{"work":{"slug":"odyssey","title":{"source":"Ὀδύσσεια","translated":"The Odyssey"},"author":"Homer","language":"Ancient Greek","languageCode":"grc","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey"},"unit":{"kind":"book","number":12,"id":"book-12","title":{"source":"Ὀδυσσείας μ","translated":"Book 12 — The Sirens; Scylla and Charybdis; the Cattle of the Sun"},"section":"The Wanderings","summary":"The Sirens sing, and Odysseus hears them tied to the mast. The ship passes Scylla and Charybdis. His men kill the cattle of the Sun and drown.","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/12","lines":453},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/11","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/13","license":"Source text: public domain (Homer, ancient; Greek per the Murray/Allen text via the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA 3.0). English translation: © 2026 1732 Studios, LLC — original line-aligned draft, pending editorial review. Word-by-word morphology and syntax derived from the Perseus Ancient Greek Dependency Treebank (CC BY-SA 3.0); English glosses and notes © 2026 1732 Studios, LLC.","audioBase":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/","lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"b12-l1","source":"αὐτὰρ ἐπεὶ ποταμοῖο λίπεν ῥόον Ὠκεανοῖο","translation":"But when our ship left the stream of the river Ocean","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ποταμοῖο","lemma":"ποταμός","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ῥόον","gloss":"river's"},{"surface":"λίπεν","lemma":"λείπω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to δ᾽","gloss":"left","note":"Aorist marks the completed departure from Ocean's stream, a single decisive act."},{"surface":"ῥόον","lemma":"ῥόος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of λίπεν","gloss":"stream"},{"surface":"Ὠκεανοῖο","lemma":"Ὠκεανός","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ποταμοῖο","gloss":"of Ocean","note":"Ὠκεανός is the mythic river encircling the world, not the sea — genitive stacked on genitive (ποταμοῖο)."}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"b12-l2","source":"νηῦς, ἀπὸ δʼ ἵκετο κῦμα θαλάσσης εὐρυπόροιο","translation":"and came again to the waves of the wide-wayed sea","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"νηῦς","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of δ᾽","gloss":"the ship"},{"surface":"ἀπὸ","lemma":"ἀπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"away"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἵκετο","lemma":"ἱκνέομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to δ᾽","gloss":"came","note":"ἀπὸ...ἵκετο is tmesis: preverb ἀπό separated from its verb by δ᾽, common in epic diction."},{"surface":"κῦμα","lemma":"κῦμα","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of τ᾽","gloss":"wave"},{"surface":"θαλάσσης","lemma":"θάλασσα","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies κῦμα","gloss":"of the sea"},{"surface":"εὐρυπόροιο","lemma":"εὐρύπορος","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies θαλάσσης","gloss":"wide-wayed","note":"Formulaic epithet εὐρύπορος 'wide-pathed' for the open sea, filling the verse end."}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"b12-l3","source":"νῆσόν τʼ Αἰαίην, ὅθι τʼ Ἠοῦς ἠριγενείης","translation":"and to the Aeaean island, where are the dwellings of early-born Dawn","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l3.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"νῆσόν","lemma":"νῆσος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of τ᾽","gloss":"island"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Αἰαίην","lemma":"Αἰαία","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"modifies νῆσόν","gloss":"Aeaean","note":"Circe's island, named only here in the poem — proper adjective agreeing with νῆσόν."},{"surface":"ὅθι","lemma":"ὅθι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to εἰσι","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ἠοῦς","lemma":"Ἠοῦς","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"of Dawn"},{"surface":"ἠριγενείης","lemma":"ἠριγένεια","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Ἠοῦς","gloss":"early-born","note":"ἠριγένεια 'early-born' is Dawn's standing epithet, echoing the personified goddess Ἠώς."}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"b12-l4","source":"οἰκία καὶ χοροί εἰσι καὶ ἀντολαὶ Ἠελίοιο,","translation":"and her dancing-grounds, and the risings of the Sun,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l4.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἰκία","lemma":"οἰκίον","morphology":"nominative plural neuter noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"dwellings"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"χοροί","lemma":"χορός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"dancing-grounds"},{"surface":"εἰσι","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing νῆσόν","gloss":"are","note":"Plural subjects (οἰκία, χοροί, ἀντολαὶ) take a single 3rd-plural εἰσι, normal Greek agreement."},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀντολαὶ","lemma":"ἀνατολή","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"risings"},{"surface":"Ἠελίοιο","lemma":"Ἠέλιος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ἀντολαὶ","gloss":"of the Sun"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"b12-l5","source":"νῆα μὲν ἔνθʼ ἐλθόντες ἐκέλσαμεν ἐν ψαμάθοισιν,","translation":"there, coming ashore, we ran the ship up onto the sands,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l5.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"νῆα","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐκέλσαμεν","gloss":"the ship"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἔνθ","lemma":"ἔνθα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐκέλσαμεν","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"ἐλθόντες","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐκέλσαμεν","gloss":"having come"},{"surface":"ἐκέλσαμεν","lemma":"κέλλω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"we beached","note":"κέλλω 'run ashore' — vivid nautical verb for driving the ship onto sand."},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ψαμάθοισιν","lemma":"ψάμαθος","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἐν","gloss":"the sands"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"b12-l6","source":"ἐκ δὲ καὶ αὐτοὶ βῆμεν ἐπὶ ῥηγμῖνι θαλάσσης·","translation":"and we ourselves stepped out onto the breaking surf of the sea;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l6.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"out"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"αὐτοὶ","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"ourselves","note":"αὐτοὶ 'we ourselves' stresses the crew stepping out in person, contrasting with the ship left behind."},{"surface":"βῆμεν","lemma":"βαίνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"we stepped"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"ῥηγμῖνι","lemma":"ῥηγμίν","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐπὶ","gloss":"surf"},{"surface":"θαλάσσης","lemma":"θάλασσα","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies ῥηγμῖνι","gloss":"of the sea"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"b12-l7","source":"ἔνθα δʼ ἀποβρίξαντες ἐμείναμεν Ἠῶ δῖαν.","translation":"and there we fell asleep and waited for the bright Dawn.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l7.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔνθα","lemma":"ἔνθα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐμείναμεν","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀποβρίξαντες","lemma":"ἀποβρίζω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐμείναμεν","gloss":"having dozed off","note":"ἀποβρίζω, a rare verb for falling asleep from exhaustion — vivid after the ordeal in Hades."},{"surface":"ἐμείναμεν","lemma":"μένω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"we waited for"},{"surface":"Ἠῶ","lemma":"ἠώς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐμείναμεν","gloss":"Dawn"},{"surface":"δῖαν","lemma":"δῖος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Ἠῶ","gloss":"bright"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"b12-l8","source":"ἦμος δʼ ἠριγένεια φάνη ῥοδοδάκτυλος Ἠώς,","translation":"And when early-born, rosy-fingered Dawn appeared,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l8.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἦμος","lemma":"ἦμος","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἠριγένεια","lemma":"ἠριγένεια","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"modifies Ἠώς","gloss":"early-born","note":"Full formulaic dawn-line: ἠριγένεια...ῥοδοδάκτυλος Ἠώς, one of Homer's most repeated verses."},{"surface":"φάνη","lemma":"φαίνω","morphology":"aorist passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἦμος","gloss":"appeared"},{"surface":"ῥοδοδάκτυλος","lemma":"ῥοδοδάκτυλος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Ἠώς","gloss":"rosy-fingered"},{"surface":"Ἠώς","lemma":"ἠώς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of φάνη","gloss":"Dawn"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"b12-l9","source":"δὴ τότʼ ἐγὼν ἑτάρους προΐειν ἐς δώματα Κίρκης","translation":"then indeed I sent my companions to the house of Circe","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l9.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"τότ","lemma":"τότε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to προΐειν","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἐγὼν","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of προΐειν","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ἑτάρους","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of προΐειν","gloss":"companions"},{"surface":"προΐειν","lemma":"προίημι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"sent","note":"Imperfect προΐειν frames the sending as the ongoing background action opening the episode."},{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"δώματα","lemma":"δῶμα","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἐς","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"Κίρκης","lemma":"Κίρκη","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies δώματα","gloss":"of Circe"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"b12-l10","source":"οἰσέμεναι νεκρόν, Ἐλπήνορα τεθνηῶτα.","translation":"to bring back the corpse, Elpenor who had died.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l10.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἰσέμεναι","lemma":"φέρω","morphology":"future active infinitive","role":"adverbial to προΐειν","gloss":"to bring back","note":"Future infinitive οἰσέμεναι expresses purpose — 'sent them (in order) to fetch' the corpse."},{"surface":"νεκρόν","lemma":"νεκρός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ,","gloss":"corpse"},{"surface":"Ἐλπήνορα","lemma":"Ἐλπήνωρ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ,","gloss":"Elpenor"},{"surface":"τεθνηῶτα","lemma":"θνήσκω","morphology":"perfect active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"modifies Ἐλπήνορα","gloss":"having died","note":"Perfect participle τεθνηῶτα stresses the resulting state of death, not the act itself."}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"b12-l11","source":"φιτροὺς δʼ αἶψα ταμόντες, ὅθʼ ἀκροτάτη πρόεχʼ ἀκτή,","translation":"Quickly we cut logs where the headland jutted farthest out,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l11.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"φιτροὺς","lemma":"φιτρός","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ταμόντες","gloss":"logs"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αἶψα","lemma":"αἶψα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ταμόντες","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"ταμόντες","lemma":"τέμνω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to θάπτομεν","gloss":"having cut"},{"surface":"ὅθ","lemma":"ὅτι","morphology":"conjunction","role":"adverbial to πρόεχ᾽","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"ἀκροτάτη","lemma":"ἄκρος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine superlative adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"highest","note":"Superlative ἀκροτάτη 'furthest/highest' describing the headland's jutting point."},{"surface":"πρόεχ","lemma":"προέχω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ταμόντες","gloss":"jutted out"},{"surface":"ἀκτή","lemma":"ἀκτή","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of πρόεχ᾽","gloss":"headland"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"b12-l12","source":"θάπτομεν ἀχνύμενοι θαλερὸν κατὰ δάκρυ χέοντες.","translation":"and we buried him, grieving, shedding warm tears.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l12.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"θάπτομεν","lemma":"θάπτω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"we buried"},{"surface":"ἀχνύμενοι","lemma":"ἀχεύω","morphology":"present passive participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to θάπτομεν","gloss":"grieving"},{"surface":"θαλερὸν","lemma":"θαλερός","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies δάκρυ","gloss":"warm"},{"surface":"κατὰ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"down"},{"surface":"δάκρυ","lemma":"δάκρυον","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of χέοντες","gloss":"tears"},{"surface":"χέοντες","lemma":"χέω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to θάπτομεν","gloss":"shedding","note":"κατὰ...χέοντες is another split tmesis, 'pouring down' tears — vivid grief imagery."}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"b12-l13","source":"αὐτὰρ ἐπεὶ νεκρός τʼ ἐκάη καὶ τεύχεα νεκροῦ,","translation":"But when the corpse had burned, and the dead man's armor,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l13.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"νεκρός","lemma":"νεκρός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"the corpse"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐκάη","lemma":"καίω","morphology":"aorist passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἐπεὶ","gloss":"had burned","note":"Passive ἐκάη 'was burned' — the standard verb for cremation on a pyre."},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τεύχεα","lemma":"τεῦχος","morphology":"nominative plural neuter noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"armor"},{"surface":"νεκροῦ","lemma":"νεκρός","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies τεύχεα","gloss":"of the dead man"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"b12-l14","source":"τύμβον χεύαντες καὶ ἐπὶ στήλην ἐρύσαντες","translation":"heaping up a mound and dragging a pillar onto it,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l14.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τύμβον","lemma":"τύμβος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of χεύαντες","gloss":"mound"},{"surface":"χεύαντες","lemma":"χέω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"heaping up"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"onto it"},{"surface":"στήλην","lemma":"στήλη","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐρύσαντες","gloss":"pillar"},{"surface":"ἐρύσαντες","lemma":"ἐρύω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"dragging","note":"ἐρύω 'drag/haul' pictures the crew physically hauling a heavy stone marker."}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"b12-l15","source":"πήξαμεν ἀκροτάτῳ τύμβῳ ἐυῆρες ἐρετμόν.","translation":"we fixed at the top of the mound his well-fitted oar.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l15.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πήξαμεν","lemma":"πήγνυμι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"we fixed"},{"surface":"ἀκροτάτῳ","lemma":"ἄκρος","morphology":"dative singular masculine superlative adjective","role":"modifies τύμβῳ","gloss":"topmost"},{"surface":"τύμβῳ","lemma":"τύμβος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of πήξαμεν","gloss":"mound"},{"surface":"ἐυῆρες","lemma":"εὐήρης","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἐρετμόν","gloss":"well-fitted","note":"εὐήρης 'well-fitted' epithet for the oar Elpenor rowed with in life — a poignant grave-marker."},{"surface":"ἐρετμόν","lemma":"ἐρετμόν","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of πήξαμεν","gloss":"oar"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"b12-l16","source":"ἡμεῖς μὲν τὰ ἕκαστα διείπομεν· οὐδʼ ἄρα\n                     Κίρκην","translation":"We then saw to each of these things; nor indeed did Circe","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l16.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἡμεῖς","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of διείπομεν","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"τὰ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"article","role":"modifies ἕκαστα","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ἕκαστα","lemma":"ἕκαστος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of διείπομεν","gloss":"each thing"},{"surface":"διείπομεν","lemma":"διεῖπον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"attended to","note":"διεῖπον 'saw to, arranged' — rare compound covering all the funeral tasks just listed."},{"surface":"ἄρα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"Κίρκην","lemma":"Κίρκη","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐλήθομεν","gloss":"Circe"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"b12-l17","source":"ἐξ Ἀίδεω ἐλθόντες ἐλήθομεν, ἀλλὰ μάλʼ ὦκα","translation":"fail to learn that we had come from Hades, but very swiftly","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l17.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐξ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Ἀίδεω","lemma":"ᾍδης","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies","gloss":"Hades"},{"surface":"ἐλθόντες","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐλήθομεν","gloss":"having come"},{"surface":"ἐλήθομεν","lemma":"λανθάνω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"escaped notice","note":"λανθάνω + participle = 'we were not noticed coming' — idiom for doing something unobserved."},{"surface":"ἀλλὰ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"μάλ","lemma":"μάλα","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"ὦκα","lemma":"ὦκα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἦλθ᾽","gloss":"swiftly"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"b12-l18","source":"ἦλθʼ ἐντυναμένη· ἅμα δʼ ἀμφίπολοι φέρον αὐτῇ","translation":"she came, having dressed herself; and with her her handmaids carried","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l18.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἦλθ","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"she came"},{"surface":"ἐντυναμένη","lemma":"ἐντύνω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to ἦλθ᾽","gloss":"having dressed","note":"Middle participle ἐντυναμένη, 'having arrayed herself' — Circe dressing for a formal appearance."},{"surface":"ἅμα","lemma":"ἅμα","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀμφίπολοι","lemma":"ἀμφίπολος","morphology":"nominative plural feminine adjective","role":"subject of φέρον","gloss":"handmaids"},{"surface":"φέρον","lemma":"φέρω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"carried"},{"surface":"αὐτῇ","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"adverbial to ἅμα","gloss":"with her"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"b12-l19","source":"σῖτον καὶ κρέα πολλὰ καὶ αἴθοπα οἶνον ἐρυθρόν.","translation":"bread and meat in plenty and gleaming red wine.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l19.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"σῖτον","lemma":"σῖτος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"bread"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κρέα","lemma":"κρέας","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"meat"},{"surface":"πολλὰ","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies κρέα","gloss":"in plenty"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αἴθοπα","lemma":"αἶθοψ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies οἶνον","gloss":"gleaming","note":"αἴθοψ 'fire-bright, gleaming' — standard Homeric color-epithet for red wine."},{"surface":"οἶνον","lemma":"οἶνος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"wine"},{"surface":"ἐρυθρόν","lemma":"ἐρυθρός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies οἶνον","gloss":"red"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"b12-l20","source":"ἡ δʼ ἐν μέσσῳ στᾶσα μετηύδα δῖα θεάων·","translation":"And standing in our midst the goddess divine spoke:","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l20.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἡ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"μέσσῳ","lemma":"μέσος","morphology":"dative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"midst"},{"surface":"στᾶσα","lemma":"στάζω","morphology":"future active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to μετηύδα","gloss":"standing"},{"surface":"μετηύδα","lemma":"μεταυδάω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spoke","note":"μεταυδάω 'speak among' fits her standing in the men's midst before addressing them."},{"surface":"δῖα","lemma":"δῖος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"subject","gloss":"divine"},{"surface":"θεάων","lemma":"θεά","morphology":"genitive plural feminine noun","role":"modifies δῖα","gloss":"of goddesses","note":"δῖα θεάων 'shining among goddesses' — formulaic honorific for Circe."}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"b12-l21","source":"σχέτλιοι, οἳ ζώοντες ὑπήλθετε δῶμʼ Ἀίδαο,","translation":"\"Reckless men, who went down alive into the house of Hades,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l21.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"σχέτλιοι","title":"Reckless ones","body":"A reproachful word for someone hard, stubborn, or rashly bold; Circe marvels that they dared the journey to the dead."}],"words":[{"surface":"σχέτλιοι","lemma":"σχέτλιος","morphology":"vocative plural masculine adjective","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"reckless men","note":"Vocative σχέτλιοι opens Circe's speech with blunt rebuke, no noun needed — 'you rash ones.'"},{"surface":"οἳ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ὑπήλθετε","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"ζώοντες","lemma":"ζώω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ὑπήλθετε","gloss":"living"},{"surface":"ὑπήλθετε","lemma":"ὑπέρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 2nd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing σχέτλιοι","gloss":"went down"},{"surface":"δῶμ","lemma":"δῶμα","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ὑπήλθετε","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"Ἀίδαο","lemma":"ᾍδης","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies δῶμ᾽","gloss":"of Hades"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"b12-l22","source":"δισθανέες, ὅτε τʼ ἄλλοι ἅπαξ θνῄσκουσʼ ἄνθρωποι.","translation":"twice-dying, when other men die only once.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l22.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"δισθανέες","title":"Twice-dying","body":"A rare compound: they will die a second time, having already in a sense died by descending alive to Hades."}],"words":[{"surface":"δισθανέες","lemma":"δισθανής","morphology":"vocative plural masculine adjective","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"twice-dying","note":"δισθανής, a striking coinage: they will 'die twice,' once now and again at their true death."},{"surface":"ὅτε","lemma":"ὅτε","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἄλλοι","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἄνθρωποι","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"ἅπαξ","lemma":"ἅπαξ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to θνῄσκουσ᾽","gloss":"only once"},{"surface":"θνῄσκουσ","lemma":"θνήσκω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to ὅτε","gloss":"die"},{"surface":"ἄνθρωποι","lemma":"ἄνθρωπος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of θνῄσκουσ᾽","gloss":"men"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"b12-l23","source":"ἀλλʼ ἄγετʼ ἐσθίετε βρώμην καὶ πίνετε οἶνον","translation":"But come now, eat food and drink wine","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l23.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἄγετ","lemma":"ἄγε","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"come now","note":"ἄγε as an interjection, 'come now!' — a stock exhortation opening Circe's invitation."},{"surface":"ἐσθίετε","lemma":"ἐσθίω","morphology":"present active imperative, 2nd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"eat"},{"surface":"βρώμην","lemma":"βρώμη","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐσθίετε","gloss":"food"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πίνετε","lemma":"πίνω","morphology":"present active imperative, 2nd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"drink"},{"surface":"οἶνον","lemma":"οἶνος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of πίνετε","gloss":"wine"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"b12-l24","source":"αὖθι πανημέριοι· ἅμα δʼ ἠοῖ φαινομένηφι","translation":"here all the day long; and at the showing of Dawn","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l24.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὖθι","lemma":"αὖθι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"πανημέριοι","lemma":"πανημέριος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"all day long"},{"surface":"ἅμα","lemma":"ἅμα","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἠοῖ","lemma":"ἠώς","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἅμα","gloss":"at Dawn"},{"surface":"φαινομένηφι","lemma":"φαίνω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, dative plural feminine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"appearing","note":"φαινομένηφι uses the old instrumental -φι ending, an archaic epic case form."}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"b12-l25","source":"πλεύσεσθʼ· αὐτὰρ ἐγὼ δείξω ὁδὸν ἠδὲ ἕκαστα","translation":"you shall sail; and I will show you the way and each thing","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l25.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πλεύσεσθ","lemma":"πλέω","morphology":"future middle indicative, 2nd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"you shall sail"},{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐγὼ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἠδὲ","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"δείξω","lemma":"δείκνυμι","morphology":"future active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will show"},{"surface":"ὁδὸν","lemma":"ὁδός","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of δείξω","gloss":"way"},{"surface":"ἠδὲ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἕκαστα","lemma":"ἕκαστος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of σημανέω","gloss":"each thing"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"b12-l26","source":"σημανέω, ἵνα μή τι κακορραφίῃ ἀλεγεινῇ","translation":"I will make clear, so that by no grievous contrivance of evil","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l26.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"σημανέω","lemma":"σημαίνω","morphology":"future active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will make clear","note":"σημανέω 'signal, mark out' — Circe promises detailed guidance, not vague advice."},{"surface":"ἵνα","lemma":"ἵνα","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"μή","lemma":"μή","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"τι","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"κακορραφίῃ","lemma":"κακορραφία","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἀλγήσετε","gloss":"evil scheme"},{"surface":"ἀλεγεινῇ","lemma":"ἀλεγεινός","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies κακορραφίῃ","gloss":"grievous"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"b12-l27","source":"ἢ ἁλὸς ἢ ἐπὶ γῆς ἀλγήσετε πῆμα παθόντες.","translation":"either on the sea or on the land you may suffer pain and woe.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l27.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἢ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"either"},{"surface":"ἁλὸς","lemma":"ἅλς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἢ","gloss":"sea"},{"surface":"ἢ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"γῆς","lemma":"γῆ","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐπὶ","gloss":"land"},{"surface":"ἀλγήσετε","lemma":"ἀλγέω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 2nd plural verb","role":"adverbial to ἵνα","gloss":"you suffer","note":"Subjunctive after ἵνα μή expresses purpose: 'so that you not suffer' any harm."},{"surface":"πῆμα","lemma":"πῆμα","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of παθόντες","gloss":"pain"},{"surface":"παθόντες","lemma":"πάσχω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ἀλγήσετε","gloss":"having met with"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"b12-l28","source":"ὣς ἔφαθʼ, ἡμῖν δʼ αὖτʼ ἐπεπείθετο θυμὸς\n                     ἀγήνωρ.","translation":"So she spoke, and our manly spirit was persuaded.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l28.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἐπεπείθετο","title":"Imperfect with augment","body":"ἐπεπείθετο is imperfect middle, 'was persuaded'; the prefixed ε- is the past-tense augment marking it as past."}],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔφαθ᾽","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ἔφαθ","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"she spoke"},{"surface":"ἡμῖν","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative plural masculine pronoun","role":"modifies θυμὸς","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αὖτ","lemma":"αὖτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"ἐπεπείθετο","lemma":"ἐπιπείθομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was persuaded"},{"surface":"θυμὸς","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐπεπείθετο","gloss":"spirit"},{"surface":"ἀγήνωρ","lemma":"ἀγήνωρ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies θυμὸς","gloss":"manly","note":"ἀγήνωρ 'manly, proud' modifies θυμὸς — even proud hearts yield to Circe's persuasion."}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"b12-l29","source":"ὣς τότε μὲν πρόπαν ἦμαρ ἐς ἠέλιον καταδύντα","translation":"So then for that whole day, until the sun went down,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l29.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἥμεθα","gloss":"so","note":"Epic ὣς ... τότε μέν opens a narrative recap formula."},{"surface":"τότε","lemma":"τότε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἥμεθα","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"πρόπαν","lemma":"πρόπας","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἦμαρ","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"ἦμαρ","lemma":"ἦμαρ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἥμεθα","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"ἠέλιον","lemma":"ἠέλιος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐς","gloss":"the sun"},{"surface":"καταδύντα","lemma":"καταδύω","morphology":"aorist active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"going down","note":"καταδύντα: aorist participle, 'until the sun sank' — accusative of the goal-point in time."}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"b12-l30","source":"ἥμεθα δαινύμενοι κρέα τʼ ἄσπετα καὶ μέθυ ἡδύ·","translation":"we sat feasting on abundant meat and sweet wine.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l30.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἥμεθα","lemma":"ἧμαι","morphology":"pluperfect indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"we sat","note":"ἥμεθα is a pluperfect in form but has ordinary past ('we sat') sense in Homer."},{"surface":"δαινύμενοι","lemma":"δαίνυμι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ἥμεθα","gloss":"feasting"},{"surface":"κρέα","lemma":"κρέας","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"meat"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄσπετα","lemma":"ἄσπετος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies κρέα","gloss":"boundless","note":"ἄσπετα 'unspeakably much' — a stock Homeric intensifier for abundance."},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μέθυ","lemma":"μέθυ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"wine"},{"surface":"ἡδύ","lemma":"ἡδύς","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies μέθυ","gloss":"sweet"}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"b12-l31","source":"ἦμος δʼ ἠέλιος κατέδυ καὶ ἐπὶ κνέφας ἦλθεν,","translation":"But when the sun went down and darkness came on,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l31.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἦμος","lemma":"ἦμος","morphology":"adverb","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when","note":"ἦμος introduces a temporal clause, 'when' — a common Homeric formula marking the time of day."},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἠέλιος","lemma":"ἠέλιος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of κατέδυ","gloss":"the sun"},{"surface":"κατέδυ","lemma":"καταδύω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"went down"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"κνέφας","lemma":"κνέφας","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of ἦλθεν","gloss":"darkness"},{"surface":"ἦλθεν","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"came"}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"b12-l32","source":"οἱ μὲν κοιμήσαντο παρὰ πρυμνήσια νηός,","translation":"they lay down to sleep beside the stern-cables of the ship,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l32.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of κοιμήσαντο","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"κοιμήσαντο","lemma":"κοιμάω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"lay down to sleep"},{"surface":"παρὰ","lemma":"παρά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"πρυμνήσια","lemma":"πρυμνήσιος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to παρὰ","gloss":"stern-cables","note":"πρυμνήσια: the mooring-ropes at the ship's stern, a concrete nautical detail."},{"surface":"νηός","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies πρυμνήσια","gloss":"of the ship"}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"b12-l33","source":"ἡ δʼ ἐμὲ χειρὸς ἑλοῦσα φίλων ἀπονόσφιν ἑταίρων","translation":"but she, taking me by the hand, apart from my dear companions,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l33.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἡ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"she","note":"ἡ used as a personal pronoun 'she' (Circe), an old demonstrative use surviving before the definite article develops."},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐμὲ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"χειρὸς","lemma":"χείρ","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἑλοῦσα","gloss":"by the hand","note":"Genitive of the part grasped: 'took me by the hand' (partitive genitive with a verb of taking)."},{"surface":"ἑλοῦσα","lemma":"αἱρέω","morphology":"future active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to εἷσέ","gloss":"taking"},{"surface":"φίλων","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἑταίρων","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"ἀπονόσφιν","lemma":"ἀπονόσφι","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"apart from"},{"surface":"ἑταίρων","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἀπονόσφιν","gloss":"companions"}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"b12-l34","source":"εἷσέ τε καὶ προσέλεκτο καὶ ἐξερέεινεν ἕκαστα·","translation":"made me sit, and reclined beside me, and asked me about everything;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l34.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἷσέ","lemma":"ἵζω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"seated me"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"προσέλεκτο","lemma":"προσλέγω","morphology":"aorist medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"reclined beside"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐξερέεινεν","lemma":"ἐξερεείνω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"ἕκαστα","lemma":"ἕκαστος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of ἐξερέεινεν","gloss":"everything","note":"ἕκαστα 'each thing' used adverbially/objectively, 'about everything in detail'."}]},{"number":35,"label":"35","id":"b12-l35","source":"αὐτὰρ ἐγὼ τῇ πάντα κατὰ μοῖραν κατέλεξα.","translation":"and I in turn told her all in due order.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l35.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"κατὰ μοῖραν","title":"In due order","body":"Literally 'according to measure/portion'; a Homeric idiom for speaking properly, fittingly, point by point."}],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐγὼ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of κατέλεξα","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"τῇ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of κατέλεξα","gloss":"to her"},{"surface":"πάντα","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"object of κατέλεξα","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"κατὰ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"according to"},{"surface":"μοῖραν","lemma":"μοῖρα","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to κατὰ","gloss":"due order","note":"κατὰ μοῖραν, 'according to due share/order' — formulaic phrase for a proper, orderly account."},{"surface":"κατέλεξα","lemma":"καταλέγω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"told"}]},{"number":36,"label":"36","id":"b12-l36","source":"καὶ τότε δή μʼ ἐπέεσσι προσηύδα πότνια Κίρκη·","translation":"And then queenly Circe spoke to me with words:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l36.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τότε","lemma":"τότε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to προσηύδα","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"δή","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"μ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of προσηύδα","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ἐπέεσσι","lemma":"ἔπος","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to προσηύδα","gloss":"with words","note":"ἔπεσσι, epic dative plural of ἔπος, instrumental 'with words' — common speech-introduction formula."},{"surface":"προσηύδα","lemma":"προσαυδάω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"addressed"},{"surface":"πότνια","lemma":"πότνια","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"modifies Κίρκη","gloss":"queenly","note":"πότνια Κίρκη, a fixed epithet-name formula for Circe."},{"surface":"Κίρκη","lemma":"Κίρκη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of προσηύδα","gloss":"Circe"}]},{"number":37,"label":"37","id":"b12-l37","source":"ταῦτα μὲν οὕτω πάντα πεπείρανται, σὺ δʼ\n                        ἄκουσον,","translation":"\"All these things have thus been brought to their end; but you, listen,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l37.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ταῦτα","lemma":"οὗτος","morphology":"nominative plural neuter adjective","role":"subject of πεπείρανται","gloss":"these things"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"οὕτω","lemma":"οὕτως","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to πεπείρανται","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"πάντα","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"nominative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ταῦτα","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"πεπείρανται","lemma":"πειράω","morphology":"perfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"have been accomplished"},{"surface":"σὺ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"nominative singular pronoun","role":"subject of ἄκουσον","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἄκουσον","lemma":"ἀκούω","morphology":"aorist active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"listen"}]},{"number":38,"label":"38","id":"b12-l38","source":"ὥς τοι ἐγὼν ἐρέω, μνήσει δέ σε καὶ θεὸς αὐτός.","translation":"as I shall tell you; and the god himself will bring it to your mind.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l38.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὥς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐρέω","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"object of ἐρέω","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"ἐγὼν","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἐρέω","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ἐρέω","lemma":"ἐρῶ","morphology":"future active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"object of ἄκουσον","gloss":"will tell"},{"surface":"μνήσει","lemma":"μιμνήσκω","morphology":"future active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will remind"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"σε","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative singular pronoun","role":"object of μνήσει","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"θεὸς","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of μνήσει","gloss":"a god"},{"surface":"αὐτός","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"himself","note":"αὐτός intensifying θεός: 'the god himself,' emphasizing divine reinforcement of memory."}]},{"number":39,"label":"39","id":"b12-l39","source":"Σειρῆνας μὲν πρῶτον ἀφίξεαι, αἵ ῥά τε πάντας","translation":"First you will come to the Sirens, who bewitch all","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l39.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Σειρῆνας","lemma":"Σειρήν","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἀφίξεαι","gloss":"the Sirens","note":"First mention of the Sirens — the famous enchantresses of Odyssey 12."},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"πρῶτον","lemma":"πρῶτος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ἀφίξεαι","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"ἀφίξεαι","lemma":"ἀφικνέομαι","morphology":"future middle indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"you will reach"},{"surface":"αἵ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative plural feminine pronoun","role":"subject of θέλγουσιν","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"ῥά","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"πάντας","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἀνθρώπους","gloss":"all"}]},{"number":40,"label":"40","id":"b12-l40","source":"ἀνθρώπους θέλγουσιν, ὅτις σφεας εἰσαφίκηται.","translation":"men, whoever comes to them.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l40.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀνθρώπους","lemma":"ἄνθρωπος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of θέλγουσιν","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"θέλγουσιν","lemma":"θέλγω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing Σειρῆνας","gloss":"bewitch","note":"θέλγουσιν, 'enchant/bewitch' — key verb describing the Sirens' magical song."},{"surface":"ὅτις","lemma":"ὅστις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of εἰσαφίκηται","gloss":"whoever"},{"surface":"σφεας","lemma":"σφεῖς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of εἰσαφίκηται","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"εἰσαφίκηται","lemma":"εἰσαφικνέομαι","morphology":"aorist medio-passive subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ἀνθρώπους","gloss":"comes to"}]},{"number":41,"label":"41","id":"b12-l41","source":"ὅς τις ἀιδρείῃ πελάσῃ καὶ φθόγγον ἀκούσῃ","translation":"Whoever in ignorance draws near and hears the voice","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l41.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὅς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"whoever"},{"surface":"τις","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies ὅς","gloss":"whoever"},{"surface":"ἀιδρείῃ","lemma":"ἀιδρείη","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to πελάσῃ","gloss":"in ignorance","note":"ἀιδρείῃ, dative of manner, 'in ignorance/unwittingly' — sets up the fatal naivety of the victim."},{"surface":"πελάσῃ","lemma":"πελάζω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing καὶ","gloss":"draws near"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"φθόγγον","lemma":"φθόγγος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἀκούσῃ","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"ἀκούσῃ","lemma":"ἀκούω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing καὶ","gloss":"hears"}]},{"number":42,"label":"42","id":"b12-l42","source":"Σειρήνων, τῷ δʼ οὔ τι γυνὴ καὶ νήπια τέκνα","translation":"of the Sirens, for him his wife and little children","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l42.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Σειρήνων","lemma":"Σειρήν","morphology":"genitive plural feminine noun","role":"modifies φθόγγον","gloss":"of the Sirens"},{"surface":"τῷ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of δὲ","gloss":"for him"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"οὔ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"τι","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"γυνὴ","lemma":"γυνή","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"νήπια","lemma":"νήπιος","morphology":"nominative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies τέκνα","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"τέκνα","lemma":"τέκνον","morphology":"nominative plural neuter noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"children"}]},{"number":43,"label":"43","id":"b12-l43","source":"οἴκαδε νοστήσαντι παρίσταται οὐδὲ γάνυνται,","translation":"never stand beside him on his homecoming, nor do they rejoice,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l43.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"νοστήσαντι","title":"Aorist participle, dative","body":"νοστήσαντι is an aorist participle agreeing with the dative 'for him': 'for the man who has come home.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"οἴκαδε","lemma":"οἴκαδε","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of νοστήσαντι","gloss":"homeward"},{"surface":"νοστήσαντι","lemma":"νοστέω","morphology":"aorist active participle, dative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"having returned","note":"οἴκαδε νοστήσαντι, 'on his homecoming' — bitterly ironic since he never returns."},{"surface":"παρίσταται","lemma":"παρίστημι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"stand beside"},{"surface":"γάνυνται","lemma":"γάνυμαι","morphology":"present middle indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"nor do they rejoice"}]},{"number":44,"label":"44","id":"b12-l44","source":"ἀλλά τε Σειρῆνες λιγυρῇ θέλγουσιν ἀοιδῇ","translation":"but the Sirens bewitch him with their clear-toned song,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l44.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλά","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"Σειρῆνες","lemma":"Σειρήν","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject of θέλγουσιν","gloss":"the Sirens"},{"surface":"λιγυρῇ","lemma":"λιγυρός","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἀοιδῇ","gloss":"clear-toned","note":"λιγυρῇ ἀοιδῇ, 'clear-sounding song' — the seductive beauty of the Sirens' voice."},{"surface":"θέλγουσιν","lemma":"θέλγω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"bewitch"},{"surface":"ἀοιδῇ","lemma":"ἀοιδή","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to θέλγουσιν","gloss":"with song"}]},{"number":45,"label":"45","id":"b12-l45","source":"ἥμεναι ἐν λειμῶνι, πολὺς δʼ ἀμφʼ ὀστεόφιν θὶς","translation":"sitting in a meadow; and round about is a great heap of bones","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l45.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἥμεναι","lemma":"ἧμαι","morphology":"perfect participle, nominative plural feminine","role":"adverbial to θέλγουσιν","gloss":"sitting"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"λειμῶνι","lemma":"λειμών","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"a meadow"},{"surface":"πολὺς","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies θὶς","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀμφ","lemma":"ἀμφί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"ὀστεόφιν","lemma":"ὀστέον","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial","gloss":"of bones","note":"ὀστεόφιν: archaic -φιν case-ending (instrumental/genitive), typical of Homeric noun forms."},{"surface":"θὶς","lemma":"θίς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"a heap"}]},{"number":46,"label":"46","id":"b12-l46","source":"ἀνδρῶν πυθομένων, περὶ δὲ ῥινοὶ μινύθουσι.","translation":"of rotting men, and the skin shrivels upon them.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l46.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀνδρῶν","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies θὶς","gloss":"of men"},{"surface":"πυθομένων","lemma":"πύθω","morphology":"present passive participle, genitive plural masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"rotting","note":"πυθομένων, 'decaying/rotting' — grim image reinforcing the Sirens' meadow of death."},{"surface":"περὶ","lemma":"περί","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to μινύθουσι","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ῥινοὶ","lemma":"ῥινός","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject of μινύθουσι","gloss":"skins"},{"surface":"μινύθουσι","lemma":"μινύθω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"shrivel"}]},{"number":47,"label":"47","id":"b12-l47","source":"ἀλλὰ παρεξελάαν, ἐπὶ δʼ οὔατʼ ἀλεῖψαι ἑταίρων","translation":"But drive past them, and smear over the ears of your companions","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l47.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλὰ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"παρεξελάαν","lemma":"παρεξελαύνω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"main verb","gloss":"drive past"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"οὔατ","lemma":"οὖς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἐπὶ","gloss":"ears"},{"surface":"ἀλεῖψαι","lemma":"ἀλείφω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"main verb","gloss":"smear"},{"surface":"ἑταίρων","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies οὔατ᾽","gloss":"of companions"}]},{"number":48,"label":"48","id":"b12-l48","source":"κηρὸν δεψήσας μελιηδέα, μή τις ἀκούσῃ","translation":"with honey-sweet wax kneaded soft, so that none may hear","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l48.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κηρὸν","lemma":"κηρός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of δεψήσας","gloss":"wax"},{"surface":"δεψήσας","lemma":"δέψω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἀλεῖψαι","gloss":"kneading soft","note":"δεψήσας, 'having kneaded/softened' — describes preparing beeswax earplugs."},{"surface":"μελιηδέα","lemma":"μελιηδής","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies κηρὸν","gloss":"honey-sweet"},{"surface":"μή","lemma":"μή","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"lest"},{"surface":"τις","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἀκούσῃ","gloss":"anyone"},{"surface":"ἀκούσῃ","lemma":"ἀκούω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to μή","gloss":"hear"}]},{"number":49,"label":"49","id":"b12-l49","source":"τῶν ἄλλων· ἀτὰρ αὐτὸς ἀκουέμεν αἴ κʼ ἐθέλῃσθα,","translation":"of the others; but you yourself may listen, if you wish,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l49.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τῶν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine article","role":"modifies ἄλλων","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"ἄλλων","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies τις","gloss":"others"},{"surface":"ἀτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"αὐτὸς","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"ἀκουέμεν","lemma":"ἀκούω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"main verb","gloss":"to hear","note":"ἀκουέμεν, an epic infinitive ending in -έμεν (alongside -ειν), typical Homeric verse-filler morphology."},{"surface":"αἴ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"κ","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"ἐθέλῃσθα","lemma":"ἐθέλω","morphology":"present active subjunctive, 2nd singular verb","role":"adverbial to αἴ","gloss":"you wish"}]},{"number":50,"label":"50","id":"b12-l50","source":"δησάντων σʼ ἐν νηὶ θοῇ χεῖράς τε πόδας τε","translation":"provided they bind you in the swift ship, hands and feet,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l50.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δησάντων","lemma":"δέω","morphology":"aorist active imperative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"let them bind","note":"δησάντων, 3rd-plural aorist imperative ('let them bind') — Circe's instructions phrased as commands to the crew."},{"surface":"σ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative singular pronoun","role":"object of δησάντων","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"νηὶ","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"ship"},{"surface":"θοῇ","lemma":"θοός","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies νηὶ","gloss":"swift"},{"surface":"χεῖράς","lemma":"χείρ","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of τε","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πόδας","lemma":"πούς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of τε","gloss":"feet"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"}]},{"number":51,"label":"51","id":"b12-l51","source":"ὀρθὸν ἐν ἱστοπέδῃ, ἐκ δʼ αὐτοῦ πείρατʼ ἀνήφθω,","translation":"upright in the mast-step, and let the rope-ends be fastened to the mast itself,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l51.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὀρθὸν","lemma":"ὀρθός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"upright"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ἱστοπέδῃ","lemma":"ἱστοπέδη","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐν","gloss":"the mast-step"},{"surface":"ἐκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αὐτοῦ","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"object of ἐκ","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"πείρατ","lemma":"πεῖραρ","morphology":"nominative plural neuter noun","role":"subject of ἀνήφθω","gloss":"rope-ends"},{"surface":"ἀνήφθω","lemma":"ἀνάπτω","morphology":"perfect medio-passive imperative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"be fastened","note":"ἀνήφθω, perfect passive imperative — 'let it stand fastened,' a vivid detail of Odysseus tied to the mast."}]},{"number":52,"label":"52","id":"b12-l52","source":"ὄφρα κε τερπόμενος ὄπʼ ἀκούσῃς Σειρήνοιιν.","translation":"so that you may take delight in hearing the voice of the two Sirens.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l52.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Σειρήνοιιν","title":"Dual ending","body":"Σειρήνοιιν is a dual form, 'of the two Sirens'; Greek had a special dual number for pairs, used here for the pair of singers."}],"words":[{"surface":"ὄφρα","lemma":"ὄφρα","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"κε","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"τερπόμενος","lemma":"τέρπω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἀκούσῃς","gloss":"delighting"},{"surface":"ὄπ","lemma":"ὄψ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἀκούσῃς","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"ἀκούσῃς","lemma":"ἀκούω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 2nd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὄφρα","gloss":"you may hear"},{"surface":"Σειρήνοιιν","lemma":"Σειρήν","morphology":"genitive dual feminine noun","role":"modifies ὄπ᾽","gloss":"of the two Sirens","note":"Σειρήνοιιν: dual genitive form — Homeric grammar marks exactly two Sirens here."}]},{"number":53,"label":"53","id":"b12-l53","source":"εἰ δέ κε λίσσηαι ἑτάρους λῦσαί τε κελεύῃς,","translation":"But if you beg, and order your companions to loose you,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l53.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἰ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"κε","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"λίσσηαι","lemma":"λίσσομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive subjunctive, 2nd singular verb","role":"adverbial to τε","gloss":"you beg"},{"surface":"ἑτάρους","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of λίσσηαι","gloss":"companions"},{"surface":"λῦσαί","lemma":"λύω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of κελεύῃς","gloss":"to loose"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κελεύῃς","lemma":"κελεύω","morphology":"present active subjunctive, 2nd singular verb","role":"adverbial to τε","gloss":"you order"}]},{"number":54,"label":"54","id":"b12-l54","source":"οἱ δέ σʼ ἔτι πλεόνεσσι τότʼ ἐν δεσμοῖσι διδέντων.","translation":"then let them bind you with still more bonds.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l54.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"διδέντων","title":"Third-person imperative","body":"διδέντων is a third-person plural imperative, 'let them bind'; Greek can command people not present."}],"words":[{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of διδέντων","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"σ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative singular pronoun","role":"object of διδέντων","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ἔτι","lemma":"ἔτι","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"πλεόνεσσι","lemma":"πλείων","morphology":"dative plural comparative adjective","role":"modifies δεσμοῖσι","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"τότ","lemma":"τότε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to διδέντων","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"δεσμοῖσι","lemma":"δεσμός","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἐν","gloss":"bonds"},{"surface":"διδέντων","lemma":"δίδημι","morphology":"present active imperative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"let them bind","note":"διδέντων, 3rd-plural imperative of δίδημι, 'let them bind (further)' — reinforcing Circe's precaution."}]},{"number":55,"label":"55","id":"b12-l55","source":"αὐτὰρ ἐπὴν δὴ τάς γε παρὲξ ἐλάσωσιν ἑταῖροι,","translation":"But when your companions have driven past these,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l55.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐπὴν","lemma":"ἐπήν","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"τάς","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative plural feminine pronoun","role":"object of παρὲξ","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"παρὲξ","lemma":"παρέξ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"past"},{"surface":"ἐλάσωσιν","lemma":"ἐλαύνω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to ἐπὴν","gloss":"have driven"},{"surface":"ἑταῖροι","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐλάσωσιν","gloss":"companions"}]},{"number":56,"label":"56","id":"b12-l56","source":"ἔνθα τοι οὐκέτʼ ἔπειτα διηνεκέως ἀγορεύσω,","translation":"from there on I will no longer tell you continuously","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l56.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔνθα","lemma":"ἔνθα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀγορεύσω","gloss":"there","note":"ἔνθα marks a narrative pivot: Circe breaks off her continuous prophecy at this point in the story."},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"object of ἀγορεύσω","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"οὐκέτ","lemma":"οὐκέτι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀγορεύσω","gloss":"no longer"},{"surface":"ἔπειτα","lemma":"ἔπειτα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀγορεύσω","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"διηνεκέως","lemma":"διηνεκής","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀγορεύσω","gloss":"continuously"},{"surface":"ἀγορεύσω","lemma":"ἀγορεύω","morphology":"future active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will tell"}]},{"number":57,"label":"57","id":"b12-l57","source":"ὁπποτέρη δή τοι ὁδὸς ἔσσεται, ἀλλὰ καὶ αὐτὸς","translation":"which of two ways your course shall be, but you yourself","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l57.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὁπποτέρη","lemma":"ὁπότερος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ὁδὸς","gloss":"whichever","note":"Epic form of ὁπότερος 'which of two'—doubled π is a metrical lengthening."},{"surface":"δή","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"object of ἔσσεται","gloss":"for you"},{"surface":"ὁδὸς","lemma":"ὁδός","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἔσσεται","gloss":"way, course"},{"surface":"ἔσσεται","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"future indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"object of ἀγορεύσω","gloss":"will be","note":"ἔσσεται is the epic future of εἰμί, built on the σ-stem ἐσ-."