{"work":{"slug":"odyssey","title":{"source":"Ὀδύσσεια","translated":"The Odyssey"},"author":"Homer","language":"Ancient Greek","languageCode":"grc","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey"},"unit":{"kind":"book","number":19,"id":"book-19","title":{"source":"Ὀδυσσείας τ","translated":"Book 19 — Penelope and the Beggar; The Recognition of the Scar"},"section":"The Homecoming","summary":"Penelope questions the beggar. The old nurse Eurycleia washes his feet, finds the boar's scar, and knows him. Penelope tells her dream of the geese.","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/19","lines":604},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/18","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/20","license":"Source text: public domain (Homer, ancient; Greek per the Murray/Allen text via the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA 3.0). English translation: © 2026 1732 Studios, LLC — original line-aligned draft, pending editorial review. Word-by-word morphology and syntax derived from the Perseus Ancient Greek Dependency Treebank (CC BY-SA 3.0); English glosses and notes © 2026 1732 Studios, LLC.","audioBase":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/","lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"b19-l1","source":"αὐτὰρ ὁ ἐν μεγάρῳ ὑπελείπετο δῖος Ὀδυσσεύς,","translation":"But noble Odysseus stayed behind in the hall,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ὁ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"article","role":"modifies Ὀδυσσεύς","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"μεγάρῳ","lemma":"μέγαρον","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"hall"},{"surface":"ὑπελείπετο","lemma":"ὑπολείπω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"stayed behind","note":"Middle voice ὑπελείπετο marks Odysseus lingering of his own accord, not being left."},{"surface":"δῖος","lemma":"δῖος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ὀδυσσεύς","gloss":"noble","note":"δῖος is the stock epithet for Odysseus, filling the line-end formula."},{"surface":"Ὀδυσσεύς","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ὑπελείπετο","gloss":"Odysseus"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"b19-l2","source":"μνηστήρεσσι φόνον σὺν Ἀθήνῃ μερμηρίζων·","translation":"plotting the suitors' slaughter together with Athena;","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"μερμηρίζων","title":"Pondering, scheming","body":"The participle means to turn something over in the mind, to deliberate anxiously. Here it carries the weight of plotting murder."}],"words":[{"surface":"μνηστήρεσσι","lemma":"μνηστήρ","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of μερμηρίζων","gloss":"the suitors"},{"surface":"φόνον","lemma":"φόνος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of μερμηρίζων","gloss":"slaughter"},{"surface":"σὺν","lemma":"σύν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Ἀθήνῃ","lemma":"Ἀθήνη","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to σὺν","gloss":"Athena"},{"surface":"μερμηρίζων","lemma":"μερμηρίζω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ὑπελείπετο","gloss":"plotting","note":"Present participle μερμηρίζων shows the plotting as ongoing background action to the main verb."}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"b19-l3","source":"αἶψα δὲ Τηλέμαχον ἔπεα πτερόεντα προσηύδα·","translation":"and at once he spoke winged words to Telemachus:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἔπεα πτερόεντα","title":"Winged words (formula)","body":"A stock Homeric epithet-phrase for speech, picturing words as flying from speaker to hearer. It recurs throughout the poem."}],"words":[{"surface":"αἶψα","lemma":"αἶψα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to προσηύδα","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Τηλέμαχον","lemma":"Τηλέμαχος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of προσηύδα","gloss":"Telemachus"},{"surface":"ἔπεα","lemma":"ἔπος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of προσηύδα","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"πτερόεντα","lemma":"πτερόεις","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἔπεα","gloss":"winged","note":"ἔπεα πτερόεντα 'winged words' is a Homeric formula introducing direct speech."},{"surface":"προσηύδα","lemma":"προσαυδάω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"addressed"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"b19-l4","source":"Τηλέμαχε, χρὴ τεύχεʼ ἀρήϊα κατθέμεν εἴσω","translation":"\"Telemachus, we must store the weapons of war away inside,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l4.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Τηλέμαχε","lemma":"Τηλέμαχος","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"Telemachus","note":"Vocative case names the person addressed directly, no verb governs it grammatically."},{"surface":"χρὴ","lemma":"χρή","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"it is necessary"},{"surface":"τεύχε","lemma":"τεῦχος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of κατθέμεν","gloss":"weapons"},{"surface":"ἀρήϊα","lemma":"ἄρειος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies τεύχε᾽","gloss":"of war"},{"surface":"κατθέμεν","lemma":"κατατίθημι","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"subject of χρὴ","gloss":"to store away","note":"Infinitive as subject of impersonal χρή: 'to stow is necessary' = 'we must stow'."},{"surface":"εἴσω","lemma":"εἴσω","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to κατθέμεν","gloss":"inside"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"b19-l5","source":"πάντα μάλʼ· αὐτὰρ μνηστῆρας μαλακοῖς ἐπέεσσι","translation":"every one of them. And when the suitors miss them and question you,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l5.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πάντα","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies τεύχε᾽","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"μάλ","lemma":"μάλα","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"utterly"},{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"μνηστῆρας","lemma":"μνηστήρ","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of παρφάσθαι","gloss":"the suitors"},{"surface":"μαλακοῖς","lemma":"μαλακός","morphology":"dative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἐπέεσσι","gloss":"soft"},{"surface":"ἐπέεσσι","lemma":"ἔπος","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to παρφάσθαι","gloss":"words","note":"Dative ἐπέεσσι 'with soft words' expresses the means of putting them off."}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"b19-l6","source":"παρφάσθαι, ὅτε κέν σε μεταλλῶσιν ποθέοντες·","translation":"put them off with soft words, the moment they ask after them, longing for them.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l6.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"παρφάσθαι","lemma":"παράφημι","morphology":"present middle infinitive","role":"main verb","gloss":"put off","note":"παρφάσθαι 'talk around/deceive' takes μνηστῆρας as object across the enjambment from the prior line."},{"surface":"ὅτε","lemma":"ὅτε","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"κέν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"(modal particle)"},{"surface":"σε","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative singular pronoun","role":"object of μεταλλῶσιν","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"μεταλλῶσιν","lemma":"μεταλλάω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to ὅτε","gloss":"ask about"},{"surface":"ποθέοντες","lemma":"ποθέω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to μεταλλῶσιν","gloss":"longing"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"b19-l7","source":"ἐκ καπνοῦ κατέθηκʼ, ἐπεὶ οὐκέτι τοῖσιν ἐῴκει","translation":"Say: 'I stowed them clear of the smoke, since they no longer looked like","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l7.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"καπνοῦ","lemma":"καπνός","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐκ","gloss":"smoke"},{"surface":"κατέθηκ","lemma":"κατατίθημι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I stowed"},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"οὐκέτι","lemma":"οὐκέτι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐῴκει","gloss":"no longer"},{"surface":"τοῖσιν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative plural neuter pronoun","role":"object of ἐῴκει","gloss":"those","note":"τοῖσιν stands for the arms, resumed as object of ἐῴκει 'looked like those (arms)'."},{"surface":"ἐῴκει","lemma":"ἔοικα","morphology":"pluperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἀλλὰ","gloss":"resembled"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"b19-l8","source":"οἷά ποτε Τροίηνδε κιὼν κατέλειπεν Ὀδυσσεύς,","translation":"those that Odysseus left behind when he set out for Troy,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l8.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἷά","lemma":"οἷος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of κατέλειπεν","gloss":"such as"},{"surface":"ποτε","lemma":"ποτέ","morphology":"particle","role":"adverbial to κατέλειπεν","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"Τροίηνδε","lemma":"τροίανδε","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of κιὼν","gloss":"to Troy","note":"Directional suffix -δε on Τροίηνδε means 'to/toward Troy' without a preposition."},{"surface":"κιὼν","lemma":"κίω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to κατέλειπεν","gloss":"going"},{"surface":"κατέλειπεν","lemma":"καταλείπω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing τοῖσιν","gloss":"left behind"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσσεύς","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of κατέλειπεν","gloss":"Odysseus"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"b19-l9","source":"ἀλλὰ κατῄκισται, ὅσσον πυρὸς ἵκετʼ ἀϋτμή.","translation":"but were tarnished, as far as the breath of the fire had reached them.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l9.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλὰ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"κατῄκισται","lemma":"καταικίζω","morphology":"perfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἀλλὰ","gloss":"were tarnished","note":"Perfect passive κατῄκισται stresses the resulting damaged state of the armor, not the act."},{"surface":"ὅσσον","lemma":"ὅσος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ἵκετ᾽","gloss":"as far as"},{"surface":"πυρὸς","lemma":"πῦρ","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"modifies ἀϋτμή","gloss":"of fire"},{"surface":"ἵκετ","lemma":"ἱκνέομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to κατῄκισται","gloss":"reached"},{"surface":"ἀϋτμή","lemma":"ἀυτμή","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἵκετ᾽","gloss":"breath"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"b19-l10","source":"πρὸς δʼ ἔτι καὶ τόδε μεῖζον ἐνὶ φρεσὶν ἔβαλε δαίμων","translation":"And on top of that a god has put this greater fear in my heart:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l10.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πρὸς","lemma":"πρός","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔτι","lemma":"ἔτι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔβαλε","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"τόδε","lemma":"ὅδε","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"object of ἔβαλε","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"μεῖζον","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"accusative singular neuter comparative adjective","role":"modifies τόδε","gloss":"greater"},{"surface":"ἐνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"φρεσὶν","lemma":"φρήν","morphology":"dative plural noun","role":"adverbial to ἐνὶ","gloss":"heart","note":"φρεσίν 'in the mind/heart' is a Homeric locative-dative used with verbs of thought and feeling."},{"surface":"ἔβαλε","lemma":"βάλλω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"put"},{"surface":"δαίμων","lemma":"δαίμων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔβαλε","gloss":"a god"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"b19-l11","source":"μή πως οἰνωθέντες, ἔριν στήσαντες ἐν ὑμῖν,","translation":"that you might somehow, sodden with wine, set a quarrel going among yourselves,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l11.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μή","lemma":"μή","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"lest","note":"μή introduces a negative purpose clause explaining Odysseus's caution about the weapons."},{"surface":"πως","lemma":"πως","morphology":"particle","role":"adverbial to τε","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"οἰνωθέντες","lemma":"οἰνόω","morphology":"aorist passive participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to τε","gloss":"sodden with wine"},{"surface":"ἔριν","lemma":"ἔρις","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of στήσαντες","gloss":"quarrel"},{"surface":"στήσαντες","lemma":"ἵστημι","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to τε","gloss":"starting"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"ὑμῖν","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative plural pronoun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"yourselves"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"b19-l12","source":"ἀλλήλους τρώσητε καταισχύνητέ τε δαῖτα","translation":"and wound one another and bring shame on the feast","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l12.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλήλους","lemma":"ἀλλήλων","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of τρώσητε","gloss":"one another"},{"surface":"τρώσητε","lemma":"τιτρώσκω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 2nd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing τε","gloss":"wound"},{"surface":"καταισχύνητέ","lemma":"καταισχύνω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 2nd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing τε","gloss":"shame"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"δαῖτα","lemma":"δαίς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"feast"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"b19-l13","source":"καὶ μνηστύν· αὐτὸς γὰρ ἐφέλκεται ἄνδρα σίδηρος.","translation":"and the wooing; for iron of itself draws a man on.'\"","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l13.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μνηστύν","lemma":"μνηστύς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"the wooing"},{"surface":"αὐτὸς","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ἐφέλκεται","lemma":"ἐφέλκω","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"draws on","note":"Gnomic present ἐφέλκεται states a timeless proverb: iron of itself tempts a man to violence."},{"surface":"ἄνδρα","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐφέλκεται","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"σίδηρος","lemma":"σίδηρος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐφέλκεται","gloss":"iron"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"b19-l14","source":"ὣς φάτο, Τηλέμαχος δὲ φίλῳ ἐπεπείθετο πατρί,","translation":"So he spoke, and Telemachus obeyed his dear father,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l14.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to φάτο","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"φάτο","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"Τηλέμαχος","lemma":"Τηλέμαχος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐπεπείθετο","gloss":"Telemachus"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"φίλῳ","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies πατρί","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"ἐπεπείθετο","lemma":"ἐπιπείθομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"obeyed"},{"surface":"πατρί","lemma":"πατήρ","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐπεπείθετο","gloss":"father"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"b19-l15","source":"ἐκ δὲ καλεσσάμενος προσέφη τροφὸν Εὐρύκλειαν·","translation":"and calling out the nurse Eurycleia he said to her:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l15.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"out"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"καλεσσάμενος","lemma":"καλέω","morphology":"aorist middle participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to προσέφη","gloss":"having called"},{"surface":"προσέφη","lemma":"πρόσφημι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spoke to"},{"surface":"τροφὸν","lemma":"τροφός","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"modifies Εὐρύκλειαν","gloss":"nurse"},{"surface":"Εὐρύκλειαν","lemma":"Εὐρύκλεια","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of προσέφη","gloss":"Eurycleia"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"b19-l16","source":"μαῖʼ, ἄγε δή μοι ἔρυξον ἐνὶ μεγάροισι\n                     γυναῖκας,","translation":"\"Nurse, come now, shut the women up for me inside the halls,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l16.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μαῖ","lemma":"μαῖα","morphology":"vocative singular feminine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"nurse","note":"Vocative μαῖ' (from μαῖα) is the familiar term of address for an old nurse."},{"surface":"ἄγε","lemma":"ἄγε","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"come now"},{"surface":"δή","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"adverbial to ἔρυξον","gloss":"for me"},{"surface":"ἔρυξον","lemma":"ἐρύκω","morphology":"aorist active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"shut up"},{"surface":"ἐνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"μεγάροισι","lemma":"μέγαρον","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἐνὶ","gloss":"halls"},{"surface":"γυναῖκας","lemma":"γυνή","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἔρυξον","gloss":"women"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"b19-l17","source":"ὄφρα κεν ἐς θάλαμον καταθείομαι ἔντεα πατρὸς","translation":"so that I may store away in the chamber my father's fine","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l17.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὄφρα","lemma":"ὄφρα","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"κεν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"(modal particle)"},{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"θάλαμον","lemma":"θάλαμος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐς","gloss":"chamber"},{"surface":"καταθείομαι","lemma":"κατατίθημι","morphology":"aorist middle subjunctive, 1st singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὄφρα","gloss":"may store away"},{"surface":"ἔντεα","lemma":"ἔντεα","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of καταθείομαι","gloss":"gear"},{"surface":"πατρὸς","lemma":"πατήρ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ἔντεα","gloss":"of my father"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"b19-l18","source":"καλά, τά μοι κατὰ οἶκον ἀκηδέα καπνὸς ἀμέρδει","translation":"armor, which neglected throughout the house the smoke is dulling","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l18.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καλά","lemma":"καλός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἔντεα","gloss":"fine"},{"surface":"τά","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative plural neuter pronoun","role":"object of ἀμέρδει","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"adverbial to ἀμέρδει","gloss":"for me"},{"surface":"κατὰ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"throughout"},{"surface":"οἶκον","lemma":"οἶκος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to κατὰ","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"ἀκηδέα","lemma":"ἀκηδής","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies τά","gloss":"neglected"},{"surface":"καπνὸς","lemma":"καπνός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἀμέρδει","gloss":"smoke"},{"surface":"ἀμέρδει","lemma":"ἀμέρδω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ἔντεα","gloss":"is dulling"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"b19-l19","source":"πατρὸς ἀποιχομένοιο· ἐγὼ δʼ ἔτι νήπιος ἦα.","translation":"while my father is away; and I was still a child then.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l19.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"νήπιος","title":"Nepios","body":"A small child, and by extension someone helpless or without understanding. Here it marks Telemachus's youth at the time his father left."}],"words":[{"surface":"πατρὸς","lemma":"πατήρ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἀποιχομένοιο","gloss":"father","note":"Genitive absolute πατρὸς ἀποιχομένοιο 'while father was away' sets background time independent of the main clause."},{"surface":"ἀποιχομένοιο","lemma":"ἀποίχομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, genitive singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἀμέρδει","gloss":"being away"},{"surface":"ἐγὼ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἦα","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔτι","lemma":"ἔτι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἦα","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"νήπιος","lemma":"νήπιος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"a child"},{"surface":"ἦα","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"b19-l20","source":"νῦν δʼ ἐθέλω καταθέσθαι, ἵνʼ οὐ πυρὸς ἵξετʼ ἀϋτμή.","translation":"Now I want to store it where the breath of the fire will not reach it.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l20.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"νῦν","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐθέλω","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐθέλω","lemma":"ἐθέλω","morphology":"present active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I want"},{"surface":"καταθέσθαι","lemma":"κατατίθημι","morphology":"aorist medio-passive infinitive","role":"object of ἐθέλω","gloss":"to store it away"},{"surface":"ἵν","lemma":"ἵνα","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"οὐ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"πυρὸς","lemma":"πῦρ","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"modifies ἀϋτμή","gloss":"of fire"},{"surface":"ἵξετ","lemma":"ἵζω","morphology":"aorist middle subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἵν᾽","gloss":"will reach"},{"surface":"ἀϋτμή","lemma":"ἀυτμή","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἵξετ᾽","gloss":"breath"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"b19-l21","source":"τὸν δʼ αὖτε προσέειπε φίλη τροφὸς Εὐρύκλεια·","translation":"Then his dear nurse Eurycleia answered him:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l21.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of προσέειπε","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αὖτε","lemma":"αὖτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"in turn"},{"surface":"προσέειπε","lemma":"προσεῖπον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"φίλη","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies τροφὸς","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"τροφὸς","lemma":"τροφός","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"modifies Εὐρύκλεια","gloss":"nurse"},{"surface":"Εὐρύκλεια","lemma":"Εὐρύκλεια","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of προσέειπε","gloss":"Eurycleia"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"b19-l22","source":"αἲ γὰρ δή ποτε, τέκνον, ἐπιφροσύνας ἀνέλοιο","translation":"\"If only, child, you would at last take up such good sense","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l22.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἀνέλοιο","title":"Wishing optative","body":"The optative with the particle αἲ γὰρ expresses a wish: 'if only you would take up.' Eurycleia hopes Telemachus is finally maturing."}],"words":[{"surface":"αἲ","lemma":"αἴ","morphology":"exclamation","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"if only","note":"αἲ γάρ + optative ἀνέλοιο expresses an unfulfilled wish: 'if only you would...'"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"δή","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"ποτε","lemma":"ποτέ","morphology":"particle","role":"adverbial to ἀνέλοιο","gloss":"someday"},{"surface":"τέκνον","lemma":"τέκνον","morphology":"vocative singular neuter noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"child"},{"surface":"ἐπιφροσύνας","lemma":"ἐπιφροσύνη","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἀνέλοιο","gloss":"good sense"},{"surface":"ἀνέλοιο","lemma":"ἀναιρέω","morphology":"aorist middle optative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"take up"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"b19-l23","source":"οἴκου κήδεσθαι καὶ κτήματα πάντα φυλάσσειν.","translation":"as to care for the house and guard all its possessions.","scansion":"—— | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l23.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἴκου","lemma":"οἶκος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of κήδεσθαι","gloss":"of the house"},{"surface":"κήδεσθαι","lemma":"κήδω","morphology":"present medio-passive infinitive","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"to care for"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κτήματα","lemma":"κτῆμα","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of φυλάσσειν","gloss":"possessions"},{"surface":"πάντα","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies κτήματα","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"φυλάσσειν","lemma":"φυλάσσω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"guard"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"b19-l24","source":"ἀλλʼ ἄγε, τίς τοι ἔπειτα μετοιχομένη φάος οἴσει;","translation":"But come, who then will go with you to carry the light?","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l24.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἄγε","lemma":"ἄγε","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"τίς","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of οἴσει","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"adverbial to οἴσει","gloss":"for you"},{"surface":"ἔπειτα","lemma":"ἔπειτα","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"μετοιχομένη","lemma":"μετοίχομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to οἴσει","gloss":"going along","note":"μετοιχομένη agrees feminine, implying a serving-woman is meant to fetch the light."},{"surface":"φάος","lemma":"φάος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of οἴσει","gloss":"light"},{"surface":"οἴσει","lemma":"φέρω","morphology":"future active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will carry"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"b19-l25","source":"δμῳὰς δʼ οὐκ εἴας προβλωσκέμεν, αἵ κεν ἔφαινον.","translation":"You would not let the serving-women come forward who might have given light.\"","scansion":"—— | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l25.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δμῳὰς","lemma":"δμωή","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"subject of προβλωσκέμεν","gloss":"serving-women"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"οὐκ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"εἴας","lemma":"ἐάω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"you were letting"},{"surface":"προβλωσκέμεν","lemma":"προβλώσκω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of εἴας","gloss":"come forward"},{"surface":"αἵ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative plural feminine pronoun","role":"subject of ἔφαινον","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"κεν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"(modal particle)"},{"surface":"ἔφαινον","lemma":"φαίνω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing δμῳὰς","gloss":"would give light","note":"Iterative/potential imperfect with κεν: 'who would have given light' (unrealized due to the ban)."}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"b19-l26","source":"τὴν δʼ αὖ Τηλέμαχος πεπνυμένος ἀντίον ηὔδα·","translation":"Then wise Telemachus answered her in turn:","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l26.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"πεπνυμένος","title":"Wise (perfect participle)","body":"A perfect-tense participle used as a fixed epithet of Telemachus, meaning 'shrewd, sound of mind.' The perfect denotes a settled, abiding quality."}],"words":[{"surface":"τὴν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of ηὔδα","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αὖ","lemma":"αὖ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"in turn"},{"surface":"Τηλέμαχος","lemma":"Τηλέμαχος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ηὔδα","gloss":"Telemachus"},{"surface":"πεπνυμένος","lemma":"πέπνυμαι","morphology":"perfect medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"modifies Τηλέμαχος","gloss":"wise","note":"πεπνυμένος 'prudent, wise' is the standing epithet marking Telemachus's growing maturity."},{"surface":"ἀντίον","lemma":"ἀντίον","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ηὔδα","gloss":"in reply"},{"surface":"ηὔδα","lemma":"αὐδάω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spoke"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"b19-l27","source":"ξεῖνος ὅδʼ· οὐ γὰρ ἀεργὸν ἀνέξομαι ὅς κεν ἐμῆς γε","translation":"\"This stranger here; for I will not tolerate an idle man who lays a hand","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l27.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ξεῖνος","lemma":"ξένος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"stranger"},{"surface":"ὅδ","lemma":"ὅδε","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies ξεῖνος","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"οὐ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ἀεργὸν","lemma":"ἀεργός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"idle"},{"surface":"ἀνέξομαι","lemma":"ἀνέχω","morphology":"future middle indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I will tolerate"},{"surface":"ὅς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἅπτηται","gloss":"whoever"},{"surface":"κεν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"(modal particle)"},{"surface":"ἐμῆς","lemma":"ἐμός","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies χοίνικος","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"at least","note":"γε emphasizes ἐμῆς: it's specifically HIS grain-store that must not be touched."}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"b19-l28","source":"χοίνικος ἅπτηται, καὶ τηλόθεν εἰληλουθώς.","translation":"on my grain-ration, even one come from far away.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l28.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"χοίνικος","title":"Choinix","body":"A dry measure of grain, roughly a man's daily ration. The point: anyone who eats my bread must earn it."}],"words":[{"surface":"χοίνικος","lemma":"χοῖνιξ","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἅπτηται","gloss":"grain-ration","note":"χοῖνιξ was a standard daily grain measure; touching it means eating another's food without earning it."},{"surface":"ἅπτηται","lemma":"ἅπτω","morphology":"present medio-passive subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"subject","gloss":"lays a hand on"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"τηλόθεν","lemma":"τηλόθεν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to εἰληλουθώς","gloss":"from far away"},{"surface":"εἰληλουθώς","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"perfect active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial","gloss":"having come"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"b19-l29","source":"ὣς ἄρʼ ἐφώνησεν, τῇ δʼ ἄπτερος ἔπλετο μῦθος.","translation":"So he spoke, and for her the word stayed unwinged.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l29.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἄπτερος ... μῦθος","title":"Unwinged word (idiom)","body":"A puzzling formula: the word 'did not fly,' i.e. she made no reply and simply obeyed. Contrast the common 'winged words' that fly from speaker to hearer."}],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐφώνησεν","gloss":"so, thus"},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἐφώνησεν","lemma":"φωνέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he spoke"},{"surface":"τῇ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative singular feminine pronoun","role":"adverbial to ἔπλετο","gloss":"for her"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄπτερος","lemma":"ἄπτερος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"unwinged","note":"epic formula: a word 'without wings' means it stayed put, unlike gossip that flies away"},{"surface":"ἔπλετο","lemma":"πέλω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"stayed, remained","note":"old poetic verb πέλω 'to be/become', common in formulaic lines"},{"surface":"μῦθος","lemma":"μῦθος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔπλετο","gloss":"word, speech"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"b19-l30","source":"κλήϊσεν δὲ θύρας μεγάρων εὖ ναιεταόντων.","translation":"She barred the doors of the well-built halls.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l30.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κλήϊσεν","lemma":"κλείω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"she barred"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"θύρας","lemma":"θύρα","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of κλήϊσεν","gloss":"doors"},{"surface":"μεγάρων","lemma":"μέγαρον","morphology":"genitive plural neuter noun","role":"modifies θύρας","gloss":"of the halls"},{"surface":"εὖ","lemma":"εὖ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ναιεταόντων","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"ναιεταόντων","lemma":"ναιετάω","morphology":"present active participle, genitive plural neuter","role":"modifies μεγάρων","gloss":"well-built, dwelt in","note":"present participle of ναιετάω 'to be inhabited/well-built', agreeing with μεγάρων (genitive plural) — an ordinary attributive participle modifying the halls, not a genitive absolute"}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"b19-l31","source":"τὼ δʼ ἄρʼ ἀναΐξαντʼ Ὀδυσεὺς καὶ φαίδιμος υἱὸς","translation":"Then the two of them sprang up, Odysseus and his glorious son,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l31.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"τὼ ... ἀναΐξαντε","title":"Dual number","body":"The verb and pronoun are in the dual, the special form for exactly two. Homer uses it here for father and son acting as a pair."}],"words":[{"surface":"τὼ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative dual masculine pronoun","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"the two of them","note":"dual number τὼ marks exactly two subjects, Odysseus and Telemachus, a form only used for pairs"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἀναΐξαντ","lemma":"ἀναίσσω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative dual masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐσφόρεον","gloss":"having sprung up"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσεὺς","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"Odysseus"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"φαίδιμος","lemma":"φαίδιμος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies υἱὸς","gloss":"glorious"},{"surface":"υἱὸς","lemma":"υἱός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"son"}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"b19-l32","source":"ἐσφόρεον κόρυθάς τε καὶ ἀσπίδας ὀμφαλοέσσας","translation":"and carried inside the helmets and the bossed shields","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l32.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐσφόρεον","lemma":"εἰσφορέω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"they carried in","note":"imperfect εἰσφορέω 'kept carrying in', frequentative sense fits an ongoing task"},{"surface":"κόρυθάς","lemma":"κόρυς","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of τ᾽","gloss":"helmets"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀσπίδας","lemma":"ἀσπίς","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of τ᾽","gloss":"shields"},{"surface":"ὀμφαλοέσσας","lemma":"ὀμφαλόεις","morphology":"accusative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἀσπίδας","gloss":"bossed, studded","note":"ὀμφαλόεις 'having a boss (navel)' describes the raised center of a shield"}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"b19-l33","source":"ἔγχεά τʼ ὀξυόεντα· πάροιθε δὲ Παλλὰς Ἀθήνη,","translation":"and the sharp-pointed spears; and before them Pallas Athena,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l33.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔγχεά","lemma":"ἔγχος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of τ᾽","gloss":"spears"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὀξυόεντα","lemma":"ὀξυόεις","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἔγχεά","gloss":"sharp-pointed"},{"surface":"πάροιθε","lemma":"πάροιθε","morphology":"preposition","role":"adverbial to ἐποίει","gloss":"before, in front"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Παλλὰς","lemma":"Παλλάς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"modifies Ἀθήνη","gloss":"Pallas"},{"surface":"Ἀθήνη","lemma":"Ἀθήνη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἐποίει","gloss":"Athena"}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"b19-l34","source":"χρύσεον λύχνον ἔχουσα, φάος περικαλλὲς ἐποίει.","translation":"holding a golden lamp, made a light wondrously fair.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l34.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"χρύσεον","lemma":"χρύσεος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies λύχνον","gloss":"golden"},{"surface":"λύχνον","lemma":"λύχνον","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἔχουσα","gloss":"lamp"},{"surface":"ἔχουσα","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to ἐποίει","gloss":"holding","note":"circumstantial participle describing how Athena made the light, agreeing with feminine Athena"},{"surface":"φάος","lemma":"φάος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἐποίει","gloss":"light"},{"surface":"περικαλλὲς","lemma":"περικαλλής","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies φάος","gloss":"very beautiful"},{"surface":"ἐποίει","lemma":"ποιέω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"she made"}]},{"number":35,"label":"35","id":"b19-l35","source":"δὴ τότε Τηλέμαχος προσεφώνεεν ὃν πατέρʼ αἶψα·","translation":"Then at once Telemachus spoke to his father:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l35.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"τότε","lemma":"τότε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to προσεφώνεεν","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"Τηλέμαχος","lemma":"Τηλέμαχος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of προσεφώνεεν","gloss":"Telemachus"},{"surface":"προσεφώνεεν","lemma":"προσφωνέω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he spoke to"},{"surface":"ὃν","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies πατέρ᾽","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"πατέρ","lemma":"πατήρ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of προσεφώνεεν","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"αἶψα","lemma":"αἶψα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to προσεφώνεεν","gloss":"at once"}]},{"number":36,"label":"36","id":"b19-l36","source":"ὦ πάτερ, ἦ μέγα θαῦμα τόδʼ ὀφθαλμοῖσιν\n                     ὁρῶμαι.","translation":"\"Father, truly this is a great marvel my eyes behold.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l36.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὦ","lemma":"ὦ","morphology":"exclamation","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"O"},{"surface":"πάτερ","lemma":"πάτηρ","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"father","note":"vocative case addresses Odysseus directly, even though he is still in disguise to the household"},{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"μέγα","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies θαῦμα","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"θαῦμα","lemma":"θαῦμα","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ὁρῶμαι","gloss":"marvel"},{"surface":"τόδ","lemma":"ὅδε","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"modifies θαῦμα","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ὀφθαλμοῖσιν","lemma":"ὀφθαλμός","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ὁρῶμαι","gloss":"with my eyes","note":"dative of means: 'with/by my eyes' — no preposition needed in Homeric Greek"},{"surface":"ὁρῶμαι","lemma":"ὁράω","morphology":"present middle indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I see"}]},{"number":37,"label":"37","id":"b19-l37","source":"ἔμπης μοι τοῖχοι μεγάρων καλαί τε μεσόδμαι,","translation":"Surely the walls of the halls and the fair crossbeams,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l37.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔμπης","lemma":"ἔμπας","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"adverbial to φαίνοντ᾽","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"τοῖχοι","lemma":"τοῖχος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"walls"},{"surface":"μεγάρων","lemma":"μέγαρον","morphology":"genitive plural neuter noun","role":"modifies τοῖχοι","gloss":"of the halls"},{"surface":"καλαί","lemma":"καλός","morphology":"nominative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies μεσόδμαι","gloss":"fair"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μεσόδμαι","lemma":"μεσόδμη","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"crossbeams"}]},{"number":38,"label":"38","id":"b19-l38","source":"εἰλάτιναί τε δοκοί, καὶ κίονες ὑψόσʼ ἔχοντες","translation":"the rafters of fir, and the pillars rising high,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l38.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἰλάτιναί","lemma":"ἐλάτινος","morphology":"nominative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies δοκοί","gloss":"of fir"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"δοκοί","lemma":"δοκός","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"rafters"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κίονες","lemma":"κίων","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"pillars"},{"surface":"ὑψόσ","lemma":"ὑψόσε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔχοντες","gloss":"high"},{"surface":"ἔχοντες","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"modifies κίονες","gloss":"rising, reaching"}]},{"number":39,"label":"39","id":"b19-l39","source":"φαίνοντʼ ὀφθαλμοῖς ὡς εἰ πυρὸς αἰθομένοιο.","translation":"shine before my eyes as if with blazing fire.","scansion":"—— | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l39.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"φαίνοντ","lemma":"φαίνω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"they shine"},{"surface":"ὀφθαλμοῖς","lemma":"ὀφθαλμός","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to φαίνοντ᾽","gloss":"before my eyes"},{"surface":"ὡς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"conjunction","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"εἰ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"πυρὸς","lemma":"πῦρ","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"modifies","gloss":"of fire"},{"surface":"αἰθομένοιο","lemma":"αἴθω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, genitive singular neuter","role":"modifies πυρὸς","gloss":"blazing","note":"genitive absolute-like phrase 'ὡς εἰ πυρὸς αἰθομένοιο' = 'as if of blazing fire', a common Homeric simile shorthand"}]},{"number":40,"label":"40","id":"b19-l40","source":"ἦ μάλα τις θεὸς ἔνδον, οἳ οὐρανὸν εὐρὺν ἔχουσι.","translation":"Surely some god is within, of those who hold the wide heaven.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l40.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"μάλα","lemma":"μάλα","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"very much"},{"surface":"τις","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies θεὸς","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"θεὸς","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"god"},{"surface":"ἔνδον","lemma":"ἔνδον","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"οἳ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἔχουσι","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"οὐρανὸν","lemma":"οὐρανός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἔχουσι","gloss":"heaven"},{"surface":"εὐρὺν","lemma":"εὐρύς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies οὐρανὸν","gloss":"wide"},{"surface":"ἔχουσι","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing θεὸς","gloss":"hold"}]},{"number":41,"label":"41","id":"b19-l41","source":"τὸν δʼ ἀπαμειβόμενος προσέφη πολύμητις\n                  Ὀδυσσεύς·","translation":"Then Odysseus of many devices answered him:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l41.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"πολύμητις","title":"Of many devices (epithet)","body":"The signature epithet of Odysseus, 'of many counsels/devices,' marking his cunning. It recurs as a formula whenever he speaks."}],"words":[{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of προσέφη","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀπαμειβόμενος","lemma":"ἀπαμείβομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to προσέφη","gloss":"answering"},{"surface":"προσέφη","lemma":"πρόσφημι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he said to"},{"surface":"πολύμητις","lemma":"πολύμητις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ὀδυσσεύς","gloss":"of many wiles","note":"stock Homeric epithet for Odysseus, 'of many devices/cunning'"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσσεύς","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of προσέφη","gloss":"Odysseus"}]},{"number":42,"label":"42","id":"b19-l42","source":"σίγα καὶ κατὰ σὸν νόον ἴσχανε μηδʼ ἐρέεινε·","translation":"\"Hush, hold it within your mind and ask no questions.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l42.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"σίγα","lemma":"σιγάω","morphology":"present active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"be silent"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κατὰ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"within, down in","note":"κατά + accusative (σὸν νόον) is a standard prepositional phrase meaning 'down into/within your mind' — it does govern the accusative case here, contrary to treating it as a bare adverb"},{"surface":"σὸν","lemma":"σός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies νόον","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"νόον","lemma":"νόος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἴσχανε","gloss":"mind"},{"surface":"ἴσχανε","lemma":"ἰσχάνω","morphology":"present active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"hold, restrain"},{"surface":"ἐρέεινε","lemma":"ἐρεείνω","morphology":"present active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"ask, question"}]},{"number":43,"label":"43","id":"b19-l43","source":"αὕτη τοι δίκη ἐστὶ θεῶν, οἳ Ὄλυμπον ἔχουσιν.","translation":"This, you see, is the way of the gods who hold Olympus.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l43.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὕτη","lemma":"οὗτος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"subject of ἐστὶ","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"τοι","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"δίκη","lemma":"δίκη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"custom, way"},{"surface":"ἐστὶ","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"θεῶν","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies δίκη","gloss":"of gods"},{"surface":"οἳ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἔχουσιν","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"Ὄλυμπον","lemma":"Ὄλυμπος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἔχουσιν","gloss":"Olympus"},{"surface":"ἔχουσιν","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing θεῶν","gloss":"hold"}]},{"number":44,"label":"44","id":"b19-l44","source":"ἀλλὰ σὺ μὲν κατάλεξαι, ἐγὼ δʼ ὑπολείψομαι αὐτοῦ,","translation":"But go you and lie down, while I stay behind here,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l44.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλὰ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"σὺ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"nominative singular pronoun","role":"subject of κατάλεξαι","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"κατάλεξαι","lemma":"καταλέγω","morphology":"aorist middle imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"lie down"},{"surface":"ἐγὼ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ὑπολείψομαι","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὑπολείψομαι","lemma":"ὑπολείβω","morphology":"aorist middle subjunctive, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will stay behind","note":"subjunctive here has future/volitive force, common in Homer where subjunctive and future overlap"},{"surface":"αὐτοῦ","lemma":"αὐτοῦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ὑπολείψομαι","gloss":"here"}]},{"number":45,"label":"45","id":"b19-l45","source":"ὄφρα κʼ ἔτι δμῳὰς καὶ μητέρα σὴν ἐρεθίζω·","translation":"so that I may stir up the serving-women and your mother still further;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l45.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὄφρα","lemma":"ὄφρα","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"κ","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"would","note":"κε (= ἄν) in the ὄφρα + subjunctive purpose clause marks potential/intended result ('so that I may/might stir up...'); usually left untranslated as a separate word in English"},{"surface":"ἔτι","lemma":"ἔτι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐρεθίζω","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"δμῳὰς","lemma":"δμωή","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"serving-women"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μητέρα","lemma":"μήτηρ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"mother"},{"surface":"σὴν","lemma":"σός","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies μητέρα","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"ἐρεθίζω","lemma":"ἐρεθίζω","morphology":"present active subjunctive, 1st singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὄφρα","gloss":"I stir up, question"}]},{"number":46,"label":"46","id":"b19-l46","source":"ἡ δέ μʼ ὀδυρομένη εἰρήσεται ἀμφὶς ἕκαστα.","translation":"and she in her grief will question me about each thing.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l46.