","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of φραζοίμεθα","gloss":"plans"}]},{"number":511,"label":"511","id":"b11-l511","source":"αἰεὶ πρῶτος ἔβαζε καὶ οὐχ ἡμάρτανε μύθων·","translation":"he always spoke first and never missed the mark in his words;","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l511.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αἰεὶ","lemma":"ἀεί","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔβαζε","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"πρῶτος","lemma":"πρῶτος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"ἔβαζε","lemma":"βάζω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he spoke"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"οὐχ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ἡμάρτανε","lemma":"ἁμαρτάνω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he erred","note":"ἁμαρτάνω + genitive μύθων: 'miss the mark of (in) words,' idiom for speaking well"},{"surface":"μύθων","lemma":"μῦθος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἡμάρτανε","gloss":"words"}]},{"number":512,"label":"512","id":"b11-l512","source":"Νέστωρ ἀντίθεος καὶ ἐγὼ νικάσκομεν οἴω.","translation":"godlike Nestor and I alone would surpass him.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l512.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Νέστωρ","lemma":"Νέστωρ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"Nestor"},{"surface":"ἀντίθεος","lemma":"ἀντίθεος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Νέστωρ","gloss":"godlike","note":"formulaic epithet ἀντίθεος, 'equal to the gods,' regularly paired with heroic names"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐγὼ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"νικάσκομεν","lemma":"νικάω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"we surpassed"},{"surface":"οἴω","lemma":"οἶος","morphology":"nominative dual masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"alone, only","note":"dual form οἴω agrees with the pair 'Nestor and I,' a relic dual number still active in Homer"}]},{"number":513,"label":"513","id":"b11-l513","source":"αὐτὰρ ὅτʼ ἐν πεδίῳ Τρώων μαρναίμεθα χαλκῷ,","translation":"But whenever we fought with the bronze on the Trojan plain,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l513.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ὅτ","lemma":"ὅτι","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"whenever"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"on, in"},{"surface":"πεδίῳ","lemma":"πεδίον","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"plain"},{"surface":"Τρώων","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"genitive plural noun","role":"modifies πεδίῳ","gloss":"of the Trojans"},{"surface":"μαρναίμεθα","lemma":"μάρναμαι","morphology":"present medio-passive optative, 1st plural verb","role":"adverbial to ὅτ᾽","gloss":"we fought"},{"surface":"χαλκῷ","lemma":"χαλκός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to μαρναίμεθα","gloss":"bronze","note":"dative of instrument: 'with bronze,' i.e. weapons, a common Homeric metonymy"}]},{"number":514,"label":"514","id":"b11-l514","source":"οὔ ποτʼ ἐνὶ πληθυῖ μένεν ἀνδρῶν οὐδʼ ἐν ὁμίλῳ,","translation":"he never stayed back in the press of men or in the throng,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l514.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οὔ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"ποτ","lemma":"ποτέ","morphology":"particle","role":"adverbial to μένεν","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"ἐνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"πληθυῖ","lemma":"πληθύς","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐνὶ","gloss":"throng"},{"surface":"μένεν","lemma":"μένω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he stayed","note":"unaugmented imperfect μένεν (for ἔμενε), typical epic dropping of the augment"},{"surface":"ἀνδρῶν","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies πληθυῖ","gloss":"of men"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ὁμίλῳ","lemma":"ὅμιλος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object","gloss":"crowd"}]},{"number":515,"label":"515","id":"b11-l515","source":"ἀλλὰ πολὺ προθέεσκε τὸ ὃν μένος οὐδενὶ εἴκων,","translation":"but ran far out in front, yielding to no one in his fury,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l515.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλὰ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"πολὺ","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to προθέεσκε","gloss":"far, much"},{"surface":"προθέεσκε","lemma":"προθέω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he ran ahead","note":"iterative -σκ- suffix (προθέεσκε) marks habitual/repeated past action, a Homeric feature"},{"surface":"τὸ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter article","role":"modifies μένος","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ὃν","lemma":"ἑός","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies μένος","gloss":"his own","note":"possessive ἑός/ὅς, epic 3rd-person reflexive 'his own,' distinct from ordinary article ὁ"},{"surface":"μένος","lemma":"μένος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of εἴκων","gloss":"fury, might"},{"surface":"οὐδενὶ","lemma":"οὐδείς","morphology":"dative singular adjective","role":"object of εἴκων","gloss":"to no one"},{"surface":"εἴκων","lemma":"εἴκω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to προθέεσκε","gloss":"yielding"}]},{"number":516,"label":"516","id":"b11-l516","source":"πολλοὺς δʼ ἄνδρας ἔπεφνεν ἐν αἰνῇ δηιοτῆτι.","translation":"and he slew many men in the dread carnage of battle.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l516.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πολλοὺς","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἄνδρας","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄνδρας","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἔπεφνεν","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"ἔπεφνεν","lemma":"θείνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he slew","note":"epic root aorist ἔπεφνεν from θείνω, an old reduplicated form meaning 'strike dead'"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"αἰνῇ","lemma":"αἰνός","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies δηιοτῆτι","gloss":"dread"},{"surface":"δηιοτῆτι","lemma":"δηιοτής","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"carnage, battle"}]},{"number":517,"label":"517","id":"b11-l517","source":"πάντας δʼ οὐκ ἂν ἐγὼ μυθήσομαι οὐδʼ ὀνομήνω,","translation":"I could not tell or name them all,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l517.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πάντας","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of ,","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"οὐκ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ἂν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"would","note":"οὐκ ἄν + subjunctive here functions like a potential 'I could not,' epic use of ἄν with subjunctive"},{"surface":"ἐγὼ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of δ᾽","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"μυθήσομαι","lemma":"μυθέομαι","morphology":"aorist medio-passive subjunctive, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"ὀνομήνω","lemma":"ὀνομαίνω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"name"}]},{"number":518,"label":"518","id":"b11-l518","source":"ὅσσον λαὸν ἔπεφνεν ἀμύνων Ἀργείοισιν,","translation":"all the host he slew while defending the Argives,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l518.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὅσσον","lemma":"ὅσος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies λαὸν","gloss":"as many as"},{"surface":"λαὸν","lemma":"λαός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἔπεφνεν","gloss":"host, army"},{"surface":"ἔπεφνεν","lemma":"θείνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"object of ,","gloss":"he slew"},{"surface":"ἀμύνων","lemma":"ἀμύνω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἔπεφνεν","gloss":"defending"},{"surface":"Ἀργείοισιν","lemma":"Ἀργεῖος","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of ἀμύνων","gloss":"the Argives"}]},{"number":519,"label":"519","id":"b11-l519","source":"ἀλλʼ οἷον τὸν Τηλεφίδην κατενήρατο χαλκῷ,","translation":"but only how he cut down with the bronze the son of Telephus,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l519.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"οἷον","lemma":"οἷος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Τηλεφίδην","gloss":"only how"},{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine article","role":"modifies Τηλεφίδην","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Τηλεφίδην","lemma":"Τηλεφίδης","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ,","gloss":"son of Telephus","note":"patronymic-style formation Τηλεφίδης, 'son of Telephus,' referring to Eurypylus"},{"surface":"κατενήρατο","lemma":"κατεναίρομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he cut down"},{"surface":"χαλκῷ","lemma":"χαλκός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to κατενήρατο","gloss":"bronze"}]},{"number":520,"label":"520","id":"b11-l520","source":"ἥρωʼ Εὐρύπυλον, πολλοὶ δʼ ἀμφʼ αὐτὸν ἑταῖροι","translation":"the hero Eurypylus; and many comrades around him,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l520.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἥρω","lemma":"ἥρως","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Εὐρύπυλον","gloss":"hero"},{"surface":"Εὐρύπυλον","lemma":"Εὐρύπυλος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ,","gloss":"Eurypylus"},{"surface":"πολλοὶ","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies Κήτειοι","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀμφ","lemma":"ἀμφί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"αὐτὸν","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"adverbial to ἀμφ᾽","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ἑταῖροι","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"comrades"}]},{"number":521,"label":"521","id":"b11-l521","source":"Κήτειοι κτείνοντο γυναίων εἵνεκα δώρων.","translation":"the Ceteians, were slain for the sake of a woman's gifts.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l521.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Κήτειοι","lemma":"Κήτειοι","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of κτείνοντο","gloss":"Ceteians","note":"obscure allied people of Eurypylus, mentioned only here in Homer"},{"surface":"κτείνοντο","lemma":"κτείνω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"were slain"},{"surface":"γυναίων","lemma":"γύναιος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies δώρων","gloss":"of a woman"},{"surface":"εἵνεκα","lemma":"ἕνεκα","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"for the sake of"},{"surface":"δώρων","lemma":"δῶρον","morphology":"genitive plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to εἵνεκα","gloss":"gifts"}]},{"number":522,"label":"522","id":"b11-l522","source":"κεῖνον δὴ κάλλιστον ἴδον μετὰ Μέμνονα δῖον.","translation":"He was the most handsome man I saw, after noble Memnon.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l522.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κεῖνον","lemma":"ἐκεῖνος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"object of ἴδον","gloss":"that man"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"κάλλιστον","lemma":"καλός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"most handsome"},{"surface":"ἴδον","lemma":"εἶδον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I saw","note":"root aorist εἶδον 'I saw,' irregular/athematic form common in Homer alongside ὁράω"},{"surface":"μετὰ","lemma":"μετά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"Μέμνονα","lemma":"Μέμνων","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies μετὰ","gloss":"Memnon"},{"surface":"δῖον","lemma":"δῖος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Μέμνονα","gloss":"noble"}]},{"number":523,"label":"523","id":"b11-l523","source":"αὐτὰρ ὅτʼ εἰς ἵππον κατεβαίνομεν, ὃν κάμʼ Ἐπειός,","translation":"And when we climbed into the horse that Epeius made,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l523.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὅτ","lemma":"ὅτι","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"εἰς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"ἵππον","lemma":"ἵππος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of εἰς","gloss":"horse","note":"the Trojan Horse, ἵππος used metonymically for the famous wooden device"},{"surface":"κατεβαίνομεν","lemma":"καταβαίνω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"adverbial to δ᾽","gloss":"we climbed down"},{"surface":"ὃν","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of κάμ᾽","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"κάμ","lemma":"κάμνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ἵππον","gloss":"he made, built"},{"surface":"Ἐπειός","lemma":"Ἐπειός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"subject of κάμ᾽","gloss":"Epeius"}]},{"number":524,"label":"524","id":"b11-l524","source":"Ἀργείων οἱ ἄριστοι, ἐμοὶ δʼ ἐπὶ πάντα τέταλτο,","translation":"the best of the Argives, and to me everything was entrusted,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l524.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ἀργείων","lemma":"Ἀργεῖος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἄριστοι","gloss":"of the Argives"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine article","role":"modifies ἄριστοι","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ἄριστοι","lemma":"ἄριστος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"subject of κατεβαίνομεν","gloss":"best"},{"surface":"ἐμοὶ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of τέταλτο","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"upon, over"},{"surface":"πάντα","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"nominative plural neuter adjective","role":"subject of ,","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"τέταλτο","lemma":"τέλλω","morphology":"pluperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to δ᾽","gloss":"was entrusted","note":"pluperfect passive τέταλτο from τέλλω, 'had been laid upon/charged to' — the task fell to Odysseus"}]},{"number":525,"label":"525","id":"b11-l525","source":"ἠμὲν ἀνακλῖναι πυκινὸν λόχον ἠδʼ ἐπιθεῖναι,","translation":"both to open the close-packed ambush and to shut it,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l525.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἠμὲν","lemma":"ἠμέν","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"ἀνακλῖναι","lemma":"ἀνακλίνω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"subject of ἠδ᾽","gloss":"to open"},{"surface":"πυκινὸν","lemma":"πυκνός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies λόχον","gloss":"close-packed"},{"surface":"λόχον","lemma":"λόχος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἠδ᾽","gloss":"ambush","note":"λόχος 'ambush/troop in hiding,' referring to the warriors hidden in the wooden horse"},{"surface":"ἠδ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐπιθεῖναι","lemma":"ἐπιτίθημι","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"subject of ἠδ᾽","gloss":"to shut"}]},{"number":526,"label":"526","id":"b11-l526","source":"ἔνθʼ ἄλλοι Δαναῶν ἡγήτορες ἠδὲ μέδοντες","translation":"there the other leaders and counselors of the Danaans","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l526.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔνθ","lemma":"ἔνθα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to θ᾽","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"ἄλλοι","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἠδὲ","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"Δαναῶν","lemma":"Δαναοί","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ἠδὲ","gloss":"of the Danaans"},{"surface":"ἡγήτορες","lemma":"ἡγήτωρ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ἠδὲ","gloss":"leaders"},{"surface":"ἠδὲ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μέδοντες","lemma":"μέδων","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ἠδὲ","gloss":"counselors"}]},{"number":527,"label":"527","id":"b11-l527","source":"δάκρυά τʼ ὠμόργνυντο τρέμον θʼ ὑπὸ γυῖα ἑκάστου·","translation":"kept wiping away tears, and the limbs of each one trembled;","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l527.