},{"surface":"ἀλλὰ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"αὐτὸς","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"yourself"}]},{"number":58,"label":"58","id":"b12-l58","source":"θυμῷ βουλεύειν· ἐρέω δέ τοι ἀμφοτέρωθεν.","translation":"must take counsel in your heart; and I will tell you of both.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l58.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"βουλεύειν","title":"Infinitive as command","body":"The infinitive βουλεύειν stands for an imperative, 'you must take counsel'; Homer often uses the infinitive this way."}],"words":[{"surface":"θυμῷ","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to βουλεύειν","gloss":"in heart"},{"surface":"βουλεύειν","lemma":"βουλεύω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"main verb","gloss":"to plan"},{"surface":"ἐρέω","lemma":"ἐρῶ","morphology":"future active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I will tell"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"object of ἐρέω","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"ἀμφοτέρωθεν","lemma":"ἀμφοτέρωθεν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐρέω","gloss":"of both ways","note":"ἀμφοτέρωθεν, 'from both sides,' here used loosely for 'about both alternatives.'"}]},{"number":59,"label":"59","id":"b12-l59","source":"ἔνθεν μὲν γὰρ πέτραι ἐπηρεφέες, προτὶ δʼ αὐτὰς","translation":"On the one side there are overhanging cliffs, and against them","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l59.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔνθεν","lemma":"ἔνθεν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to δ᾽","gloss":"on one side"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"on the one hand"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"πέτραι","lemma":"πέτρα","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"cliffs"},{"surface":"ἐπηρεφέες","lemma":"ἐπηρεφής","morphology":"nominative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies πέτραι","gloss":"overhanging"},{"surface":"προτὶ","lemma":"πρός","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"against","note":"προτί is the epic/Aeolic-Doric byform of πρός."},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αὐτὰς","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"accusative plural feminine adjective","role":"object of προτὶ","gloss":"them"}]},{"number":60,"label":"60","id":"b12-l60","source":"κῦμα μέγα ῥοχθεῖ κυανώπιδος Ἀμφιτρίτης·","translation":"the great wave of dark-eyed Amphitrite roars;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l60.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κῦμα","lemma":"κῦμα","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of ῥοχθεῖ","gloss":"wave"},{"surface":"μέγα","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies κῦμα","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"ῥοχθεῖ","lemma":"ῥοχθέω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"roars"},{"surface":"κυανώπιδος","lemma":"κυανῶπις","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Ἀμφιτρίτης","gloss":"dark-eyed"},{"surface":"Ἀμφιτρίτης","lemma":"Ἀμφιτρίτη","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies κῦμα","gloss":"Amphitrite","note":"Epithet-plus-goddess formula for the sea itself, personified as Poseidon's wife."}]},{"number":61,"label":"61","id":"b12-l61","source":"Πλαγκτὰς δή τοι τάς γε θεοὶ μάκαρες καλέουσι.","translation":"the blessed gods call these the Wandering Rocks.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l61.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Πλαγκτὰς","lemma":"Πλαγκταί","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"complement of καλέουσι","gloss":"Wandering Rocks","note":"Πλαγκταί, the mythic Symplegades-like hazard Circe warns against as an alternative route."},{"surface":"δή","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"τοι","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"τάς","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative plural feminine pronoun","role":"object of καλέουσι","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"θεοὶ","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of καλέουσι","gloss":"the gods"},{"surface":"μάκαρες","lemma":"μάκαρ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies θεοὶ","gloss":"blessed"},{"surface":"καλέουσι","lemma":"καλέω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"call"}]},{"number":62,"label":"62","id":"b12-l62","source":"τῇ μέν τʼ οὐδὲ ποτητὰ παρέρχεται οὐδὲ πέλειαι","translation":"By them not even winged things pass, nor the doves,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l62.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τῇ","lemma":"τῇ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to δὲ","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"μέν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"on the one hand"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ποτητὰ","lemma":"ποτητός","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"subject of οὐ","gloss":"flying things"},{"surface":"παρέρχεται","lemma":"παρέρχομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"pass by"},{"surface":"πέλειαι","lemma":"πέλεια","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject of οὐ","gloss":"doves"}]},{"number":63,"label":"63","id":"b12-l63","source":"τρήρωνες, ταί τʼ ἀμβροσίην Διὶ πατρὶ φέρουσιν,","translation":"the timid ones, that carry ambrosia to Father Zeus,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l63.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τρήρωνες","lemma":"τρήρων","morphology":"nominative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies πέλειαι","gloss":"timid","note":"τρήρωνες, a fixed Homeric epithet for doves, 'tremblers.'"},{"surface":"ταί","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural feminine pronoun","role":"subject of φέρουσιν","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀμβροσίην","lemma":"ἀμβροσίη","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of φέρουσιν","gloss":"ambrosia"},{"surface":"Διὶ","lemma":"Ζεύς","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of φέρουσιν","gloss":"to Zeus"},{"surface":"πατρὶ","lemma":"πατήρ","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Διὶ","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"φέρουσιν","lemma":"φέρω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing πέλειαι","gloss":"carry"}]},{"number":64,"label":"64","id":"b12-l64","source":"ἀλλά τε καὶ τῶν αἰὲν ἀφαιρεῖται λὶς πέτρη·","translation":"but the smooth rock always takes one even of these away;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l64.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλά","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"τῶν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"genitive plural feminine pronoun","role":"object of ἀφαιρεῖται","gloss":"of them"},{"surface":"αἰὲν","lemma":"ἀεί","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀφαιρεῖται","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"ἀφαιρεῖται","lemma":"ἀφαιρέω","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"takes away"},{"surface":"λὶς","lemma":"λίς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies πέτρη","gloss":"smooth","note":"λίς, 'smooth, sheer'—rare adjective describing the rock's unclimbable polish."},{"surface":"πέτρη","lemma":"πέτρα","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἀφαιρεῖται","gloss":"rock"}]},{"number":65,"label":"65","id":"b12-l65","source":"ἀλλʼ ἄλλην ἐνίησι πατὴρ ἐναρίθμιον εἶναι.","translation":"and the Father sends in another to make up their number.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l65.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἄλλην","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"subject of εἶναι","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"ἐνίησι","lemma":"ἐνίημι","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"sends in"},{"surface":"πατὴρ","lemma":"πατήρ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐνίησι","gloss":"the father","note":"Zeus, replenishing the flock of doves that feed him ambrosia."},{"surface":"ἐναρίθμιον","lemma":"ἐναρίθμιος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"to fill the number"},{"surface":"εἶναι","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of ἐνίησι","gloss":"to be"}]},{"number":66,"label":"66","id":"b12-l66","source":"τῇ δʼ οὔ πώ τις νηῦς φύγεν ἀνδρῶν, ἥ τις ἵκηται,","translation":"From there no ship of men has yet escaped, whichever comes,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l66.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τῇ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of φύγεν","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"οὔ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"πώ","lemma":"πω","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"τις","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"modifies νηῦς","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"νηῦς","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of φύγεν","gloss":"ship"},{"surface":"φύγεν","lemma":"φεύγω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"escaped","note":"φύγεν is an unaugmented epic aorist (=ἔφυγε), typical of Homeric verse."},{"surface":"ἀνδρῶν","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies νηῦς","gloss":"of men"},{"surface":"ἥ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of ἵκηται","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"τις","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"modifies ἥ","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"ἵκηται","lemma":"ἱκνέομαι","morphology":"aorist medio-passive subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing νηῦς","gloss":"comes"}]},{"number":67,"label":"67","id":"b12-l67","source":"ἀλλά θʼ ὁμοῦ πίνακάς τε νεῶν καὶ σώματα φωτῶν","translation":"but together the planks of ships and the bodies of men","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l67.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλά","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"θ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὁμοῦ","lemma":"ὁμοῦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"πίνακάς","lemma":"πίναξ","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"planks"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"νεῶν","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"genitive plural feminine noun","role":"modifies πίνακάς","gloss":"of ships"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"σώματα","lemma":"σῶμα","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"bodies"},{"surface":"φωτῶν","lemma":"φώς","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies σώματα","gloss":"of men"}]},{"number":68,"label":"68","id":"b12-l68","source":"κύμαθʼ ἁλὸς φορέουσι πυρός τʼ ὀλοοῖο θύελλαι.","translation":"the waves of the sea carry off, along with blasts of deadly fire.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l68.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κύμαθ","lemma":"κῦμα","morphology":"nominative plural neuter noun","role":"subject of τ᾽","gloss":"waves"},{"surface":"ἁλὸς","lemma":"ἅλς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies κύμαθ᾽","gloss":"of the sea"},{"surface":"φορέουσι","lemma":"φορέω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"carry off"},{"surface":"πυρός","lemma":"πῦρ","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"modifies θύελλαι","gloss":"of fire"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὀλοοῖο","lemma":"ὀλοός","morphology":"genitive singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies πυρός","gloss":"deadly"},{"surface":"θύελλαι","lemma":"θύελλα","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject of τ᾽","gloss":"blasts","note":"θύελλαι, storm-blasts, here paired with 'fire' for the destructive sea-fire imagery of the rocks."}]},{"number":69,"label":"69","id":"b12-l69","source":"οἴη δὴ κείνη γε παρέπλω ποντοπόρος νηῦς,","translation":"One sea-faring ship alone has sailed past there,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l69.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἴη","lemma":"οἶος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"κείνη","lemma":"ἐκεῖνος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies νηῦς","gloss":"that one"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"παρέπλω","lemma":"παραπλέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"sailed past"},{"surface":"ποντοπόρος","lemma":"ποντοπόρος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies νηῦς","gloss":"sea-faring"},{"surface":"νηῦς","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ,","gloss":"ship","note":"Refers to the Argo, from the Argonaut saga — an explicit reference to another heroic legend within the Odyssey."}]},{"number":70,"label":"70","id":"b12-l70","source":"Ἀργὼ πᾶσι μέλουσα, παρʼ Αἰήταο πλέουσα.","translation":"the Argo, of concern to all, sailing from Aeetes;","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l70.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ἀργὼ","lemma":"Ἀργώ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ,","gloss":"the Argo"},{"surface":"πᾶσι","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of μέλουσα","gloss":"to all"},{"surface":"μέλουσα","lemma":"μέλω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"modifies Ἀργὼ","gloss":"a concern","note":"μέλουσα, 'being a care to,' participle of μέλω—famous ship known to everyone."},{"surface":"παρ","lemma":"παρά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Αἰήταο","lemma":"Αἰήτης","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of παρ᾽","gloss":"Aeetes"},{"surface":"πλέουσα","lemma":"πλέω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to παρέπλω","gloss":"sailing"}]},{"number":71,"label":"71","id":"b12-l71","source":"καὶ νύ κε τὴν ἔνθʼ ὦκα βάλεν μεγάλας ποτὶ πέτρας,","translation":"and quickly even her the wave would have flung against the great rocks,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l71.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"νύ","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"κε","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"would have","note":"κε(ν) + past indicative forms an unreal past conditional—'would have' without ever happening."},{"surface":"τὴν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of ἀλλ᾽","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"ἔνθ","lemma":"ἔνθα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to βάλεν","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"ὦκα","lemma":"ὦκα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to βάλεν","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"βάλεν","lemma":"βάλλω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"flung"},{"surface":"μεγάλας","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"accusative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies πέτρας","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"ποτὶ","lemma":"πρός","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"πέτρας","lemma":"πέτρα","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ποτὶ","gloss":"rocks"}]},{"number":72,"label":"72","id":"b12-l72","source":"ἀλλʼ Ἥρη παρέπεμψεν, ἐπεὶ φίλος ἦεν Ἰήσων.","translation":"but Hera sent her past, since Jason was dear to her.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l72.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Ἥρη","lemma":"Ἥρα","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of παρέπεμψεν","gloss":"Hera"},{"surface":"παρέπεμψεν","lemma":"παραπέμπω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"sent past"},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"φίλος","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"ἦεν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἐπεὶ","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"Ἰήσων","lemma":"Ἰήσων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἦεν","gloss":"Jason","note":"Hera's favor for Jason, from the Argonaut legend, is invoked as the reason the Argo survived."}]},{"number":73,"label":"73","id":"b12-l73","source":"οἱ δὲ δύω σκόπελοι ὁ μὲν οὐρανὸν εὐρὺν\n                        ἱκάνει","translation":"Now the two crags: the one reaches the broad heaven","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l73.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"δύω σκόπελοι","title":"The two crags","body":"δύω is dual, marking exactly two crags; the men-de structure that follows contrasts 'the one' with 'the other.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"adverbial","gloss":"to it","note":"οἱ here is a dative referring back to the crags, loosely 'as for them.'"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"δύω","lemma":"δύο","morphology":"numeral","role":"modifies σκόπελοι","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"σκόπελοι","lemma":"σκόπελος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"crags"},{"surface":"ὁ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἱκάνει","gloss":"the one"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"on the one hand"},{"surface":"οὐρανὸν","lemma":"οὐρανός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἱκάνει","gloss":"heaven"},{"surface":"εὐρὺν","lemma":"εὐρύς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies οὐρανὸν","gloss":"broad"},{"surface":"ἱκάνει","lemma":"ἱκάνω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"reaches"}]},{"number":74,"label":"74","id":"b12-l74","source":"ὀξείῃ κορυφῇ, νεφέλη δέ μιν ἀμφιβέβηκε","translation":"with its sharp peak, and a cloud wraps it about,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l74.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὀξείῃ","lemma":"ὀξύς","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies κορυφῇ","gloss":"sharp"},{"surface":"κορυφῇ","lemma":"κορυφή","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἱκάνει","gloss":"peak"},{"surface":"νεφέλη","lemma":"νεφέλη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἀμφιβέβηκε","gloss":"cloud"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἀμφιβέβηκε","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"ἀμφιβέβηκε","lemma":"ἀμφιβαίνω","morphology":"perfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"surrounds","note":"ἀμφιβέβηκε, perfect of ἀμφιβαίνω, 'has come to stand around'—vivid perfect for a permanent state."}]},{"number":75,"label":"75","id":"b12-l75","source":"κυανέη· τὸ μὲν οὔ ποτʼ ἐρωεῖ, οὐδέ ποτʼ αἴθρη","translation":"a dark one; this never draws away, nor does clear sky","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l75.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κυανέη","lemma":"κυάνεος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies νεφέλη","gloss":"dark","note":"κυανέη, 'dark-blue/black,' describing the cloud—same root as Amphitrite's epithet earlier."},{"surface":"τὸ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular neuter pronoun","role":"subject of ἐρωεῖ","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"οὔ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"ποτ","lemma":"ποτέ","morphology":"particle","role":"adverbial to ἐρωεῖ","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"ἐρωεῖ","lemma":"ἐρωέω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"draws back"},{"surface":"ποτ","lemma":"ποτέ","morphology":"particle","role":"adverbial to ἔχει","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"αἴθρη","lemma":"αἴθρη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἔχει","gloss":"clear sky"}]},{"number":76,"label":"76","id":"b12-l76","source":"κείνου ἔχει κορυφὴν οὔτʼ ἐν θέρει οὔτʼ ἐν ὀπώρῃ.","translation":"ever hold its peak, neither in summer nor in harvest-time.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l76.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κείνου","lemma":"ἐκεῖνος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies κορυφὴν","gloss":"of that peak"},{"surface":"ἔχει","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"holds"},{"surface":"κορυφὴν","lemma":"κορυφή","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἔχει","gloss":"peak"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"θέρει","lemma":"θέρος","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"summer"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ὀπώρῃ","lemma":"ὀπώρα","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"harvest-time"}]},{"number":77,"label":"77","id":"b12-l77","source":"οὐδέ κεν ἀμβαίη βροτὸς ἀνὴρ οὐδʼ ἐπιβαίη,","translation":"No mortal man could climb it nor set foot on it,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l77.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κεν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"ἀμβαίη","lemma":"ἀναβαίνω","morphology":"aorist active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"climb up","note":"Optative + κεν expresses potential ('could climb') in a general negative statement."},{"surface":"βροτὸς","lemma":"βροτός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἀνὴρ","gloss":"mortal"},{"surface":"ἀνὴρ","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of δ᾽","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"ἐπιβαίη","lemma":"ἐπιβαίνω","morphology":"aorist active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"set foot on"}]},{"number":78,"label":"78","id":"b12-l78","source":"οὐδʼ εἴ οἱ χεῖρές τε ἐείκοσι καὶ πόδες εἶεν·","translation":"not even if he had twenty hands and feet;","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l78.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἴ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"even if"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of εἶεν","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"χεῖρές","lemma":"χείρ","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐείκοσι","lemma":"εἴκοσι","morphology":"numeral","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"twenty"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πόδες","lemma":"πούς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"feet"},{"surface":"εἶεν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active optative, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to εἴ","gloss":"were"}]},{"number":79,"label":"79","id":"b12-l79","source":"πέτρη γὰρ λίς ἐστι, περιξεστῇ ἐικυῖα.","translation":"for the rock is smooth, like polished stone.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l79.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πέτρη","lemma":"πέτρα","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἐστι","gloss":"rock"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"λίς","lemma":"λίς","morphology":"singular feminine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"smooth"},{"surface":"ἐστι","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"περιξεστῇ","lemma":"περιξεστός","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"object of ἐικυῖα","gloss":"polished"},{"surface":"ἐικυῖα","lemma":"εἰκός","morphology":"perfect active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"resembling","note":"ἐικυῖα, perfect participle of ἔοικα, 'looking like'—used predicatively with a dative of comparison."}]},{"number":80,"label":"80","id":"b12-l80","source":"μέσσῳ δʼ ἐν σκοπέλῳ ἔστι σπέος ἠεροειδές,","translation":"And in the middle of the crag there is a misty cave,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l80.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μέσσῳ","lemma":"μέσος","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies σκοπέλῳ","gloss":"in the middle"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"σκοπέλῳ","lemma":"σκόπελος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"the crag"},{"surface":"ἔστι","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"there is"},{"surface":"σπέος","lemma":"σπέος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of ἔστι","gloss":"a cave"},{"surface":"ἠεροειδές","lemma":"ἠεροειδής","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ,","gloss":"misty","note":"ἠεροειδές, 'looking like mist/darkness'—the lair of Scylla, ominously described before she is even named."}]},{"number":81,"label":"81","id":"b12-l81","source":"πρὸς ζόφον εἰς Ἔρεβος τετραμμένον, ᾗ περ ἂν ὑμεῖς","translation":"turned toward the gloom, toward Erebus, just where you,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l81.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πρὸς","lemma":"πρός","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"ζόφον","lemma":"ζόφος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of πρὸς","gloss":"the gloom"},{"surface":"εἰς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"Ἔρεβος","lemma":"Ἔρεβος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of εἰς","gloss":"Erebus","note":"The underworld's darkness, naming the cave's orientation as facing death itself."},{"surface":"τετραμμένον","lemma":"τρέπω","morphology":"perfect medio-passive participle, nominative singular neuter","role":"modifies ,","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"ᾗ","lemma":"ᾗ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἰθύνετε","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"περ","lemma":"πέρ","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"ἂν","lemma":"ἐάν","morphology":"conjunction","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ὑμεῖς","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"nominative plural pronoun","role":"subject of ἰθύνετε","gloss":"you (plural)"}]},{"number":82,"label":"82","id":"b12-l82","source":"νῆα παρὰ γλαφυρὴν ἰθύνετε, φαίδιμʼ Ὀδυσσεῦ.","translation":"must steer your hollow ship past it, glorious Odysseus.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l82.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ὀδυσσεῦ","title":"Vocative case","body":"Ὀδυσσεῦ is the vocative, the form for direct address; Circe speaks straight to Odysseus."}],"words":[{"surface":"νῆα","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἰθύνετε","gloss":"ship"},{"surface":"παρὰ","lemma":"παρά","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"past"},{"surface":"γλαφυρὴν","lemma":"γλαφυρός","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies νῆα","gloss":"hollow"},{"surface":"ἰθύνετε","lemma":"ἰθύνω","morphology":"present active imperative, 2nd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing σπέος","gloss":"steer","note":"Imperative addressed to the whole crew, though only Odysseus is named—typical epic address."},{"surface":"φαίδιμ","lemma":"φαίδιμος","morphology":"vocative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ὀδυσσεῦ","gloss":"glorious"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσσεῦ","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"Odysseus"}]},{"number":83,"label":"83","id":"b12-l83","source":"οὐδέ κεν ἐκ νηὸς γλαφυρῆς αἰζήιος ἀνὴρ","translation":"Not even a man in his prime, from the hollow ship,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l83.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κεν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"ἐκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"νηὸς","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐκ","gloss":"ship"},{"surface":"γλαφυρῆς","lemma":"γλαφυρός","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies νηὸς","gloss":"hollow"},{"surface":"αἰζήιος","lemma":"αἰζηός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἀνὴρ","gloss":"vigorous","note":"αἰζηός, 'in his prime, strong,' emphasizing that even the fittest archer couldn't reach the cave."},{"surface":"ἀνὴρ","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of εἰσαφίκοιτο","gloss":"man"}]},{"number":84,"label":"84","id":"b12-l84","source":"τόξῳ ὀιστεύσας κοῖλον σπέος εἰσαφίκοιτο.","translation":"shooting with the bow, could reach the hollow cave.","scansion":"—— | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l84.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τόξῳ","lemma":"τόξον","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ὀιστεύσας","gloss":"with a bow"},{"surface":"ὀιστεύσας","lemma":"ὀιστεύω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to εἰσαφίκοιτο","gloss":"shooting"},{"surface":"κοῖλον","lemma":"κοῖλος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies σπέος","gloss":"hollow"},{"surface":"σπέος","lemma":"σπέος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of εἰσαφίκοιτο","gloss":"cave"},{"surface":"εἰσαφίκοιτο","lemma":"εἰσαφικνέομαι","morphology":"aorist middle optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"could reach","note":"Optative of εἰσαφικνέομαι continues the potential 'could' construction from the previous line."}]},{"number":85,"label":"85","id":"b12-l85","source":"ἔνθα δʼ ἐνὶ Σκύλλη ναίει δεινὸν λελακυῖα.","translation":"There within dwells Scylla, dreadfully yelping.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l85.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔνθα","lemma":"ἔνθα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ναίει","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"Σκύλλη","lemma":"Σκύλλα","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ναίει","gloss":"Scylla","note":"Monster's name in the nominative, subject of the whole tableau that follows for 20+ lines."},{"surface":"ναίει","lemma":"ναίω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"dwells"},{"surface":"δεινὸν","lemma":"δεινός","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to λελακυῖα","gloss":"dreadfully","note":"Neuter accusative δεινόν used adverbially ('dreadfully'), a common Homeric adverbial-accusative trick."},{"surface":"λελακυῖα","lemma":"λάσκω","morphology":"perfect active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"modifies Σκύλλη","gloss":"yelping"}]},{"number":86,"label":"86","id":"b12-l86","source":"τῆς ἦ τοι φωνὴ μὲν ὅση σκύλακος νεογιλῆς","translation":"Her voice indeed is no greater than a newborn puppy's","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l86.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τῆς","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"genitive singular feminine pronoun","role":"modifies φωνὴ","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"τοι","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"φωνὴ","lemma":"φωνή","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of γίγνεται","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"[emphatic]"},{"surface":"ὅση","lemma":"ὅσος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"as great as","note":"ὅση 'as great as' sets up a comparison completed by the genitive σκύλακος below."},{"surface":"σκύλακος","lemma":"σκύλαξ","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies ὅση","gloss":"of a puppy"},{"surface":"νεογιλῆς","lemma":"νεογιλός","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies σκύλακος","gloss":"newborn"}]},{"number":87,"label":"87","id":"b12-l87","source":"γίγνεται, αὐτὴ δʼ αὖτε πέλωρ κακόν· οὐδέ κέ τίς μιν","translation":"in size, but she herself is an evil monster; nor would anyone","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l87.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"γίγνεται","lemma":"γίγνομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"becomes"},{"surface":"αὐτὴ","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"subject","gloss":"she herself"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"αὖτε","lemma":"αὖτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"πέλωρ","lemma":"πέλωρ","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"monster","note":"πέλωρ 'monstrous thing' — predicate noun paired with κακόν, a stock Homeric horror-tag."},{"surface":"κακόν","lemma":"κακός","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies πέλωρ","gloss":"evil"},{"surface":"κέ","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"function word","gloss":"[potential]"},{"surface":"τίς","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of γηθήσειεν","gloss":"anyone"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of ἰδών","gloss":"her"}]},{"number":88,"label":"88","id":"b12-l88","source":"γηθήσειεν ἰδών, οὐδʼ εἰ θεὸς ἀντιάσειεν.","translation":"rejoice to see her, not even if a god should meet her.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l88.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"γηθήσειεν / ἀντιάσειεν","title":"Optative of potential","body":"Both verbs are aorist optatives with ἂν/κε implied: 'would rejoice,' 'should meet'; the optative expresses what could hypothetically happen."}],"words":[{"surface":"γηθήσειεν","lemma":"γηθέω","morphology":"aorist active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"would rejoice","note":"Optative γηθήσειεν + κέ = potential mood, 'would rejoice' — a whole clause of unreality."},{"surface":"ἰδών","lemma":"εἶδον","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to γηθήσειεν","gloss":"seeing"},{"surface":"εἰ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"even if"},{"surface":"θεὸς","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἀντιάσειεν","gloss":"a god"},{"surface":"ἀντιάσειεν","lemma":"ἀντιάω","morphology":"aorist active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to εἰ","gloss":"should meet her"}]},{"number":89,"label":"89","id":"b12-l89","source":"τῆς ἦ τοι πόδες εἰσὶ δυώδεκα πάντες ἄωροι,","translation":"She has twelve feet, all of them dangling,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l89.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τῆς","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"genitive singular feminine pronoun","role":"modifies πόδες","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"τοι","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"πόδες","lemma":"πούς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of εἰσὶ","gloss":"feet"},{"surface":"εἰσὶ","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"δυώδεκα","lemma":"δυώδεκα","morphology":"numeral","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"twelve","note":"δυώδεκα, epic form of δώδεκα — the twelve feet detail that made Scylla iconic."},{"surface":"πάντες","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"subject","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"ἄωροι","lemma":"ἄωρος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"dangling"}]},{"number":90,"label":"90","id":"b12-l90","source":"ἓξ δέ τέ οἱ δειραὶ περιμήκεες, ἐν δὲ ἑκάστῃ","translation":"and six necks exceedingly long, and on each","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l90.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἓξ","lemma":"ἕξ","morphology":"numeral","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"six"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τέ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"[emphatic]"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular feminine pronoun","role":"modifies δειραὶ","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"δειραὶ","lemma":"δειρή","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"necks"},{"surface":"περιμήκεες","lemma":"περιμήκης","morphology":"nominative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies δειραὶ","gloss":"very long"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἑκάστῃ","lemma":"ἕκαστος","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"adverbial","gloss":"each","note":"ἐν δὲ ἑκάστῃ ('and on each') stands at the end of this line, but the word it needs to complete the sense — κεφαλή, 'head' — is delayed to the start of the next line, a common Homeric enjambment."}]},{"number":91,"label":"91","id":"b12-l91","source":"σμερδαλέη κεφαλή, ἐν δὲ τρίστοιχοι ὀδόντες","translation":"a horrible head, and in it three rows of teeth,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l91.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"σμερδαλέη","lemma":"σμερδαλέος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies κεφαλή","gloss":"horrible"},{"surface":"κεφαλή","lemma":"κεφαλή","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"on it"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τρίστοιχοι","lemma":"τρίστοιχος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"in three rows"},{"surface":"ὀδόντες","lemma":"ὀδών","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"teeth"}]},{"number":92,"label":"92","id":"b12-l92","source":"πυκνοὶ καὶ θαμέες, πλεῖοι μέλανος θανάτοιο.","translation":"thick and crowded, full of black death.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l92.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πυκνοὶ","lemma":"πυκνός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"thick"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"θαμέες","lemma":"θαμέες","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"crowded"},{"surface":"πλεῖοι","lemma":"πλέως","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ὀδόντες","gloss":"full of"},{"surface":"μέλανος","lemma":"μέλας","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies θανάτοιο","gloss":"black"},{"surface":"θανάτοιο","lemma":"θάνατος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies πλεῖοι","gloss":"death","note":"'full of black death' — a grim formulaic genitive of the teeth, blending literal and metaphorical."}]},{"number":93,"label":"93","id":"b12-l93","source":"μέσση μέν τε κατὰ σπείους κοίλοιο δέδυκεν,","translation":"Up to her middle she is sunk down within the hollow cave,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l93.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μέσση","lemma":"μέσος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"to the middle"},{"surface":"μέν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"[particle]"},{"surface":"κατὰ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"down in"},{"surface":"σπείους","lemma":"σπέος","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"object of κατὰ","gloss":"the cave"},{"surface":"κοίλοιο","lemma":"κοῖλος","morphology":"genitive singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies σπείους","gloss":"hollow"},{"surface":"δέδυκεν","lemma":"δύω","morphology":"perfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"has sunk","note":"δέδυκεν, perfect of δύω — she is sunk and remains sunk, a state resulting from past action."}]},{"number":94,"label":"94","id":"b12-l94","source":"ἔξω δʼ ἐξίσχει κεφαλὰς δεινοῖο βερέθρου,","translation":"but she holds her heads out from the dreadful pit,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l94.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔξω","lemma":"ἔξω","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"outside"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐξίσχει","lemma":"ἐξίσχω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"holds out"},{"surface":"κεφαλὰς","lemma":"κεφαλή","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἐξίσχει","gloss":"her heads","note":"κεφαλάς plural — Scylla has multiple heads, one for each of the six necks."},{"surface":"δεινοῖο","lemma":"δεινός","morphology":"genitive singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies βερέθρου","gloss":"dreadful"},{"surface":"βερέθρου","lemma":"βάραθρον","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἔξω","gloss":"pit"}]},{"number":95,"label":"95","id":"b12-l95","source":"αὐτοῦ δʼ ἰχθυάᾳ, σκόπελον περιμαιμώωσα,","translation":"and there she fishes, groping greedily about the crag,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l95.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτοῦ","lemma":"αὐτοῦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἰχθυάᾳ","gloss":"right there"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἰχθυάᾳ","lemma":"ἰχθυάω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"fishes"},{"surface":"σκόπελον","lemma":"σκόπελος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of περιμαιμώωσα","gloss":"the crag"},{"surface":"περιμαιμώωσα","lemma":"περιμαιμάω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to ἰχθυάᾳ","gloss":"groping about","note":"περιμαιμώωσα, a rare lengthened epic participle form of περιμαιμάω 'grope around greedily'."}]},{"number":96,"label":"96","id":"b12-l96","source":"δελφῖνάς τε κύνας τε, καὶ εἴ ποθι μεῖζον ἕλῃσι","translation":"for dolphins and dogfish, and whatever larger creature she can seize,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l96.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δελφῖνάς","lemma":"δελφίς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of τε","gloss":"dolphins"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κύνας","lemma":"κύων","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of τε","gloss":"dogfish"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"εἴ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"ποθι","lemma":"ποθι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἕλῃσι","gloss":"anywhere"},{"surface":"μεῖζον","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"accusative singular neuter comparative adjective","role":"modifies κῆτος","gloss":"bigger"},{"surface":"ἕλῃσι","lemma":"αἱρέω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to εἴ","gloss":"she seizes","note":"Subjunctive ἕλῃσι in a general 'whatever she happens to catch' clause — indefinite/iterative sense."}]},{"number":97,"label":"97","id":"b12-l97","source":"κῆτος, ἃ μυρία βόσκει ἀγάστονος Ἀμφιτρίτη.","translation":"a sea-monster, of which deep-moaning Amphitrite breeds thousands.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l97.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κῆτος","lemma":"κῆτος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἕλῃσι","gloss":"sea-monster"},{"surface":"ἃ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter pronoun","role":"object of βόσκει","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"μυρία","lemma":"μυρίος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"countless"},{"surface":"βόσκει","lemma":"βόσκω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing κῆτος","gloss":"breeds"},{"surface":"ἀγάστονος","lemma":"ἀγάστονος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Ἀμφιτρίτη","gloss":"deep-moaning","note":"ἀγάστονος, a rare epithet for Amphitrite evoking the roar of the sea itself."},{"surface":"Ἀμφιτρίτη","lemma":"Ἀμφιτρίτη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of βόσκει","gloss":"Amphitrite"}]},{"number":98,"label":"98","id":"b12-l98","source":"τῇ δʼ οὔ πώ ποτε ναῦται ἀκήριοι εὐχετόωνται","translation":"By her no sailors yet have ever boasted to have","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l98.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τῇ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of παρφυγέειν","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"οὔ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"πώ","lemma":"πω","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"ποτε","lemma":"ποτέ","morphology":"particle","role":"adverbial to παρφυγέειν","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"ναῦται","lemma":"ναύτης","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of εὐχετόωνται","gloss":"sailors"},{"surface":"ἀκήριοι","lemma":"ἀκήριος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"unharmed","note":"ἀκήριοι 'without harm/scot-free' — predicate adjective describing the sailors who never managed to escape."},{"surface":"εὐχετόωνται","lemma":"εὐχετάομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"boast"}]},{"number":99,"label":"99","id":"b12-l99","source":"παρφυγέειν σὺν νηί· φέρει δέ τε κρατὶ ἑκάστῳ","translation":"fled past unharmed with their ship; for she carries off, with each head,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l99.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"παρφυγέειν","lemma":"παραφεύγω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of εὐχετόωνται","gloss":"to have fled past","note":"παρφυγέειν, epic aorist infinitive of παραφεύγω — 'boast to have escaped', completing εὐχετόωνται."},{"surface":"σὺν","lemma":"σύν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"νηί","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to σὺν","gloss":"ship"},{"surface":"φέρει","lemma":"φέρω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"carries off"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"[epic particle]"},{"surface":"κρατὶ","lemma":"κάρη","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to φέρει","gloss":"with a head"},{"surface":"ἑκάστῳ","lemma":"ἕκαστος","morphology":"dative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies κρατὶ","gloss":"each"}]},{"number":100,"label":"100","id":"b12-l100","source":"φῶτʼ ἐξαρπάξασα νεὸς κυανοπρῴροιο.","translation":"a man, having snatched him from the dark-prowed ship.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l100.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"φῶτ","lemma":"φώς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of φέρει","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"ἐξαρπάξασα","lemma":"ἐξαρπάζω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to φέρει","gloss":"snatching","note":"ἐξαρπάξασα, aorist participle 'having snatched' — describes the swift, simultaneous seizing action of each head."},{"surface":"νεὸς","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐξαρπάξασα","gloss":"from the ship"},{"surface":"κυανοπρῴροιο","lemma":"κυανόπρῳρος","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies νεὸς","gloss":"dark-prowed","note":"κυανοπρῴροιο, a classic Homeric compound epithet for ships, 'dark-prowed'."}]},{"number":101,"label":"101","id":"b12-l101","source":"τὸν δʼ ἕτερον σκόπελον χθαμαλώτερον ὄψει,\n                        Ὀδυσσεῦ.","translation":"The other crag you will see lying lower, Odysseus,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l101.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"article","role":"modifies σκόπελον","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἕτερον","lemma":"ἕτερος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies σκόπελον","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"σκόπελον","lemma":"σκόπελος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ὄψει","gloss":"crag"},{"surface":"χθαμαλώτερον","lemma":"χθαμαλός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine comparative adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"lower"},{"surface":"ὄψει","lemma":"ὁράω","morphology":"future indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"you will see"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσσεῦ","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"Odysseus","note":"Vocative direct address — Circe names Odysseus mid-speech, a formulaic vocative tag."}]},{"number":102,"label":"102","id":"b12-l102","source":"πλησίον ἀλλήλων· καί κεν διοϊστεύσειας.","translation":"close to each other; you could shoot an arrow across.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l102.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πλησίον","lemma":"πλησίος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"near"},{"surface":"ἀλλήλων","lemma":"ἀλλήλων","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies πλησίον","gloss":"each other"},{"surface":"καί","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κεν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"[potential]"},{"surface":"διοϊστεύσειας","lemma":"διοιστεύω","morphology":"aorist active optative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"could shoot across","note":"διοϊστεύσειας, optative + κεν 'you could shoot an arrow across' — vivid measure of how close the crags are."}]},{"number":103,"label":"103","id":"b12-l103","source":"τῷ δʼ ἐν ἐρινεὸς ἔστι μέγας, φύλλοισι τεθηλώς·","translation":"On it there is a great wild fig tree, flourishing with leaves;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l103.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τῷ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἐν","gloss":"on it"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"ἐρινεὸς","lemma":"ἐρινεός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔστι","gloss":"wild fig tree"},{"surface":"ἔστι","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"there is"},{"surface":"μέγας","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ,","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"φύλλοισι","lemma":"φύλλον","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"object of τεθηλώς","gloss":"with leaves"},{"surface":"τεθηλώς","lemma":"θάλλω","morphology":"perfect active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"modifies ,","gloss":"flourishing"}]},{"number":104,"label":"104","id":"b12-l104","source":"τῷ δʼ ὑπὸ δῖα Χάρυβδις ἀναρροιβδεῖ μέλαν ὕδωρ.","translation":"and beneath it divine Charybdis sucks down the black water.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l104.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τῷ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative singular neuter pronoun","role":"adverbial to ὑπὸ","gloss":"under it"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὑπὸ","lemma":"ὑπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"beneath"},{"surface":"δῖα","lemma":"δῖος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Χάρυβδις","gloss":"divine","note":"δῖα 'divine' — formulaic epithet, here applied ironically to a monstrous whirlpool."},{"surface":"Χάρυβδις","lemma":"Χάρυβδις","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἀναρροιβδεῖ","gloss":"Charybdis"},{"surface":"ἀναρροιβδεῖ","lemma":"ἀναρροιβδέω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"sucks down"},{"surface":"μέλαν","lemma":"μέλας","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ὕδωρ","gloss":"black"},{"surface":"ὕδωρ","lemma":"ὕδωρ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἀναρροιβδεῖ","gloss":"water"}]},{"number":105,"label":"105","id":"b12-l105","source":"τρὶς μὲν γάρ τʼ ἀνίησιν ἐπʼ ἤματι, τρὶς δʼ ἀναροιβδεῖ","translation":"Three times a day she sends it up, and three times she sucks it down","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l105.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τρὶς","lemma":"τρίς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀνίησιν","gloss":"three times"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"γάρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"[epic particle]"},{"surface":"ἀνίησιν","lemma":"ἀνίημι","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"sends up"},{"surface":"ἐπ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ἤματι","lemma":"ἦμαρ","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"modifies ἐπ᾽","gloss":"a day","note":"τρὶς ... ἐπ᾽ ἤματι, τρὶς δ᾽ 'three times a day ... and three times' — a balanced μέν/δέ repetition of the numeral 'three,' describing Charybdis's tidal cycle."},{"surface":"τρὶς","lemma":"τρίς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀναροιβδεῖ","gloss":"three times"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀναροιβδεῖ","lemma":"ἀναρροιβδέω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"sucks down"}]},{"number":106,"label":"106","id":"b12-l106","source":"δεινόν· μὴ σύ γε κεῖθι τύχοις, ὅτε ῥοιβδήσειεν·","translation":"terribly; may you not be there when she sucks it down,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l106.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"μὴ σύ γε τύχοις","title":"Optative of wish","body":"τύχοις is an aorist optative with μή expressing a negative wish: 'may you not chance to be there.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"δεινόν","lemma":"δεινός","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ἀναροιβδεῖ","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"μὴ","lemma":"μή","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"[prohibitive]"},{"surface":"σύ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"nominative singular pronoun","role":"subject of τύχοις","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"[emphatic]"},{"surface":"κεῖθι","lemma":"ἐκεῖθι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to τύχοις","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"τύχοις","lemma":"τυγχάνω","morphology":"aorist active optative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"be caught","note":"μὴ ... τύχοις, optative of wish/prohibition — 'may you not happen to be there', a polite but urgent warning."},{"surface":"ὅτε","lemma":"ὅτε","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ῥοιβδήσειεν","lemma":"ῥοιβδέω","morphology":"aorist active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὅτε","gloss":"she sucks"}]},{"number":107,"label":"107","id":"b12-l107","source":"οὐ γάρ κεν ῥύσαιτό σʼ ὑπὲκ κακοῦ οὐδʼ ἐνοσίχθων.","translation":"for not even the Earth-shaker could save you from disaster.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l107.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἐνοσίχθων","title":"Epithet of Poseidon","body":"ἐνοσίχθων, 'Earth-shaker,' is a standing epithet of Poseidon, the sea-god whose power even he could not use to rescue from Charybdis."}],"words":[{"surface":"οὐ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"γάρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"κεν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"[potential]"},{"surface":"ῥύσαιτό","lemma":"ῥύομαι","morphology":"aorist middle optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"could save"},{"surface":"σ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative singular pronoun","role":"object of ῥύσαιτό","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ὑπὲκ","lemma":"ὑπέκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"out from"},{"surface":"κακοῦ","lemma":"κακός","morphology":"genitive singular neuter adjective","role":"object of ὑπὲκ","gloss":"disaster"},{"surface":"ἐνοσίχθων","lemma":"Ἐνοσίχθων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ῥύσαιτό","gloss":"the Earth-shaker","note":"ἐνοσίχθων, Homeric epithet-name for Poseidon, 'Earth-shaker' — even the sea-god couldn't help you here."}]},{"number":108,"label":"108","id":"b12-l108","source":"ἀλλὰ μάλα Σκύλλης σκοπέλῳ πεπλημένος ὦκα","translation":"But keeping very close to Scylla's crag, quickly","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l108.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλὰ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"μάλα","lemma":"μάλα","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"Σκύλλης","lemma":"Σκύλλα","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies σκοπέλῳ","gloss":"Scylla's"},{"surface":"σκοπέλῳ","lemma":"σκόπελος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to πεπλημένος","gloss":"crag"},{"surface":"πεπλημένος","lemma":"πελάζω","morphology":"perfect medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐλάαν","gloss":"hugging close","note":"πεπλημένος, perfect middle participle of πελάζω 'having drawn near' — describes hugging Scylla's side despite the danger, the lesser evil."},{"surface":"ὦκα","lemma":"ὦκα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to πεπλημένος","gloss":"quickly"}]},{"number":109,"label":"109","id":"b12-l109","source":"νῆα παρὲξ ἐλάαν, ἐπεὶ ἦ πολὺ φέρτερόν ἐστιν","translation":"drive your ship past, since it is far better","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l109.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"νῆα","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐλάαν","gloss":"the ship"},{"surface":"παρὲξ","lemma":"παρέξ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐλάαν","gloss":"past"},{"surface":"ἐλάαν","lemma":"ἐλαύνω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"main verb","gloss":"to drive"},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"πολὺ","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"φέρτερόν","lemma":"φέρτατος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"better","note":"φέρτερον, the comparative ('better') of ἀγαθός, sharing the alternate root φερτ- with the superlative φέρτατος ('best') — completes the ἐπεί clause of practical advice."},{"surface":"ἐστιν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἐπεὶ","gloss":"it is"}]},{"number":110,"label":"110","id":"b12-l110","source":"ἓξ ἑτάρους ἐν νηὶ ποθήμεναι ἢ ἅμα πάντας.","translation":"to miss six companions in the ship than all of them at once.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l110.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἓξ","lemma":"ἕξ","morphology":"numeral","role":"modifies ἑτάρους","gloss":"six"},{"surface":"ἑτάρους","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ποθήμεναι","gloss":"companions"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"νηὶ","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"the ship"},{"surface":"ποθήμεναι","lemma":"ποθέω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"subject of ἢ","gloss":"to lose","note":"ποθήμεναι, epic infinitive of ποθέω 'to miss/lose' — completes the comparison begun by φέρτερον in the previous line."},{"surface":"ἢ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"ἅμα","lemma":"ἅμα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"πάντας","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"object","gloss":"all"}]},{"number":111,"label":"111","id":"b12-l111","source":"ὣς ἔφατʼ, αὐτὰρ ἐγώ μιν ἀμειβόμενος\n                     προσέειπον·","translation":"So she spoke; and I answered her in turn, saying:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l111.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔφατ᾽","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ἔφατ","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"she spoke","note":"ἔφατ᾽, imperfect middle of φημί — the standard Homeric speech-closing formula introducing a reply."},{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐγώ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of προσέειπον","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of προσέειπον","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"ἀμειβόμενος","lemma":"ἀμείβω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to προσέειπον","gloss":"answering"},{"surface":"προσέειπον","lemma":"προσεῖπον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"said"}]},{"number":112,"label":"112","id":"b12-l112","source":"εἰ δʼ ἄγε δή μοι τοῦτο, θεά, νημερτὲς ἐνίσπες,","translation":"\"Come now, goddess, tell me this truthfully:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l112.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἐνίσπες","title":"Aorist imperative","body":"ἐνίσπες is a second aorist imperative, 'tell!' — a brisk command to the goddess. Homer often uses the bare aorist imperative for a single, definite request."}],"words":[{"surface":"εἰ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"exclamation","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄγε","lemma":"ἄγε","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"now","note":"εἰ δ᾽ ἄγε δή, a formulaic exhortation opener, 'come now' — introduces a direct request/question."},{"surface":"δή","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἐνίσπες","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"τοῦτο","lemma":"οὗτος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"object of ,","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"θεά","lemma":"θεά","morphology":"vocative singular feminine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"goddess","note":"θεά, vocative addressing Circe directly — sets up Odysseus's request for guidance."},{"surface":"νημερτὲς","lemma":"νημερτής","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ἐνίσπες","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"ἐνίσπες","lemma":"ἐνέπω","morphology":"aorist active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"tell"}]},{"number":113,"label":"113","id":"b12-l113","source":"εἴ πως τὴν ὀλοὴν μὲν ὑπεκπροφύγοιμι Χάρυβδιν,","translation":"is there some way I might escape from deadly Charybdis,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l113.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἴ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"πως","lemma":"πως","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"somehow","note":"πως 'in some way' softens the wish, echoing the deliberative tone of the whole clause."},{"surface":"τὴν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine article","role":"modifies Χάρυβδιν","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ὀλοὴν","lemma":"ὀλοός","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Χάρυβδιν","gloss":"deadly","note":"ὀλοός 'destructive' is a stock epithet for monstrous perils like Charybdis."},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"on one hand"},{"surface":"ὑπεκπροφύγοιμι","lemma":"ὑπεκπροφεύγω","morphology":"aorist active optative, 1st singular verb","role":"object of δέ","gloss":"escape","note":"ὑπεκπροφεύγω stacks three prefixes (ὑπ-εκ-προ-) for 'slip out from under and past' — vivid escape verb."},{"surface":"Χάρυβδιν","lemma":"Χάρυβδις","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ὑπεκπροφύγοιμι","gloss":"Charybdis"}]},{"number":114,"label":"114","id":"b12-l114","source":"τὴν δέ κʼ ἀμυναίμην, ὅτε μοι σίνοιτό γʼ ἑταίρους.","translation":"and yet fight that other one off, when she preys upon my men?\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l114.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἀμυναίμην","title":"Optative of wish/possibility","body":"ἀμυναίμην (middle optative of ἀμύνω) expresses a hoped-for possibility — 'I might ward her off.' The middle voice means defending on one's own behalf."}],"words":[{"surface":"τὴν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of ἀμυναίμην","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"κ","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"[emphatic]"},{"surface":"ἀμυναίμην","lemma":"ἀμύνω","morphology":"aorist middle optative, 1st singular verb","role":"object of δέ","gloss":"fight off","note":"middle voice ἀμυναίμην: 'ward off for myself/my men,' not just 'ward off' generally."