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἡ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of εἰρήσεται","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of εἰρήσεται","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ὀδυρομένη","lemma":"ὀδύρομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to εἰρήσεται","gloss":"grieving"},{"surface":"εἰρήσεται","lemma":"ἔρομαι","morphology":"future middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will ask","note":"future middle of ἔρομαι, an alternate stem from ἐρωτάω used for 'ask' in epic"},{"surface":"ἀμφὶς","lemma":"ἀμφίς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to εἰρήσεται","gloss":"about, on both sides"},{"surface":"ἕκαστα","lemma":"ἕκαστος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of εἰρήσεται","gloss":"each thing"}]},{"number":47,"label":"47","id":"b19-l47","source":"ὣς φάτο, Τηλέμαχος δὲ διὲκ μεγάροιο βεβήκει","translation":"So he spoke, and Telemachus went out through the hall","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l47.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to φάτο","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"φάτο","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he spoke"},{"surface":"Τηλέμαχος","lemma":"Τηλέμαχος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of βεβήκει","gloss":"Telemachus"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"διὲκ","lemma":"διέκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"out through"},{"surface":"μεγάροιο","lemma":"μέγαρον","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to διὲκ","gloss":"the hall"},{"surface":"βεβήκει","lemma":"βαίνω","morphology":"pluperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"had gone","note":"pluperfect βεβήκει used almost like a simple past in Homer, common for vivid narrative action"}]},{"number":48,"label":"48","id":"b19-l48","source":"κείων ἐς θάλαμον, δαΐδων ὕπο λαμπομενάων,","translation":"to lie down in his chamber, by the light of blazing torches,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l48.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κείων","lemma":"κείω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to βεβήκει","gloss":"going to lie down"},{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"θάλαμον","lemma":"θάλαμος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐς","gloss":"chamber"},{"surface":"δαΐδων","lemma":"δαίς","morphology":"genitive plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ὕπο","gloss":"of torches"},{"surface":"ὕπο","lemma":"ὑπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"by, under"},{"surface":"λαμπομενάων","lemma":"λάμπω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, genitive plural feminine","role":"modifies δαΐδων","gloss":"blazing"}]},{"number":49,"label":"49","id":"b19-l49","source":"ἔνθα πάρος κοιμᾶθʼ, ὅτε μιν γλυκὺς ὕπνος ἱκάνοι·","translation":"where before he used to sleep whenever sweet sleep came over him;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l49.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔνθα","lemma":"ἔνθα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to κοιμᾶθ᾽","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"πάρος","lemma":"πάρος","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to κοιμᾶθ᾽","gloss":"before, formerly"},{"surface":"κοιμᾶθ","lemma":"κοιμάω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing θάλαμον","gloss":"he used to sleep"},{"surface":"ὅτε","lemma":"ὅτε","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"whenever"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἱκάνοι","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"γλυκὺς","lemma":"γλυκύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ὕπνος","gloss":"sweet"},{"surface":"ὕπνος","lemma":"ὕπνος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἱκάνοι","gloss":"sleep"},{"surface":"ἱκάνοι","lemma":"ἱκάνω","morphology":"present active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὅτε","gloss":"came over, reached","note":"optative ἱκάνοι in a ὅτε-clause expresses repeated past action ('whenever ... would come'), a classic Homeric iterative use"}]},{"number":50,"label":"50","id":"b19-l50","source":"ἔνθʼ ἄρα καὶ τότʼ ἔλεκτο καὶ Ἠῶ δῖαν ἔμιμνεν.","translation":"there then he lay down too and waited for bright Dawn.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l50.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔνθ","lemma":"ἔνθα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔλεκτο","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"ἄρα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"τότ","lemma":"τότε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔλεκτο","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἔλεκτο","lemma":"λέγω","morphology":"aorist passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he lay down","note":"aorist passive-form middle of λέγω 'lay oneself down', a distinct sense from λέγω 'say/gather'"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ἠῶ","lemma":"ἠώς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἔμιμνεν","gloss":"Dawn"},{"surface":"δῖαν","lemma":"δῖος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine","role":"modifies Ἠῶ","gloss":"bright, divine"},{"surface":"ἔμιμνεν","lemma":"μίμνω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he waited for"}]},{"number":51,"label":"51","id":"b19-l51","source":"αὐτὰρ ὁ ἐν μεγάρῳ ὑπελείπετο δῖος Ὀδυσσεύς,","translation":"But noble Odysseus stayed behind in the hall,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l51.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ὁ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"article","role":"modifies Ὀδυσσεύς","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"μεγάρῳ","lemma":"μέγαρον","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"the hall"},{"surface":"ὑπελείπετο","lemma":"ὑπολείπω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he stayed behind"},{"surface":"δῖος","lemma":"δῖος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ὀδυσσεύς","gloss":"noble, godlike"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσσεύς","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ὑπελείπετο","gloss":"Odysseus"}]},{"number":52,"label":"52","id":"b19-l52","source":"μνηστήρεσσι φόνον σὺν Ἀθήνῃ μερμηρίζων.","translation":"plotting the suitors' slaughter together with Athena.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l52.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μνηστήρεσσι","lemma":"μνηστήρ","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of μερμηρίζων","gloss":"the suitors"},{"surface":"φόνον","lemma":"φόνος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of μερμηρίζων","gloss":"slaughter, murder"},{"surface":"σὺν","lemma":"σύν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"together with"},{"surface":"Ἀθήνῃ","lemma":"Ἀθήνη","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to σὺν","gloss":"Athena"},{"surface":"μερμηρίζων","lemma":"μερμηρίζω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ὑπελείπετο","gloss":"plotting, pondering"}]},{"number":53,"label":"53","id":"b19-l53","source":"ἡ δʼ ἴεν ἐκ θαλάμοιο περίφρων Πηνελόπεια,","translation":"Then wise Penelope came down from her chamber,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l53.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"περίφρων","title":"Wise, circumspect (epithet)","body":"The standing epithet of Penelope, literally 'thinking all around,' i.e. prudent and circumspect. A formulaic marker of her character."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἡ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"article","role":"modifies Πηνελόπεια","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἴεν","lemma":"εἶμι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"she went"},{"surface":"ἐκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from, out of"},{"surface":"θαλάμοιο","lemma":"θάλαμος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐκ","gloss":"her chamber"},{"surface":"περίφρων","lemma":"περίφρων","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Πηνελόπεια","gloss":"wise, prudent","note":"stock epithet for Penelope, 'very thoughtful'"},{"surface":"Πηνελόπεια","lemma":"Πηνελόπεια","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἴεν","gloss":"Penelope"}]},{"number":54,"label":"54","id":"b19-l54","source":"Ἀρτέμιδι ἰκέλη ἠὲ χρυσέῃ Ἀφροδίτῃ.","translation":"like Artemis or golden Aphrodite.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l54.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ἀρτέμιδι","lemma":"Ἄρτεμις","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἠὲ","gloss":"Artemis"},{"surface":"ἰκέλη","lemma":"ἴκελος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"like","note":"simile epithet comparing Penelope to goddesses, standard formulaic praise of beauty"},{"surface":"ἠὲ","lemma":"ἠέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"χρυσέῃ","lemma":"χρύσεος","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Ἀφροδίτῃ","gloss":"golden"},{"surface":"Ἀφροδίτῃ","lemma":"Ἀφροδίτη","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἠὲ","gloss":"Aphrodite"}]},{"number":55,"label":"55","id":"b19-l55","source":"τῇ παρὰ μὲν κλισίην πυρὶ κάτθεσαν, ἔνθʼ ἄρʼ ἐφῖζε,","translation":"For her they set a chair beside the fire, where she would sit,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l55.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τῇ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative singular feminine pronoun","role":"adverbial to κάτθεσαν","gloss":"for her"},{"surface":"παρὰ","lemma":"παρά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"κλισίην","lemma":"κλισία","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of κάτθεσαν","gloss":"chair"},{"surface":"πυρὶ","lemma":"πῦρ","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to παρὰ","gloss":"by the fire"},{"surface":"κάτθεσαν","lemma":"κατατίθημι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"they set down"},{"surface":"ἔνθ","lemma":"ἔνθα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐφῖζε","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἐφῖζε","lemma":"ἐφίζω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to κάτθεσαν","gloss":"she sat"}]},{"number":56,"label":"56","id":"b19-l56","source":"δινωτὴν ἐλέφαντι καὶ ἀργύρῳ· ἥν ποτε τέκτων","translation":"inlaid with ivory and silver; once a craftsman","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l56.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δινωτὴν","lemma":"δινωτός","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies κλισίην","gloss":"inlaid, turned","note":"δινωτός 'well-turned/carved', describing craftsmanship on a lathe-like technique"},{"surface":"ἐλέφαντι","lemma":"ἐλέφας","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"with ivory"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀργύρῳ","lemma":"ἄργυρος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"with silver"},{"surface":"ἥν","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of ποίησ᾽","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"ποτε","lemma":"ποτέ","morphology":"particle","role":"adverbial to ποίησ᾽","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"τέκτων","lemma":"τέκτων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ἰκμάλιος","gloss":"craftsman"}]},{"number":57,"label":"57","id":"b19-l57","source":"ποίησʼ Ἰκμάλιος, καὶ ὑπὸ θρῆνυν ποσὶν ἧκε","translation":"had made it, Icmalius, and fitted a footstool beneath for the feet,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l57.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ποίησ","lemma":"ποιέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"had made"},{"surface":"Ἰκμάλιος","lemma":"Ἰκμάλιος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ποίησ᾽","gloss":"Icmalius","note":"minor craftsman named only here for his footstool — a one-line Homeric aside."},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὑπὸ","lemma":"ὑπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"beneath"},{"surface":"θρῆνυν","lemma":"θρῆνυς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἧκε","gloss":"footstool"},{"surface":"ποσὶν","lemma":"πούς","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἧκε","gloss":"for the feet"},{"surface":"ἧκε","lemma":"ἵημι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"set, fitted"}]},{"number":58,"label":"58","id":"b19-l58","source":"προσφυέʼ ἐξ αὐτῆς, ὅθʼ ἐπὶ μέγα βάλλετο κῶας.","translation":"joined to the chair itself, over which a great fleece was thrown.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l58.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"προσφυέ","lemma":"προσφυής","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies θρῆνυν","gloss":"attached","note":"προσφυές = 'grown onto' — a vivid compound describing joinery, treated as one solid piece."},{"surface":"ἐξ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"αὐτῆς","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"adverbial to ἐξ","gloss":"it (the chair)"},{"surface":"ὅθ","lemma":"ὅθι","morphology":"adverb","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"on, over"},{"surface":"μέγα","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies κῶας","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"βάλλετο","lemma":"βάλλω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing θρῆνυν","gloss":"was thrown"},{"surface":"κῶας","lemma":"κῶας","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of βάλλετο","gloss":"fleece"}]},{"number":59,"label":"59","id":"b19-l59","source":"ἔνθα καθέζετʼ ἔπειτα περίφρων Πηνελόπεια.","translation":"There then wise Penelope sat down.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l59.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔνθα","lemma":"ἔνθα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to καθέζετ᾽","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"καθέζετ","lemma":"καθέζομαι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"sat down"},{"surface":"ἔπειτα","lemma":"ἔπειτα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to καθέζετ᾽","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"περίφρων","lemma":"περίφρων","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Πηνελόπεια","gloss":"wise, prudent","note":"περίφρων is Penelope's standing epithet, 'circumspect' — marks her steady cleverness."},{"surface":"Πηνελόπεια","lemma":"Πηνελόπεια","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of καθέζετ᾽","gloss":"Penelope"}]},{"number":60,"label":"60","id":"b19-l60","source":"ἦλθον δὲ δμῳαὶ λευκώλενοι ἐκ μεγάροιο.","translation":"And the white-armed serving-women came from the hall.","scansion":"—— | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l60.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"λευκώλενοι","title":"White-armed","body":"A formulaic epithet for women (most famously Hera), describing bare white forearms as a mark of beauty."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἦλθον","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"δμῳαὶ","lemma":"δμωή","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject of ἦλθον","gloss":"serving-women"},{"surface":"λευκώλενοι","lemma":"λευκώλενος","morphology":"nominative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies δμῳαὶ","gloss":"white-armed","note":"λευκώλενος, a fixed Homeric epithet for palace women, formulaic regardless of context."},{"surface":"ἐκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"μεγάροιο","lemma":"μέγαρον","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἐκ","gloss":"the hall"}]},{"number":61,"label":"61","id":"b19-l61","source":"αἱ δʼ ἀπὸ μὲν σῖτον πολὺν ᾕρεον ἠδὲ τραπέζας","translation":"They cleared away the abundant food and the tables","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l61.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αἱ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural feminine pronoun","role":"subject of ᾕρεον","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀπὸ","lemma":"ἀπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"away","note":"ἀπό functions adverbially with ᾕρεον ('took away'), split from its verb — tmesis, common in Homer."},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed (particle)"},{"surface":"σῖτον","lemma":"σῖτος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"food"},{"surface":"πολὺν","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies σῖτον","gloss":"abundant"},{"surface":"ᾕρεον","lemma":"αἱρέω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"were clearing"},{"surface":"ἠδὲ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τραπέζας","lemma":"τράπεζα","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"tables"}]},{"number":62,"label":"62","id":"b19-l62","source":"καὶ δέπα, ἔνθεν ἄρʼ ἄνδρες ὑπερμενέοντες ἔπινον·","translation":"and the cups from which the overbearing men had been drinking;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l62.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"δέπα","lemma":"δέπας","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"cups"},{"surface":"ἔνθεν","lemma":"ἔνθεν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔπινον","gloss":"from which"},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then (particle)"},{"surface":"ἄνδρες","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔπινον","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"ὑπερμενέοντες","lemma":"ὑπερμενέων","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ἄνδρες","gloss":"overbearing","note":"ὑπερμενέων ('over-mighty') casts the suitors as arrogantly excessive even in their drinking."},{"surface":"ἔπινον","lemma":"πίνω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing δέπα","gloss":"had been drinking"}]},{"number":63,"label":"63","id":"b19-l63","source":"πῦρ δʼ ἀπὸ λαμπτήρων χαμάδις βάλον, ἄλλα δʼ ἐπʼ αὐτῶν","translation":"and they threw the fire from the braziers down to the ground, and on them","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l63.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πῦρ","lemma":"πῦρ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of βάλον","gloss":"fire"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀπὸ","lemma":"ἀπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"λαμπτήρων","lemma":"λαμπτήρ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἀπὸ","gloss":"braziers"},{"surface":"χαμάδις","lemma":"χαμάδις","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of βάλον","gloss":"to the ground","note":"χαμάδις, an adverb of direction ('groundward') doing the work of an object with βάλον."},{"surface":"βάλον","lemma":"βάλλω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"threw"},{"surface":"ἄλλα","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ξύλα","gloss":"other (wood)"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐπ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"αὐτῶν","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"adverbial to ἐπ᾽","gloss":"them (the braziers)"}]},{"number":64,"label":"64","id":"b19-l64","source":"νήησαν ξύλα πολλά, φόως ἔμεν ἠδὲ θέρεσθαι.","translation":"heaped much fresh wood, to give light and warmth.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l64.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"νήησαν","lemma":"νηέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"heaped up"},{"surface":"ξύλα","lemma":"ξύλον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of νήησαν","gloss":"wood"},{"surface":"πολλά","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ξύλα","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"φόως","lemma":"φόως","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἔμεν","gloss":"light"},{"surface":"ἔμεν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"adverbial to ἠδὲ","gloss":"to give","note":"ἔμεν is an epic infinitive of εἰμί ('to be') used purposively — 'to be light,' i.e. to give light."},{"surface":"ἠδὲ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"θέρεσθαι","lemma":"θέρω","morphology":"present medio-passive infinitive","role":"adverbial to ἠδὲ","gloss":"to give warmth"}]},{"number":65,"label":"65","id":"b19-l65","source":"ἡ δʼ Ὀδυσῆʼ ἐνένιπε Μελανθὼ δεύτερον αὖτις·","translation":"Then Melantho reviled Odysseus a second time again:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l65.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἡ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"article","role":"modifies Μελανθὼ","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and, then"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσῆ","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐνένιπε","gloss":"Odysseus"},{"surface":"ἐνένιπε","lemma":"ἐνίπτω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"reviled"},{"surface":"Μελανθὼ","lemma":"Μελανθώ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἐνένιπε","gloss":"Melantho","note":"the disloyal maidservant, introduced here by name as Odysseus's chief taunter in disguise scenes."},{"surface":"δεύτερον","lemma":"δεύτερος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ἐνένιπε","gloss":"a second time"},{"surface":"αὖτις","lemma":"αὖθις","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐνένιπε","gloss":"again"}]},{"number":66,"label":"66","id":"b19-l66","source":"ξεῖνʼ, ἔτι καὶ νῦν ἐνθάδʼ ἀνιήσεις διὰ νύκτα","translation":"\"Stranger, will you still keep on plaguing us here through the night,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l66.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ξεῖν","lemma":"ξένος","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"stranger"},{"surface":"ἔτι","lemma":"ἔτι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀνιήσεις","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"νῦν","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀνιήσεις","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"ἐνθάδ","lemma":"ἐνθάδε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀνιήσεις","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"ἀνιήσεις","lemma":"ἀνιάω","morphology":"future active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will you plague"},{"surface":"διὰ","lemma":"διά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"νύκτα","lemma":"νύξ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to διὰ","gloss":"the night"}]},{"number":67,"label":"67","id":"b19-l67","source":"δινεύων κατὰ οἶκον, ὀπιπεύσεις δὲ γυναῖκας;","translation":"roaming about the house and ogling the women?","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l67.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δινεύων","lemma":"δινεύω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἀνιήσεις","gloss":"roaming about","note":"δινεύων, 'whirling/circling,' a vivid participle painting the beggar as restlessly prowling the house."},{"surface":"κατὰ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"οἶκον","lemma":"οἶκος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to κατὰ","gloss":"the house"},{"surface":"ὀπιπεύσεις","lemma":"ὀπιπτεύω","morphology":"future active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will you ogle"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"γυναῖκας","lemma":"γυνή","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ὀπιπεύσεις","gloss":"women"}]},{"number":68,"label":"68","id":"b19-l68","source":"ἀλλʼ ἔξελθε θύραζε, τάλαν, καὶ δαιτὸς ὄνησο·","translation":"Get out the door, you wretch, and be content with your dinner;","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l68.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἔξελθε","lemma":"ἐξέρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"get out"},{"surface":"θύραζε","lemma":"θύραζε","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of ἔξελθε","gloss":"to the door"},{"surface":"τάλαν","lemma":"τάλας","morphology":"vocative singular masculine adjective","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"wretch","note":"τάλαν, vocative of abuse — Melantho's contemptuous address to the disguised Odysseus."},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"δαιτὸς","lemma":"δαίς","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ὄνησο","gloss":"of the dinner"},{"surface":"ὄνησο","lemma":"ὀνίνημι","morphology":"aorist middle imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"be content"}]},{"number":69,"label":"69","id":"b19-l69","source":"ἢ τάχα καὶ δαλῷ βεβλημένος εἶσθα θύραζε.","translation":"or soon you will be struck with a firebrand and go out the door.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l69.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἢ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"τάχα","lemma":"τάχα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to βεβλημένος","gloss":"soon"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"δαλῷ","lemma":"δαλός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of βεβλημένος","gloss":"with a firebrand"},{"surface":"βεβλημένος","lemma":"βάλλω","morphology":"perfect medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to εἶσθα","gloss":"struck","note":"βεβλημένος is perfect passive — 'having been hit,' framing the threatened blow as already accomplished."},{"surface":"εἶσθα","lemma":"εἶμι","morphology":"present active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"you will go"},{"surface":"θύραζε","lemma":"θύραζε","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of εἶσθα","gloss":"out the door"}]},{"number":70,"label":"70","id":"b19-l70","source":"τὴν δʼ ἄρʼ ὑπόδρα ἰδὼν προσέφη πολύμητις\n                  Ὀδυσσεύς·","translation":"Then with a scowl Odysseus of many devices answered her:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l70.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ὑπόδρα ἰδών","title":"Looking from under (with a scowl)","body":"A formulaic phrase for an angry, lowering glance, literally 'looking up from beneath the brows.' It signals indignant speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"τὴν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of προσέφη","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed (particle)"},{"surface":"ὑπόδρα","lemma":"ὑπόδρα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἰδὼν","gloss":"with a scowl","note":"ὑπόδρα ἰδών, a Homeric formula ('looking from under his brows') marking barely-checked anger."},{"surface":"ἰδὼν","lemma":"εἶδον","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to προσέφη","gloss":"looking"},{"surface":"προσέφη","lemma":"πρόσφημι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"πολύμητις","lemma":"πολύμητις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ὀδυσσεύς","gloss":"of many devices","note":"πολύμητις, Odysseus's signature epithet — his cunning resourcefulness."},{"surface":"Ὀδυσσεύς","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of προσέφη","gloss":"Odysseus"}]},{"number":71,"label":"71","id":"b19-l71","source":"δαιμονίη, τί μοι ὧδʼ ἐπέχεις κεκοτηότι θυμῷ;","translation":"\"You strange woman, why do you set upon me like this, with such a spiteful heart?","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l71.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δαιμονίη","lemma":"δαιμόνιος","morphology":"vocative singular feminine adjective","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"strange woman","note":"δαιμονίη, an ambivalent address — 'you possessed/strange one,' half-baffled, half-scolding."},{"surface":"τί","lemma":"τίς","morphology":"irregular","role":"adverbial to ἐπέχεις","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἐπέχεις","gloss":"at me"},{"surface":"ὧδ","lemma":"ὧδε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐπέχεις","gloss":"like this"},{"surface":"ἐπέχεις","lemma":"ἐπέχω","morphology":"present active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"do you set upon"},{"surface":"κεκοτηότι","lemma":"κοτέω","morphology":"perfect active participle, dative singular masculine","role":"modifies θυμῷ","gloss":"spiteful","note":"κεκοτηότι, a perfect participle — 'having grown angry,' i.e. a heart settled into lasting spite."},{"surface":"θυμῷ","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐπέχεις","gloss":"heart"}]},{"number":72,"label":"72","id":"b19-l72","source":"ἦ ὅτι δὴ ῥυπόω, κακὰ δὲ χροῒ εἵματα εἷμαι,","translation":"Is it because I am filthy, and wear shabby clothes on my body,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l72.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"is it that"},{"surface":"ὅτι","lemma":"ὅτι","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed (particle)"},{"surface":"ῥυπόω","lemma":"ῥυπάω","morphology":"present active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"adverbial to δ᾽","gloss":"I am filthy"},{"surface":"κακὰ","lemma":"κακός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies εἵματα","gloss":"shabby"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"χροῒ","lemma":"χρώς","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to εἷμαι","gloss":"on my body"},{"surface":"εἵματα","lemma":"εἷμα","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of εἷμαι","gloss":"clothes"},{"surface":"εἷμαι","lemma":"ἕννυμι","morphology":"perfect passive indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"adverbial to δ᾽","gloss":"I wear","note":"εἷμαι is perfect passive of ἕννυμι, 'I am clad in' — the state resulting from having dressed."}]},{"number":73,"label":"73","id":"b19-l73","source":"πτωχεύω δʼ ἀνὰ δῆμον; ἀναγκαίη γὰρ ἐπείγει.","translation":"and beg through the land? Necessity drives me to it.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l73.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πτωχεύω","lemma":"πτωχεύω","morphology":"present active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"adverbial to δ᾽","gloss":"I beg"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀνὰ","lemma":"ἀνά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"δῆμον","lemma":"δῆμος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἀνὰ","gloss":"the land"},{"surface":"ἀναγκαίη","lemma":"ἀναγκαίη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἐπείγει","gloss":"necessity"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ἐπείγει","lemma":"ἐπείγω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"drives, compels"}]},{"number":74,"label":"74","id":"b19-l74","source":"τοιοῦτοι πτωχοὶ καὶ ἀλήμονες ἄνδρες ἔασι","translation":"Such are beggars and homeless wandering men.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l74.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τοιοῦτοι","lemma":"τοιοῦτος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"πτωχοὶ","lemma":"πτωχός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"beggars"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀλήμονες","lemma":"ἀλήμων","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ἄνδρες","gloss":"wandering"},{"surface":"ἄνδρες","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"ἔασι","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"are"}]},{"number":75,"label":"75","id":"b19-l75","source":"καὶ γὰρ ἐγώ ποτε οἶκον ἐν ἀνθρώποισιν ἔναιον","translation":"For I too once lived in a house among men,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l75.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed (particle)"},{"surface":"ἐγώ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἔναιον","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ποτε","lemma":"ποτέ","morphology":"particle","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"οἶκον","lemma":"οἶκος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἔναιον","gloss":"a house"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"ἀνθρώποισιν","lemma":"ἄνθρωπος","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"ἔναιον","lemma":"ναίω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"lived, dwelt"}]},{"number":76,"label":"76","id":"b19-l76","source":"ὄλβιος ἀφνειὸν καὶ πολλάκι δόσκον ἀλήτῃ,","translation":"blessed and rich, and often I gave to a wanderer,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l76.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὄλβιος","lemma":"ὄλβιος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"blessed","note":"ὄλβιος stands loosely with the sentence as a predicate describing the speaker's former self, not the house."},{"surface":"ἀφνειὸν","lemma":"ἀφνειός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies οἶκον","gloss":"wealthy"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πολλάκι","lemma":"πολλάκις","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to δόσκον","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"δόσκον","lemma":"δίδωμι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I used to give","note":"δόσκον, an old iterative imperfect form ('would give, kept giving') — habitual past action."},{"surface":"ἀλήτῃ","lemma":"ἀλήτης","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of δόσκον","gloss":"to a wanderer"}]},{"number":77,"label":"77","id":"b19-l77","source":"τοίῳ ὁποῖος ἔοι καὶ ὅτευ κεχρημένος ἔλθοι·","translation":"whatever sort he was and with whatever need he came.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l77.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τοίῳ","lemma":"τοῖος","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἀλήτῃ","gloss":"to such a one"},{"surface":"ὁποῖος","lemma":"ὁποῖος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"whatever sort"},{"surface":"ἔοι","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing καὶ","gloss":"he might be","note":"optative ἔοι in a relative clause of indefinite type — 'whatever sort he happened to be.'"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὅτευ","lemma":"ὅστις","morphology":"genitive singular neuter pronoun","role":"object of κεχρημένος","gloss":"whatever need"},{"surface":"κεχρημένος","lemma":"χράομαι","morphology":"perfect medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἔλθοι","gloss":"in want of"},{"surface":"ἔλθοι","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing καὶ","gloss":"he might come"}]},{"number":78,"label":"78","id":"b19-l78","source":"ἦσαν δὲ δμῶες μάλα μυρίοι, ἄλλα τε πολλὰ","translation":"I had servants past counting, and many other things","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l78.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἦσαν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I had"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"δμῶες","lemma":"δμώς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of τε","gloss":"servants"},{"surface":"μάλα","lemma":"μάλα","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"μυρίοι","lemma":"μυρίος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies δμῶες","gloss":"countless"},{"surface":"ἄλλα","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"nominative plural neuter adjective","role":"subject of τε","gloss":"other things"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πολλὰ","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"nominative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἄλλα","gloss":"many"}]},{"number":79,"label":"79","id":"b19-l79","source":"οἷσίν τʼ εὖ ζώουσι καὶ ἀφνειοὶ καλέονται.","translation":"by which men live well and are called wealthy.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l79.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἷσίν","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"dative plural neuter pronoun","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"by which"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and (particle)"},{"surface":"εὖ","lemma":"εὖ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ζώουσι","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"ζώουσι","lemma":"ζώω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing καὶ","gloss":"men live"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀφνειοὶ","lemma":"ἀφνειός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"wealthy"},{"surface":"καλέονται","lemma":"καλέω","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing καὶ","gloss":"are called"}]},{"number":80,"label":"80","id":"b19-l80","source":"ἀλλὰ Ζεὺς ἀλάπαξε Κρονίων· ἤθελε γάρ που·","translation":"But Zeus the son of Cronus ruined it—for so, I suppose, he willed.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l80.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Κρονίων","title":"Son of Cronus (patronymic)","body":"A patronymic naming Zeus as son of Cronus, a common Homeric way of identifying gods and heroes by lineage."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλὰ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Ζεὺς","lemma":"Ζεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἀλάπαξε","gloss":"Zeus"},{"surface":"ἀλάπαξε","lemma":"ἀλαπάζω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"destroyed, ruined"},{"surface":"Κρονίων","lemma":"Κρονίων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ζεὺς","gloss":"son of Cronus","note":"Κρονίων, patronymic epithet of Zeus, added for weight in this fatalistic reflection."},{"surface":"ἤθελε","lemma":"ἐθέλω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"willed, wished"},{"surface":"γάρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"που","lemma":"πού","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"I suppose"}]},{"number":81,"label":"81","id":"b19-l81","source":"τῷ νῦν μήποτε καὶ σύ, γύναι, ἀπὸ πᾶσαν ὀλέσσῃς","translation":"So now, woman, beware lest you too one day lose all","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l81.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τῷ","lemma":"τῷ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"so, therefore"},{"surface":"νῦν","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ὀλέσσῃς","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"μήποτε","lemma":"μήποτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ὀλέσσῃς","gloss":"lest ever","note":"μήποτε + subjunctive ὀλέσσῃς forms a cautionary warning — 'beware lest you ever lose.'"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"even, too"},{"surface":"σύ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"nominative singular pronoun","role":"subject of ὀλέσσῃς","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"γύναι","lemma":"γυνή","morphology":"vocative singular feminine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"ἀπὸ","lemma":"ἀπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"utterly","note":"ἀπό here works adverbially with ὀλέσσῃς ('lose completely') rather than as a plain preposition."},{"surface":"πᾶσαν","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἀγλαΐην","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"ὀλέσσῃς","lemma":"ὄλλυμι","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"you lose"}]},{"number":82,"label":"82","id":"b19-l82","source":"ἀγλαΐην, τῇ νῦν γε μετὰ δμῳῇσι κέκασσαι·","translation":"the splendor in which you now outshine the serving-women;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l82.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀγλαΐην","lemma":"ἀγλαία","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ὀλέσσῃς","gloss":"splendor"},{"surface":"τῇ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative singular feminine pronoun","role":"adverbial to κέκασσαι","gloss":"in which"},{"surface":"νῦν","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to κέκασσαι","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed (particle)"},{"surface":"μετὰ","lemma":"μετά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"δμῳῇσι","lemma":"δμωή","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to μετὰ","gloss":"the serving-women"},{"surface":"κέκασσαι","lemma":"καίνυμαι","morphology":"perfect medio-passive indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ἀγλαΐην","gloss":"you excel","note":"κέκασσαι, perfect middle of καίνυμαι 'to surpass' — a lasting state of outshining, not a single act."}]},{"number":83,"label":"83","id":"b19-l83","source":"μή πώς τοι δέσποινα κοτεσσαμένη χαλεπήνῃ,","translation":"lest somehow your mistress grow angry and turn harsh on you,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l83.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μή","lemma":"μή","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"lest"},{"surface":"πώς","lemma":"πῶς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to χαλεπήνῃ","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"object of χαλεπήνῃ","gloss":"at you"},{"surface":"δέσποινα","lemma":"δέσποινα","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of χαλεπήνῃ","gloss":"mistress"},{"surface":"κοτεσσαμένη","lemma":"κοτέω","morphology":"aorist middle participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to χαλεπήνῃ","gloss":"growing angry","note":"κοτεσσαμένη, aorist participle of κοτέω — anger flaring up before the harshness (χαλεπήνῃ) follows."},{"surface":"χαλεπήνῃ","lemma":"χαλεπαίνω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἢ","gloss":"turn harsh"}]},{"number":84,"label":"84","id":"b19-l84","source":"ἢ Ὀδυσεὺς ἔλθῃ· ἔτι γὰρ καὶ ἐλπίδος αἶσα.","translation":"or Odysseus come; for there is still a portion of hope.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l84.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἢ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσεὺς","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔλθῃ","gloss":"Odysseus"},{"surface":"ἔλθῃ","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἢ","gloss":"should come"},{"surface":"ἔτι","lemma":"ἔτι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"even, yet"},{"surface":"ἐλπίδος","lemma":"ἐλπίς","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies αἶσα","gloss":"of hope"},{"surface":"αἶσα","lemma":"αἶσα","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"portion, share","note":"αἶσα, 'allotted portion' — even hope is framed as a fated share still remaining."}]},{"number":85,"label":"85","id":"b19-l85","source":"εἰ δʼ ὁ μὲν ὣς ἀπόλωλε καὶ οὐκέτι νόστιμός ἐστιν,","translation":"And even if he has perished so, and is no longer to return,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l85.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἰ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ὁ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed","note":"μέν here sets up a contrast answered later; leave untranslated or as 'indeed'"},{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀπόλωλε","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"ἀπόλωλε","lemma":"ἀπόλλυμι","morphology":"perfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"has perished","note":"perfect ἀπόλωλε: state of being dead/lost, not just 'died'"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"οὐκέτι","lemma":"οὐκέτι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐστιν","gloss":"no longer"},{"surface":"νόστιμός","lemma":"νόστιμος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"returning"},{"surface":"ἐστιν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"is"}]},{"number":86,"label":"86","id":"b19-l86","source":"ἀλλʼ ἤδη παῖς τοῖος Ἀπόλλωνός γε ἕκητι,","translation":"still by Apollo's grace he has such a son,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l86.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἤδη","lemma":"ἤδη","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"παῖς","lemma":"παῖς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ,","gloss":"a son"},{"surface":"τοῖος","lemma":"τοῖος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"such a"},{"surface":"Ἀπόλλωνός","lemma":"Ἀπόλλων","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ἕκητι","gloss":"Apollo's"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἕκητι","lemma":"ἕκητι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"by grace of","note":"ἕκητι + genitive: fixed epic idiom 'by the grace/will of'"}]},{"number":87,"label":"87","id":"b19-l87","source":"Τηλέμαχος· τὸν δʼ οὔ τις ἐνὶ μεγάροισι γυναικῶν","translation":"Telemachus; and not one of the women in the halls","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l87.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Τηλέμαχος","lemma":"Τηλέμαχος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ,","gloss":"Telemachus"},{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of λήθει","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"οὔ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"τις","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of λήθει","gloss":"any (woman)","note":"τις here is feminine, picking up γυναικῶν — 'not one of the women'"},{"surface":"ἐνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"μεγάροισι","lemma":"μέγαρον","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"modifies ἐνὶ","gloss":"the halls"},{"surface":"γυναικῶν","lemma":"γυνή","morphology":"genitive plural feminine noun","role":"modifies τις","gloss":"of the women"}]},{"number":88,"label":"88","id":"b19-l88","source":"λήθει ἀτασθάλλουσʼ, ἐπεὶ οὐκέτι τηλίκος ἐστίν.","translation":"escapes his notice when she misbehaves, since he is no longer so young.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l88.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"λήθει","lemma":"λανθάνω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"escapes notice of","note":"λανθάνω + participle: 'escapes X's notice doing Y' — the misbehaving is the point, not the escaping"},{"surface":"ἀτασθάλλουσ","lemma":"ἀτασθάλλω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"misbehaving"},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"οὐκέτι","lemma":"οὐκέτι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐστίν","gloss":"no longer"},{"surface":"τηλίκος","lemma":"τηλίκος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"so young"},{"surface":"ἐστίν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἐπεὶ","gloss":"he is"}]},{"number":89,"label":"89","id":"b19-l89","source":"ὣς φάτο, τοῦ δʼ ἤκουσε περίφρων Πηνελόπεια,","translation":"So he spoke, and wise Penelope heard him,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l89.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to φάτο","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"φάτο","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"aorist indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he spoke","note":"formulaic ὣς φάτο, closing a speech before narrative resumes"},{"surface":"τοῦ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἤκουσε","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἤκουσε","lemma":"ἀκούω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"heard"},{"surface":"περίφρων","lemma":"περίφρων","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Πηνελόπεια","gloss":"circumspect","note":"περίφρων: standing epithet for Penelope, 'wise/prudent'"},{"surface":"Πηνελόπεια","lemma":"Πηνελόπεια","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἤκουσε","gloss":"Penelope"}]},{"number":90,"label":"90","id":"b19-l90","source":"ἀμφίπολον δʼ ἐνένιπεν ἔπος τʼ ἔφατʼ ἔκ τʼ ὀνόμαζε·","translation":"and she rebuked the maid, spoke a word and called her by name:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l90.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἔπος τʼ ἔφατʼ ἔκ τʼ ὀνόμαζε","title":"Spoke and called by name (formula)","body":"A recurring verse used to introduce a pointed address. The two verbs together form a fixed expression for speaking directly to someone."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἀμφίπολον","lemma":"ἀμφίπολος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"object of τ᾽","gloss":"the maid"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐνένιπεν","lemma":"ἐνίπτω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"rebuked"},{"surface":"ἔπος","lemma":"ἔπος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἔφατ᾽","gloss":"a word"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔφατ","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"ἔκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"out","note":"ἔκ τ᾽ ὀνόμαζε: formulaic tmesis, 'called (her) out by name' = addressed her directly"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὀνόμαζε","lemma":"ὀνομάζω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"named"}]},{"number":91,"label":"91","id":"b19-l91","source":"πάντως, θαρσαλέη, κύον ἀδεές, οὔ τί με\n                     λήθεις","translation":"\"Bold creature, shameless bitch, you do not escape me at all,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l91.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πάντως","lemma":"πάντως","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to λήθεις","gloss":"utterly"},{"surface":"θαρσαλέη","lemma":"θαρσαλέος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"bold one"},{"surface":"κύον","lemma":"κύων","morphology":"vocative singular feminine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"bitch","note":"κύον vocative: harsh insult, addressing the maid as a dog"},{"surface":"ἀδεές","lemma":"ἀδεής","morphology":"vocative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies κύον","gloss":"shameless"},{"surface":"οὔ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"τί","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"με","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of λήθεις","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"λήθεις","lemma":"λανθάνω","morphology":"present active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"escape notice"}]},{"number":92,"label":"92","id":"b19-l92","source":"ἔρδουσα μέγα ἔργον, ὃ σῇ κεφαλῇ ἀναμάξεις·","translation":"doing this great wrong, which you will wipe off onto your own head.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l92.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔρδουσα","lemma":"ἔρδω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"doing"},{"surface":"μέγα","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἔργον","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"ἔργον","lemma":"ἔργον","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἔρδουσα","gloss":"wrong"},{"surface":"ὃ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"object of ἀναμάξεις","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"σῇ","lemma":"σός","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies κεφαλῇ","gloss":"your own"},{"surface":"κεφαλῇ","lemma":"κεφαλή","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἀναμάξεις","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"ἀναμάξεις","lemma":"ἀναμάσσω","morphology":"future active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ἔργον","gloss":"will wipe onto","note":"ἀναμάξεις: vivid metaphor, smearing the guilt back onto her own head"}]},{"number":93,"label":"93","id":"b19-l93","source":"πάντα γὰρ εὖ ᾔδησθʼ, ἐπεὶ ἐξ ἐμεῦ ἔκλυες αὐτῆς","translation":"For you knew all of it well, since you heard it from me myself,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l93.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πάντα","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of ᾔδησθ᾽","gloss":"all of it"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"εὖ","lemma":"εὖ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ᾔδησθ᾽","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"ᾔδησθ","lemma":"οἶδα","morphology":"pluperfect active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"had known","note":"pluperfect ᾔδησθ᾽ from οἶδα: 'you had known/knew' — prior knowledge before the offense"},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"ἐξ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"ἐμεῦ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"genitive singular feminine pronoun","role":"adverbial to ἐξ","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ἔκλυες","lemma":"κλύω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἐπεὶ","gloss":"heard"},{"surface":"αὐτῆς","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"myself"}]},{"number":94,"label":"94","id":"b19-l94","source":"ὡς τὸν ξεῖνον ἔμελλον ἐνὶ μεγάροισιν ἐμοῖσιν","translation":"how I intended in my own halls","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l94.