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δάκρυά","lemma":"δάκρυον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ὠμόργνυντο","gloss":"tears"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὠμόργνυντο","lemma":"ὀμόργνυμι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"kept wiping away"},{"surface":"τρέμον","lemma":"τρέμω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"trembled"},{"surface":"θ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὑπὸ","lemma":"ὑπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"under, beneath"},{"surface":"γυῖα","lemma":"γυῖον","morphology":"nominative plural neuter noun","role":"subject of τρέμον","gloss":"limbs"},{"surface":"ἑκάστου","lemma":"ἕκαστος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies γυῖα","gloss":"of each one"}]},{"number":528,"label":"528","id":"b11-l528","source":"κεῖνον δʼ οὔ ποτε πάμπαν ἐγὼν ἴδον ὀφθαλμοῖσιν","translation":"but him I never once saw with my eyes","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l528.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κεῖνον","lemma":"ἐκεῖνος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"object of ἴδον","gloss":"that man","note":"anaphoric ἐκεῖνος resumes Neoptolemus, contrasted with the other leaders who wept"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"οὔ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"ποτε","lemma":"ποτέ","morphology":"particle","role":"adverbial to ἴδον","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"πάμπαν","lemma":"πάμπαν","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"ἐγὼν","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἴδον","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ἴδον","lemma":"εἶδον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"ὀφθαλμοῖσιν","lemma":"ὀφθαλμός","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἴδον","gloss":"with my eyes"}]},{"number":529,"label":"529","id":"b11-l529","source":"οὔτʼ ὠχρήσαντα χρόα κάλλιμον οὔτε παρειῶν","translation":"turn his fair skin pale, nor from his cheeks","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l529.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὠχρήσαντα","lemma":"ὠχράω","morphology":"aorist active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"made pale","note":"χρόα ('his skin') is an accusative of respect with ὠχρήσαντα: 'paled in respect to his skin.'"},{"surface":"χρόα","lemma":"χρώς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ὠχρήσαντα","gloss":"his skin"},{"surface":"κάλλιμον","lemma":"κάλλιμος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies χρόα","gloss":"fair"},{"surface":"οὔτε","lemma":"οὔτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"παρειῶν","lemma":"παρειά","morphology":"genitive plural feminine noun","role":"object of ὀμορξάμενον","gloss":"his cheeks"}]},{"number":530,"label":"530","id":"b11-l530","source":"δάκρυ ὀμορξάμενον· ὁ δέ γε μάλα πόλλʼ ἱκέτευεν","translation":"wipe away a tear; rather he kept earnestly begging","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l530.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δάκρυ","lemma":"δάκρυον","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ὀμορξάμενον","gloss":"tear"},{"surface":"ὀμορξάμενον","lemma":"ὀμόργνυμι","morphology":"aorist middle participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"wiping away","note":"accusative participle agreeing with κεῖνον (Neoptolemus), continuing the negation from l528: 'I never once saw him ... wiping away a tear' — same subject throughout, not a different one"},{"surface":"ὁ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of δὲ","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"μάλα","lemma":"μάλα","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"very much"},{"surface":"πόλλ","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ἱκέτευεν","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"ἱκέτευεν","lemma":"ἱκετεύω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"kept begging"}]},{"number":531,"label":"531","id":"b11-l531","source":"ἱππόθεν ἐξέμεναι, ξίφεος δʼ ἐπεμαίετο κώπην","translation":"to be let out of the horse, and gripped the hilt of his sword","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l531.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἱππόθεν","lemma":"ἱππόθεν","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of ἐξέμεναι","gloss":"out of the horse","note":"rare adverb ἱππόθεν, 'from the horse,' formed with the -θεν 'from' suffix on ἵππος"},{"surface":"ἐξέμεναι","lemma":"ἔξεστι","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of ἱκέτευεν","gloss":"to be let out"},{"surface":"ξίφεος","lemma":"ξίφος","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"modifies κώπην","gloss":"of his sword"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐπεμαίετο","lemma":"ἐπιμαίομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"gripped"},{"surface":"κώπην","lemma":"κώπη","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"hilt"}]},{"number":532,"label":"532","id":"b11-l532","source":"καὶ δόρυ χαλκοβαρές, κακὰ δὲ Τρώεσσι μενοίνα.","translation":"and his bronze-heavy spear, eager to bring evil on the Trojans.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l532.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"δόρυ","lemma":"δόρυ","morphology":"accusative neuter noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"spear"},{"surface":"χαλκοβαρές","lemma":"χαλκοβαρής","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies δόρυ","gloss":"bronze-heavy","note":"compound epithet χαλκοβαρής, 'heavy with bronze,' vivid Homeric weapon description"},{"surface":"κακὰ","lemma":"κακός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of μενοίνα","gloss":"evils"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Τρώεσσι","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of μενοίνα","gloss":"on the Trojans"},{"surface":"μενοίνα","lemma":"μενοινάω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was eager"}]},{"number":533,"label":"533","id":"b11-l533","source":"ἀλλʼ ὅτε δὴ Πριάμοιο πόλιν διεπέρσαμεν αἰπήν,","translation":"But when we had sacked the steep city of Priam,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l533.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ὅτε","lemma":"ὅτε","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"Πριάμοιο","lemma":"Πρίαμος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies πόλιν","gloss":"of Priam"},{"surface":"πόλιν","lemma":"πόλις","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of διεπέρσαμεν","gloss":"city"},{"surface":"διεπέρσαμεν","lemma":"διαπέρθω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"adverbial to ὅτε","gloss":"we sacked"},{"surface":"αἰπήν","lemma":"αἰπός","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies πόλιν","gloss":"steep, sheer"}]},{"number":534,"label":"534","id":"b11-l534","source":"μοῖραν καὶ γέρας ἐσθλὸν ἔχων ἐπὶ νηὸς ἔβαινεν","translation":"he went aboard his ship with his share and a noble prize,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l534.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"γέρας","title":"The prize of honor","body":"γέρας is the prize of honor awarded to a warrior from the spoils — a public token of his worth, distinct from his mere share (μοῖρα)."}],"words":[{"surface":"μοῖραν","lemma":"μοῖρα","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"share, portion"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"γέρας","lemma":"γέρας","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"prize of honor","note":"γέρας, the special war-prize allotted to a hero beyond the common share (μοῖρα)"},{"surface":"ἐσθλὸν","lemma":"ἐσθλός","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies γέρας","gloss":"noble"},{"surface":"ἔχων","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἔβαινεν","gloss":"holding"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"on, aboard"},{"surface":"νηὸς","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐπὶ","gloss":"ship"},{"surface":"ἔβαινεν","lemma":"βαίνω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he went"}]},{"number":535,"label":"535","id":"b11-l535","source":"ἀσκηθής, οὔτʼ ἂρ βεβλημένος ὀξέι χαλκῷ","translation":"unscathed, neither struck by the sharp bronze","scansion":"—— | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l535.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀσκηθής","lemma":"ἀσκηθής","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"unscathed"},{"surface":"ἂρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"βεβλημένος","lemma":"βάλλω","morphology":"perfect medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"struck","note":"perfect participle: state of having been hit, not the act itself"},{"surface":"ὀξέι","lemma":"ὀξύς","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies χαλκῷ","gloss":"sharp"},{"surface":"χαλκῷ","lemma":"χαλκός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of βεβλημένος","gloss":"bronze"}]},{"number":536,"label":"536","id":"b11-l536","source":"οὔτʼ αὐτοσχεδίην οὐτασμένος, οἷά τε πολλὰ","translation":"nor wounded in close combat, such as often","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l536.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτοσχεδίην","lemma":"αὐτοσχέδιος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"adverbial to οὐτασμένος","gloss":"in close combat"},{"surface":"οὐτασμένος","lemma":"οὐτάζω","morphology":"perfect medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"wounded","note":"οὐτάζω = wound with a weapon in melee, distinct from βάλλω 'struck (at range)'"},{"surface":"οἷά","lemma":"οἷος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to γίγνεται","gloss":"such as"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"[and]"},{"surface":"πολλὰ","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to γίγνεται","gloss":"often"}]},{"number":537,"label":"537","id":"b11-l537","source":"γίγνεται ἐν πολέμῳ· ἐπιμὶξ δέ τε μαίνεται Ἄρης.","translation":"happens in war; for Ares rages indiscriminately.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l537.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ἐπιμίξ","title":"Ares strikes at random","body":"ἐπιμίξ means 'confusedly, mingled together, indiscriminately.' War's god Ares spares and strikes without regard to worth."}],"words":[{"surface":"γίγνεται","lemma":"γίγνομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to οὐτασμένος","gloss":"happens"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"πολέμῳ","lemma":"πόλεμος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"war"},{"surface":"ἐπιμὶξ","lemma":"ἐπιμίξ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to μαίνεται","gloss":"indiscriminately"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and/but"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"[indeed]"},{"surface":"μαίνεται","lemma":"μαίνομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"rages"},{"surface":"Ἄρης","lemma":"Ἄρης","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of μαίνεται","gloss":"Ares","note":"personifies war itself, not just the god - 'Ares rages' = battle rages wildly"}]},{"number":538,"label":"538","id":"b11-l538","source":"ὣς ἐφάμην, ψυχὴ δὲ ποδώκεος Αἰακίδαο","translation":"So I spoke, and the ghost of the swift-footed grandson of Aeacus","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l538.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐφάμην","gloss":"so/thus"},{"surface":"ἐφάμην","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I spoke"},{"surface":"ψυχὴ","lemma":"ψυχή","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of φοίτα","gloss":"ghost/soul"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ποδώκεος","lemma":"ποδώκης","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Αἰακίδαο","gloss":"swift-footed"},{"surface":"Αἰακίδαο","lemma":"Αἰακίδης","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ψυχὴ","gloss":"grandson of Aeacus","note":"epic patronymic for Achilles, via grandfather Aeacus"}]},{"number":539,"label":"539","id":"b11-l539","source":"φοίτα μακρὰ βιβᾶσα κατʼ ἀσφοδελὸν λειμῶνα,","translation":"went striding away with long steps across the field of asphodel,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l539.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"φοίτα","lemma":"φοιτάω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"went striding"},{"surface":"μακρὰ","lemma":"μακρός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to βιβᾶσα","gloss":"with long strides"},{"surface":"βιβᾶσα","lemma":"βιβάω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to φοίτα","gloss":"striding","note":"vivid present participle paired with imperfect φοίτα for repeated motion"},{"surface":"κατ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"across"},{"surface":"ἀσφοδελὸν","lemma":"ἀσφόδελος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies λειμῶνα","gloss":"asphodel"},{"surface":"λειμῶνα","lemma":"λειμών","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of κατ᾽","gloss":"meadow","note":"the asphodel meadow, Homer's realm of the dead"}]},{"number":540,"label":"540","id":"b11-l540","source":"γηθοσύνη ὅ οἱ υἱὸν ἔφην ἀριδείκετον εἶναι.","translation":"rejoicing, because I had told him his son was preeminent.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l540.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"γηθοσύνη","lemma":"γηθόσυνος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"rejoicing"},{"surface":"ὅ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular neuter pronoun","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies υἱὸν","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"υἱὸν","lemma":"υἱός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of εἶναι","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"ἔφην","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὅ","gloss":"I had said"},{"surface":"ἀριδείκετον","lemma":"ἀριδείκετος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"preeminent"},{"surface":"εἶναι","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of ἔφην","gloss":"to be"}]},{"number":541,"label":"541","id":"b11-l541","source":"αἱ δʼ ἄλλαι ψυχαὶ νεκύων κατατεθνηώτων","translation":"But the other ghosts of the dead who had perished","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l541.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αἱ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"article","role":"modifies ψυχαὶ","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἄλλαι","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"nominative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies ψυχαὶ","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"ψυχαὶ","lemma":"ψυχή","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject of δὲ","gloss":"ghosts"},{"surface":"νεκύων","lemma":"νέκυς","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ψυχαὶ","gloss":"of the dead"},{"surface":"κατατεθνηώτων","lemma":"καταθνήσκω","morphology":"perfect active participle, genitive plural neuter","role":"modifies νεκύων","gloss":"who had perished","note":"perfect participle stresses their settled state of death, unlike Achilles who still strides"}]},{"number":542,"label":"542","id":"b11-l542","source":"ἕστασαν ἀχνύμεναι, εἴροντο δὲ κήδεʼ ἑκάστη.","translation":"stood there grieving, and each asked about her own cares.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l542.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἕστασαν","lemma":"ἵστημι","morphology":"pluperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"ἀχνύμεναι","lemma":"ἀχεύω","morphology":"present passive participle, nominative plural feminine","role":"adverbial to ἕστασαν","gloss":"grieving"},{"surface":"εἴροντο","lemma":"ἔρομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κήδε","lemma":"κῆδος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of εἴροντο","gloss":"cares/griefs"},{"surface":"ἑκάστη","lemma":"ἕκαστος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"each (one)"}]},{"number":543,"label":"543","id":"b11-l543","source":"οἴη δʼ Αἴαντος ψυχὴ Τελαμωνιάδαο","translation":"Only the ghost of Ajax, son of Telamon,","scansion":"—— | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l543.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἴη","lemma":"οἶος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"alone/only"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and/but"},{"surface":"Αἴαντος","lemma":"Αἴας","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ψυχὴ","gloss":"of Ajax"},{"surface":"ψυχὴ","lemma":"ψυχή","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἀφεστήκει","gloss":"ghost/soul"},{"surface":"Τελαμωνιάδαο","lemma":"Τελαμωνιάδης","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Αἴαντος","gloss":"son of Telamon","note":"patronymic epithet identifying Ajax the Greater"}]},{"number":544,"label":"544","id":"b11-l544","source":"νόσφιν ἀφεστήκει, κεχολωμένη εἵνεκα νίκης,","translation":"stood apart, far off, still angry over the victory","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l544.