},{"surface":"ὅτε","lemma":"ὅτε","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies ἑταίρους","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"σίνοιτό","lemma":"σίνομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὅτε","gloss":"harm","note":"σίνομαι 'ravage, prey upon' — present optative in the ὅτε-clause dependent on the wish ἀμυναίμην ('I would fight her off, whenever she might harm my men'); not a conditional clause, so calling it a 'vivid future condition' is wrong (that construction takes ἐάν/εἰ + subjunctive)."},{"surface":"γ","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἑταίρους","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of σίνοιτό","gloss":"companions"}]},{"number":115,"label":"115","id":"b12-l115","source":"ὣς ἐφάμην, ἡ δʼ αὐτίκʼ ἀμείβετο δῖα θεάων·","translation":"So I spoke; and at once the bright goddess answered me:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l115.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐφάμην","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ἐφάμην","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I spoke","note":"ἔφην/ἐφάμην is the Homeric formula closing direct speech, paired with 'she answered' next."},{"surface":"ἡ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αὐτίκ","lemma":"αὐτίκα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀμείβετο","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"ἀμείβετο","lemma":"ἀμείβω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"δῖα","lemma":"δῖος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"subject","gloss":"bright","note":"δῖα θεάων 'shining among goddesses' — formulaic epithet for Circe here."},{"surface":"θεάων","lemma":"θεά","morphology":"genitive plural feminine noun","role":"modifies δῖα","gloss":"of goddesses"}]},{"number":116,"label":"116","id":"b12-l116","source":"σχέτλιε, καὶ δὴ αὖ τοι πολεμήια ἔργα μέμηλε","translation":"\"Reckless man, even now your mind is set on deeds of war","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l116.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"σχέτλιε","title":"schetlios","body":"A favorite word of address in Homer, half blame and half admiration: 'reckless one,' 'you incorrigible man.' Circe uses it of Odysseus's refusal to yield even to a monster."}],"words":[{"surface":"σχέτλιε","lemma":"σχέτλιος","morphology":"vocative singular masculine adjective","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"reckless one","note":"vocative σχέτλιε 'stubborn/rash man' — Circe's rebuke opens with this blunt address to Odysseus."},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"αὖ","lemma":"αὖ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"object of μέμηλε","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"πολεμήια","lemma":"πολεμήιος","morphology":"nominative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἔργα","gloss":"warlike"},{"surface":"ἔργα","lemma":"ἔργον","morphology":"nominative plural neuter noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"deeds"},{"surface":"μέμηλε","lemma":"μέλω","morphology":"perfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"are a care","note":"μέμηλε (perfect of μέλω) 'lie heavy on the mind' — idiomatic 'you're bent on...'"}]},{"number":117,"label":"117","id":"b12-l117","source":"καὶ πόνος· οὐδὲ θεοῖσιν ὑπείξεαι ἀθανάτοισιν;","translation":"and on toil. Will you not give way even to the immortal gods?","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l117.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πόνος","lemma":"πόνος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"toil"},{"surface":"θεοῖσιν","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ὑπείξεαι","gloss":"to gods"},{"surface":"ὑπείξεαι","lemma":"ὑπείκω","morphology":"future middle indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"yield","note":"ὑπείκω + dative 'give way to' — future tense as a pointed rhetorical question."},{"surface":"ἀθανάτοισιν","lemma":"ἀθάνατος","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies θεοῖσιν","gloss":"immortal"}]},{"number":118,"label":"118","id":"b12-l118","source":"ἡ δέ τοι οὐ θνητή, ἀλλʼ ἀθάνατον κακόν ἐστι,","translation":"She is no mortal, but an undying evil,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l118.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἡ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"τοι","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"οὐ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"θνητή","lemma":"θνητός","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"mortal"},{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἀθάνατον","lemma":"ἀθάνατος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies δὲ","gloss":"undying","note":"ἀθάνατον κακόν 'an immortal evil' — Circe stresses Scylla can't be killed, only avoided."},{"surface":"κακόν","lemma":"κακός","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"evil"},{"surface":"ἐστι","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"is"}]},{"number":119,"label":"119","id":"b12-l119","source":"δεινόν τʼ ἀργαλέον τε καὶ ἄγριον οὐδὲ μαχητόν·","translation":"dreadful, grievous, savage, and not to be fought.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l119.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δεινόν","lemma":"δεινός","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies δὲ","gloss":"terrible"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀργαλέον","lemma":"ἀργαλέος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies δὲ","gloss":"grievous"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄγριον","lemma":"ἄγριος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies δὲ","gloss":"savage","note":"four-adjective pileup (δεινόν, ἀργαλέον, ἄγριον, μαχητόν) piles on Scylla's monstrousness in one breath."},{"surface":"μαχητόν","lemma":"μαχητός","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies δὲ","gloss":"fightable","note":"μαχητός 'to be fought' — negated: 'not even to be fought,' i.e. resistance is futile."}]},{"number":120,"label":"120","id":"b12-l120","source":"οὐδέ τις ἔστʼ ἀλκή· φυγέειν κάρτιστον ἀπʼ αὐτῆς.","translation":"There is no defense against her; to flee from her is best.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l120.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ἀλκή","title":"alkê","body":"alkê is martial 'might' or the power to make a stand. Circe's point is brutal: against Scylla there is no alkê — courage is useless, only flight will serve."}],"words":[{"surface":"τις","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"modifies ἀλκή","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"ἔστ","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"ἀλκή","lemma":"ἀλκή","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἔστ᾽","gloss":"defense"},{"surface":"φυγέειν","lemma":"φεύγω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"subject","gloss":"to flee","note":"infinitive φυγέειν used as a noun subject: 'fleeing is best' — a common Homeric infinitive-as-subject."},{"surface":"κάρτιστον","lemma":"κράτιστος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"best"},{"surface":"ἀπ","lemma":"ἀπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"αὐτῆς","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"object of ἀπ᾽","gloss":"her"}]},{"number":121,"label":"121","id":"b12-l121","source":"ἢν γὰρ δηθύνῃσθα κορυσσόμενος παρὰ πέτρῃ,","translation":"For if you linger to arm yourself beside the rock,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l121.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἢν","lemma":"ἐάν","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"δηθύνῃσθα","lemma":"δηθύνω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 2nd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἢν","gloss":"linger","note":"subjunctive in a vivid future condition — δηθύνῃσθα 'you delay,' warning against wasting time near Scylla's rock."},{"surface":"κορυσσόμενος","lemma":"κορύσσω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to δηθύνῃσθα","gloss":"arming","note":"κορυσσόμενος 'donning armor' — middle participle, picturing Odysseus foolishly trying to fight."},{"surface":"παρὰ","lemma":"παρά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"πέτρῃ","lemma":"πέτρα","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to παρὰ","gloss":"the rock"}]},{"number":122,"label":"122","id":"b12-l122","source":"δείδω, μή σʼ ἐξαῦτις ἐφορμηθεῖσα κίχῃσι","translation":"I fear she may dart out at you again and seize you","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l122.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δείδω","lemma":"δείδω","morphology":"present active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I fear"},{"surface":"μή","lemma":"μή","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"lest"},{"surface":"σ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative singular pronoun","role":"object of κίχῃσι","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ἐξαῦτις","lemma":"ἐξαῦτις","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐφορμηθεῖσα","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"ἐφορμηθεῖσα","lemma":"ἐφορμάω","morphology":"aorist passive participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to κίχῃσι","gloss":"darting out","note":"ἐφορμηθεῖσα 'having rushed at' — aorist passive participle capturing Scylla's sudden lunge."},{"surface":"κίχῃσι","lemma":"κιχάνω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"object of δ᾽","gloss":"seize"}]},{"number":123,"label":"123","id":"b12-l123","source":"τόσσῃσιν κεφαλῇσι, τόσους δʼ ἐκ φῶτας ἕληται.","translation":"with all those heads of hers, and snatch away as many men.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l123.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τόσσῃσιν","lemma":"τόσος","morphology":"dative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies κεφαλῇσι","gloss":"with so many"},{"surface":"κεφαλῇσι","lemma":"κεφαλή","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to κίχῃσι","gloss":"heads","note":"τόσσῃσιν κεφαλῇσι recalls Scylla's six heads described earlier — instrumental dative."},{"surface":"τόσους","lemma":"τόσος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies φῶτας","gloss":"as many"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"φῶτας","lemma":"φώς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἕληται","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"ἕληται","lemma":"αἱρέω","morphology":"aorist medio-passive subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"object of δ᾽","gloss":"snatch away","note":"ἕληται (aorist subj. of αἱρέω) 'seize' — result clause: as many men as heads."}]},{"number":124,"label":"124","id":"b12-l124","source":"ἀλλὰ μάλα σφοδρῶς ἐλάαν, βωστρεῖν δὲ Κράταιιν,","translation":"No, drive hard past, and cry aloud to Crataeis,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l124.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλὰ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"μάλα","lemma":"μάλα","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"σφοδρῶς","lemma":"σφοδρός","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐλάαν","gloss":"vigorously"},{"surface":"ἐλάαν","lemma":"ἐλαύνω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"main verb","gloss":"row hard","note":"ἐλάαν 'drive/row' infinitive as imperative — Circe's urgent command to push past fast."},{"surface":"βωστρεῖν","lemma":"βωστρέω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"main verb","gloss":"call upon","note":"βωστρεῖν 'shout loudly to' — imperative infinitive urging Odysseus to invoke Crataeis for aid."},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Κράταιιν","lemma":"Κράταιις","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ,","gloss":"Crataeis","note":"Κράταιις, Scylla's mother — a minor deity named only here in the poem."}]},{"number":125,"label":"125","id":"b12-l125","source":"μητέρα τῆς Σκύλλης, ἥ μιν τέκε πῆμα βροτοῖσιν·","translation":"Scylla's mother, who bore her as a bane to mortals;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l125.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"πῆμα βροτοῖσιν","title":"pêma — a bane","body":"pêma is 'ruin, calamity'; the phrase 'a bane to mortals' is a recurring Homeric tag for monsters and disasters."}],"words":[{"surface":"μητέρα","lemma":"μήτηρ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ,","gloss":"mother"},{"surface":"τῆς","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"genitive singular feminine article","role":"modifies Σκύλλης","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Σκύλλης","lemma":"Σκύλλα","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies μητέρα","gloss":"Scylla"},{"surface":"ἥ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of τέκε","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of τέκε","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"τέκε","lemma":"τίκτω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ,","gloss":"bore","note":"τέκε (aorist of τίκτω) 'gave birth to' — established Crataeis as Scylla's mother."},{"surface":"πῆμα","lemma":"πῆμα","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"a bane"},{"surface":"βροτοῖσιν","lemma":"βροτός","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"modifies πῆμα","gloss":"to mortals"}]},{"number":126,"label":"126","id":"b12-l126","source":"ἥ μιν ἔπειτʼ ἀποπαύσει ἐς ὕστερον ὁρμηθῆναι.","translation":"she will then keep her from rushing out a second time.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l126.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἥ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of ἀποπαύσει","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of ὁρμηθῆναι","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"ἔπειτ","lemma":"ἔπειτα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀποπαύσει","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἀποπαύσει","lemma":"ἀποπαύω","morphology":"future active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will stop","note":"ἀποπαύσει 'will keep from' — future tense: invoking Crataeis will restrain Scylla from attacking again."},{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ὕστερον","lemma":"ὕστερον","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἐς","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"ὁρμηθῆναι","lemma":"ὁρμάω","morphology":"aorist passive infinitive","role":"object of ἀποπαύσει","gloss":"rushing out"}]},{"number":127,"label":"127","id":"b12-l127","source":"Θρινακίην δʼ ἐς νῆσον ἀφίξεαι· ἔνθα δὲ\n                     πολλαὶ","translation":"Then you will come to the island of Thrinacia; there many","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l127.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Θρινακίην","lemma":"Θρινακίη","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"modifies νῆσον","gloss":"Thrinacia"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"νῆσον","lemma":"νῆσος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐς","gloss":"island"},{"surface":"ἀφίξεαι","lemma":"ἀφικνέομαι","morphology":"future middle indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"you will reach","note":"ἀφίξεαι, future middle — Circe now shifts to prophesying the next danger, Thrinacia."},{"surface":"ἔνθα","lemma":"ἔνθα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to βόσκοντ᾽","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πολλαὶ","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"nominative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies βόες","gloss":"many"}]},{"number":128,"label":"128","id":"b12-l128","source":"βόσκοντʼ Ἠελίοιο βόες καὶ ἴφια μῆλα,","translation":"cattle of the Sun graze, and his sturdy flocks of sheep —","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l128.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"βόσκοντ","lemma":"βόσκω","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"graze","note":"βόσκοντ(αι) middle 'feed themselves' — describes the Sun's sacred cattle grazing freely."},{"surface":"Ἠελίοιο","lemma":"ἠέλιος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"of Helios"},{"surface":"βόες","lemma":"βοῦς","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"cattle"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἴφια","lemma":"ἴφιος","morphology":"nominative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies μῆλα","gloss":"sturdy"},{"surface":"μῆλα","lemma":"μῆλον","morphology":"nominative plural neuter noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"sheep"}]},{"number":129,"label":"129","id":"b12-l129","source":"ἑπτὰ βοῶν ἀγέλαι, τόσα δʼ οἰῶν πώεα καλά,","translation":"seven herds of cattle, and as many fine flocks of sheep,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l129.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἑπτὰ","lemma":"ἑπτά","morphology":"numeral","role":"modifies ἀγέλαι","gloss":"seven"},{"surface":"βοῶν","lemma":"βοάω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"modifies ἀγέλαι","gloss":"of cattle","note":"here βοῶν is treated as the noun 'cattle' (genitive of βοῦς), despite the tagged lemma βοάω — context from translation makes the sense clear."},{"surface":"ἀγέλαι","lemma":"ἀγέλη","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject of δ᾽","gloss":"herds"},{"surface":"τόσα","lemma":"τόσος","morphology":"nominative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies πώεα","gloss":"as many"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"οἰῶν","lemma":"ὄις","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies πώεα","gloss":"of sheep"},{"surface":"πώεα","lemma":"πῶυ","morphology":"nominative plural neuter noun","role":"subject of δ᾽","gloss":"flocks"},{"surface":"καλά","lemma":"καλός","morphology":"nominative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies πώεα","gloss":"fine"}]},{"number":130,"label":"130","id":"b12-l130","source":"πεντήκοντα δʼ ἕκαστα. γόνος δʼ οὐ γίγνεται αὐτῶν,","translation":"fifty in each. They bear no young,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l130.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πεντήκοντα","lemma":"πεντήκοντα","morphology":"numeral","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"fifty"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἕκαστα","lemma":"ἕκαστος","morphology":"nominative plural neuter adjective","role":"subject","gloss":"in each","note":"ἕκαστα 'each (group)' distributive — fifty animals per herd/flock."},{"surface":"γόνος","lemma":"γόνος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of γίγνεται","gloss":"offspring"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"οὐ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"γίγνεται","lemma":"γίγνομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"come to be","note":"γίγνεται 'is born' — the flocks are magically fixed in number, neither breeding nor dying."},{"surface":"αὐτῶν","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies γόνος","gloss":"of them"}]},{"number":131,"label":"131","id":"b12-l131","source":"οὐδέ ποτε φθινύθουσι. θεαὶ δʼ ἐπιποιμένες εἰσίν,","translation":"nor do they ever die off. Goddesses tend them as shepherds,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l131.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ποτε","lemma":"ποτέ","morphology":"particle","role":"adverbial to φθινύθουσι","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"φθινύθουσι","lemma":"φθινύθω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"perish","note":"φθινύθουσι 'waste away, die off' — reinforcing the eerie changelessness of the sacred herds."},{"surface":"θεαὶ","lemma":"θεά","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"goddesses"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐπιποιμένες","lemma":"ἐπιποιμήν","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject of εἰσίν","gloss":"shepherdesses","note":"ἐπιποιμένες 'watching over as herders' — a rare compound coined for these nymph-shepherds."},{"surface":"εἰσίν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"are"}]},{"number":132,"label":"132","id":"b12-l132","source":"νύμφαι ἐυπλόκαμοι, Φαέθουσά τε Λαμπετίη τε,","translation":"fair-haired nymphs, Phaethousa and Lampetie,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l132.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"νύμφαι","lemma":"νύμφη","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"nymphs"},{"surface":"ἐυπλόκαμοι","lemma":"εὐπλόκαμος","morphology":"nominative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies νύμφαι","gloss":"fair-haired","note":"εὐπλόκαμος 'with lovely locks' — a common Homeric epithet for goddesses and women."},{"surface":"Φαέθουσά","lemma":"Φαέθουσα","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"Phaethousa","note":"one of Helios's daughters, her name meaning 'the shining one.'"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Λαμπετίη","lemma":"Λαμπετίη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"Lampetie","note":"the other daughter of Helios, name meaning 'the radiant one.'"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"}]},{"number":133,"label":"133","id":"b12-l133","source":"ἃς τέκεν Ἠελίῳ Ὑπερίονι δῖα Νέαιρα.","translation":"whom bright Neaera bore to Helios Hyperion.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l133.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἃς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"accusative plural feminine pronoun","role":"object of τέκεν","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"τέκεν","lemma":"τίκτω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing τε","gloss":"bore","note":"τέκεν, aorist of τίκτω — names the nymphs' parentage: Neaera to Helios."},{"surface":"Ἠελίῳ","lemma":"ἠέλιος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of τέκεν","gloss":"to Helios"},{"surface":"Ὑπερίονι","lemma":"Ὑπερίων","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ἠελίῳ","gloss":"Hyperion","note":"Ὑπερίων, patronymic/epithet of Helios the Sun, 'the one who goes above.'"},{"surface":"δῖα","lemma":"δῖος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Νέαιρα","gloss":"bright"},{"surface":"Νέαιρα","lemma":"Νέαιρα","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of τέκεν","gloss":"Neaera","note":"a minor nymph, mother of Phaethousa and Lampetie by Helios."}]},{"number":134,"label":"134","id":"b12-l134","source":"τὰς μὲν ἄρα θρέψασα τεκοῦσά τε πότνια μήτηρ","translation":"When their queenly mother had borne and reared them,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l134.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὰς","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative plural feminine pronoun","role":"object of ἀπῴκισε","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἄρα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"θρέψασα","lemma":"τρέφω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to τε","gloss":"having reared","note":"θρέψασα, aorist participle of τρέφω — 'having nourished/raised.'"},{"surface":"τεκοῦσά","lemma":"τίκτω","morphology":"future active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to τε","gloss":"having borne","note":"τεκοῦσα (from τίκτω) paired with θρέψασα: 'bearing and rearing' — a formulaic maternal pairing."},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πότνια","lemma":"πότνια","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"modifies μήτηρ","gloss":"queenly"},{"surface":"μήτηρ","lemma":"μήτηρ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἀπῴκισε","gloss":"mother"}]},{"number":135,"label":"135","id":"b12-l135","source":"Θρινακίην ἐς νῆσον ἀπῴκισε τηλόθι ναίειν,","translation":"she settled them far off on the island of Thrinacia, to dwell there","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l135.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Θρινακίην","lemma":"Θρινακίη","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"modifies νῆσον","gloss":"Thrinacia"},{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"νῆσον","lemma":"νῆσος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐς","gloss":"island"},{"surface":"ἀπῴκισε","lemma":"ἀποικίζω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"settled","note":"ἀπῴκισε 'sent to live apart' — Neaera colonized her daughters far from other gods, isolating the sacred herds."},{"surface":"τηλόθι","lemma":"τηλόθι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ναίειν","gloss":"far off"},{"surface":"ναίειν","lemma":"ναίω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"adverbial to ,","gloss":"to dwell"}]},{"number":136,"label":"136","id":"b12-l136","source":"μῆλα φυλασσέμεναι πατρώια καὶ ἕλικας βοῦς.","translation":"and keep watch over their father's sheep and his crook-horned cattle.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l136.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ἕλικας βοῦς","title":"crook-horned cattle","body":"ἕλιξ ('twisted, curved') is a standing epithet of cattle, describing their spiraling horns — one of Homer's concrete fixed phrases."}],"words":[{"surface":"μῆλα","lemma":"μῆλον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"sheep"},{"surface":"φυλασσέμεναι","lemma":"φυλάσσω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"adverbial to ,","gloss":"to guard","note":"φυλασσέμεναι, present infinitive expressing purpose: the nymphs were settled there in order to watch the herds."},{"surface":"πατρώια","lemma":"πατρώιος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies μῆλα","gloss":"paternal"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἕλικας","lemma":"ἕλιξ","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"modifies βοῦς","gloss":"curved-horn","note":"ἕλιξ 'curved, spiral' — a standard Homeric epithet for cattle horns."},{"surface":"βοῦς","lemma":"βοῦς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"cattle"}]},{"number":137,"label":"137","id":"b12-l137","source":"τὰς εἰ μέν κʼ ἀσινέας ἐάᾳς νόστου τε μέδηαι,","translation":"If you leave these unharmed and keep your mind on your homecoming,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l137.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"νόστου","title":"nostos — homecoming","body":"nostos, 'the return home,' is the central theme of the whole poem. Circe makes the herds the test on which Odysseus's nostos depends."}],"words":[{"surface":"τὰς","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative plural feminine pronoun","role":"object of ἐάᾳς","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"εἰ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"μέν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"κ","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"[emphatic]"},{"surface":"ἀσινέας","lemma":"ἀσινής","morphology":"accusative plural feminine adjective","role":"complement of ἐάᾳς","gloss":"unharmed"},{"surface":"ἐάᾳς","lemma":"ἐάω","morphology":"present active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"adverbial to τε","gloss":"leave","note":"ἐάᾳς, present subjunctive of ἐάω 'allow to be' — protasis of the conditional warning that governs the rest of the speech."},{"surface":"νόστου","lemma":"νόστος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of μέδηαι","gloss":"of homecoming"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μέδηαι","lemma":"μέδομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive subjunctive, 2nd singular verb","role":"adverbial to τε","gloss":"care for","note":"μέδηαι 'have a mind for, be concerned with' + genitive νόστου 'the homecoming.'"}]},{"number":138,"label":"138","id":"b12-l138","source":"ἦ τʼ ἂν ἔτʼ εἰς Ἰθάκην κακά περ πάσχοντες ἵκοισθε·","translation":"you may yet reach Ithaca, though you suffer hardships;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l138.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"[emphatic]"},{"surface":"ἂν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"[emphatic]"},{"surface":"ἔτ","lemma":"ἔτι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἵκοισθε","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"εἰς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Ἰθάκην","lemma":"Ἰθάκη","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of εἰς","gloss":"Ithaca"},{"surface":"κακά","lemma":"κακός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of πάσχοντες","gloss":"evils"},{"surface":"περ","lemma":"πέρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"though","note":"περ concessive 'even though' — sets up 'suffering hardships though you may.'"},{"surface":"πάσχοντες","lemma":"πάσχω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ἵκοισθε","gloss":"suffering"},{"surface":"ἵκοισθε","lemma":"ἱκνέομαι","morphology":"aorist middle optative, 2nd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"could arrive","note":"ἵκοισθε, optative with ἄν 'you might reach' — the apodosis promising a hard but possible return."}]},{"number":139,"label":"139","id":"b12-l139","source":"εἰ δέ κε σίνηαι, τότε τοι τεκμαίρομʼ ὄλεθρον,","translation":"but if you harm them, then I foretell ruin for you,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l139.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"σίνηαι","title":"Subjunctive in a conditional","body":"σίνηαι is an aorist subjunctive in a future-more-vivid condition introduced by εἰ + κε: 'if you (should) harm them.' The subjunctive marks the case as a live, threatening possibility."}],"words":[{"surface":"εἰ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"but if"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κε","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"[emphatic]"},{"surface":"σίνηαι","lemma":"σίνομαι","morphology":"aorist medio-passive subjunctive, 2nd singular verb","role":"adverbial to εἰ","gloss":"harm","note":"σίνηαι, aorist subjunctive of σίνομαι, mirrors ἐάᾳς above — the negative counterpart of the condition."},{"surface":"τότε","lemma":"τότε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to τεκμαίρομ᾽","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"object of ,","gloss":"for you"},{"surface":"τεκμαίρομ","lemma":"τεκμαίρομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I foretell","note":"τεκμαίρομαι 'declare as a sign/omen' — Circe speaks with prophetic certainty of doom."},{"surface":"ὄλεθρον","lemma":"ὄλεθρος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of τεκμαίρομ᾽","gloss":"ruin"}]},{"number":140,"label":"140","id":"b12-l140","source":"νηί τε καὶ ἑτάροις· αὐτὸς δʼ εἴ πέρ κεν ἀλύξῃς,","translation":"for your ship and your men. And even if you yourself escape,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l140.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"νηί","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"ship"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἑτάροις","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"companions"},{"surface":"αὐτὸς","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"yourself","note":"αὐτός emphatic 'you yourself' — contrasting Odysseus's possible personal survival against the ship's and crew's doom."},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"εἴ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"πέρ","lemma":"πέρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"[emphatic]"},{"surface":"κεν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"[emphatic]"},{"surface":"ἀλύξῃς","lemma":"ἀλύσκω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 2nd singular verb","role":"adverbial to εἴ","gloss":"escape","note":"ἀλύξῃς, aorist subjunctive of ἀλύσκω 'escape, evade' — sets up the ominous continuation about Odysseus's fate."}]},{"number":141,"label":"141","id":"b12-l141","source":"ὀψὲ κακῶς νεῖαι, ὀλέσας ἄπο πάντας ἑταίρους.","translation":"you will come home late and in misery, having lost all your comrades.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l141.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὀψὲ","lemma":"ὀψέ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to νεῖαι","gloss":"late"},{"surface":"κακῶς","lemma":"κακός","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to νεῖαι","gloss":"in misery"},{"surface":"νεῖαι","lemma":"νέομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"you will come home","note":"Present νεῖαι used with future sense, common Homeric idiom for 'you will return'."},{"surface":"ὀλέσας","lemma":"ὄλλυμι","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to νεῖαι","gloss":"having lost"},{"surface":"ἄπο","lemma":"ἀπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"utterly","note":"ἄπο here is the preverb of ὀλέσας in tmesis (ἀπο-ολέσας < ἀπόλλυμι 'utterly destroy/lose'), by anastrophe placed after the participle it strengthens — not a particle reinforcing πάντας."},{"surface":"πάντας","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἑταίρους","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"ἑταίρους","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ὀλέσας","gloss":"comrades"}]},{"number":142,"label":"142","id":"b12-l142","source":"ὣς ἔφατʼ, αὐτίκα δὲ χρυσόθρονος ἤλυθεν Ἠώς.","translation":"So she spoke; and at once golden-throned Dawn came.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l142.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"χρυσόθρονος","title":"golden-throned Dawn","body":"χρυσόθρονος, 'golden-throned,' is a standard epithet of Dawn (and of Hera), a formula marking the break of day."}],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔφατ᾽","gloss":"so, thus"},{"surface":"ἔφατ","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"she spoke"},{"surface":"αὐτίκα","lemma":"αὐτίκα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἤλυθεν","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"χρυσόθρονος","lemma":"χρυσόθρονος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Ἠώς","gloss":"golden-throned","note":"χρυσόθρονος is a fixed Homeric epithet for Dawn/goddesses, a compound of χρυσός 'gold' + θρόνος 'throne'."},{"surface":"ἤλυθεν","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"Ἠώς","lemma":"ἠώς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἤλυθεν","gloss":"Dawn"}]},{"number":143,"label":"143","id":"b12-l143","source":"ἡ μὲν ἔπειτʼ ἀνὰ νῆσον ἀπέστιχε δῖα θεάων·","translation":"Then the bright goddess went away up the island;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l143.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἡ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"(then)"},{"surface":"ἔπειτ","lemma":"ἔπειτα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀπέστιχε","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἀνὰ","lemma":"ἀνά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"up along"},{"surface":"νῆσον","lemma":"νῆσος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἀνὰ","gloss":"island"},{"surface":"ἀπέστιχε","lemma":"ἀποστείχω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"went away"},{"surface":"δῖα","lemma":"δῖος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"subject","gloss":"bright","note":"δῖα θεάων 'bright among goddesses' is a stock formulaic phrase for Circe, genitive plural expressing partitive praise."},{"surface":"θεάων","lemma":"θεά","morphology":"genitive plural feminine noun","role":"modifies δῖα","gloss":"of goddesses"}]},{"number":144,"label":"144","id":"b12-l144","source":"αὐτὰρ ἐγὼν ἐπὶ νῆα κιὼν ὤτρυνον ἑταίρους","translation":"but I went down to the ship and roused my men","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l144.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐγὼν","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ὤτρυνον","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"νῆα","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐπὶ","gloss":"ship"},{"surface":"κιὼν","lemma":"κίω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ὤτρυνον","gloss":"having gone","note":"κιὼν is an epic aorist participle of the rare verb κίω 'go', common in Homer though absent later."},{"surface":"ὤτρυνον","lemma":"ὀτρύνω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"roused"},{"surface":"ἑταίρους","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of τε","gloss":"comrades"}]},{"number":145,"label":"145","id":"b12-l145","source":"αὐτούς τʼ ἀμβαίνειν ἀνά τε πρυμνήσια λῦσαι·","translation":"to climb aboard themselves and loose the stern cables;","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l145.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτούς","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀμβαίνειν","lemma":"ἀναβαίνω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of τε","gloss":"to climb aboard"},{"surface":"ἀνά","lemma":"ἀνά","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"up","note":"ἀνά...λῦσαι is split by τε, an example of Homeric tmesis where preposition and verb are separated."},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πρυμνήσια","lemma":"πρυμνήσιος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of λῦσαι","gloss":"stern-cables"},{"surface":"λῦσαι","lemma":"λύω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of τε","gloss":"to loose"}]},{"number":146,"label":"146","id":"b12-l146","source":"οἱ δʼ αἶψʼ εἴσβαινον καὶ ἐπὶ κληῖσι καθῖζον.","translation":"and quickly they embarked and took their places at the oarlocks.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l146.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αἶψ","lemma":"αἶψα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to εἴσβαινον","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"εἴσβαινον","lemma":"εἰσβαίνω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"embarked"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"κληῖσι","lemma":"κλείς","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἐπὶ","gloss":"oarlocks","note":"κληῖσι 'oarlocks/thole-pins' names the rowing benches' pegs, concrete nautical vocabulary."},{"surface":"καθῖζον","lemma":"καθίζω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"took seats"}]},{"number":147,"label":"147","id":"b12-l147","source":"ἑξῆς δʼ ἑζόμενοι πολιὴν ἅλα τύπτον ἐρετμοῖς.","translation":"Sitting in order, they struck the gray sea with their oars.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l147.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"πολιὴν ἅλα","title":"the gray sea","body":"πολιή ('gray, hoary') of the sea is a recurring Homeric epithet, picturing the pale foam-flecked water. The whole line is a formula repeated across the rowing scenes."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἑξῆς","lemma":"ἑξῆς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἑζόμενοι","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἑζόμενοι","lemma":"ἕζομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to τύπτον","gloss":"sitting"},{"surface":"πολιὴν","lemma":"πολιός","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἅλα","gloss":"gray"},{"surface":"ἅλα","lemma":"ἅλς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of τύπτον","gloss":"sea","note":"πολιὴν ἅλα 'gray sea' is a common Homeric color-epithet for open water."},{"surface":"τύπτον","lemma":"τύπτω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"ἐρετμοῖς","lemma":"ἐρετμόν","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to τύπτον","gloss":"with oars"}]},{"number":148,"label":"148","id":"b12-l148","source":"ἡμῖν δʼ αὖ κατόπισθε νεὸς κυανοπρῴροιο","translation":"And for us, astern of the dark-prowed ship,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l148.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἡμῖν","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἵει","gloss":"for us"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αὖ","lemma":"αὖ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"again, in turn"},{"surface":"κατόπισθε","lemma":"κατόπισθεν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"astern of"},{"surface":"νεὸς","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of κατόπισθε","gloss":"ship"},{"surface":"κυανοπρῴροιο","lemma":"κυανόπρῳρος","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies νεὸς","gloss":"dark-prowed","note":"κυανοπρῴροιο 'dark-prowed' is a standard ship-epithet compound (κύανος 'dark blue/black' + πρῷρα 'prow')."}]},{"number":149,"label":"149","id":"b12-l149","source":"ἴκμενον οὖρον ἵει πλησίστιον, ἐσθλὸν ἑταῖρον,","translation":"a fair following wind that filled the sail, a kindly comrade,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l149.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἴκμενον","lemma":"ἴκμενος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies οὖρον","gloss":"favorable"},{"surface":"οὖρον","lemma":"οὖρος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ,","gloss":"wind"},{"surface":"ἵει","lemma":"ἵημι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"sent"},{"surface":"πλησίστιον","lemma":"πλησίστιος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies οὖρον","gloss":"sail-filling"},{"surface":"ἐσθλὸν","lemma":"ἐσθλός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἑταῖρον","gloss":"kindly"},{"surface":"ἑταῖρον","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ,","gloss":"comrade","note":"The wind is personified as ἑταῖρον 'comrade', a vivid metaphor treating nature as a crew-mate."}]},{"number":150,"label":"150","id":"b12-l150","source":"Κίρκη ἐυπλόκαμος, δεινὴ θεὸς αὐδήεσσα.","translation":"was sent by fair-haired Circe, dread goddess with a human voice.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l150.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"αὐδήεσσα","title":"audêessa — speaking with a human voice","body":"αὐδήεσσα marks a goddess who speaks in human speech to mortals. It is the regular epithet of Circe and Calypso, distinguishing them from gods who keep their distance."}],"words":[{"surface":"Κίρκη","lemma":"Κίρκη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ,","gloss":"Circe"},{"surface":"ἐυπλόκαμος","lemma":"εὐπλόκαμος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Κίρκη","gloss":"fair-haired","note":"ἐυπλόκαμος 'fair-tressed' is a recurring epithet applied to Circe and other goddesses."},{"surface":"δεινὴ","lemma":"δεινός","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies θεὸς","gloss":"dread"},{"surface":"θεὸς","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ,","gloss":"goddess"},{"surface":"αὐδήεσσα","lemma":"αὐδήεις","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies θεὸς","gloss":"human-voiced","note":"αὐδήεσσα 'speaking with human voice' marks Circe as uncanny — a goddess who talks like a mortal."}]},{"number":151,"label":"151","id":"b12-l151","source":"αὐτίκα δʼ ὅπλα ἕκαστα πονησάμενοι κατὰ νῆα","translation":"At once we set each piece of tackle in order along the ship","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l151.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτίκα","lemma":"αὐτίκα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to πονησάμενοι","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὅπλα","lemma":"ὅπλον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of πονησάμενοι","gloss":"gear"},{"surface":"ἕκαστα","lemma":"ἕκαστος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ὅπλα","gloss":"each"},{"surface":"πονησάμενοι","lemma":"πονέω","morphology":"aorist middle participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ἥμεθα","gloss":"having worked at"},{"surface":"κατὰ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"along"},{"surface":"νῆα","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to κατὰ","gloss":"ship"}]},{"number":152,"label":"152","id":"b12-l152","source":"ἥμεθα· τὴν δʼ ἄνεμός τε κυβερνήτης τʼ ἴθυνε.","translation":"and sat down; and the wind and the helmsman held her on course.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l152.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἥμεθα","lemma":"ἧμαι","morphology":"pluperfect indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"we sat","note":"ἥμεθα is formally a pluperfect but functions as a simple past 'we sat/were sitting' for the stative verb ἧμαι."},{"surface":"τὴν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of ἴθυνε","gloss":"it (the ship)"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄνεμός","lemma":"ἄνεμος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of τ᾽","gloss":"wind"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κυβερνήτης","lemma":"κυβερνήτης","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of τ᾽","gloss":"helmsman"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἴθυνε","lemma":"ἰθύνω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"steered"}]},{"number":153,"label":"153","id":"b12-l153","source":"δὴ τότʼ ἐγὼν ἑτάροισι μετηύδων ἀχνύμενος κῆρ·","translation":"Then, grieving at heart, I spoke among my men:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l153.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ἀχνύμενος κῆρ","title":"grieving at heart","body":"ἀχνύμενος κῆρ ('grieved in heart,' with κῆρ as accusative of respect) is a formulaic phrase for Odysseus's sorrow, repeated through this book."}],"words":[{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"τότ","lemma":"τότε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to μετηύδων","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἐγὼν","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of μετηύδων","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ἑτάροισι","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of μετηύδων","gloss":"to comrades"},{"surface":"μετηύδων","lemma":"μεταυδάω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spoke among"},{"surface":"ἀχνύμενος","lemma":"ἀχεύω","morphology":"present passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to μετηύδων","gloss":"grieving"},{"surface":"κῆρ","lemma":"κῆρ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἀχνύμενος","gloss":"at heart","note":"κῆρ as accusative of respect: 'grieving in respect to the heart' — a classic Homeric use of the bare accusative."}]},{"number":154,"label":"154","id":"b12-l154","source":"ὦ φίλοι, οὐ γὰρ χρὴ ἕνα ἴδμεναι οὐδὲ δύʼ οἴους","translation":"\"Friends, it is not right that only one or two should know","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l154.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὦ","lemma":"ὦ","morphology":"exclamation","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"O"},{"surface":"φίλοι","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"vocative plural masculine adjective","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"friends"},{"surface":"οὐ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"χρὴ","lemma":"χρή","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"it is right"},{"surface":"ἕνα","lemma":"εἷς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of οὐ","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"ἴδμεναι","lemma":"οἶδα","morphology":"perfect active infinitive","role":"object of χρὴ","gloss":"to know","note":"ἴδμεναι is an epic perfect infinitive of οἶδα, with present sense 'to know' — the perfect stem doubles as a stative present."},{"surface":"δύ","lemma":"δύο","morphology":"numeral","role":"subject of οὐ","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"οἴους","lemma":"οἶος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"alone"}]},{"number":155,"label":"155","id":"b12-l155","source":"θέσφαθʼ ἅ μοι Κίρκη μυθήσατο, δῖα θεάων·","translation":"the oracles that Circe, bright goddess, told me;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l155.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"θέσφαθ","lemma":"θέσφατος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of ἴδμεναι","gloss":"oracles"},{"surface":"ἅ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter pronoun","role":"object of μυθήσατο","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of μυθήσατο","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"Κίρκη","lemma":"Κίρκη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ,","gloss":"Circe"},{"surface":"μυθήσατο","lemma":"μυθέομαι","morphology":"aorist medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing θέσφαθ᾽","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"δῖα","lemma":"δῖος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"subject of ,","gloss":"bright"},{"surface":"θεάων","lemma":"θεά","morphology":"genitive plural feminine noun","role":"modifies δῖα","gloss":"of goddesses"}]},{"number":156,"label":"156","id":"b12-l156","source":"ἀλλʼ ἐρέω μὲν ἐγών, ἵνα εἰδότες ἤ κε θάνωμεν","translation":"so I will tell them, that knowing we may either die,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l156.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐρέω","lemma":"ἐρῶ","morphology":"future active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I will tell"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἐγών","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἐρέω","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ἵνα","lemma":"ἵνα","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"εἰδότες","lemma":"οἶδα","morphology":"perfect active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ἤ","gloss":"knowing"},{"surface":"ἤ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"either"},{"surface":"κε","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"(modal particle)"},{"surface":"θάνωμεν","lemma":"θνήσκω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 1st plural verb","role":"adverbial to ἤ","gloss":"we may die","note":"ἤ κε θάνωμεν...ἤ κεν...φύγοιμεν pairs a subjunctive with an optative for the two alternatives, a subtle Homeric mood-mixing."}]},{"number":157,"label":"157","id":"b12-l157","source":"ἤ κεν ἀλευάμενοι θάνατον καὶ κῆρα φύγοιμεν.","translation":"or, escaping, flee death and our doom.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l157.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"κῆρα","title":"kêr — doom of death","body":"κήρ is the personified death-spirit or appointed doom, often paired with θάνατος as here ('death and the kêr'). It names not just dying but the fate that brings it."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἤ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"κεν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"(modal particle)"},{"surface":"ἀλευάμενοι","lemma":"ἀλέομαι","morphology":"aorist middle participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to φύγοιμεν","gloss":"escaping"},{"surface":"θάνατον","lemma":"θάνατος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"death"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κῆρα","lemma":"κήρ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"doom"},{"surface":"φύγοιμεν","lemma":"φεύγω","morphology":"aorist active optative, 1st plural verb","role":"adverbial to ἤ","gloss":"we may flee"}]},{"number":158,"label":"158","id":"b12-l158","source":"Σειρήνων μὲν πρῶτον ἀνώγει θεσπεσιάων","translation":"First she bade us shun the wondrous Sirens,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l158.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Σειρήνων","lemma":"Σειρήν","morphology":"genitive plural feminine noun","role":"modifies φθόγγον","gloss":"of the Sirens"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"(indeed)"},{"surface":"πρῶτον","lemma":"πρῶτος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ἀνώγει","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"ἀνώγει","lemma":"ἄνωγα","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"bade","note":"ἀνώγει is a secondary present-tense form built from the old defective perfect ἄνωγα ('I have commanded' > 'I command'); this specific 3rd-singular form functions straightforwardly as a present indicative, matching the fixed morphology."},{"surface":"θεσπεσιάων","lemma":"θεσπέσιος","morphology":"genitive plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies Σειρήνων","gloss":"wondrous"}]},{"number":159,"label":"159","id":"b12-l159","source":"φθόγγον ἀλεύασθαι καὶ λειμῶνʼ ἀνθεμόεντα.","translation":"their voice and their flowering meadow.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l159.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"φθόγγον","lemma":"φθόγγος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"ἀλεύασθαι","lemma":"ἀλέομαι","morphology":"aorist middle infinitive","role":"object of ἀνώγει","gloss":"to avoid"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"λειμῶν","lemma":"λειμών","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"meadow"},{"surface":"ἀνθεμόεντα","lemma":"ἀνθεμόεις","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies λειμῶν᾽","gloss":"flowering"}]},{"number":160,"label":"160","id":"b12-l160","source":"οἶον ἔμʼ ἠνώγει ὄπʼ ἀκουέμεν· ἀλλά με δεσμῷ","translation":"She bade me alone hear their voice; but bind me","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l160.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἶον","lemma":"οἶος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"ἔμ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἀκουέμεν","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ἠνώγει","lemma":"ἄνωγα","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"bade"},{"surface":"ὄπ","lemma":"ὄψ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἀκουέμεν","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"ἀκουέμεν","lemma":"ἀκούω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of ἠνώγει","gloss":"to hear"},{"surface":"ἀλλά","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"με","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of δήσατ᾽","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"δεσμῷ","lemma":"δεσμός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"with a bond","note":"δεσμῷ ... δήσατ᾽ (next line) is split across lines, a striking enjambment building suspense before the mast-binding scene."}]},{"number":161,"label":"161","id":"b12-l161","source":"δήσατʼ ἐν ἀργαλέῳ, ὄφρʼ ἔμπεδον αὐτόθι μίμνω,","translation":"in a galling bond, that I may stay firmly there in place,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l161.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δήσατ","lemma":"δέω","morphology":"aorist active imperative, 2nd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"bind","note":"δήσατ᾽ is a 2nd-plural imperative, Odysseus commanding his own crew — a rare moment of a captain ordering his own restraint."},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ἀργαλέῳ","lemma":"ἀργαλέος","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies δεσμῷ","gloss":"galling"},{"surface":"ὄφρ","lemma":"ὄφρα","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"ἔμπεδον","lemma":"ἔμπεδος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to μίμνω","gloss":"firmly"},{"surface":"αὐτόθι","lemma":"αὐτόθι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to μίμνω","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"μίμνω","lemma":"μίμνω","morphology":"present active subjunctive, 1st singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὄφρ᾽","gloss":"I may stay"}]},{"number":162,"label":"162","id":"b12-l162","source":"ὀρθὸν ἐν ἱστοπέδῃ, ἐκ δʼ αὐτοῦ πείρατʼ ἀνήφθω.","translation":"upright against the mast-step, and let the rope-ends be made fast to it.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l162.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἀνήφθω","title":"Perfect imperative","body":"ἀνήφθω is a third-person perfect passive imperative, 'let it stand fastened.' The perfect stresses the resulting fixed state, not the act of tying."}],"words":[{"surface":"ὀρθὸν","lemma":"ὀρθός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"upright"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ἱστοπέδῃ","lemma":"ἱστοπέδη","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐν","gloss":"mast-step"},{"surface":"ἐκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αὐτοῦ","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"genitive singular neuter adjective","role":"object of ἐκ","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"πείρατ","lemma":"πεῖραρ","morphology":"nominative plural neuter noun","role":"subject of ἀνήφθω","gloss":"rope-ends"},{"surface":"ἀνήφθω","lemma":"ἀνάπτω","morphology":"perfect medio-passive imperative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"let be fastened","note":"ἀνήφθω is a rare perfect passive imperative 'let it have been tied', giving a sense of a permanent, secured state."}]},{"number":163,"label":"163","id":"b12-l163","source":"εἰ δέ κε λίσσωμαι ὑμέας λῦσαί τε κελεύω,","translation":"And if I beg you and order you to set me free,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l163.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἰ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κε","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"(modal particle)"},{"surface":"λίσσωμαι","lemma":"λίσσομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive subjunctive, 1st singular verb","role":"adverbial to τε","gloss":"I beg"},{"surface":"ὑμέας","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative plural pronoun","role":"object of λίσσωμαι","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"λῦσαί","lemma":"λύω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of κελεύω","gloss":"to loose"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κελεύω","lemma":"κελεύω","morphology":"present active subjunctive, 1st singular verb","role":"adverbial to τε","gloss":"order"}]},{"number":164,"label":"164","id":"b12-l164","source":"ὑμεῖς δὲ πλεόνεσσι τότʼ ἐν δεσμοῖσι πιέζειν.","translation":"then bind me fast with still more bonds.\"","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l164.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὑμεῖς","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"nominative plural pronoun","role":"subject of πιέζειν","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"πλεόνεσσι","lemma":"πλείων","morphology":"plural masculine comparative adjective","role":"modifies δεσμοῖσι","gloss":"with more"},{"surface":"τότ","lemma":"τότε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to πιέζειν","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"δεσμοῖσι","lemma":"δεσμός","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἐν","gloss":"bonds"},{"surface":"πιέζειν","lemma":"πιέζω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"main verb","gloss":"press, bind","note":"πιέζειν as infinitive-for-imperative is a Homeric idiom, standing in for a command 'you must bind'."}]},{"number":165,"label":"165","id":"b12-l165","source":"ἦ τοι ἐγὼ τὰ ἕκαστα λέγων ἑτάροισι πίφαυσκον·","translation":"So, telling each thing in turn, I made it plain to my men;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l165.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"τοι","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἐγὼ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of πίφαυσκον","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"τὰ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative plural neuter pronoun","role":"modifies ἕκαστα","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ἕκαστα","lemma":"ἕκαστος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of λέγων","gloss":"each thing"},{"surface":"λέγων","lemma":"λέγω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to πίφαυσκον","gloss":"telling"},{"surface":"ἑτάροισι","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of πίφαυσκον","gloss":"to comrades"},{"surface":"πίφαυσκον","lemma":"πιφαύσκω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"made known","note":"πίφαυσκον is a reduplicated present stem of a rare verb 'declare, make known', giving vivid emphasis to Odysseus's disclosure."}]},{"number":166,"label":"166","id":"b12-l166","source":"τόφρα δὲ καρπαλίμως ἐξίκετο νηῦς ἐυεργὴς","translation":"and meanwhile the well-built ship swiftly drew near","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l166.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τόφρα","lemma":"τόφρα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐξίκετο","gloss":"meanwhile"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"καρπαλίμως","lemma":"καρπάλιμος","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐξίκετο","gloss":"swiftly"},{"surface":"ἐξίκετο","lemma":"ἐξικνέομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"drew near"},{"surface":"νηῦς","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἐξίκετο","gloss":"ship"},{"surface":"ἐυεργὴς","lemma":"εὐεργής","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies νηῦς","gloss":"well-built"}]},{"number":167,"label":"167","id":"b12-l167","source":"νῆσον Σειρήνοιιν· ἔπειγε γὰρ οὖρος ἀπήμων.","translation":"the island of the Sirens, for a fair, harmless wind sped her on.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l167.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"νῆσον","lemma":"νῆσος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐξίκετο","gloss":"island"},{"surface":"Σειρήνοιιν","lemma":"Σειρήν","morphology":"genitive dual feminine noun","role":"modifies νῆσον","gloss":"of the two Sirens","note":"Σειρήνοιιν is a genitive dual, reminding that Homer's Sirens here number exactly two, unlike the later tradition of three."},{"surface":"ἔπειγε","lemma":"ἐπείγω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"sped on"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"οὖρος","lemma":"οὖρος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔπειγε","gloss":"wind"},{"surface":"ἀπήμων","lemma":"ἀπήμων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies οὖρος","gloss":"harmless"}]},{"number":168,"label":"168","id":"b12-l168","source":"αὐτίκʼ ἔπειτʼ ἄνεμος μὲν ἐπαύσατο ἠδὲ γαλήνη","translation":"Then all at once the wind died, and a windless calm","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l168.