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὡς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"article","role":"modifies ξεῖνον","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ξεῖνον","lemma":"ξένος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of εἴρεσθαι","gloss":"stranger"},{"surface":"ἔμελλον","lemma":"μέλλω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"object of ὡς","gloss":"was intending"},{"surface":"ἐνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"μεγάροισιν","lemma":"μέγαρον","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἐνὶ","gloss":"halls"},{"surface":"ἐμοῖσιν","lemma":"ἐμός","morphology":"dative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies μεγάροισιν","gloss":"my own"}]},{"number":95,"label":"95","id":"b19-l95","source":"ἀμφὶ πόσει εἴρεσθαι, ἐπεὶ πυκινῶς ἀκάχημαι.","translation":"to question the stranger about my husband, since I am sharply grieved.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l95.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀμφὶ","lemma":"ἀμφί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"πόσει","lemma":"πόσις","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἀμφὶ","gloss":"husband"},{"surface":"εἴρεσθαι","lemma":"ἔρομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive infinitive","role":"object of ἔμελλον","gloss":"to question","note":"middle infinitive εἴρεσθαι: 'to ask/question' (for oneself)"},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"πυκινῶς","lemma":"πυκνός","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀκάχημαι","gloss":"sharply"},{"surface":"ἀκάχημαι","lemma":"ἀχεύω","morphology":"present passive indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἐπεὶ","gloss":"I am grieved"}]},{"number":96,"label":"96","id":"b19-l96","source":"ἦ ῥα καὶ Εὐρυνόμην ταμίην πρὸς μῦθον ἔειπεν·","translation":"She spoke, and addressed Eurynome the housekeeper:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l96.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ῥα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Εὐρυνόμην","lemma":"Εὐρυνόμη","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἔειπεν","gloss":"Eurynome"},{"surface":"ταμίην","lemma":"ταμία","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"modifies Εὐρυνόμην","gloss":"housekeeper"},{"surface":"πρὸς","lemma":"πρός","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"μῦθον","lemma":"μῦθος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἔειπεν","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"ἔειπεν","lemma":"εἶπον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spoke","note":"πρὸς...ἔειπεν: tmesis, 'spoke a word toward/to her' = addressed her"}]},{"number":97,"label":"97","id":"b19-l97","source":"Εὐρυνόμη, φέρε δὴ δίφρον καὶ κῶας ἐπʼ αὐτοῦ,","translation":"\"Eurynome, bring a chair now and a fleece upon it,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l97.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Εὐρυνόμη","lemma":"Εὐρυνόμη","morphology":"vocative singular feminine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"Eurynome"},{"surface":"φέρε","lemma":"φέρω","morphology":"present active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"bring"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"δίφρον","lemma":"δίφρος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"a chair"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κῶας","lemma":"κῶας","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"a fleece"},{"surface":"ἐπ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"αὐτοῦ","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἐπ᾽","gloss":"it"}]},{"number":98,"label":"98","id":"b19-l98","source":"ὄφρα καθεζόμενος εἴπῃ ἔπος ἠδʼ ἐπακούσῃ","translation":"so that the stranger may sit and speak his word and listen","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l98.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὄφρα","lemma":"ὄφρα","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"καθεζόμενος","lemma":"καθέζομαι","morphology":"present participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἠδ᾽","gloss":"sitting down"},{"surface":"εἴπῃ","lemma":"εἶπον","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἠδ᾽","gloss":"may speak"},{"surface":"ἔπος","lemma":"ἔπος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of εἴπῃ","gloss":"a word"},{"surface":"ἠδ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐπακούσῃ","lemma":"ἐπακούω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἠδ᾽","gloss":"may listen"}]},{"number":99,"label":"99","id":"b19-l99","source":"ὁ ξεῖνος ἐμέθεν· ἐθέλω δέ μιν ἐξερέεσθαι.","translation":"to me; for I wish to question him.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l99.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὁ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"article","role":"modifies ξεῖνος","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ξεῖνος","lemma":"ξένος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἠδ᾽","gloss":"stranger"},{"surface":"ἐμέθεν","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"genitive singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of ἐπακούσῃ","gloss":"to me","note":"ἐμέθεν: epic genitive form of ἐγώ used here as 'from/to me'"},{"surface":"ἐθέλω","lemma":"ἐθέλω","morphology":"present active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I wish"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἐξερέεσθαι","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ἐξερέεσθαι","lemma":"ἐξέρομαι","morphology":"present middle infinitive","role":"object of ἐθέλω","gloss":"to question"}]},{"number":100,"label":"100","id":"b19-l100","source":"ὣς ἔφαθʼ, ἡ δὲ μάλʼ ὀτραλέως κατέθηκε φέρουσα","translation":"So she spoke, and the woman very briskly brought and set down","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l100.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔφαθ᾽","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ἔφαθ","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"she spoke"},{"surface":"ἡ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μάλ","lemma":"μάλα","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"ὀτραλέως","lemma":"ὀτραλέος","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to κατέθηκε","gloss":"briskly"},{"surface":"κατέθηκε","lemma":"κατατίθημι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"set down"},{"surface":"φέρουσα","lemma":"φέρω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to κατέθηκε","gloss":"bringing"}]},{"number":101,"label":"101","id":"b19-l101","source":"δίφρον ἐΰξεστον καὶ ἐπʼ αὐτῷ κῶας ἔβαλλεν·","translation":"a polished chair, and threw a fleece upon it;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l101.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δίφρον","lemma":"δίφρος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of φέρουσα","gloss":"a chair"},{"surface":"ἐΰξεστον","lemma":"εὔξεστος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies δίφρον","gloss":"well-polished"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐπ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"αὐτῷ","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"object of ἐπ᾽","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"κῶας","lemma":"κῶας","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἔβαλλεν","gloss":"a fleece"},{"surface":"ἔβαλλεν","lemma":"βάλλω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"threw"}]},{"number":102,"label":"102","id":"b19-l102","source":"ἔνθα καθέζετʼ ἔπειτα πολύτλας δῖος Ὀδυσσεύς.","translation":"there then much-enduring noble Odysseus sat down.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l102.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"πολύτλας δῖος Ὀδυσσεύς","title":"Much-enduring noble Odysseus","body":"One of Odysseus's most frequent formulaic epithets, 'much-suffering' or 'much-enduring,' celebrating his capacity to bear hardship."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἔνθα","lemma":"ἔνθα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to καθέζετ᾽","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"καθέζετ","lemma":"καθέζετο","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"sat down"},{"surface":"ἔπειτα","lemma":"ἔπειτα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to καθέζετ᾽","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"πολύτλας","lemma":"πολύτλας","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ὀδυσσεύς","gloss":"much-enduring","note":"πολύτλας: standing Odysseus epithet, 'much-enduring', pairs with δῖος"},{"surface":"δῖος","lemma":"δῖος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ὀδυσσεύς","gloss":"noble"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσσεύς","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of καθέζετ᾽","gloss":"Odysseus"}]},{"number":103,"label":"103","id":"b19-l103","source":"τοῖσι δὲ μύθων ἦρχε περίφρων Πηνελόπεια·","translation":"And wise Penelope began the talk among them:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l103.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τοῖσι","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἦρχε","gloss":"to them"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μύθων","lemma":"μῦθος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἦρχε","gloss":"of words","note":"partitive genitive μύθων after ἦρχε: 'began (of) the talk'"},{"surface":"ἦρχε","lemma":"ἄρχω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"περίφρων","lemma":"περίφρων","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Πηνελόπεια","gloss":"circumspect"},{"surface":"Πηνελόπεια","lemma":"Πηνελόπεια","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἦρχε","gloss":"Penelope"}]},{"number":104,"label":"104","id":"b19-l104","source":"ξεῖνε, τὸ μέν σε πρῶτον ἐγὼν εἰρήσομαι αὐτή·","translation":"\"Stranger, this first I myself will ask you:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l104.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ξεῖνε","lemma":"ξένος","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"stranger"},{"surface":"τὸ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"object of εἰρήσομαι","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"μέν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"σε","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative singular pronoun","role":"object of εἰρήσομαι","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"πρῶτον","lemma":"πρῶτος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to εἰρήσομαι","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"ἐγὼν","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of εἰρήσομαι","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"εἰρήσομαι","lemma":"ἔρομαι","morphology":"future middle indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will ask"},{"surface":"αὐτή","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"myself"}]},{"number":105,"label":"105","id":"b19-l105","source":"τίς πόθεν εἶς ἀνδρῶν; πόθι τοι πόλις ἠδὲ τοκῆες;","translation":"who among men are you, and from where? Where is your city and your parents?\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l105.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"τίς πόθεν εἶς ἀνδρῶν;","title":"Who and from where? (formula)","body":"The standard Homeric question put to a guest, asking name, homeland, and lineage. It is the host's customary opening."}],"words":[{"surface":"τίς","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"πόθεν","lemma":"πόθεν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to εἶς","gloss":"from where"},{"surface":"εἶς","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"are you"},{"surface":"ἀνδρῶν","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies τίς","gloss":"of men"},{"surface":"πόθι","lemma":"πόθι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"adverbial","gloss":"your","note":"dative of possession τοι: 'your city' expressed as 'city to you'"},{"surface":"πόλις","lemma":"πόλις","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἠδὲ","gloss":"city"},{"surface":"ἠδὲ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τοκῆες","lemma":"τοκεύς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ἠδὲ","gloss":"parents"}]},{"number":106,"label":"106","id":"b19-l106","source":"τὴν δʼ ἀπαμειβόμενος προσέφη πολύμητις\n                  Ὀδυσσεύς·","translation":"Then Odysseus of many devices answered her:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l106.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὴν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of προσέφη","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀπαμειβόμενος","lemma":"ἀπαμείβομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to προσέφη","gloss":"answering"},{"surface":"προσέφη","lemma":"πρόσφημι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spoke to"},{"surface":"πολύμητις","lemma":"πολύμητις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ὀδυσσεύς","gloss":"of many wiles","note":"πολύμητις: standing epithet, 'of many devices/wiles' for Odysseus"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσσεύς","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of προσέφη","gloss":"Odysseus"}]},{"number":107,"label":"107","id":"b19-l107","source":"ὦ γύναι, οὐκ ἄν τίς σε βροτῶν ἐπʼ ἀπείρονα γαῖαν","translation":"\"Lady, no mortal upon the boundless earth","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l107.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὦ","lemma":"ὦ","morphology":"exclamation","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"O"},{"surface":"γύναι","lemma":"γυνή","morphology":"vocative singular feminine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"lady"},{"surface":"οὐκ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ἄν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"would","note":"ἄν + optative νεικέοι below: potential mood, 'no one could/would find fault'"},{"surface":"τίς","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of νεικέοι","gloss":"anyone"},{"surface":"σε","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative singular pronoun","role":"object of νεικέοι","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"βροτῶν","lemma":"βροτός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies τίς","gloss":"of mortals"},{"surface":"ἐπ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"ἀπείρονα","lemma":"ἀπείρων","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies γαῖαν","gloss":"boundless"},{"surface":"γαῖαν","lemma":"γαῖα","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"modifies ἐπ᾽","gloss":"earth"}]},{"number":108,"label":"108","id":"b19-l108","source":"νεικέοι· ἦ γάρ σευ κλέος οὐρανὸν εὐρὺν ἱκάνει,","translation":"could find fault with you; for indeed your fame reaches the wide heaven,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l108.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"κλέος","title":"Kleos (fame)","body":"Kleos is the glory or renown that spreads abroad and outlives a person—a central value in Homeric society. Penelope's reaches heaven itself."}],"words":[{"surface":"νεικέοι","lemma":"νεικέω","morphology":"present active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"find fault","note":"optative νεικέοι with ἄν: potential 'could find fault'"},{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"γάρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"σευ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"genitive singular pronoun","role":"modifies κλέος","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"κλέος","lemma":"κλέος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of ἱκάνει","gloss":"fame"},{"surface":"οὐρανὸν","lemma":"οὐρανός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἱκάνει","gloss":"heaven"},{"surface":"εὐρὺν","lemma":"εὐρύς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies οὐρανὸν","gloss":"wide"},{"surface":"ἱκάνει","lemma":"ἱκάνω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"reaches"}]},{"number":109,"label":"109","id":"b19-l109","source":"ὥς τέ τευ ἢ βασιλῆος ἀμύμονος, ὅς τε θεουδὴς","translation":"like that of some blameless king, who god-fearing","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l109.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὥς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"τέ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"τευ","lemma":"τις","morphology":"genitive singular pronoun","role":"modifies βασιλῆος","gloss":"of some"},{"surface":"ἢ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"βασιλῆος","lemma":"βασιλεύς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies","gloss":"king"},{"surface":"ἀμύμονος","lemma":"ἀμύμων","morphology":"genitive singular adjective","role":"modifies βασιλῆος","gloss":"blameless"},{"surface":"ὅς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἀνέχῃσι","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"θεουδὴς","lemma":"θεουδής","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"god-fearing","note":"θεουδής: compound epithet, 'fearing/reverencing the gods', ideal-king marker"}]},{"number":110,"label":"110","id":"b19-l110","source":"ἀνδράσιν ἐν πολλοῖσι καὶ ἰφθίμοισιν ἀνάσσων","translation":"and ruling over many strong men","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l110.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀνδράσιν","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἐν","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"πολλοῖσι","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἰφθίμοισιν","lemma":"ἴφθιμος","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"strong"},{"surface":"ἀνάσσων","lemma":"ἀνάσσω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἀνέχῃσι","gloss":"ruling"}]},{"number":111,"label":"111","id":"b19-l111","source":"εὐδικίας ἀνέχῃσι, φέρῃσι δὲ γαῖα μέλαινα","translation":"upholds good judgments, and the black earth bears for him","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l111.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἀνέχῃσι ... φέρῃσι","title":"Generalizing subjunctive","body":"These present subjunctives describe what any such good king habitually does; the long Homeric endings (-ῃσι) mark the generic, repeated action of a relative clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"εὐδικίας","lemma":"εὐδικία","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἀνέχῃσι","gloss":"good judgments"},{"surface":"ἀνέχῃσι","lemma":"ἀνέχω","morphology":"present active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing δὲ","gloss":"upholds"},{"surface":"φέρῃσι","lemma":"φέρω","morphology":"present active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing δὲ","gloss":"bears"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"γαῖα","lemma":"γαῖα","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of φέρῃσι","gloss":"earth"},{"surface":"μέλαινα","lemma":"μέλας","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies γαῖα","gloss":"black","note":"γαῖα μέλαινα: formulaic epic phrase, 'the black/dark earth'"}]},{"number":112,"label":"112","id":"b19-l112","source":"πυροὺς καὶ κριθάς, βρίθῃσι δὲ δένδρεα καρπῷ,","translation":"wheat and barley, and the trees are heavy with fruit,","scansion":"—— | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l112.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πυροὺς","lemma":"πυρός","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"wheat"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κριθάς","lemma":"κριθή","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"barley"},{"surface":"βρίθῃσι","lemma":"βρίθω","morphology":"present active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing δὲ","gloss":"is heavy with"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"δένδρεα","lemma":"δένδρεον","morphology":"nominative plural neuter noun","role":"subject of βρίθῃσι","gloss":"trees"},{"surface":"καρπῷ","lemma":"καρπός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of βρίθῃσι","gloss":"fruit"}]},{"number":113,"label":"113","id":"b19-l113","source":"τίκτῃ δʼ ἔμπεδα μῆλα, θάλασσα δὲ παρέχῃ ἰχθῦς","translation":"the flocks bring forth without fail, and the sea yields fish","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l113.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τίκτῃ","lemma":"τίκτω","morphology":"present active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing δὲ","gloss":"bring forth","note":"subjunctive in a general/habitual clause: 'may bring forth' → gnomic 'bring forth'"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔμπεδα","lemma":"ἔμπεδα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to τίκτῃ","gloss":"steadfastly","note":"adverbial neut. pl. ἔμπεδα used adverbially: 'without fail'"},{"surface":"μῆλα","lemma":"μῆλον","morphology":"nominative plural neuter noun","role":"subject of τίκτῃ","gloss":"flocks"},{"surface":"θάλασσα","lemma":"θάλασσα","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of παρέχῃ","gloss":"the sea"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"παρέχῃ","lemma":"παρέχω","morphology":"present active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing δὲ","gloss":"yields"},{"surface":"ἰχθῦς","lemma":"ἰχθύς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of παρέχῃ","gloss":"fish"}]},{"number":114,"label":"114","id":"b19-l114","source":"ἐξ εὐηγεσίης, ἀρετῶσι δὲ λαοὶ ὑπʼ αὐτοῦ.","translation":"under his good rule, and the people flourish beneath him.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l114.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐξ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from/under"},{"surface":"εὐηγεσίης","lemma":"εὐηγεσία","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐξ","gloss":"good rule","note":"εὐηγεσίη 'good leadership' — abstract noun tied to the king's justice theme (cf. l.111-112)"},{"surface":"ἀρετῶσι","lemma":"ἀρετάω","morphology":"present active subjunctive, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing δὲ","gloss":"flourish"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"λαοὶ","lemma":"λαός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ἀρετῶσι","gloss":"the people"},{"surface":"ὑπ","lemma":"ὑπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"beneath"},{"surface":"αὐτοῦ","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"adverbial to ὑπ᾽","gloss":"him","note":"gen. αὐτοῦ with ὑπό: 'under him' — genitive of agent-like source under a preposition"}]},{"number":115,"label":"115","id":"b19-l115","source":"τῷ ἐμὲ νῦν τὰ μὲν ἄλλα μετάλλα σῷ ἐνὶ οἴκῳ,","translation":"So ask me now about all else here in your house,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l115.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τῷ","lemma":"τῷ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"therefore","note":"τῷ here is an adverb 'therefore, so' (instrumental dat. of ὁ), not the article"},{"surface":"ἐμὲ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of μετάλλα","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"νῦν","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to μετάλλα","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"τὰ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"article","role":"modifies ἄλλα","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἄλλα","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of μετάλλα","gloss":"other things"},{"surface":"μετάλλα","lemma":"μεταλλάω","morphology":"present active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"ask about","note":"imperative μετάλλα 'ask, inquire' — Penelope invites questions but forbids one topic (next line)"},{"surface":"σῷ","lemma":"σός","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies οἴκῳ","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"ἐνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"οἴκῳ","lemma":"οἶκος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐνὶ","gloss":"house"}]},{"number":116,"label":"116","id":"b19-l116","source":"μηδʼ ἐμὸν ἐξερέεινε γένος καὶ πατρίδα γαῖαν,","translation":"but do not probe into my lineage and my native land,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l116.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἐξερέεινε","title":"Negative command","body":"μηδέ with the present imperative ἐξερέεινε forbids an ongoing action: 'stop asking,' 'do not keep probing.' The present aspect suits a prohibition against continuing."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἐμὸν","lemma":"ἐμός","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies γένος","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"ἐξερέεινε","lemma":"ἐξερεείνω","morphology":"present active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"probe into","note":"imperative continuing μηδ(έ): 'and do not ask about' my lineage — the disguised Odysseus riddle motif"},{"surface":"γένος","lemma":"γένος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"lineage"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πατρίδα","lemma":"πατρίς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies γαῖαν","gloss":"native"},{"surface":"γαῖαν","lemma":"γαῖα","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"land"}]},{"number":117,"label":"117","id":"b19-l117","source":"μή μοι μᾶλλον θυμὸν ἐνιπλήσῃς ὀδυνάων","translation":"lest you fill my heart still fuller with sorrows","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l117.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μή","lemma":"μή","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"lest"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies θυμὸν","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"μᾶλλον","lemma":"μᾶλλον","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐνιπλήσῃς","gloss":"further","note":"comparative adverb μᾶλλον 'more' modifying the filling of grief — 'still fuller'"},{"surface":"θυμὸν","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐνιπλήσῃς","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"ἐνιπλήσῃς","lemma":"ἐμπίπλημι","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 2nd singular verb","role":"adverbial to μή","gloss":"fill"},{"surface":"ὀδυνάων","lemma":"ὀδύνη","morphology":"genitive plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἐνιπλήσῃς","gloss":"with sorrows"}]},{"number":118,"label":"118","id":"b19-l118","source":"μνησαμένῳ μάλα δʼ εἰμὶ πολύστονος· οὐδέ τί με χρὴ","translation":"as I remember; I am a man of much grieving. And it is not right for me","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l118.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"μνησαμένῳ","title":"Participle of the speaker","body":"The aorist middle participle agrees with an implied 'me': sorrow would fill the heart of me 'having remembered.' Homer often lets such participles carry the temporal sense 'when/once I remember.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"μνησαμένῳ","lemma":"μιμνήσκω","morphology":"aorist middle participle, dative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"remembering","note":"dat. participle 'to one remembering' — dat. of the person affected, agreeing loosely with implicit 'me'"},{"surface":"μάλα","lemma":"μάλα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to μνησαμένῳ","gloss":"greatly"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"εἰμὶ","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I am"},{"surface":"πολύστονος","lemma":"πολύστονος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"full of grief","note":"πολύστονος 'much-groaning' — a compound epithet of sorrow, predicate of εἰμί"},{"surface":"τί","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"με","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἧσθαι","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"χρὴ","lemma":"χρή","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"it is right"}]},{"number":119,"label":"119","id":"b19-l119","source":"οἴκῳ ἐν ἀλλοτρίῳ γοόωντά τε μυρόμενόν τε","translation":"to sit weeping and wailing in a house not my own,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l119.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἴκῳ","lemma":"οἶκος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ἀλλοτρίῳ","lemma":"ἀλλότριος","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies οἴκῳ","gloss":"another's","note":"ἀλλότριος 'belonging to another' — spoken by the disguised beggar (Odysseus) about himself: he calls it 'another's house' as part of his stranger persona, though it is in dramatic irony actually his own palace"},{"surface":"γοόωντά","lemma":"γοάω","morphology":"present active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"weeping"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μυρόμενόν","lemma":"μύρω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"wailing"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"}]},{"number":120,"label":"120","id":"b19-l120","source":"ἧσθαι, ἐπεὶ κάκιον πενθήμεναι ἄκριτον αἰεί·","translation":"since it is the worse thing to mourn endlessly without measure;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l120.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἧσθαι","lemma":"ἧμαι","morphology":"perfect middle infinitive","role":"subject of χρὴ","gloss":"to sit","note":"perfect middle infinitive of ἧμαι 'to sit' with present sense — stative perfect typical of this verb"},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"κάκιον","lemma":"κακός","morphology":"nominative singular neuter comparative adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"worse"},{"surface":"πενθήμεναι","lemma":"πενθέω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"subject","gloss":"to mourn"},{"surface":"ἄκριτον","lemma":"ἄκριτος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to πενθήμεναι","gloss":"without measure","note":"ἄκριτος 'undistinguished, endless' modifying the infinitive's manner: 'to mourn without limit'"},{"surface":"αἰεί","lemma":"ἀεί","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to πενθήμεναι","gloss":"always"}]},{"number":121,"label":"121","id":"b19-l121","source":"μή τίς μοι δμῳῶν νεμεσήσεται, ἠὲ σύ γʼ αὐτή,","translation":"lest one of the maids be angry with me, or you yourself,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l121.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μή","lemma":"μή","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"lest"},{"surface":"τίς","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of ἠὲ","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of νεμεσήσεται","gloss":"at me"},{"surface":"δμῳῶν","lemma":"δμωή","morphology":"genitive plural feminine noun","role":"modifies τίς","gloss":"of the maids"},{"surface":"νεμεσήσεται","lemma":"νεμεσάω","morphology":"aorist middle subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"be angry"},{"surface":"ἠὲ","lemma":"ἠέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"σύ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"nominative singular pronoun","role":"subject of ἠὲ","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"γ","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"αὐτή","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"yourself"}]},{"number":122,"label":"122","id":"b19-l122","source":"φῇ δὲ δακρυπλώειν βεβαρηότα με φρένας οἴνῳ.","translation":"and say I drift in tears because my wits are heavy with wine.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l122.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"δακρυπλώειν","title":"\"Drift in tears\"","body":"A rare compound joining 'tear' (δάκρυ) and 'to sail/float' (πλώω): to be so soaked in weeping as to be 'awash.' Odysseus fears being thought a maudlin drunk."}],"words":[{"surface":"φῇ","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"say","note":"subjunctive φῇ continuing the fear-clause μή...νεμεσήσεται...φῇ: 'lest she say'"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"δακρυπλώειν","lemma":"δακρυπλώω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of φῇ","gloss":"drift in tears","note":"vivid compound δακρυπλώειν 'to swim/float in tears' — striking metaphor for weeping"},{"surface":"βεβαρηότα","lemma":"βαρέω","morphology":"perfect active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to δακρυπλώειν","gloss":"heavy","note":"perfect participle βεβαρηότα 'having been weighed down' — wine as a heavy burden on the wits"},{"surface":"με","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of δακρυπλώειν","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"φρένας","lemma":"φρήν","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to βεβαρηότα","gloss":"in wits"},{"surface":"οἴνῳ","lemma":"οἶνος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of βεβαρηότα","gloss":"with wine"}]},{"number":123,"label":"123","id":"b19-l123","source":"τὸν δʼ ἠμείβετʼ ἔπειτα περίφρων Πηνελόπεια·","translation":"Then wise Penelope answered him:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l123.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἠμείβετ᾽","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἠμείβετ","lemma":"ἀμείβω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"ἔπειτα","lemma":"ἔπειτα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἠμείβετ᾽","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"περίφρων","lemma":"περίφρων","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"modifies Πηνελόπεια","gloss":"wise","note":"περίφρων 'very thoughtful' — Penelope's standard Homeric epithet, marking her cunning intelligence"},{"surface":"Πηνελόπεια","lemma":"Πηνελόπεια","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἠμείβετ᾽","gloss":"Penelope"}]},{"number":124,"label":"124","id":"b19-l124","source":"ξεῖνʼ, ἦ τοι μὲν ἐμὴν ἀρετὴν εἶδός τε δέμας τε","translation":"\"Stranger, truly my excellence, my looks and my form,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l124.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ξεῖν","lemma":"ξένος","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"stranger","note":"vocative ξεῖν(ε) 'O stranger' — Penelope still addresses the disguised Odysseus formally"},{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"τοι","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἐμὴν","lemma":"ἐμός","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἀρετὴν","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"ἀρετὴν","lemma":"ἀρετή","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ὤλεσαν","gloss":"excellence"},{"surface":"εἶδός","lemma":"εἶδος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to τε","gloss":"looks"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"δέμας","lemma":"δέμας","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to τε","gloss":"form"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"}]},{"number":125,"label":"125","id":"b19-l125","source":"ὤλεσαν ἀθάνατοι, ὅτε Ἴλιον εἰσανέβαινον","translation":"the immortals destroyed when the Argives embarked for Ilium,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l125.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὤλεσαν","lemma":"ὄλλυμι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"destroyed","note":"aorist ὤλεσαν 'destroyed' referring to a specific past event, not a gnomic/general aorist: the gods robbed Penelope of her beauty/fame when the men departed for Troy"},{"surface":"ἀθάνατοι","lemma":"ἀθάνατος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"subject of ὤλεσαν","gloss":"the immortals"},{"surface":"ὅτε","lemma":"ὅτε","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"Ἴλιον","lemma":"Ἴλιος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of εἰσανέβαινον","gloss":"Ilium"},{"surface":"εἰσανέβαινον","lemma":"εἰσαναβαίνω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to δ᾽","gloss":"embarked for"}]},{"number":126,"label":"126","id":"b19-l126","source":"Ἀργεῖοι, μετὰ τοῖσι δʼ ἐμὸς πόσις ᾖεν Ὀδυσσεύς","translation":"and among them went my husband Odysseus.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l126.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ἀργεῖοι","lemma":"Ἀργεῖος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"subject of εἰσανέβαινον","gloss":"the Argives"},{"surface":"μετὰ","lemma":"μετά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"τοῖσι","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative plural masculine pronoun","role":"adverbial to μετὰ","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐμὸς","lemma":"ἐμός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies πόσις","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"πόσις","lemma":"πόσις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"husband"},{"surface":"ᾖεν","lemma":"εἶμι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to δ᾽","gloss":"went","note":"epic imperfect ᾖεν (εἶμι) 'was going' — vivid past scene-setting for Odysseus's departure"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσσεύς","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"Odysseus"}]},{"number":127,"label":"127","id":"b19-l127","source":"εἰ κεῖνός γʼ ἐλθὼν τὸν ἐμὸν βίον ἀμφιπολεύοι,","translation":"If he were to come and take charge of my life again,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l127.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἐλθὼν ... ἀμφιπολεύοι","title":"Optative wish/condition","body":"The present optative ἀμφιπολεύοι frames an unreal, hoped-for situation: 'if only he might come and tend it.' The optative carries the remote, wished-for tone."}],"words":[{"surface":"εἰ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"κεῖνός","lemma":"κεῖνος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"subject of ἀμφιπολεύοι","gloss":"that one","note":"κεῖνος 'that (famous) one' — Penelope's guarded way of referring to Odysseus"},{"surface":"γ","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἐλθὼν","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἀμφιπολεύοι","gloss":"coming"},{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"article","role":"modifies βίον","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ἐμὸν","lemma":"ἐμός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies βίον","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"βίον","lemma":"βίος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἀμφιπολεύοι","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"ἀμφιπολεύοι","lemma":"ἀμφιπολεύω","morphology":"present active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to εἰ","gloss":"take charge of","note":"optative ἀμφιπολεύοι in a remote future/wish condition with εἰ...κε: 'were he to tend'"}]},{"number":128,"label":"128","id":"b19-l128","source":"μεῖζον κε κλέος εἴη ἐμὸν καὶ κάλλιον οὕτως.","translation":"then greater would my fame be, and fairer thus.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l128.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μεῖζον","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"nominative singular neuter comparative adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"greater"},{"surface":"κε","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"would","note":"modal particle κε with optative εἴη marks a contrary-to-fact/potential result: 'would be'"},{"surface":"κλέος","lemma":"κλέος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of εἴη","gloss":"fame"},{"surface":"εἴη","lemma":"ἐάω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"would be"},{"surface":"ἐμὸν","lemma":"ἐμός","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies κλέος","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κάλλιον","lemma":"καλός","morphology":"nominative singular neuter comparative adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"fairer"},{"surface":"οὕτως","lemma":"οὕτως","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to εἴη","gloss":"thus"}]},{"number":129,"label":"129","id":"b19-l129","source":"νῦν δʼ ἄχομαι· τόσα γάρ μοι ἐπέσσευεν κακὰ δαίμων.","translation":"But now I grieve, so many are the evils a god has loosed upon me.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l129.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"νῦν","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἄχομαι","gloss":"but now"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄχομαι","lemma":"ἀχεύω","morphology":"present passive indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I grieve"},{"surface":"τόσα","lemma":"τόσος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies κακὰ","gloss":"so many"},{"surface":"γάρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of ἐπέσσευεν","gloss":"upon me"},{"surface":"ἐπέσσευεν","lemma":"ἐπισεύω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"has loosed","note":"ἐπισεύω 'set upon, unleash' — vivid image of a god hurling evils at her, aorist ἐπέσσευεν"},{"surface":"κακὰ","lemma":"κακός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of ἐπέσσευεν","gloss":"evils"},{"surface":"δαίμων","lemma":"δαίμων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐπέσσευεν","gloss":"a god"}]},{"number":130,"label":"130","id":"b19-l130","source":"ὅσσοι γὰρ νήσοισιν ἐπικρατέουσιν ἄριστοι,","translation":"For all the noblest who hold power over the islands,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l130.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὅσσοι","lemma":"ὅσος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἄριστοι","gloss":"as many as"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"νήσοισιν","lemma":"νῆσος","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ,","gloss":"the islands"},{"surface":"ἐπικρατέουσιν","lemma":"ἐπικρατέω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing οἵ","gloss":"hold power over"},{"surface":"ἄριστοι","lemma":"ἄριστος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"subject of ἐπικρατέουσιν","gloss":"noblest"}]},{"number":131,"label":"131","id":"b19-l131","source":"Δουλιχίῳ τε Σάμῃ τε καὶ ὑλήεντι Ζακύνθῳ,","translation":"over Dulichium and Same and wooded Zacynthus,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l131.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Δουλιχίῳ","lemma":"Δουλιχιόν","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"Dulichium"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Σάμῃ","lemma":"Σάμη","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"Same"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὑλήεντι","lemma":"ὑλήεις","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Ζακύνθῳ","gloss":"wooded","note":"ὑλήεις 'wooded, forested' — formulaic epithet for Zacynthus, part of the island catalogue"},{"surface":"Ζακύνθῳ","lemma":"Ζάκυνθος","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"Zacynthus"}]},{"number":132,"label":"132","id":"b19-l132","source":"οἵ τʼ αὐτὴν Ἰθάκην εὐδείελον ἀμφινέμονται,","translation":"and those who dwell about Ithaca itself, clear in the sun,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l132.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"εὐδείελον","title":"Epithet of Ithaca","body":"A standing epithet, roughly 'far-seen' or 'clear in the light'—an island that stands out plainly. We keep the concrete image rather than flatten it."}],"words":[{"surface":"οἵ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἀμφινέμονται","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αὐτὴν","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"Ἰθάκην","lemma":"Ἰθάκη","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἀμφινέμονται","gloss":"Ithaca"},{"surface":"εὐδείελον","lemma":"εὐδείελος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Ἰθάκην","gloss":"clear in the sun","note":"εὐδείελος a stock Homeric epithet for Ithaca, 'sunny/clearly seen' — geographically debated but formulaic"},{"surface":"ἀμφινέμονται","lemma":"ἀμφινέμομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ἄριστοι","gloss":"dwell about"}]},{"number":133,"label":"133","id":"b19-l133","source":"οἵ μʼ ἀεκαζομένην μνῶνται, τρύχουσι δὲ οἶκον.","translation":"they woo me against my will and waste away my house.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l133.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἵ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of δὲ","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"μ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of μνῶνται","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ἀεκαζομένην","lemma":"ἀεκαζόμενος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"unwilling","note":"middle/passive participle ἀεκαζομένην 'being unwilling' — she is wooed against her own will"},{"surface":"μνῶνται","lemma":"μνάομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"woo"},{"surface":"τρύχουσι","lemma":"τρύχω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"waste away"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"οἶκον","lemma":"οἶκος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of τρύχουσι","gloss":"my house"}]},{"number":134,"label":"134","id":"b19-l134","source":"τῷ οὔτε ξείνων ἐμπάξομαι οὔθʼ ἱκετάων","translation":"So I take no heed of strangers, nor of suppliants,","scansion":"—— | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l134.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τῷ","lemma":"τῷ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"so","note":"τῷ again as adverb 'therefore, so' (dat. of ὁ used adverbially), not the article — same construction as l.115"},{"surface":"ξείνων","lemma":"ξένος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"object of τε","gloss":"strangers"},{"surface":"ἐμπάξομαι","lemma":"ἐμπάζομαι","morphology":"future medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"take heed of","note":"future middle ἐμπάξομαι 'I shall care for/heed' — she declares she'll no longer entertain guests properly"},{"surface":"οὔθ","lemma":"οὔτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"ἱκετάων","lemma":"ἱκέτης","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"object of τε","gloss":"suppliants"}]},{"number":135,"label":"135","id":"b19-l135","source":"οὔτε τι κηρύκων, οἳ δημιοεργοὶ ἔασιν·","translation":"nor at all of heralds, who do the people's work;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l135.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τι","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"κηρύκων","lemma":"κῆρυξ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"object of τε","gloss":"heralds"},{"surface":"οἳ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἔασιν","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"δημιοεργοὶ","lemma":"δημιουργός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"public workers","note":"δημιοεργός 'craftsman/worker for the people' — heralds classed among skilled public professionals"},{"surface":"ἔασιν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing κηρύκων","gloss":"are"}]},{"number":136,"label":"136","id":"b19-l136","source":"ἀλλʼ Ὀδυσῆ ποθέουσα φίλον κατατήκομαι ἦτορ.","translation":"but longing for Odysseus I melt away my own heart.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l136.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσῆ","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ποθέουσα","gloss":"Odysseus"},{"surface":"ποθέουσα","lemma":"ποθέω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to κατατήκομαι","gloss":"longing for"},{"surface":"φίλον","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἦτορ","gloss":"my own"},{"surface":"κατατήκομαι","lemma":"κατατήκω","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"melt away","note":"κατατήκομαι 'I waste/melt away' — vivid metaphor of grief consuming the heart"},{"surface":"ἦτορ","lemma":"ἦτορ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of κατατήκομαι","gloss":"heart"}]},{"number":137,"label":"137","id":"b19-l137","source":"οἱ δὲ γάμον σπεύδουσιν· ἐγὼ δὲ δόλους τολυπεύω.","translation":"They press for the marriage, but I spin out my schemes.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l137.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"δόλους τολυπεύω","title":"\"Spin out tricks\"","body":"τολυπεύω means literally to wind wool into a ball; here it is a weaving metaphor for contriving stratagems—apt, since her great trick is the loom itself."}],"words":[{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of σπεύδουσιν","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"γάμον","lemma":"γάμος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of σπεύδουσιν","gloss":"marriage"},{"surface":"σπεύδουσιν","lemma":"σπεύδω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"press for"},{"surface":"ἐγὼ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of τολυπεύω","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"δόλους","lemma":"δόλος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of τολυπεύω","gloss":"schemes"},{"surface":"τολυπεύω","lemma":"τολυπεύω","morphology":"present active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spin out","note":"τολυπεύω lit. 'wind off wool into a ball' — weaving metaphor for devising cunning plans, matches the shroud trick that follows"}]},{"number":138,"label":"138","id":"b19-l138","source":"φᾶρος μέν μοι πρῶτον ἐνέπνευσε φρεσὶ δαίμων,","translation":"First a god breathed into my mind the thought of a robe:","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l138.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"φᾶρος","lemma":"φᾶρος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ὑφαίνειν","gloss":"a robe","note":"φᾶρος, the famous shroud for Laertes — setup for Penelope's weaving trick"},{"surface":"μέν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of ἐνέπνευσε","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"πρῶτον","lemma":"πρῶτος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ἐνέπνευσε","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"ἐνέπνευσε","lemma":"ἐμπνέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"breathed into","note":"ἐμπνέω 'breathe into' — a god inspires the idea, common Homeric motif of divine prompting"},{"surface":"φρεσὶ","lemma":"φρήν","morphology":"dative plural noun","role":"object of ἐνέπνευσε","gloss":"in mind"},{"surface":"δαίμων","lemma":"δαίμων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐνέπνευσε","gloss":"a god"}]},{"number":139,"label":"139","id":"b19-l139","source":"στησαμένῃ μέγαν ἱστόν, ἐνὶ μεγάροισιν ὑφαίνειν,","translation":"I set up a great loom in the hall and began to weave,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l139.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"στησαμένῃ","lemma":"ἵστημι","morphology":"aorist middle participle, dative singular feminine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"setting up","note":"aorist middle participle στησαμένῃ 'having set up (for myself)' — middle voice marks her own benefit/agency"},{"surface":"μέγαν","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἱστόν","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"ἱστόν","lemma":"ἱστός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of στησαμένῃ","gloss":"loom"},{"surface":"ἐνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"μεγάροισιν","lemma":"μέγαρον","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἐνὶ","gloss":"the halls"},{"surface":"ὑφαίνειν","lemma":"ὑφαίνω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of ἐνέπνευσε","gloss":"weave"}]},{"number":140,"label":"140","id":"b19-l140","source":"λεπτὸν καὶ περίμετρον· ἄφαρ δʼ αὐτοῖς μετέειπον·","translation":"a fine web of vast measure; and at once I said to them:","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l140.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"λεπτὸν","lemma":"λεπτός","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"fine"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"περίμετρον","lemma":"περίμετρος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"vast","note":"περίμετρος 'of great compass' — the huge, endless web that lets her stall the suitors"},{"surface":"ἄφαρ","lemma":"ἄφαρ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to μετέειπον","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αὐτοῖς","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of μετέειπον","gloss":"to them"},{"surface":"μετέειπον","lemma":"μετεῖπον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"said"}]},{"number":141,"label":"141","id":"b19-l141","source":"κοῦροι, ἐμοὶ μνηστῆρες, ἐπεὶ θάνε δῖος\n                        Ὀδυσσεύς,","translation":"'Young men, my suitors, since noble Odysseus is dead,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l141.