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"νόσφιν","lemma":"νόσφι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀφεστήκει","gloss":"apart"},{"surface":"ἀφεστήκει","lemma":"ἀφίστημι","morphology":"pluperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"stood off","note":"pluperfect: he had already withdrawn and remained so, contrast with the others still crowding round"},{"surface":"κεχολωμένη","lemma":"χολόω","morphology":"perfect medio-passive participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to ἀφεστήκει","gloss":"still angry"},{"surface":"εἵνεκα","lemma":"ἕνεκα","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"because of"},{"surface":"νίκης","lemma":"νίκη","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to εἵνεκα","gloss":"victory"}]},{"number":545,"label":"545","id":"b11-l545","source":"τήν μιν ἐγὼ νίκησα δικαζόμενος παρὰ νηυσὶ","translation":"in which I had beaten him, when judgment was given by the ships","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l545.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τήν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of νίκησα","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of νίκησα","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ἐγὼ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of νίκησα","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"νίκησα","lemma":"νικάω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing νίκης","gloss":"defeated"},{"surface":"δικαζόμενος","lemma":"δικάζω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to νίκησα","gloss":"judging","note":"middle voice: 'pleading one's own case' in the contest for Achilles' arms"},{"surface":"παρὰ","lemma":"παρά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"νηυσὶ","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to παρὰ","gloss":"the ships"}]},{"number":546,"label":"546","id":"b11-l546","source":"τεύχεσιν ἀμφʼ Ἀχιλῆος· ἔθηκε δὲ πότνια μήτηρ.","translation":"over the arms of Achilles; his lady mother had set them as the prize.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l546.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τεύχεσιν","lemma":"τεῦχος","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἀμφ᾽","gloss":"armor"},{"surface":"ἀμφ","lemma":"ἀμφί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"over/about"},{"surface":"Ἀχιλῆος","lemma":"Ἀχιλλεύς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies τεύχεσιν","gloss":"of Achilles"},{"surface":"ἔθηκε","lemma":"τίθημι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"set (as prize)"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πότνια","lemma":"πότνια","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"modifies μήτηρ","gloss":"lady/queenly"},{"surface":"μήτηρ","lemma":"μήτηρ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἔθηκε","gloss":"mother","note":"Thetis, who set the arms as the prize for the contest"}]},{"number":547,"label":"547","id":"b11-l547","source":"παῖδες δὲ Τρώων δίκασαν καὶ Παλλὰς Ἀθήνη.","translation":"The sons of the Trojans gave judgment, and Pallas Athena.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l547.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"παῖδες","lemma":"παῖς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"sons"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Τρώων","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"genitive plural noun","role":"modifies παῖδες","gloss":"of the Trojans","note":"Trojan captives judged the contest, an odd detail underscoring its unfairness to Ajax"},{"surface":"δίκασαν","lemma":"δικάζω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"judged"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Παλλὰς","lemma":"Παλλάς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"modifies Ἀθήνη","gloss":"Pallas"},{"surface":"Ἀθήνη","lemma":"Ἀθήνη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"Athena"}]},{"number":548,"label":"548","id":"b11-l548","source":"ὡς δὴ μὴ ὄφελον νικᾶν τοιῷδʼ ἐπʼ ἀέθλῳ·","translation":"Would that I had never won in such a contest,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l548.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ὡς δὴ μὴ ὄφελον νικᾶν","title":"An unfulfilled wish","body":"ὄφελον with the infinitive expresses a wish that things had been otherwise: 'would that I had not won.' Odysseus regrets a victory that cost Ajax his life."}],"words":[{"surface":"ὡς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ὄφελον","gloss":"would that"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"μὴ","lemma":"μή","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ὄφελον","lemma":"ὀφείλω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"had owed/ought","note":"ὄφελον + infinitive = unfulfilled wish, 'would that I had not won'"},{"surface":"νικᾶν","lemma":"νικάω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of ὄφελον","gloss":"to win"},{"surface":"τοιῷδ","lemma":"τοιόσδε","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies ἀέθλῳ","gloss":"such a"},{"surface":"ἐπ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in/at"},{"surface":"ἀέθλῳ","lemma":"ἆθλος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐπ᾽","gloss":"contest"}]},{"number":549,"label":"549","id":"b11-l549","source":"τοίην γὰρ κεφαλὴν ἕνεκʼ αὐτῶν γαῖα κατέσχεν,","translation":"for over such a head the earth closed because of those arms —","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l549.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τοίην","lemma":"τοῖος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies κεφαλὴν","gloss":"such a"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"κεφαλὴν","lemma":"κεφαλή","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ,","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"ἕνεκ","lemma":"ἕνεκα","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"because of"},{"surface":"αὐτῶν","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"genitive plural neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ἕνεκ᾽","gloss":"them (arms)"},{"surface":"γαῖα","lemma":"γαῖα","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of κατέσχεν","gloss":"earth"},{"surface":"κατέσχεν","lemma":"κατέχω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"closed over","note":"vivid metaphor for death: the earth 'held down' Ajax after his suicide"}]},{"number":550,"label":"550","id":"b11-l550","source":"Αἴανθʼ, ὃς πέρι μὲν εἶδος, πέρι δʼ ἔργα τέτυκτο","translation":"Ajax, who in form and in deeds was foremost","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l550.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Αἴανθ","lemma":"Αἴας","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ,","gloss":"Ajax"},{"surface":"ὃς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of δ᾽","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"πέρι","lemma":"περί","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"exceedingly","note":"πέρι used adverbially with μέν/δέ, 'preeminent in X... in Y'"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"on one hand"},{"surface":"εἶδος","lemma":"εἶδος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial","gloss":"form"},{"surface":"πέρι","lemma":"περί","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"exceedingly"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"on the other"},{"surface":"ἔργα","lemma":"ἔργον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to τέτυκτο","gloss":"deeds"},{"surface":"τέτυκτο","lemma":"τεύχω","morphology":"pluperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing δ᾽","gloss":"was made/formed"}]},{"number":551,"label":"551","id":"b11-l551","source":"τῶν ἄλλων Δαναῶν μετʼ ἀμύμονα Πηλεΐωνα.","translation":"of the other Danaans, after the noble son of Peleus.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l551.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τῶν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine article","role":"modifies Δαναῶν","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"ἄλλων","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies Δαναῶν","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"Δαναῶν","lemma":"Δαναοί","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"object of τέτυκτο","gloss":"Danaans"},{"surface":"μετ","lemma":"μετά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"ἀμύμονα","lemma":"ἀμύμων","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ,","gloss":"noble"},{"surface":"Πηλεΐωνα","lemma":"Πηλείων","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to μετ᾽","gloss":"son of Peleus","note":"patronymic for Achilles, ranked above all but him"}]},{"number":552,"label":"552","id":"b11-l552","source":"τὸν μὲν ἐγὼν ἐπέεσσι προσηύδων μειλιχίοισιν·","translation":"Him I addressed with gentle, soothing words:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l552.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"μειλιχίοισιν","title":"Honey-soft words","body":"The adjective means 'honeyed, soothing,' a stock epithet for conciliatory speech. Odysseus tries to placate Ajax with gentleness."}],"words":[{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of προσηύδων","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἐγὼν","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of προσηύδων","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ἐπέεσσι","lemma":"ἔπος","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to προσηύδων","gloss":"with words"},{"surface":"προσηύδων","lemma":"προσαυδάω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"addressed"},{"surface":"μειλιχίοισιν","lemma":"μειλίχιος","morphology":"dative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἐπέεσσι","gloss":"gentle/soothing"}]},{"number":553,"label":"553","id":"b11-l553","source":"Αἶαν, παῖ Τελαμῶνος ἀμύμονος, οὐκ ἄρʼ\n                        ἔμελλες","translation":"\"Ajax, son of noble Telamon, were you not even then","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l553.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Αἶαν","title":"Vocative of address","body":"Both 'Ajax' and 'son of Telamon' stand in the vocative case, directly calling out to the dead hero."}],"words":[{"surface":"Αἶαν","lemma":"Αἴας","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"Ajax","note":"vocative address opening Odysseus' speech to Ajax's silent ghost"},{"surface":"παῖ","lemma":"παῖς","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"Τελαμῶνος","lemma":"Τελαμών","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies παῖ","gloss":"of Telamon"},{"surface":"ἀμύμονος","lemma":"ἀμύμων","morphology":"genitive singular adjective","role":"modifies Τελαμῶνος","gloss":"noble"},{"surface":"οὐκ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἔμελλες","lemma":"μέλλω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"were you going to"}]},{"number":554,"label":"554","id":"b11-l554","source":"οὐδὲ θανὼν λήσεσθαι ἐμοὶ χόλου εἵνεκα τευχέων","translation":"going, even in death, to set aside your anger against me over those accursed","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l554.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"θανὼν","lemma":"θνήσκω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἔμελλες","gloss":"dying"},{"surface":"λήσεσθαι","lemma":"λανθάνω","morphology":"future middle infinitive","role":"object of ἔμελλες","gloss":"to forget","note":"λανθάνω middle 'forget/set aside' - even death would not end his grudge"},{"surface":"ἐμοὶ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of λήσεσθαι","gloss":"me/against me"},{"surface":"χόλου","lemma":"χόλος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of λήσεσθαι","gloss":"anger"},{"surface":"εἵνεκα","lemma":"ἕνεκα","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"because of"},{"surface":"τευχέων","lemma":"τεῦχος","morphology":"genitive plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to εἵνεκα","gloss":"the armor"}]},{"number":555,"label":"555","id":"b11-l555","source":"οὐλομένων; τὰ δὲ πῆμα θεοὶ θέσαν Ἀργείοισι,","translation":"arms? The gods set them as a ruin for the Argives,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l555.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οὐλομένων","lemma":"οὐλόμενος","morphology":"genitive plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies τευχέων","gloss":"cursed/accursed"},{"surface":"τὰ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative plural neuter article","role":"object of θέσαν","gloss":"those/them"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"πῆμα","lemma":"πῆμα","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"complement of θέσαν","gloss":"a ruin"},{"surface":"θεοὶ","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of θέσαν","gloss":"gods"},{"surface":"θέσαν","lemma":"τίθημι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"set"},{"surface":"Ἀργείοισι","lemma":"Ἀργεῖος","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of θέσαν","gloss":"for the Argives"}]},{"number":556,"label":"556","id":"b11-l556","source":"τοῖος γάρ σφιν πύργος ἀπώλεο· σεῖο δʼ Ἀχαιοὶ","translation":"for in you such a tower of strength was lost. And we Achaeans","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l556.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τοῖος","lemma":"τοῖος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies πύργος","gloss":"such a"},{"surface":"γάρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"σφιν","lemma":"σφεῖς","morphology":"dative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἀπώλεο","gloss":"for them"},{"surface":"πύργος","lemma":"πύργος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"tower (of strength)","note":"metaphor: Ajax as a defensive bulwark for the army"},{"surface":"ἀπώλεο","lemma":"ἀπόλλυμι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"was lost"},{"surface":"σεῖο","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"genitive singular pronoun","role":"object of ἀχνύμεθα","gloss":"for you"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιοὶ","lemma":"Ἀχαιός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"subject of ἀχνύμεθα","gloss":"Achaeans"}]},{"number":557,"label":"557","id":"b11-l557","source":"ἶσον Ἀχιλλῆος κεφαλῇ Πηληϊάδαο","translation":"grieve for you, equal to the head of Achilles, son of Peleus,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l557.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἶσον","lemma":"ἴσος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ἀχνύμεθα","gloss":"equal to"},{"surface":"Ἀχιλλῆος","lemma":"Ἀχιλλεύς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies κεφαλῇ","gloss":"of Achilles"},{"surface":"κεφαλῇ","lemma":"κεφαλή","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"modifies ἶσον","gloss":"head","note":"metonymy: 'head' stands for the whole person, loss of Achilles"}]},{"number":558,"label":"558","id":"b11-l558","source":"ἀχνύμεθα φθιμένοιο διαμπερές· οὐδέ τις ἄλλος","translation":"now that you are dead, grieve without end. No one else","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l558.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀχνύμεθα","lemma":"ἀχεύω","morphology":"present passive indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"we grieve"},{"surface":"φθιμένοιο","lemma":"φθίω","morphology":"aorist participle, genitive singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"having died"},{"surface":"διαμπερές","lemma":"διαμπερές","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀχνύμεθα","gloss":"unceasingly"},{"surface":"τις","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies ἄλλος","gloss":"anyone"},{"surface":"ἄλλος","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"subject","gloss":"other"}]},{"number":559,"label":"559","id":"b11-l559","source":"αἴτιος, ἀλλὰ Ζεὺς Δαναῶν στρατὸν αἰχμητάων","translation":"is to blame, but Zeus, who against the host of Danaan spearmen","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l559.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αἴτιος","lemma":"αἴτιος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"to blame"},{"surface":"ἀλλὰ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Ζεὺς","lemma":"Ζεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of δ᾽","gloss":"Zeus"},{"surface":"Δαναῶν","lemma":"Δαναοί","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies στρατὸν","gloss":"of the Danaans"},{"surface":"στρατὸν","lemma":"στρατός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἤχθηρε","gloss":"army"},{"surface":"αἰχμητάων","lemma":"αἰχμητής","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies Δαναῶν","gloss":"spearmen"}]},{"number":560,"label":"560","id":"b11-l560","source":"ἐκπάγλως ἤχθηρε, τεῒν δʼ ἐπὶ μοῖραν ἔθηκεν.","translation":"raged with terrible hatred, and on you he laid this doom.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l560.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐκπάγλως","lemma":"ἔκπαγλος","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἤχθηρε","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"ἤχθηρε","lemma":"ἐχθαίρω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"hated","note":"Zeus's hatred of the Greek army explains their suffering, deflecting blame from Ajax's rivals"},{"surface":"τεῒν","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"object of ἐπὶ","gloss":"on you"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"μοῖραν","lemma":"μοῖρα","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἔθηκεν","gloss":"doom/fate"},{"surface":"ἔθηκεν","lemma":"τίθημι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"laid"}]},{"number":561,"label":"561","id":"b11-l561","source":"ἀλλʼ ἄγε δεῦρο, ἄναξ, ἵνʼ ἔπος καὶ μῦθον ἀκούσῃς","translation":"But come here, lord, so you may hear my word and speech,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l561.