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτίκ","lemma":"αὐτίκα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to δὲ","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"ἔπειτ","lemma":"ἔπειτα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to δὲ","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἄνεμος","lemma":"ἄνεμος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐπαύσατο","gloss":"wind"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἐπαύσατο","lemma":"παύω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"ceased"},{"surface":"ἠδὲ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"γαλήνη","lemma":"γαλήνη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἔπλετο","gloss":"calm","note":"γαλήνη 'windless calm' sets an eerie stillness right before the Sirens' song — nature itself pausing for the danger."}]},{"number":169,"label":"169","id":"b12-l169","source":"ἔπλετο νηνεμίη, κοίμησε δὲ κύματα δαίμων.","translation":"came on, and some god lulled the waves to rest.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l169.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"κοίμησε","title":"Augmented aorist","body":"κοίμησε is the aorist of κοιμάω, 'lulled to sleep.' This is an unaugmented aorist — the augmented form would be ἐκοίμησε — Homer routinely drops the augment for metrical convenience. The aorist captures the single decisive act of the daimôn stilling the sea."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἔπλετο","lemma":"πέλω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"came on"},{"surface":"νηνεμίη","lemma":"νηνέμιος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies γαλήνη","gloss":"windless calm","note":"νηνεμίη is a formulaic epic noun-adjective for dead calm at sea, paired with γαλήνη in the fuller phrase."},{"surface":"κοίμησε","lemma":"κοιμάω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"lulled to rest"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κύματα","lemma":"κῦμα","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of κοίμησε","gloss":"the waves"},{"surface":"δαίμων","lemma":"δαίμων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of κοίμησε","gloss":"some god","note":"δαίμων here means an unnamed divine power, not a personal name—Homer often leaves the agent vague."}]},{"number":170,"label":"170","id":"b12-l170","source":"ἀνστάντες δʼ ἕταροι νεὸς ἱστία μηρύσαντο","translation":"My men stood up and furled the ship's sail,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l170.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀνστάντες","lemma":"ἀνίστημι","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"standing up"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἕταροι","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"my comrades"},{"surface":"νεὸς","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies ἱστία","gloss":"of the ship"},{"surface":"ἱστία","lemma":"ἱστίον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of μηρύσαντο","gloss":"the sail"},{"surface":"μηρύσαντο","lemma":"μηρύομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"furled","note":"μηρύσαντο is middle voice: the crew furl the sail for their own use/benefit, a common Homeric nuance."}]},{"number":171,"label":"171","id":"b12-l171","source":"καὶ τὰ μὲν ἐν νηὶ γλαφυρῇ θέσαν, οἱ δʼ ἐπʼ ἐρετμὰ","translation":"and stowed it in the hollow ship, and then to the oars","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l171.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τὰ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative plural neuter pronoun","role":"object of θέσαν","gloss":"it (the sail)"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"νηὶ","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐν","gloss":"the ship"},{"surface":"γλαφυρῇ","lemma":"γλαφυρός","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies νηὶ","gloss":"hollow","note":"γλαφυρῇ νηΐ 'hollow ship' is a standard Homeric epithet-formula filling out the line."},{"surface":"θέσαν","lemma":"τίθημι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"they stowed"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of λεύκαινον","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐπ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ἐρετμὰ","lemma":"ἐρετμόν","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἐπ᾽","gloss":"the oars"}]},{"number":172,"label":"172","id":"b12-l172","source":"ἑζόμενοι λεύκαινον ὕδωρ ξεστῇς ἐλάτῃσιν.","translation":"they sat and whitened the water with the polished pine blades.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l172.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἑζόμενοι","lemma":"ἕζομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to λεύκαινον","gloss":"sitting down"},{"surface":"λεύκαινον","lemma":"λευκαίνω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"whitened","note":"λεύκαινον vividly pictures oar-strokes churning the sea white with foam."},{"surface":"ὕδωρ","lemma":"ὕδωρ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of λεύκαινον","gloss":"the water"},{"surface":"ξεστῇς","lemma":"ξεστός","morphology":"dative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἐλάτῃσιν","gloss":"polished"},{"surface":"ἐλάτῃσιν","lemma":"ἐλάτη","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to λεύκαινον","gloss":"with pine blades"}]},{"number":173,"label":"173","id":"b12-l173","source":"αὐτὰρ ἐγὼ κηροῖο μέγαν τροχὸν ὀξέι χαλκῷ","translation":"But I, with the sharp bronze, took a great round cake of wax","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l173.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐγὼ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of πίεζον","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"κηροῖο","lemma":"κηρός","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies τροχὸν","gloss":"of wax"},{"surface":"μέγαν","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies τροχὸν","gloss":"great, big"},{"surface":"τροχὸν","lemma":"τροχός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of πίεζον","gloss":"round cake"},{"surface":"ὀξέι","lemma":"ὀξύς","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies χαλκῷ","gloss":"sharp"},{"surface":"χαλκῷ","lemma":"χαλκός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to διατμήξας","gloss":"with bronze","note":"the bronze sword/blade used to cut the wax cake into pieces—concrete Homeric detail of shipboard craft."}]},{"number":174,"label":"174","id":"b12-l174","source":"τυτθὰ διατμήξας χερσὶ στιβαρῇσι πίεζον·","translation":"and cut it small, and kneaded it with my strong hands;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l174.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τυτθὰ","lemma":"τυτθός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of διατμήξας","gloss":"into small bits"},{"surface":"διατμήξας","lemma":"διατμήγω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to πίεζον","gloss":"having cut"},{"surface":"χερσὶ","lemma":"χείρ","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to πίεζον","gloss":"with my hands"},{"surface":"στιβαρῇσι","lemma":"στιβαρός","morphology":"dative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies χερσὶ","gloss":"strong"},{"surface":"πίεζον","lemma":"πιέζω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"kneaded"}]},{"number":175,"label":"175","id":"b12-l175","source":"αἶψα δʼ ἰαίνετο κηρός, ἐπεὶ κέλετο μεγάλη ἲς","translation":"soon the wax grew warm, for the great force pressed it,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l175.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αἶψα","lemma":"αἶψα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἰαίνετο","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἰαίνετο","lemma":"ἰαίνω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"grew warm"},{"surface":"κηρός","lemma":"κηρός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἰαίνετο","gloss":"the wax"},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"κέλετο","lemma":"κέλομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἐπεὶ","gloss":"pressed, urged","note":"κέλετο here is used almost causally ('bade/drove'), the force of hand-heat and sun compelling the wax to soften."},{"surface":"μεγάλη","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἲς","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"ἲς","lemma":"ἴς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of τ᾽","gloss":"force","note":"ἴς 'force/strength' is an old root-noun, rare outside epic formula."}]},{"number":176,"label":"176","id":"b12-l176","source":"Ἠελίου τʼ αὐγὴ Ὑπεριονίδαο ἄνακτος·","translation":"and the beam of the Sun, lord Hyperion's son;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l176.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Ὑπεριονίδαο","title":"son of Hyperion","body":"Ὑπεριονίδης is the patronymic 'son of Hyperion,' a Titan name for the Sun. Homer uses both Hyperion himself and this patronymic for Helios."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ἠελίου","lemma":"ἠέλιος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies αὐγὴ","gloss":"of the Sun"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αὐγὴ","lemma":"αὐγή","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of τ᾽","gloss":"the beam, ray"},{"surface":"Ὑπεριονίδαο","lemma":"Ὑπεριονίδης","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ἠελίου","gloss":"son of Hyperion","note":"Ὑπεριονίδαο is a patronymic epithet for Helios, 'son of Hyperion'—typical epic genealogical tag."},{"surface":"ἄνακτος","lemma":"ἄναξ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ἠελίου","gloss":"lord"}]},{"number":177,"label":"177","id":"b12-l177","source":"ἑξείης δʼ ἑτάροισιν ἐπʼ οὔατα πᾶσιν ἄλειψα.","translation":"and one by one I smeared it over the ears of all my men.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l177.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἑξείης","lemma":"ἑξῆς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἄλειψα","gloss":"one by one"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἑτάροισιν","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἄλειψα","gloss":"my comrades"},{"surface":"ἐπ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"οὔατα","lemma":"οὖς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἐπ᾽","gloss":"the ears"},{"surface":"πᾶσιν","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἑτάροισιν","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"ἄλειψα","lemma":"ἀλείφω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I smeared"}]},{"number":178,"label":"178","id":"b12-l178","source":"οἱ δʼ ἐν νηί μʼ ἔδησαν ὁμοῦ χεῖράς τε πόδας τε","translation":"Then they bound me in the ship, hand and foot together,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l178.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of δ᾽","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"νηί","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"the ship"},{"surface":"μ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἔδησαν","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ἔδησαν","lemma":"δέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"they bound"},{"surface":"ὁμοῦ","lemma":"ὁμοῦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"χεῖράς","lemma":"χείρ","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of τε","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πόδας","lemma":"πούς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of τε","gloss":"feet"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and","note":"χεῖράς τε ... πόδας τε, the correlative τε...τε pairing 'both...and' is classic epic style."}]},{"number":179,"label":"179","id":"b12-l179","source":"ὀρθὸν ἐν ἱστοπέδῃ, ἐκ δʼ αὐτοῦ πείρατʼ ἀνῆπτον·","translation":"upright against the mast-step, and made the rope-ends fast to it;","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l179.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὀρθὸν","lemma":"ὀρθός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"upright"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ἱστοπέδῃ","lemma":"ἱστοπέδη","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐν","gloss":"the mast-step","note":"ἱστοπέδη, the socket holding the mast, is a concrete nautical term rare outside Homer."},{"surface":"ἐκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αὐτοῦ","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"genitive singular neuter adjective","role":"object of ἐκ","gloss":"it (the mast)"},{"surface":"πείρατ","lemma":"πεῖραρ","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἀνῆπτον","gloss":"the rope-ends"},{"surface":"ἀνῆπτον","lemma":"ἀνάπτω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"they made fast"}]},{"number":180,"label":"180","id":"b12-l180","source":"αὐτοὶ δʼ ἑζόμενοι πολιὴν ἅλα τύπτον ἐρετμοῖς.","translation":"and they themselves sat and struck the gray sea with their oars.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l180.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτοὶ","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"subject of τύπτον","gloss":"they themselves"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἑζόμενοι","lemma":"ἕζομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to τύπτον","gloss":"sitting"},{"surface":"πολιὴν","lemma":"πολιός","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἅλα","gloss":"gray"},{"surface":"ἅλα","lemma":"ἅλς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of τύπτον","gloss":"the sea","note":"πολιὴν ἅλα 'gray/hoary sea' is a fixed Homeric color-epithet formula."},{"surface":"τύπτον","lemma":"τύπτω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"ἐρετμοῖς","lemma":"ἐρετμόν","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to τύπτον","gloss":"with oars"}]},{"number":181,"label":"181","id":"b12-l181","source":"ἀλλʼ ὅτε τόσσον ἀπῆμεν ὅσον τε γέγωνε βοήσας,","translation":"But when we were as far off as a man's shout carries,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l181.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ὅτε","lemma":"ὅτε","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"τόσσον","lemma":"τόσος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ἀπῆμεν","gloss":"so far"},{"surface":"ἀπῆμεν","lemma":"ἄπειμι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"adverbial to ὅτε","gloss":"we were off"},{"surface":"ὅσον","lemma":"ὅσος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to γέγωνε","gloss":"as far as"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"γέγωνε","lemma":"γέγωνα","morphology":"perfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing τόσσον","gloss":"carries (a shout)","note":"γέγωνε is a perfect with present force, 'reaches/carries'—an old formula for the range of a shout."},{"surface":"βοήσας","lemma":"βοάω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to γέγωνε","gloss":"shouting"}]},{"number":182,"label":"182","id":"b12-l182","source":"ῥίμφα διώκοντες, τὰς δʼ οὐ λάθεν ὠκύαλος νηῦς","translation":"driving swiftly on, the speeding ship did not escape their notice","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l182.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ῥίμφα","lemma":"ῥίμφα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to διώκοντες","gloss":"swiftly"},{"surface":"διώκοντες","lemma":"διώκω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ἀπῆμεν","gloss":"driving on"},{"surface":"τὰς","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative plural feminine pronoun","role":"object of λάθεν","gloss":"them (the Sirens)"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"οὐ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"λάθεν","lemma":"λανθάνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"escaped notice"},{"surface":"ὠκύαλος","lemma":"ὠκύαλος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies νηῦς","gloss":"speeding, swift"},{"surface":"νηῦς","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of λάθεν","gloss":"the ship"}]},{"number":183,"label":"183","id":"b12-l183","source":"ἐγγύθεν ὀρνυμένη, λιγυρὴν δʼ ἔντυνον ἀοιδήν·","translation":"as it neared, and they raised their clear-toned song:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l183.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐγγύθεν","lemma":"ἐγγύθεν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ὀρνυμένη","gloss":"from nearby"},{"surface":"ὀρνυμένη","lemma":"ὄρνυμι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to λάθεν","gloss":"nearing, rising"},{"surface":"λιγυρὴν","lemma":"λιγυρός","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἀοιδήν","gloss":"clear-toned"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔντυνον","lemma":"ἐντύνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"they raised"},{"surface":"ἀοιδήν","lemma":"ἀοιδή","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἔντυνον","gloss":"song","note":"the Sirens' λιγυρὴν ἀοιδήν 'clear song' formula sets up the famous seduction scene that follows."}]},{"number":184,"label":"184","id":"b12-l184","source":"δεῦρʼ ἄγʼ ἰών, πολύαινʼ Ὀδυσεῦ, μέγα κῦδος\n                     Ἀχαιῶν,","translation":"\"Come here, far-famed Odysseus, great glory of the Achaeans,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l184.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"πολύαινʼ Ὀδυσεῦ","title":"polyainos Odysseus","body":"πολύαινος, 'much-praised, of many tales,' is a flattering epithet the Sirens use to draw Odysseus in — fitting bait for a hero defined by his fame."}],"words":[{"surface":"δεῦρ","lemma":"δεῦρο","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἄγ᾽","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"ἄγ","lemma":"ἄγω","morphology":"present active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"ἰών","lemma":"εἶμι","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἄγ᾽","gloss":"going"},{"surface":"πολύαιν","lemma":"πολύαινος","morphology":"vocative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ὀδυσεῦ","gloss":"much-praised","note":"πολύαινος 'much-praised' is an epithet unique to Odysseus in the epics, flattering him by name-fame."},{"surface":"Ὀδυσεῦ","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"Odysseus"},{"surface":"μέγα","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"vocative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies κῦδος","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"κῦδος","lemma":"κῦδος","morphology":"vocative singular neuter noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"glory"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιῶν","lemma":"Ἀχαιός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies κῦδος","gloss":"of the Achaeans"}]},{"number":185,"label":"185","id":"b12-l185","source":"νῆα κατάστησον, ἵνα νωιτέρην ὄπ ἀκούσῃς.","translation":"halt your ship, that you may hear the voice of us two.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l185.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"νῆα","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of κατάστησον","gloss":"the ship"},{"surface":"κατάστησον","lemma":"καθίστημι","morphology":"aorist active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"halt"},{"surface":"ἵνα","lemma":"ἵνα","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"νωιτέρην","lemma":"νωίτερος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ὄπ","gloss":"of us two","note":"νωιτέρην is a dual possessive adjective 'of us two,' a rare grammatical number the Sirens use to bond as a pair."},{"surface":"ὄπ","lemma":"ὄψ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἀκούσῃς","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"ἀκούσῃς","lemma":"ἀκούω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 2nd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἵνα","gloss":"you may hear"}]},{"number":186,"label":"186","id":"b12-l186","source":"οὐ γάρ πώ τις τῇδε παρήλασε νηὶ μελαίνῃ,","translation":"For no one has ever yet passed by here in his black ship","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l186.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οὐ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"γάρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"πώ","lemma":"πω","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"τις","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of παρήλασε","gloss":"anyone"},{"surface":"τῇδε","lemma":"τῇδε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to παρήλασε","gloss":"here, this way"},{"surface":"παρήλασε","lemma":"παρελαύνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"passed by"},{"surface":"νηὶ","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to παρήλασε","gloss":"in ship"},{"surface":"μελαίνῃ","lemma":"μέλας","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies νηὶ","gloss":"black"}]},{"number":187,"label":"187","id":"b12-l187","source":"πρίν γʼ ἡμέων μελίγηρυν ἀπὸ στομάτων ὄπʼ ἀκοῦσαι,","translation":"before he heard the honey-sweet voice from our lips,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l187.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πρίν","lemma":"πρίν","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"γ","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"at least"},{"surface":"ἡμέων","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"genitive plural feminine pronoun","role":"modifies ὄπ᾽","gloss":"of us"},{"surface":"μελίγηρυν","lemma":"μελίγηρυς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"modifies ὄπ᾽","gloss":"honey-sweet","note":"μελίγηρυν 'honey-voiced' is the Sirens' own seductive self-description—rare compound underscoring their allure."},{"surface":"ἀπὸ","lemma":"ἀπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"στομάτων","lemma":"στόμα","morphology":"genitive plural neuter noun","role":"modifies ἀπὸ","gloss":"lips, mouths"},{"surface":"ὄπ","lemma":"ὄψ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἀκοῦσαι","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"ἀκοῦσαι","lemma":"ἀκούω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"adverbial to πρίν","gloss":"heard"}]},{"number":188,"label":"188","id":"b12-l188","source":"ἀλλʼ ὅ γε τερψάμενος νεῖται καὶ πλείονα εἰδώς.","translation":"but he goes on his way delighted, and knowing more than before.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l188.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ὅ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of νεῖται","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"τερψάμενος","lemma":"τέρπω","morphology":"aorist middle participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"having delighted"},{"surface":"νεῖται","lemma":"νέομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"goes home","note":"νεῖται is a present with future sense, 'returns'—but the Sirens' promise is a deadly lie, since no one returns."},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πλείονα","lemma":"πλείων","morphology":"accusative plural neuter comparative adjective","role":"object of εἰδώς","gloss":"more things"},{"surface":"εἰδώς","lemma":"οἶδα","morphology":"perfect active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"knowing"}]},{"number":189,"label":"189","id":"b12-l189","source":"ἴδμεν γάρ τοι πάνθʼ ὅσʼ ἐνὶ Τροίῃ εὐρείῃ","translation":"For we know all that, in the wide land of Troy,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l189.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἴδμεν","lemma":"οἶδα","morphology":"perfect active indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"we know","note":"ἴδμεν is the perfect of οἶδα used as a present, 'we know'—the Sirens claim omniscient knowledge to tempt Odysseus."},{"surface":"γάρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"τοι","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"πάνθ","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of ἴδμεν","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"ὅσ","lemma":"ὅσος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of μόγησαν","gloss":"whatever"},{"surface":"ἐνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Τροίῃ","lemma":"Τροία","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐνὶ","gloss":"Troy"},{"surface":"εὐρείῃ","lemma":"εὐρύς","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Τροίῃ","gloss":"wide"}]},{"number":190,"label":"190","id":"b12-l190","source":"Ἀργεῖοι Τρῶές τε θεῶν ἰότητι μόγησαν,","translation":"the Argives and Trojans toiled through by the will of the gods,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l190.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"θεῶν ἰότητι","title":"by the will of the gods","body":"θεῶν ἰότητι, 'by the gods' will,' is a fixed phrase attributing human suffering and outcomes to divine purpose."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ἀργεῖοι","lemma":"Ἀργεῖος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"subject of τε","gloss":"the Argives"},{"surface":"Τρῶές","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of τε","gloss":"and Trojans"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"θεῶν","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ἰότητι","gloss":"of the gods"},{"surface":"ἰότητι","lemma":"ἰότης","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to μόγησαν","gloss":"by the will"},{"surface":"μόγησαν","lemma":"μογέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing πάνθ᾽","gloss":"toiled, suffered"}]},{"number":191,"label":"191","id":"b12-l191","source":"ἴδμεν δʼ, ὅσσα γένηται ἐπὶ χθονὶ πουλυβοτείρῃ.","translation":"and we know whatever comes to pass on the bountiful earth.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l191.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"χθονὶ πουλυβοτείρῃ","title":"the bountiful earth","body":"πουλυβότειρα, 'feeding many, nourishing,' is a standing epithet of the earth. The Sirens claim total knowledge of everything upon it."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἴδμεν","lemma":"οἶδα","morphology":"perfect active indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"we know"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὅσσα","lemma":"ὅσος","morphology":"nominative plural neuter adjective","role":"subject of γένηται","gloss":"whatever"},{"surface":"γένηται","lemma":"γίγνομαι","morphology":"aorist middle subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"object of ἴδμεν","gloss":"comes to pass"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"χθονὶ","lemma":"χθών","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐπὶ","gloss":"the earth"},{"surface":"πουλυβοτείρῃ","lemma":"πουλυβότειρα","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"modifies χθονὶ","gloss":"bountiful, life-giving","note":"πουλυβότειρα 'much-nourishing' is an epic epithet for Earth, echoing the grand universal claim the Sirens make."}]},{"number":192,"label":"192","id":"b12-l192","source":"ὣς φάσαν ἱεῖσαι ὄπα κάλλιμον· αὐτὰρ ἐμὸν κῆρ","translation":"So they sang, sending forth their lovely voice; and my heart","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l192.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to φάσαν","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"φάσαν","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"they sang"},{"surface":"ἱεῖσαι","lemma":"ἵημι","morphology":"present active participle, nominative plural feminine","role":"adverbial to φάσαν","gloss":"sending forth"},{"surface":"ὄπα","lemma":"ὄψ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἱεῖσαι","gloss":"their voice"},{"surface":"κάλλιμον","lemma":"κάλλιμος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ὄπα","gloss":"lovely"},{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐμὸν","lemma":"ἐμός","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies κῆρ","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"κῆρ","lemma":"κῆρ","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of ἤθελ᾽","gloss":"heart","note":"κῆρ 'heart' as seat of desire and emotion—Odysseus' inner conflict is stated bluntly through this organ term."}]},{"number":193,"label":"193","id":"b12-l193","source":"ἤθελʼ ἀκουέμεναι, λῦσαί τʼ ἐκέλευον ἑταίρους","translation":"longed to listen, and I signaled my men to set me free,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l193.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἤθελ","lemma":"ἐθέλω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"longed"},{"surface":"ἀκουέμεναι","lemma":"ἀκούω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of ἤθελ᾽","gloss":"to listen"},{"surface":"λῦσαί","lemma":"λύω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of ἐκέλευον","gloss":"to free, loosen"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐκέλευον","lemma":"κελεύω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I bade, urged"},{"surface":"ἑταίρους","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of λῦσαί","gloss":"my comrades"}]},{"number":194,"label":"194","id":"b12-l194","source":"ὀφρύσι νευστάζων· οἱ δὲ προπεσόντες ἔρεσσον.","translation":"nodding with my brows; but they fell to and rowed harder.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l194.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"νευστάζων","title":"Present participle","body":"νευστάζων ('nodding, signaling') is a present participle showing action going on at the same time as the main verb — Odysseus keeps gesturing while begging silently to be loosed."}],"words":[{"surface":"ὀφρύσι","lemma":"ὀφρύς","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to νευστάζων","gloss":"with my brows"},{"surface":"νευστάζων","lemma":"νευστάζω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐκέλευον","gloss":"nodding","note":"νευστάζων 'nodding with the brows' is a vivid gesture-verb showing Odysseus signaling silently while gagged/bound."},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἔρεσσον","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"προπεσόντες","lemma":"προπίπτω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ἔρεσσον","gloss":"falling to it"},{"surface":"ἔρεσσον","lemma":"ἐρέσσω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"rowed"}]},{"number":195,"label":"195","id":"b12-l195","source":"αὐτίκα δʼ ἀνστάντες Περιμήδης Εὐρύλοχός τε","translation":"At once Perimedes and Eurylochus rose up","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l195.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτίκα","lemma":"αὐτίκα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀνστάντες","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀνστάντες","lemma":"ἀνίστημι","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to δέον","gloss":"standing up"},{"surface":"Περιμήδης","lemma":"Περιμήδης","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of τε","gloss":"Perimedes"},{"surface":"Εὐρύλοχός","lemma":"Εὐρύλοχος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of τε","gloss":"and Eurylochus"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"}]},{"number":196,"label":"196","id":"b12-l196","source":"πλείοσί μʼ ἐν δεσμοῖσι δέον μᾶλλόν τε πίεζον.","translation":"and bound me with more bonds and pressed them tighter still.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l196.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πλείοσί","lemma":"πλείων","morphology":"dative plural masculine comparative adjective","role":"modifies δεσμοῖσι","gloss":"with more"},{"surface":"μ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of δέον","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"δεσμοῖσι","lemma":"δεσμός","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἐν","gloss":"bonds"},{"surface":"δέον","lemma":"δέω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"they bound"},{"surface":"μᾶλλόν","lemma":"μᾶλλον","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to πίεζον","gloss":"more, still more"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πίεζον","lemma":"πιέζω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"pressed tight","note":"repeated δέον...πίεζον doubling the earlier wax-kneading verb πίεζον, tying the crew's action back to Odysseus' own earlier verb."}]},{"number":197,"label":"197","id":"b12-l197","source":"αὐτὰρ ἐπεὶ δὴ τάς γε παρήλασαν, οὐδʼ ἔτʼ ἔπειτα","translation":"But when they had rowed past them, and no longer","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l197.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed","note":"δή stresses the completed fact — 'when they had truly rowed past'"},{"surface":"τάς","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative plural feminine pronoun","role":"object of παρήλασαν","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"at least"},{"surface":"παρήλασαν","lemma":"παρελαύνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to δέ","gloss":"rowed past"},{"surface":"ἔτ","lemma":"ἔτι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἠκούομεν","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"ἔπειτα","lemma":"ἔπειτα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἠκούομεν","gloss":"thereafter"}]},{"number":198,"label":"198","id":"b12-l198","source":"φθογγῆς Σειρήνων ἠκούομεν οὐδέ τʼ ἀοιδῆς,","translation":"could we hear the Sirens' voice or their song,","scansion":"—— | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l198.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"φθογγῆς","lemma":"φθογγή","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἠκούομεν","gloss":"voice","note":"φθογγή 'voice/sound' governed by ἀκούω takes genitive — hearing takes a genitive object"},{"surface":"Σειρήνων","lemma":"Σειρήν","morphology":"genitive plural feminine noun","role":"modifies φθογγῆς","gloss":"of the Sirens"},{"surface":"ἠκούομεν","lemma":"ἀκούω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"adverbial to δέ","gloss":"we heard"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"ἀοιδῆς","lemma":"ἀοιδή","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object","gloss":"song"}]},{"number":199,"label":"199","id":"b12-l199","source":"αἶψʼ ἀπὸ κηρὸν ἕλοντο ἐμοὶ ἐρίηρες ἑταῖροι,","translation":"at once my trusty comrades took away the wax","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l199.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ἐρίηρες ἑταῖροι","title":"trusty comrades","body":"ἐρίηρες ἑταῖροι, 'faithful companions,' is one of the commonest Homeric formulas for a crew or band of followers."}],"words":[{"surface":"αἶψ","lemma":"αἶψα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἕλοντο","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"ἀπὸ","lemma":"ἀπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"away"},{"surface":"κηρὸν","lemma":"κηρός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἕλοντο","gloss":"wax"},{"surface":"ἕλοντο","lemma":"αἱρέω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"took away","note":"middle voice ἕλοντο: they took the wax off for their own benefit/off themselves"},{"surface":"ἐμοὶ","lemma":"ἐμός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἑταῖροι","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"ἐρίηρες","lemma":"ἐρίηρος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἑταῖροι","gloss":"trusty","note":"ἐρίηρος 'trusty, staunch' — a stock Homeric epithet for ἑταῖροι"},{"surface":"ἑταῖροι","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ἕλοντο","gloss":"comrades"}]},{"number":200,"label":"200","id":"b12-l200","source":"ὅν σφιν ἐπʼ ὠσὶν ἄλειψʼ, ἐμέ τʼ ἐκ δεσμῶν ἀνέλυσαν.","translation":"with which I had smeared their ears, and loosed me from my bonds.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l200.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὅν","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἄλειψ᾽","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"σφιν","lemma":"σφεῖς","morphology":"dative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἄλειψ᾽","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"ἐπ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"ὠσὶν","lemma":"οὖς","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἐπ᾽","gloss":"ears"},{"surface":"ἄλειψ","lemma":"ἀλείφω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing κηρὸν","gloss":"I had smeared","note":"1st sg — Odysseus himself applied the wax earlier, now recalled in his narration"},{"surface":"ἐμέ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἀνέλυσαν","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"δεσμῶν","lemma":"δεσμός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἐκ","gloss":"bonds"},{"surface":"ἀνέλυσαν","lemma":"ἀναλύω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"they loosed"}]},{"number":201,"label":"201","id":"b12-l201","source":"ἀλλʼ ὅτε δὴ τὴν νῆσον ἐλείπομεν, αὐτίκʼ ἔπειτα","translation":"But when we had left that island behind, straightaway","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l201.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ὅτε","lemma":"ὅτε","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"τὴν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"article","role":"modifies νῆσον","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"νῆσον","lemma":"νῆσος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐλείπομεν","gloss":"island"},{"surface":"ἐλείπομεν","lemma":"λείπω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"adverbial to ὅτε","gloss":"we were leaving","note":"imperfect ἐλείπομεν pictures the leaving in progress, not yet complete"},{"surface":"αὐτίκ","lemma":"αὐτίκα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"straightaway"},{"surface":"ἔπειτα","lemma":"ἔπειτα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"thereafter"}]},{"number":202,"label":"202","id":"b12-l202","source":"καπνὸν καὶ μέγα κῦμα ἴδον καὶ δοῦπον ἄκουσα.","translation":"I saw smoke and a great wave, and heard a roar.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l202.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καπνὸν","lemma":"καπνός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"smoke"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μέγα","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies κῦμα","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"κῦμα","lemma":"κῦμα","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"wave"},{"surface":"ἴδον","lemma":"εἶδον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I saw","note":"εἶδον is the athematic aorist 'saw' from ὁράω's suppletive stem — irregular but very common"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"δοῦπον","lemma":"δοῦπος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἄκουσα","gloss":"roar"},{"surface":"ἄκουσα","lemma":"ἀκούω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I heard"}]},{"number":203,"label":"203","id":"b12-l203","source":"τῶν δʼ ἄρα δεισάντων ἐκ χειρῶν ἔπτατʼ ἐρετμά,","translation":"Then, as the men took fright, the oars flew from their hands","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l203.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"δεισάντων","title":"Genitive absolute","body":"τῶν δεισάντων is a genitive absolute, 'they being afraid' — a participial clause set apart in the genitive to give the circumstance for the oars flying loose."}],"words":[{"surface":"τῶν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine pronoun","role":"modifies χειρῶν","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄρα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"δεισάντων","lemma":"δείδω","morphology":"aorist active participle, genitive plural masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"having taken fright","note":"genitive absolute-like participle δεισάντων agrees with τῶν, framing the cause of the oars flying"},{"surface":"ἐκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"χειρῶν","lemma":"χείρ","morphology":"genitive plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἐκ","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"ἔπτατ","lemma":"πέτομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"flew"},{"surface":"ἐρετμά","lemma":"ἐρετμόν","morphology":"nominative plural neuter noun","role":"subject of ἔπτατ᾽","gloss":"oars"}]},{"number":204,"label":"204","id":"b12-l204","source":"βόμβησαν δʼ ἄρα πάντα κατὰ ῥόον· ἔσχετο δʼ αὐτοῦ","translation":"and clattered down through the current; and the ship stood still","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l204.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"βόμβησαν","lemma":"βομβέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"clattered"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄρα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"πάντα","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"subject of βόμβησαν","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"κατὰ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"along"},{"surface":"ῥόον","lemma":"ῥόος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to κατὰ","gloss":"current"},{"surface":"ἔσχετο","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"stood still","note":"ἔσχετο middle of ἔχω = 'held itself back, stopped' — the ship literally 'held' in place"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αὐτοῦ","lemma":"αὐτοῦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔσχετο","gloss":"there"}]},{"number":205,"label":"205","id":"b12-l205","source":"νηῦς, ἐπεὶ οὐκέτʼ ἐρετμὰ προήκεα χερσὶν ἔπειγον.","translation":"right there, since no longer did their hands drive the tapered oars.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l205.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"νηῦς","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἔσχετο","gloss":"ship"},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"οὐκέτ","lemma":"οὐκέτι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔπειγον","gloss":"no longer"},{"surface":"ἐρετμὰ","lemma":"ἐρετμόν","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἔπειγον","gloss":"oars"},{"surface":"προήκεα","lemma":"προήκης","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἐρετμὰ","gloss":"tapered","note":"προήκης 'sharp-pointed, tapered' — a technical epithet for the oar blades"},{"surface":"χερσὶν","lemma":"χείρ","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἔπειγον","gloss":"with hands"},{"surface":"ἔπειγον","lemma":"ἐπείγω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to ἐπεὶ","gloss":"drove"}]},{"number":206,"label":"206","id":"b12-l206","source":"αὐτὰρ ἐγὼ διὰ νηὸς ἰὼν ὤτρυνον ἑταίρους","translation":"But I went through the ship and urged my men on,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l206.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐγὼ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ὤτρυνον","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"διὰ","lemma":"διά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"νηὸς","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of διὰ","gloss":"the ship"},{"surface":"ἰὼν","lemma":"εἶμι","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ὤτρυνον","gloss":"going","note":"ἰών, participle of εἶμι 'go' — Homeric present-stem εἶμι functions as a future/vivid present"},{"surface":"ὤτρυνον","lemma":"ὀτρύνω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I urged on"},{"surface":"ἑταίρους","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ὤτρυνον","gloss":"comrades"}]},{"number":207,"label":"207","id":"b12-l207","source":"μειλιχίοις ἐπέεσσι παρασταδὸν ἄνδρα ἕκαστον·","translation":"with soothing words standing beside each man:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l207.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"μειλιχίοις ἐπέεσσι","title":"with soothing words","body":"μειλίχιος, 'gentle, honeyed,' modifying 'words,' is a formula for calming or kindly speech in Homer."}],"words":[{"surface":"μειλιχίοις","lemma":"μειλίχιος","morphology":"dative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἐπέεσσι","gloss":"soothing"},{"surface":"ἐπέεσσι","lemma":"ἔπος","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ὤτρυνον","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"παρασταδὸν","lemma":"παρασταδόν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"standing beside","note":"παρασταδόν 'standing beside' — adverbial form describing his manner of addressing each man in turn"},{"surface":"ἄνδρα","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ὤτρυνον","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"ἕκαστον","lemma":"ἕκαστος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἄνδρα","gloss":"each"}]},{"number":208,"label":"208","id":"b12-l208","source":"ὦ φίλοι, οὐ γάρ πώ τι κακῶν ἀδαήμονές\n                     εἰμεν·","translation":"\"Friends, we are no strangers to trouble by now;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l208.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὦ","lemma":"ὦ","morphology":"exclamation","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"O"},{"surface":"φίλοι","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"vocative plural masculine adjective","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"friends"},{"surface":"οὐ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"γάρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"πώ","lemma":"πω","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"τι","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"adverbial to εἰμεν","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"κακῶν","lemma":"κακός","morphology":"genitive plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἀδαήμονές","gloss":"of evils"},{"surface":"ἀδαήμονές","lemma":"ἀδαήμων","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"unacquainted","note":"ἀδαήμων 'unacquainted with' takes genitive κακῶν — 'no strangers to troubles'"},{"surface":"εἰμεν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"we are"}]},{"number":209,"label":"209","id":"b12-l209","source":"οὐ μὲν δὴ τόδε μεῖζον ἕπει κακόν, ἢ ὅτε Κύκλωψ","translation":"this evil that comes is no greater than when the Cyclops","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l209.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οὐ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"τόδε","lemma":"ὅδε","morphology":"nominative singular neuter pronoun","role":"modifies κακόν","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"μεῖζον","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"nominative singular neuter comparative adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"greater","note":"μεῖζον, comparative of μέγας, sets up the ἢ ὅτε comparison that follows"},{"surface":"ἕπει","lemma":"ἕπομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"besets us"},{"surface":"κακόν","lemma":"κακός","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"subject of ἕπει","gloss":"evil"},{"surface":"ἢ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"ὅτε","lemma":"ὅτε","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"Κύκλωψ","lemma":"Κύκλωψ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of εἴλει","gloss":"the Cyclops"}]},{"number":210,"label":"210","id":"b12-l210","source":"εἴλει ἐνὶ σπῆι γλαφυρῷ κρατερῆφι βίηφιν·","translation":"penned us in his hollow cave by brute force.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l210.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"κρατερῆφι βίηφιν","title":"by brute force","body":"βίη is sheer physical might; the -φι ending is an old Homeric instrumental case-form, 'with mighty force.' The archaic ending is typical of the epic register."}],"words":[{"surface":"εἴλει","lemma":"εἴλω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὅτε","gloss":"penned us"},{"surface":"ἐνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"σπῆι","lemma":"σπέος","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἐνὶ","gloss":"cave"},{"surface":"γλαφυρῷ","lemma":"γλαφυρός","morphology":"dative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies σπῆι","gloss":"hollow"},{"surface":"κρατερῆφι","lemma":"κρατερός","morphology":"dative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies βίηφιν","gloss":"mighty"},{"surface":"βίηφιν","lemma":"βία","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to εἴλει","gloss":"by force","note":"κρατερῆφι βίηφιν use the old instrumental -φι ending, a fossilized Homeric case form"}]},{"number":211,"label":"211","id":"b12-l211","source":"ἀλλὰ καὶ ἔνθεν ἐμῇ ἀρετῇ, βουλῇ τε νόῳ τε,","translation":"Yet even from there, by my courage, my counsel and my wit,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l211.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ἀρετῇ, βουλῇ τε νόῳ τε","title":"courage, counsel, and wit","body":"Odysseus credits not strength but aretê (excellence/valor), boulê (planning), and noos (mind) — the qualities that define him as the man of many devices."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλὰ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"ἔνθεν","lemma":"ἔνθεν","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of ἐκφύγομεν","gloss":"from there"},{"surface":"ἐμῇ","lemma":"ἐμός","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἀρετῇ","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"ἀρετῇ","lemma":"ἀρετή","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ,","gloss":"courage","note":"dative of means ἀρετῇ, βουλῇ, νόῳ — 'by my courage, counsel, and wit'"},{"surface":"βουλῇ","lemma":"βουλή","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to τε","gloss":"counsel"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"νόῳ","lemma":"νόος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to τε","gloss":"wit"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"}]},{"number":212,"label":"212","id":"b12-l212","source":"ἐκφύγομεν, καί που τῶνδε μνήσεσθαι ὀίω.","translation":"we escaped; and I think we shall remember this day too.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —— | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l212.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐκφύγομεν","lemma":"ἐκφεύγω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"we escaped"},{"surface":"καί","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"που","lemma":"πού","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"τῶνδε","lemma":"ὅδε","morphology":"genitive plural neuter pronoun","role":"object of μνήσεσθαι","gloss":"of these things"},{"surface":"μνήσεσθαι","lemma":"μιμνήσκω","morphology":"future middle infinitive","role":"object of ὀίω","gloss":"to remember","note":"future infinitive μνήσεσθαι after οἴω — 'I think we shall remember'"},{"surface":"ὀίω","lemma":"οἴομαι","morphology":"present active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I think"}]},{"number":213,"label":"213","id":"b12-l213","source":"νῦν δʼ ἄγεθʼ, ὡς ἂν ἐγὼ εἴπω, πειθώμεθα πάντες.","translation":"Now come, let us all do as I say.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l213.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"πειθώμεθα","title":"Hortatory subjunctive","body":"πειθώμεθα is a first-person plural present subjunctive used as an exhortation: 'let us obey.' This is the standard way Greek says 'let us...'."}],"words":[{"surface":"νῦν","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to πειθώμεθα","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἄγεθ","lemma":"ἄγε","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"ὡς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to εἴπω","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"ἂν","lemma":"ἐάν","morphology":"conjunction","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"(subj. marker)"},{"surface":"ἐγὼ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of εἴπω","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"εἴπω","lemma":"εἶπον","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 1st singular verb","role":"adverbial to πειθώμεθα","gloss":"say","note":"ὡς ἂν εἴπω — 'as I shall say', subjunctive with ἄν in a general/future clause"},{"surface":"πειθώμεθα","lemma":"πείθω","morphology":"present medio-passive subjunctive, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"let us obey","note":"hortatory subjunctive πειθώμεθα — 'let us all obey'"},{"surface":"πάντες","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"all"}]},{"number":214,"label":"214","id":"b12-l214","source":"ὑμεῖς μὲν κώπῃσιν ἁλὸς ῥηγμῖνα βαθεῖαν","translation":"You, with your oars, strike the deep surf of the sea,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l214.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὑμεῖς","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"nominative plural pronoun","role":"subject of τύπτετε","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"κώπῃσιν","lemma":"κώπη","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to τύπτετε","gloss":"with oars"},{"surface":"ἁλὸς","lemma":"ἅλς","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies ῥηγμῖνα","gloss":"of the sea"},{"surface":"ῥηγμῖνα","lemma":"ῥηγμίς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of τύπτετε","gloss":"surf"},{"surface":"βαθεῖαν","lemma":"βαθύς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ῥηγμῖνα","gloss":"deep"}]},{"number":215,"label":"215","id":"b12-l215","source":"τύπτετε κληίδεσσιν ἐφήμενοι, αἴ κέ ποθι Ζεὺς","translation":"sitting at the oarlocks, in hope that somehow Zeus","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l215.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τύπτετε","lemma":"τύπτω","morphology":"present active imperative, 2nd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"strike","note":"imperative τύπτετε begins Odysseus's command to the rowers"},{"surface":"κληίδεσσιν","lemma":"κλείς","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἐφήμενοι","gloss":"oarlocks"},{"surface":"ἐφήμενοι","lemma":"ἔφημαι","morphology":"present participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to τύπτετε","gloss":"sitting"},{"surface":"αἴ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"κέ","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"ποθι","lemma":"ποθι","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"Ζεὺς","lemma":"Ζεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of δώῃ","gloss":"Zeus"}]},{"number":216,"label":"216","id":"b12-l216","source":"δώῃ τόνδε γʼ ὄλεθρον ὑπεκφυγέειν καὶ ἀλύξαι·","translation":"may grant us to escape and flee this doom.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l216.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δώῃ","lemma":"δίδωμι","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to αἴ","gloss":"may grant","note":"aorist subjunctive δώῃ after αἴ κε — expresses a hopeful condition, 'in case Zeus grants'"},{"surface":"τόνδε","lemma":"ὅδε","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies ὄλεθρον","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"γ","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"at least"},{"surface":"ὄλεθρον","lemma":"ὄλεθρος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"doom"},{"surface":"ὑπεκφυγέειν","lemma":"ὑπεκφεύγω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"to escape"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀλύξαι","lemma":"ἀλύσκω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"to flee"}]},{"number":217,"label":"217","id":"b12-l217","source":"σοὶ δέ, κυβερνῆθʼ, ὧδʼ ἐπιτέλλομαι· ἀλλʼ ἐνὶ θυμῷ","translation":"And you, helmsman, I charge you thus — take it","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l217.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"σοὶ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"object of ἐπιτέλλομαι","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κυβερνῆθ","lemma":"κυβερνήτης","morphology":"vocative plural masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"helmsman"},{"surface":"ὧδ","lemma":"ὧδε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐπιτέλλομαι","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"ἐπιτέλλομαι","lemma":"ἐπιτέλλω","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I charge","note":"ἐπιτέλλομαι 'I lay this charge upon you' — formal command language addressed directly to the helmsman"},{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"θυμῷ","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐνὶ","gloss":"heart"}]},{"number":218,"label":"218","id":"b12-l218","source":"βάλλευ, ἐπεὶ νηὸς γλαφυρῆς οἰήια νωμᾷς.","translation":"to heart, since you handle the hollow ship's steering-oar.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l218.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"βάλλευ","title":"Middle imperative","body":"βάλλευ is a present middle imperative, 'put (it) for yourself,' i.e. 'lay it to heart.' The middle voice marks the action as done in one's own interest."}],"words":[{"surface":"βάλλευ","lemma":"βάλλω","morphology":"present medio-passive imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"take it","note":"βάλλευ, middle imperative 'cast it (upon your heart)' — idiom for 'take it to heart'"},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"νηὸς","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies οἰήια","gloss":"of the ship"},{"surface":"γλαφυρῆς","lemma":"γλαφυρός","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies νηὸς","gloss":"hollow"},{"surface":"οἰήια","lemma":"οἰήιον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of νωμᾷς","gloss":"steering-oar"},{"surface":"νωμᾷς","lemma":"νωμάω","morphology":"present active subjunctive, 2nd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἐπεὶ","gloss":"you handle"}]},{"number":219,"label":"219","id":"b12-l219","source":"τούτου μὲν καπνοῦ καὶ κύματος ἐκτὸς ἔεργε","translation":"Keep the ship clear of this smoke and surge,","scansion":"—— | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l219.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τούτου","lemma":"οὗτος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies καπνοῦ","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"καπνοῦ","lemma":"καπνός","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"smoke"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κύματος","lemma":"κῦμα","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"surge"},{"surface":"ἐκτὸς","lemma":"ἐκτός","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"clear of"},{"surface":"ἔεργε","lemma":"ἔργω","morphology":"present active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"keep","note":"imperative ἔεργε 'keep away, shut out' — governs genitive καπνοῦ, κύματος"}]},{"number":220,"label":"220","id":"b12-l220","source":"νῆα, σὺ δὲ σκοπέλου ἐπιμαίεο, μή σε λάθῃσι","translation":"and hug the rock, lest she slip away from you","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l220.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"νῆα","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἔεργε","gloss":"the ship"},{"surface":"σὺ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"nominative singular pronoun","role":"subject of ἐπιμαίεο","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"σκοπέλου","lemma":"σκόπελος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐπιμαίεο","gloss":"the rock"},{"surface":"ἐπιμαίεο","lemma":"ἐπιμαίομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"hug","note":"ἐπιμαίεο, middle imperative 'aim for, keep close to' the rock (genitive object)"},{"surface":"μή","lemma":"μή","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"lest"},{"surface":"σε","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative singular pronoun","role":"object of λάθῃσι","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"λάθῃσι","lemma":"λανθάνω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"slip away"}]},{"number":221,"label":"221","id":"b12-l221","source":"κεῖσʼ ἐξορμήσασα καὶ ἐς κακὸν ἄμμε βάλῃσθα.","translation":"by darting off that way and hurling us into ruin.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l221.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κεῖσ","lemma":"ἐκεῖσε","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of ἐξορμήσασα","gloss":"that way"},{"surface":"ἐξορμήσασα","lemma":"ἐξορμάω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to λάθῃσι","gloss":"having darted off","note":"aorist participle ἐξορμήσασα, feminine, agrees with implied ship (νῆα/νηῦς)"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"κακὸν","lemma":"κακός","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"object of ἐς","gloss":"ruin"},{"surface":"ἄμμε","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of βάλῃσθα","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"βάλῃσθα","lemma":"βάλλω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 2nd singular verb","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"hurl"}]},{"number":222,"label":"222","id":"b12-l222","source":"ὣς ἐφάμην, οἱ δʼ ὦκα ἐμοῖς ἐπέεσσι πίθοντο.","translation":"So I spoke, and they quickly obeyed my words.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l222.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐφάμην","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ἐφάμην","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I spoke"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of πίθοντο","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὦκα","lemma":"ὦκα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to πίθοντο","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"ἐμοῖς","lemma":"ἐμός","morphology":"dative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἐπέεσσι","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"ἐπέεσσι","lemma":"ἔπος","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"object of πίθοντο","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"πίθοντο","lemma":"πείθω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"obeyed","note":"πίθοντο + dative ἐπέεσσι — πείθω in the middle takes a dative 'object', 'be persuaded by'"}]},{"number":223,"label":"223","id":"b12-l223","source":"Σκύλλην δʼ οὐκέτʼ ἐμυθεόμην, ἄπρηκτον ἀνίην,","translation":"But I said no more of Scylla, that hopeless grief,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l223.