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κοῦροι","lemma":"κόρος","morphology":"vocative plural masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"young men"},{"surface":"ἐμοὶ","lemma":"ἐμός","morphology":"vocative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies μνηστῆρες","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"μνηστῆρες","lemma":"μνηστήρ","morphology":"vocative plural masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"suitors"},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"θάνε","lemma":"θνήσκω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἐπεὶ","gloss":"died"},{"surface":"δῖος","lemma":"δῖος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ὀδυσσεύς","gloss":"noble"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσσεύς","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of θάνε","gloss":"Odysseus"}]},{"number":142,"label":"142","id":"b19-l142","source":"μίμνετʼ ἐπειγόμενοι τὸν ἐμὸν γάμον, εἰς ὅ κε φᾶρος","translation":"hold back, though you press my marriage, until I finish this robe—","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l142.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μίμνετ","lemma":"μίμνω","morphology":"present active imperative, 2nd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"hold back","note":"Imperative μίμνετ(ε): Penelope commanding the suitors to wait."},{"surface":"ἐπειγόμενοι","lemma":"ἐπείγω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to μίμνετ᾽","gloss":"pressing (me)"},{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"article","role":"modifies γάμον","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ἐμὸν","lemma":"ἐμός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies γάμον","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"γάμον","lemma":"γάμος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐπειγόμενοι","gloss":"marriage"},{"surface":"εἰς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"ὅ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"adverbial to εἰς","gloss":"which (point)"},{"surface":"κε","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"[modal ke]","note":"Epic κε with subjunctive marks an indefinite 'until whenever' clause."},{"surface":"φᾶρος","lemma":"φᾶρος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἐκτελέσω","gloss":"robe"}]},{"number":143,"label":"143","id":"b19-l143","source":"ἐκτελέσω—μή μοι μεταμώνια νήματʼ ὄληται—","translation":"let not my spinning be wasted and the threads come to nothing—","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l143.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular feminine pronoun","role":"adverbial to ὄληται","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"μεταμώνια","lemma":"μεταμώνιος","morphology":"nominative plural neuter adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"in vain","note":"Predicate adjective: 'lest the threads become useless'—vivid weaving metaphor for wasted effort."},{"surface":"νήματ","lemma":"νῆμα","morphology":"nominative plural neuter noun","role":"subject of ὄληται","gloss":"threads"},{"surface":"ὄληται—","lemma":"ὄλλυμι","morphology":"aorist middle subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to μή","gloss":"be lost"}]},{"number":144,"label":"144","id":"b19-l144","source":"Λαέρτῃ ἥρωϊ ταφήϊον, εἰς ὅτε κέν μιν","translation":"a shroud for the hero Laertes, against the time when","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l144.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Λαέρτῃ","lemma":"Λαέρτης","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐκτελέσω","gloss":"Laertes"},{"surface":"ἥρωϊ","lemma":"ἥρως","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Λαέρτῃ","gloss":"hero","note":"Appositive epithet: 'Laertes the hero'—formulaic honorific."},{"surface":"ταφήϊον","lemma":"ταφήιος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies φᾶρος","gloss":"funeral (shroud)"},{"surface":"εἰς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"ὅτε","lemma":"ὅστε","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"adverbial to εἰς","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"κέν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"[modal ke]"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of καθέλῃσι","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":145,"label":"145","id":"b19-l145","source":"μοῖρʼ ὀλοὴ καθέλῃσι τανηλεγέος θανάτοιο·","translation":"the ruinous doom of death that lays men low takes hold of him;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l145.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"τανηλεγέος θανάτοιο","title":"Epithet of death","body":"A formulaic genitive phrase for death, often rendered 'death that brings long woe' or 'lays men full-length low.' The exact sense is disputed even in antiquity; we keep its grave, formulaic weight."}],"words":[{"surface":"μοῖρ","lemma":"μοῖρα","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of καθέλῃσι","gloss":"doom","note":"μοῖρα personified as the agent that 'takes down' a man—fate as active subject."},{"surface":"ὀλοὴ","lemma":"ὀλοός","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies μοῖρ᾽","gloss":"ruinous"},{"surface":"καθέλῃσι","lemma":"καθαιρέω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἐκτελέσω","gloss":"lays low"},{"surface":"τανηλεγέος","lemma":"τανηλεγής","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies θανάτοιο","gloss":"outstretching"},{"surface":"θανάτοιο","lemma":"θάνατος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies μοῖρ᾽","gloss":"of death","note":"τανηλεγέος θανάτοιο: stock Homeric formula, 'death that stretches men out.'"}]},{"number":146,"label":"146","id":"b19-l146","source":"μή τίς μοι κατὰ δῆμον Ἀχαιϊάδων νεμεσήσῃ,","translation":"so that none of the Achaean women in the land may blame me","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l146.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μή","lemma":"μή","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"lest"},{"surface":"τίς","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of νεμεσήσῃ","gloss":"anyone"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of νεμεσήσῃ","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"κατὰ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"throughout"},{"surface":"δῆμον","lemma":"δῆμος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies κατὰ","gloss":"the land"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιϊάδων","lemma":"Ἀχαιίς","morphology":"genitive plural feminine noun","role":"modifies τίς","gloss":"Achaean women","note":"Ἀχαιίς: feminine ethnic noun, 'Achaean woman'—rare form built off Ἀχαιός."},{"surface":"νεμεσήσῃ","lemma":"νεμεσάω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to μή","gloss":"blame"}]},{"number":147,"label":"147","id":"b19-l147","source":"αἴ κεν ἄτερ σπείρου κεῖται πολλὰ κτεατίσσας.","translation":"if he lay without a winding-sheet, who had won so much.'","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l147.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αἴ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"κεν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"[modal ke]"},{"surface":"ἄτερ","lemma":"ἄτερ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"σπείρου","lemma":"σπεῖρον","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἄτερ","gloss":"a shroud"},{"surface":"κεῖται","lemma":"κεῖμαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to αἴ","gloss":"lies"},{"surface":"πολλὰ","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of κτεατίσσας","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"κτεατίσσας","lemma":"κτεατίζω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to κεῖται","gloss":"having won","note":"κτεατίζω 'to acquire'—irony: a rich man dying with no proper burial cloth."}]},{"number":148,"label":"148","id":"b19-l148","source":"ὣς ἐφάμην, τοῖσιν δʼ ἐπεπείθετο θυμὸς\n                     ἀγήνωρ.","translation":"So I spoke, and their proud hearts were persuaded.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l148.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐφάμην","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ἐφάμην","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I spoke","note":"ἐφάμην: middle-voice imperfect of φημί, common epic 'I said' formula."},{"surface":"τοῖσιν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative plural masculine pronoun","role":"adverbial to ἐπεπείθετο","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐπεπείθετο","lemma":"ἐπιπείθομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was persuaded"},{"surface":"θυμὸς","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐπεπείθετο","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"ἀγήνωρ","lemma":"ἀγήνωρ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies θυμὸς","gloss":"proud","note":"ἀγήνωρ 'manly-hearted'—stock epithet often applied to θυμός or to warriors."}]},{"number":149,"label":"149","id":"b19-l149","source":"ἔνθα καὶ ἠματίη μὲν ὑφαίνεσκον μέγαν ἱστόν,","translation":"Then by day I would weave at the great loom,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l149.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ὑφαίνεσκον","title":"Iterative imperfect","body":"The suffix -σκ- marks repeated, habitual past action: 'I used to weave.' Homer pairs it here with ἀλλύεσκον ('I used to unravel') in the next line to capture her nightly routine."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἔνθα","lemma":"ἔνθα","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἠματίη","lemma":"ἠμάτιος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"by day"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"[particle men]"},{"surface":"ὑφαίνεσκον","lemma":"ὑφαίνω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"would weave","note":"Iterative -σκ- suffix (ὑφαίνεσκον): 'kept weaving,' habitual past action."},{"surface":"μέγαν","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἱστόν","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"ἱστόν","lemma":"ἱστός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ὑφαίνεσκον","gloss":"loom"}]},{"number":150,"label":"150","id":"b19-l150","source":"νύκτας δʼ ἀλλύεσκον, ἐπεὶ δαΐδας παραθείμην.","translation":"but at night, once I had set torches by, I would unravel it.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l150.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"νύκτας","lemma":"νύξ","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἀλλύεσκον","gloss":"nights"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀλλύεσκον","lemma":"ἀναλύω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"would unravel","note":"Same iterative -σκ- pattern as ὑφαίνεσκον, mirroring the weave/unweave cycle."},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"δαΐδας","lemma":"δαίς","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of παραθείμην","gloss":"torches"},{"surface":"παραθείμην","lemma":"παρατίθημι","morphology":"aorist middle optative, 1st singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἐπεὶ","gloss":"had set by"}]},{"number":151,"label":"151","id":"b19-l151","source":"ὣς τρίετες μὲν ἔληθον ἐγὼ καὶ ἔπειθον Ἀχαιούς·","translation":"So for three years I went unseen and persuaded the Achaeans;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l151.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"τρίετες","lemma":"τριέτης","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"for three years","note":"τρίετες: accusative of extent of time, 'for a three-year span.'"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"[particle men]"},{"surface":"ἔληθον","lemma":"λανθάνω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"went unnoticed"},{"surface":"ἐγὼ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔπειθον","lemma":"πείθω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"persuaded"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιούς","lemma":"Ἀχαιός","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of ἔπειθον","gloss":"the Achaeans"}]},{"number":152,"label":"152","id":"b19-l152","source":"ἀλλʼ ὅτε τέτρατον ἦλθεν ἔτος καὶ ἐπήλυθον ὧραι,","translation":"but when the fourth year came and the seasons rolled round,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l152.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ὅτε","lemma":"ὅτε","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"τέτρατον","lemma":"τέτρατος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἔτος","gloss":"fourth"},{"surface":"ἦλθεν","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to δ᾽","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"ἔτος","lemma":"ἔτος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of ἦλθεν","gloss":"year"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐπήλυθον","lemma":"ἐπέρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to δ᾽","gloss":"came round","note":"ἐπέρχομαι of the seasons 'coming on'—same verb root as line's ἦλθεν, doubling the sense of time passing."},{"surface":"ὧραι","lemma":"ὥρα","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject of ἐπήλυθον","gloss":"seasons"}]},{"number":153,"label":"153","id":"b19-l153","source":"μηνῶν φθινόντων, περὶ δʼ ἤματα πόλλʼ ἐτελέσθη,","translation":"as the months waned and many days were accomplished,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l153.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μηνῶν","lemma":"μείς","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"subject of φθινόντων","gloss":"of months"},{"surface":"φθινόντων","lemma":"φθίω","morphology":"present active participle, genitive plural masculine","role":"adverbial to δ᾽","gloss":"waning"},{"surface":"περὶ","lemma":"περί","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἤματα","lemma":"ἦμαρ","morphology":"nominative plural neuter noun","role":"subject of ἐτελέσθη","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"πόλλ","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"nominative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἤματα","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"ἐτελέσθη","lemma":"τελέω","morphology":"aorist passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to δ᾽","gloss":"were accomplished"}]},{"number":154,"label":"154","id":"b19-l154","source":"καὶ τότε δή με διὰ δμῳάς, κύνας οὐκ ἀλεγούσας,","translation":"then indeed, through my maids—shameless dogs—","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l154.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τότε","lemma":"τότε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"δή","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"με","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"διὰ","lemma":"διά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"δμῳάς","lemma":"δμωή","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ,","gloss":"maidservants"},{"surface":"κύνας","lemma":"κύων","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ,","gloss":"dogs","note":"κύνας in apposition to δμῳάς — Penelope calling her own maids 'dogs,' a harsh insult formula."},{"surface":"οὐκ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ἀλεγούσας","lemma":"ἀλέγω","morphology":"present active participle, accusative plural feminine","role":"modifies κύνας","gloss":"caring"}]},{"number":155,"label":"155","id":"b19-l155","source":"εἷλον ἐπελθόντες καὶ ὁμόκλησαν ἐπέεσσιν.","translation":"they came upon me and caught me, and rebuked me with their words.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l155.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἷλον","lemma":"αἱρέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"caught"},{"surface":"ἐπελθόντες","lemma":"ἐπέρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to εἷλον","gloss":"coming upon (me)"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὁμόκλησαν","lemma":"ὁμοκλέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"rebuked"},{"surface":"ἐπέεσσιν","lemma":"ἔπος","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ὁμόκλησαν","gloss":"with words"}]},{"number":156,"label":"156","id":"b19-l156","source":"ὣς τὸ μὲν ἐξετέλεσσα, καὶ οὐκ ἐθέλουσʼ, ὑπʼ ἀνάγκης·","translation":"So I finished it, against my will, under compulsion.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l156.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐξετέλεσσα","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"τὸ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"object of ἐξετέλεσσα","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"[particle men]"},{"surface":"ἐξετέλεσσα","lemma":"ἐκτελέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"finished"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"οὐκ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ἐθέλουσ","lemma":"ἐθέλω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative plural feminine","role":"adverbial to ἐξετέλεσσα","gloss":"willing","note":"Concessive participle: 'though not willing'—she finished the robe against her own will."},{"surface":"ὑπ","lemma":"ὑπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"ἀνάγκης","lemma":"ἀνάγκη","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ὑπ᾽","gloss":"compulsion"}]},{"number":157,"label":"157","id":"b19-l157","source":"νῦν δʼ οὔτʼ ἐκφυγέειν δύναμαι γάμον οὔτε τινʼ ἄλλην","translation":"And now I can neither escape the marriage nor find any other","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l157.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"νῦν","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to τε","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and/but"},{"surface":"ἐκφυγέειν","lemma":"ἐκφεύγω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of δύναμαι","gloss":"to escape"},{"surface":"δύναμαι","lemma":"δύναμαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I am able"},{"surface":"γάμον","lemma":"γάμος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐκφυγέειν","gloss":"marriage"},{"surface":"τιν","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"modifies μῆτιν","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"ἄλλην","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies μῆτιν","gloss":"other"}]},{"number":158,"label":"158","id":"b19-l158","source":"μῆτιν ἔθʼ εὑρίσκω· μάλα δʼ ὀτρύνουσι τοκῆες","translation":"scheme; my parents press me hard","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l158.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μῆτιν","lemma":"μῆτις","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of εὑρίσκω","gloss":"scheme","note":"μῆτις: Odysseus's own signature word ('cunning'), here used by Penelope of her own wit."},{"surface":"ἔθ","lemma":"ἔτι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to εὑρίσκω","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"εὑρίσκω","lemma":"εὑρίσκω","morphology":"present active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"find"},{"surface":"μάλα","lemma":"μάλα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ὀτρύνουσι","gloss":"very much"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὀτρύνουσι","lemma":"ὀτρύνω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"urge on"},{"surface":"τοκῆες","lemma":"τοκεύς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ὀτρύνουσι","gloss":"parents"}]},{"number":159,"label":"159","id":"b19-l159","source":"γήμασθʼ, ἀσχαλάᾳ δὲ πάϊς βίοτον κατεδόντων,","translation":"to marry, and my son chafes as they devour his living,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l159.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"γήμασθ","lemma":"γαμέω","morphology":"aorist middle infinitive","role":"object of ὀτρύνουσι","gloss":"to marry"},{"surface":"ἀσχαλάᾳ","lemma":"ἀσχαλάω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"chafes"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πάϊς","lemma":"παῖς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἀσχαλάᾳ","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"βίοτον","lemma":"βίοτος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of κατεδόντων","gloss":"livelihood"},{"surface":"κατεδόντων","lemma":"κατέδω","morphology":"present active participle, genitive plural masculine","role":"object of ἀσχαλάᾳ","gloss":"devouring","note":"Genitive complement of ἀσχαλάᾳ ('chafes at'): the suitors' devouring of Telemachus's estate."}]},{"number":160,"label":"160","id":"b19-l160","source":"γιγνώσκων· ἤδη γὰρ ἀνὴρ οἶός τε μάλιστα","translation":"knowing it well; for he is now a man fully able","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l160.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"γιγνώσκων","lemma":"γιγνώσκω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἀσχαλάᾳ","gloss":"knowing (it)"},{"surface":"ἤδη","lemma":"ἤδη","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"now already"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ἀνὴρ","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"οἶός","lemma":"οἷος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"subject of κήδεσθαι","gloss":"able","note":"οἷός τε μάλιστα: idiomatic Homeric phrase for 'fully capable.'"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"[particle te]"},{"surface":"μάλιστα","lemma":"μάλιστα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to κήδεσθαι","gloss":"especially"}]},{"number":161,"label":"161","id":"b19-l161","source":"οἴκου κήδεσθαι, τῷ τε Ζεὺς κῦδος ὀπάζει.","translation":"to care for a household, one to whom Zeus grants honor.","scansion":"—— | —— | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l161.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἴκου","lemma":"οἶκος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of κήδεσθαι","gloss":"household"},{"surface":"κήδεσθαι","lemma":"κήδω","morphology":"present medio-passive infinitive","role":"modifies ἀνὴρ","gloss":"to care for"},{"surface":"τῷ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ὀπάζει","gloss":"to whom"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"[particle te]"},{"surface":"Ζεὺς","lemma":"Ζεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ὀπάζει","gloss":"Zeus"},{"surface":"κῦδος","lemma":"κῦδος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ὀπάζει","gloss":"honor"},{"surface":"ὀπάζει","lemma":"ὀπάζω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing οἴκου","gloss":"grants","note":"Zeus as source of κῦδος 'glory'—standard theology of honor as divinely bestowed."}]},{"number":162,"label":"162","id":"b19-l162","source":"ἀλλὰ καὶ ὥς μοι εἰπὲ τεὸν γένος, ὁππόθεν ἐσσί.","translation":"But even so, tell me your lineage, where you come from.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l162.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλὰ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"ὥς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to εἰπὲ","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of εἰπὲ","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"εἰπὲ","lemma":"εἶπον","morphology":"aorist active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"τεὸν","lemma":"τεός","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies γένος","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"γένος","lemma":"γένος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of εἰπὲ","gloss":"lineage"},{"surface":"ὁππόθεν","lemma":"ὁπόθεν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐσσί","gloss":"whence"},{"surface":"ἐσσί","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing γένος","gloss":"you are"}]},{"number":163,"label":"163","id":"b19-l163","source":"οὐ γὰρ ἀπὸ δρυός ἐσσι παλαιφάτου οὐδʼ ἀπὸ πέτρης.","translation":"For you are not sprung from the oak of old story, nor from a rock.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l163.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οὐ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ἀπὸ","lemma":"ἀπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"δρυός","lemma":"δρῦς","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"oak","note":"Proverbial phrase 'not sprung from oak or rock'—folk idiom for having real, known parentage."},{"surface":"ἐσσι","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"you are"},{"surface":"παλαιφάτου","lemma":"παλαίφατος","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies δρυός","gloss":"of old fame"},{"surface":"ἀπὸ","lemma":"ἀπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"πέτρης","lemma":"πέτρα","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"rock"}]},{"number":164,"label":"164","id":"b19-l164","source":"τὴν δʼ ἀπαμειβόμενος προσέφη πολύμητις\n                  Ὀδυσσεύς·","translation":"Then resourceful Odysseus answered her:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l164.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"πολύμητις Ὀδυσσεύς","title":"\"Resourceful Odysseus\"","body":"A standard epithet, 'of many devices.' Homer attaches it to Odysseus dozens of times, and here it is pointed: he is about to spin an elaborate false tale."}],"words":[{"surface":"τὴν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of προσέφη","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀπαμειβόμενος","lemma":"ἀπαμείβομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to προσέφη","gloss":"answering"},{"surface":"προσέφη","lemma":"πρόσφημι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"πολύμητις","lemma":"πολύμητις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ὀδυσσεύς","gloss":"resourceful","note":"πολύμητις: Odysseus's signature epithet, 'of many wiles/plans,' echoing μῆτις just used by Penelope."},{"surface":"Ὀδυσσεύς","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of προσέφη","gloss":"Odysseus"}]},{"number":165,"label":"165","id":"b19-l165","source":"ὦ γύναι αἰδοίη Λαερτιάδεω Ὀδυσῆος,","translation":"\"Honored wife of Odysseus, son of Laertes,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l165.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὦ","lemma":"ὦ","morphology":"exclamation","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"O"},{"surface":"γύναι","lemma":"γυνή","morphology":"vocative singular feminine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"αἰδοίη","lemma":"αἰδοῖος","morphology":"vocative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies γύναι","gloss":"honored","note":"αἰδοίη: 'worthy of reverence'—vocative epithet of respect, not mere politeness."},{"surface":"Λαερτιάδεω","lemma":"Λαερτιάδης","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ὀδυσῆος","gloss":"of Laertes' son"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσῆος","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies γύναι","gloss":"Odysseus","note":"Genitive of Odysseus modifying γύναι: 'wife of Odysseus'—dramatic irony, he speaks of himself in third person."}]},{"number":166,"label":"166","id":"b19-l166","source":"οὐκέτʼ ἀπολλήξεις τὸν ἐμὸν γόνον ἐξερέουσα;","translation":"will you never cease asking after my birth?","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l166.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οὐκέτ","lemma":"οὐκέτι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀπολλήξεις","gloss":"no longer"},{"surface":"ἀπολλήξεις","lemma":"ἀπολήγω","morphology":"future active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will you cease"},{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"article","role":"modifies γόνον","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ἐμὸν","lemma":"ἐμός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies γόνον","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"γόνον","lemma":"γόνος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐξερέουσα","gloss":"birth"},{"surface":"ἐξερέουσα","lemma":"ἐξερέω","morphology":"future active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"asking after"}]},{"number":167,"label":"167","id":"b19-l167","source":"ἀλλʼ ἔκ τοι ἐρέω· ἦ μέν μʼ ἀχέεσσί γε δώσεις","translation":"Well, I will tell you—though you will give me over to sorrows","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l167.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"ἔκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"[emphatic ek]"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"object of ἐρέω","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"ἐρέω","lemma":"ἐρῶ","morphology":"future active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I will tell"},{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"μέν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"[particle men]"},{"surface":"μ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of δώσεις","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ἀχέεσσί","lemma":"ἄχος","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"object of δώσεις","gloss":"with griefs","note":"Dative of means: Odysseus warns that his tale will only give her sorrows."},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"δώσεις","lemma":"δίδωμι","morphology":"future active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will give"}]},{"number":168,"label":"168","id":"b19-l168","source":"πλείοσιν ἢ ἔχομαι· ἡ γὰρ δίκη, ὁππότε πάτρης","translation":"more than I already hold; for that is the way, when a man","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l168.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πλείοσιν","lemma":"πλείων","morphology":"dative plural comparative adjective","role":"modifies ἀχέεσσί","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"ἢ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"ἔχομαι","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἢ","gloss":"I now hold"},{"surface":"ἡ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"article","role":"modifies δίκη","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"δίκη","lemma":"δίκη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"custom","note":"δίκη here means 'the way/custom of things,' not legal 'justice'—broader early Homeric sense."},{"surface":"ὁππότε","lemma":"ὁπότε","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"whenever"},{"surface":"πάτρης","lemma":"πάτρη","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἀπέῃσιν","gloss":"of homeland"}]},{"number":169,"label":"169","id":"b19-l169","source":"ἧς ἀπέῃσιν ἀνὴρ τόσσον χρόνον ὅσσον ἐγὼ νῦν,","translation":"has been gone from his homeland as long as I now have,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l169.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἧς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"genitive singular feminine pronoun","role":"modifies πάτρης","gloss":"whose"},{"surface":"ἀπέῃσιν","lemma":"ἄπειμι","morphology":"present active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὁππότε","gloss":"has been away","note":"Epic subjunctive ἀπέῃσιν (from ἄπειμι) in an indefinite temporal clause with ὁππότε."},{"surface":"ἀνὴρ","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἀπέῃσιν","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"τόσσον","lemma":"τόσος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies χρόνον","gloss":"so much"},{"surface":"χρόνον","lemma":"χρόνος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἀπέῃσιν","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"ὅσσον","lemma":"ὅσος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"ἐγὼ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"νῦν","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"now"}]},{"number":170,"label":"170","id":"b19-l170","source":"πολλὰ βροτῶν ἐπὶ ἄστεʼ ἀλώμενος, ἄλγεα πάσχων·","translation":"wandering over many cities of men, suffering pains.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l170.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἀλώμενος ... πάσχων","title":"Participles of wandering","body":"Two present participles paint continuous action: 'wandering' and 'suffering.' Stacked together they evoke the open-ended toil that defines Odysseus' story."}],"words":[{"surface":"πολλὰ","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἄστε᾽","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"βροτῶν","lemma":"βροτός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ἄστε᾽","gloss":"of mortals"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"ἄστε","lemma":"ἄστυ","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἐπὶ","gloss":"cities"},{"surface":"ἀλώμενος","lemma":"ἀλάομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἀπέῃσιν","gloss":"wandering","note":"Middle participle ἀλώμενος, 'roaming'; describes the wandering exile, a recurring Odyssean motif."},{"surface":"ἄλγεα","lemma":"ἄλγος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of πάσχων","gloss":"pains"},{"surface":"πάσχων","lemma":"πάσχω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἀπέῃσιν","gloss":"suffering"}]},{"number":171,"label":"171","id":"b19-l171","source":"ἀλλὰ καὶ ὣς ἐρέω ὅ μʼ ἀνείρεαι ἠδὲ μεταλλᾷς.","translation":"But even so I will tell you what you ask and inquire of me.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l171.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλὰ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐρέω","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ἐρέω","lemma":"ἐρῶ","morphology":"future active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I will tell","note":"Future ἐρέω 'I shall speak/tell'; introduces the disguised Odysseus's fictional Cretan tale."},{"surface":"ὅ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"object of ἠδὲ","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"μ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἠδὲ","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ἀνείρεαι","lemma":"ἀνέρομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"object of ἠδὲ","gloss":"you ask"},{"surface":"ἠδὲ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μεταλλᾷς","lemma":"μεταλλάω","morphology":"present active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"object of ἠδὲ","gloss":"you inquire"}]},{"number":172,"label":"172","id":"b19-l172","source":"Κρήτη τις γαῖʼ ἔστι, μέσῳ ἐνὶ οἴνοπι πόντῳ,","translation":"There is a land called Crete, in the midst of the wine-dark sea,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l172.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"οἴνοπι πόντῳ","title":"\"Wine-dark sea\"","body":"The famous formula οἶνοψ πόντος, literally 'wine-faced/wine-looking sea.' We keep the traditional English 'wine-dark' for its color and weight."}],"words":[{"surface":"Κρήτη","lemma":"Κρήτη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"modifies γαῖ᾽","gloss":"Crete"},{"surface":"τις","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"modifies γαῖ᾽","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"γαῖ","lemma":"γαῖα","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἔστι","gloss":"land","note":"γαῖα here in elided form γαῖ'; subject of ἔστι, opening the famous 'there is a land called Crete' formula."},{"surface":"ἔστι","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"there is"},{"surface":"μέσῳ","lemma":"μέσος","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies πόντῳ","gloss":"middle"},{"surface":"ἐνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"οἴνοπι","lemma":"οἶνοψ","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies πόντῳ","gloss":"wine-dark","note":"οἶνοψ 'wine-faced/wine-dark', a stock Homeric epithet for the sea."},{"surface":"πόντῳ","lemma":"πόντος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐνὶ","gloss":"sea"}]},{"number":173,"label":"173","id":"b19-l173","source":"καλὴ καὶ πίειρα, περίρρυτος· ἐν δʼ ἄνθρωποι","translation":"fair and rich, washed round by the sea; and in it the people are","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l173.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καλὴ","lemma":"καλός","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"fair"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πίειρα","lemma":"πίειρα","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"rich"},{"surface":"περίρρυτος","lemma":"περίρρυτος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies γαῖ᾽","gloss":"sea-girt","note":"περίρρυτος 'flowed-around'; a compound adjective describing Crete as surrounded by sea."},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"in it"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄνθρωποι","lemma":"ἄνθρωπος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"people"}]},{"number":174,"label":"174","id":"b19-l174","source":"πολλοί, ἀπειρέσιοι, καὶ ἐννήκοντα πόληες.","translation":"many, past counting, and there are ninety cities.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l174.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πολλοί","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἄνθρωποι","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"ἀπειρέσιοι","lemma":"ἀπειρέσιος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἄνθρωποι","gloss":"countless"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐννήκοντα","lemma":"ἐννήκοντα","morphology":"numeral","role":"modifies πόληες","gloss":"ninety"},{"surface":"πόληες","lemma":"πόλις","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"cities","note":"πόληες, Homeric plural of πόλις; the famous 'ninety cities of Crete' count."}]},{"number":175,"label":"175","id":"b19-l175","source":"ἄλλη δʼ ἄλλων γλῶσσα μεμιγμένη· ἐν μὲν Ἀχαιοί,","translation":"Tongue mingles with tongue: there are Achaeans,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l175.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἄλλη","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies γλῶσσα","gloss":"different"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄλλων","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"genitive plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies","gloss":"of others"},{"surface":"γλῶσσα","lemma":"γλῶσσα","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"tongue/language"},{"surface":"μεμιγμένη","lemma":"μίγνυμι","morphology":"perfect medio-passive participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"mingled","note":"Perfect passive μεμιγμένη 'mixed together', describing Crete's blend of languages and peoples."},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιοί","lemma":"Ἀχαιός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"subject","gloss":"Achaeans"}]},{"number":176,"label":"176","id":"b19-l176","source":"ἐν δʼ Ἐτεόκρητες μεγαλήτορες, ἐν δὲ Κύδωνες,","translation":"and great-hearted true Cretans, and Cydonians,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l176.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ἐτεόκρητες","lemma":"Ἐτεόκρητες","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"true Cretans","note":"Ἐτεόκρητες, 'true/original Cretans' — a native ethnic group distinct from the Dorian settlers."},{"surface":"μεγαλήτορες","lemma":"μεγαλήτωρ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"modifies Ἐτεόκρητες","gloss":"great-hearted"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Κύδωνες","lemma":"Κύδωνες","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of τε","gloss":"Cydonians"}]},{"number":177,"label":"177","id":"b19-l177","source":"Δωριέες τε τριχάϊκες δῖοί τε Πελασγοί.","translation":"Dorians in three tribes, and noble Pelasgians.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l177.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Δωριέες","lemma":"Δωριεύς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of τε","gloss":"Dorians"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τριχάϊκες","lemma":"τριχάικες","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"modifies Δωριέες","gloss":"three-tribed","note":"τριχάικες, 'divided into three tribes' — describes the Dorian social organization."},{"surface":"δῖοί","lemma":"δῖος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies Πελασγοί","gloss":"noble"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Πελασγοί","lemma":"Πελασγός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of τε","gloss":"Pelasgians"}]},{"number":178,"label":"178","id":"b19-l178","source":"τῇσι δʼ ἐνὶ Κνωσός, μεγάλη πόλις, ἔνθα τε Μίνως","translation":"Among them is Knossos, a great city, where Minos","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l178.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τῇσι","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative plural feminine pronoun","role":"adverbial to ἐνὶ","gloss":"among them"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Κνωσός","lemma":"Κνωσός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ,","gloss":"Knossos"},{"surface":"μεγάλη","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies πόλις","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"πόλις","lemma":"πόλις","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ,","gloss":"city"},{"surface":"ἔνθα","lemma":"ἔνθα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to βασίλευε","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"Μίνως","lemma":"Μίνως","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ,","gloss":"Minos","note":"Minos, legendary king of Crete, son of Zeus — grounds the fictional tale in famous myth."}]},{"number":179,"label":"179","id":"b19-l179","source":"ἐννέωρος βασίλευε Διὸς μεγάλου ὀαριστής,","translation":"reigned nine years at a time, the confidant of mighty Zeus,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l179.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐννέωρος","lemma":"ἐννέωρος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"nine years long","note":"ἐννέωρος, 'lasting/renewed every nine years' — refers to Minos's periodic communion with Zeus."},{"surface":"βασίλευε","lemma":"βασιλεύω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ,","gloss":"reigned"},{"surface":"Διὸς","lemma":"Ζεύς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ὀαριστής","gloss":"of Zeus"},{"surface":"μεγάλου","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Διὸς","gloss":"mighty"},{"surface":"ὀαριστής","lemma":"ὀαριστής","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ,","gloss":"confidant","note":"ὀαριστής, 'close companion/confidant' — Minos's special intimacy with Zeus."}]},{"number":180,"label":"180","id":"b19-l180","source":"πατρὸς ἐμοῖο πατήρ, μεγαθύμου Δευκαλίωνος","translation":"the father of my father, great-hearted Deukalion.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l180.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πατρὸς","lemma":"πατήρ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ,","gloss":"of father"},{"surface":"ἐμοῖο","lemma":"ἐμός","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies πατρὸς","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"πατήρ","lemma":"πατήρ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ,","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"μεγαθύμου","lemma":"μεγάθυμος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Δευκαλίωνος","gloss":"great-hearted"},{"surface":"Δευκαλίωνος","lemma":"Δευκαλίων","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ,","gloss":"Deukalion"}]},{"number":181,"label":"181","id":"b19-l181","source":"Δευκαλίων δʼ ἐμὲ τίκτε καὶ Ἰδομενῆα ἄνακτα·","translation":"Deukalion fathered me and lord Idomeneus;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l181.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Δευκαλίων","lemma":"Δευκαλίων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of τίκτε","gloss":"Deukalion"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐμὲ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"τίκτε","lemma":"τίκτω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"fathered"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ἰδομενῆα","lemma":"Ἰδομενεύς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"Idomeneus"},{"surface":"ἄνακτα","lemma":"ἄναξ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ἰδομενῆα","gloss":"lord"}]},{"number":182,"label":"182","id":"b19-l182","source":"ἀλλʼ ὁ μὲν ἐν νήεσσι κορωνίσιν Ἴλιον ἴσω","translation":"but he went off to Ilium in the beaked ships","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l182.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ὁ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ᾤχεθ᾽","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"νήεσσι","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"ships"},{"surface":"κορωνίσιν","lemma":"κορωνίς","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"modifies νήεσσι","gloss":"curved","note":"κορωνίς 'curved/beaked', a stock epithet describing ships' prows."},{"surface":"Ἴλιον","lemma":"Ἴλιος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἴσω","gloss":"Ilium"},{"surface":"ἴσω","lemma":"εἴσω","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"into","note":"εἴσω postposed after its object Ἴλιον, typical Homeric anastrophe of prepositions."}]},{"number":183,"label":"183","id":"b19-l183","source":"ᾤχεθʼ ἅμʼ Ἀτρείδῃσιν, ἐμοὶ δʼ ὄνομα κλυτὸν Αἴθων,","translation":"with the sons of Atreus, while my own famous name is Aethon,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l183.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ᾤχεθ","lemma":"οἴχομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"went off"},{"surface":"ἅμ","lemma":"ἅμα","morphology":"adverb","role":"preposition","gloss":"together with"},{"surface":"Ἀτρείδῃσιν","lemma":"Ἀτρείδης","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἅμ᾽","gloss":"sons of Atreus"},{"surface":"ἐμοὶ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"adverbial","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ὄνομα","lemma":"ὄνομα","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject","gloss":"name"},{"surface":"κλυτὸν","lemma":"κλυτός","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ὄνομα","gloss":"famous"},{"surface":"Αἴθων","lemma":"Αἴθων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"Aethon","note":"Aethon, 'the Blazing One' — Odysseus's invented alias in his false Cretan identity."}]},{"number":184,"label":"184","id":"b19-l184","source":"ὁπλότερος γενεῇ· ὁ δʼ ἄρα πρότερος καὶ ἀρείων.","translation":"the younger born; he was the elder and the better man.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l184.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὁπλότερος","lemma":"ὁπλότερος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Αἴθων","gloss":"younger"},{"surface":"γενεῇ","lemma":"γενεά","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ὁπλότερος","gloss":"in birth"},{"surface":"ὁ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἄρα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"πρότερος","lemma":"πρότερος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"the elder"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀρείων","lemma":"ἀρείων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine comparative adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"the better","note":"ἀρείων, comparative of ἀγαθός, 'better/braver' — Idomeneus outranked Aethon despite being older."}]},{"number":185,"label":"185","id":"b19-l185","source":"ἔνθʼ Ὀδυσῆα ἐγὼν ἰδόμην καὶ ξείνια δῶκα.","translation":"There it was that I saw Odysseus and gave him guest-gifts.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l185.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔνθ","lemma":"ἔνθα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἰδόμην","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσῆα","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἰδόμην","gloss":"Odysseus"},{"surface":"ἐγὼν","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ἰδόμην","lemma":"εἶδον","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"saw","note":"Aorist middle ἰδόμην 'I saw/beheld'; the false tale claims direct sight of Odysseus."},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ξείνια","lemma":"ξένιος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of δῶκα","gloss":"guest-gifts"},{"surface":"δῶκα","lemma":"δίδωμι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"gave"}]},{"number":186,"label":"186","id":"b19-l186","source":"καὶ γὰρ τὸν Κρήτηνδε κατήγαγεν ἲς ἀνέμοιο,","translation":"For the force of the wind had driven him down to Crete","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l186.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"and indeed"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of κατήγαγεν","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"Κρήτηνδε","lemma":"Κρήτηνδε","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of κατήγαγεν","gloss":"to Crete","note":"Κρήτηνδε, directional -δε suffix meaning 'to/toward Crete'."},{"surface":"κατήγαγεν","lemma":"κατάγω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"drove down"},{"surface":"ἲς","lemma":"ἴς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of κατήγαγεν","gloss":"force"},{"surface":"ἀνέμοιο","lemma":"ἄνεμος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ἲς","gloss":"of the wind"}]},{"number":187,"label":"187","id":"b19-l187","source":"ἱέμενον Τροίηνδε παραπλάγξασα Μαλειῶν·","translation":"as he made for Troy, carrying him off course past Malea;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l187.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἱέμενον","lemma":"ἵημι","morphology":"present middle participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to κατήγαγεν","gloss":"striving","note":"ἱέμενον, present middle participle of ἵημι, 'striving/eager to go' toward Troy."},{"surface":"Τροίηνδε","lemma":"Τροίανδε","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of ἱέμενον","gloss":"to Troy"},{"surface":"παραπλάγξασα","lemma":"παραπλάζω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to κατήγαγεν","gloss":"blowing off course"},{"surface":"Μαλειῶν","lemma":"Μάλεια","morphology":"genitive plural feminine noun","role":"object of παραπλάγξασα","gloss":"Malea","note":"Cape Malea, the treacherous southern Peloponnesian headland notorious in the Odyssey for storms."}]},{"number":188,"label":"188","id":"b19-l188","source":"στῆσε δʼ ἐν Ἀμνισῷ, ὅθι τε σπέος Εἰλειθυίης,","translation":"it set him at Amnisos, where the cave of Eileithyia stands,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l188.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"στῆσε","lemma":"ἵστημι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"stopped"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Ἀμνισῷ","lemma":"Ἀμνισός","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"Amnisos"},{"surface":"ὅθι","lemma":"ὅθι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"σπέος","lemma":"σπέος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject","gloss":"cave"},{"surface":"Εἰλειθυίης","lemma":"Εἰλείθυια","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies σπέος","gloss":"of Eileithyia","note":"Eileithyia, goddess of childbirth, had a cave-shrine near Amnisos — a real Cretan cult site."}]},{"number":189,"label":"189","id":"b19-l189","source":"ἐν λιμέσιν χαλεποῖσι, μόγις δʼ ὑπάλυξεν ἀέλλας.","translation":"in difficult harbors, and he barely escaped the storms.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l189.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"λιμέσιν","lemma":"λιμήν","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"harbors"},{"surface":"χαλεποῖσι","lemma":"χαλεπός","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies λιμέσιν","gloss":"difficult"},{"surface":"μόγις","lemma":"μόγις","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ὑπάλυξεν","gloss":"scarcely"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὑπάλυξεν","lemma":"ὑπαλύσκω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"escaped"},{"surface":"ἀέλλας","lemma":"ἄελλα","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ὑπάλυξεν","gloss":"storms"}]},{"number":190,"label":"190","id":"b19-l190","source":"αὐτίκα δʼ Ἰδομενῆα μετάλλα ἄστυδʼ ἀνελθών·","translation":"At once he went up to the town and asked for Idomeneus,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l190.