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἄγε","lemma":"ἄγε","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"come!","note":"ἄγε: fossilized imperative used as an exhortation particle, 'come now'"},{"surface":"δεῦρο","lemma":"δεῦρο","morphology":"adverb","role":"object","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"ἄναξ","lemma":"ἄναξ","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"lord"},{"surface":"ἵν","lemma":"ἵνα","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"ἔπος","lemma":"ἔπος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μῦθον","lemma":"μῦθος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"speech"},{"surface":"ἀκούσῃς","lemma":"ἀκούω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 2nd singular verb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"you may hear"}]},{"number":562,"label":"562","id":"b11-l562","source":"ἡμέτερον· δάμασον δὲ μένος καὶ ἀγήνορα θυμόν.","translation":"ours; and master your fury and your proud spirit.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l562.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ἀγήνορα θυμόν","title":"Manly, proud spirit","body":"Thymos is the seat of passion and will; agenor ('manly, lordly') marks it as fierce pride. Odysseus asks Ajax to subdue it."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἡμέτερον","lemma":"ἡμέτερος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies μῦθον","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"δάμασον","lemma":"δαμάζω","morphology":"aorist active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"master/tame"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μένος","lemma":"μένος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"fury"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀγήνορα","lemma":"ἀγήνωρ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies θυμόν","gloss":"proud"},{"surface":"θυμόν","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"spirit","note":"Odysseus's plea for Ajax to relent, closing the encounter unresolved (Ajax stays silent)"}]},{"number":563,"label":"563","id":"b11-l563","source":"ὣς ἐφάμην, ὁ δέ μʼ οὐδὲν ἀμείβετο, βῆ δὲ μετʼ\n                     ἄλλας","translation":"So I spoke, but he answered me nothing and went off after the other","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l563.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐφάμην","gloss":"so, thus"},{"surface":"ἐφάμην","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I spoke","note":"φημί, epic mid. imperfect 'I spoke/said'"},{"surface":"ὁ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἀμείβετο","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"μ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἀμείβετο","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"οὐδὲν","lemma":"οὐδείς","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"object of ἀμείβετο","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"ἀμείβετο","lemma":"ἀμείβω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"answered","note":"ἀμείβετο mid. 'answered', governs double acc. me/nothing"},{"surface":"βῆ","lemma":"βαίνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he went","note":"βῆ = root aorist of βαίνω, terse epic 'he went'"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μετ","lemma":"μετά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"after, among"},{"surface":"ἄλλας","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"accusative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies ψυχὰς","gloss":"the other"}]},{"number":564,"label":"564","id":"b11-l564","source":"ψυχὰς εἰς Ἔρεβος νεκύων κατατεθνηώτων.","translation":"ghosts into Erebus, among the dead who have perished.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l564.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Ἔρεβος","title":"Erebus","body":"Erebus is the deep darkness of the underworld, here a destination for the shades of the dead."}],"words":[{"surface":"ψυχὰς","lemma":"ψυχή","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of μετ᾽","gloss":"ghosts"},{"surface":"εἰς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"Ἔρεβος","lemma":"Ἔρεβος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of εἰς","gloss":"Erebus"},{"surface":"νεκύων","lemma":"νέκυς","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ψυχὰς","gloss":"of the dead"},{"surface":"κατατεθνηώτων","lemma":"καταθνήσκω","morphology":"perfect active participle, genitive plural masculine","role":"modifies νεκύων","gloss":"who have perished","note":"perfect participle: state of being dead, formulaic line-end"}]},{"number":565,"label":"565","id":"b11-l565","source":"ἔνθα χʼ ὅμως προσέφη κεχολωμένος, ἤ κεν ἐγὼ τόν·","translation":"There, angry as he was, he might still have spoken to me, or I to him,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l565.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔνθα","lemma":"ἔνθα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἤ","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"χ","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"(particle)","note":"χ᾽ = κε/ἄν, marks potential mood with the verb"},{"surface":"ὅμως","lemma":"ὅμως","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to προσέφη","gloss":"still, nonetheless"},{"surface":"προσέφη","lemma":"πρόσφημι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he would have spoken","note":"προσέφη + κε = past potential, 'he might have spoken'"},{"surface":"κεχολωμένος","lemma":"χολόω","morphology":"perfect medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to προσέφη","gloss":"being angry"},{"surface":"ἤ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"κεν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"(particle)"},{"surface":"ἐγὼ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"τόν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":566,"label":"566","id":"b11-l566","source":"ἀλλά μοι ἤθελε θυμὸς ἐνὶ στήθεσσι φίλοισι","translation":"but the heart within my own breast wished","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l566.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλά","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies θυμὸς","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"ἤθελε","lemma":"ἐθέλω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"wished"},{"surface":"θυμὸς","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἤθελε","gloss":"heart, spirit"},{"surface":"ἐνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"στήθεσσι","lemma":"στῆθος","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"modifies ἐνὶ","gloss":"breast","note":"στήθεσσι, epic dat. pl. in -εσσι of στῆθος"},{"surface":"φίλοισι","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"dative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies στήθεσσι","gloss":"my own"}]},{"number":567,"label":"567","id":"b11-l567","source":"τῶν ἄλλων ψυχὰς ἰδέειν κατατεθνηώτων.","translation":"to see the ghosts of the other dead who have perished.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l567.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τῶν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine article","role":"modifies κατατεθνηώτων","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"ἄλλων","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies κατατεθνηώτων","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"ψυχὰς","lemma":"ψυχή","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἰδέειν","gloss":"ghosts"},{"surface":"ἰδέειν","lemma":"εἶδον","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of ἤθελε","gloss":"to see","note":"ἰδέειν, epic uncontracted aorist infinitive of εἶδον"},{"surface":"κατατεθνηώτων","lemma":"καταθνήσκω","morphology":"perfect active participle, genitive plural masculine","role":"modifies ψυχὰς","gloss":"who have perished"}]},{"number":568,"label":"568","id":"b11-l568","source":"ἔνθʼ ἦ τοι Μίνωα ἴδον, Διὸς ἀγλαὸν υἱόν,","translation":"There indeed I saw Minos, the glorious son of Zeus,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l568.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔνθ","lemma":"ἔνθα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἴδον","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"τοι","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"Μίνωα","lemma":"Μίνως","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ,","gloss":"Minos"},{"surface":"ἴδον","lemma":"εἶδον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I saw","note":"ἴδον, root aorist of εἶδον, common epic 'I saw'"},{"surface":"Διὸς","lemma":"Ζεύς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies υἱόν","gloss":"of Zeus"},{"surface":"ἀγλαὸν","lemma":"ἀγλαός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies υἱόν","gloss":"glorious"},{"surface":"υἱόν","lemma":"υἱός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ,","gloss":"son","note":"'glorious son of Zeus' — epithet formula for kings/heroes"}]},{"number":569,"label":"569","id":"b11-l569","source":"χρύσεον σκῆπτρον ἔχοντα, θεμιστεύοντα νέκυσσιν,","translation":"holding a golden scepter, giving judgment to the dead,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l569.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"χρύσεον","lemma":"χρύσεος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies σκῆπτρον","gloss":"golden"},{"surface":"σκῆπτρον","lemma":"σκῆπτρον","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἔχοντα","gloss":"scepter"},{"surface":"ἔχοντα","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"present active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"holding"},{"surface":"θεμιστεύοντα","lemma":"θεμιστεύω","morphology":"present active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"giving judgment","note":"θεμιστεύοντα from θέμις 'law/right', 'lay down rulings'"},{"surface":"νέκυσσιν","lemma":"νέκυς","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of θεμιστεύοντα","gloss":"to the dead"}]},{"number":570,"label":"570","id":"b11-l570","source":"ἥμενον, οἱ δέ μιν ἀμφὶ δίκας εἴροντο ἄνακτα,","translation":"seated, while the dead asked their cases of the lord,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l570.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἥμενον","lemma":"ἧμαι","morphology":"perfect middle participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"seated"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of εἴροντο","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"adverbial to ἀμφὶ","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ἀμφὶ","lemma":"ἀμφί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"about, around"},{"surface":"δίκας","lemma":"δίκη","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of εἴροντο","gloss":"cases, judgments"},{"surface":"εἴροντο","lemma":"ἔρομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"asked","note":"ἔρομαι mid. 'asked', imperfect iterative sense 'kept asking'"},{"surface":"ἄνακτα","lemma":"ἄναξ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of εἴροντο","gloss":"lord"}]},{"number":571,"label":"571","id":"b11-l571","source":"ἥμενοι ἑσταότες τε κατʼ εὐρυπυλὲς Ἄϊδος δῶ.","translation":"some seated, some standing, throughout the wide-gated house of Hades.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l571.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἥμενοι","lemma":"ἧμαι","morphology":"perfect participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to τε","gloss":"seated"},{"surface":"ἑσταότες","lemma":"ἵστημι","morphology":"perfect active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to τε","gloss":"standing","note":"pairs perfect participles ἥμενοι/ἑσταότες for a vivid tableau of the dead"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κατ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"throughout"},{"surface":"εὐρυπυλὲς","lemma":"εὐρυπυλής","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies δῶ","gloss":"wide-gated"},{"surface":"δῶ","lemma":"δῶμα","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to κατ᾽","gloss":"house","note":"δῶ, shortened epic form of δῶμα"}]},{"number":572,"label":"572","id":"b11-l572","source":"τὸν δὲ μετʼ Ὠρίωνα πελώριον εἰσενόησα","translation":"After him I caught sight of monstrous Orion,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l572.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"adverbial to μετ᾽","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μετ","lemma":"μετά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"Ὠρίωνα","lemma":"Ὠρίων","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of εἰσενόησα","gloss":"Orion"},{"surface":"πελώριον","lemma":"πελώριος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ὠρίωνα","gloss":"monstrous, huge"},{"surface":"εἰσενόησα","lemma":"εἰσνοέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I caught sight of"}]},{"number":573,"label":"573","id":"b11-l573","source":"θῆρας ὁμοῦ εἰλεῦντα κατʼ ἀσφοδελὸν λειμῶνα,","translation":"herding wild beasts together across the meadow of asphodel,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l573.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"θῆρας","lemma":"θήρ","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of εἰλεῦντα","gloss":"wild beasts"},{"surface":"ὁμοῦ","lemma":"ὁμοῦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to εἰλεῦντα","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"εἰλεῦντα","lemma":"εἴλω","morphology":"present active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"herding"},{"surface":"κατ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"across"},{"surface":"ἀσφοδελὸν","lemma":"ἀσφόδελος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies λειμῶνα","gloss":"asphodel"},{"surface":"λειμῶνα","lemma":"λειμών","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of κατ᾽","gloss":"meadow","note":"'meadow of asphodel' — the Homeric name for the plain of the dead"}]},{"number":574,"label":"574","id":"b11-l574","source":"τοὺς αὐτὸς κατέπεφνεν ἐν οἰοπόλοισιν ὄρεσσι","translation":"the same beasts he himself had killed in the lonely mountains,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l574.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τοὺς","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of κατέπεφνεν","gloss":"those (beasts)"},{"surface":"αὐτὸς","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"he himself"},{"surface":"κατέπεφνεν","lemma":"κατέπεφνον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing θῆρας","gloss":"had killed","note":"κατέπεφνον, rare epic root-aorist verb 'slew'"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"οἰοπόλοισιν","lemma":"οἰοπόλος","morphology":"dative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ὄρεσσι","gloss":"lonely"},{"surface":"ὄρεσσι","lemma":"ὄρος","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"mountains"}]},{"number":575,"label":"575","id":"b11-l575","source":"χερσὶν ἔχων ῥόπαλον παγχάλκεον, αἰὲν ἀαγές.","translation":"holding in his hands a club all of bronze, forever unbroken.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l575.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"χερσὶν","lemma":"χείρ","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἔχων","gloss":"in his hands"},{"surface":"ἔχων","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to κατέπεφνεν","gloss":"holding"},{"surface":"ῥόπαλον","lemma":"ῥόπαλον","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἔχων","gloss":"club"},{"surface":"παγχάλκεον","lemma":"παγχάλκεος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ,","gloss":"all-bronze"},{"surface":"αἰὲν","lemma":"ἀεί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"forever"},{"surface":"ἀαγές","lemma":"ἀαγής","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ,","gloss":"unbroken","note":"ἀαγής 'unbreakable', privative α- + ἄγνυμι, rare epic compound"}]},{"number":576,"label":"576","id":"b11-l576","source":"καὶ Τιτυὸν εἶδον, Γαίης ἐρικυδέος υἱόν,","translation":"And I saw Tityus, son of glorious Earth,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l576.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Τιτυὸν","lemma":"Τιτυός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ,","gloss":"Tityus"},{"surface":"εἶδον","lemma":"εἶδον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I saw"},{"surface":"Γαίης","lemma":"Γαῖα","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies υἱόν","gloss":"of Earth"},{"surface":"ἐρικυδέος","lemma":"ἐρικυδής","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Γαίης","gloss":"glorious"},{"surface":"υἱόν","lemma":"υἱός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ,","gloss":"son"}]},{"number":577,"label":"577","id":"b11-l577","source":"κείμενον ἐν δαπέδῳ· ὁ δʼ ἐπʼ ἐννέα κεῖτο πέλεθρα,","translation":"lying on the ground. He stretched over nine acres,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l577.