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ἄπρηκτον ἀνίην","title":"\"hopeless grief\"","body":"ἄπρηκτος means \"that cannot be dealt with, against which nothing can be done\"; ἀνίη is anguish or trouble. Odysseus hides the threat because there is no defense against it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Σκύλλην","lemma":"Σκύλλα","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ,","gloss":"Scylla"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"οὐκέτ","lemma":"οὐκέτι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐμυθεόμην","gloss":"no longer"},{"surface":"ἐμυθεόμην","lemma":"μυθέομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I spoke of","note":"imperfect ἐμυθεόμην — he kept silent about her repeatedly, not just once"},{"surface":"ἄπρηκτον","lemma":"ἄπρακτος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἀνίην","gloss":"hopeless"},{"surface":"ἀνίην","lemma":"ἀνία","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ,","gloss":"grief"}]},{"number":224,"label":"224","id":"b12-l224","source":"μή πώς μοι δείσαντες ἀπολλήξειαν ἑταῖροι","translation":"for fear that, in their terror, my comrades might leave off","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l224.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μή","lemma":"μή","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"lest"},{"surface":"πώς","lemma":"πῶς","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of δείσαντες","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"δείσαντες","lemma":"δείδω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ἀπολλήξειαν","gloss":"having grown afraid"},{"surface":"ἀπολλήξειαν","lemma":"ἀπολήγω","morphology":"aorist active optative, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to δὲ","gloss":"might leave off","note":"aorist optative ἀπολλήξειαν in a fear clause (μή...) — optative of wish/apprehension"},{"surface":"ἑταῖροι","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of δὲ","gloss":"comrades"}]},{"number":225,"label":"225","id":"b12-l225","source":"εἰρεσίης, ἐντὸς δὲ πυκάζοιεν σφέας αὐτούς.","translation":"their rowing and huddle themselves down inside the ship.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l225.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἰρεσίης","lemma":"εἰρεσία","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἀπολλήξειαν","gloss":"rowing"},{"surface":"ἐντὸς","lemma":"ἐντός","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to πυκάζοιεν","gloss":"inside"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πυκάζοιεν","lemma":"πυκάζω","morphology":"present active optative, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to δὲ","gloss":"should huddle","note":"optative of indirect command in secondary sequence (reported from Circe's instruction); πυκάζω is a plain present-stem verb with no reduplication"},{"surface":"σφέας","lemma":"σφεῖς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of πυκάζοιεν","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"αὐτούς","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies σφέας","gloss":"(intensive) themselves","note":"σφέας αὐτούς = emphatic reflexive, 'their own selves'"}]},{"number":226,"label":"226","id":"b12-l226","source":"καὶ τότε δὴ Κίρκης μὲν ἐφημοσύνης ἀλεγεινῆς","translation":"And just then I forgot Circe's hard command,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l226.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τότε","lemma":"τότε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to λανθανόμην","gloss":"just then"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"Κίρκης","lemma":"Κίρκη","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies ἐφημοσύνης","gloss":"Circe's","note":"possessive genitive; Circe's earlier warning drives this whole scene"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"(contrast marker)"},{"surface":"ἐφημοσύνης","lemma":"ἐφημοσύνη","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of λανθανόμην","gloss":"command"},{"surface":"ἀλεγεινῆς","lemma":"ἀλεγεινός","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἐφημοσύνης","gloss":"harsh"}]},{"number":227,"label":"227","id":"b12-l227","source":"λανθανόμην, ἐπεὶ οὔ τί μʼ ἀνώγει θωρήσσεσθαι·","translation":"for she had told me by no means to arm myself;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l227.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"θωρήσσεσθαι","title":"Middle infinitive","body":"θωρήσσεσθαι is a middle-voice infinitive, \"to arm oneself.\" The middle voice marks the subject acting upon himself, here putting on his own armor."}],"words":[{"surface":"λανθανόμην","lemma":"λανθάνω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I forgot","note":"λανθάνομαι + gen. 'forget'; imperfect frames the ongoing lapse"},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"οὔ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"τί","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"μ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of θωρήσσεσθαι","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ἀνώγει","lemma":"ἄνωγα","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἐπεὶ","gloss":"she bade","note":"ἄνωγα is a perfect-form verb used with present sense 'command'"},{"surface":"θωρήσσεσθαι","lemma":"θωρήσσω","morphology":"present medio-passive infinitive","role":"object of ἀνώγει","gloss":"to arm myself"}]},{"number":228,"label":"228","id":"b12-l228","source":"αὐτὰρ ἐγὼ καταδὺς κλυτὰ τεύχεα καὶ δύο δοῦρε","translation":"but I put on my glorious armor and, taking two long spears","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l228.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐγὼ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἔβαινον","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"καταδὺς","lemma":"καταδύω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"donning","note":"aorist participle 'having put on', describing action prior to main verb ἔβαινον"},{"surface":"κλυτὰ","lemma":"κλυτός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies τεύχεα","gloss":"glorious"},{"surface":"τεύχεα","lemma":"τεῦχος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of καταδὺς","gloss":"armor"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"δύο","lemma":"δύο","morphology":"numeral","role":"modifies δοῦρε","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"δοῦρε","lemma":"δόρυ","morphology":"accusative dual neuter noun","role":"object of ἑλὼν","gloss":"spears","note":"δοῦρε is dual number — Homeric Greek marks pairs distinctly from plural"}]},{"number":229,"label":"229","id":"b12-l229","source":"μάκρʼ ἐν χερσὶν ἑλὼν εἰς ἴκρια νηὸς ἔβαινον","translation":"in my hands, I went up onto the ship's foredeck,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l229.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μάκρ","lemma":"μακρός","morphology":"accusative dual neuter adjective","role":"modifies δοῦρε","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"χερσὶν","lemma":"χείρ","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἐν","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"ἑλὼν","lemma":"αἱρέω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"taking","note":"aorist participle ἑλών 'having grasped', coordinate with καταδύς above"},{"surface":"εἰς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"ἴκρια","lemma":"ἴκρια","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of εἰς","gloss":"deck"},{"surface":"νηὸς","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies πρῴρης","gloss":"of the ship"},{"surface":"ἔβαινον","lemma":"βαίνω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I went"}]},{"number":230,"label":"230","id":"b12-l230","source":"πρῴρης· ἔνθεν γάρ μιν ἐδέγμην πρῶτα φανεῖσθαι","translation":"at the prow; for from there I expected she would first appear,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l230.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πρῴρης","lemma":"πρῷρα","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies ἴκρια","gloss":"of the prow","note":"πρῴρης genitive modifying ἴκρια from the line above — enjambment across lines"},{"surface":"ἔνθεν","lemma":"ἔνθεν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to φανεῖσθαι","gloss":"from there"},{"surface":"γάρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"ἐδέγμην","lemma":"δέχομαι","morphology":"aorist medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I expected","note":"δέχομαι here means 'await, expect' rather than literal 'receive'"},{"surface":"πρῶτα","lemma":"πρῶτος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to φανεῖσθαι","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"φανεῖσθαι","lemma":"φαίνω","morphology":"future middle infinitive","role":"object of ἐδέγμην","gloss":"would appear"}]},{"number":231,"label":"231","id":"b12-l231","source":"Σκύλλην πετραίην, ἥ μοι φέρε πῆμʼ ἑτάροισιν.","translation":"Scylla of the rock, who was bringing doom upon my comrades.","scansion":"—— | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l231.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Σκύλλην","lemma":"Σκύλλα","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"Scylla","note":"πετραίην ('of the rock') is a unique epithet for Scylla in this line, not a repeated Homeric formula"},{"surface":"πετραίην","lemma":"πετραῖος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Σκύλλην","gloss":"of the rock"},{"surface":"ἥ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of φέρε","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies ἑτάροισιν","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"φέρε","lemma":"φέρω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing Σκύλλην","gloss":"was bringing"},{"surface":"πῆμ","lemma":"πῆμα","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of φέρε","gloss":"doom"},{"surface":"ἑτάροισιν","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of φέρε","gloss":"upon comrades"}]},{"number":232,"label":"232","id":"b12-l232","source":"οὐδέ πῃ ἀθρῆσαι δυνάμην, ἔκαμον δέ μοι ὄσσε","translation":"But nowhere could I make her out, and my eyes grew weary","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l232.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πῃ","lemma":"πη","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"anywhere"},{"surface":"ἀθρῆσαι","lemma":"ἀθρέω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of δυνάμην","gloss":"to spot her"},{"surface":"δυνάμην","lemma":"δύναμαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I could"},{"surface":"ἔκαμον","lemma":"κάμνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"grew weary","note":"ἔκαμον is 3rd plural agreeing with dual-turned-plural ὄσσε 'eyes'"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies ὄσσε","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"ὄσσε","lemma":"ὄσσα","morphology":"nominative dual neuter noun","role":"subject of ἔκαμον","gloss":"eyes","note":"ὄσσε is dual — 'the pair of eyes,' typical Homeric dual for body parts"}]},{"number":233,"label":"233","id":"b12-l233","source":"πάντῃ παπταίνοντι πρὸς ἠεροειδέα πέτρην.","translation":"as I peered in every direction toward the misty rock.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l233.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πάντῃ","lemma":"πάντῃ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to παπταίνοντι","gloss":"everywhere"},{"surface":"παπταίνοντι","lemma":"παπταίνω","morphology":"present active participle, dative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"peering"},{"surface":"πρὸς","lemma":"πρός","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"ἠεροειδέα","lemma":"ἠεροειδής","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies πέτρην","gloss":"misty","note":"ἠεροειδής 'looking like mist/haze' — vivid compound epithet for the dim cliff"},{"surface":"πέτρην","lemma":"πέτρα","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of πρὸς","gloss":"rock"}]},{"number":234,"label":"234","id":"b12-l234","source":"ἡμεῖς μὲν στεινωπὸν ἀνεπλέομεν γοόωντες·","translation":"So we sailed up the narrow strait, groaning aloud:","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l234.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἡμεῖς","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἀνεπλέομεν","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"(topic marker)"},{"surface":"στεινωπὸν","lemma":"στενωπός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"object of ἀνεπλέομεν","gloss":"narrow strait"},{"surface":"ἀνεπλέομεν","lemma":"ἀναπλέω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"sailed up"},{"surface":"γοόωντες","lemma":"γοάω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ἀνεπλέομεν","gloss":"groaning"}]},{"number":235,"label":"235","id":"b12-l235","source":"ἔνθεν μὲν Σκύλλη, ἑτέρωθι δὲ δῖα Χάρυβδις","translation":"on this side was Scylla, and on the other dread Charybdis","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l235.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἔνθεν μὲν ... ἑτέρωθι δὲ","title":"men ... de contrast","body":"The pairing ἔνθεν μὲν ... ἑτέρωθι δὲ sets the two monsters on opposite sides in balanced clauses, the classic Greek \"on the one hand ... on the other.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"ἔνθεν","lemma":"ἔνθεν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to δὲ","gloss":"on one side"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"(topic marker)"},{"surface":"Σκύλλη","lemma":"Σκύλλα","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ,","gloss":"Scylla"},{"surface":"ἑτέρωθι","lemma":"ἑτέρωθι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to δὲ","gloss":"on the other side"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"δῖα","lemma":"δῖος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Χάρυβδις","gloss":"dread","note":"δῖα 'divine, dread' — formulaic epithet, here darkly applied to monstrous Charybdis"},{"surface":"Χάρυβδις","lemma":"Χάρυβδις","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ,","gloss":"Charybdis"}]},{"number":236,"label":"236","id":"b12-l236","source":"δεινὸν ἀνερροίβδησε θαλάσσης ἁλμυρὸν ὕδωρ.","translation":"terribly sucked down the salt water of the sea.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l236.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δεινὸν","lemma":"δεινός","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ἀνερροίβδησε","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"ἀνερροίβδησε","lemma":"ἀναρροιβδέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"sucked down","note":"ἀναρροιβδέω, a rare onomatopoeic verb coined for Charybdis's gulping sound"},{"surface":"θαλάσσης","lemma":"θάλασσα","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies ὕδωρ","gloss":"of the sea"},{"surface":"ἁλμυρὸν","lemma":"ἁλμυρός","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ὕδωρ","gloss":"salt"},{"surface":"ὕδωρ","lemma":"ὕδωρ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἀνερροίβδησε","gloss":"water"}]},{"number":237,"label":"237","id":"b12-l237","source":"ἦ τοι ὅτʼ ἐξεμέσειε, λέβης ὣς ἐν πυρὶ πολλῷ","translation":"Whenever she spewed it up, like a cauldron over a great fire","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l237.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"τοι","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"ὅτ","lemma":"ὅτι","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"whenever"},{"surface":"ἐξεμέσειε","lemma":"ἐξεμέω","morphology":"aorist active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὅτ᾽","gloss":"she spewed up","note":"optative in a generalizing 'whenever' clause describing repeated/habitual action"},{"surface":"λέβης","lemma":"λέβης","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"a cauldron"},{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"πυρὶ","lemma":"πῦρ","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial","gloss":"fire"},{"surface":"πολλῷ","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"dative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies πυρὶ","gloss":"great"}]},{"number":238,"label":"238","id":"b12-l238","source":"πᾶσʼ ἀναμορμύρεσκε κυκωμένη, ὑψόσε δʼ ἄχνη","translation":"she would seethe all over, churning, and high overhead the spray","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l238.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πᾶσ","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"ἀναμορμύρεσκε","lemma":"ἀναμορμύρω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"would seethe","note":"iterative -σκε suffix marks repeated past action, typical of Homeric epic narration"},{"surface":"κυκωμένη","lemma":"κυκάω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to ἀναμορμύρεσκε","gloss":"churning"},{"surface":"ὑψόσε","lemma":"ὑψόσε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔπιπτεν","gloss":"high overhead"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄχνη","lemma":"ἄχνη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἔπιπτεν","gloss":"spray"}]},{"number":239,"label":"239","id":"b12-l239","source":"ἄκροισι σκοπέλοισιν ἐπʼ ἀμφοτέροισιν ἔπιπτεν·","translation":"fell on the topmost crags on both the rocks.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l239.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἄκροισι","lemma":"ἄκρος","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies σκοπέλοισιν","gloss":"topmost"},{"surface":"σκοπέλοισιν","lemma":"σκόπελος","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἐπ᾽","gloss":"crags"},{"surface":"ἐπ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"ἀμφοτέροισιν","lemma":"ἀμφότερος","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies σκοπέλοισιν","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"ἔπιπτεν","lemma":"πίπτω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"fell"}]},{"number":240,"label":"240","id":"b12-l240","source":"ἀλλʼ ὅτʼ ἀναβρόξειε θαλάσσης ἁλμυρὸν ὕδωρ,","translation":"But whenever she gulped down the salt water of the sea,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l240.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ὅτ","lemma":"ὅτι","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"whenever"},{"surface":"ἀναβρόξειε","lemma":"ἀναβρόχω","morphology":"aorist active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὅτ᾽","gloss":"she gulped down","note":"rare verb ἀναβρόχω, paired with ἀναρροιβδέω above to frame Charybdis's tidal rhythm"},{"surface":"θαλάσσης","lemma":"θάλασσα","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies ὕδωρ","gloss":"of the sea"},{"surface":"ἁλμυρὸν","lemma":"ἁλμυρός","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ὕδωρ","gloss":"salt"},{"surface":"ὕδωρ","lemma":"ὕδωρ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἀναβρόξειε","gloss":"water"}]},{"number":241,"label":"241","id":"b12-l241","source":"πᾶσʼ ἔντοσθε φάνεσκε κυκωμένη, ἀμφὶ δὲ πέτρη","translation":"she would show all churning within, and around the rock","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l241.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πᾶσ","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"ἔντοσθε","lemma":"ἔντοσθε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to φάνεσκε","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"φάνεσκε","lemma":"φαίνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"would show","note":"iterative -σκε suffix marks repeated past action, matching the earlier iterative ἀναμορμύρεσκε in l238 (different verb, same habitual sense)"},{"surface":"κυκωμένη","lemma":"κυκάω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to φάνεσκε","gloss":"churning"},{"surface":"ἀμφὶ","lemma":"ἀμφί","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐβεβρύχει","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πέτρη","lemma":"πέτρα","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἐβεβρύχει","gloss":"the rock"}]},{"number":242,"label":"242","id":"b12-l242","source":"δεινὸν ἐβεβρύχει, ὑπένερθε δὲ γαῖα φάνεσκε","translation":"she roared terribly, and below the earth showed through,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l242.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δεινὸν","lemma":"δεινός","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ἐβεβρύχει","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"ἐβεβρύχει","lemma":"βρυχάομαι","morphology":"pluperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"roared","note":"pluperfect βεβρύχει used with imperfect/aorist force in epic narrative time"},{"surface":"ὑπένερθε","lemma":"ὑπένερθε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to φάνεσκε","gloss":"below"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"γαῖα","lemma":"γαῖα","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of φάνεσκε","gloss":"the earth"},{"surface":"φάνεσκε","lemma":"φαίνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"showed through"}]},{"number":243,"label":"243","id":"b12-l243","source":"ψάμμῳ κυανέη· τοὺς δὲ χλωρὸν δέος ᾕρει.","translation":"dark with sand; and pale fear seized my men.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l243.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"χλωρὸν δέος","title":"\"pale fear\"","body":"χλωρόν means greenish-yellow, pale; χλωρὸν δέος is a fixed Homeric phrase for the bloodless terror that drains the face of color."}],"words":[{"surface":"ψάμμῳ","lemma":"ψάμμος","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"modifies κυανέη","gloss":"with sand"},{"surface":"κυανέη","lemma":"κυάνεος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"dark"},{"surface":"τοὺς","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of ᾕρει","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"χλωρὸν","lemma":"χλωρός","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies δέος","gloss":"pale","note":"χλωρός 'greenish-pale' describes the sickly color of terror, not the emotion itself"},{"surface":"δέος","lemma":"δέος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of ᾕρει","gloss":"fear"},{"surface":"ᾕρει","lemma":"αἱρέω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"seized"}]},{"number":244,"label":"244","id":"b12-l244","source":"ἡμεῖς μὲν πρὸς τὴν ἴδομεν δείσαντες ὄλεθρον·","translation":"We kept our eyes on her, in fear of destruction;","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l244.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἡμεῖς","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἴδομεν","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"(topic marker)"},{"surface":"πρὸς","lemma":"πρός","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"τὴν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of πρὸς","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"ἴδομεν","lemma":"εἶδον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"kept eyes","note":"ἴδομεν 'we looked' — thematic (strong) 2nd aorist of ὁράω, not an athematic form"},{"surface":"δείσαντες","lemma":"δείδω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ἴδομεν","gloss":"fearing"},{"surface":"ὄλεθρον","lemma":"ὄλεθρος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of δείσαντες","gloss":"destruction"}]},{"number":245,"label":"245","id":"b12-l245","source":"τόφρα δέ μοι Σκύλλη γλαφυρῆς ἐκ νηὸς ἑταίρους","translation":"and meanwhile Scylla snatched from the hollow ship six of my","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l245.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τόφρα","lemma":"τόφρα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἕλεθ᾽","gloss":"meanwhile"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies ἑταίρους","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"Σκύλλη","lemma":"Σκύλλα","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἕλεθ᾽","gloss":"Scylla"},{"surface":"γλαφυρῆς","lemma":"γλαφυρός","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies νηὸς","gloss":"hollow"},{"surface":"ἐκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"νηὸς","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐκ","gloss":"ship"},{"surface":"ἑταίρους","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἕλεθ᾽","gloss":"comrades"}]},{"number":246,"label":"246","id":"b12-l246","source":"ἓξ ἕλεθʼ, οἳ χερσίν τε βίηφί τε φέρτατοι ἦσαν.","translation":"comrades, the ones who were best in strength of hand and might.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l246.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἓξ","lemma":"ἕξ","morphology":"numeral","role":"modifies ἑταίρους","gloss":"six"},{"surface":"ἕλεθ","lemma":"αἱρέω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"snatched","note":"middle voice ἕλετο emphasizes Scylla acting for her own gain/appetite"},{"surface":"οἳ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἦσαν","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"χερσίν","lemma":"χείρ","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"modifies τε","gloss":"in hands"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"βίηφί","lemma":"βία","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"modifies τε","gloss":"in might","note":"βίηφι uses the old instrumental -φι ending, an archaic epic case-form"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"φέρτατοι","lemma":"φέρτατος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"strongest"},{"surface":"ἦσαν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ἑταίρους","gloss":"were"}]},{"number":247,"label":"247","id":"b12-l247","source":"σκεψάμενος δʼ ἐς νῆα θοὴν ἅμα καὶ μεθʼ ἑταίρους","translation":"Looking toward the swift ship and after my comrades,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l247.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"σκεψάμενος","lemma":"σκέπτομαι","morphology":"aorist medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐνόησα","gloss":"looking","note":"aorist participle σκεψάμενος, 'having glanced back'"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"νῆα","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐς","gloss":"ship"},{"surface":"θοὴν","lemma":"θοός","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies νῆα","gloss":"swift"},{"surface":"ἅμα","lemma":"ἅμα","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μεθ","lemma":"μετά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"ἑταίρους","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of μεθ᾽","gloss":"comrades"}]},{"number":248,"label":"248","id":"b12-l248","source":"ἤδη τῶν ἐνόησα πόδας καὶ χεῖρας ὕπερθεν","translation":"I now caught sight of their feet and hands above me","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l248.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἤδη","lemma":"ἤδη","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐνόησα","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"τῶν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine pronoun","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"ἐνόησα","lemma":"νοέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I caught sight"},{"surface":"πόδας","lemma":"πούς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"feet"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"χεῖρας","lemma":"χείρ","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"ὕπερθεν","lemma":"ὕπερθεν","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies χεῖρας","gloss":"above","note":"ὕπερθεν 'from above' — the pathos of seeing them lifted overhead as Scylla snatches them"}]},{"number":249,"label":"249","id":"b12-l249","source":"ὑψόσʼ ἀειρομένων· ἐμὲ δὲ φθέγγοντο καλεῦντες","translation":"as they were lifted on high; and they cried out, calling me","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l249.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὑψόσ","lemma":"ὑψόσε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀειρομένων","gloss":"high aloft"},{"surface":"ἀειρομένων","lemma":"ἀείρω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, genitive plural masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"being lifted"},{"surface":"ἐμὲ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of φθέγγοντο","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"φθέγγοντο","lemma":"φθέγγομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"καλεῦντες","lemma":"καλέω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ,","gloss":"calling"}]},{"number":250,"label":"250","id":"b12-l250","source":"ἐξονομακλήδην, τότε γʼ ὕστατον, ἀχνύμενοι κῆρ.","translation":"by name, for the last time then, grieving at heart.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l250.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ἐξονομακλήδην","title":"\"by name\"","body":"A rare Homeric adverb meaning \"calling each by his very name.\" It heightens the pathos: the doomed men name Odysseus personally in their last cry."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἐξονομακλήδην","lemma":"ἐξονομακλήδην","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to καλεῦντες","gloss":"by name","note":"rare compound adverb ἐξονομακλήδην, 'calling out each by name,' heightening the pathos of this final farewell"},{"surface":"τότε","lemma":"τότε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"γ","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ὕστατον","lemma":"ὕστερος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial","gloss":"for the last time"},{"surface":"ἀχνύμενοι","lemma":"ἀχεύω","morphology":"present passive participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ,","gloss":"grieving"},{"surface":"κῆρ","lemma":"κῆρ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἀχνύμενοι","gloss":"at heart","note":"κῆρ, accusative of respect specifying where the grieving is felt"}]},{"number":251,"label":"251","id":"b12-l251","source":"ὡς δʼ ὅτʼ ἐπὶ προβόλῳ ἁλιεὺς περιμήκεϊ ῥάβδῳ","translation":"As when a fisherman on a jutting headland, with a long rod,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l251.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὡς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"(and)"},{"surface":"ὅτ","lemma":"ὅτι","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"προβόλῳ","lemma":"πρόβολος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐπὶ","gloss":"a headland"},{"surface":"ἁλιεὺς","lemma":"ἁλιεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of δ᾽","gloss":"a fisherman","note":"opens an extended epic simile comparing Scylla's snatching to a fisherman's line"},{"surface":"περιμήκεϊ","lemma":"περιμήκης","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ῥάβδῳ","gloss":"very long"},{"surface":"ῥάβδῳ","lemma":"ῥάβδος","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to προΐησι","gloss":"rod"}]},{"number":252,"label":"252","id":"b12-l252","source":"ἰχθύσι τοῖς ὀλίγοισι δόλον κατὰ εἴδατα βάλλων","translation":"casting bait as a trap for the little fish,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l252.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἰχθύσι","lemma":"ἰχθύς","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of βάλλων","gloss":"fish"},{"surface":"τοῖς","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative plural masculine article","role":"modifies ἰχθύσι","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ὀλίγοισι","lemma":"ὀλίγος","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἰχθύσι","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"δόλον","lemma":"δόλος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to κατὰ","gloss":"a trap"},{"surface":"κατὰ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"εἴδατα","lemma":"εἶδαρ","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of βάλλων","gloss":"bait","note":"εἶδαρ 'food/bait' — the simile's bait mirrors Scylla's comrades as 'bait' for her jaws"},{"surface":"βάλλων","lemma":"βάλλω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to προΐησι","gloss":"casting"}]},{"number":253,"label":"253","id":"b12-l253","source":"ἐς πόντον προΐησι βοὸς κέρας ἀγραύλοιο,","translation":"sends down into the sea the horn of an ox of the field,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l253.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"πόντον","lemma":"πόντος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐς","gloss":"the sea"},{"surface":"προΐησι","lemma":"προίημι","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"sends down","note":"vivid present amid past narration, a 'Homeric present' for immediacy"},{"surface":"βοὸς","lemma":"βοῦς","morphology":"genitive singular noun","role":"modifies κέρας","gloss":"of an ox"},{"surface":"κέρας","lemma":"κέρας","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of προΐησι","gloss":"horn"},{"surface":"ἀγραύλοιο","lemma":"ἄγραυλος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies βοὸς","gloss":"of the field","note":"ἀγραύλοιο, 'field-dwelling' - stock epithet for oxen"}]},{"number":254,"label":"254","id":"b12-l254","source":"ἀσπαίροντα δʼ ἔπειτα λαβὼν ἔρριψε θύραζε,","translation":"then catches one writhing and flings it ashore,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l254.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀσπαίροντα","lemma":"ἀσπαίρω","morphology":"present active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"writhing"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔπειτα","lemma":"ἔπειτα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔρριψε","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"λαβὼν","lemma":"λαμβάνω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἔρριψε","gloss":"catching"},{"surface":"ἔρριψε","lemma":"ῥίπτω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"flings","note":"aorist marks the single decisive action after the catching"},{"surface":"θύραζε","lemma":"θύραζε","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of ἔρριψε","gloss":"ashore"}]},{"number":255,"label":"255","id":"b12-l255","source":"ὣς οἵ γʼ ἀσπαίροντες ἀείροντο προτὶ πέτρας·","translation":"so they were drawn up writhing toward the rocks;","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l255.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀείροντο","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"οἵ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἀείροντο","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"γ","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἀσπαίροντες","lemma":"ἀσπαίρω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ἀείροντο","gloss":"writhing"},{"surface":"ἀείροντο","lemma":"ἀείρω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"were drawn up","note":"imperfect medio-passive: repeated hauling up, not a single act"},{"surface":"προτὶ","lemma":"πρός","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"πέτρας","lemma":"πέτρα","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of προτὶ","gloss":"the rocks"}]},{"number":256,"label":"256","id":"b12-l256","source":"αὐτοῦ δʼ εἰνὶ θύρῃσι κατήσθιε κεκληγῶτας","translation":"and there at her doorway she devoured them as they shrieked,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l256.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτοῦ","lemma":"αὐτοῦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"εἰνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"θύρῃσι","lemma":"θύρα","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial","gloss":"the doorway"},{"surface":"κατήσθιε","lemma":"κατεσθίω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"devoured","note":"imperfect: she ate them one after another, ongoing horror"},{"surface":"κεκληγῶτας","lemma":"κλάζω","morphology":"perfect active participle, accusative plural masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"shrieking"}]},{"number":257,"label":"257","id":"b12-l257","source":"χεῖρας ἐμοὶ ὀρέγοντας ἐν αἰνῇ δηιοτῆτι·","translation":"stretching out their hands to me in their terrible struggle.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l257.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"χεῖρας","lemma":"χείρ","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ὀρέγοντας","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"ἐμοὶ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ὀρέγοντας","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"ὀρέγοντας","lemma":"ὀρέγω","morphology":"present active participle, accusative plural masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"stretching out"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"αἰνῇ","lemma":"αἰνός","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies δηιοτῆτι","gloss":"terrible"},{"surface":"δηιοτῆτι","lemma":"δηιοτής","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"struggle","note":"δηιοτής properly means 'battle-strife', here grimly applied to being devoured"}]},{"number":258,"label":"258","id":"b12-l258","source":"οἴκτιστον δὴ κεῖνο ἐμοῖς ἴδον ὀφθαλμοῖσι","translation":"That was the most pitiful sight I saw with my own eyes","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l258.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἴκτιστον","lemma":"οἴκτιστος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"most pitiful"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"κεῖνο","lemma":"ἐκεῖνος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"object of ἴδον","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ἐμοῖς","lemma":"ἐμός","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ὀφθαλμοῖσι","gloss":"my own"},{"surface":"ἴδον","lemma":"εἶδον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"ὀφθαλμοῖσι","lemma":"ὀφθαλμός","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἴδον","gloss":"eyes"}]},{"number":259,"label":"259","id":"b12-l259","source":"πάντων, ὅσσʼ ἐμόγησα πόρους ἁλὸς ἐξερεείνων.","translation":"of all I suffered while searching out the paths of the sea.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l259.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πάντων","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"genitive plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies οἴκτιστον","gloss":"of all"},{"surface":"ὅσσ","lemma":"ὅσος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of ἐμόγησα","gloss":"as much as","note":"elided ὅσσ᾽(α) introduces a relative clause modifying πάντων"},{"surface":"ἐμόγησα","lemma":"μογέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing πάντων","gloss":"I suffered"},{"surface":"πόρους","lemma":"πόρος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἐξερεείνων","gloss":"paths"},{"surface":"ἁλὸς","lemma":"ἅλς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies πόρους","gloss":"of the sea"},{"surface":"ἐξερεείνων","lemma":"ἐξερεείνω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐμόγησα","gloss":"searching out"}]},{"number":260,"label":"260","id":"b12-l260","source":"αὐτὰρ ἐπεὶ πέτρας φύγομεν δεινήν τε Χάρυβδιν","translation":"But when we had fled from the rocks and dread Charybdis","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l260.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"πέτρας","lemma":"πέτρα","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of τ᾽","gloss":"the rocks"},{"surface":"φύγομεν","lemma":"φεύγω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"adverbial to ἐπεὶ","gloss":"we fled"},{"surface":"δεινήν","lemma":"δεινός","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Χάρυβδιν","gloss":"dread"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Χάρυβδιν","lemma":"Χάρυβδις","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of τ᾽","gloss":"Charybdis"}]},{"number":261,"label":"261","id":"b12-l261","source":"Σκύλλην τʼ, αὐτίκʼ ἔπειτα θεοῦ ἐς ἀμύμονα νῆσον","translation":"and Scylla, straightaway then to the god's flawless island","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l261.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Σκύλλην","lemma":"Σκύλλα","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of τ᾽","gloss":"Scylla"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αὐτίκ","lemma":"αὐτίκα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἱκόμεθ᾽","gloss":"straightaway"},{"surface":"ἔπειτα","lemma":"ἔπειτα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἱκόμεθ᾽","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"θεοῦ","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies νῆσον","gloss":"of the god"},{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ἀμύμονα","lemma":"ἀμύμων","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies νῆσον","gloss":"flawless"},{"surface":"νῆσον","lemma":"νῆσος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐς","gloss":"island"}]},{"number":262,"label":"262","id":"b12-l262","source":"ἱκόμεθʼ· ἔνθα δʼ ἔσαν καλαὶ βόες εὐρυμέτωποι,","translation":"we came; and there were the fine broad-browed cattle","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l262.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἱκόμεθ","lemma":"ἱκνέομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"we came","note":"verb of the previous line's clause, split across the line break (enjambment)"},{"surface":"ἔνθα","lemma":"ἔνθα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔσαν","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔσαν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"there were"},{"surface":"καλαὶ","lemma":"καλός","morphology":"nominative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies βόες","gloss":"fine"},{"surface":"βόες","lemma":"βοῦς","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject of δὲ","gloss":"cattle"},{"surface":"εὐρυμέτωποι","lemma":"εὐρυμέτωπος","morphology":"nominative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies βόες","gloss":"broad-browed","note":"compound epithet εὐρυμέτωπος, formulaic for cattle"}]},{"number":263,"label":"263","id":"b12-l263","source":"πολλὰ δὲ ἴφια μῆλʼ Ὑπερίονος Ἠελίοιο.","translation":"and many sturdy flocks of Hyperion the Sun.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l263.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πολλὰ","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"nominative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies μῆλ᾽","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἴφια","lemma":"ἴφιος","morphology":"nominative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies μῆλ᾽","gloss":"sturdy"},{"surface":"μῆλ","lemma":"μῆλον","morphology":"nominative plural neuter noun","role":"subject of δὲ","gloss":"flocks"},{"surface":"Ὑπερίονος","lemma":"Ὑπερίων","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ἠελίοιο","gloss":"of Hyperion"},{"surface":"Ἠελίοιο","lemma":"ἠέλιος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies μῆλ᾽","gloss":"the Sun","note":"Ὑπερίων and Ἠέλιος in apposition, both naming the sun-god"}]},{"number":264,"label":"264","id":"b12-l264","source":"δὴ τότʼ ἐγὼν ἔτι πόντῳ ἐὼν ἐν νηὶ μελαίνῃ","translation":"And then, while still at sea in my black ship,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l264.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then indeed"},{"surface":"τότ","lemma":"τότε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἤκουσα","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἐγὼν","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἤκουσα","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ἔτι","lemma":"ἔτι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐὼν","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"πόντῳ","lemma":"πόντος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐὼν","gloss":"on the sea"},{"surface":"ἐὼν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἤκουσα","gloss":"being"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"νηὶ","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"ship"},{"surface":"μελαίνῃ","lemma":"μέλας","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies νηὶ","gloss":"black","note":"'black ship' (νηὶ μελαίνῃ) is a standard Homeric formula"}]},{"number":265,"label":"265","id":"b12-l265","source":"μυκηθμοῦ τʼ ἤκουσα βοῶν αὐλιζομενάων","translation":"I heard the lowing of the cattle penned in their stalls","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l265.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μυκηθμοῦ","lemma":"μυκηθμός","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of τε","gloss":"lowing"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἤκουσα","lemma":"ἀκούω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I heard"},{"surface":"βοῶν","lemma":"βοῦς","morphology":"genitive plural noun","role":"modifies μυκηθμοῦ","gloss":"of cattle"},{"surface":"αὐλιζομενάων","lemma":"αὐλίζομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, genitive plural feminine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"penned in stalls"}]},{"number":266,"label":"266","id":"b12-l266","source":"οἰῶν τε βληχήν· καί μοι ἔπος ἔμπεσε θυμῷ","translation":"and the bleating of the sheep; and into my heart fell the word","scansion":"—— | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l266.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἰῶν","lemma":"ὄις","morphology":"genitive plural feminine noun","role":"modifies βληχήν","gloss":"of sheep"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"βληχήν","lemma":"βληχή","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of τε","gloss":"bleating"},{"surface":"καί","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies θυμῷ","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"ἔπος","lemma":"ἔπος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of ἔμπεσε","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"ἔμπεσε","lemma":"ἐμπίπτω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"fell","note":"ἔμπεσε θυμῷ, 'fell upon the heart' - idiom for a thought striking someone"},{"surface":"θυμῷ","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἔμπεσε","gloss":"heart"}]},{"number":267,"label":"267","id":"b12-l267","source":"μάντηος ἀλαοῦ, Θηβαίου Τειρεσίαο,","translation":"of the blind seer, Theban Teiresias,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l267.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μάντηος","lemma":"μάντις","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ,","gloss":"seer"},{"surface":"ἀλαοῦ","lemma":"ἀλαός","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies μάντηος","gloss":"blind"},{"surface":"Θηβαίου","lemma":"Θηβαῖος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Τειρεσίαο","gloss":"Theban"},{"surface":"Τειρεσίαο","lemma":"Τειρεσίης","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ,","gloss":"Teiresias","note":"the blind prophet of Thebes, consulted in the underworld in Book 11"}]},{"number":268,"label":"268","id":"b12-l268","source":"Κίρκης τʼ Αἰαίης, ἥ μοι μάλα πόλλʼ ἐπέτελλε","translation":"and of Aeaean Circe, who had charged me strictly,","scansion":"—— | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l268.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Κίρκης","lemma":"Κίρκη","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies τ᾽","gloss":"of Circe"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Αἰαίης","lemma":"Αἰαῖος","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Κίρκης","gloss":"Aeaean","note":"epithet from her island Aeaea"},{"surface":"ἥ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of ἐπέτελλε","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἐπέτελλε","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"μάλα","lemma":"μάλα","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"πόλλ","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ἐπέτελλε","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"ἐπέτελλε","lemma":"ἐπιτέλλω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing Κίρκης","gloss":"charged"}]},{"number":269,"label":"269","id":"b12-l269","source":"νῆσον ἀλεύασθαι τερψιμβρότου Ἠελίοιο.","translation":"again and again, to shun the island of the Sun who gladdens mortals.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l269.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"τερψιμβρότου","title":"Epithet of the Sun","body":"τερψίμβροτος, \"delighting mortals,\" is a standing epithet of Helios. Here it is bitterly ironic: this delight-giving god's island will bring the crew's death."}],"words":[{"surface":"νῆσον","lemma":"νῆσος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἀλεύασθαι","gloss":"island"},{"surface":"ἀλεύασθαι","lemma":"ἀλέομαι","morphology":"aorist middle infinitive","role":"object of ἐπέτελλε","gloss":"to shun"},{"surface":"τερψιμβρότου","lemma":"τερψίμβροτος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἠελίοιο","gloss":"gladdening mortals","note":"τερψίμβροτος, compound epithet of the Sun, ironic given coming disaster"},{"surface":"Ἠελίοιο","lemma":"ἠέλιος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies νῆσον","gloss":"of the Sun"}]},{"number":270,"label":"270","id":"b12-l270","source":"δὴ τότʼ ἐγὼν ἑτάροισι μετηύδων ἀχνύμενος κῆρ·","translation":"And then I spoke among my comrades, grieving at heart:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l270.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then indeed"},{"surface":"τότ","lemma":"τότε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to μετηύδων","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἐγὼν","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of μετηύδων","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ἑτάροισι","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of μετηύδων","gloss":"comrades"},{"surface":"μετηύδων","lemma":"μεταυδάω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spoke among"},{"surface":"ἀχνύμενος","lemma":"ἀχεύω","morphology":"present passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to μετηύδων","gloss":"grieving"},{"surface":"κῆρ","lemma":"κῆρ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἀχνύμενος","gloss":"at heart"}]},{"number":271,"label":"271","id":"b12-l271","source":"κέκλυτέ μευ μύθων κακά περ πάσχοντες\n                     ἑταῖροι,","translation":"\"Hear my words, comrades, hard pressed though you are,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l271.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κέκλυτέ","lemma":"κλύω","morphology":"aorist active imperative, 2nd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"hear","note":"κέκλυτε is an old reduplicated (thematic) aorist imperative of κλύω, not a perfect — matches the fixed 'aorist active imperative' morphology; archaic/poetic form for 'hear!'"},{"surface":"μευ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies μύθων","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"μύθων","lemma":"μῦθος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"object of κέκλυτέ","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"κακά","lemma":"κακός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of πάσχοντες","gloss":"evils"},{"surface":"περ","lemma":"πέρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"though","note":"περ concessive: 'though suffering evils'"},{"surface":"πάσχοντες","lemma":"πάσχω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"modifies ἑταῖροι","gloss":"suffering"},{"surface":"ἑταῖροι","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"vocative plural masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"comrades"}]},{"number":272,"label":"272","id":"b12-l272","source":"ὄφρʼ ὑμῖν εἴπω μαντήια Τειρεσίαο","translation":"so that I may tell you the prophecies of Teiresias","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l272.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὄφρ","lemma":"ὄφρα","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"ὑμῖν","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative plural pronoun","role":"object of εἴπω","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"εἴπω","lemma":"εἶπον","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 1st singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὄφρ᾽","gloss":"I may tell"},{"surface":"μαντήια","lemma":"μαντεῖον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of εἴπω","gloss":"prophecies"},{"surface":"Τειρεσίαο","lemma":"Τειρεσίης","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies τ᾽","gloss":"of Teiresias"}]},{"number":273,"label":"273","id":"b12-l273","source":"Κίρκης τʼ Αἰαίης, ἥ μοι μάλα πόλλʼ ἐπέτελλε","translation":"and of Aeaean Circe, who charged me strictly,","scansion":"—— | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l273.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Κίρκης","lemma":"Κίρκη","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies τ᾽","gloss":"of Circe"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Αἰαίης","lemma":"Αἰαῖος","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Κίρκης","gloss":"Aeaean"},{"surface":"ἥ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of ἐπέτελλε","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἐπέτελλε","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"μάλα","lemma":"μάλα","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"πόλλ","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ἐπέτελλε","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"ἐπέτελλε","lemma":"ἐπιτέλλω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing Κίρκης","gloss":"charged","note":"line repeats l268 verbatim, a formulaic Homeric repetition"}]},{"number":274,"label":"274","id":"b12-l274","source":"νῆσον ἀλεύασθαι τερψιμβρότου Ἠελίοιο·","translation":"again and again, to shun the island of the Sun who gladdens mortals;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l274.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"νῆσον","lemma":"νῆσος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἀλεύασθαι","gloss":"island"},{"surface":"ἀλεύασθαι","lemma":"ἀλέομαι","morphology":"aorist middle infinitive","role":"object of ἐπέτελλε","gloss":"to shun"},{"surface":"τερψιμβρότου","lemma":"τερψίμβροτος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἠελίοιο","gloss":"gladdening mortals"},{"surface":"Ἠελίοιο","lemma":"ἠέλιος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies νῆσον","gloss":"of the Sun"}]},{"number":275,"label":"275","id":"b12-l275","source":"ἔνθα γὰρ αἰνότατον κακὸν ἔμμεναι ἄμμιν ἔφασκεν.","translation":"for there, she said, our most terrible harm would be.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l275.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔνθα","lemma":"ἔνθα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔμμεναι","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"αἰνότατον","lemma":"αἰνός","morphology":"accusative singular neuter superlative adjective","role":"modifies κακὸν","gloss":"most terrible","note":"superlative of αἰνός, emphatic warning"},{"surface":"κακὸν","lemma":"κακός","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"subject of ἔμμεναι","gloss":"harm"},{"surface":"ἔμμεναι","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of ἔφασκεν","gloss":"would be"},{"surface":"ἄμμιν","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἔμμεναι","gloss":"for us"},{"surface":"ἔφασκεν","lemma":"φάσκω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"she said"}]},{"number":276,"label":"276","id":"b12-l276","source":"ἀλλὰ παρὲξ τὴν νῆσον ἐλαύνετε νῆα μέλαιναν.","translation":"So drive the black ship onward, past the island.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l276.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλὰ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"παρὲξ","lemma":"παρέξ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"past"},{"surface":"τὴν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine article","role":"modifies νῆσον","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"νῆσον","lemma":"νῆσος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of παρὲξ","gloss":"island"},{"surface":"ἐλαύνετε","lemma":"ἐλαύνω","morphology":"present active imperative, 2nd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"drive","note":"plural imperative: Odysseus commands the whole crew"},{"surface":"νῆα","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐλαύνετε","gloss":"ship"},{"surface":"μέλαιναν","lemma":"μέλας","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies νῆα","gloss":"black"}]},{"number":277,"label":"277","id":"b12-l277","source":"ὣς ἐφάμην, τοῖσιν δὲ κατεκλάσθη φίλον ἦτορ.","translation":"So I spoke, and their hearts were broken within them.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l277.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"κατεκλάσθη φίλον ἦτορ","title":"\"their hearts were broken\"","body":"κατακλάω is literally \"to shatter, break down.\" The idiom \"their dear heart was crushed\" expresses sudden despair, a recurring Homeric formula."}],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐφάμην","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ἐφάμην","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I spoke"},{"surface":"τοῖσιν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative plural masculine pronoun","role":"modifies ἦτορ","gloss":"for them"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κατεκλάσθη","lemma":"κατακλάω","morphology":"aorist passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was broken","note":"aorist passive, sudden emotional collapse of the crew at the warning"},{"surface":"φίλον","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἦτορ","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"ἦτορ","lemma":"ἦτορ","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of κατεκλάσθη","gloss":"heart"}]},{"number":278,"label":"278","id":"b12-l278","source":"αὐτίκα δʼ Εὐρύλοχος στυγερῷ μʼ ἠμείβετο μύθῳ·","translation":"And at once Eurylochus answered me with hateful words:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l278.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτίκα","lemma":"αὐτίκα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἠμείβετο","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Εὐρύλοχος","lemma":"Εὐρύλοχος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἠμείβετο","gloss":"Eurylochus","note":"Odysseus's defiant second-in-command, recurring foil throughout the voyage"},{"surface":"στυγερῷ","lemma":"στυγερός","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies μύθῳ","gloss":"hateful"},{"surface":"μ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἠμείβετο","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ἠμείβετο","lemma":"ἀμείβω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"μύθῳ","lemma":"μῦθος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἠμείβετο","gloss":"with word"}]},{"number":279,"label":"279","id":"b12-l279","source":"σχέτλιός εἰς, Ὀδυσεῦ· περί τοι μένος, οὐδέ τι\n                     γυῖα","translation":"\"You are a hard man, Odysseus. Your strength is great, and your limbs","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l279.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"σχέτλιός","lemma":"σχέτλιος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"hard","note":"σχέτλιος, 'cruel/relentless' - Eurylochus's blunt rebuke of Odysseus"},{"surface":"εἰς","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"you are"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσεῦ","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"Odysseus"},{"surface":"περί","lemma":"περί","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"exceedingly"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"object","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"μένος","lemma":"μένος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject","gloss":"strength"},{"surface":"τι","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"γυῖα","lemma":"γυῖον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of κάμνεις","gloss":"limbs"}]},{"number":280,"label":"280","id":"b12-l280","source":"κάμνεις· ἦ ῥά νυ σοί γε σιδήρεα πάντα τέτυκται,","translation":"never tire; truly you must be made all of iron,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l280.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κάμνεις","lemma":"κάμνω","morphology":"present active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"tire","note":"κάμνεις completes the thought begun in the prior line, 'your limbs never tire'"},{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"ῥά","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"νυ","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to τέτυκται","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"σοί","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"object of τέτυκται","gloss":"for you"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"σιδήρεα","lemma":"σιδήρεος","morphology":"nominative plural neuter adjective","role":"complement of τέτυκται","gloss":"of iron"},{"surface":"πάντα","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"nominative plural neuter adjective","role":"subject of τέτυκται","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"τέτυκται","lemma":"τεύχω","morphology":"perfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"are made","note":"perfect passive τέτυκται - a fixed state, 'you must be made of iron'"}]},{"number":281,"label":"281","id":"b12-l281","source":"ὅς ῥʼ ἑτάρους καμάτῳ ἁδηκότας ἠδὲ καὶ ὕπνῳ","translation":"you who will not let your comrades, worn down with weariness and sleep,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l281.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὅς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἀλλ᾽","gloss":"who","note":"ὅς begins a relative clause not resolved until ἀλλ᾽ three lines later (l284, \"ἀλλ᾽ αὔτως...ἄνωγας\") — a long Homeric suspension before the main clause, not the very next line."},{"surface":"ῥ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἑτάρους","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐπιβήμεναι","gloss":"comrades"},{"surface":"καμάτῳ","lemma":"κάματος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"with toil"},{"surface":"ἁδηκότας","lemma":"ἁνδάνω","morphology":"perfect active participle, accusative plural masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"worn down","note":"perfect participle ἁδηκότας stresses the lasting state of exhaustion, not just a single moment of tiring."