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτίκα","lemma":"αὐτίκα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to μετάλλα","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ἰδομενῆα","lemma":"Ἰδομενεύς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of μετάλλα","gloss":"Idomeneus"},{"surface":"μετάλλα","lemma":"μεταλλάω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"asked for"},{"surface":"ἄστυδ","lemma":"ἄστυδε","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of ἀνελθών","gloss":"to the city","note":"ἄστυδε, directional -δε suffix, 'toward the city' — pairs with ἀνελθών 'having gone up'."},{"surface":"ἀνελθών","lemma":"ἀνέρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to μετάλλα","gloss":"having gone up"}]},{"number":191,"label":"191","id":"b19-l191","source":"ξεῖνον γάρ οἱ ἔφασκε φίλον τʼ ἔμεν αἰδοῖόν τε.","translation":"for he said he was his guest-friend, dear and honored.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l191.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ξεῖνον","lemma":"ξένος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"a guest-friend"},{"surface":"γάρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"adverbial to ἔμεν","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"ἔφασκε","lemma":"φάσκω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"claimed"},{"surface":"φίλον","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies τε","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔμεν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of ἔφασκε","gloss":"to be"},{"surface":"αἰδοῖόν","lemma":"αἰδοῖος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies τε","gloss":"honored"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"}]},{"number":192,"label":"192","id":"b19-l192","source":"τῷ δʼ ἤδη δεκάτη ἢ ἑνδεκάτη πέλεν ἠὼς","translation":"But for Idomeneus the tenth or eleventh dawn had already come","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l192.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τῷ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"adverbial to πέλεν","gloss":"for him"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἤδη","lemma":"ἤδη","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to πέλεν","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"δεκάτη","lemma":"δέκατος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἢ","gloss":"tenth"},{"surface":"ἢ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"ἑνδεκάτη","lemma":"ἑνδέκατος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἢ","gloss":"eleventh"},{"surface":"πέλεν","lemma":"πέλω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was","note":"πέλεν, epic imperfect of πέλω 'to be/come to be', a poetic synonym for εἰμί."},{"surface":"ἠὼς","lemma":"ἠώς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of πέλεν","gloss":"dawn"}]},{"number":193,"label":"193","id":"b19-l193","source":"οἰχομένῳ σὺν νηυσὶ κορωνίσιν Ἴλιον εἴσω.","translation":"since he had gone off to Ilium in the beaked ships.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l193.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἰχομένῳ","lemma":"οἴχομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, dative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to πέλεν","gloss":"having gone","note":"Dative participle οἰχομένῳ agrees with τῷ (Idomeneus), 'since he had departed'."},{"surface":"σὺν","lemma":"σύν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"νηυσὶ","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to σὺν","gloss":"ships"},{"surface":"κορωνίσιν","lemma":"κορωνίς","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"modifies νηυσὶ","gloss":"curved"},{"surface":"Ἴλιον","lemma":"Ἴλιος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of εἴσω","gloss":"Ilium"},{"surface":"εἴσω","lemma":"εἴσω","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"into"}]},{"number":194,"label":"194","id":"b19-l194","source":"τὸν μὲν ἐγὼ πρὸς δώματʼ ἄγων ἐῢ ἐξείνισσα,","translation":"So I led Odysseus to my house and entertained him well,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l194.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἐξείνισσα","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἐγὼ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἐξείνισσα","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"πρὸς","lemma":"πρός","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"δώματ","lemma":"δῶμα","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of πρὸς","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"ἄγων","lemma":"ἄγω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐξείνισσα","gloss":"leading"},{"surface":"ἐῢ","lemma":"εὖ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐξείνισσα","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"ἐξείνισσα","lemma":"ξενίζω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"entertained","note":"ἐξείνισσα, aorist of ξενίζω, 'gave hospitality to' — key theme of ξενία (guest-friendship) in this tale."}]},{"number":195,"label":"195","id":"b19-l195","source":"ἐνδυκέως φιλέων, πολλῶν κατὰ οἶκον ἐόντων·","translation":"kindly making him welcome, for there was plenty in my house;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l195.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐνδυκέως","lemma":"ἐνδυκέως","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to φιλέων","gloss":"kindly"},{"surface":"φιλέων","lemma":"φιλέω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐξείνισσα","gloss":"befriending"},{"surface":"πολλῶν","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"genitive plural neuter adjective","role":"subject of ἐόντων","gloss":"many things"},{"surface":"κατὰ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"throughout"},{"surface":"οἶκον","lemma":"οἶκος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to κατὰ","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"ἐόντων","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active participle, genitive plural neuter","role":"adverbial to ἐξείνισσα","gloss":"being","note":"Genitive absolute πολλῶν ... ἐόντων, 'there being much', explains the abundance enabling generous hospitality."}]},{"number":196,"label":"196","id":"b19-l196","source":"καί οἱ τοῖς ἄλλοις ἑτάροις, οἳ ἅμʼ αὐτῷ ἕποντο,","translation":"and for the rest of his companions, who followed along with him,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l196.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καί","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"adverbial to δῶκα","gloss":"for him"},{"surface":"τοῖς","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"article","role":"modifies ἑτάροις","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ἄλλοις","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἑτάροις","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"ἑτάροις","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of δῶκα","gloss":"companions"},{"surface":"οἳ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἕποντο","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"ἅμ","lemma":"ἅμα","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"together with"},{"surface":"αὐτῷ","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"object of ἅμ᾽","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ἕποντο","lemma":"ἕπομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ἑτάροις","gloss":"followed"}]},{"number":197,"label":"197","id":"b19-l197","source":"δημόθεν ἄλφιτα δῶκα καὶ αἴθοπα οἶνον ἀγείρας","translation":"I gathered barley from the people's store and gave it, and gleaming wine,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l197.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δημόθεν","lemma":"δημόθεν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to δῶκα","gloss":"from the people"},{"surface":"ἄλφιτα","lemma":"ἄλφιτον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"barley"},{"surface":"δῶκα","lemma":"δίδωμι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I gave"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αἴθοπα","lemma":"αἶθοψ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies οἶνον","gloss":"gleaming","note":"epic epithet for wine, lit. 'fire-faced' (αἶθ- 'burn' + ὄψ 'face')"},{"surface":"οἶνον","lemma":"οἶνος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"wine"},{"surface":"ἀγείρας","lemma":"ἀγείρω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to δῶκα","gloss":"having gathered","note":"aorist participle 'having collected' precedes the main verb δῶκα, giving the sequence of actions"}]},{"number":198,"label":"198","id":"b19-l198","source":"καὶ βοῦς ἱρεύσασθαι, ἵνα πλησαίατο θυμόν.","translation":"and oxen to sacrifice, that they might content their hearts.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l198.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"βοῦς","lemma":"βοῦς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"oxen"},{"surface":"ἱρεύσασθαι","lemma":"ἱερεύω","morphology":"aorist middle infinitive","role":"modifies βοῦς","gloss":"to sacrifice"},{"surface":"ἵνα","lemma":"ἵνα","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"πλησαίατο","lemma":"πίμπλημι","morphology":"aorist middle optative, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to ἵνα","gloss":"they might satisfy","note":"optative in a purpose clause after ἵνα — 'so that they might sate'; epic -αίατο ending for 3rd pl."},{"surface":"θυμόν","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of πλησαίατο","gloss":"heart/appetite"}]},{"number":199,"label":"199","id":"b19-l199","source":"ἔνθα δυώδεκα μὲν μένον ἤματα δῖοι Ἀχαιοί·","translation":"There the noble Achaeans stayed twelve days,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l199.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔνθα","lemma":"ἔνθα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to μένον","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"δυώδεκα","lemma":"δυώδεκα","morphology":"numeral","role":"modifies ἤματα","gloss":"twelve"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed (marks contrast)"},{"surface":"μένον","lemma":"μένω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"they stayed"},{"surface":"ἤματα","lemma":"ἦμαρ","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to μένον","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"δῖοι","lemma":"δῖος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἀχαιοί","gloss":"noble","note":"stock Homeric epithet δῖος 'godlike/noble' regularly paired with Ἀχαιοί"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιοί","lemma":"Ἀχαιός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"subject of μένον","gloss":"Achaeans"}]},{"number":200,"label":"200","id":"b19-l200","source":"εἴλει γὰρ Βορέης ἄνεμος μέγας οὐδʼ ἐπὶ γαίῃ","translation":"for a great North Wind, Boreas, penned them in, and would not let them","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l200.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἴλει","lemma":"εἴλω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was penning in","note":"εἴλω 'hem in, confine' — describes the storm trapping the ships"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"Βορέης","lemma":"Βορέας","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ἄνεμος","gloss":"Boreas","note":"the North Wind personified as a god, in apposition to ἄνεμος"},{"surface":"ἄνεμος","lemma":"ἄνεμος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of δ᾽","gloss":"wind"},{"surface":"μέγας","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἄνεμος","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"γαίῃ","lemma":"γαῖα","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐπὶ","gloss":"land"}]},{"number":201,"label":"201","id":"b19-l201","source":"εἴα ἵστασθαι, χαλεπὸς δέ τις ὤρορε δαίμων.","translation":"stand even on the land—some harsh god had roused it.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l201.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἴα","lemma":"ἐάω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was letting"},{"surface":"ἵστασθαι","lemma":"ἵστημι","morphology":"present medio-passive infinitive","role":"object of εἴα","gloss":"stand"},{"surface":"χαλεπὸς","lemma":"χαλεπός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies δαίμων","gloss":"harsh"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and/but"},{"surface":"τις","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies δαίμων","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"ὤρορε","lemma":"ὄρνυμι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"had roused","note":"reduplicated epic aorist of ὄρνυμι, ὤρορε, stresses the sudden stirring of the storm"},{"surface":"δαίμων","lemma":"δαίμων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ὤρορε","gloss":"god/spirit"}]},{"number":202,"label":"202","id":"b19-l202","source":"τῇ τρισκαιδεκάτῃ δʼ ἄνεμος πέσε, τοὶ δʼ ἀνάγοντο.","translation":"On the thirteenth the wind fell, and they put out to sea.\"","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l202.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τῇ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"article","role":"modifies τρισκαιδεκάτῃ","gloss":"on the (day)"},{"surface":"τρισκαιδεκάτῃ","lemma":"τρισκαιδέκατος","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"adverbial to δ᾽","gloss":"thirteenth"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and/but"},{"surface":"ἄνεμος","lemma":"ἄνεμος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of πέσε","gloss":"wind"},{"surface":"πέσε","lemma":"πίπτω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"fell"},{"surface":"τοὶ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἀνάγοντο","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀνάγοντο","lemma":"ἀνάγω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"set out to sea","note":"middle voice ἀνάγοντο, 'put themselves out' to sea, matching intransitive nautical usage"}]},{"number":203,"label":"203","id":"b19-l203","source":"ἴσκε ψεύδεα πολλὰ λέγων ἐτύμοισιν ὁμοῖα·","translation":"He spoke, telling many lies that seemed like the truth,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l203.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ψεύδεα ... ἐτύμοισιν ὁμοῖα","title":"\"Lies like the truth\"","body":"A famous line on Odysseus' art of plausible fiction: 'lies resembling true things.' It echoes the Muses' words to Hesiod and marks Homeric storytelling itself as the craft of convincing invention."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἴσκε","lemma":"ἴσκε","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he told","note":"rare epic verb ἴσκε 'made (something) seem like' — used of skillful, convincing lying"},{"surface":"ψεύδεα","lemma":"ψεῦδος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of λέγων","gloss":"lies"},{"surface":"πολλὰ","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ψεύδεα","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"λέγων","lemma":"λέγω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἴσκε","gloss":"saying"},{"surface":"ἐτύμοισιν","lemma":"ἔτυμος","morphology":"dative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ὁμοῖα","gloss":"to true things"},{"surface":"ὁμοῖα","lemma":"ὅμοιος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ψεύδεα","gloss":"similar","note":"famous line describing Odysseus's disguised tale-telling: lies 'like real things'"}]},{"number":204,"label":"204","id":"b19-l204","source":"τῆς δʼ ἄρʼ ἀκουούσης ῥέε δάκρυα, τήκετο δὲ χρώς·","translation":"and as she listened her tears flowed and her face was wet.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l204.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τῆς","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"genitive singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of ἀκουούσης","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἀκουούσης","lemma":"ἀκούω","morphology":"present active participle, genitive singular feminine","role":"adverbial to ῥέε","gloss":"as she listened"},{"surface":"ῥέε","lemma":"ῥέω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"flowed"},{"surface":"δάκρυα","lemma":"δάκρυον","morphology":"nominative plural neuter noun","role":"subject of ῥέε","gloss":"tears"},{"surface":"τήκετο","lemma":"τήκω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was melting","note":"metaphor: her skin/face 'melted' with weeping, picked up in the simile that follows"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"χρώς","lemma":"χρώς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of τήκετο","gloss":"skin/flesh"}]},{"number":205,"label":"205","id":"b19-l205","source":"ὡς δὲ χιὼν κατατήκετʼ ἐν ἀκροπόλοισιν ὄρεσσιν,","translation":"As snow melts down upon the high mountain peaks,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l205.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ὡς δὲ χιὼν κατατήκετʼ","title":"Epic simile","body":"This begins an extended simile comparing Penelope's tears to melting snow swelling the rivers. The ὡς ... ὣς ('as ... so') framing across lines 205-208 is the hallmark of Homeric similes."}],"words":[{"surface":"ὡς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to κατατήκετ᾽","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"χιὼν","lemma":"χιών","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of κατατήκετ᾽","gloss":"snow"},{"surface":"κατατήκετ","lemma":"κατατήκω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"melts down"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"ἀκροπόλοισιν","lemma":"ἀκροπόλος","morphology":"dative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ὄρεσσιν","gloss":"topmost"},{"surface":"ὄρεσσιν","lemma":"ὄρος","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"mountains","note":"opens the famous melting-snow simile for Penelope's tears"}]},{"number":206,"label":"206","id":"b19-l206","source":"ἥν τʼ Εὖρος κατέτηξεν, ἐπὴν Ζέφυρος καταχεύῃ·","translation":"which the East Wind has thawed when the West Wind pours it down,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l206.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἥν","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of κατέτηξεν","gloss":"which (snow)"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"(and)"},{"surface":"Εὖρος","lemma":"Εὖρος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of κατέτηξεν","gloss":"East Wind","note":"Εὖρος, personified wind that thaws the snow, paired with Ζέφυρος below"},{"surface":"κατέτηξεν","lemma":"κατατήκω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing χιὼν","gloss":"melted"},{"surface":"ἐπὴν","lemma":"ἐπήν","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"Ζέφυρος","lemma":"Ζέφυρος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of καταχεύῃ","gloss":"West Wind"},{"surface":"καταχεύῃ","lemma":"καταχεύω","morphology":"present active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἐπὴν","gloss":"pours down"}]},{"number":207,"label":"207","id":"b19-l207","source":"τηκομένης δʼ ἄρα τῆς ποταμοὶ πλήθουσι ῥέοντες·","translation":"and as it melts the rivers run full and flowing—","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l207.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τηκομένης","lemma":"τήκω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, genitive singular feminine","role":"adverbial to πλήθουσι","gloss":"melting","note":"genitive absolute construction: 'as it (the snow) melts'"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄρα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"τῆς","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"genitive singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of τηκομένης","gloss":"it (snow)"},{"surface":"ποταμοὶ","lemma":"ποταμός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of πλήθουσι","gloss":"rivers"},{"surface":"πλήθουσι","lemma":"πλήθω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"run full"},{"surface":"ῥέοντες","lemma":"ῥέω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to πλήθουσι","gloss":"flowing"}]},{"number":208,"label":"208","id":"b19-l208","source":"ὣς τῆς τήκετο καλὰ παρήϊα δάκρυ χεούσης,","translation":"so her fair cheeks melted as she shed her tears,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l208.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to τήκετο","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"τῆς","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"genitive singular feminine pronoun","role":"modifies παρήϊα","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"τήκετο","lemma":"τήκω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"melted","note":"simile's resolution: as snow melts, so her cheeks 'melted' with tears"},{"surface":"καλὰ","lemma":"καλός","morphology":"nominative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies παρήϊα","gloss":"fair"},{"surface":"παρήϊα","lemma":"παρήιον","morphology":"nominative plural neuter noun","role":"subject of τήκετο","gloss":"cheeks"},{"surface":"δάκρυ","lemma":"δάκρυον","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of χεούσης","gloss":"tears"},{"surface":"χεούσης","lemma":"χέω","morphology":"present active participle, genitive singular feminine","role":"adverbial to ,","gloss":"pouring"}]},{"number":209,"label":"209","id":"b19-l209","source":"κλαιούσης ἑὸν ἄνδρα παρήμενον. αὐτὰρ Ὀδυσσεὺς","translation":"weeping for her own husband, who sat beside her. But Odysseus","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l209.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κλαιούσης","lemma":"κλαίω","morphology":"present active participle, genitive singular feminine","role":"adverbial to ,","gloss":"weeping"},{"surface":"ἑὸν","lemma":"ἑός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἄνδρα","gloss":"her own"},{"surface":"ἄνδρα","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of κλαιούσης","gloss":"husband"},{"surface":"παρήμενον","lemma":"πάρημαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"modifies ἄνδρα","gloss":"sitting beside"},{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσσεὺς","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐλέαιρε","gloss":"Odysseus"}]},{"number":210,"label":"210","id":"b19-l210","source":"θυμῷ μὲν γοόωσαν ἑὴν ἐλέαιρε γυναῖκα,","translation":"pitied in his heart his weeping wife,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l210.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"θυμῷ","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐλέαιρε","gloss":"in his heart"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"γοόωσαν","lemma":"γοάω","morphology":"present active participle, accusative singular feminine","role":"modifies γυναῖκα","gloss":"weeping"},{"surface":"ἑὴν","lemma":"ἑός","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies γυναῖκα","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"ἐλέαιρε","lemma":"ἐλεαίρω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"pitied"},{"surface":"γυναῖκα","lemma":"γυνή","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐλέαιρε","gloss":"wife"}]},{"number":211,"label":"211","id":"b19-l211","source":"ὀφθαλμοὶ δʼ ὡς εἰ κέρα ἕστασαν ἠὲ σίδηρος","translation":"yet his eyes stood as if of horn or iron,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l211.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ὡς εἰ κέρα ... ἠὲ σίδηρος","title":"Eyes of horn or iron","body":"A striking image of self-control: his eyes are as unmoving as hard horn or iron, betraying nothing though he feels for her."}],"words":[{"surface":"ὀφθαλμοὶ","lemma":"ὀφθαλμός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ἕστασαν","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὡς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"εἰ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"κέρα","lemma":"κέρας","morphology":"nominative plural neuter noun","role":"subject of ἠὲ","gloss":"horn","note":"simile: eyes as unmoving as horn or iron, showing Odysseus's iron self-control"},{"surface":"ἕστασαν","lemma":"ἵστημι","morphology":"pluperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"stood (fixed)"},{"surface":"ἠὲ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"σίδηρος","lemma":"σίδηρος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἠὲ","gloss":"iron"}]},{"number":212,"label":"212","id":"b19-l212","source":"ἀτρέμας ἐν βλεφάροισι· δόλῳ δʼ ὅ γε δάκρυα κεῦθεν.","translation":"unmoving in their lids; by guile he held back his tears.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l212.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀτρέμας","lemma":"ἀτρέμας","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἕστασαν","gloss":"unmoving"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"βλεφάροισι","lemma":"βλέφαρον","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"eyelids"},{"surface":"δόλῳ","lemma":"δόλος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to κεῦθεν","gloss":"by guile","note":"key line: Odysseus's self-mastery is deliberate cunning (δόλῳ), not lack of feeling"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὅ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of κεῦθεν","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"δάκρυα","lemma":"δάκρυον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of κεῦθεν","gloss":"tears"},{"surface":"κεῦθεν","lemma":"κεύθω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"held back"}]},{"number":213,"label":"213","id":"b19-l213","source":"ἡ δʼ ἐπεὶ οὖν τάρφθη πολυδακρύτοιο γόοιο,","translation":"But when she had had her fill of tearful lament,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l213.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἡ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of προσέειπε","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"οὖν","lemma":"οὖν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"τάρφθη","lemma":"τέρπω","morphology":"aorist passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἐπεὶ","gloss":"had her fill"},{"surface":"πολυδακρύτοιο","lemma":"πολυδάκρυτος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies γόοιο","gloss":"much-tearful"},{"surface":"γόοιο","lemma":"γόος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of τάρφθη","gloss":"lament"}]},{"number":214,"label":"214","id":"b19-l214","source":"ἐξαῦτίς μιν ἔπεσσιν ἀμειβομένη προσέειπε·","translation":"she answered him once more and spoke to him with words:","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l214.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐξαῦτίς","lemma":"ἐξαῦτις","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to προσέειπε","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of προσέειπε","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ἔπεσσιν","lemma":"ἔπος","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to προσέειπε","gloss":"with words"},{"surface":"ἀμειβομένη","lemma":"ἀμείβω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to προσέειπε","gloss":"answering"},{"surface":"προσέειπε","lemma":"προσεῖπον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spoke to","note":"formulaic speech-introduction line, common across the poem"}]},{"number":215,"label":"215","id":"b19-l215","source":"νῦν μὲν δή σευ, ξεῖνέ γʼ, ὀΐω πειρήσεσθαι,","translation":"\"Now, stranger, I think I will put you to the test,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l215.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"πειρήσεσθαι","title":"Future infinitive","body":"ὀΐω ('I think/expect') governs the future middle infinitive πειρήσεσθαι: 'I expect to test you.' Future infinitives after verbs of expecting are common in Homer."}],"words":[{"surface":"νῦν","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ὀΐω","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"δή","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"σευ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"genitive singular pronoun","role":"object of πειρήσεσθαι","gloss":"you (of you)"},{"surface":"ξεῖνέ","lemma":"ξένος","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"stranger","note":"vocative ξεῖνε, Penelope's formal address to the disguised Odysseus, unaware of his identity"},{"surface":"γ","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed (emphatic)"},{"surface":"ὀΐω","lemma":"οἴομαι","morphology":"present active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I think"},{"surface":"πειρήσεσθαι","lemma":"πειράω","morphology":"future middle infinitive","role":"object of ὀΐω","gloss":"to test"}]},{"number":216,"label":"216","id":"b19-l216","source":"εἰ ἐτεὸν δὴ κεῖθι σὺν ἀντιθέοις ἑτάροισι","translation":"whether in truth, there with your godlike companions,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l216.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἰ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"ἐτεὸν","lemma":"ἐτεός","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"κεῖθι","lemma":"ἐκεῖθι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ξείνισας","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"σὺν","lemma":"σύν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ἀντιθέοις","lemma":"ἀντίθεος","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἑτάροισι","gloss":"godlike"},{"surface":"ἑτάροισι","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to σὺν","gloss":"companions"}]},{"number":217,"label":"217","id":"b19-l217","source":"ξείνισας ἐν μεγάροισιν ἐμὸν πόσιν, ὡς ἀγορεύεις.","translation":"you really hosted my husband in your halls, as you say.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l217.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ξείνισας","lemma":"ξενίζω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"object of εἰ","gloss":"you hosted"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"μεγάροισιν","lemma":"μέγαρον","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"halls"},{"surface":"ἐμὸν","lemma":"ἐμός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies πόσιν","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"πόσιν","lemma":"πόσις","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ξείνισας","gloss":"husband"},{"surface":"ὡς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀγορεύεις","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"ἀγορεύεις","lemma":"ἀγορεύω","morphology":"present active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ξείνισας","gloss":"you claim"}]},{"number":218,"label":"218","id":"b19-l218","source":"εἰπέ μοι ὁπποῖʼ ἄσσα περὶ χροῒ εἵματα ἕστο,","translation":"Tell me what sort of clothing he wore about his body,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l218.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἰπέ","lemma":"εἶπον","morphology":"aorist active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of εἰπέ","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ὁπποῖ","lemma":"ὁποῖος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies εἵματα","gloss":"what sort of"},{"surface":"ἄσσα","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative plural neuter pronoun","role":"modifies εἵματα","gloss":"(indefinite) things"},{"surface":"περὶ","lemma":"περί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"χροῒ","lemma":"χρώς","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to περὶ","gloss":"skin"},{"surface":"εἵματα","lemma":"εἷμα","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἕστο","gloss":"clothes"},{"surface":"ἕστο","lemma":"ἕννυμι","morphology":"pluperfect passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"he was wearing","note":"pluperfect ἕστο of ἕννυμι, 'had been clothed in' — Penelope's classic recognition-test question"}]},{"number":219,"label":"219","id":"b19-l219","source":"αὐτός θʼ οἷος ἔην, καὶ ἑταίρους, οἵ οἱ ἕποντο.","translation":"what he himself was like, and the companions who followed him.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l219.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτός","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"he himself"},{"surface":"θ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"οἷος","lemma":"οἷος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"what sort"},{"surface":"ἔην","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"he was"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἑταίρους","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"companions"},{"surface":"οἵ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἕποντο","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἕποντο","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ἕποντο","lemma":"ἕπομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ἑταίρους","gloss":"followed"}]},{"number":220,"label":"220","id":"b19-l220","source":"τὴν δʼ ἀπαμειβόμενος προσέφη πολύμητις\n                  Ὀδυσσεύς·","translation":"Then resourceful Odysseus answered her:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l220.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὴν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of προσέφη","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀπαμειβόμενος","lemma":"ἀπαμείβομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to προσέφη","gloss":"answering"},{"surface":"προσέφη","lemma":"πρόσφημι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"said to"},{"surface":"πολύμητις","lemma":"πολύμητις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ὀδυσσεύς","gloss":"of many wiles","note":"stock epithet for Odysseus, πολύμητις 'of many devices/cunning'"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσσεύς","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of προσέφη","gloss":"Odysseus"}]},{"number":221,"label":"221","id":"b19-l221","source":"ὦ γύναι, ἀργαλέον τόσσον χρόνον ἀμφὶς ἐόντα","translation":"\"Lady, it is hard to speak of him after so long an absence,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l221.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὦ","lemma":"ὦ","morphology":"exclamation","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"O"},{"surface":"γύναι","lemma":"γυνή","morphology":"vocative singular feminine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"lady","note":"vocative address γύναι, formal 'wife/lady' — Odysseus keeps his disguise while speaking to Penelope"},{"surface":"ἀργαλέον","lemma":"ἀργαλέος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"hard/painful"},{"surface":"τόσσον","lemma":"τόσος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies χρόνον","gloss":"so long"},{"surface":"χρόνον","lemma":"χρόνος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐόντα","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"ἀμφὶς","lemma":"ἀμφίς","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"apart"},{"surface":"ἐόντα","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"subject of εἰπέμεν","gloss":"being"}]},{"number":222,"label":"222","id":"b19-l222","source":"εἰπέμεν· ἤδη γάρ οἱ ἐεικοστὸν ἔτος ἐστὶν","translation":"for it is now the twentieth year","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l222.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἰπέμεν","lemma":"εἶπον","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"subject","gloss":"to tell"},{"surface":"ἤδη","lemma":"ἤδη","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐστὶν","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"γάρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"adverbial to ἐστὶν","gloss":"for him"},{"surface":"ἐεικοστὸν","lemma":"εἰκοστός","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἔτος","gloss":"twentieth"},{"surface":"ἔτος","lemma":"ἔτος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of ἐστὶν","gloss":"year"},{"surface":"ἐστὶν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"is"}]},{"number":223,"label":"223","id":"b19-l223","source":"ἐξ οὗ κεῖθεν ἔβη καὶ ἐμῆς ἀπελήλυθε πάτρης·","translation":"since he went away from there and left my homeland behind;","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l223.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐξ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"οὗ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"genitive singular neuter pronoun","role":"adverbial to ἐξ","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"κεῖθεν","lemma":"ἐκεῖθεν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔβη","gloss":"from there"},{"surface":"ἔβη","lemma":"βαίνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"he went"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐμῆς","lemma":"ἐμός","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies πάτρης","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"ἀπελήλυθε","lemma":"ἀπέρχομαι","morphology":"perfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"has departed","note":"perfect ἀπελήλυθε stresses the lasting state: he 'has been gone' for twenty years"},{"surface":"πάτρης","lemma":"πάτρη","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἀπελήλυθε","gloss":"homeland"}]},{"number":224,"label":"224","id":"b19-l224","source":"αὐτάρ τοι ἐρέω ὥς μοι ἰνδάλλεται ἦτορ.","translation":"yet I will tell you how my heart pictures him.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l224.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτάρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"object of ἐρέω","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"ἐρέω","lemma":"ἐρῶ","morphology":"future active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I will tell"},{"surface":"ὥς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἰνδάλλεται","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἰνδάλλεται","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"ἰνδάλλεται","lemma":"ἰνδάλλομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἐρέω","gloss":"appears/pictures","note":"ἰνδάλλομαι 'seems, appears to the mind' — Odysseus's memory-image of himself"},{"surface":"ἦτορ","lemma":"ἦτορ","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of ἰνδάλλεται","gloss":"heart"}]},{"number":225,"label":"225","id":"b19-l225","source":"χλαῖναν πορφυρέην οὔλην ἔχε δῖος Ὀδυσσεύς,","translation":"Noble Odysseus wore a cloak of purple wool,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l225.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"χλαῖναν πορφυρέην","title":"purple cloak","body":"The chlaina is a heavy outer mantle. Purple dye was costly, marking the wearer as a man of rank."}],"words":[{"surface":"χλαῖναν","lemma":"χλαῖνα","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἔχε","gloss":"cloak"},{"surface":"πορφυρέην","lemma":"πορφύρεος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies χλαῖναν","gloss":"purple"},{"surface":"οὔλην","lemma":"οὖλος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies χλαῖναν","gloss":"woolen","note":"οὖλος 'wool-thick' describes the cloak's dense nap, not the later homonym 'whole'."},{"surface":"ἔχε","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"wore","note":"Imperfect ἔχε = ongoing state 'was wearing,' not a single completed act."},{"surface":"δῖος","lemma":"δῖος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ὀδυσσεύς","gloss":"noble"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσσεύς","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔχε","gloss":"Odysseus","note":"δῖος Ὀδυσσεύς is a fixed Homeric epithet-formula, metrically convenient filler for the verse-end."}]},{"number":226,"label":"226","id":"b19-l226","source":"διπλῆν· αὐτάρ οἱ περόνη χρυσοῖο τέτυκτο","translation":"doubled over; and on it was fashioned a brooch of gold","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l226.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"διπλῆν","lemma":"διπλόος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies χλαῖναν","gloss":"doubled","note":"Predicate adjective agreeing with χλαῖναν from the previous line, describing how it was folded."},{"surface":"αὐτάρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"adverbial to τέτυκτο","gloss":"on it","note":"Dative of possession/reference: 'to/on him' i.e. on the cloak."},{"surface":"περόνη","lemma":"περόνη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of τέτυκτο","gloss":"brooch"},{"surface":"χρυσοῖο","lemma":"χρυσός","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of τέτυκτο","gloss":"of gold"},{"surface":"τέτυκτο","lemma":"τεύχω","morphology":"pluperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was made","note":"Pluperfect τέτυκτο of τεύχω gives a stative sense, 'stood fashioned,' typical of Homeric description."}]},{"number":227,"label":"227","id":"b19-l227","source":"αὐλοῖσιν διδύμοισι· πάροιθε δὲ δαίδαλον ἦεν·","translation":"with twin sheaths for the pin; and on its face was a marvel of craft:","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l227.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐλοῖσιν","lemma":"αὐλός","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to τέτυκτο","gloss":"sockets","note":"αὐλός here means the twin tubes/sheaths holding the pin, not its usual sense 'flute.'"},{"surface":"διδύμοισι","lemma":"δίδυμος","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies αὐλοῖσιν","gloss":"twin"},{"surface":"πάροιθε","lemma":"πάροιθε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἦεν","gloss":"in front"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"δαίδαλον","lemma":"δαίδαλος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"a marvel","note":"δαίδαλον, from the same root as Daedalus, means 'a cunningly wrought thing.'"},{"surface":"ἦεν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was"}]},{"number":228,"label":"228","id":"b19-l228","source":"ἐν προτέροισι πόδεσσι κύων ἔχε ποικίλον ἐλλόν,","translation":"in its forepaws a hound held a dappled fawn,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l228.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"προτέροισι","lemma":"πρότερος","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies πόδεσσι","gloss":"front"},{"surface":"πόδεσσι","lemma":"πούς","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"paws"},{"surface":"κύων","lemma":"κύων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔχε","gloss":"hound"},{"surface":"ἔχε","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"held"},{"surface":"ποικίλον","lemma":"ποικίλος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἐλλόν","gloss":"dappled"},{"surface":"ἐλλόν","lemma":"ἑλλός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἔχε","gloss":"fawn"}]},{"number":229,"label":"229","id":"b19-l229","source":"ἀσπαίροντα λάων· τὸ δὲ θαυμάζεσκον ἅπαντες,","translation":"gripping it as it writhed; and everyone marveled at it,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l229.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"θαυμάζεσκον","title":"iterative imperfect","body":"The -σκ- suffix marks a Homeric iterative imperfect: people 'used to marvel' repeatedly. It conveys habitual or recurring past action."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἀσπαίροντα","lemma":"ἀσπαίρω","morphology":"present active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"object of λάων","gloss":"writhing","note":"Accusative participle agreeing with the fawn, describing it as it struggles."},{"surface":"λάων","lemma":"λάω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἔχε","gloss":"gripping","note":"λάω here means 'seize, grip fast' (of the dog's jaws holding the fawn), a rare epic verb used twice in this scene; unrelated to the separate verb of seeing."},{"surface":"τὸ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"object of ,","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"θαυμάζεσκον","lemma":"θαυμάζω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"marveled","note":"Iterative -σκ- suffix (θαυμάζεσκον) marks repeated/habitual wonder, 'kept marveling.'"},{"surface":"ἅπαντες","lemma":"ἅπας","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"subject of θαυμάζεσκον","gloss":"everyone"}]},{"number":230,"label":"230","id":"b19-l230","source":"ὡς οἱ χρύσεοι ἐόντες ὁ μὲν λάε νεβρὸν ἀπάγχων,","translation":"how, though they were of gold, the one throttled the fawn as it gripped it,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l230.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὡς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἐόντες","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"χρύσεοι","lemma":"χρύσεος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"golden"},{"surface":"ἐόντες","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to αὐτὰρ","gloss":"being"},{"surface":"ὁ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of λάε","gloss":"the one"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"on one hand"},{"surface":"λάε","lemma":"λάω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"object of αὐτὰρ","gloss":"gripped"},{"surface":"νεβρὸν","lemma":"νεβρός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of λάε","gloss":"fawn"},{"surface":"ἀπάγχων","lemma":"ἀπάγχω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to λάε","gloss":"throttling","note":"ἀπάγχω 'choke, strangle' vividly animates the static gold figures as if truly killing the fawn."}]},{"number":231,"label":"231","id":"b19-l231","source":"αὐτὰρ ὁ ἐκφυγέειν μεμαὼς ἤσπαιρε πόδεσσι.","translation":"while the other, straining to escape, struggled with its feet.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l231.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ὁ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἤσπαιρε","gloss":"the other"},{"surface":"ἐκφυγέειν","lemma":"ἐκφεύγω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of μεμαὼς","gloss":"to escape"},{"surface":"μεμαὼς","lemma":"μέμαα","morphology":"perfect active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἤσπαιρε","gloss":"straining","note":"μεμαώς is a perfect participle of defective μέμαα, 'eager, straining'—no present tense exists for this verb."},{"surface":"ἤσπαιρε","lemma":"ἀσπαίρω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"object of αὐτὰρ","gloss":"struggled"},{"surface":"πόδεσσι","lemma":"πούς","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἤσπαιρε","gloss":"with its feet"}]},{"number":232,"label":"232","id":"b19-l232","source":"τὸν δὲ χιτῶνʼ ἐνόησα περὶ χροῒ σιγαλόεντα,","translation":"And I noticed the tunic, glistening on his body,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l232.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"article","role":"modifies χιτῶν᾽","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"χιτῶν","lemma":"χιτών","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐνόησα","gloss":"tunic"},{"surface":"ἐνόησα","lemma":"νοέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"noticed","note":"First-person aorist marks Penelope's account switching to eyewitness memory of the disguised Odysseus."},{"surface":"περὶ","lemma":"περί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"χροῒ","lemma":"χρώς","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to περὶ","gloss":"skin","note":"χρώς 'skin, flesh' — root of English 'chrome' via the color sense, not related here."},{"surface":"σιγαλόεντα","lemma":"σιγαλόεις","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies χιτῶν᾽","gloss":"glistening"}]},{"number":233,"label":"233","id":"b19-l233","source":"οἷόν τε κρομύοιο λοπὸν κάτα ἰσχαλέοιο·","translation":"fine as the skin of a dried onion:","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l233.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"κρομύοιο λοπὸν","title":"the onion-skin simile","body":"A homely, vivid comparison: the tunic's fabric is as fine and glossy as the papery skin of a dried onion. Such everyday images ground Homer's epic descriptions."}],"words":[{"surface":"οἷόν","lemma":"οἷος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to κάτα","gloss":"such as"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"(particle)"},{"surface":"κρομύοιο","lemma":"κρόμυον","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"modifies λοπὸν","gloss":"of onion"},{"surface":"λοπὸν","lemma":"λοπός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to κάτα","gloss":"skin","note":"λοπός 'peel, husk' gives the famous onion-skin simile for the tunic's sheen and smoothness."},{"surface":"κάτα","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"down along"},{"surface":"ἰσχαλέοιο","lemma":"ἰσχαλέος","morphology":"genitive singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies κρομύοιο","gloss":"dried"}]},{"number":234,"label":"234","id":"b19-l234","source":"τὼς μὲν ἔην μαλακός, λαμπρὸς δʼ ἦν ἠέλιος ὥς·","translation":"so soft it was, and bright as the sun;","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l234.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὼς","lemma":"τώς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔην","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἔην","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"μαλακός","lemma":"μαλακός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"soft"},{"surface":"λαμπρὸς","lemma":"λαμπρός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"bright"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἦν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"ἠέλιος","lemma":"ἠέλιος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"sun"},{"surface":"ὥς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"as","note":"ὥς here is postpositive 'as, like' (with ἠέλιος), an inverted word order typical of Homeric similes."}]},{"number":235,"label":"235","id":"b19-l235","source":"ἦ μὲν πολλαί γʼ αὐτὸν ἐθηήσαντο γυναῖκες.","translation":"indeed many women gazed at him in wonder.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l235.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"πολλαί","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"nominative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies γυναῖκες","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"γ","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"αὐτὸν","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"object of ἐθηήσαντο","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ἐθηήσαντο","lemma":"θεάομαι","morphology":"aorist medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"gazed in wonder"},{"surface":"γυναῖκες","lemma":"γυνή","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject of ἐθηήσαντο","gloss":"women"}]},{"number":236,"label":"236","id":"b19-l236","source":"ἄλλο δέ τοι ἐρέω, σὺ δʼ ἐνὶ φρεσὶ βάλλεο σῇσιν·","translation":"And I will tell you something else, and lay it up in your heart:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l236.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἄλλο","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"object of ἐρέω","gloss":"another thing"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"object of ἐρέω","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"ἐρέω","lemma":"ἐρῶ","morphology":"future active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I will tell"},{"surface":"σὺ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"nominative singular pronoun","role":"subject of βάλλεο","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"φρεσὶ","lemma":"φρήν","morphology":"dative plural noun","role":"object of ἐνὶ","gloss":"heart","note":"φρήν, lit. 'midriff/heart,' the seat of thought in Homeric psychology."},{"surface":"βάλλεο","lemma":"βάλλω","morphology":"present medio-passive imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"lay up","note":"Middle imperative βάλλεο, 'cast for yourself,' i.e. store it away in your own mind."},{"surface":"σῇσιν","lemma":"σός","morphology":"dative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies φρεσὶ","gloss":"your"}]},{"number":237,"label":"237","id":"b19-l237","source":"οὐκ οἶδʼ ἢ τάδε ἕστο περὶ χροῒ οἴκοθʼ Ὀδυσσεύς,","translation":"I do not know whether Odysseus wore these clothes at home,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l237.