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κείμενον","lemma":"κεῖμαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"lying"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"δαπέδῳ","lemma":"δάπεδον","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἐν","gloss":"the ground"},{"surface":"ὁ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of κεῖτο","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐπ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"ἐννέα","lemma":"ἐννέα","morphology":"numeral","role":"modifies πέλεθρα","gloss":"nine"},{"surface":"κεῖτο","lemma":"κεῖμαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he lay","note":"κεῖτο, imperfect of κεῖμαι, describes the giant's vast sprawled body"},{"surface":"πέλεθρα","lemma":"πέλεθρον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἐπ᾽","gloss":"acres, plethra"}]},{"number":578,"label":"578","id":"b11-l578","source":"γῦπε δέ μιν ἑκάτερθε παρημένω ἧπαρ ἔκειρον,","translation":"and two vultures, sitting on either side, tore at his liver,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l578.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"γῦπε","lemma":"γύψ","morphology":"nominative dual masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔκειρον","gloss":"two vultures","note":"γῦπε, dual number — Homeric Greek marks pairs distinctly from plurals"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of παρημένω","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ἑκάτερθε","lemma":"ἑκάτερθε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to παρημένω","gloss":"on either side"},{"surface":"παρημένω","lemma":"πάρημαι","morphology":"present active participle, nominative dual masculine","role":"adverbial to ,","gloss":"sitting beside","note":"παρημένω, dual participle matching γῦπε"},{"surface":"ἧπαρ","lemma":"ἧπαρ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἔκειρον","gloss":"liver"},{"surface":"ἔκειρον","lemma":"κείρω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"tore at"}]},{"number":579,"label":"579","id":"b11-l579","source":"δέρτρον ἔσω δύνοντες, ὁ δʼ οὐκ ἀπαμύνετο χερσί·","translation":"plunging into his belly, and he could not beat them off with his hands.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l579.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δέρτρον","lemma":"δέρτρον","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἔσω","gloss":"belly, entrails"},{"surface":"ἔσω","lemma":"ἔσω","morphology":"adverb","role":"preposition","gloss":"into, within"},{"surface":"δύνοντες","lemma":"δύω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ,","gloss":"plunging"},{"surface":"ὁ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἀπαμύνετο","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"οὐκ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ἀπαμύνετο","lemma":"ἀπαμύνω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"beat off, ward off"},{"surface":"χερσί","lemma":"χείρ","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἀπαμύνετο","gloss":"with his hands"}]},{"number":580,"label":"580","id":"b11-l580","source":"Λητὼ γὰρ ἕλκησε, Διὸς κυδρὴν παράκοιτιν,","translation":"For he had assaulted Leto, the honored consort of Zeus,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l580.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Λητὼ","lemma":"Λητώ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ,","gloss":"Leto"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ἕλκησε","lemma":"ἑλκέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"had assaulted","note":"ἑλκέω 'dragged/assaulted' — the crime that earned Tityus his punishment"},{"surface":"Διὸς","lemma":"Ζεύς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies παράκοιτιν","gloss":"of Zeus"},{"surface":"κυδρὴν","lemma":"κυδρός","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies παράκοιτιν","gloss":"honored"},{"surface":"παράκοιτιν","lemma":"παράκοιτις","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ,","gloss":"consort"}]},{"number":581,"label":"581","id":"b11-l581","source":"Πυθώδʼ ἐρχομένην διὰ καλλιχόρου Πανοπῆος.","translation":"as she went to Pytho through Panopeus of the lovely dancing-grounds.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l581.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Πυθώδ","lemma":"Πυθώδε","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of ἐρχομένην","gloss":"to Pytho","note":"Πυθώδε, directional -δε suffix 'to/toward Pytho'"},{"surface":"ἐρχομένην","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, accusative singular feminine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"going"},{"surface":"διὰ","lemma":"διά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"καλλιχόρου","lemma":"καλλίχορος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Πανοπῆος","gloss":"lovely-dancing"},{"surface":"Πανοπῆος","lemma":"Πανοπεύς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of διὰ","gloss":"Panopeus"}]},{"number":582,"label":"582","id":"b11-l582","source":"καὶ μὴν Τάνταλον εἰσεῖδον κρατέρʼ ἄλγεʼ\n                     ἔχοντα","translation":"And indeed I saw Tantalus suffering harsh torments,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l582.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μὴν","lemma":"μήν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"Τάνταλον","lemma":"Τάνταλος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of εἰσεῖδον","gloss":"Tantalus"},{"surface":"εἰσεῖδον","lemma":"ἐσείδω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I saw"},{"surface":"κρατέρ","lemma":"κρατερός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἄλγε᾽","gloss":"harsh"},{"surface":"ἄλγε","lemma":"ἄλγος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἔχοντα","gloss":"torments"},{"surface":"ἔχοντα","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"present active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"suffering","note":"lit. 'having harsh torments' — periphrasis for 'suffering'"}]},{"number":583,"label":"583","id":"b11-l583","source":"ἑστεῶτʼ ἐν λίμνῃ· ἡ δὲ προσέπλαζε γενείῳ·","translation":"standing in a pool; the water lapped against his chin.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l583.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἑστεῶτ","lemma":"ἵστημι","morphology":"perfect active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"standing"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"λίμνῃ","lemma":"λίμνη","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐν","gloss":"a pool"},{"surface":"ἡ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of προσέπλαζε","gloss":"it (the water)"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"προσέπλαζε","lemma":"προσπλάζω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"lapped against"},{"surface":"γενείῳ","lemma":"γένειον","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"object of προσέπλαζε","gloss":"his chin"}]},{"number":584,"label":"584","id":"b11-l584","source":"στεῦτο δὲ διψάων, πιέειν δʼ οὐκ εἶχεν ἑλέσθαι·","translation":"He strained, parched with thirst, but could take nothing to drink,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l584.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"στεῦτο","lemma":"στεῦμαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he strained","note":"στεῦμαι, rare epic verb 'strove/made as if to'"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"διψάων","lemma":"διψάω","morphology":"present participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to στεῦτο","gloss":"parched with thirst"},{"surface":"πιέειν","lemma":"πίνω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"adverbial to ἑλέσθαι","gloss":"to drink"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"οὐκ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"εἶχεν","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"ἑλέσθαι","lemma":"αἱρέω","morphology":"aorist middle infinitive","role":"object of εἶχεν","gloss":"take, grasp"}]},{"number":585,"label":"585","id":"b11-l585","source":"ὁσσάκι γὰρ κύψειʼ ὁ γέρων πιέειν μενεαίνων,","translation":"for as often as the old man stooped, longing to drink,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l585.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"κύψειʼ","title":"Iterative optative","body":"The optative here, paired with 'as often as,' expresses repeated past action: each time he bent down. Homer pictures the torment endlessly recurring."}],"words":[{"surface":"ὁσσάκι","lemma":"ὁσάκις","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to κύψει᾽","gloss":"as often as"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"κύψει","lemma":"κύπτω","morphology":"aorist active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἀπολέσκετ᾽","gloss":"he stooped","note":"aorist optative in a general/repeated-condition clause with ὁσσάκι"},{"surface":"ὁ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine article","role":"modifies γέρων","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"γέρων","lemma":"γέρων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of κύψει᾽","gloss":"old man"},{"surface":"πιέειν","lemma":"πίνω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of μενεαίνων","gloss":"to drink"},{"surface":"μενεαίνων","lemma":"μενεαίνω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to κύψει᾽","gloss":"longing"}]},{"number":586,"label":"586","id":"b11-l586","source":"τοσσάχʼ ὕδωρ ἀπολέσκετʼ ἀναβροχέν, ἀμφὶ δὲ ποσσὶ","translation":"so often the water would vanish, swallowed away, and around his feet","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l586.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἀπολέσκετʼ","title":"Iterative imperfect in -σκ-","body":"The suffix -σκ- on a past-tense verb marks habitual or repeated action: the water 'kept vanishing' again and again."}],"words":[{"surface":"τοσσάχ","lemma":"τοσάκις","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀπολέσκετ᾽","gloss":"so often"},{"surface":"ὕδωρ","lemma":"ὕδωρ","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of ἀπολέσκετ᾽","gloss":"the water"},{"surface":"ἀπολέσκετ","lemma":"ἀπόλλυμι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"would vanish","note":"iterative -σκ- suffix, 'would keep vanishing' each time"},{"surface":"ἀναβροχέν","lemma":"ἀναβρόχω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular neuter","role":"adverbial to ἀπολέσκετ᾽","gloss":"swallowed away"},{"surface":"ἀμφὶ","lemma":"ἀμφί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ποσσὶ","lemma":"πούς","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἀμφὶ","gloss":"his feet"}]},{"number":587,"label":"587","id":"b11-l587","source":"γαῖα μέλαινα φάνεσκε, καταζήνασκε δὲ δαίμων.","translation":"the black earth would show, and a god would dry it up.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l587.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"γαῖα","lemma":"γαῖα","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of φάνεσκε","gloss":"earth, ground"},{"surface":"μέλαινα","lemma":"μέλας","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies γαῖα","gloss":"black"},{"surface":"φάνεσκε","lemma":"φαίνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"would show","note":"iterative -σκ- form, 'kept appearing' — pairs with καταζήνασκε"},{"surface":"καταζήνασκε","lemma":"καταζαίνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"would dry up"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"δαίμων","lemma":"δαίμων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of καταζήνασκε","gloss":"a god, divine power"}]},{"number":588,"label":"588","id":"b11-l588","source":"δένδρεα δʼ ὑψιπέτηλα κατὰ κρῆθεν χέε καρπόν,","translation":"And tall, leafy trees poured down their fruit from above,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l588.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δένδρεα","lemma":"δένδρον","morphology":"nominative plural neuter noun","role":"subject of ,","gloss":"trees"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὑψιπέτηλα","lemma":"ὑψιπέτηλος","morphology":"nominative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies δένδρεα","gloss":"tall-leafed"},{"surface":"κατὰ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"down from"},{"surface":"κρῆθεν","lemma":"κράς","morphology":"genitive singular noun","role":"object of κατὰ","gloss":"the top","note":"κρῆθεν, epic ablatival form 'from the head/top' with κατά"},{"surface":"χέε","lemma":"χέω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"poured"},{"surface":"καρπόν","lemma":"καρπός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of χέε","gloss":"fruit"}]},{"number":589,"label":"589","id":"b11-l589","source":"ὄγχναι καὶ ῥοιαὶ καὶ μηλέαι ἀγλαόκαρποι","translation":"pears and pomegranates and apples with their shining fruit,","scansion":"—— | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l589.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὄγχναι","lemma":"ὄγχνη","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"pear trees"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ῥοιαὶ","lemma":"ῥοιά","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"pomegranate trees"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μηλέαι","lemma":"μηλέα","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"apple trees"},{"surface":"ἀγλαόκαρποι","lemma":"ἀγλαόκαρπος","morphology":"nominative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies μηλέαι","gloss":"with shining fruit"}]},{"number":590,"label":"590","id":"b11-l590","source":"συκέαι τε γλυκεραὶ καὶ ἐλαῖαι τηλεθόωσαι·","translation":"and sweet figs and flourishing olives.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l590.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"συκέαι","lemma":"συκῆ","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"fig trees"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"γλυκεραὶ","lemma":"γλυκύς","morphology":"nominative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies συκέαι","gloss":"sweet"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐλαῖαι","lemma":"ἐλαία","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"olive trees"},{"surface":"τηλεθόωσαι","lemma":"τηλεθάω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative plural feminine","role":"modifies ἐλαῖαι","gloss":"flourishing"}]},{"number":591,"label":"591","id":"b11-l591","source":"τῶν ὁπότʼ ἰθύσειʼ ὁ γέρων ἐπὶ χερσὶ μάσασθαι,","translation":"But whenever the old man reached out his hands to grasp them,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l591.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τῶν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"genitive plural feminine pronoun","role":"object of μάσασθαι","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"ὁπότ","lemma":"ὁπότε","morphology":"adverb","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"whenever"},{"surface":"ἰθύσει","lemma":"ἰθύω","morphology":"aorist active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὁπότ᾽","gloss":"would rush","note":"aorist optative in iterative sense: repeated past action, 'every time he lunged'"},{"surface":"ὁ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine article","role":"modifies γέρων","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"γέρων","lemma":"γέρων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἰθύσει᾽","gloss":"old man"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"with","note":"ἐπὶ is used in tmesis with μάσασθαι (from ἐπιμαίομαι, \"reach for, grope at\"), reinforcing the verb rather than independently governing χερσί."},{"surface":"χερσὶ","lemma":"χείρ","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to μάσασθαι","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"μάσασθαι","lemma":"μάσσω","morphology":"aorist middle infinitive","role":"object of ἰθύσει᾽","gloss":"to grasp"}]},{"number":592,"label":"592","id":"b11-l592","source":"τὰς δʼ ἄνεμος ῥίπτασκε ποτὶ νέφεα σκιόεντα.","translation":"the wind would toss them up toward the shadowy clouds.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l592.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὰς","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative plural feminine pronoun","role":"object of ῥίπτασκε","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἄνεμος","lemma":"ἄνεμος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ῥίπτασκε","gloss":"wind"},{"surface":"ῥίπτασκε","lemma":"ῥίπτω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"kept tossing","note":"-σκε iterative suffix marks repeated/habitual past action, common in Homeric narrative"},{"surface":"ποτὶ","lemma":"πρός","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"νέφεα","lemma":"νέφος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ποτὶ","gloss":"clouds"},{"surface":"σκιόεντα","lemma":"σκιόεις","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies νέφεα","gloss":"shadowy"}]},{"number":593,"label":"593","id":"b11-l593","source":"καὶ μὴν Σίσυφον εἰσεῖδον κρατέρʼ ἄλγεʼ\n                     ἔχοντα","translation":"And indeed I saw Sisyphus suffering harsh torments,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l593.