},{"surface":"ἠδὲ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"ὕπνῳ","lemma":"ὕπνος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"with sleep"}]},{"number":282,"label":"282","id":"b12-l282","source":"οὐκ ἐάᾳς γαίης ἐπιβήμεναι, ἔνθα κεν αὖτε","translation":"set foot on land, where once again","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l282.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οὐκ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ἐάᾳς","lemma":"ἐάω","morphology":"present active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ἀλλ᾽","gloss":"you let","note":"ἐάᾳς is 2nd sg. present of ἐάω 'allow' — the whole sentence is Eurylochus reproaching Odysseus for refusing to let the men land."},{"surface":"γαίης","lemma":"γαῖα","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐπιβήμεναι","gloss":"of land"},{"surface":"ἐπιβήμεναι","lemma":"ἐπιβαίνω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of ἐάᾳς","gloss":"set foot on","note":"aorist infinitive ἐπιβήμεναι governed by ἐάᾳς, with genitive γαίης as its object (verbs of touching/reaching take the genitive)."},{"surface":"ἔνθα","lemma":"ἔνθα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to τετυκοίμεθα","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"κεν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"(potential particle)"},{"surface":"αὖτε","lemma":"αὖτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"again"}]},{"number":283,"label":"283","id":"b12-l283","source":"νήσῳ ἐν ἀμφιρύτῃ λαρὸν τετυκοίμεθα δόρπον,","translation":"on this sea-girt island we might cook a savory supper,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l283.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"νήσῳ","lemma":"νῆσος","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"island"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"ἀμφιρύτῃ","lemma":"ἀμφίρυτος","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies νήσῳ","gloss":"sea-girt","note":"ἀμφιρύτῃ 'washed around' — a stock Homeric epithet for islands."},{"surface":"λαρὸν","lemma":"λαρός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies δόρπον","gloss":"savory"},{"surface":"τετυκοίμεθα","lemma":"τεύχω","morphology":"aorist middle optative, 1st plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing γαίης","gloss":"we might make","note":"optative τετυκοίμεθα expresses the wished-for but denied action — contrary to what Odysseus actually allows."},{"surface":"δόρπον","lemma":"δόρπον","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of τετυκοίμεθα","gloss":"supper"}]},{"number":284,"label":"284","id":"b12-l284","source":"ἀλλʼ αὔτως διὰ νύκτα θοὴν ἀλάλησθαι ἄνωγας","translation":"but instead bid us wander on through the swift night just so,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l284.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"αὔτως","lemma":"αὔτως","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἄνωγας","gloss":"just so","note":"αὔτως 'thus, just as we are' conveys Eurylochus's bitterness at wandering aimlessly with no rest."},{"surface":"διὰ","lemma":"διά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"νύκτα","lemma":"νύξ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of διὰ","gloss":"night"},{"surface":"θοὴν","lemma":"θοός","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies νύκτα","gloss":"swift"},{"surface":"ἀλάλησθαι","lemma":"ἀλάλημαι","morphology":"present middle infinitive","role":"object of ἄνωγας","gloss":"to wander","note":"ἀλάλησθαι, a present middle infinitive from the reduplicated verb 'to wander,' is governed by ἄνωγας — its continuous aspect reflects the crew's aimless drifting."},{"surface":"ἄνωγας","lemma":"ἄνωγα","morphology":"perfect active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ἀλλ᾽","gloss":"you bid"}]},{"number":285,"label":"285","id":"b12-l285","source":"νήσου ἀποπλαγχθέντας ἐν ἠεροειδέι πόντῳ.","translation":"driven from the island over the misty sea.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l285.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"νήσου","lemma":"νῆσος","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἀποπλαγχθέντας","gloss":"from the island"},{"surface":"ἀποπλαγχθέντας","lemma":"ἀποπλάζω","morphology":"aorist passive participle, accusative plural masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"driven off course","note":"aorist passive participle ἀποπλαγχθέντας 'having been driven astray' — describes the men as helpless victims of the wind."},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"ἠεροειδέι","lemma":"ἠεροειδής","morphology":"dative singular adjective","role":"modifies πόντῳ","gloss":"misty"},{"surface":"πόντῳ","lemma":"πόντος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"sea"}]},{"number":286,"label":"286","id":"b12-l286","source":"ἐκ νυκτῶν δʼ ἄνεμοι χαλεποί, δηλήματα νηῶν,","translation":"Out of the night come cruel winds, the ruin of ships;","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l286.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"νυκτῶν","lemma":"νύξ","morphology":"genitive plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἐκ","gloss":"the nights"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄνεμοι","lemma":"ἄνεμος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ,","gloss":"winds"},{"surface":"χαλεποί","lemma":"χαλεπός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἄνεμοι","gloss":"cruel"},{"surface":"δηλήματα","lemma":"δήλημα","morphology":"nominative plural neuter noun","role":"subject of ,","gloss":"ruin","note":"δηλήματα νηῶν 'banes of ships' is a fixed Homeric phrase describing storm winds as ship-wreckers."},{"surface":"νηῶν","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"genitive plural feminine noun","role":"modifies δηλήματα","gloss":"of ships"}]},{"number":287,"label":"287","id":"b12-l287","source":"γίγνονται· πῇ κέν τις ὑπεκφύγοι αἰπὺν ὄλεθρον,","translation":"how could anyone escape sheer destruction,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l287.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"γίγνονται","lemma":"γίγνομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"arise"},{"surface":"πῇ","lemma":"πῆ","morphology":"pronoun","role":"object of ὑπεκφύγοι","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"κέν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"(potential particle)"},{"surface":"τις","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ὑπεκφύγοι","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"ὑπεκφύγοι","lemma":"ὑπεκφεύγω","morphology":"aorist active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"escape","note":"optative ὑπεκφύγοι with κέν forms a potential/rhetorical question — 'how could one possibly escape...'"},{"surface":"αἰπὺν","lemma":"αἰπύς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ὄλεθρον","gloss":"sheer"},{"surface":"ὄλεθρον","lemma":"ὄλεθρος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ὑπεκφύγοι","gloss":"destruction"}]},{"number":288,"label":"288","id":"b12-l288","source":"ἤν πως ἐξαπίνης ἔλθῃ ἀνέμοιο θύελλα,","translation":"if suddenly a blast of wind should come,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l288.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἤν","lemma":"ἐάν","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"πως","lemma":"πως","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"ἐξαπίνης","lemma":"ἐξαπίνης","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔλθῃ","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"ἔλθῃ","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἤν","gloss":"should come","note":"subjunctive ἔλθῃ with ἤν (=ἐάν) sets up a vivid future/general condition about a sudden squall."},{"surface":"ἀνέμοιο","lemma":"ἄνεμος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ,","gloss":"of wind"},{"surface":"θύελλα","lemma":"θύελλα","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἔλθῃ","gloss":"blast"}]},{"number":289,"label":"289","id":"b12-l289","source":"ἢ Νότου ἢ Ζεφύροιο δυσαέος, οἵ τε μάλιστα","translation":"of the South Wind or the ill-blowing West, which most of all","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l289.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἢ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"either"},{"surface":"Νότου","lemma":"Νότος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ἢ","gloss":"South Wind"},{"surface":"ἢ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"Ζεφύροιο","lemma":"Ζέφυρος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ἢ","gloss":"West Wind"},{"surface":"δυσαέος","lemma":"δυσαής","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ζεφύροιο","gloss":"ill-blowing","note":"δυσαής 'blowing badly' marks the West Wind as especially harmful here, unlike its usual gentle epithet elsewhere."},{"surface":"οἵ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of διαρραίουσι","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"(epic particle)"},{"surface":"μάλιστα","lemma":"μάλιστα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to διαρραίουσι","gloss":"most of all"}]},{"number":290,"label":"290","id":"b12-l290","source":"νῆα διαρραίουσι θεῶν ἀέκητι ἀνάκτων.","translation":"shatter a ship, against the will of the lordly gods?","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l290.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"νῆα","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of διαρραίουσι","gloss":"a ship"},{"surface":"διαρραίουσι","lemma":"διαρραίω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ἢ","gloss":"shatter"},{"surface":"θεῶν","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ἀέκητι","gloss":"of gods"},{"surface":"ἀέκητι","lemma":"ἀέκητι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to διαρραίουσι","gloss":"against the will of","note":"ἀέκητι + genitive is a fixed Homeric idiom, 'in spite of/without the consent of' the gods."},{"surface":"ἀνάκτων","lemma":"ἄναξ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies θεῶν","gloss":"the lords"}]},{"number":291,"label":"291","id":"b12-l291","source":"ἀλλʼ ἦ τοι νῦν μὲν πειθώμεθα νυκτὶ μελαίνῃ","translation":"No, for now let us yield to the black night","scansion":"—— | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l291.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"no, but"},{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"τοι","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"νῦν","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to πειθώμεθα","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"on the one hand"},{"surface":"πειθώμεθα","lemma":"πείθω","morphology":"present medio-passive subjunctive, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"let us yield","note":"hortatory subjunctive πειθώμεθα 'let us obey' — Eurylochus proposes submitting to night's necessity rather than sailing on."},{"surface":"νυκτὶ","lemma":"νύξ","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of πειθώμεθα","gloss":"to night"},{"surface":"μελαίνῃ","lemma":"μέλας","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies νυκτὶ","gloss":"black"}]},{"number":292,"label":"292","id":"b12-l292","source":"δόρπον θʼ ὁπλισόμεσθα θοῇ παρὰ νηὶ μένοντες,","translation":"and make ready our supper, staying beside the swift ship;","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l292.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δόρπον","lemma":"δόρπον","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ὁπλισόμεσθα","gloss":"supper"},{"surface":"θ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὁπλισόμεσθα","lemma":"ὁπλίζω","morphology":"aorist middle subjunctive, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"let us prepare"},{"surface":"θοῇ","lemma":"θοός","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies νηὶ","gloss":"swift"},{"surface":"παρὰ","lemma":"παρά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"νηὶ","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to παρὰ","gloss":"ship"},{"surface":"μένοντες","lemma":"μένω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ὁπλισόμεσθα","gloss":"staying"}]},{"number":293,"label":"293","id":"b12-l293","source":"ἠῶθεν δʼ ἀναβάντες ἐνήσομεν εὐρέι πόντῳ.","translation":"and at dawn we will go aboard and put out on the wide sea.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l293.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἠῶθεν","lemma":"ἕωθεν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐνήσομεν","gloss":"at dawn"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀναβάντες","lemma":"ἀναβαίνω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐνήσομεν","gloss":"going aboard","note":"aorist participle ἀναβάντες shows the boarding as completed before the main verb's future action of launching."},{"surface":"ἐνήσομεν","lemma":"ἐνίημι","morphology":"future active indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"we will launch"},{"surface":"εὐρέι","lemma":"εὐρύς","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies πόντῳ","gloss":"wide"},{"surface":"πόντῳ","lemma":"πόντος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐνήσομεν","gloss":"sea"}]},{"number":294,"label":"294","id":"b12-l294","source":"ὣς ἔφατʼ Εὐρύλοχος, ἐπὶ δʼ ᾔνεον ἄλλοι ἑταῖροι.","translation":"So spoke Eurylochus, and the other comrades agreed.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l294.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔφατ᾽","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ἔφατ","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"Εὐρύλοχος","lemma":"Εὐρύλοχος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔφατ᾽","gloss":"Eurylochus"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ᾔνεον","lemma":"αἰνέω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"agreed","note":"ἐπὶ ... ᾔνεον is tmesis — ἐπί strengthens the verb 'assented' though separated from it by δ᾽, common in Homeric verse."},{"surface":"ἄλλοι","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἑταῖροι","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"ἑταῖροι","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ᾔνεον","gloss":"comrades"}]},{"number":295,"label":"295","id":"b12-l295","source":"καὶ τότε δὴ γίγνωσκον ὃ δὴ κακὰ μήδετο δαίμων,","translation":"And then I knew that some god was plotting evil,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l295.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"δαίμων","title":"daimon","body":"δαίμων denotes a divine power, often a nameless or hostile one working against a mortal. Odysseus senses unseen divine malice behind the crew's stubbornness."}],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τότε","lemma":"τότε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to γίγνωσκον","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"γίγνωσκον","lemma":"γιγνώσκω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I knew"},{"surface":"ὃ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"that","note":"ὃ here functions as 'that' introducing indirect statement, not as a simple relative pronoun."},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"κακὰ","lemma":"κακός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of μήδετο","gloss":"evils"},{"surface":"μήδετο","lemma":"μήδομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"object of ὃ","gloss":"was plotting"},{"surface":"δαίμων","lemma":"δαίμων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of μήδετο","gloss":"a god","note":"δαίμων here is an unnamed divine agent — Odysseus senses fate/a god working against them, foreshadowing the disaster to come."}]},{"number":296,"label":"296","id":"b12-l296","source":"καί μιν φωνήσας ἔπεα πτερόεντα προσηύδων·","translation":"and I spoke to him with winged words:","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l296.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἔπεα πτερόεντα","title":"\"winged words\"","body":"ἔπεα πτερόεντα is among the most famous Homeric formulaic epithets, picturing words that fly from speaker to hearer. It recurs throughout the epics as a speech-introducing formula."}],"words":[{"surface":"καί","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of φωνήσας","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"φωνήσας","lemma":"φωνέω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to προσηύδων","gloss":"speaking"},{"surface":"ἔπεα","lemma":"ἔπος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of προσηύδων","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"πτερόεντα","lemma":"πτερόεις","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἔπεα","gloss":"winged","note":"ἔπεα πτερόεντα 'winged words' is one of Homer's most famous formulas, introducing direct speech."},{"surface":"προσηύδων","lemma":"προσαυδάω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I addressed"}]},{"number":297,"label":"297","id":"b12-l297","source":"Εὐρύλοχʼ, ἦ μάλα δή με βιάζετε μοῦνον ἐόντα.","translation":"\"Eurylochus, you press me hard, since I stand alone.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l297.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Εὐρύλοχ","lemma":"Εὐρύλοχος","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"Eurylochus"},{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"μάλα","lemma":"μάλα","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"very much"},{"surface":"δή","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"με","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of βιάζετε","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"βιάζετε","lemma":"βιάζω","morphology":"present active indicative, 2nd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"you compel","note":"present tense βιάζετε emphasizes the ongoing pressure the crew puts on Odysseus, who feels outnumbered."},{"surface":"μοῦνον","lemma":"μόνος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"ἐόντα","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"being","note":"ἐόντα agrees with the implied 'me,' stressing Odysseus's isolation against the whole crew's wish."}]},{"number":298,"label":"298","id":"b12-l298","source":"ἀλλʼ ἄγε νῦν μοι πάντες ὀμόσσατε καρτερὸν ὅρκον·","translation":"But come now, all of you swear me a binding oath:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l298.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ὀμόσσατε","title":"Aorist imperative","body":"ὀμόσσατε is an aorist imperative, \"swear!\" The aorist commands the act as a single decisive deed rather than an ongoing one."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἄγε","lemma":"ἄγε","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"νῦν","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ὀμόσσατε","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ὀμόσσατε","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"πάντες","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"ὀμόσσατε","lemma":"ὄμνυμι","morphology":"aorist active imperative, 2nd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"swear","note":"aorist imperative ὀμόσσατε — Odysseus demands a formal, binding oath before yielding, a key plot device before the Cattle of the Sun episode."},{"surface":"καρτερὸν","lemma":"καρτερός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ὅρκον","gloss":"binding"},{"surface":"ὅρκον","lemma":"ὅρκος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ὀμόσσατε","gloss":"oath"}]},{"number":299,"label":"299","id":"b12-l299","source":"εἴ κέ τινʼ ἠὲ βοῶν ἀγέλην ἢ πῶυ μέγʼ οἰῶν","translation":"if we come upon some herd of cattle or great flock of sheep,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l299.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἴ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"κέ","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"(potential particle)"},{"surface":"τιν","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"modifies ἀγέλην","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"ἠὲ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"either"},{"surface":"βοῶν","lemma":"βοῦς","morphology":"genitive plural noun","role":"modifies ἀγέλην","gloss":"of cattle"},{"surface":"ἀγέλην","lemma":"ἀγέλη","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἢ","gloss":"herd"},{"surface":"ἢ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"πῶυ","lemma":"πῶυ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἢ","gloss":"flock"},{"surface":"μέγ","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies πῶυ","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"οἰῶν","lemma":"οἴη","morphology":"genitive plural feminine noun","role":"modifies πῶυ","gloss":"of sheep"}]},{"number":300,"label":"300","id":"b12-l300","source":"εὕρωμεν, μή πού τις ἀτασθαλίῃσι κακῇσιν","translation":"let no one, in wicked recklessness,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l300.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ἀτασθαλίῃσι","title":"atasthalia","body":"ἀτασθαλίη is reckless, presumptuous wickedness, the wanton folly that brings ruin. It is the key word for the crew's later crime against the Sun's cattle."}],"words":[{"surface":"εὕρωμεν","lemma":"εὑρίσκω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 1st plural verb","role":"adverbial to εἴ","gloss":"we find","note":"subjunctive εὕρωμεν continues the conditional begun in εἴ κε, setting up the oath's condition about encountering Helios's herds."},{"surface":"μή","lemma":"μή","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"πού","lemma":"πού","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"τις","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἀποκτάνῃ","gloss":"anyone"},{"surface":"ἀτασθαλίῃσι","lemma":"ἀτασθαλία","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἀποκτάνῃ","gloss":"in recklessness"},{"surface":"κακῇσιν","lemma":"κακός","morphology":"dative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἀτασθαλίῃσι","gloss":"wicked"}]},{"number":301,"label":"301","id":"b12-l301","source":"ἢ βοῦν ἠέ τι μῆλον ἀποκτάνῃ· ἀλλὰ ἕκηλοι","translation":"kill any ox or sheep; but, content,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l301.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἢ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"either"},{"surface":"βοῦν","lemma":"βοῦς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἠέ","gloss":"ox"},{"surface":"ἠέ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"τι","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"modifies μῆλον","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"μῆλον","lemma":"μῆλον","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἠέ","gloss":"sheep"},{"surface":"ἀποκτάνῃ","lemma":"ἀποκτείνω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"kill","note":"subjunctive ἀποκτάνῃ is the verb the whole oath forbids — this is the very act that later dooms the crew."},{"surface":"ἀλλὰ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἕκηλοι","lemma":"ἕκηλος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"content","note":"ἕκηλοι 'at ease, untroubled' — ironic given the men will soon violate this very oath out of hunger."}]},{"number":302,"label":"302","id":"b12-l302","source":"ἐσθίετε βρώμην, τὴν ἀθανάτη πόρε Κίρκη.","translation":"eat the food that immortal Circe provided.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l302.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐσθίετε","lemma":"ἐσθίω","morphology":"present active imperative, 2nd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"eat"},{"surface":"βρώμην","lemma":"βρώμη","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐσθίετε","gloss":"food"},{"surface":"τὴν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of πόρε","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"ἀθανάτη","lemma":"ἀθάνατος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Κίρκη","gloss":"immortal"},{"surface":"πόρε","lemma":"πόρω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing βρώμην","gloss":"gave","note":"πόρε is an old aorist of a defective verb meaning 'gave, provided' — used almost exclusively of significant, often divine, gifts."},{"surface":"Κίρκη","lemma":"Κίρκη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of πόρε","gloss":"Circe"}]},{"number":303,"label":"303","id":"b12-l303","source":"ὣς ἐφάμην, οἱ δʼ αὐτίκʼ ἀπώμνυον, ὡς ἐκέλευον.","translation":"So I spoke, and at once they swore, as I commanded.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l303.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐφάμην","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ἐφάμην","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I spoke"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἀπώμνυον","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αὐτίκ","lemma":"αὐτίκα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀπώμνυον","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"ἀπώμνυον","lemma":"ἀπόμνυμι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"swore","note":"ἀπώμνυον 'swore off/away' with the ὡς-clause confirms the crew fulfilled Odysseus's exact demand — setting up the coming betrayal."},{"surface":"ὡς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"conjunction","role":"adverbial to ἐκέλευον","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"ἐκέλευον","lemma":"κελεύω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἀπώμνυον","gloss":"I commanded"}]},{"number":304,"label":"304","id":"b12-l304","source":"αὐτὰρ ἐπεί ῥʼ ὄμοσάν τε τελεύτησάν τε τὸν ὅρκον,","translation":"But when they had sworn and completed the oath,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l304.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐπεί","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ῥ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ὄμοσάν","lemma":"ὄμνυμι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to τε","gloss":"they swore"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τελεύτησάν","lemma":"τελευτάω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to τε","gloss":"completed","note":"the pairing ὄμοσάν τε τελεύτησάν τε 'swore and fulfilled' formally closes the oath ritual before the narrative moves on."},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine article","role":"modifies ὅρκον","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ὅρκον","lemma":"ὅρκος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of τελεύτησάν","gloss":"oath"}]},{"number":305,"label":"305","id":"b12-l305","source":"στήσαμεν ἐν λιμένι γλαφυρῷ ἐυεργέα νῆα","translation":"we moored the well-built ship in a sheltered harbor","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l305.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"στήσαμεν","lemma":"ἵστημι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"we moored"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"λιμένι","lemma":"λιμήν","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"harbor"},{"surface":"γλαφυρῷ","lemma":"γλαφυρός","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies λιμένι","gloss":"sheltered"},{"surface":"ἐυεργέα","lemma":"εὐεργής","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies νῆα","gloss":"well-built"},{"surface":"νῆα","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of στήσαμεν","gloss":"ship"}]},{"number":306,"label":"306","id":"b12-l306","source":"ἄγχʼ ὕδατος γλυκεροῖο, καὶ ἐξαπέβησαν ἑταῖροι","translation":"near a spring of sweet water, and the comrades disembarked","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l306.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἄγχ","lemma":"ἄγχι","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"near"},{"surface":"ὕδατος","lemma":"ὕδωρ","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἄγχ᾽","gloss":"of water"},{"surface":"γλυκεροῖο","lemma":"γλυκύς","morphology":"genitive singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ὕδατος","gloss":"sweet"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐξαπέβησαν","lemma":"ἐξαποβαίνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"disembarked"},{"surface":"ἑταῖροι","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐξαπέβησαν","gloss":"comrades"}]},{"number":307,"label":"307","id":"b12-l307","source":"νηός, ἔπειτα δὲ δόρπον ἐπισταμένως τετύκοντο.","translation":"from the ship, and then skillfully prepared their supper.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l307.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"νηός","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐξαπέβησαν","gloss":"from the ship"},{"surface":"ἔπειτα","lemma":"ἔπειτα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to τετύκοντο","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"δόρπον","lemma":"δόρπον","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of τετύκοντο","gloss":"supper"},{"surface":"ἐπισταμένως","lemma":"ἐπισταμένως","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to τετύκοντο","gloss":"skillfully"},{"surface":"τετύκοντο","lemma":"τεύχω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"prepared","note":"reduplicated middle τετύκοντο, from τεύχω 'to make/craft,' stresses careful, practiced effort in the men's last peaceful meal."}]},{"number":308,"label":"308","id":"b12-l308","source":"αὐτὰρ ἐπεὶ πόσιος καὶ ἐδητύος ἐξ ἔρον ἕντο,","translation":"But when they had put away the desire for food and drink,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l308.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἐξ ἔρον ἕντο","title":"Formulaic line","body":"\"When they had put from themselves the desire for drink and food\" is a recurring Homeric meal-formula. ἕντο is a middle aorist, marking the men dismissing their own appetite."}],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"πόσιος","lemma":"πόσις","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"of drink"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐδητύος","lemma":"ἐδητύς","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"of food"},{"surface":"ἐξ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"out"},{"surface":"ἔρον","lemma":"ἔρος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἕντο","gloss":"desire"},{"surface":"ἕντο","lemma":"ἵημι","morphology":"aorist indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to ἐπεὶ","gloss":"put away","note":"the idiom ἐξ ... ἕντο ἔρον 'sent forth/put away the desire' (tmesis) is Homer's standard phrase for satisfying hunger and thirst."}]},{"number":309,"label":"309","id":"b12-l309","source":"μνησάμενοι δὴ ἔπειτα φίλους ἔκλαιον ἑταίρους,","translation":"they remembered then and wept for their dear comrades,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l309.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μνησάμενοι","lemma":"μιμνήσκω","morphology":"aorist middle participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ἔκλαιον","gloss":"having remembered","note":"aorist middle participle: the men 'remember themselves back' before weeping"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then indeed"},{"surface":"ἔπειτα","lemma":"ἔπειτα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔκλαιον","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"φίλους","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἑταίρους","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"ἔκλαιον","lemma":"κλαίω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"they wept","note":"imperfect: durative weeping, not a single burst"},{"surface":"ἑταίρους","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἔκλαιον","gloss":"comrades"}]},{"number":310,"label":"310","id":"b12-l310","source":"οὓς ἔφαγε Σκύλλη γλαφυρῆς ἐκ νηὸς ἑλοῦσα·","translation":"the ones whom Scylla had snatched from the hollow ship and devoured;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l310.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οὓς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἔφαγε","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"ἔφαγε","lemma":"φαγεῖν","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ἑταίρους","gloss":"devoured"},{"surface":"Σκύλλη","lemma":"Σκύλλα","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἔφαγε","gloss":"Scylla"},{"surface":"γλαφυρῆς","lemma":"γλαφυρός","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies νηὸς","gloss":"hollow"},{"surface":"ἐκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"νηὸς","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐκ","gloss":"ship"},{"surface":"ἑλοῦσα","lemma":"αἱρέω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to ἔφαγε","gloss":"having seized","note":"aorist participle marks the snatching as prior to the devouring"}]},{"number":311,"label":"311","id":"b12-l311","source":"κλαιόντεσσι δὲ τοῖσιν ἐπήλυθε νήδυμος ὕπνος.","translation":"and as they wept, sweet sleep came over them.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l311.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κλαιόντεσσι","lemma":"κλαίω","morphology":"present active participle, dative plural masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"weeping","note":"epic dative plural ending -εσσι (κλαιόντεσσι) instead of Attic -ουσι"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τοῖσιν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἐπήλυθε","gloss":"upon them"},{"surface":"ἐπήλυθε","lemma":"ἐπέρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"came over"},{"surface":"νήδυμος","lemma":"νήδυμος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ὕπνος","gloss":"sweet","note":"formulaic epithet 'νήδυμος ὕπνος', sweet/soothing sleep, a stock Homeric pairing"},{"surface":"ὕπνος","lemma":"ὕπνος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐπήλυθε","gloss":"sleep"}]},{"number":312,"label":"312","id":"b12-l312","source":"ἦμος δὲ τρίχα νυκτὸς ἔην, μετὰ δʼ ἄστρα βεβήκει,","translation":"When it was the third watch of the night, and the stars had crossed the sky,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l312.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἦμος","lemma":"ἦμος","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τρίχα","lemma":"τρίχα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔην","gloss":"in three parts","note":"adverbial accusative: 'the third watch' literally divides the night in three"},{"surface":"νυκτὸς","lemma":"νύξ","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies","gloss":"of night"},{"surface":"ἔην","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to δ᾽","gloss":"it was"},{"surface":"μετὰ","lemma":"μετά","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"across"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄστρα","lemma":"ἄστρον","morphology":"nominative plural neuter noun","role":"subject of βεβήκει","gloss":"the stars"},{"surface":"βεβήκει","lemma":"βαίνω","morphology":"pluperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to δ᾽","gloss":"had crossed","note":"pluperfect βεβήκει: the stars' motion is complete/prior, giving the 'had passed' sense"}]},{"number":313,"label":"313","id":"b12-l313","source":"ὦρσεν ἔπι ζαῆν ἄνεμον νεφεληγερέτα Ζεὺς","translation":"Zeus the cloud-gatherer roused a raging wind","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l313.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"νεφεληγερέτα Ζεὺς","title":"\"cloud-gathering Zeus\"","body":"νεφεληγερέτα is a standing epithet of Zeus, \"gatherer of clouds.\" The -α ending is an old Homeric nominative form for this masculine title."}],"words":[{"surface":"ὦρσεν","lemma":"ὄρνυμι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"roused"},{"surface":"ἔπι","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"upon them"},{"surface":"ζαῆν","lemma":"ζαής","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἄνεμον","gloss":"raging"},{"surface":"ἄνεμον","lemma":"ἄνεμος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ὦρσεν","gloss":"wind"},{"surface":"νεφεληγερέτα","lemma":"νεφεληγερέτα","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ζεὺς","gloss":"cloud-gatherer","note":"stock Homeric epithet of Zeus, formulaic at line end"},{"surface":"Ζεὺς","lemma":"Ζεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ὦρσεν","gloss":"Zeus"}]},{"number":314,"label":"314","id":"b12-l314","source":"λαίλαπι θεσπεσίῃ, σὺν δὲ νεφέεσσι κάλυψε","translation":"in a furious storm, and with clouds he covered","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l314.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"λαίλαπι","lemma":"λαῖλαψ","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ὦρσεν","gloss":"with a storm"},{"surface":"θεσπεσίῃ","lemma":"θεσπέσιος","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies λαίλαπι","gloss":"furious"},{"surface":"σὺν","lemma":"σύν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"together with","note":"tmesis: σὺν separated from κάλυψε (συγκάλυψε), typical of epic verb-splitting"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"νεφέεσσι","lemma":"νέφος","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to σὺν","gloss":"clouds"},{"surface":"κάλυψε","lemma":"καλύπτω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"covered"}]},{"number":315,"label":"315","id":"b12-l315","source":"γαῖαν ὁμοῦ καὶ πόντον· ὀρώρει δʼ οὐρανόθεν νύξ.","translation":"land and sea alike; and night rose up from the heavens.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l315.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"γαῖαν","lemma":"γαῖα","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"land"},{"surface":"ὁμοῦ","lemma":"ὁμοῦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πόντον","lemma":"πόντος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"sea"},{"surface":"ὀρώρει","lemma":"ὄρνυμι","morphology":"pluperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"rose up","note":"pluperfect of ὄρνυμι describing night's sudden, completed rising"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"οὐρανόθεν","lemma":"οὐρανόθεν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ὀρώρει","gloss":"from the sky"},{"surface":"νύξ","lemma":"νύξ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ὀρώρει","gloss":"night"}]},{"number":316,"label":"316","id":"b12-l316","source":"ἦμος δʼ ἠριγένεια φάνη ῥοδοδάκτυλος Ἠώς,","translation":"When early-born, rosy-fingered Dawn appeared,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l316.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ῥοδοδάκτυλος Ἠώς","title":"\"rosy-fingered Dawn\"","body":"The famous formula ῥοδοδάκτυλος Ἠώς fills the line-end and marks daybreak throughout the Odyssey. Such repeated noun-epithet phrases are building blocks of oral hexameter."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἦμος","lemma":"ἦμος","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἠριγένεια","lemma":"ἠριγένεια","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"modifies Ἠώς","gloss":"early-born","note":"epithet of Dawn, paired with ῥοδοδάκτυλος in a fixed formulaic line"},{"surface":"φάνη","lemma":"φαίνω","morphology":"aorist passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἦμος","gloss":"appeared"},{"surface":"ῥοδοδάκτυλος","lemma":"ῥοδοδάκτυλος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Ἠώς","gloss":"rosy-fingered","note":"the famous formulaic epithet for Dawn, ῥοδοδάκτυλος Ἠώς"},{"surface":"Ἠώς","lemma":"ἠώς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of φάνη","gloss":"Dawn"}]},{"number":317,"label":"317","id":"b12-l317","source":"νῆα μὲν ὡρμίσαμεν κοῖλον σπέος εἰσερύσαντες.","translation":"we drew the ship into a hollow cave and moored her.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l317.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"νῆα","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ὡρμίσαμεν","gloss":"ship"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ὡρμίσαμεν","lemma":"ὁρμίζω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"we moored"},{"surface":"κοῖλον","lemma":"κοῖλος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies σπέος","gloss":"hollow"},{"surface":"σπέος","lemma":"σπέος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of εἰσερύσαντες","gloss":"cave"},{"surface":"εἰσερύσαντες","lemma":"εἰσερύω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ὡρμίσαμεν","gloss":"having drawn in","note":"aorist participle: the drawing-in happens before the mooring is complete"}]},{"number":318,"label":"318","id":"b12-l318","source":"ἔνθα δʼ ἔσαν νυμφέων καλοὶ χοροὶ ἠδὲ θόωκοι·","translation":"There were the fair dancing-floors and seats of the nymphs;","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l318.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔνθα","lemma":"ἔνθα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔσαν","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔσαν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"there were"},{"surface":"νυμφέων","lemma":"νύμφη","morphology":"genitive plural feminine noun","role":"modifies ἠδὲ","gloss":"of nymphs"},{"surface":"καλοὶ","lemma":"καλός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies χοροὶ","gloss":"fair"},{"surface":"χοροὶ","lemma":"χορός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ἠδὲ","gloss":"dancing-floors"},{"surface":"ἠδὲ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"θόωκοι","lemma":"θᾶκος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ἠδὲ","gloss":"seats","note":"epic θᾶκος/θόωκοι, a poetic form beside prose θάκος"}]},{"number":319,"label":"319","id":"b12-l319","source":"καὶ τότʼ ἐγὼν ἀγορὴν θέμενος μετὰ μῦθον ἔειπον·","translation":"and then I called an assembly and spoke among them:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l319.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τότ","lemma":"τότε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔειπον","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἐγὼν","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἔειπον","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ἀγορὴν","lemma":"ἀγορά","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of θέμενος","gloss":"assembly"},{"surface":"θέμενος","lemma":"τίθημι","morphology":"aorist participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἔειπον","gloss":"having called","note":"θέμενος + ἀγορήν is an idiom, 'having set/called an assembly'"},{"surface":"μετὰ","lemma":"μετά","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"among them"},{"surface":"μῦθον","lemma":"μῦθος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἔειπον","gloss":"a speech"},{"surface":"ἔειπον","lemma":"εἶπον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I spoke"}]},{"number":320,"label":"320","id":"b12-l320","source":"ὦ φίλοι, ἐν γὰρ νηὶ θοῇ βρῶσίς τε πόσις τε","translation":"\"My friends, there is food and drink aboard the swift ship;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l320.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὦ","lemma":"ὦ","morphology":"exclamation","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"O"},{"surface":"φίλοι","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"vocative plural masculine adjective","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"friends","note":"vocative address opening direct speech, a common epic formula"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"νηὶ","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"ship"},{"surface":"θοῇ","lemma":"θοός","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies νηὶ","gloss":"swift"},{"surface":"βρῶσίς","lemma":"βρῶσις","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of τε","gloss":"food"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πόσις","lemma":"πόσις","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of τε","gloss":"drink"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and","note":"τε...τε correlative pairing links βρῶσις and πόσις as balanced twin subjects"}]},{"number":321,"label":"321","id":"b12-l321","source":"ἔστιν, τῶν δὲ βοῶν ἀπεχώμεθα, μή τι πάθωμεν·","translation":"so let us keep our hands off these cattle, lest we suffer harm;","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l321.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἀπεχώμεθα","title":"Hortatory subjunctive","body":"ἀπεχώμεθα is a present subjunctive used hortatively, \"let us hold off.\" The first-person plural subjunctive urges the group to a shared course of action."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἔστιν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"there is"},{"surface":"τῶν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"article","role":"modifies βοῶν","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"βοῶν","lemma":"βοῦς","morphology":"genitive plural noun","role":"object of ἀπεχώμεθα","gloss":"of cattle"},{"surface":"ἀπεχώμεθα","lemma":"ἀπέχω","morphology":"present medio-passive subjunctive, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"let us keep away","note":"hortatory subjunctive: 'let us abstain' rather than a statement of fact"},{"surface":"μή","lemma":"μή","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"lest"},{"surface":"τι","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"object of πάθωμεν","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"πάθωμεν","lemma":"πάσχω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 1st plural verb","role":"adverbial to μή","gloss":"we suffer","note":"fear-clause subjunctive after μή, 'lest we suffer'"}]},{"number":322,"label":"322","id":"b12-l322","source":"δεινοῦ γὰρ θεοῦ αἵδε βόες καὶ ἴφια μῆλα,","translation":"for these cattle and sturdy flocks belong to a dread god,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l322.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δεινοῦ","lemma":"δεινός","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies θεοῦ","gloss":"of a dread"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"θεοῦ","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"god","note":"predicate genitive of possession: 'these belong to a dread god'"},{"surface":"αἵδε","lemma":"ὅδε","morphology":"nominative plural feminine pronoun","role":"modifies βόες","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"βόες","lemma":"βοῦς","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"cattle"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἴφια","lemma":"ἴφιος","morphology":"nominative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies μῆλα","gloss":"sturdy"},{"surface":"μῆλα","lemma":"μῆλον","morphology":"nominative plural neuter noun","role":"subject","gloss":"flocks"}]},{"number":323,"label":"323","id":"b12-l323","source":"Ἠελίου, ὃς πάντʼ ἐφορᾷ καὶ πάντʼ ἐπακούει.","translation":"the Sun, who sees all things and hears all things.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l323.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ἠελίου","lemma":"ἠέλιος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"of the Sun"},{"surface":"ὃς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"πάντ","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of ἐφορᾷ","gloss":"all things"},{"surface":"ἐφορᾷ","lemma":"ἐφοράω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing καὶ","gloss":"sees over","note":"ἐφοράω, 'oversees/watches over,' the Sun's epithet as all-seeing witness"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πάντ","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of ἐπακούει","gloss":"all things"},{"surface":"ἐπακούει","lemma":"ἐπακούω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing καὶ","gloss":"hears"}]},{"number":324,"label":"324","id":"b12-l324","source":"ὣς ἐφάμην, τοῖσιν δʼ ἐπεπείθετο θυμὸς ἀγήνωρ.","translation":"So I spoke, and their proud spirit was won over.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l324.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐφάμην","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ἐφάμην","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I spoke"},{"surface":"τοῖσιν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative plural masculine pronoun","role":"modifies θυμὸς","gloss":"to them"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐπεπείθετο","lemma":"ἐπιπείθομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was persuaded","note":"impersonal-feeling construction: literally 'their spirit was being won over'"},{"surface":"θυμὸς","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐπεπείθετο","gloss":"spirit"},{"surface":"ἀγήνωρ","lemma":"ἀγήνωρ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies θυμὸς","gloss":"proud"}]},{"number":325,"label":"325","id":"b12-l325","source":"μῆνα δὲ πάντʼ ἄλληκτος ἄη Νότος, οὐδέ τις ἄλλος","translation":"But for a whole month the South Wind blew without ceasing, nor did any other","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l325.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μῆνα","lemma":"μείς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἄη","gloss":"for a month","note":"accusative of duration of time, 'for a whole month'"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πάντ","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies μῆνα","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"ἄλληκτος","lemma":"ἄλληκτος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"unceasing"},{"surface":"ἄη","lemma":"ἄημι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"blew"},{"surface":"Νότος","lemma":"Νότος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἄη","gloss":"South Wind"},{"surface":"τις","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of γίγνετ᾽","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"ἄλλος","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies τις","gloss":"other"}]},{"number":326,"label":"326","id":"b12-l326","source":"γίγνετʼ ἔπειτʼ ἀνέμων εἰ μὴ Εὖρός τε Νότος τε.","translation":"wind arise after that, except the East Wind and the South.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l326.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"γίγνετ","lemma":"γίγνομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"arose","note":"main verb of the sentence begun in the previous line, 'no other wind arose'"},{"surface":"ἔπειτ","lemma":"ἔπειτα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to γίγνετ᾽","gloss":"thereafter"},{"surface":"ἀνέμων","lemma":"ἄνεμος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies τις","gloss":"of winds"},{"surface":"εἰ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"μὴ","lemma":"μή","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"Εὖρός","lemma":"Εὖρος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"East Wind"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Νότος","lemma":"Νότος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"South Wind"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"}]},{"number":327,"label":"327","id":"b12-l327","source":"οἱ δʼ ἧος μὲν σῖτον ἔχον καὶ οἶνον ἐρυθρόν,","translation":"Now while they still had grain and red wine,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l327.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἀπέχοντο","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἧος","lemma":"ἕως","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"σῖτον","lemma":"σῖτος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"grain"},{"surface":"ἔχον","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to ἧος","gloss":"had","note":"imperfect: 'kept having,' background state lasting while supplies held out"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"οἶνον","lemma":"οἶνος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"wine"},{"surface":"ἐρυθρόν","lemma":"ἐρυθρός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies οἶνον","gloss":"red"}]},{"number":328,"label":"328","id":"b12-l328","source":"τόφρα βοῶν ἀπέχοντο λιλαιόμενοι βιότοιο.","translation":"they kept their hands off the cattle, longing to stay alive.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l328.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"λιλαιόμενοι βιότοιο","title":"\"longing to stay alive\"","body":"λιλαίομαι is \"to long for, desire eagerly\"; βίοτος here means life itself. The men spare the cattle only as long as their own survival does not depend on eating them."}],"words":[{"surface":"τόφρα","lemma":"τόφρα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀπέχοντο","gloss":"so long"},{"surface":"βοῶν","lemma":"βοῦς","morphology":"genitive plural noun","role":"object of ἀπέχοντο","gloss":"cattle"},{"surface":"ἀπέχοντο","lemma":"ἀπέχω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"kept away from","note":"genitive object of ἀπέχω: 'abstained from' the cattle"},{"surface":"λιλαιόμενοι","lemma":"λιλαίομαι","morphology":"present middle participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ἀπέχοντο","gloss":"longing"},{"surface":"βιότοιο","lemma":"βίοτος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of λιλαιόμενοι","gloss":"for life"}]},{"number":329,"label":"329","id":"b12-l329","source":"ἀλλʼ ὅτε δὴ νηὸς ἐξέφθιτο ἤια πάντα,","translation":"But when all the provisions had been used up from the ship,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l329.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ὅτε","lemma":"ὅτε","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"νηὸς","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐξέφθιτο","gloss":"from the ship"},{"surface":"ἐξέφθιτο","lemma":"ἐκφθίνω","morphology":"pluperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὅτε","gloss":"had been used up","note":"pluperfect of ἐκφθίνω: provisions being 'already exhausted' before the roaming begins"},{"surface":"ἤια","lemma":"ἤια","morphology":"nominative plural neuter noun","role":"subject of ἐξέφθιτο","gloss":"provisions"},{"surface":"πάντα","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"nominative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἤια","gloss":"all"}]},{"number":330,"label":"330","id":"b12-l330","source":"καὶ δὴ ἄγρην ἐφέπεσκον ἀλητεύοντες ἀνάγκῃ,","translation":"and they roamed in search of game, driven by need,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l330.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἄγρην","lemma":"ἄγρα","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐφέπεσκον","gloss":"game"},{"surface":"ἐφέπεσκον","lemma":"ἐφέπω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"pursued","note":"iterative -σκ- suffix (ἐφέπεσκον): 'kept pursuing,' repeated over time"},{"surface":"ἀλητεύοντες","lemma":"ἀλητεύω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐφέπεσκον","gloss":"wandering"},{"surface":"ἀνάγκῃ","lemma":"ἀνάγκη","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἀλητεύοντες","gloss":"by necessity"}]},{"number":331,"label":"331","id":"b12-l331","source":"ἰχθῦς ὄρνιθάς τε, φίλας ὅ τι χεῖρας ἵκοιτο,","translation":"fish and birds, whatever might come to their hands,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l331.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἰχθῦς","lemma":"ἰχθύς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of τε","gloss":"fish"},{"surface":"ὄρνιθάς","lemma":"ὄρνις","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of τε","gloss":"birds"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"φίλας","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"accusative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies χεῖρας","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"ὅ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"object of ἵκοιτο","gloss":"whatever"},{"surface":"τι","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"modifies ὅ","gloss":"-ever"},{"surface":"χεῖρας","lemma":"χείρ","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἵκοιτο","gloss":"to hands","note":"accusative of place/goal after ἵκοιτο, 'came to hands'"},{"surface":"ἵκοιτο","lemma":"ἱκνέομαι","morphology":"aorist middle optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"object of ,","gloss":"might come","note":"optative of indefinite relative clause: 'whatever might chance to come'"}]},{"number":332,"label":"332","id":"b12-l332","source":"γναμπτοῖς ἀγκίστροισιν, ἔτειρε δὲ γαστέρα λιμός·","translation":"with bent fishhooks, for hunger gnawed at their bellies.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l332.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"γναμπτοῖς ἀγκίστροισιν","title":"bent hooks","body":"The phrase names the curved metal fishhooks the starving men resort to, a vivid concrete detail of their desperation."}],"words":[{"surface":"γναμπτοῖς","lemma":"γναμπτός","morphology":"dative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἀγκίστροισιν","gloss":"bent"},{"surface":"ἀγκίστροισιν","lemma":"ἄγκιστρον","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἐφέπεσκον","gloss":"hooks"},{"surface":"ἔτειρε","lemma":"τείρω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"gnawed"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"γαστέρα","lemma":"γαστήρ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἔτειρε","gloss":"belly"},{"surface":"λιμός","lemma":"λιμός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔτειρε","gloss":"hunger","note":"λιμός as agent-subject personifies hunger 'gnawing' the belly"}]},{"number":333,"label":"333","id":"b12-l333","source":"δὴ τότʼ ἐγὼν ἀνὰ νῆσον ἀπέστιχον, ὄφρα θεοῖσιν","translation":"Then I went off up the island, to pray to the gods,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l333.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then indeed"},{"surface":"τότ","lemma":"τότε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀπέστιχον","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἐγὼν","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἀπέστιχον","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ἀνὰ","lemma":"ἀνά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"up along"},{"surface":"νῆσον","lemma":"νῆσος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἀνὰ","gloss":"the island"},{"surface":"ἀπέστιχον","lemma":"ἀποστείχω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"went off"},{"surface":"ὄφρα","lemma":"ὄφρα","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"θεοῖσιν","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of εὐξαίμην","gloss":"to the gods"}]},{"number":334,"label":"334","id":"b12-l334","source":"εὐξαίμην, εἴ τίς μοι ὁδὸν φήνειε νέεσθαι.","translation":"in hope that one of them might show me a way to return home.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l334.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εὐξαίμην","lemma":"εὔχομαι","morphology":"aorist middle optative, 1st singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὄφρα","gloss":"I might pray","note":"optative of purpose after ὄφρα, continuing from previous line"},{"surface":"εἴ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"τίς","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of φήνειε","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of φήνειε","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"ὁδὸν","lemma":"ὁδός","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of φήνειε","gloss":"a way"},{"surface":"φήνειε","lemma":"φαίνω","morphology":"aorist active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"object of εἴ","gloss":"might show","note":"optative of wish/potential in the conditional protasis"},{"surface":"νέεσθαι","lemma":"νέομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive infinitive","role":"modifies ὁδὸν","gloss":"to return"}]},{"number":335,"label":"335","id":"b12-l335","source":"ἀλλʼ ὅτε δὴ διὰ νήσου ἰὼν ἤλυξα ἑταίρους,","translation":"But when, going through the island, I had given my comrades the slip,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l335.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ὅτε","lemma":"ὅτε","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"διὰ","lemma":"διά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"νήσου","lemma":"νῆσος","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of διὰ","gloss":"the island"},{"surface":"ἰὼν","lemma":"εἶμι","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἤλυξα","gloss":"going"},{"surface":"ἤλυξα","lemma":"ἀλύσκω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὅτε","gloss":"had given the slip","note":"ἀλύσκω, 'escape notice of,' vivid verb for slipping away unseen from his men"},{"surface":"ἑταίρους","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἤλυξα","gloss":"comrades"}]},{"number":336,"label":"336","id":"b12-l336","source":"χεῖρας νιψάμενος, ὅθʼ ἐπὶ σκέπας ἦν ἀνέμοιο,","translation":"I washed my hands where there was shelter from the wind,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l336.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"χεῖρας","lemma":"χείρ","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of νιψάμενος","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"νιψάμενος","lemma":"νίζω","morphology":"aorist middle participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἠρώμην","gloss":"having washed","note":"ritual hand-washing before prayer, standard Homeric piety gesture"},{"surface":"ὅθ","lemma":"ὅθι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἦν","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"σκέπας","lemma":"σκέπας","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of ἦν","gloss":"shelter"},{"surface":"ἦν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to νιψάμενος","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"ἀνέμοιο","lemma":"ἄνεμος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ἐπὶ","gloss":"of the wind"}]},{"number":337,"label":"337","id":"b12-l337","source":"ἠρώμην πάντεσσι θεοῖς οἳ Ὄλυμπον ἔχουσιν·","translation":"and prayed to all the gods who hold Olympus;","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l337.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἠρώμην","title":"imperfect of prayer","body":"ἠρώμην is imperfect middle of ἀράομαι, 'I was praying.' The imperfect frames the prayer as ongoing action interrupted by what follows."