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οὐκ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"οἶδ","lemma":"οἶδα","morphology":"perfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I know"},{"surface":"ἢ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"τάδε","lemma":"ὅδε","morphology":"accusative plural neuter pronoun","role":"object of ἕστο","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"ἕστο","lemma":"ἕννυμι","morphology":"pluperfect passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"object of ἤ","gloss":"wore","note":"Pluperfect passive of ἕννυμι 'clothe,' i.e. 'had been clothed in/wore.'"},{"surface":"περὶ","lemma":"περί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"χροῒ","lemma":"χρώς","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to περὶ","gloss":"skin"},{"surface":"οἴκοθ","lemma":"οἴκοθι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἕστο","gloss":"at home"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσσεύς","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἕστο","gloss":"Odysseus"}]},{"number":238,"label":"238","id":"b19-l238","source":"ἦ τις ἑταίρων δῶκε θοῆς ἐπὶ νηὸς ἰόντι,","translation":"or whether some comrade gave them to him as he went aboard the swift ship,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l238.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"τις","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of δῶκε","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"ἑταίρων","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies τις","gloss":"of comrades"},{"surface":"δῶκε","lemma":"δίδωμι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"object of ἤ","gloss":"gave"},{"surface":"θοῆς","lemma":"θοός","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies νηὸς","gloss":"swift"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"νηὸς","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐπὶ","gloss":"ship"},{"surface":"ἰόντι","lemma":"εἶμι","morphology":"present active participle, dative singular masculine","role":"object of δῶκε","gloss":"going","note":"Dative participle 'to him as he went (aboard)' — dative of the person accompanying the action."}]},{"number":239,"label":"239","id":"b19-l239","source":"ἤ τίς που καὶ ξεῖνος, ἐπεὶ πολλοῖσιν Ὀδυσσεὺς","translation":"or perhaps some host, since to many men Odysseus","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l239.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἤ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"τίς","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies ξεῖνος","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"που","lemma":"πού","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"ξεῖνος","lemma":"ξένος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"host","note":"ξένος covers both 'guest' and 'host-friend'; here a foreign host who gave gifts of hospitality."},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"πολλοῖσιν","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of ἔσκε","gloss":"to many"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσσεὺς","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔσκε","gloss":"Odysseus"}]},{"number":240,"label":"240","id":"b19-l240","source":"ἔσκε φίλος· παῦροι γὰρ Ἀχαιῶν ἦσαν ὁμοῖοι.","translation":"was dear; for few of the Achaeans were his equal.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l240.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔσκε","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"imperfect middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἐπεὶ","gloss":"was","note":"Iterative ἔσκε (imperfect + -σκ-) marks a habitual, repeated state: 'used to be dear.'"},{"surface":"φίλος","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"παῦροι","lemma":"παῦρος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"subject of ἦσαν","gloss":"few"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιῶν","lemma":"Ἀχαιός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies παῦροι","gloss":"of Achaeans"},{"surface":"ἦσαν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"ὁμοῖοι","lemma":"ὅμοιος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"his equal"}]},{"number":241,"label":"241","id":"b19-l241","source":"καί οἱ ἐγὼ χάλκειον ἄορ καὶ δίπλακα δῶκα","translation":"And I myself gave him a bronze sword and a double cloak,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l241.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καί","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of δῶκα","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"ἐγὼ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of δ᾽","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"χάλκειον","lemma":"χάλκειος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἄορ","gloss":"bronze"},{"surface":"ἄορ","lemma":"ἄορ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"sword"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"δίπλακα","lemma":"δίπλαξ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"double cloak","note":"δίπλαξ names the same folded cloak Penelope described earlier, confirming her identification of Odysseus."},{"surface":"δῶκα","lemma":"δίδωμι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"gave"}]},{"number":242,"label":"242","id":"b19-l242","source":"καλὴν πορφυρέην καὶ τερμιόεντα χιτῶνα,","translation":"a fine purple one, and a tunic reaching to his feet,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l242.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καλὴν","lemma":"καλός","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies δίπλακα","gloss":"fine"},{"surface":"πορφυρέην","lemma":"πορφύρεος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies δίπλακα","gloss":"purple"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τερμιόεντα","lemma":"τερμιόεις","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies χιτῶνα","gloss":"ankle-length"},{"surface":"χιτῶνα","lemma":"χιτών","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"tunic"}]},{"number":243,"label":"243","id":"b19-l243","source":"αἰδοίως δʼ ἀπέπεμπον ἐϋσσέλμου ἐπὶ νηός.","translation":"and with full honor I sent him off on his well-benched ship.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l243.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αἰδοίως","lemma":"αἰδοῖος","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀπέπεμπον","gloss":"with honor"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀπέπεμπον","lemma":"ἀποπέμπω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"sent off"},{"surface":"ἐϋσσέλμου","lemma":"εὔσελμος","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies νηός","gloss":"well-benched","note":"Epithet εὔσελμος 'good-benched' is a standard Homeric formula for seaworthy ships."},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"νηός","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐπὶ","gloss":"ship"}]},{"number":244,"label":"244","id":"b19-l244","source":"καὶ μέν οἱ κῆρυξ ὀλίγον προγενέστερος αὐτοῦ","translation":"Moreover a herald attended him, a little older than himself,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l244.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"μέν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of εἵπετο","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"κῆρυξ","lemma":"κῆρυξ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of εἵπετο","gloss":"herald"},{"surface":"ὀλίγον","lemma":"ὀλίγος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"a little","note":"Adverbial accusative of degree, 'somewhat,' modifying the comparative προγενέστερος."},{"surface":"προγενέστερος","lemma":"προγενής","morphology":"nominative singular masculine comparative adjective","role":"modifies κῆρυξ","gloss":"older"},{"surface":"αὐτοῦ","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"adverbial to προγενέστερος","gloss":"than himself"}]},{"number":245,"label":"245","id":"b19-l245","source":"εἵπετο· καὶ τόν τοι μυθήσομαι, οἷος ἔην περ.","translation":"and I will describe to you what sort of man he was.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l245.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἵπετο","lemma":"ἕπομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"attended","note":"ἕπομαι governs the dative οἱ ('followed him'), completing the sentence begun in the previous line."},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τόν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of μυθήσομαι","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"object of μυθήσομαι","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"μυθήσομαι","lemma":"μυθέομαι","morphology":"future medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I will describe"},{"surface":"οἷος","lemma":"οἷος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"what sort"},{"surface":"ἔην","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"object of μυθήσομαι","gloss":"he was"},{"surface":"περ","lemma":"πέρ","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"}]},{"number":246,"label":"246","id":"b19-l246","source":"γυρὸς ἐν ὤμοισιν, μελανόχροος, οὐλοκάρηνος,","translation":"Round-shouldered he was, dark-skinned, with curly hair,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l246.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"γυρὸς ἐν ὤμοισιν","title":"physical portrait","body":"Homer's individualizing detail for the herald Eurybates: hunched shoulders, dark skin, woolly hair. Such concrete portraits are rare and serve here as proof of the disguised Odysseus's reliability."}],"words":[{"surface":"γυρὸς","lemma":"γυρός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"round-shouldered"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ὤμοισιν","lemma":"ὦμος","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"shoulders"},{"surface":"μελανόχροος","lemma":"μελανόχρους","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"dark-skinned"},{"surface":"οὐλοκάρηνος","lemma":"οὐλοκάρηνος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"curly-haired","note":"A vivid physical-description formula: three predicate adjectives stacked with no linking verb, common in Homeric portraits."}]},{"number":247,"label":"247","id":"b19-l247","source":"Εὐρυβάτης δʼ ὄνομʼ ἔσκε· τίεν δέ μιν ἔξοχον ἄλλων","translation":"and Eurybates was his name; Odysseus honored him above the rest","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l247.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Εὐρυβάτης","lemma":"Εὐρυβάτης","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"Eurybates"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὄνομ","lemma":"ὄνομα","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of ἔσκε","gloss":"name"},{"surface":"ἔσκε","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"imperfect middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"τίεν","lemma":"τίω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"honored"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of τίεν","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ἔξοχον","lemma":"ἔξοχος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"above"},{"surface":"ἄλλων","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἑτάρων","gloss":"the rest"}]},{"number":248,"label":"248","id":"b19-l248","source":"ὧν ἑτάρων Ὀδυσεύς, ὅτι οἱ φρεσὶν ἄρτια ᾔδη.","translation":"of his comrades, because his mind matched his own.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l248.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὧν","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"genitive plural masculine pronoun","role":"modifies ἑτάρων","gloss":"of whose"},{"surface":"ἑτάρων","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ἔξοχον","gloss":"comrades"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσεύς","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of τίεν","gloss":"Odysseus"},{"surface":"ὅτι","lemma":"ὅτι","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"adverbial to ᾔδη","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"φρεσὶν","lemma":"φρήν","morphology":"dative plural noun","role":"adverbial to ᾔδη","gloss":"in mind"},{"surface":"ἄρτια","lemma":"ἄρτιος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of ᾔδη","gloss":"fitting","note":"ἄρτια 'well-fitted, matching' describes shared thinking; root of English 'art, articulate.'"},{"surface":"ᾔδη","lemma":"οἶδα","morphology":"pluperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὅτι","gloss":"knew","note":"Pluperfect ᾔδη of οἶδα functions as a simple past 'knew,' since the perfect stem has present force."}]},{"number":249,"label":"249","id":"b19-l249","source":"ὣς φάτο, τῇ δʼ ἔτι μᾶλλον ὑφʼ ἵμερον ὦρσε\n                  γόοιο,","translation":"So he spoke, and stirred in her still more the longing to weep,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l249.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to φάτο","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"φάτο","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"τῇ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative singular feminine pronoun","role":"adverbial to ὦρσε","gloss":"in her"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔτι","lemma":"ἔτι","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"μᾶλλον","lemma":"μᾶλλον","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ὦρσε","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"ὑφ","lemma":"ὑπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"(intensifying)"},{"surface":"ἵμερον","lemma":"ἵμερος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ὦρσε","gloss":"longing"},{"surface":"ὦρσε","lemma":"ὄρνυμι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"stirred","note":"ὄρνυμι 'rouse, stir up' vividly frames grief as a physical force set in motion within her."},{"surface":"γόοιο","lemma":"γόος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ἵμερον","gloss":"to weep"}]},{"number":250,"label":"250","id":"b19-l250","source":"σήματʼ ἀναγνούσῃ τά οἱ ἔμπεδα πέφραδʼ Ὀδυσσεύς.","translation":"as she recognized the sure tokens that Odysseus described to her.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l250.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"σήματʼ","title":"sêmata — recognition tokens","body":"The sêmata ('signs, tokens') are the concrete proofs that confirm identity in the Odyssey's recognition scenes. Here the brooch and clothing are tokens that move Penelope to tears."}],"words":[{"surface":"σήματ","lemma":"σῆμα","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἀναγνούσῃ","gloss":"tokens"},{"surface":"ἀναγνούσῃ","lemma":"ἀναγιγνώσκω","morphology":"aorist active participle, dative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to ὦρσε","gloss":"recognizing","note":"Dative participle agreeing with τῇ (Penelope), 'as she recognized' the identifying signs."},{"surface":"τά","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative plural neuter pronoun","role":"object of πέφραδ᾽","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of πέφραδ᾽","gloss":"to her"},{"surface":"ἔμπεδα","lemma":"ἔμπεδα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to πέφραδ᾽","gloss":"sure","note":"ἔμπεδα 'firm, steadfast'—the tokens are certain proof, not mere claims."},{"surface":"πέφραδ","lemma":"φράζω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing σήματ᾽","gloss":"described"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσσεύς","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of πέφραδ᾽","gloss":"Odysseus"}]},{"number":251,"label":"251","id":"b19-l251","source":"ἡ δʼ ἐπεὶ οὖν τάρφθη πολυδακρύτοιο γόοιο.","translation":"And when she had had her fill of tearful lament,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l251.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἡ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"οὖν","lemma":"οὖν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"τάρφθη","lemma":"τέρπω","morphology":"aorist passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἐπεὶ","gloss":"had her fill","note":"τάρφθη, aorist passive of τέρπω 'be satisfied/take one's fill,' here of weeping rather than pleasure."},{"surface":"πολυδακρύτοιο","lemma":"πολυδάκρυτος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies γόοιο","gloss":"tearful"},{"surface":"γόοιο","lemma":"γόος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of τάρφθη","gloss":"lament"}]},{"number":252,"label":"252","id":"b19-l252","source":"καὶ τότε μιν μύθοισιν ἀμειβομένη προσέειπε·","translation":"then she answered him with these words:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l252.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τότε","lemma":"τότε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to προσέειπε","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of προσέειπε","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"μύθοισιν","lemma":"μῦθος","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to προσέειπε","gloss":"with words"},{"surface":"ἀμειβομένη","lemma":"ἀμείβω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to προσέειπε","gloss":"answering"},{"surface":"προσέειπε","lemma":"προσεῖπον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"addressed","note":"προσέειπε is the standard Homeric verse-closing formula introducing direct speech."}]},{"number":253,"label":"253","id":"b19-l253","source":"νῦν μὲν δή μοι, ξεῖνε, πάρος περ ἐὼν\n                     ἐλεεινός,","translation":"\"Now, stranger, though before this you were merely pitiable,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l253.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"νῦν","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔσῃ","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"δή","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"truly","note":"μὲν δή stacked particles mark Penelope's solemn turning point in tone toward the stranger"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular feminine pronoun","role":"adverbial to ἔσῃ","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"ξεῖνε","lemma":"ξένος","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"stranger","note":"vocative ξεῖνε: the guest-host bond (xenia) is central to this scene"},{"surface":"πάρος","lemma":"πάρος","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐὼν","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"περ","lemma":"πέρ","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"ἐὼν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἔσῃ","gloss":"being"},{"surface":"ἐλεεινός","lemma":"ἐλεεινός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"pitiable"}]},{"number":254,"label":"254","id":"b19-l254","source":"ἐν μεγάροισιν ἐμοῖσι φίλος τʼ ἔσῃ αἰδοῖός τε·","translation":"you shall be dear and honored in my halls;","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l254.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"μεγάροισιν","lemma":"μέγαρον","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"halls","note":"epic plural μεγάροισιν for a single great hall, common Homeric number usage"},{"surface":"ἐμοῖσι","lemma":"ἐμός","morphology":"dative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies μεγάροισιν","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"φίλος","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔσῃ","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"future middle indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"you will be","note":"future ἔσῃ (2nd sg. of εἰμί): a formal promise of status, not mere prediction"},{"surface":"αἰδοῖός","lemma":"αἰδοῖος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"honored"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"}]},{"number":255,"label":"255","id":"b19-l255","source":"αὐτὴ γὰρ τάδε εἵματʼ ἐγὼ πόρον, οἷʼ ἀγορεύεις,","translation":"for it was I myself who gave him those clothes you describe,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l255.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὴ","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"I myself","note":"emphatic αὐτὴ agreeing with ἐγὼ underscores Penelope claims sole credit for the gift"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"τάδε","lemma":"ὅδε","morphology":"accusative plural neuter pronoun","role":"modifies εἵματ᾽","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"εἵματ","lemma":"εἷμα","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of πόρον","gloss":"clothes"},{"surface":"ἐγὼ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of πόρον","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"πόρον","lemma":"πόρω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"gave","note":"πόρον, root πόρω 'give/grant', an old aorist surviving mainly in poetic diction"},{"surface":"οἷ","lemma":"οἷος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of ἀγορεύεις","gloss":"such as"},{"surface":"ἀγορεύεις","lemma":"ἀγορεύω","morphology":"present active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing εἵματ᾽","gloss":"you describe"}]},{"number":256,"label":"256","id":"b19-l256","source":"πτύξασʼ ἐκ θαλάμου, περόνην τʼ ἐπέθηκα φαεινὴν","translation":"folding them from the storeroom, and I fastened on the shining brooch","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l256.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πτύξασ","lemma":"πτύσσω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to πόρον","gloss":"folding","note":"πτύξασ(α): feminine participle agreeing with Penelope, describing how she prepared the garments"},{"surface":"ἐκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"θαλάμου","lemma":"θάλαμος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐκ","gloss":"storeroom"},{"surface":"περόνην","lemma":"περόνη","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐπέθηκα","gloss":"brooch"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐπέθηκα","lemma":"ἐπιτίθημι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I fastened"},{"surface":"φαεινὴν","lemma":"φαεινός","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies περόνην","gloss":"shining"}]},{"number":257,"label":"257","id":"b19-l257","source":"κείνῳ ἄγαλμʼ ἔμεναι· τὸν δʼ οὐχ ὑποδέξομαι αὖτις","translation":"to be his glory. But I shall not welcome him again","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l257.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κείνῳ","lemma":"ἐκεῖνος","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"adverbial to ἔμεναι","gloss":"for that man"},{"surface":"ἄγαλμ","lemma":"ἄγαλμα","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"glory","note":"ἄγαλμα: 'a thing to delight in/adorn', showing off the guest as an ornament to his host"},{"surface":"ἔμεναι","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"modifies περόνην","gloss":"to be"},{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ὑποδέξομαι","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"οὐχ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ὑποδέξομαι","lemma":"ὑποδέχομαι","morphology":"future middle indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I shall welcome"},{"surface":"αὖτις","lemma":"αὖθις","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to νοστήσαντα","gloss":"again","note":"αὖτις: Penelope believes she will never again welcome the true Odysseus home to his own dear native land — not knowing the disguised stranger before her is in fact her husband."}]},{"number":258,"label":"258","id":"b19-l258","source":"οἴκαδε νοστήσαντα φίλην ἐς πατρίδα γαῖαν.","translation":"coming home to his own dear native land.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l258.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἴκαδε","lemma":"οἴκαδε","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of νοστήσαντα","gloss":"homeward"},{"surface":"νοστήσαντα","lemma":"νοστέω","morphology":"aorist active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ὑποδέξομαι","gloss":"having returned"},{"surface":"φίλην","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies γαῖαν","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"πατρίδα","lemma":"πατρίς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies γαῖαν","gloss":"native"},{"surface":"γαῖαν","lemma":"γαῖα","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐς","gloss":"land"}]},{"number":259,"label":"259","id":"b19-l259","source":"τῷ ῥα κακῇ αἴσῃ κοίλης ἐπὶ νηὸς Ὀδυσσεὺς","translation":"It was by an evil fate that Odysseus, in his hollow ship,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l259.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τῷ","lemma":"τῷ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"so","note":"τῷ used adverbially, 'therefore/thus'; still within Penelope's quoted speech (which continues through line 260), not a return to narrator's voice."},{"surface":"ῥα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"κακῇ","lemma":"κακός","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies αἴσῃ","gloss":"evil"},{"surface":"αἴσῃ","lemma":"αἶσις","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ᾤχετ᾽","gloss":"fate"},{"surface":"κοίλης","lemma":"κοῖλος","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies νηὸς","gloss":"hollow"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"νηὸς","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐπὶ","gloss":"ship"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσσεὺς","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ᾤχετ᾽","gloss":"Odysseus"}]},{"number":260,"label":"260","id":"b19-l260","source":"ᾤχετʼ ἐποψόμενος Κακοΐλιον οὐκ ὀνομαστήν.","translation":"went off to look upon Evil-Ilion, name not to be spoken.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l260.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Κακοΐλιον οὐκ ὀνομαστήν","title":"\"Evil-Ilion\"","body":"Penelope coins a bitter compound, Kakoïlion ('Evil-Ilion'), and calls the name unspeakable. The wordplay conveys her loathing for the city that took her husband."}],"words":[{"surface":"ᾤχετ","lemma":"οἴχομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he went","note":"οἴχομαι, 'to be gone/depart', frames Troy as a place one departs to and barely returns from"},{"surface":"ἐποψόμενος","lemma":"ἐφοράω","morphology":"future middle participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ᾤχετ᾽","gloss":"to look upon"},{"surface":"Κακοΐλιον","lemma":"Κακοίλιος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐποψόμενος","gloss":"Evil-Ilion","note":"Κακοΐλιον: a bitter pun on Ἴλιον (Troy), 'Evil-Troy', reflecting the war's cost"},{"surface":"οὐκ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ὀνομαστήν","lemma":"ὀνομαστός","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Κακοΐλιον","gloss":"to be named"}]},{"number":261,"label":"261","id":"b19-l261","source":"τὴν δʼ ἀπαμειβόμενος προσέφη πολύμητις\n                  Ὀδυσσεύς·","translation":"Then resourceful Odysseus answered her:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l261.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"πολύμητις Ὀδυσσεύς","title":"the epithet 'resourceful'","body":"polymêtis ('of many devices') is a fixed formulaic epithet for Odysseus, filling the line's end. Such epithets are a hallmark of oral hexameter style."}],"words":[{"surface":"τὴν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of προσέφη","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀπαμειβόμενος","lemma":"ἀπαμείβομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to προσέφη","gloss":"answering"},{"surface":"προσέφη","lemma":"πρόσφημι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he said"},{"surface":"πολύμητις","lemma":"πολύμητις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ὀδυσσεύς","gloss":"resourceful","note":"πολύμητις: fixed Odysseus epithet, 'of many wiles/counsels'—a formula, not free composition"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσσεύς","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of προσέφη","gloss":"Odysseus"}]},{"number":262,"label":"262","id":"b19-l262","source":"ὦ γύναι αἰδοίη Λαερτιάδεω Ὀδυσῆος,","translation":"\"Honored wife of Odysseus, son of Laertes,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l262.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὦ","lemma":"ὦ","morphology":"exclamation","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"γύναι","lemma":"γυνή","morphology":"vocative singular feminine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"αἰδοίη","lemma":"αἰδοῖος","morphology":"vocative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies γύναι","gloss":"honored"},{"surface":"Λαερτιάδεω","lemma":"Λαερτιάδης","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ὀδυσῆος","gloss":"of Laertes' son","note":"patronymic Λαερτιάδης identifies Odysseus by lineage, standard epic naming"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσῆος","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies γύναι","gloss":"Odysseus"}]},{"number":263,"label":"263","id":"b19-l263","source":"μηκέτι νῦν χρόα καλὸν ἐναίρεο, μηδέ τι θυμὸν","translation":"do not mar your fair skin any longer, nor waste your heart away","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l263.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μηκέτι","lemma":"μηκέτι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐναίρεο","gloss":"no longer"},{"surface":"νῦν","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐναίρεο","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"χρόα","lemma":"χρώς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐναίρεο","gloss":"skin"},{"surface":"καλὸν","lemma":"καλός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies χρόα","gloss":"fair"},{"surface":"ἐναίρεο","lemma":"ἐναίρω","morphology":"present medio-passive imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"mar","note":"ἐναίρεο middle imperative, lit. 'destroy/wear down'—vivid image of grief ravaging the body"},{"surface":"τι","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"θυμὸν","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of τῆκε","gloss":"heart"}]},{"number":264,"label":"264","id":"b19-l264","source":"τῆκε, πόσιν γοόωσα. νεμεσσῶμαί γε μὲν οὐδέν·","translation":"with weeping for your husband. Yet I do not blame you at all;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l264.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τῆκε","lemma":"τήκω","morphology":"present active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"waste away"},{"surface":"πόσιν","lemma":"πόσις","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of γοόωσα","gloss":"husband"},{"surface":"γοόωσα","lemma":"γοάω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to δέ","gloss":"weeping"},{"surface":"νεμεσσῶμαί","lemma":"νεμεσάω","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I blame","note":"νεμεσσῶμαι: 'feel indignation at', Odysseus disclaims any resentment toward her mourning"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"οὐδέν","lemma":"οὐδείς","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"object of νεμεσσῶμαί","gloss":"nothing"}]},{"number":265,"label":"265","id":"b19-l265","source":"καὶ γάρ τίς τʼ ἀλλοῖον ὀδύρεται ἄνδρʼ ὀλέσασα","translation":"for any woman mourns when she has lost","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l265.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"γάρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"τίς","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of ὀδύρεται","gloss":"any woman"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἀλλοῖον","lemma":"ἀλλοῖος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἄνδρ᾽","gloss":"different"},{"surface":"ὀδύρεται","lemma":"ὀδύρομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"mourns"},{"surface":"ἄνδρ","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ὀλέσασα","gloss":"husband"},{"surface":"ὀλέσασα","lemma":"ὄλλυμι","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to ὀδύρεται","gloss":"having lost"}]},{"number":266,"label":"266","id":"b19-l266","source":"κουρίδιον, τῷ τέκνα τέκῃ φιλότητι μιγεῖσα,","translation":"her wedded husband, to whom she bore children in love,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l266.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κουρίδιον","lemma":"κουρίδιος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἄνδρ᾽","gloss":"wedded","note":"κουρίδιον ἄνδρα: formulaic phrase for a legitimate first husband, common in epic"},{"surface":"τῷ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"adverbial to τέκῃ","gloss":"to whom"},{"surface":"τέκνα","lemma":"τέκνον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of τέκῃ","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"τέκῃ","lemma":"τίκτω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ἄνδρ᾽","gloss":"she bore"},{"surface":"φιλότητι","lemma":"φιλότης","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of μιγεῖσα","gloss":"in love"},{"surface":"μιγεῖσα","lemma":"μίγνυμι","morphology":"aorist passive participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to τέκῃ","gloss":"united","note":"μιγεῖσα, aorist passive of μίγνυμι 'to mix/unite'—Homeric euphemism for sexual union"}]},{"number":267,"label":"267","id":"b19-l267","source":"ἢ Ὀδυσῆʼ, ὅν φασι θεοῖς ἐναλίγκιον εἶναι.","translation":"even one other than Odysseus, who they say was like the gods.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l267.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἢ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσῆ","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἢ","gloss":"Odysseus"},{"surface":"ὅν","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of εἶναι","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"φασι","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing Ὀδυσῆ᾽","gloss":"they say"},{"surface":"θεοῖς","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ἐναλίγκιον","gloss":"to the gods"},{"surface":"ἐναλίγκιον","lemma":"ἐναλίγκιος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"like","note":"θεοῖς ἐναλίγκιον 'like the gods': high praise formula reserved for the greatest heroes"},{"surface":"εἶναι","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of φασι","gloss":"to be"}]},{"number":268,"label":"268","id":"b19-l268","source":"ἀλλὰ γόου μὲν παῦσαι, ἐμεῖο δὲ σύνθεο μῦθον·","translation":"But cease your weeping, and mark my words:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l268.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλὰ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"γόου","lemma":"γόος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of παῦσαι","gloss":"weeping"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"παῦσαι","lemma":"παύω","morphology":"aorist middle imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"cease"},{"surface":"ἐμεῖο","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies μῦθον","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"σύνθεο","lemma":"συντίθημι","morphology":"aorist middle imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"take to heart","note":"σύνθεο, aorist middle imperative of συντίθημι, 'put together/mark well'—attend closely to what follows"},{"surface":"μῦθον","lemma":"μῦθος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of σύνθεο","gloss":"word"}]},{"number":269,"label":"269","id":"b19-l269","source":"νημερτέως γάρ τοι μυθήσομαι οὐδʼ ἐπικεύσω","translation":"for I will tell you truly and will hide nothing,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l269.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"νημερτέως","lemma":"νημερτής","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to μυθήσομαι","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"γάρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"object of μυθήσομαι","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"μυθήσομαι","lemma":"μυθέομαι","morphology":"future medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I will tell","note":"μυθήσομαι future middle—Odysseus, master liar, promises truth just before spinning his Cretan tale"},{"surface":"ἐπικεύσω","lemma":"ἐπικεύθω","morphology":"future active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"nor will I hide"}]},{"number":270,"label":"270","id":"b19-l270","source":"ὡς ἤδη Ὀδυσῆος ἐγὼ περὶ νόστου ἄκουσα","translation":"how I have already heard of the homecoming of Odysseus,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l270.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"νόστου","title":"nostos — homecoming","body":"nostos, 'return home,' is the central theme of the whole poem. The disguised hero teases Penelope with news of his own nostos."}],"words":[{"surface":"ὡς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"ἤδη","lemma":"ἤδη","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἄκουσα","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσῆος","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies νόστου","gloss":"of Odysseus"},{"surface":"ἐγὼ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἄκουσα","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"περὶ","lemma":"περί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"νόστου","lemma":"νόστος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of περὶ","gloss":"homecoming"},{"surface":"ἄκουσα","lemma":"ἀκούω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"object of ὡς","gloss":"I heard"}]},{"number":271,"label":"271","id":"b19-l271","source":"ἀγχοῦ, Θεσπρωτῶν ἀνδρῶν ἐν πίονι δήμῳ,","translation":"near at hand, in the rich land of the Thesprotians,","scansion":"—— | —— | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l271.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀγχοῦ","lemma":"ἀγχοῦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἄκουσα","gloss":"nearby"},{"surface":"Θεσπρωτῶν","lemma":"Θεσπρωτοί","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ἀνδρῶν","gloss":"of the Thesprotians"},{"surface":"ἀνδρῶν","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies δήμῳ","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"πίονι","lemma":"πίων","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies δήμῳ","gloss":"rich"},{"surface":"δήμῳ","lemma":"δῆμος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"land"}]},{"number":272,"label":"272","id":"b19-l272","source":"ζωοῦ· αὐτὰρ ἄγει κειμήλια πολλὰ καὶ ἐσθλὰ","translation":"alive; and he is bringing many fine treasures,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l272.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ζωοῦ","lemma":"ζωός","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"alive","note":"ζωοῦ (genitive) agrees with the implied Ὀδυσῆος from the previous line, not a genitive absolute — part of Odysseus' fictitious report that he himself is still alive."},{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἄγει","lemma":"ἄγω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he brings"},{"surface":"κειμήλια","lemma":"κειμήλιον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἄγει","gloss":"treasures"},{"surface":"πολλὰ","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐσθλὰ","lemma":"ἐσθλός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"fine"}]},{"number":273,"label":"273","id":"b19-l273","source":"αἰτίζων ἀνὰ δῆμον. ἀτὰρ ἐρίηρας ἑταίρους","translation":"begging them through the land. But his trusty comrades","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l273.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αἰτίζων","lemma":"αἰτίζω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἄγει","gloss":"begging"},{"surface":"ἀνὰ","lemma":"ἀνά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"δῆμον","lemma":"δῆμος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἀνὰ","gloss":"land"},{"surface":"ἀτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐρίηρας","lemma":"ἐρίηρος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ἑταίρους","gloss":"trusty"},{"surface":"ἑταίρους","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"comrades"}]},{"number":274,"label":"274","id":"b19-l274","source":"ὤλεσε καὶ νῆα γλαφυρὴν ἐνὶ οἴνοπι πόντῳ,","translation":"he lost, along with his hollow ship, on the wine-dark sea,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l274.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"οἴνοπι πόντῳ","title":"wine-dark sea","body":"oinopi pontôi, 'wine-faced/wine-dark sea,' is one of Homer's best-known fixed epithets, here in the dative after the preposition. The compound describes the deep color of the open water."}],"words":[{"surface":"ὤλεσε","lemma":"ὄλλυμι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he lost"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"νῆα","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"ship"},{"surface":"γλαφυρὴν","lemma":"γλαφυρός","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies νῆα","gloss":"hollow"},{"surface":"ἐνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"οἴνοπι","lemma":"οἶνοψ","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies πόντῳ","gloss":"wine-dark","note":"οἴνοπι πόντῳ 'wine-dark sea': one of Homer's most famous fixed epithets"},{"surface":"πόντῳ","lemma":"πόντος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐνὶ","gloss":"sea"}]},{"number":275,"label":"275","id":"b19-l275","source":"Θρινακίης ἄπο νήσου ἰών· ὀδύσαντο γὰρ αὐτῷ","translation":"as he came from the island of Thrinacia; for angry with him were","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l275.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Θρινακίης","lemma":"Θρινακίη","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies νήσου","gloss":"of Thrinacia","note":"Θρινακίη, the island of the Sun-god's cattle from Book 12 — Odysseus alludes to his own real past disaster"},{"surface":"ἄπο","lemma":"ἀπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"νήσου","lemma":"νῆσος","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἄπο","gloss":"island"},{"surface":"ἰών","lemma":"εἶμι","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ὤλεσε","gloss":"going"},{"surface":"ὀδύσαντο","lemma":"ὀδύσσομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"they were angry"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"αὐτῷ","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"object of ὀδύσαντο","gloss":"with him"}]},{"number":276,"label":"276","id":"b19-l276","source":"Ζεύς τε καὶ Ἠέλιος· τοῦ γὰρ βόας ἔκταν ἑταῖροι.","translation":"both Zeus and the Sun, because his comrades had killed the Sun's cattle.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l276.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ζεύς","lemma":"Ζεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"Zeus"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ἠέλιος","lemma":"ἠέλιος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"the Sun"},{"surface":"τοῦ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies βόας","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"βόας","lemma":"βοῦς","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἔκταν","gloss":"cattle"},{"surface":"ἔκταν","lemma":"κτείνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"they had killed","note":"ἔκταν recalls the Sun-cattle taboo (Book 12): the crime that doomed Odysseus's crew"},{"surface":"ἑταῖροι","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔκταν","gloss":"comrades"}]},{"number":277,"label":"277","id":"b19-l277","source":"οἱ μὲν πάντες ὄλοντο πολυκλύστῳ ἐνὶ πόντῳ·","translation":"They all perished in the surging sea;","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l277.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"article","role":"modifies πάντες","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"πάντες","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"subject of ὄλοντο","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"ὄλοντο","lemma":"ὄλλυμι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"perished"},{"surface":"πολυκλύστῳ","lemma":"πολύκλυστος","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies πόντῳ","gloss":"surging"},{"surface":"ἐνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"πόντῳ","lemma":"πόντος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐνὶ","gloss":"sea"}]},{"number":278,"label":"278","id":"b19-l278","source":"τὸν δʼ ἄρʼ ἐπὶ τρόπιος νεὸς ἔκβαλε κῦμʼ ἐπὶ χέρσου,","translation":"but the wave cast him upon his ship's keel onto dry land,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l278.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἔκβαλε","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"τρόπιος","lemma":"τρόπις","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies νεὸς","gloss":"keel"},{"surface":"νεὸς","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐπὶ","gloss":"ship's"},{"surface":"ἔκβαλε","lemma":"ἐκβάλλω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"cast"},{"surface":"κῦμ","lemma":"κῦμα","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of ἔκβαλε","gloss":"wave","note":"κῦμα as subject of ἔκβαλε: the sea itself acts, a hallmark of Homeric personified nature"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"χέρσου","lemma":"χέρσος","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐπὶ","gloss":"dry land"}]},{"number":279,"label":"279","id":"b19-l279","source":"Φαιήκων ἐς γαῖαν, οἳ ἀγχίθεοι γεγάασιν,","translation":"into the country of the Phaeacians, who are kin to the gods,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l279.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Φαιήκων","lemma":"Φαίαξ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies γαῖαν","gloss":"of the Phaeacians"},{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"γαῖαν","lemma":"γαῖα","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐς","gloss":"land"},{"surface":"οἳ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of γεγάασιν","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"ἀγχίθεοι","lemma":"ἀγχίθεος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"kin to gods","note":"ἀγχίθεοι 'near-gods': marks Phaeacians as liminal, semi-divine hosts, fitting their storybook island"},{"surface":"γεγάασιν","lemma":"γίγνομαι","morphology":"perfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing τέ","gloss":"have become"}]},{"number":280,"label":"280","id":"b19-l280","source":"οἳ δή μιν περὶ κῆρι θεὸν ὣς τιμήσαντο","translation":"and they honored him heartily like a god,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l280.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἳ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of τέ","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"δή","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of τιμήσαντο","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"περὶ","lemma":"περί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"κῆρι","lemma":"κῆρ","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to περὶ","gloss":"heart","note":"περὶ κῆρι, an adverbial idiom meaning 'exceedingly, at heart'"},{"surface":"θεὸν","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to τιμήσαντο","gloss":"as a god"},{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"τιμήσαντο","lemma":"τιμάω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing τέ","gloss":"they honored"}]},{"number":281,"label":"281","id":"b19-l281","source":"καί οἱ πολλὰ δόσαν πέμπειν τέ μιν ἤθελον αὐτοὶ","translation":"and gave him much, and were eager themselves to escort him","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l281.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καί","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of δόσαν","gloss":"to him","note":"οἱ is the unaccented enclitic dative of ἕ, 'him' — easy to miss as a pronoun."},{"surface":"πολλὰ","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of δόσαν","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"δόσαν","lemma":"δίδωμι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing τέ","gloss":"they gave","note":"δόσαν is an epic/Aeolic aorist 3pl form (for classical ἔδοσαν) — augment dropped."},{"surface":"πέμπειν","lemma":"πέμπω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of ἤθελον","gloss":"to escort"},{"surface":"τέ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of πέμπειν","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ἤθελον","lemma":"ἐθέλω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing τέ","gloss":"they were willing"},{"surface":"αὐτοὶ","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"themselves","note":"αὐτοί here is emphatic 'they themselves', not reflexive — stresses their own eagerness."}]},{"number":282,"label":"282","id":"b19-l282","source":"οἴκαδʼ ἀπήμαντον. καί κεν πάλαι ἐνθάδʼ Ὀδυσσεὺς","translation":"home unharmed. And Odysseus would long ago","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l282.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἴκαδ","lemma":"οἴκαδε","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of πέμπειν","gloss":"homeward","note":"οἴκαδε is a directional adverb ('to home'), formed with the -δε suffix, not a noun form."},{"surface":"ἀπήμαντον","lemma":"ἀπήμαντος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"unharmed"},{"surface":"καί","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κεν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"πάλαι","lemma":"πάλαι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἤην","gloss":"long ago"},{"surface":"ἐνθάδ","lemma":"ἐνθάδε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἤην","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσσεὺς","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἤην","gloss":"Odysseus"}]},{"number":283,"label":"283","id":"b19-l283","source":"ἤην· ἀλλʼ ἄρα οἱ τό γε κέρδιον εἴσατο θυμῷ,","translation":"have been here; but to his heart this seemed the better course:","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l283.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἤην","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he would have been","note":"ἤην is an epic imperfect of εἰμί; with καί κεν it forms a past unreal condition, 'would have been'."},{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἄρα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of εἴσατο","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"τό","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"article","role":"subject of ,","gloss":"this","note":"τό here is a demonstrative pronoun ('this thing'), the older Homeric use of ὁ/ἡ/τό before it became a plain article."},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"κέρδιον","lemma":"κερδίων","morphology":"nominative singular neuter comparative adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"better","note":"κέρδιον is a comparative ('more profitable') used as predicate, from κερδίων/κέρδος."},{"surface":"εἴσατο","lemma":"εἴδω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"seemed"},{"surface":"θυμῷ","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of εἴσατο","gloss":"in his heart"}]},{"number":284,"label":"284","id":"b19-l284","source":"χρήματʼ ἀγυρτάζειν πολλὴν ἐπὶ γαῖαν ἰόντι·","translation":"to gather wealth, traveling over the wide earth;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l284.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"χρήματ","lemma":"χρῆμα","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἀγυρτάζειν","gloss":"goods"},{"surface":"ἀγυρτάζειν","lemma":"ἀγυρτάζω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"subject of ,","gloss":"to gather","note":"ἀγυρτάζειν, 'to go begging/collecting', a rare verb painting Odysseus as disguised beggar-trader."