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μὴν","lemma":"μήν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"Σίσυφον","lemma":"Σίσυφος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of εἰσεῖδον","gloss":"Sisyphus"},{"surface":"εἰσεῖδον","lemma":"ἐσείδω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I saw"},{"surface":"κρατέρ","lemma":"κρατερός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἄλγε᾽","gloss":"harsh"},{"surface":"ἄλγε","lemma":"ἄλγος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἔχοντα","gloss":"torments"},{"surface":"ἔχοντα","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"present active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"suffering"}]},{"number":594,"label":"594","id":"b11-l594","source":"λᾶαν βαστάζοντα πελώριον ἀμφοτέρῃσιν.","translation":"heaving a monstrous boulder with both his hands.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l594.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"λᾶαν","lemma":"λᾶας","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of βαστάζοντα","gloss":"boulder","note":"λᾶας, epic word for 'stone'; famous in this passage as Sisyphus's rock"},{"surface":"βαστάζοντα","lemma":"βαστάζω","morphology":"present active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"heaving"},{"surface":"πελώριον","lemma":"πελώριος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies λᾶαν","gloss":"monstrous"},{"surface":"ἀμφοτέρῃσιν","lemma":"ἀμφότερος","morphology":"dative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies","gloss":"with both hands"}]},{"number":595,"label":"595","id":"b11-l595","source":"ἦ τοι ὁ μὲν σκηριπτόμενος χερσίν τε ποσίν τε","translation":"Truly, bracing himself with hands and feet,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l595.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"τοι","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ὁ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ὤθεσκε","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"σκηριπτόμενος","lemma":"σκηρίπτομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ὤθεσκε","gloss":"bracing himself"},{"surface":"χερσίν","lemma":"χείρ","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to τε","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ποσίν","lemma":"πούς","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to τε","gloss":"feet"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"}]},{"number":596,"label":"596","id":"b11-l596","source":"λᾶαν ἄνω ὤθεσκε ποτὶ λόφον· ἀλλʼ ὅτε μέλλοι","translation":"he kept thrusting the stone up toward a crest; but whenever he was about","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l596.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"λᾶαν","lemma":"λᾶας","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ὤθεσκε","gloss":"stone"},{"surface":"ἄνω","lemma":"ἄνω","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of ὤθεσκε","gloss":"upward"},{"surface":"ὤθεσκε","lemma":"ὠθέω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"kept thrusting","note":"another -σκε iterative form, same pattern as ῥίπτασκε, painting the endless repetition of the punishment"},{"surface":"ποτὶ","lemma":"πρός","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"λόφον","lemma":"λόφος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ποτὶ","gloss":"crest"},{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ὅτε","lemma":"ὅτε","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"whenever"},{"surface":"μέλλοι","lemma":"μέλλω","morphology":"present active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὅτε","gloss":"was about"}]},{"number":597,"label":"597","id":"b11-l597","source":"ἄκρον ὑπερβαλέειν, τότʼ ἀποστρέψασκε κραταιίς·","translation":"to heave it over the summit, then its weight would turn it back,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l597.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἄκρον","lemma":"ἄκρον","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ὑπερβαλέειν","gloss":"summit"},{"surface":"ὑπερβαλέειν","lemma":"ὑπερβάλλω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of μέλλοι","gloss":"to heave over"},{"surface":"τότ","lemma":"τότε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀποστρέψασκε","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἀποστρέψασκε","lemma":"ἀποστρέφω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"would turn back"},{"surface":"κραταιίς","lemma":"κραταιίς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἀποστρέψασκε","gloss":"its weight","note":"κραταιίς, a rare personified noun for brute 'force/weight'; poetic subject of ἀποστρέψασκε"}]},{"number":598,"label":"598","id":"b11-l598","source":"αὖτις ἔπειτα πέδονδε κυλίνδετο λᾶας ἀναιδής.","translation":"and once more down to the plain the shameless stone rolled.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l598.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ἀναιδής","title":"The 'shameless' stone","body":"Anaides ('shameless, relentless') is transferred from people to the boulder, giving the dead weight a willful cruelty."}],"words":[{"surface":"αὖτις","lemma":"αὖθις","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to κυλίνδετο","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"ἔπειτα","lemma":"ἔπειτα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to κυλίνδετο","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"πέδονδε","lemma":"πέδονδε","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of κυλίνδετο","gloss":"down to the plain"},{"surface":"κυλίνδετο","lemma":"κυλίνδω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"rolled"},{"surface":"λᾶας","lemma":"λᾶας","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of κυλίνδετο","gloss":"stone"},{"surface":"ἀναιδής","lemma":"ἀναιδής","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies λᾶας","gloss":"shameless","note":"ἀναιδής 'shameless' personifies the stone, echoing its use elsewhere for cruel, relentless things"}]},{"number":599,"label":"599","id":"b11-l599","source":"αὐτὰρ ὅ γʼ ἂψ ὤσασκε τιταινόμενος, κατὰ δʼ ἱδρὼς","translation":"But he would strain and shove it back again, and the sweat","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l599.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ὅ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ὤσασκε","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"γ","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἂψ","lemma":"ἄψ","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of ὤσασκε","gloss":"back again"},{"surface":"ὤσασκε","lemma":"ὠθέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"would shove"},{"surface":"τιταινόμενος","lemma":"τιταίνω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ὤσασκε","gloss":"straining"},{"surface":"κατὰ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"down"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἱδρὼς","lemma":"ἱδρώς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔρρεεν","gloss":"sweat"}]},{"number":600,"label":"600","id":"b11-l600","source":"ἔρρεεν ἐκ μελέων, κονίη δʼ ἐκ κρατὸς ὀρώρει.","translation":"poured from his limbs, and dust rose up from his head.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l600.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔρρεεν","lemma":"ῥέω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"poured"},{"surface":"ἐκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"μελέων","lemma":"μέλος","morphology":"genitive plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἐκ","gloss":"limbs"},{"surface":"κονίη","lemma":"κονία","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ὀρώρει","gloss":"dust"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"κρατὸς","lemma":"κράς","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐκ","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"ὀρώρει","lemma":"ὄρνυμι","morphology":"pluperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"rose up","note":"pluperfect ὀρώρει used with imperfect force: dust 'kept rising' as ongoing background action"}]},{"number":601,"label":"601","id":"b11-l601","source":"τὸν δὲ μετʼ εἰσενόησα βίην Ἡρακληείην,","translation":"After him I caught sight of the mighty strength of Heracles,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l601.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"βίην Ἡρακληείην","title":"\"The strength of Heracles\"","body":"A Homeric periphrasis: 'the might of Heracles' stands for the hero himself, an honorific way of naming great men."}],"words":[{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"adverbial to μετ᾽","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"μετ","lemma":"μετά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"εἰσενόησα","lemma":"εἰσνοέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I caught sight of"},{"surface":"βίην","lemma":"βία","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ,","gloss":"mighty strength","note":"βίην Ἡρακληείην 'the strength of Heracles' is a periphrasis for the hero himself, a Homeric formula"},{"surface":"Ἡρακληείην","lemma":"Ἡράκλειος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies βίην","gloss":"of Heracles"}]},{"number":602,"label":"602","id":"b11-l602","source":"εἴδωλον· αὐτὸς δὲ μετʼ ἀθανάτοισι θεοῖσι","translation":"his phantom; for he himself, among the immortal gods,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l602.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"εἴδωλον","title":"Phantom","body":"An eidolon is an image or shade. Only Heracles' ghost is here; the hero himself dwells among the gods."}],"words":[{"surface":"εἴδωλον","lemma":"εἴδωλον","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ,","gloss":"phantom","note":"εἴδωλον marks a key theological point: only Heracles's image is in Hades, the real hero feasts among the gods"},{"surface":"αὐτὸς","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"μετ","lemma":"μετά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"ἀθανάτοισι","lemma":"ἀθάνατος","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies θεοῖσι","gloss":"immortal"},{"surface":"θεοῖσι","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to μετ᾽","gloss":"gods"}]},{"number":603,"label":"603","id":"b11-l603","source":"τέρπεται ἐν θαλίῃς καὶ ἔχει καλλίσφυρον Ἥβην,","translation":"takes his delight at feasts and has lovely-ankled Hebe,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l603.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τέρπεται","lemma":"τέρπω","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"takes delight"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"θαλίῃς","lemma":"θαλία","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"feasts"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔχει","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"καλλίσφυρον","lemma":"καλλίσφυρος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"modifies Ἥβην","gloss":"lovely-ankled","note":"καλλίσφυρος, a stock epic epithet for goddesses, here for Hebe, Heracles's divine wife"},{"surface":"Ἥβην","lemma":"Ἥβη","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ,","gloss":"Hebe"}]},{"number":604,"label":"604","id":"b11-l604","source":"παῖδα Διὸς μεγάλοιο καὶ Ἥρης χρυσοπεδίλου.","translation":"the daughter of great Zeus and of golden-sandaled Hera.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l604.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"παῖδα","lemma":"παῖς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ,","gloss":"daughter"},{"surface":"Διὸς","lemma":"Ζεύς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"of Zeus"},{"surface":"μεγάλοιο","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Διὸς","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ἥρης","lemma":"Ἥρα","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"of Hera"},{"surface":"χρυσοπεδίλου","lemma":"χρυσοπέδιλος","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Ἥρης","gloss":"golden-sandaled","note":"χρυσοπέδιλος, a fixed epithet for Hera marking divine splendor, formulaic in epic diction"}]},{"number":605,"label":"605","id":"b11-l605","source":"ἀμφὶ δέ μιν κλαγγὴ νεκύων ἦν οἰωνῶν ὥς,","translation":"Around him rose the clamor of the dead, like that of birds,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l605.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀμφὶ","lemma":"ἀμφί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"adverbial to ἀμφὶ","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"κλαγγὴ","lemma":"κλαγγή","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἦν","gloss":"clamor"},{"surface":"νεκύων","lemma":"νέκυς","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies κλαγγὴ","gloss":"of the dead"},{"surface":"ἦν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"οἰωνῶν","lemma":"οἰωνός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies","gloss":"of birds"},{"surface":"ὥς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"like","note":"ὥς postponed after its noun (anastrophe), a common Homeric word-order feature for simile markers"}]},{"number":606,"label":"606","id":"b11-l606","source":"πάντοσʼ ἀτυζομένων· ὁ δʼ ἐρεμνῇ νυκτὶ ἐοικώς,","translation":"scattering in panic on all sides; and he, like dark night,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l606.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πάντοσ","lemma":"πάντοσε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀτυζομένων","gloss":"in all directions"},{"surface":"ἀτυζομένων","lemma":"ἀτύζω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, genitive plural masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"scattering in panic"},{"surface":"ὁ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐρεμνῇ","lemma":"ἐρεμνός","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies νυκτὶ","gloss":"dark"},{"surface":"νυκτὶ","lemma":"νύξ","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐοικώς","gloss":"night"},{"surface":"ἐοικώς","lemma":"ἔοικα","morphology":"perfect active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial","gloss":"like","note":"perfect participle ἐοικώς 'resembling' with dative νυκτί, standard epic simile construction"}]},{"number":607,"label":"607","id":"b11-l607","source":"γυμνὸν τόξον ἔχων καὶ ἐπὶ νευρῆφιν ὀιστόν,","translation":"holding his bow bare and an arrow on the string,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l607.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"γυμνὸν","lemma":"γυμνός","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies τόξον","gloss":"bare"},{"surface":"τόξον","lemma":"τόξον","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"bow"},{"surface":"ἔχων","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial","gloss":"holding"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"νευρῆφιν","lemma":"νευρή","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"modifies ἐπὶ","gloss":"the string"},{"surface":"ὀιστόν","lemma":"ὀιστός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"arrow"}]},{"number":608,"label":"608","id":"b11-l608","source":"δεινὸν παπταίνων, αἰεὶ βαλέοντι ἐοικώς.","translation":"glaring terribly, forever like one about to shoot.","scansion":"—— | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l608.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δεινὸν","lemma":"δεινός","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to παπταίνων","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"παπταίνων","lemma":"παπταίνω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial","gloss":"glaring"},{"surface":"αἰεὶ","lemma":"ἀεί","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to βαλέοντι","gloss":"forever"},{"surface":"βαλέοντι","lemma":"βάλλω","morphology":"future active participle, dative singular masculine","role":"object of ἐοικώς","gloss":"about to shoot","note":"future participle βαλέοντι expresses imminent, ever-poised action, paired with ἐοικώς 'seeming'"},{"surface":"ἐοικώς","lemma":"ἔοικα","morphology":"perfect active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial","gloss":"like"}]},{"number":609,"label":"609","id":"b11-l609","source":"σμερδαλέος δέ οἱ ἀμφὶ περὶ στήθεσσιν ἀορτὴρ","translation":"Dreadful around his breast was the baldric,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l609.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"σμερδαλέος","lemma":"σμερδαλέος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἀορτὴρ","gloss":"dreadful"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἀμφὶ","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"ἀμφὶ","lemma":"ἀμφί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"περὶ","lemma":"περί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"around","note":"ἀμφὶ περὶ doubled prepositions intensify 'all around', a Homeric emphatic pairing"},{"surface":"στήθεσσιν","lemma":"στῆθος","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"object of περὶ","gloss":"breast"},{"surface":"ἀορτὴρ","lemma":"ἀορτήρ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"baldric"}]},{"number":610,"label":"610","id":"b11-l610","source":"χρύσεος ἦν τελαμών, ἵνα θέσκελα ἔργα τέτυκτο,","translation":"a golden strap, on which marvelous works were wrought:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l610.