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἠρώμην","lemma":"ἀράομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I prayed","note":"Middle voice ἀράομαι = pray for oneself/one's interest."},{"surface":"πάντεσσι","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies θεοῖς","gloss":"to all"},{"surface":"θεοῖς","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἠρώμην","gloss":"the gods"},{"surface":"οἳ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἔχουσιν","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"Ὄλυμπον","lemma":"Ὄλυμπος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἔχουσιν","gloss":"Olympus"},{"surface":"ἔχουσιν","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing θεοῖς","gloss":"hold","note":"Formulaic epithet-line: 'gods who hold Olympus' recurs often in Homer."}]},{"number":338,"label":"338","id":"b12-l338","source":"οἱ δʼ ἄρα μοι γλυκὺν ὕπνον ἐπὶ βλεφάροισιν ἔχευαν.","translation":"but they poured sweet sleep over my eyelids.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l338.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἔχευαν","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἄρα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἔχευαν","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"γλυκὺν","lemma":"γλυκύς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ὕπνον","gloss":"sweet"},{"surface":"ὕπνον","lemma":"ὕπνος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἔχευαν","gloss":"sleep"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"βλεφάροισιν","lemma":"βλέφαρον","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἐπὶ","gloss":"eyelids","note":"Dative plural βλεφάροισιν is the older -οισιν ending, common in epic."},{"surface":"ἔχευαν","lemma":"χέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"poured","note":"ἔχευαν, aorist of χέω 'pour' — root gives English 'chyme,' liquid imagery."}]},{"number":339,"label":"339","id":"b12-l339","source":"Εὐρύλοχος δʼ ἑτάροισι κακῆς ἐξήρχετο βουλῆς·","translation":"Meanwhile Eurylochus began laying an evil plan before the men:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l339.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Εὐρύλοχος","lemma":"Εὐρύλοχος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐξήρχετο","gloss":"Eurylochus"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἑτάροισι","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἐξήρχετο","gloss":"to the crew"},{"surface":"κακῆς","lemma":"κακός","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies βουλῆς","gloss":"evil"},{"surface":"ἐξήρχετο","lemma":"ἐξάρχω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"began urging","note":"ἐξάρχω 'begin/lead off' a speech or plan — used of ringleaders proposing action."},{"surface":"βουλῆς","lemma":"βουλή","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐξήρχετο","gloss":"a plan"}]},{"number":340,"label":"340","id":"b12-l340","source":"κέκλυτέ μευ μύθων κακά περ πάσχοντες\n                     ἑταῖροι.","translation":"\"Hear my words, comrades, for all the hardship you suffer.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l340.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κέκλυτέ","lemma":"κλύω","morphology":"aorist active imperative, 2nd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"hear!","note":"κέκλυτε, perfect-form imperative of κλύω 'hear' — the standard epic call to attention."},{"surface":"μευ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies μύθων","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"μύθων","lemma":"μῦθος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"object of κέκλυτέ","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"κακά","lemma":"κακός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of πάσχοντες","gloss":"bad things"},{"surface":"περ","lemma":"πέρ","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"πάσχοντες","lemma":"πάσχω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"modifies ἑταῖροι","gloss":"suffering"},{"surface":"ἑταῖροι","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"vocative plural masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"comrades","note":"Vocative ἑταῖροι address, standard Homeric direct-speech opener."}]},{"number":341,"label":"341","id":"b12-l341","source":"πάντες μὲν στυγεροὶ θάνατοι δειλοῖσι βροτοῖσι,","translation":"All deaths are hateful to wretched mortals,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l341.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πάντες","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies θάνατοι","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"στυγεροὶ","lemma":"στυγερός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"hateful"},{"surface":"θάνατοι","lemma":"θάνατος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"deaths"},{"surface":"δειλοῖσι","lemma":"δειλός","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies βροτοῖσι","gloss":"to wretched"},{"surface":"βροτοῖσι","lemma":"βροτός","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object","gloss":"mortals","note":"βροτοῖσι, poetic word for 'mortals,' contrasted implicitly with the gods just named."}]},{"number":342,"label":"342","id":"b12-l342","source":"λιμῷ δʼ οἴκτιστον θανέειν καὶ πότμον ἐπισπεῖν.","translation":"but most pitiful of all is to die of hunger and meet one's doom.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l342.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"πότμον ἐπισπεῖν","title":"to meet one's doom","body":"A formulaic Homeric phrase, literally 'to draw on one's fate,' meaning to die. πότμος is one's appointed death."}],"words":[{"surface":"λιμῷ","lemma":"λιμός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"by hunger"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"οἴκτιστον","lemma":"οἴκτιστος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"most pitiful"},{"surface":"θανέειν","lemma":"θνήσκω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"subject","gloss":"to die","note":"θανέειν, epic infinitive with -έειν ending instead of Attic -εῖν."},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πότμον","lemma":"πότμος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐπισπεῖν","gloss":"fate"},{"surface":"ἐπισπεῖν","lemma":"ἐφέπω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"subject","gloss":"to meet"}]},{"number":343,"label":"343","id":"b12-l343","source":"ἀλλʼ ἄγετʼ, Ἠελίοιο βοῶν ἐλάσαντες ἀρίστας","translation":"So come, let us drive off the best of the Sun's cattle","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l343.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἄγετ","lemma":"ἄγε","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"come!","note":"ἄγε(τ') is a fossilized imperative used as an exhortation particle, not a full verb here."},{"surface":"Ἠελίοιο","lemma":"ἠέλιος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies βοῶν","gloss":"the Sun's"},{"surface":"βοῶν","lemma":"βοῦς","morphology":"genitive plural noun","role":"modifies ἀρίστας","gloss":"cattle"},{"surface":"ἐλάσαντες","lemma":"ἐλαύνω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ῥέξομεν","gloss":"driving off"},{"surface":"ἀρίστας","lemma":"ἄριστος","morphology":"accusative plural feminine adjective","role":"object of ῥέξομεν","gloss":"the best"}]},{"number":344,"label":"344","id":"b12-l344","source":"ῥέξομεν ἀθανάτοισι, τοὶ οὐρανὸν εὐρὺν ἔχουσιν.","translation":"and sacrifice them to the immortals who hold the wide heaven.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l344.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ῥέξομεν","lemma":"ῥέζω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"let us sacrifice","note":"Subjunctive ῥέξομεν used as hortatory 'let us' — Eurylochus's persuasive plan."},{"surface":"ἀθανάτοισι","lemma":"ἀθάνατος","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of ῥέξομεν","gloss":"to the immortals"},{"surface":"τοὶ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἔχουσιν","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"οὐρανὸν","lemma":"οὐρανός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἔχουσιν","gloss":"heaven"},{"surface":"εὐρὺν","lemma":"εὐρύς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies οὐρανὸν","gloss":"wide"},{"surface":"ἔχουσιν","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ἀθανάτοισι","gloss":"hold"}]},{"number":345,"label":"345","id":"b12-l345","source":"εἰ δέ κεν εἰς Ἰθάκην ἀφικοίμεθα, πατρίδα γαῖαν,","translation":"And if we reach Ithaca, our native land,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l345.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἰ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κεν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"εἰς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Ἰθάκην","lemma":"Ἰθάκη","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ,","gloss":"Ithaca"},{"surface":"ἀφικοίμεθα","lemma":"ἀφικνέομαι","morphology":"aorist middle optative, 1st plural verb","role":"adverbial to εἰ","gloss":"we should reach","note":"Optative with κεν expresses a hopeful future condition, typical of Homeric wishes."},{"surface":"πατρίδα","lemma":"πατρίς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies γαῖαν","gloss":"native"},{"surface":"γαῖαν","lemma":"γαῖα","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ,","gloss":"land"}]},{"number":346,"label":"346","id":"b12-l346","source":"αἶψά κεν Ἠελίῳ Ὑπερίονι πίονα νηὸν","translation":"we will at once build a rich temple to Hyperion the Sun","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l346.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αἶψά","lemma":"αἶψα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to τεύξομεν","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"κεν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"Ἠελίῳ","lemma":"ἠέλιος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of τεύξομεν","gloss":"to the Sun"},{"surface":"Ὑπερίονι","lemma":"Ὑπερίων","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ἠελίῳ","gloss":"Hyperion","note":"Ἠελίῳ Ὑπερίονι: epithet in apposition, 'Helios Hyperion,' the Sun-god's patronymic-style title."},{"surface":"πίονα","lemma":"πίων","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies νηὸν","gloss":"rich"},{"surface":"νηὸν","lemma":"ναός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of τεύξομεν","gloss":"temple"}]},{"number":347,"label":"347","id":"b12-l347","source":"τεύξομεν, ἐν δέ κε θεῖμεν ἀγάλματα πολλὰ καὶ ἐσθλά.","translation":"and set in it many fine offerings.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l347.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τεύξομεν","lemma":"τεύχω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"we will build"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"in it"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κε","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"θεῖμεν","lemma":"τίθημι","morphology":"aorist active optative, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"we would set","note":"Optative θεῖμεν alongside subjunctive τεύξομεν shows epic mood-mixing in wishes/plans."},{"surface":"ἀγάλματα","lemma":"ἄγαλμα","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of θεῖμεν","gloss":"offerings"},{"surface":"πολλὰ","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐσθλά","lemma":"ἐσθλός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"fine"}]},{"number":348,"label":"348","id":"b12-l348","source":"εἰ δὲ χολωσάμενός τι βοῶν ὀρθοκραιράων","translation":"But if, angered over his straight-horned cattle,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l348.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἰ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"χολωσάμενός","lemma":"χολόω","morphology":"aorist middle participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐθέλῃ","gloss":"angered","note":"Middle participle χολωσάμενος: anger felt/acted on his own behalf (the Sun-god)."},{"surface":"τι","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"adverbial to χολωσάμενός","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"βοῶν","lemma":"βοῦς","morphology":"genitive plural noun","role":"object of χολωσάμενός","gloss":"of cattle"},{"surface":"ὀρθοκραιράων","lemma":"ὀρθόκραιρος","morphology":"genitive plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies βοῶν","gloss":"straight-horned"}]},{"number":349,"label":"349","id":"b12-l349","source":"νῆʼ ἐθέλῃ ὀλέσαι, ἐπὶ δʼ ἕσπωνται θεοὶ ἄλλοι,","translation":"he wishes to wreck our ship, and the other gods follow him,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l349.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"νῆ","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ὀλέσαι","gloss":"the ship"},{"surface":"ἐθέλῃ","lemma":"ἐθέλω","morphology":"present active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to δ᾽","gloss":"he should wish"},{"surface":"ὀλέσαι","lemma":"ὄλλυμι","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of ἐθέλῃ","gloss":"to destroy"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἕσπωνται","lemma":"ἕπομαι","morphology":"aorist middle subjunctive, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to δ᾽","gloss":"follow","note":"ἕσπωνται, reduplicated aorist subjunctive of ἕπομαι, epic form of 'follow.'"},{"surface":"θεοὶ","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ἕσπωνται","gloss":"gods"},{"surface":"ἄλλοι","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies θεοὶ","gloss":"other"}]},{"number":350,"label":"350","id":"b12-l350","source":"βούλομʼ ἅπαξ πρὸς κῦμα χανὼν ἀπὸ θυμὸν ὀλέσσαι,","translation":"I would rather lose my life at one gulp against the wave","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l350.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"πρὸς κῦμα χανὼν","title":"gaping at the wave","body":"χανών (aorist participle of χάσκω, 'gape, open the mouth') pictures the drowning man's mouth open to the water — a single quick death preferred to slow starvation."}],"words":[{"surface":"βούλομ","lemma":"βούλομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I would rather","note":"βούλομ(αι) here expresses preference: 'I'd rather X than Y,' picked up by ἢ in next line."},{"surface":"ἅπαξ","lemma":"ἅπαξ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ὀλέσσαι","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"πρὸς","lemma":"πρός","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"κῦμα","lemma":"κῦμα","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of πρὸς","gloss":"the wave"},{"surface":"χανὼν","lemma":"χάσκω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ὀλέσσαι","gloss":"gaping","note":"χανὼν 'gaping/gasping' — vivid image of mouth open swallowing water while drowning."},{"surface":"ἀπὸ","lemma":"ἀπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"away"},{"surface":"θυμὸν","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ὀλέσσαι","gloss":"my life"},{"surface":"ὀλέσσαι","lemma":"ὄλλυμι","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of ἢ","gloss":"lose"}]},{"number":351,"label":"351","id":"b12-l351","source":"ἢ δηθὰ στρεύγεσθαι ἐὼν ἐν νήσῳ ἐρήμῃ.","translation":"than waste away slowly here on a desert island.\"","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l351.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἢ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"δηθὰ","lemma":"δηθά","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to στρεύγεσθαι","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"στρεύγεσθαι","lemma":"στρεύγομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive infinitive","role":"object of ἢ","gloss":"to waste away","note":"στρεύγεσθαι, a rare verb (hapax-like) meaning slow wasting death, contrasted with quick drowning."},{"surface":"ἐὼν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to στρεύγεσθαι","gloss":"being"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"νήσῳ","lemma":"νῆσος","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐν","gloss":"island"},{"surface":"ἐρήμῃ","lemma":"ἐρῆμος","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies νήσῳ","gloss":"deserted"}]},{"number":352,"label":"352","id":"b12-l352","source":"ὣς ἔφατʼ Εὐρύλοχος, ἐπὶ δʼ ᾔνεον ἄλλοι\n                     ἑταῖροι.","translation":"So spoke Eurylochus, and the other comrades approved.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l352.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔφατ᾽","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ἔφατ","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spoke","note":"Formulaic ὣς ἔφατ(ο), 'thus he/she spoke,' closes a speech throughout Homer."},{"surface":"Εὐρύλοχος","lemma":"Εὐρύλοχος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔφατ᾽","gloss":"Eurylochus"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ᾔνεον","lemma":"αἰνέω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"approved"},{"surface":"ἄλλοι","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἑταῖροι","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"ἑταῖροι","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ᾔνεον","gloss":"comrades"}]},{"number":353,"label":"353","id":"b12-l353","source":"αὐτίκα δʼ Ἠελίοιο βοῶν ἐλάσαντες ἀρίστας","translation":"At once they drove off the best of the Sun's cattle","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l353.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτίκα","lemma":"αὐτίκα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐλάσαντες","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ἠελίοιο","lemma":"ἠέλιος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies βοῶν","gloss":"the Sun's"},{"surface":"βοῶν","lemma":"βοάω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"modifies ἀρίστας","gloss":"cattle","note":"Parser mis-lemmatized as βοάω; contextually this is βοῦς 'cattle,' matching line 343's phrase exactly."},{"surface":"ἐλάσαντες","lemma":"ἐλαύνω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial","gloss":"driving off"},{"surface":"ἀρίστας","lemma":"ἄριστος","morphology":"accusative plural feminine adjective","role":"object of ἐλάσαντες","gloss":"the best"}]},{"number":354,"label":"354","id":"b12-l354","source":"ἐγγύθεν, οὐ γὰρ τῆλε νεὸς κυανοπρῴροιο","translation":"from nearby, for not far from the dark-prowed ship","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l354.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐγγύθεν","lemma":"ἐγγύθεν","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of ἐλάσαντες","gloss":"nearby"},{"surface":"οὐ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"τῆλε","lemma":"τῆλε","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"νεὸς","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to τῆλε","gloss":"from the ship"},{"surface":"κυανοπρῴροιο","lemma":"κυανόπρῳρος","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies νεὸς","gloss":"dark-prowed","note":"κυανόπρῳρος, a stock Homeric ship-epithet, 'dark/blue-prowed.'"}]},{"number":355,"label":"355","id":"b12-l355","source":"βοσκέσκονθʼ ἕλικες καλαὶ βόες εὐρυμέτωποι·","translation":"the fine sleek broad-browed cattle were grazing.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l355.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"βοσκέσκονθ","lemma":"βόσκω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"were grazing"},{"surface":"ἕλικες","lemma":"ἕλιξ","morphology":"nominative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies βόες","gloss":"sleek","note":"ἕλικες 'curved/sleek,' a standard Homeric cattle epithet (of horns)."},{"surface":"καλαὶ","lemma":"καλός","morphology":"nominative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies βόες","gloss":"fine"},{"surface":"βόες","lemma":"βοῦς","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject of βοσκέσκονθ᾽","gloss":"cattle"},{"surface":"εὐρυμέτωποι","lemma":"εὐρυμέτωπος","morphology":"nominative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies βόες","gloss":"broad-browed"}]},{"number":356,"label":"356","id":"b12-l356","source":"τὰς δὲ περίστησάν τε καὶ εὐχετόωντο θεοῖσιν,","translation":"They stood around them and prayed to the gods,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l356.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὰς","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative plural feminine pronoun","role":"object of περίστησάν","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"περίστησάν","lemma":"περιίστημι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"stood around"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"εὐχετόωντο","lemma":"εὐχετάομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"prayed","note":"εὐχετόωντο, lengthened epic iterative form of εὔχομαι."},{"surface":"θεοῖσιν","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of εὐχετόωντο","gloss":"to the gods"}]},{"number":357,"label":"357","id":"b12-l357","source":"φύλλα δρεψάμενοι τέρενα δρυὸς ὑψικόμοιο·","translation":"having plucked tender leaves from a high-crowned oak;","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l357.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"φύλλα","lemma":"φύλλον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of δρεψάμενοι","gloss":"leaves"},{"surface":"δρεψάμενοι","lemma":"δρέπω","morphology":"aorist participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to εὐχετόωντο","gloss":"having plucked"},{"surface":"τέρενα","lemma":"τέρην","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies φύλλα","gloss":"tender"},{"surface":"δρυὸς","lemma":"δρῦς","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies φύλλα","gloss":"of an oak"},{"surface":"ὑψικόμοιο","lemma":"ὑψίκομος","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies δρυὸς","gloss":"high-crowned","note":"Leaves substitute for barley-grain in the ritual — a sign of their desperate lack of proper offerings."}]},{"number":358,"label":"358","id":"b12-l358","source":"οὐ γὰρ ἔχον κρῖ λευκὸν ἐυσσέλμου ἐπὶ νηός.","translation":"for they had no white barley aboard the well-benched ship.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l358.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οὐ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ἔχον","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"they had"},{"surface":"κρῖ","lemma":"κρῖ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἔχον","gloss":"barley"},{"surface":"λευκὸν","lemma":"λευκός","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies κρῖ","gloss":"white"},{"surface":"ἐυσσέλμου","lemma":"εὔσελμος","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies νηός","gloss":"well-benched"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"aboard"},{"surface":"νηός","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐπὶ","gloss":"ship"}]},{"number":359,"label":"359","id":"b12-l359","source":"αὐτὰρ ἐπεί ῥʼ εὔξαντο καὶ ἔσφαξαν καὶ ἔδειραν,","translation":"And when they had prayed and cut the throats and flayed them,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l359.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐπεί","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ῥ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"εὔξαντο","lemma":"εὔχομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"they prayed"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔσφαξαν","lemma":"σφάζω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"cut the throats","note":"σφάζω, the ritual slaughtering verb, ties directly to sacrifice procedure."},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔδειραν","lemma":"δέρω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"flayed"}]},{"number":360,"label":"360","id":"b12-l360","source":"μηρούς τʼ ἐξέταμον κατά τε κνίσῃ ἐκάλυψαν","translation":"they cut out the thigh-bones and wrapped them in fat,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l360.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μηρούς","lemma":"μηρός","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἐξέταμον","gloss":"thigh-bones"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐξέταμον","lemma":"ἐκτέμνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"cut out"},{"surface":"κατά","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"down"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κνίσῃ","lemma":"κνῖσα","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐκάλυψαν","gloss":"in fat","note":"κνίση 'fat/savor,' the part of sacrifice believed to rise to the gods as fragrant smoke."},{"surface":"ἐκάλυψαν","lemma":"καλύπτω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"wrapped"}]},{"number":361,"label":"361","id":"b12-l361","source":"δίπτυχα ποιήσαντες, ἐπʼ αὐτῶν δʼ ὠμοθέτησαν.","translation":"making a double fold, and laid raw flesh upon them.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l361.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δίπτυχα","lemma":"δίπτυχος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of ποιήσαντες","gloss":"double fold"},{"surface":"ποιήσαντες","lemma":"ποιέω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐκάλυψαν","gloss":"making","note":"δίπτυχα ποιήσαντες: standard sacrificial detail — wrapping thigh-bones in a doubled layer of fat."},{"surface":"ἐπ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"αὐτῶν","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"object of ἐπ᾽","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὠμοθέτησαν","lemma":"ὠμοθετέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"laid raw flesh"}]},{"number":362,"label":"362","id":"b12-l362","source":"οὐδʼ εἶχον μέθυ λεῖψαι ἐπʼ αἰθομένοις ἱεροῖσιν,","translation":"They had no wine to pour over the burning offerings,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l362.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἶχον","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"they had"},{"surface":"μέθυ","lemma":"μέθυ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of εἶχον","gloss":"wine"},{"surface":"λεῖψαι","lemma":"λείβω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"adverbial to εἶχον","gloss":"to pour"},{"surface":"ἐπ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"αἰθομένοις","lemma":"αἴθω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, dative plural neuter","role":"modifies ἱεροῖσιν","gloss":"burning"},{"surface":"ἱεροῖσιν","lemma":"ἱερός","morphology":"dative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of ἐπ᾽","gloss":"offerings","note":"Missing wine libation (only water, next line) signals the improvised, ill-omened nature of this sacrifice."}]},{"number":363,"label":"363","id":"b12-l363","source":"ἀλλʼ ὕδατι σπένδοντες ἐπώπτων ἔγκατα πάντα.","translation":"but pouring libations of water they roasted all the entrails.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l363.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ὕδατι","lemma":"ὕδωρ","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to σπένδοντες","gloss":"with water"},{"surface":"σπένδοντες","lemma":"σπένδω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐπώπτων","gloss":"pouring libations"},{"surface":"ἐπώπτων","lemma":"ἐποπτάω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"roasted"},{"surface":"ἔγκατα","lemma":"ἔγκατα","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἐπώπτων","gloss":"entrails"},{"surface":"πάντα","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἔγκατα","gloss":"all"}]},{"number":364,"label":"364","id":"b12-l364","source":"αὐτὰρ ἐπεὶ κατὰ μῆρʼ ἐκάη καὶ σπλάγχνα πάσαντο,","translation":"And when the thigh-bones were burned and they had tasted the inner parts,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l364.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"κατὰ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"down"},{"surface":"μῆρ","lemma":"μῆρα","morphology":"nominative plural neuter noun","role":"subject of ἐκάη","gloss":"thigh-bones","note":"μῆρα, alternate epic plural form of μηρός 'thigh,' distinct from μηρούς in line 360."},{"surface":"ἐκάη","lemma":"καίω","morphology":"aorist passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"were burned"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"σπλάγχνα","lemma":"σπλάγχνον","morphology":"nominative plural neuter noun","role":"subject of πάσαντο","gloss":"inner parts"},{"surface":"πάσαντο","lemma":"πάσσω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"tasted"}]},{"number":365,"label":"365","id":"b12-l365","source":"μίστυλλόν τʼ ἄρα τἆλλα καὶ ἀμφʼ ὀβελοῖσιν ἔπειραν.","translation":"they cut up the rest and pierced it on spits.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l365.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μίστυλλόν","lemma":"μιστύλλω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"they cut up","note":"The imperfect tense conveys the ongoing, piece-by-piece action of butchering the meat."},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄρα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"τἆλλα","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of μίστυλλόν","gloss":"the rest"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀμφ","lemma":"ἀμφί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"ὀβελοῖσιν","lemma":"ὀβελός","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἀμφ᾽","gloss":"on spits","note":"-οισιν is the Homeric dative plural ending, longer than Attic -οις."},{"surface":"ἔπειραν","lemma":"πείρω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"pierced"}]},{"number":366,"label":"366","id":"b12-l366","source":"καὶ τότε μοι βλεφάρων ἐξέσσυτο νήδυμος ὕπνος,","translation":"Just then sweet sleep rushed away from my eyelids,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l366.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τότε","lemma":"τότε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐξέσσυτο","gloss":"just then"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies βλεφάρων","gloss":"from my"},{"surface":"βλεφάρων","lemma":"βλέφαρον","morphology":"genitive plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἐξέσσυτο","gloss":"eyelids"},{"surface":"ἐξέσσυτο","lemma":"ἐκσεύομαι","morphology":"imperfect middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"rushed away","note":"ἐκ- prefix stresses sleep departing outward from the eyes."},{"surface":"νήδυμος","lemma":"νήδυμος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ὕπνος","gloss":"sweet","note":"νήδυμος is a fixed Homeric epithet for sleep, of uncertain etymology."},{"surface":"ὕπνος","lemma":"ὕπνος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐξέσσυτο","gloss":"sleep"}]},{"number":367,"label":"367","id":"b12-l367","source":"βῆν δʼ ἰέναι ἐπὶ νῆα θοὴν καὶ θῖνα θαλάσσης.","translation":"and I set out to go to the swift ship and the shore of the sea.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l367.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"βῆν","lemma":"βαίνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I went"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἰέναι","lemma":"εἶμι","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of βῆν","gloss":"to go","note":"Complementary infinitive after βῆν, a common Homeric idiom for 'set out to.'"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"νῆα","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"ship"},{"surface":"θοὴν","lemma":"θοός","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies νῆα","gloss":"swift"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"θῖνα","lemma":"θίς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"shore"},{"surface":"θαλάσσης","lemma":"θάλασσα","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies θῖνα","gloss":"of the sea"}]},{"number":368,"label":"368","id":"b12-l368","source":"ἀλλʼ ὅτε δὴ σχεδὸν ἦα κιὼν νεὸς ἀμφιελίσσης,","translation":"But when, as I went, I drew near the curved ship,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l368.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ὅτε","lemma":"ὅτε","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"σχεδὸν","lemma":"σχεδόν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"near"},{"surface":"ἦα","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὅτε","gloss":"I was","note":"ἦα is the Homeric 1st singular imperfect of εἰμί (Attic ἦν)."},{"surface":"κιὼν","lemma":"κίω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἦα","gloss":"going","note":"κιών, a rare aorist participle of κίω 'go', reinforcing ἦα σχεδόν."},{"surface":"νεὸς","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of σχεδὸν","gloss":"of the ship"},{"surface":"ἀμφιελίσσης","lemma":"ἀμφιέλισσα","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies νεὸς","gloss":"curved","note":"ἀμφιέλισσα, 'curved on both sides,' a stock Homeric ship-epithet."}]},{"number":369,"label":"369","id":"b12-l369","source":"καὶ τότε με κνίσης ἀμφήλυθεν ἡδὺς ἀυτμή.","translation":"then the sweet smell of roasting fat came drifting round me.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l369.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τότε","lemma":"τότε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀμφήλυθεν","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"με","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἀμφήλυθεν","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"κνίσης","lemma":"κνῖσα","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies ἀυτμή","gloss":"of roasting fat"},{"surface":"ἀμφήλυθεν","lemma":"ἀμφέρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"came drifting round","note":"ἀμφι- 'around' + ἔρχομαι pictures the smell enveloping him."},{"surface":"ἡδὺς","lemma":"ἡδύς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἀυτμή","gloss":"sweet"},{"surface":"ἀυτμή","lemma":"ἀυτμή","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἀμφήλυθεν","gloss":"smell"}]},{"number":370,"label":"370","id":"b12-l370","source":"οἰμώξας δὲ θεοῖσι μέγʼ ἀθανάτοισι γεγώνευν·","translation":"I groaned aloud and cried out to the immortal gods:","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l370.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἰμώξας","lemma":"οἰμώζω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to γεγώνευν","gloss":"groaning"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"θεοῖσι","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of γεγώνευν","gloss":"to the gods"},{"surface":"μέγ","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to γεγώνευν","gloss":"loudly"},{"surface":"ἀθανάτοισι","lemma":"ἀθάνατος","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies θεοῖσι","gloss":"immortal"},{"surface":"γεγώνευν","lemma":"γεγωνέω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"cried out","note":"γεγωνέω, 'shout so as to be heard,' a vivid verb for calling across distance."}]},{"number":371,"label":"371","id":"b12-l371","source":"Ζεῦ πάτερ ἠδʼ ἄλλοι μάκαρες θεοὶ αἰὲν\n                        ἐόντες,","translation":"\"Father Zeus, and you other blessed gods who live forever,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l371.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ζεῦ","lemma":"Ζεύς","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"Zeus","note":"Vocative in direct address, opening a formulaic prayer line repeated at l.377."},{"surface":"πάτερ","lemma":"πάτηρ","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ζεῦ","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"ἠδ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄλλοι","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"vocative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies θεοὶ","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"μάκαρες","lemma":"μάκαρ","morphology":"vocative plural masculine noun","role":"modifies θεοὶ","gloss":"blessed"},{"surface":"θεοὶ","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"vocative plural masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"gods"},{"surface":"αἰὲν","lemma":"ἀεί","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐόντες","gloss":"forever"},{"surface":"ἐόντες","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active participle, vocative plural masculine","role":"modifies θεοὶ","gloss":"who are","note":"ἐόντες, the Homeric (uncontracted) participle of εἰμί, vs Attic ὄντες."}]},{"number":372,"label":"372","id":"b12-l372","source":"ἦ με μάλʼ εἰς ἄτην κοιμήσατε νηλέι ὕπνῳ.","translation":"truly you have lulled me into ruin with this pitiless sleep.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l372.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ἄτην","title":"atê: ruinous folly","body":"ἄτη is the blinding delusion or ruin that the gods send; here the very sleep that 'lulled' Odysseus has delivered him to disaster."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"με","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of κοιμήσατε","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"μάλ","lemma":"μάλα","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"utterly"},{"surface":"εἰς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"ἄτην","lemma":"ἄτη","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of εἰς","gloss":"ruin"},{"surface":"κοιμήσατε","lemma":"κοιμάω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 2nd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"lulled"},{"surface":"νηλέι","lemma":"νηλής","morphology":"dative singular adjective","role":"modifies ὕπνῳ","gloss":"pitiless"},{"surface":"ὕπνῳ","lemma":"ὕπνος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to κοιμήσατε","gloss":"with sleep"}]},{"number":373,"label":"373","id":"b12-l373","source":"οἱ δʼ ἕταροι μέγα ἔργον ἐμητίσαντο μένοντες.","translation":"My comrades, left behind, have plotted a monstrous deed.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l373.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine article","role":"modifies ἕταροι","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἕταροι","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐμητίσαντο","gloss":"comrades"},{"surface":"μέγα","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἔργον","gloss":"monstrous"},{"surface":"ἔργον","lemma":"ἔργον","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἐμητίσαντο","gloss":"deed"},{"surface":"ἐμητίσαντο","lemma":"μητίομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"plotted","note":"Middle voice μητίομαι stresses the crew scheming for their own benefit."},{"surface":"μένοντες","lemma":"μένω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐμητίσαντο","gloss":"remaining"}]},{"number":374,"label":"374","id":"b12-l374","source":"ὠκέα δʼ Ἠελίῳ Ὑπερίονι ἄγγελος ἦλθε","translation":"Swiftly a messenger came to Hyperion the Sun,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l374.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὠκέα","lemma":"ὠκύς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ἦλθε","gloss":"swift"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ἠελίῳ","lemma":"ἠέλιος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἦλθε","gloss":"to Helios"},{"surface":"Ὑπερίονι","lemma":"Ὑπερίων","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ἠελίῳ","gloss":"Hyperion","note":"Epithet-name 'the one who goes above,' appositive to the Sun-god."},{"surface":"ἄγγελος","lemma":"ἄγγελος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"messenger"},{"surface":"ἦλθε","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"came"}]},{"number":375,"label":"375","id":"b12-l375","source":"Λαμπετίη τανύπεπλος, ὅ οἱ βόας ἔκταμεν ἡμεῖς.","translation":"Lampetie of the trailing robe, that we had killed his cattle.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l375.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Λαμπετίη","lemma":"Λαμπετίη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἦλθε","gloss":"Lampetie"},{"surface":"τανύπεπλος","lemma":"τανύπεπλος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Λαμπετίη","gloss":"trailing-robed","note":"Fixed decorative epithet for the nymph, formulaic epic diction."},{"surface":"ὅ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies βόας","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"βόας","lemma":"βοῦς","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἔκταμεν","gloss":"cattle"},{"surface":"ἔκταμεν","lemma":"ἐκτέμνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"object of ὅ","gloss":"had killed"},{"surface":"ἡμεῖς","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἔκταμεν","gloss":"we"}]},{"number":376,"label":"376","id":"b12-l376","source":"αὐτίκα δʼ ἀθανάτοισι μετηύδα χωόμενος κῆρ·","translation":"At once, enraged at heart, he spoke among the immortals:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l376.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτίκα","lemma":"αὐτίκα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to μετηύδα","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀθανάτοισι","lemma":"ἀθάνατος","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of μετηύδα","gloss":"among the immortals"},{"surface":"μετηύδα","lemma":"μεταυδάω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spoke","note":"μεταυδάω, a rare compound 'speak among,' fitting the divine council setting."},{"surface":"χωόμενος","lemma":"χώομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to μετηύδα","gloss":"enraged"},{"surface":"κῆρ","lemma":"κῆρ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of χωόμενος","gloss":"at heart","note":"Accusative of respect: 'enraged in his heart.'"}]},{"number":377,"label":"377","id":"b12-l377","source":"Ζεῦ πάτερ ἠδʼ ἄλλοι μάκαρες θεοὶ αἰὲν\n                        ἐόντες,","translation":"\"Father Zeus, and you other blessed gods who live forever,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l377.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ζεῦ","lemma":"Ζεύς","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"Zeus"},{"surface":"πάτερ","lemma":"πάτηρ","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ζεῦ","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"ἠδ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄλλοι","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"vocative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies θεοὶ","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"μάκαρες","lemma":"μάκαρ","morphology":"vocative plural masculine noun","role":"modifies θεοὶ","gloss":"blessed"},{"surface":"θεοὶ","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"vocative plural masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"gods"},{"surface":"αἰὲν","lemma":"ἀεί","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐόντες","gloss":"forever"},{"surface":"ἐόντες","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active participle, vocative plural masculine","role":"modifies θεοὶ","gloss":"who are"}]},{"number":378,"label":"378","id":"b12-l378","source":"τῖσαι δὴ ἑτάρους Λαερτιάδεω Ὀδυσῆος,","translation":"take vengeance now on the comrades of Odysseus, son of Laertes,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l378.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τῖσαι","lemma":"τίνω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"main verb","gloss":"take vengeance","note":"Infinitive used as an imperative, a common Homeric way to issue urgent commands."},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"ἑτάρους","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of τῖσαι","gloss":"comrades"},{"surface":"Λαερτιάδεω","lemma":"Λαερτιάδης","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ὀδυσῆος","gloss":"son of Laertes"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσῆος","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ἑτάρους","gloss":"of Odysseus"}]},{"number":379,"label":"379","id":"b12-l379","source":"οἵ μευ βοῦς ἔκτειναν ὑπέρβιον, ᾗσιν ἐγώ γε","translation":"who have insolently killed my cattle, in which I","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l379.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἵ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἔκτειναν","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"μευ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies βοῦς","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"βοῦς","lemma":"βοῦς","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἔκτειναν","gloss":"cattle"},{"surface":"ἔκτειναν","lemma":"ἐκτείνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ἑτάρους","gloss":"killed"},{"surface":"ὑπέρβιον","lemma":"ὑπέρβιος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ἔκτειναν","gloss":"insolently"},{"surface":"ᾗσιν","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"dative plural feminine pronoun","role":"object of χαίρεσκον","gloss":"in which"},{"surface":"ἐγώ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of χαίρεσκον","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"}]},{"number":380,"label":"380","id":"b12-l380","source":"χαίρεσκον μὲν ἰὼν εἰς οὐρανὸν ἀστερόεντα,","translation":"took delight as I went up into the starry heaven,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l380.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"χαίρεσκον","lemma":"χαίρω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing βοῦς","gloss":"took delight","note":"Iterative-flavored imperfect (-εσκ- pattern) implying habitual joy in his daily rising."},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"on one hand"},{"surface":"ἰὼν","lemma":"εἶμι","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἠδ᾽","gloss":"going"},{"surface":"εἰς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"οὐρανὸν","lemma":"οὐρανός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of εἰς","gloss":"heaven"},{"surface":"ἀστερόεντα","lemma":"ἀστερόεις","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies οὐρανὸν","gloss":"starry"}]},{"number":381,"label":"381","id":"b12-l381","source":"ἠδʼ ὁπότʼ ἂψ ἐπὶ γαῖαν ἀπʼ οὐρανόθεν προτραποίμην.","translation":"and again as I turned back toward earth from the sky.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l381.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἠδ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὁπότ","lemma":"ὁπότε","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"whenever"},{"surface":"ἂψ","lemma":"ἄψ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to προτραποίμην","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"γαῖαν","lemma":"γαῖα","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐπὶ","gloss":"earth"},{"surface":"ἀπ","lemma":"ἀπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"οὐρανόθεν","lemma":"οὐρανόθεν","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of ἀπ᾽","gloss":"from the sky"},{"surface":"προτραποίμην","lemma":"προτρέπω","morphology":"aorist middle optative, 1st singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὁπότ᾽","gloss":"turned","note":"Optative προτραποίμην expresses repeated past habitual action, 'whenever I turned.'"}]},{"number":382,"label":"382","id":"b12-l382","source":"εἰ δέ μοι οὐ τίσουσι βοῶν ἐπιεικέʼ ἀμοιβήν,","translation":"If they do not pay me fitting recompense for the cattle,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l382.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἰ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of τίσουσι","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"οὐ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"τίσουσι","lemma":"τίνω","morphology":"future active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to εἰ","gloss":"will pay"},{"surface":"βοῶν","lemma":"βοῦς","morphology":"genitive plural noun","role":"modifies ἀμοιβήν","gloss":"for the cattle"},{"surface":"ἐπιεικέ","lemma":"ἐπιεικής","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἀμοιβήν","gloss":"fitting"},{"surface":"ἀμοιβήν","lemma":"ἀμοιβή","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of τίσουσι","gloss":"recompense"}]},{"number":383,"label":"383","id":"b12-l383","source":"δύσομαι εἰς Ἀίδαο καὶ ἐν νεκύεσσι φαείνω.","translation":"I will go down into Hades and shine among the dead.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l383.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δύσομαι","lemma":"δύω","morphology":"future middle indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I will go down","note":"Sun's threat to abandon the sky and shine in the underworld instead — a striking cosmic ultimatum."},{"surface":"εἰς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"Ἀίδαο","lemma":"ᾍδης","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies","gloss":"Hades"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"νεκύεσσι","lemma":"νέκυς","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"the dead"},{"surface":"φαείνω","lemma":"φαίνω","morphology":"present active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"shine"}]},{"number":384,"label":"384","id":"b12-l384","source":"τὸν δʼ ἀπαμειβόμενος προσέφη νεφεληγερέτα\n                     Ζεύς·","translation":"Then Zeus the cloud-gatherer answered him and said:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l384.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"νεφεληγερέτα Ζεύς","title":"cloud-gatherer Zeus","body":"A standing epithet of Zeus. The fixed form fits the hexameter and recurs across the epic whenever Zeus speaks."}],"words":[{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of προσέφη","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἀπαμειβόμενος","lemma":"ἀπαμείβομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to προσέφη","gloss":"answering"},{"surface":"προσέφη","lemma":"πρόσφημι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"νεφεληγερέτα","lemma":"νεφεληγερέτα","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ζεύς","gloss":"cloud-gatherer","note":"Standard epithet of Zeus, 'the one who gathers clouds.'"},{"surface":"Ζεύς","lemma":"Ζεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of προσέφη","gloss":"Zeus"}]},{"number":385,"label":"385","id":"b12-l385","source":"Ἠέλιʼ, ἦ τοι μὲν σὺ μετʼ ἀθανάτοισι φάεινε","translation":"\"Sun, keep on shining among the immortals","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l385.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ἠέλι","lemma":"ἠέλιος","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"Sun"},{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"τοι","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"on one hand"},{"surface":"σὺ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"nominative singular pronoun","role":"subject of φάεινε","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"μετ","lemma":"μετά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"ἀθανάτοισι","lemma":"ἀθάνατος","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"immortals"},{"surface":"φάεινε","lemma":"φαίνω","morphology":"present active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"keep shining","note":"Present imperative for continuous action: 'go on shining,' not a one-time command."}]},{"number":386,"label":"386","id":"b12-l386","source":"καὶ θνητοῖσι βροτοῖσιν ἐπὶ ζείδωρον ἄρουραν·","translation":"and for mortal men upon the grain-giving earth.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l386.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"θνητοῖσι","lemma":"θνητός","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies βροτοῖσιν","gloss":"mortal"},{"surface":"βροτοῖσιν","lemma":"βροτός","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"for men"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"ζείδωρον","lemma":"ζείδωρος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἄρουραν","gloss":"grain-giving","note":"ζείδωρος, a compound epithet 'grain-giving,' fixed formula for the earth."},{"surface":"ἄρουραν","lemma":"ἄρουρα","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"modifies ἐπὶ","gloss":"earth"}]},{"number":387,"label":"387","id":"b12-l387","source":"τῶν δέ κʼ ἐγὼ τάχα νῆα θοὴν ἀργῆτι κεραυνῷ","translation":"As for these men, soon I will strike their swift ship with a blazing thunderbolt","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l387.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τῶν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine pronoun","role":"modifies νῆα","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κ","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἐγὼ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of κεάσαιμι","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"τάχα","lemma":"τάχα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to κεάσαιμι","gloss":"soon"},{"surface":"νῆα","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of κεάσαιμι","gloss":"ship"},{"surface":"θοὴν","lemma":"θοός","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies νῆα","gloss":"swift"},{"surface":"ἀργῆτι","lemma":"ἀργής","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies κεραυνῷ","gloss":"blazing"},{"surface":"κεραυνῷ","lemma":"κεραυνός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to κεάσαιμι","gloss":"with thunderbolt"}]},{"number":388,"label":"388","id":"b12-l388","source":"τυτθὰ βαλὼν κεάσαιμι μέσῳ ἐνὶ οἴνοπι πόντῳ.","translation":"and shatter it to pieces in the middle of the wine-dark sea.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l388.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"οἴνοπι πόντῳ","title":"wine-dark sea","body":"οἶνοψ, 'wine-faced,' is Homer's recurring epithet for the deep sea. We keep the familiar English 'wine-dark.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"τυτθὰ","lemma":"τυτθός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of βαλὼν","gloss":"to pieces"},{"surface":"βαλὼν","lemma":"βάλλω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to κεάσαιμι","gloss":"striking"},{"surface":"κεάσαιμι","lemma":"κεάζω","morphology":"aorist active optative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I would shatter","note":"Aorist optative expresses Zeus's resolved future intention, a potential-wish nuance."},{"surface":"μέσῳ","lemma":"μέσος","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies πόντῳ","gloss":"in the middle"},{"surface":"ἐνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"οἴνοπι","lemma":"οἶνοψ","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies πόντῳ","gloss":"wine-dark","note":"οἶνοψ, the famous Homeric 'wine-dark' color epithet for the sea."},{"surface":"πόντῳ","lemma":"πόντος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐνὶ","gloss":"sea"}]},{"number":389,"label":"389","id":"b12-l389","source":"ταῦτα δʼ ἐγὼν ἤκουσα Καλυψοῦς ἠυκόμοιο·","translation":"This I heard from Calypso of the lovely hair;","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l389.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ταῦτα","lemma":"οὗτος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of ἤκουσα","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐγὼν","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἤκουσα","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ἤκουσα","lemma":"ἀκούω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"heard"},{"surface":"Καλυψοῦς","lemma":"Καλυψώ","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἤκουσα","gloss":"from Calypso"},{"surface":"ἠυκόμοιο","lemma":"εὔκομος","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Καλυψοῦς","gloss":"lovely-haired","note":"εὔκομος, a standard beauty epithet for goddesses/women in epic."}]},{"number":390,"label":"390","id":"b12-l390","source":"ἡ δʼ ἔφη Ἑρμείαο διακτόρου αὐτὴ ἀκοῦσαι.","translation":"she said she herself had heard it from Hermes the guide.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l390.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἡ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of ἔφη","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔφη","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Ἑρμείαο","lemma":"Ἑρμῆς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἀκοῦσαι","gloss":"from Hermes"},{"surface":"διακτόρου","lemma":"διάκτορος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ἑρμείαο","gloss":"the guide","note":"διάκτορος, epithet of Hermes as divine messenger/guide."},{"surface":"αὐτὴ","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"ἀκοῦσαι","lemma":"ἀκούω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of ἔφη","gloss":"had heard"}]},{"number":391,"label":"391","id":"b12-l391","source":"αὐτὰρ ἐπεί ῥʼ ἐπὶ νῆα κατήλυθον ἠδὲ\n                     θάλασσαν,","translation":"But when I had come down to the ship and the sea,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l391.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐπεί","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ῥ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"νῆα","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἠδὲ","gloss":"ship"},{"surface":"κατήλυθον","lemma":"κατέρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἐπεί","gloss":"had come down"},{"surface":"ἠδὲ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"θάλασσαν","lemma":"θάλασσα","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἠδὲ","gloss":"sea"}]},{"number":392,"label":"392","id":"b12-l392","source":"νείκεον ἄλλοθεν ἄλλον ἐπισταδόν, οὐδέ τι μῆχος","translation":"I rebuked them, going from one to another, but no remedy","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l392.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"νείκεον","lemma":"νεικέω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I rebuked"},{"surface":"ἄλλοθεν","lemma":"ἄλλοθεν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to νείκεον","gloss":"from one to another","note":"ἄλλοθεν ἄλλον, an idiomatic distributive pair meaning 'now this one, now that one.'"},{"surface":"ἄλλον","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"object of νείκεον","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"ἐπισταδόν","lemma":"ἐπισταδόν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to νείκεον","gloss":"one by one"},{"surface":"τι","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"modifies μῆχος","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"μῆχος","lemma":"μῆχος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of εὑρέμεναι","gloss":"remedy","note":"μῆχος, 'device/remedy' — sets up the following (cut-off) infinitive εὑρέμεναι, 'to find.'"}]},{"number":393,"label":"393","id":"b12-l393","source":"εὑρέμεναι δυνάμεσθα, βόες δʼ ἀποτέθνασαν ἤδη.","translation":"could we find, for the cattle were already dead.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l393.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εὑρέμεναι","lemma":"εὑρίσκω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of δυνάμεσθα","gloss":"to find"},{"surface":"δυνάμεσθα","lemma":"δύναμαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"we were able","note":"epic middle ending -μεσθα for -μεθα, 1st plural"},{"surface":"βόες","lemma":"βοῦς","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject of ἀποτέθνασαν","gloss":"the cattle"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and, for"},{"surface":"ἀποτέθνασαν","lemma":"ἀποθνήσκω","morphology":"pluperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"had died","note":"pluperfect of ἀποθνήσκω: state already reached before speech-time"},{"surface":"ἤδη","lemma":"ἤδη","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀποτέθνασαν","gloss":"already"}]},{"number":394,"label":"394","id":"b12-l394","source":"τοῖσιν δʼ αὐτίκʼ ἔπειτα θεοὶ τέραα προύφαινον·","translation":"Then at once the gods showed them portents:","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l394.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τοῖσιν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of προύφαινον","gloss":"to them"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αὐτίκ","lemma":"αὐτίκα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to προύφαινον","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"ἔπειτα","lemma":"ἔπειτα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to προύφαινον","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"θεοὶ","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of προύφαινον","gloss":"the gods"},{"surface":"τέραα","lemma":"τέρας","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of προύφαινον","gloss":"portents","note":"τέρας 'sign/portent' — the divine omens warning the crew"},{"surface":"προύφαινον","lemma":"προφαίνω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"kept showing"}]},{"number":395,"label":"395","id":"b12-l395","source":"εἷρπον μὲν ῥινοί, κρέα δʼ ἀμφʼ ὀβελοῖσι μεμύκει,","translation":"the hides crawled, and the flesh on the spits bellowed,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l395.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἷρπον","lemma":"ἕρπω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"crawled","note":"uncanny image: flayed hides creeping — divine portent of sacrilege"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"on one hand"},{"surface":"ῥινοί","lemma":"ῥινός","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject of εἷρπον","gloss":"the hides"},{"surface":"κρέα","lemma":"κρέας","morphology":"nominative plural neuter noun","role":"subject of μεμύκει","gloss":"the meat"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀμφ","lemma":"ἀμφί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"ὀβελοῖσι","lemma":"ὀβελός","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ἀμφ᾽","gloss":"on the spits"},{"surface":"μεμύκει","lemma":"μυκάομαι","morphology":"pluperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"had bellowed","note":"pluperfect: the meat had already begun lowing like live cattle"}]},{"number":396,"label":"396","id":"b12-l396","source":"ὀπταλέα τε καὶ ὠμά, βοῶν δʼ ὣς γίγνετο φωνή.","translation":"both roasted and raw, and there came a sound like cattle lowing.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l396.