},{"surface":"πολλὴν","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies γαῖαν","gloss":"wide"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"γαῖαν","lemma":"γαῖα","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐπὶ","gloss":"earth"},{"surface":"ἰόντι","lemma":"εἶμι","morphology":"present active participle, dative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἀγυρτάζειν","gloss":"traveling"}]},{"number":285,"label":"285","id":"b19-l285","source":"ὣς περὶ κέρδεα πολλὰ καταθνητῶν ἀνθρώπων","translation":"so far beyond all mortal men in the ways of gain","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l285.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to οἶδ᾽","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"περὶ","lemma":"περί","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"beyond","note":"περί is used in tmesis with οἶδ᾽ (=περίοιδε, 'know surpassingly'), not as a preposition governing ἀνθρώπων directly — that genitive is governed by οἶδ᾽ itself, as a genitive of comparison."},{"surface":"κέρδεα","lemma":"κέρδος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of οἶδ᾽","gloss":"gains"},{"surface":"πολλὰ","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies κέρδεα","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"καταθνητῶν","lemma":"καταθνητός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἀνθρώπων","gloss":"mortal"},{"surface":"ἀνθρώπων","lemma":"ἄνθρωπος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"object of οἶδ᾽","gloss":"of men"}]},{"number":286,"label":"286","id":"b19-l286","source":"οἶδʼ Ὀδυσεύς, οὐδʼ ἄν τις ἐρίσσειε βροτὸς ἄλλος.","translation":"does Odysseus know, nor could any other mortal rival him.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l286.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἶδ","lemma":"οἶδα","morphology":"perfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"knows","note":"οἶδ(ε) is perfect in form but present in meaning — 'knows', a classic Greek perfect-as-present verb."},{"surface":"Ὀδυσεύς","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of οἶδ᾽","gloss":"Odysseus"},{"surface":"ἄν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"τις","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies βροτὸς","gloss":"anyone"},{"surface":"ἐρίσσειε","lemma":"ἐρίζω","morphology":"aorist active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"rival","note":"ἐρίσσειε is aorist optative with ἄν — potential optative, 'could rival'."},{"surface":"βροτὸς","lemma":"βροτός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐρίσσειε","gloss":"mortal"},{"surface":"ἄλλος","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies βροτὸς","gloss":"other"}]},{"number":287,"label":"287","id":"b19-l287","source":"ὥς μοι Θεσπρωτῶν βασιλεὺς μυθήσατο Φείδων·","translation":"So Pheidon, king of the Thesprotians, told me;","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l287.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὥς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to μυθήσατο","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of μυθήσατο","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"Θεσπρωτῶν","lemma":"Θεσπρωτοί","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies βασιλεὺς","gloss":"of the Thesprotians"},{"surface":"βασιλεὺς","lemma":"βασιλεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"king"},{"surface":"μυθήσατο","lemma":"μυθέομαι","morphology":"aorist medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"Φείδων","lemma":"Φείδων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"Pheidon","note":"Φείδων, the Thesprotian king, is named in apposition to βασιλεύς — part of Odysseus's fictitious tale."}]},{"number":288,"label":"288","id":"b19-l288","source":"ὤμνυε δὲ πρὸς ἔμʼ αὐτόν, ἀποσπένδων ἐνὶ οἴκῳ,","translation":"and he swore to me, pouring libation in his house,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l288.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὤμνυε","lemma":"ὄμνυμι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he swore"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πρὸς","lemma":"πρός","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ἔμ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"adverbial to πρὸς","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"αὐτόν","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"ἀποσπένδων","lemma":"ἀποσπένδω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ὤμνυε","gloss":"pouring libation","note":"ἀποσπένδων, a ritual detail — swearing oaths while pouring wine libations was standard Greek practice."},{"surface":"ἐνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"οἴκῳ","lemma":"οἶκος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐνὶ","gloss":"house"}]},{"number":289,"label":"289","id":"b19-l289","source":"νῆα κατειρύσθαι καὶ ἐπαρτέας ἔμμεν ἑταίρους,","translation":"that the ship was drawn down and the crew made ready,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l289.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"νῆα","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of κατειρύσθαι","gloss":"ship"},{"surface":"κατειρύσθαι","lemma":"κατερύω","morphology":"perfect medio-passive infinitive","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"was drawn down","note":"κατειρύσθαι, perfect infinitive of κατερύω, 'to have been hauled down' (to the sea) — a formulaic launch phrase."},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐπαρτέας","lemma":"ἐπαρτής","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"ready"},{"surface":"ἔμμεν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"were","note":"ἔμμεν is the epic infinitive of εἰμί (=εἶναι)."},{"surface":"ἑταίρους","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔμμεν","gloss":"crew"}]},{"number":290,"label":"290","id":"b19-l290","source":"οἳ δή μιν πέμψουσι φίλην ἐς πατρίδα γαῖαν.","translation":"who would convey him to his own dear native land.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l290.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἳ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of πέμψουσι","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"δή","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of πέμψουσι","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"πέμψουσι","lemma":"πέμπω","morphology":"future active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ἑταίρους","gloss":"will convey"},{"surface":"φίλην","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies γαῖαν","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"πατρίδα","lemma":"πατρίς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"modifies γαῖαν","gloss":"native"},{"surface":"γαῖαν","lemma":"γαῖα","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐς","gloss":"land"}]},{"number":291,"label":"291","id":"b19-l291","source":"ἀλλʼ ἐμὲ πρὶν ἀπέπεμψε· τύχησε γὰρ ἐρχομένη νηῦς","translation":"But me he sent off first, for a ship happened to be sailing,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l291.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐμὲ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἀπέπεμψε","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"πρὶν","lemma":"πρίν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀπέπεμψε","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"ἀπέπεμψε","lemma":"ἀποπέμπω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"sent off"},{"surface":"τύχησε","lemma":"τυγχάνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"happened","note":"τύχησε + participle ἐρχομένη, 'happened to be going' — idiomatic τυγχάνω construction."},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ἐρχομένη","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"going"},{"surface":"νηῦς","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of τύχησε","gloss":"ship"}]},{"number":292,"label":"292","id":"b19-l292","source":"ἀνδρῶν Θεσπρωτῶν ἐς Δουλίχιον πολύπυρον.","translation":"a ship of Thesprotian men, bound for Dulichium rich in wheat.","scansion":"—— | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l292.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀνδρῶν","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies νηῦς","gloss":"of men"},{"surface":"Θεσπρωτῶν","lemma":"Θεσπρωτοί","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ἀνδρῶν","gloss":"Thesprotian"},{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Δουλίχιον","lemma":"Δουλίχιον","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἐς","gloss":"Dulichium"},{"surface":"πολύπυρον","lemma":"πολύπυρος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies Δουλίχιον","gloss":"rich in wheat","note":"πολύπυρος, a compound epithet 'many-wheat', typical of Homer's formulaic place-descriptions."}]},{"number":293,"label":"293","id":"b19-l293","source":"καί μοι κτήματʼ ἔδειξεν, ὅσα ξυναγείρατʼ Ὀδυσσεύς·","translation":"And he showed me the treasures Odysseus had gathered;","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l293.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καί","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἔδειξεν","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"κτήματ","lemma":"κτῆμα","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἔδειξεν","gloss":"treasures"},{"surface":"ἔδειξεν","lemma":"δείκνυμι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"showed"},{"surface":"ὅσα","lemma":"ὅσος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of ξυναγείρατ᾽","gloss":"as much as"},{"surface":"ξυναγείρατ","lemma":"συναγείρω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing κτήματ᾽","gloss":"had gathered"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσσεύς","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ξυναγείρατ᾽","gloss":"Odysseus"}]},{"number":294,"label":"294","id":"b19-l294","source":"καί νύ κεν ἐς δεκάτην γενεὴν ἕτερόν γʼ ἔτι βόσκοι,","translation":"they would keep a man's heirs to the tenth generation,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l294.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καί","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"νύ","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to βόσκοι","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"κεν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"δεκάτην","lemma":"δέκατος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies γενεὴν","gloss":"tenth"},{"surface":"γενεὴν","lemma":"γενεά","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐς","gloss":"generation","note":"ἐς δεκάτην γενεήν, 'to the tenth generation' — hyperbolic phrase for immense, lasting wealth."},{"surface":"ἕτερόν","lemma":"ἕτερος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"object of βόσκοι","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"γ","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἔτι","lemma":"ἔτι","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"βόσκοι","lemma":"βόσκω","morphology":"present active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"could feed","note":"βόσκοι, optative of βόσκω, 'could feed/support' — potential optative continuing the unreal wish."}]},{"number":295,"label":"295","id":"b19-l295","source":"ὅσσα οἱ ἐν μεγάροις κειμήλια κεῖτο ἄνακτος.","translation":"so many were the heirlooms lying there in the king's halls.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l295.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὅσσα","lemma":"ὅσος","morphology":"nominative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies κειμήλια","gloss":"as many as"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"adverbial to κεῖτο","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"μεγάροις","lemma":"μέγαρον","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"halls"},{"surface":"κειμήλια","lemma":"κειμήλιον","morphology":"nominative plural neuter noun","role":"subject of κεῖτο","gloss":"treasures"},{"surface":"κεῖτο","lemma":"κεῖμαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to βόσκοι","gloss":"lay"},{"surface":"ἄνακτος","lemma":"ἄναξ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies μεγάροις","gloss":"of the lord"}]},{"number":296,"label":"296","id":"b19-l296","source":"τὸν δʼ ἐς Δωδώνην φάτο βήμεναι, ὄφρα θεοῖο","translation":"And he said that Odysseus had gone to Dodona, so that from the god's","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l296.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of βήμεναι","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Δωδώνην","lemma":"Δωδώνη","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐς","gloss":"Dodona","note":"Δωδώνη, seat of Zeus's oldest oracle in Epirus, where priests interpreted the rustling of a sacred oak."},{"surface":"φάτο","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"aorist indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"βήμεναι","lemma":"βαίνω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of φάτο","gloss":"had gone","note":"βήμεναι, epic aorist infinitive of βαίνω, 'to have gone'."},{"surface":"ὄφρα","lemma":"ὄφρα","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"θεοῖο","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies δρυὸς","gloss":"of the god's"}]},{"number":297,"label":"297","id":"b19-l297","source":"ἐκ δρυὸς ὑψικόμοιο Διὸς βουλὴν ἐπακούσαι,","translation":"high-leafed oak he might hear the counsel of Zeus,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l297.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"δρυὸς","lemma":"δρῦς","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐκ","gloss":"oak"},{"surface":"ὑψικόμοιο","lemma":"ὑψίκομος","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies δρυὸς","gloss":"high-leafed","note":"ὑψίκομος, 'high-haired/leafed', a vivid epithet for the sacred oak of Zeus's oracle at Dodona."},{"surface":"Διὸς","lemma":"Ζεύς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies βουλὴν","gloss":"of Zeus"},{"surface":"βουλὴν","lemma":"βουλή","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐπακούσαι","gloss":"counsel"},{"surface":"ἐπακούσαι","lemma":"ἐπακούω","morphology":"aorist active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὄφρα","gloss":"might hear"}]},{"number":298,"label":"298","id":"b19-l298","source":"ὅππως νοστήσειε φίλην ἐς πατρίδα γαῖαν","translation":"how he should return to his own dear native land,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l298.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὅππως","lemma":"ὅπως","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"νοστήσειε","lemma":"νοστέω","morphology":"aorist active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"object of ὅππως","gloss":"should return"},{"surface":"φίλην","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies γαῖαν","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"πατρίδα","lemma":"πατρίς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies γαῖαν","gloss":"native"},{"surface":"γαῖαν","lemma":"γαῖα","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐς","gloss":"land","note":"φίλην ἐς πατρίδα γαῖαν, a stock Homeric formula for 'homeward' repeated verbatim from line 290."}]},{"number":299,"label":"299","id":"b19-l299","source":"ἤδη δὴν ἀπεών, ἤ ἀμφαδὸν ἦε κρυφηδόν.","translation":"after so long an absence, whether openly or in secret.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l299.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἤδη","lemma":"ἤδη","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀπεών","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"δὴν","lemma":"δήν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀπεών","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"ἀπεών","lemma":"ἄπειμι","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to νοστήσειε","gloss":"being away"},{"surface":"ἤ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"ἀμφαδὸν","lemma":"ἀμφαδόν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἦε","gloss":"openly"},{"surface":"ἦε","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"κρυφηδόν","lemma":"κρυφηδόν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἦε","gloss":"secretly","note":"ἀμφαδόν...κρυφηδόν pairs two rare adverbs ('openly'/'secretly') as a formulaic contrast."}]},{"number":300,"label":"300","id":"b19-l300","source":"ὣς ὁ μὲν οὕτως ἐστὶ σόος καὶ ἐλεύσεται ἤδη","translation":"So he is safe and will come back even now,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l300.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐστὶ","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ὁ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of δ᾽","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"on the one hand"},{"surface":"οὕτως","lemma":"οὕτως","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐστὶ","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"ἐστὶ","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"σόος","lemma":"σῶς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"safe","note":"σόος (=σῶς), 'safe/sound' — the disguised Odysseus speaking truthfully about himself in the third person."},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐλεύσεται","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"future middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will come"},{"surface":"ἤδη","lemma":"ἤδη","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐλεύσεται","gloss":"now"}]},{"number":301,"label":"301","id":"b19-l301","source":"ἄγχι μάλʼ, οὐδʼ ἔτι τῆλε φίλων καὶ πατρίδος αἴης","translation":"very near at hand, and no longer far from his friends and his native land","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l301.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἄγχι","lemma":"ἄγχι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐλεύσεται","gloss":"near"},{"surface":"μάλ","lemma":"μάλα","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"ἔτι","lemma":"ἔτι","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"τῆλε","lemma":"τῆλε","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"φίλων","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"friends"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πατρίδος","lemma":"πατρίς","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies αἴης","gloss":"native"},{"surface":"αἴης","lemma":"αἶα","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"land"}]},{"number":302,"label":"302","id":"b19-l302","source":"δηρὸν ἀπεσσεῖται· ἔμπης δέ τοι ὅρκια δώσω.","translation":"will he be kept away for long; yet I will give you my oath upon it.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l302.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δηρὸν","lemma":"δηρός","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ἀπεσσεῖται","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"ἀπεσσεῖται","lemma":"ἄπειμι","morphology":"future middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will he be away","note":"ἀπεσσεῖται, future middle of ἄπειμι, 'will be absent' — echoes ἀπεών from the line before."},{"surface":"ἔμπης","lemma":"ἔμπας","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"yet still"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"object of δώσω","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"ὅρκια","lemma":"ὅρκιον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of δώσω","gloss":"oath","note":"ὅρκια, plural neuter noun literally 'oath-sacrifices' — formal solemn oath-taking, often with sacrificial ritual."},{"surface":"δώσω","lemma":"δίδωμι","morphology":"future active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I will give"}]},{"number":303,"label":"303","id":"b19-l303","source":"ἴστω νῦν Ζεὺς πρῶτα, θεῶν ὕπατος καὶ ἄριστος,","translation":"Let Zeus be my witness now first, highest and best of the gods,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l303.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἴστω","title":"third-person imperative","body":"istô ('let him know / be witness') is a third-person imperative invoking Zeus as guarantor of the oath. Greek can command in the third person, not just the second."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἴστω","lemma":"οἶδα","morphology":"perfect active imperative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"let know","note":"ἴστω is a perfect imperative of οἶδα, 'let him know' — solemn formula opening an oath, invoking Zeus as witness."},{"surface":"νῦν","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἴστω","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"Ζεὺς","lemma":"Ζεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of τ᾽","gloss":"Zeus"},{"surface":"πρῶτα","lemma":"πρῶτος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ἴστω","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"θεῶν","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"of the gods"},{"surface":"ὕπατος","lemma":"ὕπατος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"highest"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄριστος","lemma":"ἄριστος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"best"}]},{"number":304,"label":"304","id":"b19-l304","source":"ἱστίη τʼ Ὀδυσῆος ἀμύμονος, ἣν ἀφικάνω·","translation":"and the hearth of blameless Odysseus, to which I have come:","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l304.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἱστίη","lemma":"ἑστία","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of τ᾽","gloss":"hearth","note":"ἑστία, the household hearth — swearing by a host's hearth was a sacred oath-form invoking hospitality itself."},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσῆος","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ἱστίη","gloss":"of Odysseus"},{"surface":"ἀμύμονος","lemma":"ἀμύμων","morphology":"genitive singular adjective","role":"modifies Ὀδυσῆος","gloss":"blameless"},{"surface":"ἣν","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of ἀφικάνω","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"ἀφικάνω","lemma":"ἀφικάνω","morphology":"present active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ἱστίη","gloss":"I have come to"}]},{"number":305,"label":"305","id":"b19-l305","source":"ἦ μέν τοι τάδε πάντα τελείεται ὡς ἀγορεύω.","translation":"truly all this shall be brought to pass as I declare.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l305.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"μέν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"adverbial to τελείεται","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"τάδε","lemma":"ὅδε","morphology":"nominative plural neuter pronoun","role":"subject of τελείεται","gloss":"these things"},{"surface":"πάντα","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"nominative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies τάδε","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"τελείεται","lemma":"τελέω","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will be fulfilled"},{"surface":"ὡς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀγορεύω","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"ἀγορεύω","lemma":"ἀγορεύω","morphology":"present active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"adverbial to τελείεται","gloss":"I declare"}]},{"number":306,"label":"306","id":"b19-l306","source":"τοῦδʼ αὐτοῦ λυκάβαντος ἐλεύσεται ἐνθάδʼ Ὀδυσσεύς,","translation":"Within this very year Odysseus will come here,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l306.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"λυκάβαντος","title":"lykabas — 'year'","body":"A rare and obscure Homeric word for the cycle of the year. Its precise sense was already debated in antiquity."}],"words":[{"surface":"τοῦδ","lemma":"ὅδε","morphology":"genitive singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies λυκάβαντος","gloss":"of this","note":"τοῦδ(ε) modifies λυκάβαντος, 'year' — a rare Homeric word whose exact meaning ('year' or 'lunar cycle') was debated."},{"surface":"αὐτοῦ","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies λυκάβαντος","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"λυκάβαντος","lemma":"λυκάβας","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐλεύσεται","gloss":"year"},{"surface":"ἐλεύσεται","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"future middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will come"},{"surface":"ἐνθάδ","lemma":"ἐνθάδε","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of ἐλεύσεται","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσσεύς","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐλεύσεται","gloss":"Odysseus"}]},{"number":307,"label":"307","id":"b19-l307","source":"τοῦ μὲν φθίνοντος μηνός, τοῦ δʼ ἱσταμένοιο.","translation":"as one month wanes and the next begins.\"","scansion":"—— | —— | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l307.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τοῦ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"article","role":"modifies μηνός","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"on the one hand"},{"surface":"φθίνοντος","lemma":"φθίω","morphology":"present active participle, genitive singular masculine","role":"adverbial to δ᾽","gloss":"waning","note":"τοῦ μὲν φθίνοντος μηνός...τοῦ δ᾽ ἱσταμένοιο, 'as the old month wanes, the new begins' — genitive absolute pair marking the lunar month's turn."},{"surface":"μηνός","lemma":"μείς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"subject of φθίνοντος","gloss":"month"},{"surface":"τοῦ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἱσταμένοιο","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἱσταμένοιο","lemma":"ἵστημι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, genitive singular masculine","role":"adverbial to δ᾽","gloss":"beginning"}]},{"number":308,"label":"308","id":"b19-l308","source":"τὸν δʼ αὖτε προσέειπε περίφρων Πηνελόπεια·","translation":"Then prudent Penelope answered him:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l308.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of προσέειπε","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αὖτε","lemma":"αὖτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"in turn"},{"surface":"προσέειπε","lemma":"προσεῖπον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"περίφρων","lemma":"περίφρων","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Πηνελόπεια","gloss":"prudent","note":"περίφρων, 'very thoughtful/prudent', Penelope's standing epithet marking her renowned cleverness."},{"surface":"Πηνελόπεια","lemma":"Πηνελόπεια","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of προσέειπε","gloss":"Penelope"}]},{"number":309,"label":"309","id":"b19-l309","source":"αἲ γὰρ τοῦτο, ξεῖνε, ἔπος τετελεσμένον εἴη·","translation":"\"Ah, stranger, would that this word might be fulfilled!","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l309.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αἲ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"oh if","note":"αἲ γάρ = 'oh would that,' wishful epic formula introducing an unfulfilled/optative wish."},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"τοῦτο","lemma":"οὗτος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἔπος","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ξεῖνε","lemma":"ξένος","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"stranger","note":"Vocative address; head noun (something like 'hear me') is left unspoken, common in direct speech."},{"surface":"ἔπος","lemma":"ἔπος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of εἴη","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"τετελεσμένον","lemma":"τελέω","morphology":"perfect medio-passive participle, nominative singular neuter","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"fulfilled"},{"surface":"εἴη","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"might be","note":"Optative εἴη marks a wish contrary to present expectation: 'would that it might be.'"}]},{"number":310,"label":"310","id":"b19-l310","source":"τῷ κε τάχα γνοίης φιλότητά τε πολλά τε δῶρα","translation":"Then you would soon know my kindness and many gifts","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l310.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τῷ","lemma":"τῷ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"κε","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"[potential particle]","note":"κε(ν) with the optative γνοίης gives a potential sense: 'you would know.'"},{"surface":"τάχα","lemma":"τάχα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to γνοίης","gloss":"soon"},{"surface":"γνοίης","lemma":"γιγνώσκω","morphology":"aorist active optative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"you would know"},{"surface":"φιλότητά","lemma":"φιλότης","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of τε","gloss":"kindness"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πολλά","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies δῶρα","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"δῶρα","lemma":"δῶρον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of τε","gloss":"gifts"}]},{"number":311,"label":"311","id":"b19-l311","source":"ἐξ ἐμεῦ, ὡς ἄν τίς σε συναντόμενος μακαρίζοι.","translation":"from me, so that whoever met you would call you blessed.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l311.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐξ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"ἐμεῦ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"genitive singular feminine pronoun","role":"adverbial to ἐξ","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ὡς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"ἄν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"[potential particle]"},{"surface":"τίς","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of μακαρίζοι","gloss":"whoever"},{"surface":"σε","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative singular pronoun","role":"object of μακαρίζοι","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"συναντόμενος","lemma":"συνάντομαι","morphology":"present middle participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to μακαρίζοι","gloss":"meeting"},{"surface":"μακαρίζοι","lemma":"μακαρίζω","morphology":"present active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὡς","gloss":"would call blessed","note":"ὡς ἄν + optative μακαρίζοι expresses purpose/result: 'so that anyone... would call you blessed.'"}]},{"number":312,"label":"312","id":"b19-l312","source":"ἀλλά μοι ὧδʼ ἀνὰ θυμὸν ὀΐεται, ὡς ἔσεταί περ·","translation":"But in my heart I have a foreboding of how it will be:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l312.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλά","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular feminine pronoun","role":"adverbial to ὀΐεται","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"ὧδ","lemma":"ὧδε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ὀΐεται","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"ἀνὰ","lemma":"ἀνά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in/through","note":"ἀνὰ θυμόν 'up through the heart' is a stock Homeric idiom for inward thought/feeling."},{"surface":"θυμὸν","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἀνὰ","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"ὀΐεται","lemma":"οἴομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I have a feeling"},{"surface":"ὡς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"ἔσεταί","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"future middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὡς","gloss":"it will be"},{"surface":"περ","lemma":"πέρ","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed","note":"περ here lends emphasis to the foreboding clause, roughly 'just how it will be.'"}]},{"number":313,"label":"313","id":"b19-l313","source":"οὔτʼ Ὀδυσεὺς ἔτι οἶκον ἐλεύσεται, οὔτε σὺ πομπῆς","translation":"Odysseus will never come home again, nor will you obtain","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l313.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ὀδυσεὺς","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐλεύσεται","gloss":"Odysseus"},{"surface":"ἔτι","lemma":"ἔτι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐλεύσεται","gloss":"still/anymore"},{"surface":"οἶκον","lemma":"οἶκος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐλεύσεται","gloss":"home"},{"surface":"ἐλεύσεται","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"future middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will come","note":"Future middle of ἔρχομαι; Penelope voices Odysseus's return as forever unlikely."},{"surface":"σὺ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"nominative singular pronoun","role":"subject of τεύξῃ","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"πομπῆς","lemma":"πομπή","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of τεύξῃ","gloss":"escort"}]},{"number":314,"label":"314","id":"b19-l314","source":"τεύξῃ, ἐπεὶ οὐ τοῖοι σημάντορές εἰσʼ ἐνὶ οἴκῳ","translation":"an escort, since there are no such masters in this house","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l314.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τεύξῃ","lemma":"τεύχω","morphology":"future middle indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will obtain"},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"οὐ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"τοῖοι","lemma":"τοῖος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies σημάντορές","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"σημάντορές","lemma":"σημάντωρ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of εἰσ᾽","gloss":"masters","note":"σημάντωρ, 'one who gives the signal/commands' — a master of the house who could arrange escort for guests."},{"surface":"εἰσ","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to ἐπεὶ","gloss":"there are"},{"surface":"ἐνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"οἴκῳ","lemma":"οἶκος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐνὶ","gloss":"house"}]},{"number":315,"label":"315","id":"b19-l315","source":"οἷος Ὀδυσσεὺς ἔσκε μετʼ ἀνδράσιν, εἴ ποτʼ ἔην γε,","translation":"as Odysseus was among men — if ever he truly was —","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l315.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"εἴ ποτʼ ἔην γε","title":"\"if ever he truly was\"","body":"A poignant formulaic phrase of doubt, almost wondering whether Odysseus ever really existed. The imperfect ἔην ('he was') captures her despairing nostalgia."}],"words":[{"surface":"οἷος","lemma":"οἷος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"such as"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσσεὺς","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔσκε","gloss":"Odysseus"},{"surface":"ἔσκε","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"imperfect middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing τοῖοι","gloss":"used to be","note":"Iterative/imperfect ἔσκε ('used to be') evokes Odysseus's past character as a recurring, habitual trait."},{"surface":"μετ","lemma":"μετά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"ἀνδράσιν","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to μετ᾽","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"εἴ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"ποτ","lemma":"ποτέ","morphology":"particle","role":"adverbial to ἔην","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"ἔην","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to εἴ","gloss":"he really was","note":"εἴ ποτ᾽ ἔην γε: doubtful, wistful aside — 'if he ever really existed [as such].'"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"}]},{"number":316,"label":"316","id":"b19-l316","source":"ξείνους αἰδοίους ἀποπεμπέμεν ἠδὲ δέχεσθαι.","translation":"to send honored guests on their way and to receive them.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l316.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ξείνους","lemma":"ξένος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἠδὲ","gloss":"guests"},{"surface":"αἰδοίους","lemma":"αἰδοῖος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ξείνους","gloss":"honored"},{"surface":"ἀποπεμπέμεν","lemma":"ἀποπέμπω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"modifies ἠδὲ","gloss":"to send off"},{"surface":"ἠδὲ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"δέχεσθαι","lemma":"δέχομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive infinitive","role":"modifies ἠδὲ","gloss":"to receive"}]},{"number":317,"label":"317","id":"b19-l317","source":"ἀλλά μιν, ἀμφίπολοι, ἀπονίψατε, κάτθετε δʼ εὐνήν,","translation":"But come, maids, wash him and spread a bed for him,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l317.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλά","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but come"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἀπονίψατε","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ἀμφίπολοι","lemma":"ἀμφίπολος","morphology":"vocative plural feminine adjective","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"maids","note":"Vocative plural addressing the servant women directly; imperative commands follow."},{"surface":"ἀπονίψατε","lemma":"ἀπονίζω","morphology":"aorist active imperative, 2nd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"wash"},{"surface":"κάτθετε","lemma":"κατατίθημι","morphology":"aorist active imperative, 2nd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"lay out"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"εὐνήν","lemma":"εὐνή","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ,","gloss":"bed"}]},{"number":318,"label":"318","id":"b19-l318","source":"δέμνια καὶ χλαίνας καὶ ῥήγεα σιγαλόεντα,","translation":"with bedding and cloaks and gleaming coverlets,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l318.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δέμνια","lemma":"δέμνιον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"bedding"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"χλαίνας","lemma":"χλαῖνα","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"cloaks"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ῥήγεα","lemma":"ῥῆγος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"coverlets"},{"surface":"σιγαλόεντα","lemma":"σιγαλόεις","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ῥήγεα","gloss":"gleaming"}]},{"number":319,"label":"319","id":"b19-l319","source":"ὥς κʼ εὖ θαλπιόων χρυσόθρονον Ἠῶ ἵκηται.","translation":"so that warm and comfortable he may reach golden-throned Dawn.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l319.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"χρυσόθρονον Ἠῶ","title":"golden-throned Dawn","body":"chrysothronon Êô, 'golden-throned Dawn,' is a standard epithet for the goddess of the dawn. Homer regularly personifies and adorns Dawn with such formulas."}],"words":[{"surface":"ὥς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"κ","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"[potential particle]"},{"surface":"εὖ","lemma":"εὖ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"θαλπιόων","lemma":"θαλπιάω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἵκηται","gloss":"being warm"},{"surface":"χρυσόθρονον","lemma":"χρυσόθρονος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Ἠῶ","gloss":"golden-throned","note":"χρυσόθρονος is a fixed epic epithet of Dawn (Ἠώς), formulaic and metrically useful."},{"surface":"Ἠῶ","lemma":"ἠώς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἵκηται","gloss":"Dawn"},{"surface":"ἵκηται","lemma":"ἱκνέομαι","morphology":"aorist medio-passive subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὥς","gloss":"may reach"}]},{"number":320,"label":"320","id":"b19-l320","source":"ἠῶθεν δὲ μάλʼ ἦρι λοέσσαι τε χρῖσαί τε,","translation":"And at daybreak, very early, bathe him and anoint him,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l320.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἠῶθεν","lemma":"ἠῶθεν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to τε","gloss":"at dawn"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μάλ","lemma":"μάλα","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"ἦρι","lemma":"ἦρι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to τε","gloss":"early"},{"surface":"λοέσσαι","lemma":"λούω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"main verb","gloss":"to bathe"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"χρῖσαί","lemma":"χρίω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"main verb","gloss":"to anoint"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"}]},{"number":321,"label":"321","id":"b19-l321","source":"ὥς κʼ ἔνδον παρὰ Τηλεμάχῳ δείπνοιο μέδηται","translation":"so that within, beside Telemachus, he may take thought of his meal,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l321.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὥς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"κ","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"[potential particle]"},{"surface":"ἔνδον","lemma":"ἔνδον","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to μέδηται","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"παρὰ","lemma":"παρά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"Τηλεμάχῳ","lemma":"Τηλέμαχος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to παρὰ","gloss":"Telemachus"},{"surface":"δείπνοιο","lemma":"δεῖπνον","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"object of μέδηται","gloss":"of the meal"},{"surface":"μέδηται","lemma":"μέδομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὥς","gloss":"may take thought"}]},{"number":322,"label":"322","id":"b19-l322","source":"ἥμενος ἐν μεγάρῳ· τῷ δʼ ἄλγιον ὅς κεν ἐκείνων","translation":"seated in the hall; and it shall be the worse for any of those men","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l322.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἥμενος","lemma":"ἧμαι","morphology":"perfect middle participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to μέδηται","gloss":"seated"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"μεγάρῳ","lemma":"μέγαρον","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"hall"},{"surface":"τῷ","lemma":"τις","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"adverbial","gloss":"for him","note":"τῷ here is dative of the pronoun τις (per the fixed lemma), an anticipatory 'for him' picked up by the following ὅς clause — not the definite article."},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄλγιον","lemma":"ἀλγίων","morphology":"nominative singular neuter comparative adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"worse"},{"surface":"ὅς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἀνιάζῃ","gloss":"whoever"},{"surface":"κεν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"[potential particle]"},{"surface":"ἐκείνων","lemma":"ἐκεῖνος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ὅς","gloss":"of those"}]},{"number":323,"label":"323","id":"b19-l323","source":"τοῦτον ἀνιάζῃ θυμοφθόρος· οὐδέ τι ἔργον","translation":"who vexes this man to the heart's hurt; he will accomplish nothing","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l323.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τοῦτον","lemma":"οὗτος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"object of ἀνιάζῃ","gloss":"this man"},{"surface":"ἀνιάζῃ","lemma":"ἀνιάζω","morphology":"present active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing τῷ","gloss":"vexes"},{"surface":"θυμοφθόρος","lemma":"θυμοφθόρος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ὅς","gloss":"heart-destroying","note":"θυμοφθόρος agrees with and modifies ὅς (the subject who vexes), describing him as 'soul-destroying' in temper — not a description of the vexation."},{"surface":"τι","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"modifies ἔργον","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"ἔργον","lemma":"ἔργον","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of πρήξει","gloss":"deed"}]},{"number":324,"label":"324","id":"b19-l324","source":"ἐνθάδʼ ἔτι πρήξει, μάλα περ κεχολωμένος αἰνῶς.","translation":"more here, however terribly enraged he may be.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l324.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐνθάδ","lemma":"ἐνθάδε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to πρήξει","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"ἔτι","lemma":"ἔτι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to πρήξει","gloss":"still/further"},{"surface":"πρήξει","lemma":"πράσσω","morphology":"future active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will accomplish"},{"surface":"μάλα","lemma":"μάλα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to κεχολωμένος","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"περ","lemma":"πέρ","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed","note":"περ concessive: 'however angry he may be' — grants the point before dismissing it."},{"surface":"κεχολωμένος","lemma":"χολόω","morphology":"perfect medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to πρήξει","gloss":"enraged"},{"surface":"αἰνῶς","lemma":"αἰνός","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to κεχολωμένος","gloss":"terribly"}]},{"number":325,"label":"325","id":"b19-l325","source":"πῶς γὰρ ἐμεῦ σύ, ξεῖνε, δαήσεαι εἴ τι γυναικῶν","translation":"For how, stranger, will you learn of me whether at all","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l325.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πῶς","lemma":"πῶς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to δαήσεαι","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ἐμεῦ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"genitive singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of δαήσεαι","gloss":"of me"},{"surface":"σύ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"nominative singular pronoun","role":"subject of δαήσεαι","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ξεῖνε","lemma":"ξένος","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"stranger"},{"surface":"δαήσεαι","lemma":"δάω","morphology":"future middle indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will you learn","note":"δαήσεαι, future of δάω 'learn/come to know' — Penelope tests whether Odysseus truly knows her worth."},{"surface":"εἴ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"τι","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"adverbial to περίειμι","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"γυναικῶν","lemma":"γυνή","morphology":"genitive plural feminine noun","role":"object of περίειμι","gloss":"of women"}]},{"number":326,"label":"326","id":"b19-l326","source":"ἀλλάων περίειμι νόον καὶ ἐπίφρονα μῆτιν,","translation":"I surpass other women in understanding and shrewd counsel,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l326.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"νόον καὶ ἐπίφρονα μῆτιν","title":"noos and mêtis","body":"Penelope claims excellence in noos ('understanding, mind') and mêtis ('cunning intelligence') — the very quality, mêtis, that defines her husband. Here she presents intelligence as a woman's virtue."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλάων","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"genitive plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies γυναικῶν","gloss":"than other"},{"surface":"περίειμι","lemma":"περίειμι","morphology":"present active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"object of εἴ","gloss":"I surpass"},{"surface":"νόον","lemma":"νόος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"mind"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐπίφρονα","lemma":"ἐπίφρων","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies μῆτιν","gloss":"shrewd"},{"surface":"μῆτιν","lemma":"μῆτις","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"counsel"}]},{"number":327,"label":"327","id":"b19-l327","source":"εἴ κεν ἀϋσταλέος, κακὰ εἱμένος ἐν μεγάροισιν","translation":"if you dine unkempt and clad in rags in the halls?","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l327.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἴ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"κεν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"[potential particle]"},{"surface":"ἀϋσταλέος","lemma":"αὐσταλέος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"adverbial to ,","gloss":"unkempt"},{"surface":"κακὰ","lemma":"κακός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of εἱμένος","gloss":"badly","note":"κακά used adverbially/predicatively with εἱμένος: 'clad in poor/wretched garments.'"},{"surface":"εἱμένος","lemma":"ἕννυμι","morphology":"perfect passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ,","gloss":"clothed"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"μεγάροισιν","lemma":"μέγαρον","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"halls"}]},{"number":328,"label":"328","id":"b19-l328","source":"δαινύῃ; ἄνθρωποι δὲ μινυνθάδιοι τελέθουσιν.","translation":"Human beings are short-lived creatures.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l328.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δαινύῃ","lemma":"δαίνυμι","morphology":"present medio-passive subjunctive, 2nd singular verb","role":"adverbial to εἴ","gloss":"you dine"},{"surface":"ἄνθρωποι","lemma":"ἄνθρωπος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of τελέθουσιν","gloss":"human beings"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but/and"},{"surface":"μινυνθάδιοι","lemma":"μινυνθάδιος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"short-lived"},{"surface":"τελέθουσιν","lemma":"τελέθω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"are","note":"τελέθουσιν, a poetic synonym for 'to be' (εἰμί), common in gnomic Homeric statements."}]},{"number":329,"label":"329","id":"b19-l329","source":"ὃς μὲν ἀπηνὴς αὐτὸς ἔῃ καὶ ἀπηνέα εἰδῇ,","translation":"Whoever is himself harsh and harsh in his thoughts,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l329.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἀπηνὴς … ἀπηνέα εἰδῇ","title":"subjunctive in generalizing relative","body":"The subjunctive ἔῃ ('may be') in this relative clause expresses a general truth: 'whoever is harsh.' Homeric Greek uses the subjunctive for such universal conditions."}],"words":[{"surface":"ὃς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"whoever"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"on one hand"},{"surface":"ἀπηνὴς","lemma":"ἀπηνής","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"harsh"},{"surface":"αὐτὸς","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"ἔῃ","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing καὶ","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀπηνέα","lemma":"ἀπηνής","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of εἰδῇ","gloss":"harsh things"},{"surface":"εἰδῇ","lemma":"οἶδα","morphology":"perfect active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing καὶ","gloss":"knows","note":"εἰδῇ (perfect subjunctive of οἶδα, 'know') pairs with ἔῃ to mean 'both be and think harshly' — character mirrored in mind."}]},{"number":330,"label":"330","id":"b19-l330","source":"τῷ δὲ καταρῶνται πάντες βροτοὶ ἄλγεʼ ὀπίσσω","translation":"on him all mortals call down sorrows for the time to come","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l330.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τῷ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of καταρῶνται","gloss":"on him"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"καταρῶνται","lemma":"καταράομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"call down curses"},{"surface":"πάντες","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies βροτοὶ","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"βροτοὶ","lemma":"βροτός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of καταρῶνται","gloss":"mortals"},{"surface":"ἄλγε","lemma":"ἄλγος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of καταρῶνται","gloss":"sorrows"},{"surface":"ὀπίσσω","lemma":"ὀπίσω","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to καταρῶνται","gloss":"hereafter"}]},{"number":331,"label":"331","id":"b19-l331","source":"ζωῷ, ἀτὰρ τεθνεῶτί γʼ ἐφεψιόωνται ἅπαντες·","translation":"while he lives; and once he is dead all men mock at him.