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"χρύσεος","lemma":"χρύσεος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies τελαμών","gloss":"golden"},{"surface":"ἦν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"τελαμών","lemma":"τελαμών","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"strap"},{"surface":"ἵνα","lemma":"ἵνα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to τέτυκτο","gloss":"on which"},{"surface":"θέσκελα","lemma":"θέσκελος","morphology":"nominative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἔργα","gloss":"marvelous"},{"surface":"ἔργα","lemma":"ἔργον","morphology":"nominative plural neuter noun","role":"subject of ,","gloss":"works"},{"surface":"τέτυκτο","lemma":"τεύχω","morphology":"pluperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing","gloss":"were wrought","note":"pluperfect τέτυκτο 'had been fashioned', vivid ekphrasis describing crafted images like Achilles's shield"}]},{"number":611,"label":"611","id":"b11-l611","source":"ἄρκτοι τʼ ἀγρότεροί τε σύες χαροποί τε λέοντες,","translation":"bears and wild boars and lions with gleaming eyes,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l611.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἄρκτοι","lemma":"ἄρκτος","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject of τε","gloss":"bears"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀγρότεροί","lemma":"ἀγρότερος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies σύες","gloss":"wild"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"σύες","lemma":"ὗς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of τε","gloss":"boars"},{"surface":"χαροποί","lemma":"χαροπός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies λέοντες","gloss":"gleaming-eyed"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"λέοντες","lemma":"λέων","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of τε","gloss":"lions"}]},{"number":612,"label":"612","id":"b11-l612","source":"ὑσμῖναί τε μάχαι τε φόνοι τʼ ἀνδροκτασίαι τε.","translation":"and combats and battles and slaughters and killings of men.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l612.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ἀνδροκτασίαι","title":"Slaughters of men","body":"A compound from 'man' and 'killing.' Homer piles up four near-synonyms for carnage to convey the belt's terrible imagery."}],"words":[{"surface":"ὑσμῖναί","lemma":"ὑσμίνη","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject of τε","gloss":"combats"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μάχαι","lemma":"μάχη","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject of τε","gloss":"battles"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"φόνοι","lemma":"φόνος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of τε","gloss":"slaughters"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀνδροκτασίαι","lemma":"ἀνδροκτασία","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject of τε","gloss":"man-killings","note":"ἀνδροκτασίαι, rare compound noun 'slayings of men'; part of a fourfold τε...τε chain (ὑσμῖναί τε μάχαι τε φόνοι τ᾽ ἀνδροκτασίαι τε) piling up violent imagery."},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"}]},{"number":613,"label":"613","id":"b11-l613","source":"μὴ τεχνησάμενος μηδʼ ἄλλο τι τεχνήσαιτο,","translation":"May he never craft another such work,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l613.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"τεχνήσαιτο","title":"Optative of wish","body":"The optative here expresses a wish: 'may he never make.' The narrator hopes no one ever matches that terrifying craftsmanship again."}],"words":[{"surface":"μὴ","lemma":"μή","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"τεχνησάμενος","lemma":"τεχνάομαι","morphology":"aorist medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"having crafted","note":"wish/curse construction: 'may he who made it never craft, nor ever craft, another such thing'"},{"surface":"ἄλλο","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"object of τεχνήσαιτο","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"τι","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"modifies ἄλλο","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"τεχνήσαιτο","lemma":"τεχνάομαι","morphology":"aorist medio-passive optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"might craft"}]},{"number":614,"label":"614","id":"b11-l614","source":"ὃς κεῖνον τελαμῶνα ἑῇ ἐγκάτθετο τέχνῃ.","translation":"whoever stored away such skill in that baldric.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l614.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὃς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἐγκάτθετο","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"κεῖνον","lemma":"ἐκεῖνος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies τελαμῶνα","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"τελαμῶνα","lemma":"τελαμών","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐγκάτθετο","gloss":"baldric"},{"surface":"ἑῇ","lemma":"ἑός","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies τέχνῃ","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"ἐγκάτθετο","lemma":"ἐγκατατίθεμαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"subject of δ᾽","gloss":"stored away","note":"ἐγκάτθετο, vivid compound verb 'set within', describing the craftsman investing skill into the object"},{"surface":"τέχνῃ","lemma":"τέχνη","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐγκάτθετο","gloss":"skill"}]},{"number":615,"label":"615","id":"b11-l615","source":"ἔγνω δʼ αὖτʼ ἔμʼ ἐκεῖνος, ἐπεὶ ἴδεν ὀφθαλμοῖσιν,","translation":"And he in turn knew me, once he saw me with his eyes,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l615.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔγνω","lemma":"γιγνώσκω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αὖτ","lemma":"αὖτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"in turn"},{"surface":"ἔμ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἔγνω","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ἐκεῖνος","lemma":"ἐκεῖνος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"subject of καί","gloss":"that one"},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"ἴδεν","lemma":"εἶδον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἐπεὶ","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"ὀφθαλμοῖσιν","lemma":"ὀφθαλμός","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἴδεν","gloss":"with his eyes"}]},{"number":616,"label":"616","id":"b11-l616","source":"καί μʼ ὀλοφυρόμενος ἔπεα πτερόεντα προσηύδα·","translation":"and grieving he addressed to me winged words:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l616.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἔπεα πτερόεντα","title":"\"Winged words\"","body":"A famous formulaic epithet for speech that flies swiftly from speaker to hearer."}],"words":[{"surface":"καί","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of προσηύδα","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ὀλοφυρόμενος","lemma":"ὀλοφύρομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to προσηύδα","gloss":"grieving"},{"surface":"ἔπεα","lemma":"ἔπος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of προσηύδα","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"πτερόεντα","lemma":"πτερόεις","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἔπεα","gloss":"winged","note":"ἔπεα πτερόεντα 'winged words', a fixed Homeric formula introducing direct speech"},{"surface":"προσηύδα","lemma":"προσαυδάω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"addressed"}]},{"number":617,"label":"617","id":"b11-l617","source":"διογενὲς Λαερτιάδη, πολυμήχανʼ Ὀδυσσεῦ,","translation":"\"Zeus-born son of Laertes, resourceful Odysseus,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l617.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"πολυμήχανʼ","title":"Resourceful Odysseus","body":"Polymechanos ('of many devices') is Odysseus' signature epithet, in the vocative as Heracles addresses him."}],"words":[{"surface":"διογενὲς","lemma":"διογενής","morphology":"vocative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies Λαερτιάδη","gloss":"Zeus-born"},{"surface":"Λαερτιάδη","lemma":"Λαερτιάδης","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"son of Laertes"},{"surface":"πολυμήχαν","lemma":"πολυμήχανος","morphology":"vocative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ὀδυσσεῦ","gloss":"resourceful","note":"πολυμήχανος 'of many devices', a signature epithet for Odysseus marking his cunning"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσσεῦ","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"Odysseus"}]},{"number":618,"label":"618","id":"b11-l618","source":"ἆ δείλʼ, ἦ τινὰ καὶ σὺ κακὸν μόρον ἡγηλάζεις,","translation":"ah, wretched man, do you too drag out some evil fate,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l618.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἆ","lemma":"ἆ","morphology":"exclamation","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"δείλ","lemma":"δειλός","morphology":"vocative singular masculine adjective","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"wretched man"},{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"τινὰ","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies μόρον","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"σὺ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"nominative singular pronoun","role":"subject of ἡγηλάζεις","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"κακὸν","lemma":"κακός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies μόρον","gloss":"evil"},{"surface":"μόρον","lemma":"μόρος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἡγηλάζεις","gloss":"fate"},{"surface":"ἡγηλάζεις","lemma":"ἡγηλάζω","morphology":"present active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"drag out","note":"ἡγηλάζεις, rare verb 'lead along/drag out', suggesting a fate endured step by step"}]},{"number":619,"label":"619","id":"b11-l619","source":"ὅν περ ἐγὼν ὀχέεσκον ὑπʼ αὐγὰς ἠελίοιο.","translation":"such as I myself endured beneath the rays of the sun?","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l619.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὅν","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ὀχέεσκον","gloss":"such as"},{"surface":"περ","lemma":"πέρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed","note":"emphatic particle underscoring the speaker's own suffering, common after relatives."},{"surface":"ἐγὼν","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ὀχέεσκον","gloss":"I myself"},{"surface":"ὀχέεσκον","lemma":"ὀχέω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing μόρον","gloss":"endured","note":"iterative -σκ- imperfect: 'used to endure,' marking habitual past toil."},{"surface":"ὑπ","lemma":"ὑπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"beneath"},{"surface":"αὐγὰς","lemma":"αὐγή","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ὑπ᾽","gloss":"rays"},{"surface":"ἠελίοιο","lemma":"ἠέλιος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies αὐγὰς","gloss":"of the sun"}]},{"number":620,"label":"620","id":"b11-l620","source":"Ζηνὸς μὲν πάϊς ἦα Κρονίονος, αὐτὰρ ὀιζὺν","translation":"I was the son of Zeus, son of Cronus, yet misery","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l620.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ζηνὸς","lemma":"Ζεύς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies πάϊς","gloss":"of Zeus"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"πάϊς","lemma":"παῖς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"ἦα","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I was","note":"Homeric ἦα for εἰμί's imperfect 1st sg, an epic form beside Attic ἦν."},{"surface":"Κρονίονος","lemma":"Κρονίων","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ζηνὸς","gloss":"son of Cronus"},{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"ὀιζὺν","lemma":"ὀιζύς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of εἶχον","gloss":"misery"}]},{"number":621,"label":"621","id":"b11-l621","source":"εἶχον ἀπειρεσίην· μάλα γὰρ πολὺ χείρονι φωτὶ","translation":"I had without end; for to a far meaner man","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l621.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἶχον","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I had","note":"picks up ὀιζὺν from the prior line; enjambment stresses the endless misery."},{"surface":"ἀπειρεσίην","lemma":"ἀπειρέσιος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ὀιζὺν","gloss":"boundless"},{"surface":"μάλα","lemma":"μάλα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to δεδμήμην","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"πολὺ","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"much","note":"adverbial accusative of degree intensifying χείρονι, 'by far.'"},{"surface":"χείρονι","lemma":"χείρων","morphology":"dative singular comparative adjective","role":"modifies φωτὶ","gloss":"meaner"},{"surface":"φωτὶ","lemma":"φώς","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of δεδμήμην","gloss":"man"}]},{"number":622,"label":"622","id":"b11-l622","source":"δεδμήμην, ὁ δέ μοι χαλεποὺς ἐπετέλλετʼ ἀέθλους.","translation":"I was made subject, and he laid grievous labors on me.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l622.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δεδμήμην","lemma":"δαμάζω","morphology":"pluperfect medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I was subjected","note":"pluperfect passive of δαμάζω, 'I had been made subject/enslaved,' i.e. Heracles serving Eurystheus."},{"surface":"ὁ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἐπετέλλετ᾽","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἐπετέλλετ᾽","gloss":"on me"},{"surface":"χαλεποὺς","lemma":"χαλεπός","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἀέθλους","gloss":"harsh"},{"surface":"ἐπετέλλετ","lemma":"ἐπιτέλλω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"laid on","note":"ἐπιτέλλω 'enjoin/command as labors,' the technical verb for imposing the Labors."},{"surface":"ἀέθλους","lemma":"ἆθλος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἐπετέλλετ᾽","gloss":"labors"}]},{"number":623,"label":"623","id":"b11-l623","source":"καί ποτέ μʼ ἐνθάδʼ ἔπεμψε κύνʼ ἄξοντʼ· οὐ γὰρ ἔτʼ ἄλλον","translation":"Once he even sent me here to fetch the hound; for he thought no other","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l623.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καί","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ποτέ","lemma":"ποτέ","morphology":"particle","role":"adverbial to ἔπεμψε","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"μ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἔπεμψε","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ἐνθάδ","lemma":"ἐνθάδε","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of ἔπεμψε","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"ἔπεμψε","lemma":"πέμπω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"sent"},{"surface":"κύν","lemma":"κύων","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἄξοντ᾽","gloss":"the hound","note":"Cerberus, referred to simply as 'the dog' — the twelfth Labor of Heracles."},{"surface":"ἄξοντ","lemma":"ἄγω","morphology":"future active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"to fetch"},{"surface":"οὐ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ἔτ","lemma":"ἔτι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to φράζετο","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"ἄλλον","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἄεθλον","gloss":"other"}]},{"number":624,"label":"624","id":"b11-l624","source":"φράζετο τοῦδέ γέ μοι κρατερώτερον εἶναι ἄεθλον·","translation":"labor could be harder for me than this.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l624.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"φράζετο","lemma":"φράζω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he judged","note":"φράζετο (Eurystheus) governs the infinitive εἶναι — indirect statement across two lines."},{"surface":"τοῦδέ","lemma":"ὅδε","morphology":"genitive singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies κρατερώτερον","gloss":"than this"},{"surface":"γέ","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of εἶναι","gloss":"for me"},{"surface":"κρατερώτερον","lemma":"κρατερός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine comparative adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"harder"},{"surface":"εἶναι","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of φράζετο","gloss":"to be"},{"surface":"ἄεθλον","lemma":"ἆθλος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of εἶναι","gloss":"labor"}]},{"number":625,"label":"625","id":"b11-l625","source":"τὸν μὲν ἐγὼν ἀνένεικα καὶ ἤγαγον ἐξ Ἀίδαο·","translation":"But that one I carried up and led out of Hades,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l625.