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὀπταλέα","lemma":"ὀπταλέος","morphology":"nominative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"roasted"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὠμά","lemma":"ὠμός","morphology":"nominative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"raw"},{"surface":"βοῶν","lemma":"βοῦς","morphology":"genitive plural noun","role":"modifies","gloss":"of cattle","note":"genitive of source/comparison: 'a sound as of cattle'"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"just like"},{"surface":"γίγνετο","lemma":"γίγνομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"arose"},{"surface":"φωνή","lemma":"φωνή","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of γίγνετο","gloss":"a sound"}]},{"number":397,"label":"397","id":"b12-l397","source":"ἑξῆμαρ μὲν ἔπειτα ἐμοὶ ἐρίηρες ἑταῖροι","translation":"Then for six days my trusty comrades","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l397.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἑξῆμαρ","lemma":"ἑξῆμαρ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to δαίνυντ᾽","gloss":"for six days","note":"adverbial numeral compound ἑξ-ῆμαρ, 'six-day-wise'"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἔπειτα","lemma":"ἔπειτα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to δαίνυντ᾽","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἐμοὶ","lemma":"ἐμός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἑταῖροι","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"ἐρίηρες","lemma":"ἐρίηρος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἑταῖροι","gloss":"trusty"},{"surface":"ἑταῖροι","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of δαίνυντ᾽","gloss":"comrades"}]},{"number":398,"label":"398","id":"b12-l398","source":"δαίνυντʼ Ἠελίοιο βοῶν ἐλάσαντες ἀρίστας·","translation":"feasted, having driven off the best of the Sun's cattle;","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l398.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δαίνυντ","lemma":"δαίνυμι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"feasted"},{"surface":"Ἠελίοιο","lemma":"ἠέλιος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies βοῶν","gloss":"of the Sun","note":"epic genitive Ἠελίοιο (-οιο for -ου), the god Helios whose cattle they slaughtered"},{"surface":"βοῶν","lemma":"βοῦς","morphology":"genitive plural noun","role":"modifies ἀρίστας","gloss":"of the cattle"},{"surface":"ἐλάσαντες","lemma":"ἐλαύνω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to δαίνυντ᾽","gloss":"having driven off"},{"surface":"ἀρίστας","lemma":"ἄριστος","morphology":"accusative plural feminine adjective","role":"object of ἐλάσαντες","gloss":"the best"}]},{"number":399,"label":"399","id":"b12-l399","source":"ἀλλʼ ὅτε δὴ ἕβδομον ἦμαρ ἐπὶ Ζεὺς θῆκε Κρονίων,","translation":"but when Zeus, son of Cronos, brought on the seventh day,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l399.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ὅτε","lemma":"ὅτε","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἕβδομον","lemma":"ἕβδομος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἦμαρ","gloss":"seventh"},{"surface":"ἦμαρ","lemma":"ἦμαρ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of θῆκε","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"on, upon"},{"surface":"Ζεὺς","lemma":"Ζεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of θῆκε","gloss":"Zeus"},{"surface":"θῆκε","lemma":"τίθημι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὅτε","gloss":"brought on","note":"θῆκε ἐπί = 'set upon/brought on' — idiomatic for time passing by divine will"},{"surface":"Κρονίων","lemma":"Κρονίων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ζεὺς","gloss":"son of Cronos"}]},{"number":400,"label":"400","id":"b12-l400","source":"καὶ τότʼ ἔπειτʼ ἄνεμος μὲν ἐπαύσατο λαίλαπι θύων,","translation":"then at last the wind ceased raging in its storm,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l400.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τότ","lemma":"τότε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐπαύσατο","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἔπειτ","lemma":"ἔπειτα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐπαύσατο","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"ἄνεμος","lemma":"ἄνεμος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐπαύσατο","gloss":"the wind"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"on one hand"},{"surface":"ἐπαύσατο","lemma":"παύω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"ceased"},{"surface":"λαίλαπι","lemma":"λαῖλαψ","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to θύων","gloss":"in a storm-blast"},{"surface":"θύων","lemma":"θύω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"object of ἐπαύσατο","gloss":"raging","note":"θύων 'raging' vividly personifies the wind as a furious beast"}]},{"number":401,"label":"401","id":"b12-l401","source":"ἡμεῖς δʼ αἶψʼ ἀναβάντες ἐνήκαμεν εὐρέι πόντῳ,","translation":"and we quickly embarked and put out onto the wide sea,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l401.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἡμεῖς","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἐνήκαμεν","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αἶψ","lemma":"αἶψα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀναβάντες","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"ἀναβάντες","lemma":"ἀναβαίνω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐνήκαμεν","gloss":"having boarded"},{"surface":"ἐνήκαμεν","lemma":"ἐνίημι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"put out"},{"surface":"εὐρέι","lemma":"εὐρύς","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies πόντῳ","gloss":"wide"},{"surface":"πόντῳ","lemma":"πόντος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐνήκαμεν","gloss":"onto the sea"}]},{"number":402,"label":"402","id":"b12-l402","source":"ἱστὸν στησάμενοι ἀνά θʼ ἱστία λεύκʼ ἐρύσαντες.","translation":"having set up the mast and hauled up the white sails.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l402.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἱστὸν","lemma":"ἱστός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of στησάμενοι","gloss":"the mast"},{"surface":"στησάμενοι","lemma":"ἵστημι","morphology":"aorist middle participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to θ᾽","gloss":"having set up"},{"surface":"ἀνά","lemma":"ἀνά","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"up"},{"surface":"θ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἱστία","lemma":"ἱστίον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἐρύσαντες","gloss":"the sails"},{"surface":"λεύκ","lemma":"λευκός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἱστία","gloss":"white"},{"surface":"ἐρύσαντες","lemma":"ἐρύω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to θ᾽","gloss":"having hauled","note":"ἀνά...ἐρύσαντες is a split (tmesis) compound 'hauled up' — common Homeric device"}]},{"number":403,"label":"403","id":"b12-l403","source":"ἀλλʼ ὅτε δὴ τὴν νῆσον ἐλείπομεν, οὐδέ τις\n                     ἄλλη","translation":"But when we had left the island behind, and no other","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l403.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ὅτε","lemma":"ὅτε","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"τὴν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"article","role":"modifies νῆσον","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"νῆσον","lemma":"νῆσος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐλείπομεν","gloss":"island"},{"surface":"ἐλείπομεν","lemma":"λείπω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"adverbial to ἀλλ᾽","gloss":"were leaving"},{"surface":"τις","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of φαίνετο","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"ἄλλη","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies τις","gloss":"other"}]},{"number":404,"label":"404","id":"b12-l404","source":"φαίνετο γαιάων, ἀλλʼ οὐρανὸς ἠδὲ θάλασσα,","translation":"land appeared, but only sky and sea,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l404.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"φαίνετο","lemma":"φαίνω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἀλλ᾽","gloss":"appeared","note":"φαίνετο governs the genitive γαιάων: 'no other of lands appeared'"},{"surface":"γαιάων","lemma":"γαῖα","morphology":"genitive plural feminine noun","role":"modifies ἄλλη","gloss":"of lands"},{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"οὐρανὸς","lemma":"οὐρανός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"sky"},{"surface":"ἠδὲ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"θάλασσα","lemma":"θάλασσα","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"sea"}]},{"number":405,"label":"405","id":"b12-l405","source":"δὴ τότε κυανέην νεφέλην ἔστησε Κρονίων","translation":"then the son of Cronos set a dark cloud","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l405.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"τότε","lemma":"τότε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔστησε","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"κυανέην","lemma":"κυάνεος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies νεφέλην","gloss":"dark"},{"surface":"νεφέλην","lemma":"νεφέλη","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἔστησε","gloss":"cloud"},{"surface":"ἔστησε","lemma":"ἵστημι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"set"},{"surface":"Κρονίων","lemma":"Κρονίων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔστησε","gloss":"son of Cronos","note":"epithet for Zeus repeated from l399, framing the storm as divine punishment"}]},{"number":406,"label":"406","id":"b12-l406","source":"νηὸς ὕπερ γλαφυρῆς, ἤχλυσε δὲ πόντος ὑπʼ αὐτῆς.","translation":"above the hollow ship, and the sea grew dark beneath it.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l406.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"νηὸς","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ὕπερ","gloss":"of the ship"},{"surface":"ὕπερ","lemma":"ὑπέρ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"above"},{"surface":"γλαφυρῆς","lemma":"γλαφυρός","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies νηὸς","gloss":"hollow"},{"surface":"ἤχλυσε","lemma":"ἀχλύω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"grew dark"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πόντος","lemma":"πόντος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἤχλυσε","gloss":"the sea"},{"surface":"ὑπ","lemma":"ὑπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"beneath"},{"surface":"αὐτῆς","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"object of ὑπ᾽","gloss":"it"}]},{"number":407,"label":"407","id":"b12-l407","source":"ἡ δʼ ἔθει οὐ μάλα πολλὸν ἐπὶ χρόνον· αἶψα γὰρ ἦλθε","translation":"She ran on for no long time, for swiftly there came","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l407.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἡ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of ἔθει","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔθει","lemma":"θέω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"ran on"},{"surface":"οὐ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"μάλα","lemma":"μάλα","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"πολλὸν","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies χρόνον","gloss":"much/long"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"χρόνον","lemma":"χρόνος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐπὶ","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"αἶψα","lemma":"αἶψα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἦλθε","gloss":"swiftly"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ἦλθε","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"came"}]},{"number":408,"label":"408","id":"b12-l408","source":"κεκληγὼς Ζέφυρος μεγάλῃ σὺν λαίλαπι θύων,","translation":"the shrieking West Wind, raging in a great storm,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l408.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κεκληγὼς","lemma":"κλάζω","morphology":"perfect active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἦλθε","gloss":"shrieking","note":"perfect participle κεκληγώς gives the wind an ongoing, animal-like shriek"},{"surface":"Ζέφυρος","lemma":"Ζέφυρος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἦλθε","gloss":"West Wind"},{"surface":"μεγάλῃ","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies λαίλαπι","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"σὺν","lemma":"σύν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"λαίλαπι","lemma":"λαῖλαψ","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to σὺν","gloss":"storm-blast"},{"surface":"θύων","lemma":"θύω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἦλθε","gloss":"raging"}]},{"number":409,"label":"409","id":"b12-l409","source":"ἱστοῦ δὲ προτόνους ἔρρηξʼ ἀνέμοιο θύελλα","translation":"and the squall of wind snapped both forestays","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l409.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἱστοῦ","lemma":"ἱστός","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies προτόνους","gloss":"of the mast"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"προτόνους","lemma":"πρότονοι","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἔρρηξ᾽","gloss":"forestays"},{"surface":"ἔρρηξ","lemma":"ῥήγνυμι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"snapped"},{"surface":"ἀνέμοιο","lemma":"ἄνεμος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies θύελλα","gloss":"of wind"},{"surface":"θύελλα","lemma":"θύελλα","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἔρρηξ᾽","gloss":"squall"}]},{"number":410,"label":"410","id":"b12-l410","source":"ἀμφοτέρους· ἱστὸς δʼ ὀπίσω πέσεν, ὅπλα τε πάντα","translation":"of the mast; the mast fell backward, and all the tackle","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l410.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀμφοτέρους","lemma":"ἀμφότερος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies προτόνους","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"ἱστὸς","lemma":"ἱστός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of πέσεν","gloss":"the mast"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὀπίσω","lemma":"ὀπίσω","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to πέσεν","gloss":"backward"},{"surface":"πέσεν","lemma":"πίπτω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"fell"},{"surface":"ὅπλα","lemma":"ὅπλον","morphology":"nominative plural neuter noun","role":"subject of κατέχυνθ᾽","gloss":"the tackle"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πάντα","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"nominative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ὅπλα","gloss":"all"}]},{"number":411,"label":"411","id":"b12-l411","source":"εἰς ἄντλον κατέχυνθʼ. ὁ δʼ ἄρα πρυμνῇ ἐνὶ νηὶ","translation":"tumbled into the bilge. And in the ship's stern","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l411.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἰς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"ἄντλον","lemma":"ἄντλος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of εἰς","gloss":"the bilge"},{"surface":"κατέχυνθ","lemma":"καταχεύω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"tumbled"},{"surface":"ὁ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of πλῆξε","gloss":"the mast","note":"ὁ here is a demonstrative pronoun ('he/it'), pointing back to ἱστός — old Homeric use of the article as pronoun"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄρα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"πρυμνῇ","lemma":"πρυμνός","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies νηὶ","gloss":"stern"},{"surface":"ἐνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"νηὶ","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐνὶ","gloss":"the ship"}]},{"number":412,"label":"412","id":"b12-l412","source":"πλῆξε κυβερνήτεω κεφαλήν, σὺν δʼ ὀστέʼ ἄραξε","translation":"it struck the helmsman's head, and crushed the bones","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l412.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πλῆξε","lemma":"πλήσσω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"κυβερνήτεω","lemma":"κυβερνήτης","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies κεφαλήν","gloss":"of the helmsman"},{"surface":"κεφαλήν","lemma":"κεφαλή","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of πλῆξε","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"σὺν","lemma":"σύν","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὀστέ","lemma":"ὀστέον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἄραξε","gloss":"bones"},{"surface":"ἄραξε","lemma":"ἀράσσω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"crushed","note":"σύν...ἄραξε tmesis: 'crushed together/utterly'"}]},{"number":413,"label":"413","id":"b12-l413","source":"πάντʼ ἄμυδις κεφαλῆς· ὁ δʼ ἄρʼ ἀρνευτῆρι ἐοικὼς","translation":"of his skull all together; and like a diver","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l413.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ἀρνευτῆρι ἐοικὼς","title":"like a diver","body":"The simile compares the helmsman's headlong fall from the deck to an acrobat or diver plunging — a brief, grim image of his death."}],"words":[{"surface":"πάντ","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ὀστέ᾽","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"ἄμυδις","lemma":"ἄμυδις","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἄραξε","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"κεφαλῆς","lemma":"κεφαλή","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies ὀστέ᾽","gloss":"of the skull"},{"surface":"ὁ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of κάππεσ᾽","gloss":"he","note":"pronominal ὁ again, referring to the dead helmsman"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἀρνευτῆρι","lemma":"ἀρνευτήρ","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐοικὼς","gloss":"a diver","note":"simile: the falling helmsman is likened to a diving bird/man, ἀρνευτήρ"},{"surface":"ἐοικὼς","lemma":"ἔοικα","morphology":"perfect active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to κάππεσ᾽","gloss":"resembling"}]},{"number":414,"label":"414","id":"b12-l414","source":"κάππεσʼ ἀπʼ ἰκριόφιν, λίπε δʼ ὀστέα θυμὸς ἀγήνωρ.","translation":"he plunged from the deck, and his proud spirit left his bones.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l414.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κάππεσ","lemma":"καταπίπτω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"plunged down"},{"surface":"ἀπ","lemma":"ἀπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"ἰκριόφιν","lemma":"ἴκρια","morphology":"genitive plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἀπ᾽","gloss":"the deck"},{"surface":"λίπε","lemma":"λείπω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὀστέα","lemma":"ὀστέον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of λίπε","gloss":"bones"},{"surface":"θυμὸς","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of λίπε","gloss":"spirit","note":"θυμὸς ἀγήνωρ 'proud spirit' — formulaic phrase for the life-force leaving the body at death"},{"surface":"ἀγήνωρ","lemma":"ἀγήνωρ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies θυμὸς","gloss":"proud","note":"θυμὸς ἀγήνωρ 'proud spirit' — formulaic phrase for the life-force leaving the body at death"}]},{"number":415,"label":"415","id":"b12-l415","source":"Ζεὺς δʼ ἄμυδις βρόντησε καὶ ἔμβαλε νηὶ κεραυνόν·","translation":"Zeus thundered at the same moment and hurled his bolt at the ship;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l415.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ζεὺς","lemma":"Ζεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"Zeus"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄμυδις","lemma":"ἄμυδις","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to βρόντησε","gloss":"at the same moment"},{"surface":"βρόντησε","lemma":"βροντάω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"thundered"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔμβαλε","lemma":"ἐμβάλλω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"hurled"},{"surface":"νηὶ","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἔμβαλε","gloss":"at the ship"},{"surface":"κεραυνόν","lemma":"κεραυνός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἔμβαλε","gloss":"a thunderbolt"}]},{"number":416,"label":"416","id":"b12-l416","source":"ἡ δʼ ἐλελίχθη πᾶσα Διὸς πληγεῖσα κεραυνῷ,","translation":"she shuddered through all her frame, struck by the bolt of Zeus,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l416.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"πληγεῖσα","title":"passive participle","body":"πληγεῖσα is an aorist passive participle, 'having been struck,' agreeing with the ship (feminine). It marks the ship as the receiver of Zeus's blow."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἡ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of ἐλελίχθη","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐλελίχθη","lemma":"ἐλελίζω","morphology":"aorist passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was shaken"},{"surface":"πᾶσα","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"wholly"},{"surface":"Διὸς","lemma":"Ζεύς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies κεραυνῷ","gloss":"of Zeus"},{"surface":"πληγεῖσα","lemma":"πλήσσω","morphology":"aorist passive participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to ἐλελίχθη","gloss":"struck","note":"aorist passive participle from same root πλήσσω as l412's active πλῆξε — echoes the earlier blow"},{"surface":"κεραυνῷ","lemma":"κεραυνός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of πληγεῖσα","gloss":"by the bolt"}]},{"number":417,"label":"417","id":"b12-l417","source":"ἐν δὲ θεείου πλῆτο, πέσον δʼ ἐκ νηὸς ἑταῖροι.","translation":"and was filled with sulfur, and the men fell from the ship.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l417.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"with","note":"tmesis: ἐν...πλῆτο = 'was filled with'"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"θεείου","lemma":"θεῖον","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"object of πλῆτο","gloss":"sulfur"},{"surface":"πλῆτο","lemma":"πίμπλημι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was filled"},{"surface":"πέσον","lemma":"πίπτω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"fell"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"νηὸς","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐκ","gloss":"the ship"},{"surface":"ἑταῖροι","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of πέσον","gloss":"comrades"}]},{"number":418,"label":"418","id":"b12-l418","source":"οἱ δὲ κορώνῃσιν ἴκελοι περὶ νῆα μέλαιναν","translation":"Like sea-crows they were tossed about the black ship","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l418.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἐμφορέοντο","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κορώνῃσιν","lemma":"κορώνη","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"modifies ἴκελοι","gloss":"to sea-crows","note":"simile: drowning men compared to sea-crows bobbing on waves"},{"surface":"ἴκελοι","lemma":"ἴκελος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"περὶ","lemma":"περί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"νῆα","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of περὶ","gloss":"the ship"},{"surface":"μέλαιναν","lemma":"μέλας","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies νῆα","gloss":"black"}]},{"number":419,"label":"419","id":"b12-l419","source":"κύμασιν ἐμφορέοντο, θεὸς δʼ ἀποαίνυτο νόστον.","translation":"on the waves, and the god took away their homecoming.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l419.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"νόστον","title":"nostos: homecoming","body":"νόστος, the return home, is the central goal of the whole epic. Here the god strips it from the crew entirely."}],"words":[{"surface":"κύμασιν","lemma":"κῦμα","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἐμφορέοντο","gloss":"on the waves"},{"surface":"ἐμφορέοντο","lemma":"ἐμφορέω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"were borne about"},{"surface":"θεὸς","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἀποαίνυτο","gloss":"the god"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀποαίνυτο","lemma":"ἀπαίνυμαι","morphology":"imperfect middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"took away","note":"ἀπαίνυμαι, rare epic middle 'take away from' — the god strips their homecoming"},{"surface":"νόστον","lemma":"νόστος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἀποαίνυτο","gloss":"their homecoming"}]},{"number":420,"label":"420","id":"b12-l420","source":"αὐτὰρ ἐγὼ διὰ νηὸς ἐφοίτων, ὄφρʼ ἀπὸ τοίχους","translation":"But I kept ranging about the ship, until the surge","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l420.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐγὼ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἐφοίτων","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"διὰ","lemma":"διά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"νηὸς","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of διὰ","gloss":"the ship"},{"surface":"ἐφοίτων","lemma":"φοιτάω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"kept ranging"},{"surface":"ὄφρ","lemma":"ὄφρα","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"ἀπὸ","lemma":"ἀπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"τοίχους","lemma":"τοῖχος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of λῦσε","gloss":"the sides"}]},{"number":421,"label":"421","id":"b12-l421","source":"λῦσε κλύδων τρόπιος, τὴν δὲ ψιλὴν φέρε κῦμα,","translation":"tore the sides from the keel, and the wave bore it bare,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l421.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"λῦσε","lemma":"λύω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to δέ","gloss":"broke/tore loose"},{"surface":"κλύδων","lemma":"κλύδων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of λῦσε","gloss":"the surge/wave"},{"surface":"τρόπιος","lemma":"τρόπις","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἀπὸ","gloss":"of the keel"},{"surface":"τὴν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of φέρε","gloss":"it (the keel)"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ψιλὴν","lemma":"ψιλός","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"bare, stripped"},{"surface":"φέρε","lemma":"φέρω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to δέ","gloss":"bore, carried","note":"imperfect φέρε vs aorist λῦσε: one sudden act, one ongoing drift — Homer often mixes aspects like this."},{"surface":"κῦμα","lemma":"κῦμα","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of φέρε","gloss":"the wave"}]},{"number":422,"label":"422","id":"b12-l422","source":"ἐκ δέ οἱ ἱστὸν ἄραξε ποτὶ τρόπιν. αὐτὰρ ἐπʼ αὐτῷ","translation":"and snapped the mast off against the keel. But upon it","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l422.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"off, out"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of ἄραξε","gloss":"from it (the ship)","note":"οἱ is the enclitic 3rd-person dative pronoun, common in Homer for 'from/to him/it'."},{"surface":"ἱστὸν","lemma":"ἱστός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἄραξε","gloss":"the mast"},{"surface":"ἄραξε","lemma":"ἀράσσω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to δέ","gloss":"snapped off"},{"surface":"ποτὶ","lemma":"πρός","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"τρόπιν","lemma":"τρόπις","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ποτὶ","gloss":"the keel"},{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐπ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"αὐτῷ","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"object of ἐπ᾽","gloss":"it (the mast)"}]},{"number":423,"label":"423","id":"b12-l423","source":"ἐπίτονος βέβλητο, βοὸς ῥινοῖο τετευχώς·","translation":"a backstay had been thrown, made of an ox's hide;","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l423.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐπίτονος","lemma":"ἐπίτονος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"subject of βέβλητο","gloss":"the backstay/rope"},{"surface":"βέβλητο","lemma":"βάλλω","morphology":"pluperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"had been thrown/lay","note":"pluperfect passive of βάλλω used almost like 'was lying there' — a common Homeric idiom for a fixed object's state."},{"surface":"βοὸς","lemma":"βοῦς","morphology":"genitive singular noun","role":"modifies ῥινοῖο","gloss":"of an ox"},{"surface":"ῥινοῖο","lemma":"ῥινός","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of τετευχώς","gloss":"hide"},{"surface":"τετευχώς","lemma":"τυγχάνω","morphology":"perfect active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"modifies ἐπίτονος","gloss":"made, fashioned"}]},{"number":424,"label":"424","id":"b12-l424","source":"τῷ ῥʼ ἄμφω συνέεργον, ὁμοῦ τρόπιν ἠδὲ καὶ ἱστόν,","translation":"with this I lashed the two together, keel and mast alike,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l424.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τῷ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"adverbial to συνέεργον","gloss":"with this (rope)"},{"surface":"ἄμφω","lemma":"ἄμφω","morphology":"accusative dual masculine adjective","role":"object of ,","gloss":"both together","note":"ἄμφω, dual form 'both' — marks the pairing of mast and keel lashed as one."},{"surface":"συνέεργον","lemma":"συνέργω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I lashed together"},{"surface":"ὁμοῦ","lemma":"ὁμοῦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"together, alike"},{"surface":"τρόπιν","lemma":"τρόπις","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"the keel"},{"surface":"ἠδὲ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἱστόν","lemma":"ἱστός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"the mast"}]},{"number":425,"label":"425","id":"b12-l425","source":"ἑζόμενος δʼ ἐπὶ τοῖς φερόμην ὀλοοῖς ἀνέμοισιν.","translation":"and sitting on them I was carried by the deadly winds.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l425.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἑζόμενος","lemma":"ἕζομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to φερόμην","gloss":"sitting"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"τοῖς","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative plural masculine pronoun","role":"adverbial to ἐπὶ","gloss":"them (the timbers)"},{"surface":"φερόμην","lemma":"φέρω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I was borne along","note":"middle/passive φερόμην, 'I was carried' — Odysseus as helpless object of the sea, not agent."},{"surface":"ὀλοοῖς","lemma":"ὀλοός","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἀνέμοισιν","gloss":"deadly, destructive"},{"surface":"ἀνέμοισιν","lemma":"ἄνεμος","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of φερόμην","gloss":"winds"}]},{"number":426,"label":"426","id":"b12-l426","source":"ἔνθʼ ἦ τοι Ζέφυρος μὲν ἐπαύσατο λαίλαπι\n                     θύων,","translation":"There, then, the West Wind ceased raging in its storm,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l426.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔνθ","lemma":"ἔνθα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐπαύσατο","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"τοι","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then, you know"},{"surface":"Ζέφυρος","lemma":"Ζέφυρος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐπαύσατο","gloss":"the West Wind","note":"Ζέφυρος, personified wind-name; epic narrative often names winds as active agents/gods."},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"on one hand"},{"surface":"ἐπαύσατο","lemma":"παύω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"ceased"},{"surface":"λαίλαπι","lemma":"λαῖλαψ","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to θύων","gloss":"storm-blast"},{"surface":"θύων","lemma":"θύω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"object of ἐπαύσατο","gloss":"raging"}]},{"number":427,"label":"427","id":"b12-l427","source":"ἦλθε δʼ ἐπὶ Νότος ὦκα, φέρων ἐμῷ ἄλγεα θυμῷ,","translation":"and the South Wind came on swiftly, bringing grief to my heart,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l427.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἦλθε","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"on, after"},{"surface":"Νότος","lemma":"Νότος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἦλθε","gloss":"the South Wind"},{"surface":"ὦκα","lemma":"ὦκα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἦλθε","gloss":"swiftly"},{"surface":"φέρων","lemma":"φέρω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἦλθε","gloss":"bringing"},{"surface":"ἐμῷ","lemma":"ἐμός","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies θυμῷ","gloss":"my (own)"},{"surface":"ἄλγεα","lemma":"ἄλγος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of φέρων","gloss":"griefs, pains"},{"surface":"θυμῷ","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of φέρων","gloss":"to my heart","note":"dative θυμῷ, 'heart', indirect object of φέρων — the heart as the place grief is carried to, not a 'dative of respect.'"}]},{"number":428,"label":"428","id":"b12-l428","source":"ὄφρʼ ἔτι τὴν ὀλοὴν ἀναμετρήσαιμι Χάρυβδιν.","translation":"so that I should measure my way back again to deadly Charybdis.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l428.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὄφρ","lemma":"ὄφρα","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"ἔτι","lemma":"ἔτι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀναμετρήσαιμι","gloss":"still, again"},{"surface":"τὴν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"article","role":"modifies Χάρυβδιν","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ὀλοὴν","lemma":"ὀλοός","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Χάρυβδιν","gloss":"deadly, destructive"},{"surface":"ἀναμετρήσαιμι","lemma":"ἀναμετρέω","morphology":"aorist active optative, 1st singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὄφρ᾽","gloss":"I should retrace/measure","note":"optative ἀναμετρήσαιμι expresses a feared/expected result, 'so that I would end up measuring my way back' — dread, not wish."},{"surface":"Χάρυβδιν","lemma":"Χάρυβδις","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἀναμετρήσαιμι","gloss":"Charybdis"}]},{"number":429,"label":"429","id":"b12-l429","source":"παννύχιος φερόμην, ἅμα δʼ ἠελίῳ ἀνιόντι","translation":"All night I was borne along, and as the sun rose","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l429.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"παννύχιος","lemma":"παννύχιος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"all night long"},{"surface":"φερόμην","lemma":"φέρω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I was carried"},{"surface":"ἅμα","lemma":"ἅμα","morphology":"adverb","role":"preposition","gloss":"together with"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἠελίῳ","lemma":"ἠέλιος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἅμα","gloss":"the sun"},{"surface":"ἀνιόντι","lemma":"ἄνειμι","morphology":"present active participle, dative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"rising"}]},{"number":430,"label":"430","id":"b12-l430","source":"ἦλθον ἐπὶ Σκύλλης σκόπελον δεινήν τε Χάρυβδιν.","translation":"I came to the rock of Scylla and to dread Charybdis.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l430.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἦλθον","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I came"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Σκύλλης","lemma":"Σκύλλα","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies σκόπελον","gloss":"of Scylla"},{"surface":"σκόπελον","lemma":"σκόπελος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of τε","gloss":"the crag, rock"},{"surface":"δεινήν","lemma":"δεινός","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Χάρυβδιν","gloss":"dread"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Χάρυβδιν","lemma":"Χάρυβδις","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of τε","gloss":"Charybdis"}]},{"number":431,"label":"431","id":"b12-l431","source":"ἡ μὲν ἀνερροίβδησε θαλάσσης ἁλμυρὸν ὕδωρ·","translation":"She was sucking down the salt water of the sea;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l431.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἡ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of ἀνερροίβδησε","gloss":"she (Charybdis)"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"on one hand"},{"surface":"ἀνερροίβδησε","lemma":"ἀναρροιβδέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"sucked down","note":"ἀνερροίβδησε, a vivid compound verb for Charybdis's gulping; the same root (ἀναρροιβδέω) already describes her thrice-daily suck-and-spew cycle earlier in Book 12, so it is not unique to this line."},{"surface":"θαλάσσης","lemma":"θάλασσα","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies ὕδωρ","gloss":"of the sea"},{"surface":"ἁλμυρὸν","lemma":"ἁλμυρός","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ὕδωρ","gloss":"salt"},{"surface":"ὕδωρ","lemma":"ὕδωρ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἀνερροίβδησε","gloss":"water"}]},{"number":432,"label":"432","id":"b12-l432","source":"αὐτὰρ ἐγὼ ποτὶ μακρὸν ἐρινεὸν ὑψόσʼ ἀερθείς,","translation":"but I, lifted high up toward the tall fig tree,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l432.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐγὼ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἐχόμην","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ποτὶ","lemma":"πρός","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"μακρὸν","lemma":"μακρός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἐρινεὸν","gloss":"tall"},{"surface":"ἐρινεὸν","lemma":"ἐρινεός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ποτὶ","gloss":"fig tree"},{"surface":"ὑψόσ","lemma":"ὑψόσε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀερθείς","gloss":"high up"},{"surface":"ἀερθείς","lemma":"ἀείρω","morphology":"aorist passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐχόμην","gloss":"lifted, swept up","note":"aorist passive participle of ἀείρω: Odysseus as object lifted by the surge, setting up his desperate clutch at the tree."}]},{"number":433,"label":"433","id":"b12-l433","source":"τῷ προσφὺς ἐχόμην ὡς νυκτερίς. οὐδέ πῃ εἶχον","translation":"clung fast to it like a bat. I had no place","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l433.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ὡς νυκτερίς","title":"like a bat","body":"The homely simile of a bat clinging to a fig tree — small and helpless against the whirlpool — undercuts the heroic scale with a vivid everyday image."}],"words":[{"surface":"τῷ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of προσφὺς","gloss":"to it (the tree)"},{"surface":"προσφὺς","lemma":"προσφύω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐχόμην","gloss":"clinging fast"},{"surface":"ἐχόμην","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I held on"},{"surface":"ὡς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"νυκτερίς","lemma":"νυκτερίς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"a bat","note":"simile νυκτερίς 'bat' — a homely, unheroic image underscoring Odysseus's helplessness."},{"surface":"πῃ","lemma":"πη","morphology":"particle","role":"adverbial to εἶχον","gloss":"anywhere"},{"surface":"εἶχον","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I had"}]},{"number":434,"label":"434","id":"b12-l434","source":"οὔτε στηρίξαι ποσὶν ἔμπεδον οὔτʼ ἐπιβῆναι·","translation":"either to plant my feet firmly or to climb up;","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l434.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"στηρίξαι","lemma":"στηρίζω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of τ᾽","gloss":"to plant firmly"},{"surface":"ποσὶν","lemma":"πούς","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of στηρίξαι","gloss":"with feet"},{"surface":"ἔμπεδον","lemma":"ἔμπεδος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to στηρίξαι","gloss":"steadily, firmly"},{"surface":"ἐπιβῆναι","lemma":"ἐπιβαίνω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of τ᾽","gloss":"to climb up"}]},{"number":435,"label":"435","id":"b12-l435","source":"ῥίζαι γὰρ ἑκὰς εἶχον, ἀπήωροι δʼ ἔσαν ὄζοι,","translation":"for the roots were far off, and the branches hung high above,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l435.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ῥίζαι","lemma":"ῥίζα","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject of εἶχον","gloss":"the roots"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ἑκὰς","lemma":"ἑκάς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to εἶχον","gloss":"far off"},{"surface":"εἶχον","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"ἀπήωροι","lemma":"ἀπήωρος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"hanging high"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔσαν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"ὄζοι","lemma":"ὄζος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔσαν","gloss":"the branches"}]},{"number":436,"label":"436","id":"b12-l436","source":"μακροί τε μεγάλοι τε, κατεσκίαον δὲ Χάρυβδιν.","translation":"long and great, overshadowing Charybdis.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l436.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μακροί","lemma":"μακρός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μεγάλοι","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κατεσκίαον","lemma":"κατασκιάω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"overshadowed"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Χάρυβδιν","lemma":"Χάρυβδις","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of κατεσκίαον","gloss":"Charybdis"}]},{"number":437,"label":"437","id":"b12-l437","source":"νωλεμέως δʼ ἐχόμην, ὄφρʼ ἐξεμέσειεν ὀπίσσω","translation":"I held on without flinching, waiting until she should vomit back","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l437.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"νωλεμέως","lemma":"νωλεμές","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐχόμην","gloss":"steadfastly, without flinching"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐχόμην","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I held on"},{"surface":"ὄφρ","lemma":"ὄφρα","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"ἐξεμέσειεν","lemma":"ἐξεμέω","morphology":"aorist active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὄφρ᾽","gloss":"she should spew forth","note":"optative in a purpose/expectation clause after ὄφρα, marking an anxiously awaited future event."},{"surface":"ὀπίσσω","lemma":"ὀπίσω","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of ἐξεμέσειεν","gloss":"back again"}]},{"number":438,"label":"438","id":"b12-l438","source":"ἱστὸν καὶ τρόπιν αὖτις· ἐελδομένῳ δέ μοι ἦλθον","translation":"the mast and keel again; and to my longing they came","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l438.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἱστὸν","lemma":"ἱστός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"the mast"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τρόπιν","lemma":"τρόπις","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"the keel"},{"surface":"αὖτις","lemma":"αὖθις","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐξεμέσειεν","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"ἐελδομένῳ","lemma":"ἔλδομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, dative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"to my longing","note":"dative participle ἐελδομένῳ, 'to me longing' — a Homeric dative of the person interested/affected."},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἦλθον","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"ἦλθον","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"they came"}]},{"number":439,"label":"439","id":"b12-l439","source":"ὄψʼ· ἦμος δʼ ἐπὶ δόρπον ἀνὴρ ἀγορῆθεν ἀνέστη","translation":"late. At the hour when a man rises from the assembly for his supper,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l439.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὄψ","lemma":"ὄψε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἦλθον","gloss":"late"},{"surface":"ἦμος","lemma":"ἦμος","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"at the hour when","note":"ἦμος, epic temporal conjunction opening a formulaic time-simile ('when a man rises from court for supper')."},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"δόρπον","lemma":"δόρπος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐπὶ","gloss":"supper"},{"surface":"ἀνὴρ","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἀνέστη","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"ἀγορῆθεν","lemma":"ἀγορῆθεν","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of ἀνέστη","gloss":"from the assembly"},{"surface":"ἀνέστη","lemma":"ἀνίστημι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἦμος","gloss":"rose up"}]},{"number":440,"label":"440","id":"b12-l440","source":"κρίνων νείκεα πολλὰ δικαζομένων αἰζηῶν,","translation":"after deciding the many disputes of contending young men,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l440.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κρίνων","lemma":"κρίνω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἀνέστη","gloss":"judging"},{"surface":"νείκεα","lemma":"νεῖκος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of κρίνων","gloss":"disputes"},{"surface":"πολλὰ","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies νείκεα","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"δικαζομένων","lemma":"δικάζω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, genitive plural masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"litigating"},{"surface":"αἰζηῶν","lemma":"αἰζηός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies νείκεα","gloss":"young men"}]},{"number":441,"label":"441","id":"b12-l441","source":"τῆμος δὴ τά γε δοῦρα Χαρύβδιος ἐξεφαάνθη.","translation":"then at last the timbers reappeared from out of Charybdis.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l441.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ἐξεφαάνθη","title":"came into view","body":"An aorist passive of a verb of appearing, vividly marking the moment the mast and keel resurfaced after Charybdis swallowed and disgorged the sea."}],"words":[{"surface":"τῆμος","lemma":"τῆμος","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐξεφαάνθη","gloss":"at that hour"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed, at last"},{"surface":"τά","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural neuter article","role":"modifies δοῦρα","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"δοῦρα","lemma":"δόρυ","morphology":"nominative plural neuter noun","role":"subject of ἐξεφαάνθη","gloss":"timbers"},{"surface":"Χαρύβδιος","lemma":"Χάρυβδις","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐξεφαάνθη","gloss":"of Charybdis"},{"surface":"ἐξεφαάνθη","lemma":"ἐκφαίνω","morphology":"aorist passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"appeared, showed forth","note":"aorist passive ἐξεφαάνθη, 'were brought to light' — marks the long-awaited climax of the ἦμος...τῆμος time clause."}]},{"number":442,"label":"442","id":"b12-l442","source":"ἧκα δʼ ἐγὼ καθύπερθε πόδας καὶ χεῖρε φέρεσθαι,","translation":"I let myself drop down from above, feet and hands together,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l442.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἧκα","lemma":"ἵημι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I let go, released"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐγὼ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of δ᾽","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"καθύπερθε","lemma":"καθύπερθε","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of ἧκα","gloss":"from above"},{"surface":"πόδας","lemma":"πούς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"feet"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"χεῖρε","lemma":"χείρ","morphology":"accusative dual feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"hands (both)","note":"χεῖρε, dual form 'the two hands' — Homeric dual still marking natural pairs like hands, eyes."},{"surface":"φέρεσθαι","lemma":"φέρω","morphology":"present medio-passive infinitive","role":"adverbial to ἧκα","gloss":"to be carried, drop"}]},{"number":443,"label":"443","id":"b12-l443","source":"μέσσῳ δʼ ἐνδούπησα παρὲξ περιμήκεα δοῦρα,","translation":"and splashed down in the middle, just clear of the long timbers,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l443.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μέσσῳ","lemma":"μέσος","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"object of ἐνδούπησα","gloss":"in the middle"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐνδούπησα","lemma":"ἐνδουπέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I splashed down","note":"ἐνδούπησα, a vivid thudding/splashing verb — Homer's fondness for sound-evocative compounds at moments of impact."},{"surface":"παρὲξ","lemma":"παρέξ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"clear of, beside"},{"surface":"περιμήκεα","lemma":"περιμήκης","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies δοῦρα","gloss":"very long"},{"surface":"δοῦρα","lemma":"δόρυ","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of παρὲξ","gloss":"timbers"}]},{"number":444,"label":"444","id":"b12-l444","source":"ἑζόμενος δʼ ἐπὶ τοῖσι διήρεσα χερσὶν ἐμῇσι.","translation":"and sitting astride them I rowed onward with my own hands.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l444.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"χερσὶν ἐμῇσι","title":"dative of means","body":"\"With my own hands\" stands in the dative, naming the instrument of the rowing. The Homeric form ἐμῇσι is an older variant of the possessive."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἑζόμενος","lemma":"ἕζομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to διήρεσα","gloss":"sitting astride"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"τοῖσι","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative plural neuter pronoun","role":"object of ἐπὶ","gloss":"them (the timbers)"},{"surface":"διήρεσα","lemma":"διερέσσω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I rowed"},{"surface":"χερσὶν","lemma":"χείρ","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to διήρεσα","gloss":"with hands"},{"surface":"ἐμῇσι","lemma":"ἐμός","morphology":"dative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies χερσὶν","gloss":"my own"}]},{"number":445,"label":"445","id":"b12-l445","source":"Σκύλλην δʼ οὐκέτʼ ἔασε πατὴρ ἀνδρῶν τε θεῶν τε","translation":"But the father of men and gods did not let Scylla","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l445.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Σκύλλην","lemma":"Σκύλλα","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of εἰσιδέειν","gloss":"Scylla"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"οὐκέτ","lemma":"οὐκέτι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔασε","gloss":"no longer"},{"surface":"ἔασε","lemma":"ἐάω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"allowed, let"},{"surface":"πατὴρ","lemma":"πατήρ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔασε","gloss":"the father","note":"πατὴρ ἀνδρῶν τε θεῶν τε, the standard Homeric epithet for Zeus, 'father of men and gods.'"},{"surface":"ἀνδρῶν","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies τε","gloss":"of men"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"θεῶν","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies τε","gloss":"of gods"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"}]},{"number":446,"label":"446","id":"b12-l446","source":"εἰσιδέειν· οὐ γάρ κεν ὑπέκφυγον αἰπὺν ὄλεθρον.","translation":"catch sight of me; for otherwise I would not have escaped sheer destruction.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l446.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"οὐ γάρ κεν ὑπέκφυγον","title":"unreal past condition","body":"The aorist indicative with κεν expresses a contrary-to-fact result: had Scylla seen him, he would not have escaped. The particle κεν marks the potential."}],"words":[{"surface":"εἰσιδέειν","lemma":"εἰσείδω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of ἔασε","gloss":"to catch sight (of me)"},{"surface":"οὐ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"γάρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"κεν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"would have (contrary-to-fact)","note":"κεν + aorist indicative ὑπέκφυγον = unreal past condition, 'I would not have escaped' had Zeus not intervened."},{"surface":"ὑπέκφυγον","lemma":"ὑπεκφεύγω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"escaped"},{"surface":"αἰπὺν","lemma":"αἰπύς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ὄλεθρον","gloss":"sheer, steep"},{"surface":"ὄλεθρον","lemma":"ὄλεθρος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ὑπέκφυγον","gloss":"destruction"}]},{"number":447,"label":"447","id":"b12-l447","source":"ἔνθεν δʼ ἐννῆμαρ φερόμην, δεκάτῃ δέ με νυκτὶ","translation":"From there I was carried for nine days, and on the tenth night","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l447.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔνθεν","lemma":"ἔνθεν","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of φερόμην","gloss":"from there"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐννῆμαρ","lemma":"ἐννῆμαρ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to φερόμην","gloss":"for nine days","note":"ἐννῆμαρ, a fixed epic numeral-adverb; 'nine days' is a recurring formulaic span in Homer for ordeals."},{"surface":"φερόμην","lemma":"φέρω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I was carried"},{"surface":"δεκάτῃ","lemma":"δεκάτη","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"modifies νυκτὶ","gloss":"on the tenth"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"με","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of πέλασαν","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"νυκτὶ","lemma":"νύξ","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to πέλασαν","gloss":"night"}]},{"number":448,"label":"448","id":"b12-l448","source":"νῆσον ἐς Ὠγυγίην πέλασαν θεοί, ἔνθα Καλυψὼ","translation":"the gods brought me to the island of Ogygia, where Calypso","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l448.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"νῆσον","lemma":"νῆσος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐς","gloss":"the island"},{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Ὠγυγίην","lemma":"Ὠγυγία","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"modifies νῆσον","gloss":"Ogygia"},{"surface":"πέλασαν","lemma":"πελάζω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"brought near"},{"surface":"θεοί","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of πέλασαν","gloss":"the gods"},{"surface":"ἔνθα","lemma":"ἔνθα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ναίει","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"Καλυψὼ","lemma":"Καλυψώ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ,","gloss":"Calypso","note":"Καλυψώ named at the line's end, launching the next episode — a classic Homeric enjambment hook."}]},{"number":449,"label":"449","id":"b12-l449","source":"ναίει ἐυπλόκαμος, δεινὴ θεὸς αὐδήεσσα,","translation":"dwells, the fair-haired one, a dread goddess with mortal speech,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l449.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"αὐδήεσσα","title":"with mortal speech","body":"An epithet for goddesses like Calypso and Circe who can speak with human voice. It marks them as goddesses who interact directly and conversationally with mortals."}],"words":[{"surface":"ναίει","lemma":"ναίω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing νῆσον","gloss":"dwells"},{"surface":"ἐυπλόκαμος","lemma":"εὐπλόκαμος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Καλυψὼ","gloss":"fair-haired"},{"surface":"δεινὴ","lemma":"δεινός","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies θεὸς","gloss":"dread"},{"surface":"θεὸς","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ,","gloss":"goddess"},{"surface":"αὐδήεσσα","lemma":"αὐδήεις","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies θεὸς","gloss":"with mortal speech","note":"αὐδήεσσα, 'having human voice' — formulaic epithet marking Calypso/Circe as speaking gods."}]},{"number":450,"label":"450","id":"b12-l450","source":"ἥ μʼ ἐφίλει τʼ ἐκόμει τε. τί τοι τάδε μυθολογεύω;","translation":"who loved me and cared for me. But why tell you this tale again?","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l450.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἥ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of τε","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"μ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of τε","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ἐφίλει","lemma":"φιλέω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing τε","gloss":"loved","note":"ἐφίλει, imperfect: repeated/ongoing love, not a single act."},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐκόμει","lemma":"κομέω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing τε","gloss":"cared for"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τί","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"adverbial to μυθολογεύω","gloss":"why","note":"τί here used adverbially, 'why,' not as a pronoun object."},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"object of μυθολογεύω","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"τάδε","lemma":"ὅδε","morphology":"accusative plural neuter pronoun","role":"object of μυθολογεύω","gloss":"this tale"},{"surface":"μυθολογεύω","lemma":"μυθολογεύω","morphology":"present active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"do I retell"}]},{"number":451,"label":"451","id":"b12-l451","source":"ἤδη γάρ τοι χθιζὸς ἐμυθεόμην ἐνὶ οἴκῳ","translation":"For just yesterday I told it in your house,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l451.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἐμυθεόμην","title":"imperfect of telling","body":"The imperfect describes the act of narrating as something done over the course of yesterday's gathering. The augment ἐ- marks the past tense."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἤδη","lemma":"ἤδη","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐμυθεόμην","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"γάρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"object","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"χθιζὸς","lemma":"χθιζός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"yesterday","note":"χθιζός agrees with the speaker (nom. masc.) though it describes 'yesterday' — adjective standing in for an adverb."},{"surface":"ἐμυθεόμην","lemma":"μυθέομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I told"},{"surface":"ἐνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"οἴκῳ","lemma":"οἶκος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐνὶ","gloss":"house"}]},{"number":452,"label":"452","id":"b12-l452","source":"σοί τε καὶ ἰφθίμῃ ἀλόχῳ· ἐχθρὸν δέ μοί ἐστιν","translation":"to you and to your noble wife; and it is hateful to me","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l452.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"σοί","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"object","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἰφθίμῃ","lemma":"ἴφθιμος","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἀλόχῳ","gloss":"noble"},{"surface":"ἀλόχῳ","lemma":"ἄλοχος","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"ἐχθρὸν","lemma":"ἐχθρός","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"hateful","note":"ἐχθρόν, neuter predicate adjective agreeing with the implied 'it' (the retelling), not with a noun."},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μοί","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἐστιν","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"ἐστιν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"is"}]},{"number":453,"label":"453","id":"b12-l453","source":"αὖτις ἀριζήλως εἰρημένα μυθολογεύειν.","translation":"to tell again as a tale things already plainly spoken.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b12-l453.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"εἰρημένα","title":"perfect participle","body":"\"Things that have been said\" is a perfect passive participle, stressing the completed, standing state of the already-told story. Odysseus refuses to repeat what is now settled and known."}],"words":[{"surface":"αὖτις","lemma":"αὖθις","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to μυθολογεύειν","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"ἀριζήλως","lemma":"ἀρίζηλος","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to μυθολογεύειν","gloss":"plainly"},{"surface":"εἰρημένα","lemma":"ἐρῶ","morphology":"perfect medio-passive participle, accusative plural neuter","role":"object of μυθολογεύειν","gloss":"things already spoken"},{"surface":"μυθολογεύειν","lemma":"μυθολογεύω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"subject of ἐστιν","gloss":"to tell as a tale"}]}]}