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"that one","note":"resumptive τὸν μέν picks up κύνα (Cerberus) from two lines earlier."},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἐγὼν","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"I myself"},{"surface":"ἀνένεικα","lemma":"ἀναφέρω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"brought up"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἤγαγον","lemma":"ἄγω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"led"},{"surface":"ἐξ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"Ἀίδαο","lemma":"ᾍδης","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies","gloss":"Hades"}]},{"number":626,"label":"626","id":"b11-l626","source":"Ἑρμείας δέ μʼ ἔπεμψεν ἰδὲ γλαυκῶπις Ἀθήνη.","translation":"for Hermes guided me, and bright-eyed Athena.\"","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l626.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"γλαυκῶπις","title":"Bright-eyed Athena","body":"Glaukopis ('gleaming-eyed' or 'owl-eyed') is Athena's standing epithet throughout Homer."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ἑρμείας","lemma":"Ἑρμῆς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἰδὲ","gloss":"Hermes"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἔπεμψεν","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ἔπεμψεν","lemma":"πέμπω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"sent/guided"},{"surface":"ἰδὲ","lemma":"ἰδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"γλαυκῶπις","lemma":"γλαυκῶπις","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Ἀθήνη","gloss":"gleaming-eyed","note":"γλαυκῶπις is Athena's stock epithet, 'bright/owl-eyed,' a fixed epic formula."},{"surface":"Ἀθήνη","lemma":"Ἀθήνη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἰδὲ","gloss":"Athena"}]},{"number":627,"label":"627","id":"b11-l627","source":"ὣς εἰπὼν ὁ μὲν αὖτις ἔβη δόμον Ἄϊδος εἴσω,","translation":"So saying, he went back again into the house of Hades,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l627.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to εἰπὼν","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"εἰπὼν","lemma":"εἶπον","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἔβη","gloss":"having spoken"},{"surface":"ὁ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἔβη","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"αὖτις","lemma":"αὖθις","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔβη","gloss":"back again"},{"surface":"ἔβη","lemma":"βαίνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"δόμον","lemma":"δόμος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of εἴσω","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"εἴσω","lemma":"εἴσω","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"into"}]},{"number":628,"label":"628","id":"b11-l628","source":"αὐτὰρ ἐγὼν αὐτοῦ μένον ἔμπεδον, εἴ τις ἔτʼ ἔλθοι","translation":"but I stayed firmly there, in case any other should still come,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l628.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐγὼν","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of μένον","gloss":"I myself"},{"surface":"αὐτοῦ","lemma":"αὐτοῦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of μένον","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"μένον","lemma":"μένω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I stayed"},{"surface":"ἔμπεδον","lemma":"ἔμπεδος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to μένον","gloss":"steadfastly"},{"surface":"εἴ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"τις","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἔλθοι","gloss":"anyone"},{"surface":"ἔτ","lemma":"ἔτι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔλθοι","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"ἔλθοι","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to εἴ","gloss":"might come","note":"aorist optative in a future-remote conditional, 'in case someone should still come.'"}]},{"number":629,"label":"629","id":"b11-l629","source":"ἀνδρῶν ἡρώων, οἳ δὴ τὸ πρόσθεν ὄλοντο.","translation":"of the men who were heroes, who perished in time before.","scansion":"—— | —— | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l629.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀνδρῶν","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies τις","gloss":"of men"},{"surface":"ἡρώων","lemma":"ἥρως","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ἀνδρῶν","gloss":"heroes"},{"surface":"οἳ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ὄλοντο","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"τὸ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter article","role":"modifies πρόσθεν","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"πρόσθεν","lemma":"πρόσθεν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ὄλοντο","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"ὄλοντο","lemma":"ὄλλυμι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ἀνδρῶν","gloss":"perished","note":"ὄλλυμι middle aorist, 'died/were destroyed,' of heroes from an earlier generation."}]},{"number":630,"label":"630","id":"b11-l630","source":"καί νύ κʼ ἔτι προτέρους ἴδον ἀνέρας, οὓς ἔθελόν περ,","translation":"And now I would have seen still earlier men, whom I longed to see,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l630.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καί","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"νύ","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἴδον","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"κ","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"would have","note":"κ(ε) with the aorist indicative ἴδον marks unreal past potential, 'I would have seen.'"},{"surface":"ἔτι","lemma":"ἔτι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἴδον","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"προτέρους","lemma":"πρότερος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἀνέρας","gloss":"earlier"},{"surface":"ἴδον","lemma":"εἶδον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I saw"},{"surface":"ἀνέρας","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ,","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"οὓς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἔθελόν","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"ἔθελόν","lemma":"ἐθέλω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ,","gloss":"I wished"},{"surface":"περ","lemma":"πέρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"}]},{"number":631,"label":"631","id":"b11-l631","source":"Θησέα Πειρίθοόν τε, θεῶν ἐρικυδέα τέκνα·","translation":"Theseus and Peirithous, glorious children of the gods.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l631.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Θησέα","lemma":"Θησεύς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of τε","gloss":"Theseus"},{"surface":"Πειρίθοόν","lemma":"Πειρίθοος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of τε","gloss":"Peirithous"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"θεῶν","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies τέκνα","gloss":"of the gods"},{"surface":"ἐρικυδέα","lemma":"ἐρικυδής","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies τέκνα","gloss":"glorious","note":"ἐρικυδέα, an intensive epic compound ('very glorious'), typical of heroic epithets."},{"surface":"τέκνα","lemma":"τέκνον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ,","gloss":"children"}]},{"number":632,"label":"632","id":"b11-l632","source":"ἀλλὰ πρὶν ἐπὶ ἔθνεʼ ἀγείρετο μυρία νεκρῶν","translation":"But before that, countless tribes of the dead gathered around me","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l632.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλὰ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"πρὶν","lemma":"πρίν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀγείρετο","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"around","note":"ἐπί here functions adverbially with ἀγείρετο, 'gathered around/upon' rather than governing a case."},{"surface":"ἔθνε","lemma":"ἔθνος","morphology":"nominative plural neuter noun","role":"subject of ἀγείρετο","gloss":"tribes"},{"surface":"ἀγείρετο","lemma":"ἀγείρω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"gathered"},{"surface":"μυρία","lemma":"μυρίος","morphology":"nominative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἔθνε᾽","gloss":"countless"},{"surface":"νεκρῶν","lemma":"νεκρός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἔθνε᾽","gloss":"of the dead"}]},{"number":633,"label":"633","id":"b11-l633","source":"ἠχῇ θεσπεσίῃ· ἐμὲ δὲ χλωρὸν δέος ᾕρει,","translation":"with an unearthly clamor; and pale fear seized me,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l633.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"χλωρὸν δέος","title":"Pale fear","body":"Chloron deos literally is 'green/pale fear,' a vivid Homeric phrase for terror that drains the color from a person."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἠχῇ","lemma":"ἠχή","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἀγείρετο","gloss":"with a cry"},{"surface":"θεσπεσίῃ","lemma":"θεσπέσιος","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἠχῇ","gloss":"unearthly"},{"surface":"ἐμὲ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ᾕρει","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"χλωρὸν","lemma":"χλωρός","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies δέος","gloss":"pale","note":"χλωρὸν δέος, 'pale/green fear,' a vivid Homeric formula for terror draining the color."},{"surface":"δέος","lemma":"δέος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of ᾕρει","gloss":"fear"},{"surface":"ᾕρει","lemma":"αἱρέω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"seized"}]},{"number":634,"label":"634","id":"b11-l634","source":"μή μοι Γοργείην κεφαλὴν δεινοῖο πελώρου","translation":"lest dread Persephone send up against me the Gorgon's head","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l634.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μή","lemma":"μή","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"lest"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of πέμψειεν","gloss":"against me"},{"surface":"Γοργείην","lemma":"Γόργειος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies κεφαλὴν","gloss":"Gorgon's"},{"surface":"κεφαλὴν","lemma":"κεφαλή","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of πέμψειεν","gloss":"head","note":"the Gorgon's head, dreaded even in the underworld — anticipates Persephone's power in the next line."},{"surface":"δεινοῖο","lemma":"δεινός","morphology":"genitive singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies πελώρου","gloss":"dread"},{"surface":"πελώρου","lemma":"πέλωρον","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"modifies κεφαλὴν","gloss":"monster"}]},{"number":635,"label":"635","id":"b11-l635","source":"ἐξ Ἀίδεω πέμψειεν ἀγαυὴ Περσεφόνεια.","translation":"of that terrible monster, out of Hades, the august Persephone.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l635.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐξ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"Ἀίδεω","lemma":"ᾍδης","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies","gloss":"Hades"},{"surface":"πέμψειεν","lemma":"πέμπω","morphology":"aorist active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing μή","gloss":"might send","note":"aorist optative expressing feared potential after μή, completing the clause begun two lines up."},{"surface":"ἀγαυὴ","lemma":"ἀγαυός","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Περσεφόνεια","gloss":"majestic"},{"surface":"Περσεφόνεια","lemma":"Περσεφόνεια","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of πέμψειεν","gloss":"Persephone"}]},{"number":636,"label":"636","id":"b11-l636","source":"αὐτίκʼ ἔπειτʼ ἐπὶ νῆα κιὼν ἐκέλευον ἑταίρους","translation":"At once then, going to the ship, I ordered my companions","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l636.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτίκ","lemma":"αὐτίκα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐκέλευον","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"ἔπειτ","lemma":"ἔπειτα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐκέλευον","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"νῆα","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐπὶ","gloss":"ship"},{"surface":"κιὼν","lemma":"κίω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐκέλευον","gloss":"going","note":"κίω, an epic verb 'to go,' rarer than βαίνω, used as a participle here."},{"surface":"ἐκέλευον","lemma":"κελεύω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I ordered"},{"surface":"ἑταίρους","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of τε","gloss":"companions"}]},{"number":637,"label":"637","id":"b11-l637","source":"αὐτούς τʼ ἀμβαίνειν ἀνά τε πρυμνήσια λῦσαι.","translation":"to climb aboard themselves and to loose the stern cables.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l637.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτούς","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀμβαίνειν","lemma":"ἀναβαίνω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of τε","gloss":"to board"},{"surface":"ἀνά","lemma":"ἀνά","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"up"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πρυμνήσια","lemma":"πρυμνήσιος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of λῦσαι","gloss":"stern cables","note":"τε...τε pairs the two infinitives (ἀμβαίνειν, λῦσαι) as parallel commands."},{"surface":"λῦσαι","lemma":"λύω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of τε","gloss":"to loose"}]},{"number":638,"label":"638","id":"b11-l638","source":"οἱ δʼ αἶψʼ εἴσβαινον καὶ ἐπὶ κληῖσι καθῖζον.","translation":"And quickly they embarked and sat down at the oar-locks.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l638.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αἶψ","lemma":"αἶψα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to εἴσβαινον","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"εἴσβαινον","lemma":"εἰσβαίνω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"embarked"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"κληῖσι","lemma":"κλείς","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἐπὶ","gloss":"oar-locks","note":"κληῖσι, the thole-pins/oar-locks where rowers took their seats, concrete nautical detail."},{"surface":"καθῖζον","lemma":"καθίζω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"sat down"}]},{"number":639,"label":"639","id":"b11-l639","source":"τὴν δὲ κατʼ Ὠκεανὸν ποταμὸν φέρε κῦμα ῥόοιο,","translation":"Then the swell of the current carried the ship down the river Ocean,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l639.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὴν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of ,","gloss":"it (the ship)"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κατ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"along"},{"surface":"Ὠκεανὸν","lemma":"Ὠκεανός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ποταμὸν","gloss":"Ocean","note":"Ὠκεανός here is the mythic river encircling the world, not the sea proper."},{"surface":"ποταμὸν","lemma":"ποταμός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of κατ᾽","gloss":"river"},{"surface":"φέρε","lemma":"φέρω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"carried"},{"surface":"κῦμα","lemma":"κῦμα","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of ,","gloss":"swell"},{"surface":"ῥόοιο","lemma":"ῥόος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies κῦμα","gloss":"of the current"}]},{"number":640,"label":"640","id":"b11-l640","source":"πρῶτα μὲν εἰρεσίῃ, μετέπειτα δὲ κάλλιμος οὖρος.","translation":"first by rowing, and afterward by a fair following wind.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b11-l640.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πρῶτα","lemma":"πρῶτος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"adverbial","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"εἰρεσίῃ","lemma":"εἰρεσία","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial","gloss":"by rowing"},{"surface":"μετέπειτα","lemma":"μετέπειτα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"afterward","note":"πρῶτα μέν...μετέπειτα δέ pairs two stages of the journey, rowing then a fair wind."},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"κάλλιμος","lemma":"κάλλιμος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies οὖρος","gloss":"fair"},{"surface":"οὖρος","lemma":"οὖρος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"wind"}]}]}