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l331.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ζωῷ","lemma":"ζωός","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"while alive"},{"surface":"ἀτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"τεθνεῶτί","lemma":"θνήσκω","morphology":"perfect active participle, dative singular masculine","role":"object of ἐφεψιόωνται","gloss":"once dead","note":"τεθνεῶτι, perfect participle 'having died,' contrasted with ζωῷ 'living' — a compact life/death antithesis."},{"surface":"γ","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἐφεψιόωνται","lemma":"ἐφεψιάομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"mock"},{"surface":"ἅπαντες","lemma":"ἅπας","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"subject of ἐφεψιόωνται","gloss":"all"}]},{"number":332,"label":"332","id":"b19-l332","source":"ὃς δʼ ἂν ἀμύμων αὐτὸς ἔῃ καὶ ἀμύμονα εἰδῇ,","translation":"But whoever is himself blameless and knows what is blameless,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l332.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὃς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"whoever"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἂν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"[potential particle]"},{"surface":"ἀμύμων","lemma":"ἀμύμων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"blameless"},{"surface":"αὐτὸς","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"ἔῃ","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing καὶ","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀμύμονα","lemma":"ἀμύμων","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of εἰδῇ","gloss":"blameless things"},{"surface":"εἰδῇ","lemma":"οἶδα","morphology":"perfect active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing καὶ","gloss":"knows","note":"Mirrors line 329's ἀπηνής structure exactly, a deliberate antithetical parallel: harsh man vs. blameless man."}]},{"number":333,"label":"333","id":"b19-l333","source":"τοῦ μέν τε κλέος εὐρὺ δὶα ξεῖνοι φορέουσι","translation":"his wide fame strangers carry abroad","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l333.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"κλέος","title":"kleos","body":"Kleos is the renown or glory that travels by word of mouth and outlives a man. Here it spreads through guests and strangers who pass on a good name."}],"words":[{"surface":"τοῦ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies κλέος","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"μέν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"[particle]"},{"surface":"κλέος","lemma":"κλέος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of φορέουσι","gloss":"fame"},{"surface":"εὐρὺ","lemma":"εὐρύς","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to φορέουσι","gloss":"wide"},{"surface":"δὶα","lemma":"διά","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"far and wide","note":"δὶα (=διά) used adverbially with ξεῖνοι: strangers carry his fame 'throughout,' i.e. abroad."},{"surface":"ξεῖνοι","lemma":"ξένος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of φορέουσι","gloss":"strangers"},{"surface":"φορέουσι","lemma":"φορέω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"carry"}]},{"number":334,"label":"334","id":"b19-l334","source":"πάντας ἐπʼ ἀνθρώπους, πολλοί τέ μιν ἐσθλὸν ἔειπον.","translation":"among all peoples, and many call him noble.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l334.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πάντας","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἀνθρώπους","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"ἐπ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"ἀνθρώπους","lemma":"ἄνθρωπος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐπ᾽","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"πολλοί","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"subject of ἔειπον","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"τέ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἔειπον","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ἐσθλὸν","lemma":"ἐσθλός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"complement of ἔειπον","gloss":"noble"},{"surface":"ἔειπον","lemma":"εἶπον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"call"}]},{"number":335,"label":"335","id":"b19-l335","source":"τὴν δʼ ἀπαμειβόμενος προσέφη πολύμητις Ὀδυσσεύς·","translation":"Then resourceful Odysseus answered her:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l335.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"πολύμητις","title":"Standard epithet line","body":"This whole verse is a recurring formula introducing Odysseus' speeches; πολύμητις ('of many devices') is his fixed epithet."}],"words":[{"surface":"τὴν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of προσέφη","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀπαμειβόμενος","lemma":"ἀπαμείβομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to προσέφη","gloss":"answering"},{"surface":"προσέφη","lemma":"πρόσφημι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spoke to","note":"προσέφη + πολύμητις Ὀδυσσεύς is a recurring formulaic speech-introduction line."},{"surface":"πολύμητις","lemma":"πολύμητις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ὀδυσσεύς","gloss":"resourceful","note":"πολύμητις 'of many wiles/counsels' is Odysseus's signature epic epithet."},{"surface":"Ὀδυσσεύς","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of προσέφη","gloss":"Odysseus"}]},{"number":336,"label":"336","id":"b19-l336","source":"ὦ γύναι αἰδοίη Λαερτιάδεω Ὀδυσῆος,","translation":"Honored lady, wife of Odysseus son of Laertes,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l336.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὦ","lemma":"ὦ","morphology":"exclamation","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"γύναι","lemma":"γυνή","morphology":"vocative singular feminine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"lady","note":"Vocative γύναι with elided implied head, as with ξεῖνε above — direct address opening a speech."},{"surface":"αἰδοίη","lemma":"αἰδοῖος","morphology":"vocative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies γύναι","gloss":"honored"},{"surface":"Λαερτιάδεω","lemma":"Λαερτιάδης","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ὀδυσῆος","gloss":"son of Laertes","note":"Patronymic Λαερτιάδης, 'son of Laertes,' a formulaic way of naming Odysseus by lineage."},{"surface":"Ὀδυσῆος","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies γύναι","gloss":"Odysseus"}]},{"number":337,"label":"337","id":"b19-l337","source":"ἦ τοι ἐμοὶ χλαῖναι καὶ ῥήγεα σιγαλόεντα","translation":"truly cloaks and glossy rugs have become hateful to me","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l337.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"τοι","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed","note":"τοι is an emphasizing particle common in direct speech, adding a confiding tone."},{"surface":"ἐμοὶ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἤχθεθ᾽","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"χλαῖναι","lemma":"χλαῖνα","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"cloaks"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ῥήγεα","lemma":"ῥῆγος","morphology":"nominative plural neuter noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"rugs"},{"surface":"σιγαλόεντα","lemma":"σιγαλόεις","morphology":"nominative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ῥήγεα","gloss":"glossy"}]},{"number":338,"label":"338","id":"b19-l338","source":"ἤχθεθʼ, ὅτε πρῶτον Κρήτης ὄρεα νιφόεντα","translation":"ever since I first left the snowy mountains of Crete","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l338.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἤχθεθ","lemma":"ἔχθω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"have become hateful","note":"ἤχθεθ' (ἔχθω) mid-pass. imperfect: 'were/have been hateful,' the verb this whole sentence hinges on."},{"surface":"ὅτε","lemma":"ὅτε","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"πρῶτον","lemma":"πρότερος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to νοσφισάμην","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"Κρήτης","lemma":"Κρήτη","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies ὄρεα","gloss":"of Crete"},{"surface":"ὄρεα","lemma":"ὄρος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of νοσφισάμην","gloss":"mountains"},{"surface":"νιφόεντα","lemma":"νιφόεις","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ὄρεα","gloss":"snowy","note":"νιφόεντα, a stock Homeric epithet for Cretan mountains, formulaic epic diction."}]},{"number":339,"label":"339","id":"b19-l339","source":"νοσφισάμην ἐπὶ νηὸς ἰὼν δολιχηρέτμοιο,","translation":"behind me, going aboard a ship with long oars,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l339.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"δολιχηρέτμοιο","title":"long-oared","body":"A compound epithet of the ship, literally 'with long oars.' Homer's ships carry such stock descriptive compounds."}],"words":[{"surface":"νοσφισάμην","lemma":"νοσφίζομαι","morphology":"aorist medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὅτε","gloss":"I left behind","note":"νοσφισάμην, aorist middle 'I put away from myself'—middle voice stresses personal separation."},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"on/aboard"},{"surface":"νηὸς","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐπὶ","gloss":"a ship"},{"surface":"ἰὼν","lemma":"εἶμι","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to νοσφισάμην","gloss":"going"},{"surface":"δολιχηρέτμοιο","lemma":"δολιχήρετμος","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies νηὸς","gloss":"long-oared","note":"δολιχηρέτμοιο, an epic compound epithet ('long-oared'), genitive agreeing with νηός."}]},{"number":340,"label":"340","id":"b19-l340","source":"κείω δʼ ὡς τὸ πάρος περ ἀΰπνους νύκτας ἴαυον·","translation":"and so I will lie, as before, through sleepless nights;","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l340.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κείω","lemma":"κείω","morphology":"present active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I will lie down"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὡς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἴαυον","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"τὸ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"article","role":"modifies πάρος","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"πάρος","lemma":"πάρος","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἴαυον","gloss":"before","note":"τὸ πάρος περ, 'just as before'—an idiomatic adverbial phrase reinforced by περ."},{"surface":"περ","lemma":"πέρ","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἀΰπνους","lemma":"ἄυπνος","morphology":"accusative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies νύκτας","gloss":"sleepless"},{"surface":"νύκτας","lemma":"νύξ","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἴαυον","gloss":"nights"},{"surface":"ἴαυον","lemma":"ἰαύω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"adverbial to κείω","gloss":"I used to lie awake","note":"ἴαυον, imperfect of ἰαύω 'to pass the night,' habitual past action contrasted with the future κείω."}]},{"number":341,"label":"341","id":"b19-l341","source":"πολλὰς γὰρ δὴ νύκτας ἀεικελίῳ ἐνὶ κοίτῃ","translation":"for many nights now on a wretched bed","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l341.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πολλὰς","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"accusative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies νύκτας","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"νύκτας","lemma":"νύξ","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to τ᾽","gloss":"nights"},{"surface":"ἀεικελίῳ","lemma":"ἀεικής","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies κοίτῃ","gloss":"wretched"},{"surface":"ἐνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"κοίτῃ","lemma":"κοίτη","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐνὶ","gloss":"bed"}]},{"number":342,"label":"342","id":"b19-l342","source":"ἄεσα καί τʼ ἀνέμεινα ἐΰθρονον Ἠῶ δῖαν.","translation":"I have spent, and waited for the bright-throned, holy Dawn.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l342.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ἐΰθρονον Ἠῶ","title":"well-throned Dawn","body":"Dawn (Eos) regularly receives ornamental epithets like 'well-throned' or 'rosy-fingered.' She is personified as a goddess."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἄεσα","lemma":"ἄω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I have spent (waking)","note":"ἄεσα, aorist of ἄω 'to pass the night without sleep,' rare verb reinforcing the sleeplessness theme."},{"surface":"καί","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀνέμεινα","lemma":"ἀναμένω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I awaited"},{"surface":"ἐΰθρονον","lemma":"εὔθρονος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Ἠῶ","gloss":"bright-throned","note":"ἐΰθρονον, epic epithet of Dawn, part of the formula ἐΰθρονον Ἠῶ δῖαν."},{"surface":"Ἠῶ","lemma":"ἠώς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἀνέμεινα","gloss":"Dawn"},{"surface":"δῖαν","lemma":"δῖος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Ἠῶ","gloss":"holy"}]},{"number":343,"label":"343","id":"b19-l343","source":"οὐδέ τί μοι ποδάνιπτρα ποδῶν ἐπιήρανα θυμῷ","translation":"Nor are foot-washings any pleasure to my heart;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l343.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τί","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"any (at all)"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"adverbial to γίγνεται","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"ποδάνιπτρα","lemma":"ποδάνιπτρον","morphology":"nominative plural neuter noun","role":"subject of γίγνεται","gloss":"foot-washings","note":"ποδάνιπτρα, a concrete compound noun ('foot-washing water/rite') built from πούς + νίπτω."},{"surface":"ποδῶν","lemma":"πούς","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ποδάνιπτρα","gloss":"of feet"},{"surface":"ἐπιήρανα","lemma":"ἐπιήρανος","morphology":"nominative plural neuter adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"pleasing"},{"surface":"θυμῷ","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to γίγνεται","gloss":"to my heart"}]},{"number":344,"label":"344","id":"b19-l344","source":"γίγνεται· οὐδὲ γυνὴ ποδὸς ἅψεται ἡμετέροιο","translation":"no woman shall touch my foot","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l344.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"γίγνεται","lemma":"γίγνομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"γυνὴ","lemma":"γυνή","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἅψεται","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"ποδὸς","lemma":"πούς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἅψεται","gloss":"foot"},{"surface":"ἅψεται","lemma":"ἅπτω","morphology":"future middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"shall touch","note":"ἅψεται, future middle of ἅπτω 'lay hold of'—middle voice marks personal, physical contact."},{"surface":"ἡμετέροιο","lemma":"ἡμέτερος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ποδὸς","gloss":"my"}]},{"number":345,"label":"345","id":"b19-l345","source":"τάων αἵ τοι δῶμα κάτα δρήστειραι ἔασιν,","translation":"of those who serve as maids throughout your house,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l345.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τάων","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"genitive plural feminine pronoun","role":"modifies γυνὴ","gloss":"of those"},{"surface":"αἵ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative plural feminine pronoun","role":"subject of ἔασιν","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"adverbial to ἔασιν","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"δῶμα","lemma":"δῶμα","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to κάτα","gloss":"house","note":"δῶμα κάτα, anastrophe (preposition placed after its noun, with accent shift), common in epic verse."},{"surface":"κάτα","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"throughout"},{"surface":"δρήστειραι","lemma":"δρηστήρ","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"maidservants"},{"surface":"ἔασιν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing τάων","gloss":"are"}]},{"number":346,"label":"346","id":"b19-l346","source":"εἰ μή τις γρηῦς ἔστι παλαιή, κεδνὰ ἰδυῖα,","translation":"unless there is some aged crone, wise and devoted,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l346.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἰ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"unless"},{"surface":"μή","lemma":"μή","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"τις","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"modifies γρηῦς","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"γρηῦς","lemma":"γραῦς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἔστι","gloss":"old woman","note":"γρηῦς, a Homeric noun for 'aged woman,' anticipating Eurycleia later in the passage."},{"surface":"ἔστι","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to εἰ","gloss":"there is"},{"surface":"παλαιή","lemma":"παλαιός","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies γρηῦς","gloss":"aged"},{"surface":"κεδνὰ","lemma":"κεδνός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ἰδυῖα","gloss":"faithful"},{"surface":"ἰδυῖα","lemma":"οἶδα","morphology":"perfect active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"modifies γρηῦς","gloss":"knowing (wise)","note":"ἰδυῖα, perfect participle of οἶδα used adjectivally, 'knowing/skilled'—a common Homeric idiom for wisdom."}]},{"number":347,"label":"347","id":"b19-l347","source":"ἥ τις δὴ τέτληκε τόσα φρεσὶν ὅσσα τʼ ἐγώ περ·","translation":"one who has endured in her heart as much as I myself.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l347.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἥ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of τέτληκε","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"τις","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"modifies ἥ","gloss":"(indef. marker)"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"τέτληκε","lemma":"τλάω","morphology":"perfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing γρηῦς","gloss":"has endured","note":"τέτληκε, perfect of τλάω 'to endure/suffer'—perfect stresses the lasting result of long suffering."},{"surface":"τόσα","lemma":"τόσος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of τέτληκε","gloss":"as much"},{"surface":"φρεσὶν","lemma":"φρήν","morphology":"dative plural noun","role":"adverbial to τέτληκε","gloss":"in heart"},{"surface":"ὅσσα","lemma":"ὅσος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐγώ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"περ","lemma":"πέρ","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"myself"}]},{"number":348,"label":"348","id":"b19-l348","source":"τῇ δʼ οὐκ ἂν φθονέοιμι ποδῶν ἅψασθαι ἐμεῖο.","translation":"Her I would not begrudge to touch my feet.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l348.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τῇ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of φθονέοιμι","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"οὐκ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ἂν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"(potential marker)"},{"surface":"φθονέοιμι","lemma":"φθονέω","morphology":"present active optative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I would not begrudge","note":"φθονέοιμι, present optative + ἄν forms the potential optative (a tentative/polite statement, 'I would not be envious')—not to be confused with the ἄν-less optative of wish."},{"surface":"ποδῶν","lemma":"πούς","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἅψασθαι","gloss":"of feet"},{"surface":"ἅψασθαι","lemma":"ἅπτω","morphology":"aorist middle infinitive","role":"object of φθονέοιμι","gloss":"to touch"},{"surface":"ἐμεῖο","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies ποδῶν","gloss":"my"}]},{"number":349,"label":"349","id":"b19-l349","source":"τὸν δʼ αὖτε προσέειπε περίφρων Πηνελόπεια·","translation":"Then prudent Penelope answered him in turn:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l349.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of προσέειπε","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"αὖτε","lemma":"αὖτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"in turn"},{"surface":"προσέειπε","lemma":"προσεῖπον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"περίφρων","lemma":"περίφρων","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Πηνελόπεια","gloss":"prudent","note":"περίφρων Πηνελόπεια, a recurring epic formula for Penelope, 'circumspect/prudent.'"},{"surface":"Πηνελόπεια","lemma":"Πηνελόπεια","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of προσέειπε","gloss":"Penelope"}]},{"number":350,"label":"350","id":"b19-l350","source":"ξεῖνε φίλʼ· οὐ γάρ πώ τις ἀνὴρ πεπνυμένος ὧδε","translation":"Dear stranger, never yet has any man so thoughtful","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l350.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ξεῖνε","lemma":"ξένος","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"stranger"},{"surface":"φίλ","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"vocative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ξεῖνε","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"οὐ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"γάρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"πώ","lemma":"πω","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"ever yet"},{"surface":"τις","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies ἀνὴρ","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"ἀνὴρ","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἵκετο","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"πεπνυμένος","lemma":"πέπνυμαι","morphology":"perfect medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"modifies ἀνὴρ","gloss":"thoughtful","note":"πεπνυμένος, perfect middle-passive participle used as a fixed epithet meaning 'wise/discreet.'"},{"surface":"ὧδε","lemma":"ὧδε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to πεπνυμένος","gloss":"so"}]},{"number":351,"label":"351","id":"b19-l351","source":"ξείνων τηλεδαπῶν φιλίων ἐμὸν ἵκετο δῶμα,","translation":"of guests from distant lands come dear to my house,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l351.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ξείνων","lemma":"ξένος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ἀνὴρ","gloss":"of guests"},{"surface":"τηλεδαπῶν","lemma":"τηλεδαπός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ξείνων","gloss":"from distant lands"},{"surface":"φιλίων","lemma":"φίλιος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ξείνων","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"ἐμὸν","lemma":"ἐμός","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies δῶμα","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"ἵκετο","lemma":"ἱκνέομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"has come","note":"ἵκετο, aorist middle of ἱκνέομαι, a common verb of arrival in epic supplication scenes."},{"surface":"δῶμα","lemma":"δῶμα","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἵκετο","gloss":"house"}]},{"number":352,"label":"352","id":"b19-l352","source":"ὡς σὺ μάλʼ εὐφραδέως πεπνυμένα πάντʼ ἀγορεύεις·","translation":"so shrewdly and so sensibly do you speak in all things.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l352.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὡς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"σὺ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"nominative singular pronoun","role":"subject of ἀγορεύεις","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"μάλ","lemma":"μάλα","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"εὐφραδέως","lemma":"εὐφραδής","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀγορεύεις","gloss":"sensibly"},{"surface":"πεπνυμένα","lemma":"πέπνυμαι","morphology":"perfect medio-passive participle, accusative plural neuter","role":"object of ἀγορεύεις","gloss":"wise things","note":"πεπνυμένα πάντ', neuter plural participle used substantively, 'wise/sensible things'—echoes πεπνυμένος above."},{"surface":"πάντ","lemma":"π͂ας","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies πεπνυμένα","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"ἀγορεύεις","lemma":"ἀγορεύω","morphology":"present active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὡς","gloss":"you speak"}]},{"number":353,"label":"353","id":"b19-l353","source":"ἔστι δέ μοι γρηῢς πυκινὰ φρεσὶ μήδεʼ ἔχουσα","translation":"I have an old woman with a shrewd and steady mind,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l353.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔστι","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"there is"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular feminine pronoun","role":"adverbial to ἔστι","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"γρηῢς","lemma":"γραῦς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἔστι","gloss":"old woman"},{"surface":"πυκινὰ","lemma":"πυκνός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies μήδε᾽","gloss":"shrewd","note":"πυκινὰ φρεσὶ μήδε(α) ἔχουσα, a common Homeric idiom, 'having shrewd counsels in her heart.'"},{"surface":"φρεσὶ","lemma":"φρήν","morphology":"dative plural noun","role":"adverbial to ἔχουσα","gloss":"in mind"},{"surface":"μήδε","lemma":"μῆδος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἔχουσα","gloss":"counsels"},{"surface":"ἔχουσα","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"modifies γρηῢς","gloss":"having"}]},{"number":354,"label":"354","id":"b19-l354","source":"ἣ κεῖνον δύστηνον ἐῢ τρέφεν ἠδʼ ἀτίταλλε,","translation":"who well nourished that ill-fated man and reared him,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l354.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἣ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of ἠδ᾽","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"κεῖνον","lemma":"ἐκεῖνος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"object of ἠδ᾽","gloss":"that man"},{"surface":"δύστηνον","lemma":"δύστηνος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies κεῖνον","gloss":"ill-fated"},{"surface":"ἐῢ","lemma":"εὖ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to τρέφεν","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"τρέφεν","lemma":"τρέφω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ἠδ᾽","gloss":"nourished"},{"surface":"ἠδ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀτίταλλε","lemma":"ἀτιτάλλω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ἠδ᾽","gloss":"reared","note":"τρέφεν...ἀτίταλλε, a doublet of near-synonyms ('nourished and reared') typical of epic amplification."}]},{"number":355,"label":"355","id":"b19-l355","source":"δεξαμένη χείρεσσʼ, ὅτε μιν πρῶτον τέκε μήτηρ,","translation":"taking him in her hands when his mother first bore him.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l355.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δεξαμένη","lemma":"δέχομαι","morphology":"aorist participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to ἠδ᾽","gloss":"receiving","note":"δεξαμένη χείρεσσ', 'taking him in her arms'—the formulaic image of a nurse receiving a newborn."},{"surface":"χείρεσσ","lemma":"χείρ","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to δεξαμένη","gloss":"in her hands"},{"surface":"ὅτε","lemma":"ὅτε","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of τέκε","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"πρῶτον","lemma":"πρῶτος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to τέκε","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"τέκε","lemma":"τίκτω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὅτε","gloss":"bore"},{"surface":"μήτηρ","lemma":"μήτηρ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of τέκε","gloss":"mother"}]},{"number":356,"label":"356","id":"b19-l356","source":"ἥ σε πόδας νίψει, ὀλιγηπελέουσά περ ἔμπης.","translation":"She shall wash your feet, frail though she now is.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l356.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἥ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of νίψει","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"σε","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative singular pronoun","role":"object of νίψει","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"πόδας","lemma":"πούς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of νίψει","gloss":"feet"},{"surface":"νίψει","lemma":"νίζω","morphology":"future active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing γρηῢς","gloss":"will wash"},{"surface":"ὀλιγηπελέουσά","lemma":"ὀλιγηπελέων","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to νίψει","gloss":"being feeble","note":"ὀλιγηπελέουσα, rare compound ('having little strength'), stresses the old nurse's frailty in age."},{"surface":"περ","lemma":"πέρ","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"ἔμπης","lemma":"ἔμπας","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ὀλιγηπελέουσά","gloss":"all the same"}]},{"number":357,"label":"357","id":"b19-l357","source":"ἀλλʼ ἄγε νῦν ἀνστᾶσα, περίφρων Εὐρύκλεια,","translation":"Come now, rise up, prudent Eurycleia,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l357.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἄγε","lemma":"ἄγε","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"νῦν","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to νίψον","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"ἀνστᾶσα","lemma":"ἀνίστημι","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to νίψον","gloss":"rising up","note":"ἀνστᾶσα, aorist participle of ἀνίστημι with syncopated epic form (for ἀναστᾶσα)."},{"surface":"περίφρων","lemma":"περίφρων","morphology":"vocative singular feminine noun","role":"modifies Εὐρύκλεια","gloss":"prudent"},{"surface":"Εὐρύκλεια","lemma":"Εὐρύκλεια","morphology":"vocative singular feminine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"Eurycleia"}]},{"number":358,"label":"358","id":"b19-l358","source":"νίψον σοῖο ἄνακτος ὁμήλικα· καί που Ὀδυσσεὺς","translation":"and wash this man, your master's age-mate. And surely Odysseus","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l358.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"νίψον","lemma":"νίζω","morphology":"aorist active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"wash"},{"surface":"σοῖο","lemma":"σός","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἄνακτος","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"ἄνακτος","lemma":"ἄναξ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ὁμήλικα","gloss":"master's"},{"surface":"ὁμήλικα","lemma":"ὁμῆλιξ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of νίψον","gloss":"age-mate","note":"ὁμήλικα, 'one of the same age as'—Penelope draws a pointed comparison between the stranger and Odysseus."},{"surface":"καί","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"που","lemma":"πού","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσσεὺς","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of τε","gloss":"Odysseus"}]},{"number":359,"label":"359","id":"b19-l359","source":"ἤδη τοιόσδʼ ἐστὶ πόδας τοιόσδε τε χεῖρας·","translation":"is by now such as this in his feet and such in his hands;","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l359.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἤδη","lemma":"ἤδη","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to τε","gloss":"by now"},{"surface":"τοιόσδ","lemma":"τοιόσδε","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"ἐστὶ","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"πόδας","lemma":"πούς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐστὶ","gloss":"in feet"},{"surface":"τοιόσδε","lemma":"τοιόσδε","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"such","note":"τοιόσδε...τοιόσδε, repeated demonstrative for emphasis—'just so in feet, just so in hands.'"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"χεῖρας","lemma":"χείρ","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial","gloss":"in hands"}]},{"number":360,"label":"360","id":"b19-l360","source":"αἶψα γὰρ ἐν κακότητι βροτοὶ καταγηράσκουσιν.","translation":"for swiftly do mortals grow old in misfortune.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l360.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"καταγηράσκουσιν","title":"grow old in hardship","body":"A gnomic remark: suffering ages a person fast. Penelope uses it to excuse how the stranger no longer looks young."}],"words":[{"surface":"αἶψα","lemma":"αἶψα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to καταγηράσκουσιν","gloss":"swiftly"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"κακότητι","lemma":"κακότης","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"misfortune"},{"surface":"βροτοὶ","lemma":"βροτός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of καταγηράσκουσιν","gloss":"mortals"},{"surface":"καταγηράσκουσιν","lemma":"καταγηράσκω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"grow old","note":"καταγηράσκουσιν, gnomic present stating a general truth about mortal suffering and aging."}]},{"number":361,"label":"361","id":"b19-l361","source":"ὣς ἄρʼ ἔφη, γρηῢς δὲ κατέσχετο χερσὶ πρόσωπα,","translation":"So she spoke, and the old woman covered her face with her hands,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l361.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔφη","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἔφη","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"she spoke","note":"ὣς ἄρ' ἔφη, the standard epic formula closing a speech before narrative resumes."},{"surface":"γρηῢς","lemma":"γραῦς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of κατέσχετο","gloss":"old woman"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κατέσχετο","lemma":"κατέχω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"covered"},{"surface":"χερσὶ","lemma":"χείρ","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to κατέσχετο","gloss":"with hands"},{"surface":"πρόσωπα","lemma":"πρόσωπον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of κατέσχετο","gloss":"her face"}]},{"number":362,"label":"362","id":"b19-l362","source":"δάκρυα δʼ ἔκβαλε θερμά, ἔπος δʼ ὀλοφυδνὸν ἔειπεν·","translation":"and let fall warm tears, and uttered a mournful word:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l362.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δάκρυα","lemma":"δάκρυον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἔκβαλε","gloss":"tears"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔκβαλε","lemma":"ἐκβάλλω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"let fall","note":"ἔκβαλε, aorist of ἐκβάλλω, vividly 'threw out'—physical, sudden weeping."},{"surface":"θερμά","lemma":"θερμός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies δάκρυα","gloss":"warm"},{"surface":"ἔπος","lemma":"ἔπος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἔειπεν","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὀλοφυδνὸν","lemma":"ὀλοφυδνός","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἔπος","gloss":"mournful"},{"surface":"ἔειπεν","lemma":"εἶπον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"uttered"}]},{"number":363,"label":"363","id":"b19-l363","source":"ὤ μοι ἐγὼ σέο, τέκνον, ἀμήχανος· ἦ σε περὶ\n                     Ζεὺς","translation":"Alas for you, my child, helpless that I am! Surely Zeus","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l363.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὤ","lemma":"ὦ","morphology":"exclamation","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"alas"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular feminine pronoun","role":"adverbial","gloss":"woe is me","note":"ὤ μοι ἐγὼ σέο, a piled-up lament formula ('ah me, for you'), intensely emotional epic diction."},{"surface":"ἐγὼ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"σέο","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"genitive singular pronoun","role":"adverbial","gloss":"for you"},{"surface":"τέκνον","lemma":"τέκνον","morphology":"vocative singular neuter noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"my child"},{"surface":"ἀμήχανος","lemma":"ἀμήχανος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"helpless"},{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"σε","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative singular pronoun","role":"object of ἤχθηρε","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"περὶ","lemma":"περί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"beyond (all)"},{"surface":"Ζεὺς","lemma":"Ζεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἤχθηρε","gloss":"Zeus"}]},{"number":364,"label":"364","id":"b19-l364","source":"ἀνθρώπων ἤχθηρε θεουδέα θυμὸν ἔχοντα.","translation":"hated you above all men, god-fearing though your heart was.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l364.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"θεουδέα","title":"god-fearing","body":"θεουδής means reverent toward the gods. The irony is sharp: the most pious man is the one Zeus seems to have hated."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἀνθρώπων","lemma":"ἄνθρωπος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to περὶ","gloss":"of men"},{"surface":"ἤχθηρε","lemma":"ἐχθαίρω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"has hated","note":"ἤχθηρε, aorist of ἐχθαίρω, echoing ἤχθεθ' in l338—both express intense hatred/disfavor."},{"surface":"θεουδέα","lemma":"θεουδής","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies θυμὸν","gloss":"god-fearing"},{"surface":"θυμὸν","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἔχοντα","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"ἔχοντα","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"present active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἤχθηρε","gloss":"having"}]},{"number":365,"label":"365","id":"b19-l365","source":"οὐ γάρ πώ τις τόσσα βροτῶν Διὶ τερπικεραύνῳ","translation":"For no mortal ever burned for Zeus who delights in thunder","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l365.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οὐ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"γάρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"πώ","lemma":"πω","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"ever","note":"πω 'yet/ever' with negation οὐ makes 'never yet' — common epic emphatic pairing."},{"surface":"τις","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἔκη᾽","gloss":"any mortal"},{"surface":"τόσσα","lemma":"τόσος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies μηρί᾽","gloss":"so many"},{"surface":"βροτῶν","lemma":"βροτός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies τις","gloss":"of mortals"},{"surface":"Διὶ","lemma":"Ζεύς","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἔκη᾽","gloss":"to Zeus"},{"surface":"τερπικεραύνῳ","lemma":"τερπικέραυνος","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Διὶ","gloss":"thunder-delighting","note":"Formulaic epithet τερπικέραυνος 'delighting in thunder' — a fixed Zeus epithet filling the line's end."}]},{"number":366,"label":"366","id":"b19-l366","source":"πίονα μηρίʼ ἔκηʼ οὐδʼ ἐξαίτους ἑκατόμβας,","translation":"so many rich thigh-pieces nor such choice hecatombs","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l366.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πίονα","lemma":"πίων","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies μηρί᾽","gloss":"rich"},{"surface":"μηρί","lemma":"μηρία","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of δ᾽","gloss":"thigh-pieces","note":"μηρία, the fat-wrapped thighbones burned as the god's portion in sacrifice — key ritual vocabulary."},{"surface":"ἔκη","lemma":"καίω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"burned"},{"surface":"ἐξαίτους","lemma":"ἔξαιτος","morphology":"accusative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἑκατόμβας","gloss":"choice"},{"surface":"ἑκατόμβας","lemma":"ἑκατόμβη","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of δ᾽","gloss":"hecatombs","note":"ἑκατόμβη literally '100 oxen' — a large-scale sacrifice, though used loosely for any big offering."}]},{"number":367,"label":"367","id":"b19-l367","source":"ὅσσα σὺ τῷ ἐδίδους, ἀρώμενος ἧος ἵκοιο","translation":"as you used to give him, praying that you might reach","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l367.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὅσσα","lemma":"ὅσος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of ἐδίδους","gloss":"as many as"},{"surface":"σὺ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"nominative singular pronoun","role":"subject of ἐδίδους","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"τῷ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἐδίδους","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"ἐδίδους","lemma":"δίδωμι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing τόσσα","gloss":"used to give","note":"Imperfect ἐδίδους marks a repeated past action — 'used to give,' habitual sacrifice over years."},{"surface":"ἀρώμενος","lemma":"ἀράομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἔκη᾽","gloss":"praying"},{"surface":"ἧος","lemma":"ἕως","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"ἵκοιο","lemma":"ἱκνέομαι","morphology":"aorist middle optative, 2nd singular verb","role":"adverbial to τε","gloss":"you might reach","note":"Optative in a ἧος ('until') clause expresses hoped-for future from a past standpoint — wished-for outcome."}]},{"number":368,"label":"368","id":"b19-l368","source":"γῆράς τε λιπαρὸν θρέψαιό τε φαίδιμον υἱόν·","translation":"a sleek old age and rear your glorious son.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l368.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"γῆράς","lemma":"γῆρας","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἵκοιο","gloss":"old age"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"λιπαρὸν","lemma":"λιπαρός","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies γῆράς","gloss":"sleek"},{"surface":"θρέψαιό","lemma":"τρέφω","morphology":"aorist middle optative, 2nd singular verb","role":"adverbial to τε","gloss":"might rear"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"φαίδιμον","lemma":"φαίδιμος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies υἱόν","gloss":"glorious"},{"surface":"υἱόν","lemma":"υἱός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of θρέψαιό","gloss":"son"}]},{"number":369,"label":"369","id":"b19-l369","source":"νῦν δέ τοι οἴῳ πάμπαν ἀφείλετο νόστιμον ἦμαρ.","translation":"But now from you alone he has taken away the day of homecoming.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l369.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"νόστιμον ἦμαρ","title":"day of return","body":"νόστος (homecoming) is the central theme of the poem; 'the day of return' is a fixed phrase for the longed-for safe arrival home."}],"words":[{"surface":"νῦν","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀφείλετο","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"object of ἀφείλετο","gloss":"from you"},{"surface":"οἴῳ","lemma":"οἶος","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"alone","note":"οἴῳ 'alone' stresses Odysseus's singular misfortune among all who prayed to Zeus — pathos of the line."},{"surface":"πάμπαν","lemma":"πάμπαν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀφείλετο","gloss":"utterly"},{"surface":"ἀφείλετο","lemma":"ἀφαιρέω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"took away"},{"surface":"νόστιμον","lemma":"νόστιμος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἦμαρ","gloss":"of homecoming"},{"surface":"ἦμαρ","lemma":"ἦμαρ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἀφείλετο","gloss":"the day"}]},{"number":370,"label":"370","id":"b19-l370","source":"οὕτω που καὶ κείνῳ ἐφεψιόωντο γυναῖκες","translation":"So perhaps even at him the women mocked,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l370.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οὕτω","lemma":"οὕτως","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐφεψιόωντο","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"που","lemma":"πού","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"κείνῳ","lemma":"ἐκεῖνος","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"object of ἐφεψιόωντο","gloss":"at him"},{"surface":"ἐφεψιόωντο","lemma":"ἐφεψιάομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"mocked","note":"ἐφεψιάομαι 'to jeer/mock' — rare verb picked up again two lines later as καθεψιόωνται, echoing the insult."},{"surface":"γυναῖκες","lemma":"γυνή","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject of ἐφεψιόωντο","gloss":"the women"}]},{"number":371,"label":"371","id":"b19-l371","source":"ξείνων τηλεδαπῶν, ὅτε τευ κλυτὰ δώμαθʼ ἵκοιτο,","translation":"women of distant hosts, when he came to some famous house,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l371.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ξείνων","lemma":"ξένος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies γυναῖκες","gloss":"of strangers"},{"surface":"τηλεδαπῶν","lemma":"τηλεδαπός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ξείνων","gloss":"from afar","note":"τηλεδαπός 'from far away' — stresses the vulnerability of foreign guests mocked by household women."},{"surface":"ὅτε","lemma":"ὅτε","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"τευ","lemma":"τις","morphology":"genitive singular pronoun","role":"modifies δώμαθ᾽","gloss":"someone's"},{"surface":"κλυτὰ","lemma":"κλυτός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies δώμαθ᾽","gloss":"famous"},{"surface":"δώμαθ","lemma":"δῶμα","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἵκοιτο","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"ἵκοιτο","lemma":"ἱκνέομαι","morphology":"aorist middle optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὅτε","gloss":"came to"}]},{"number":372,"label":"372","id":"b19-l372","source":"ὡς σέθεν αἱ κύνες αἵδε καθεψιόωνται ἅπασαι,","translation":"just as these bitches here all jeer at you,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l372.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὡς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to καθεψιόωνται","gloss":"just as"},{"surface":"σέθεν","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"genitive singular pronoun","role":"object of καθεψιόωνται","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"αἱ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"article","role":"modifies κύνες","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"κύνες","lemma":"κύων","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject of καθεψιόωνται","gloss":"bitches","note":"κύων 'bitch/dog' as insult for the maidservants — vivid, contemptuous animal metaphor from old Eurycleia."},{"surface":"αἵδε","lemma":"ὅδε","morphology":"nominative plural feminine pronoun","role":"modifies κύνες","gloss":"these here"},{"surface":"καθεψιόωνται","lemma":"καθεψιάομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to ἐφεψιόωντο","gloss":"jeer at"},{"surface":"ἅπασαι","lemma":"ἅπας","morphology":"nominative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies κύνες","gloss":"all"}]},{"number":373,"label":"373","id":"b19-l373","source":"τάων νῦν λώβην τε καὶ αἴσχεα πόλλʼ ἀλεείνων","translation":"whose insolence and many disgraces you now avoid","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l373.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τάων","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"genitive plural feminine pronoun","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"whose"},{"surface":"νῦν","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐάας","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"λώβην","lemma":"λώβη","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"insolence"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αἴσχεα","lemma":"αἶσχος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"disgraces"},{"surface":"πόλλ","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies αἴσχεα","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"ἀλεείνων","lemma":"ἀλεείνω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐάας","gloss":"avoiding","note":"Present participle ἀλεείνων 'avoiding' shows ongoing evasive behavior — Odysseus dodging the maids' insults."}]},{"number":374,"label":"374","id":"b19-l374","source":"οὐκ ἐάας νίζειν· ἐμὲ δʼ οὐκ ἀέκουσαν ἄνωγε","translation":"by not letting them wash you. But me, not unwilling, bids","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l374.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οὐκ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ἐάας","lemma":"ἐάω","morphology":"present active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing κύνες","gloss":"you allow"},{"surface":"νίζειν","lemma":"νίζω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of ἐάας","gloss":"to wash"},{"surface":"ἐμὲ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of ἄνωγε","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"οὐκ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ἀέκουσαν","lemma":"ἀέκων","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"unwilling","note":"ἀέκουσαν 'unwilling' negated — litotes: 'not unwilling' means she is in fact eager/willing to help."},{"surface":"ἄνωγε","lemma":"ἄνωγα","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"bids"}]},{"number":375,"label":"375","id":"b19-l375","source":"κούρη Ἰκαρίοιο, περίφρων Πηνελόπεια.","translation":"the daughter of Icarius, prudent Penelope.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l375.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κούρη","lemma":"κόρη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ,","gloss":"daughter"},{"surface":"Ἰκαρίοιο","lemma":"Ἰκάριος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies κούρη","gloss":"of Icarius"},{"surface":"περίφρων","lemma":"περίφρων","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Πηνελόπεια","gloss":"prudent","note":"περίφρων 'circumspect/prudent' is Penelope's standing epithet throughout the poem."},{"surface":"Πηνελόπεια","lemma":"Πηνελόπεια","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ,","gloss":"Penelope"}]},{"number":376,"label":"376","id":"b19-l376","source":"τῷ σε πόδας νίψω ἅμα τʼ αὐτῆς Πηνελοπείης","translation":"Therefore I will wash your feet, both for Penelope's own sake","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l376.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τῷ","lemma":"τῷ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"therefore"},{"surface":"σε","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative singular pronoun","role":"object of νίψω","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"πόδας","lemma":"πούς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of νίψω","gloss":"feet"},{"surface":"νίψω","lemma":"νίζω","morphology":"future active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I will wash","note":"Future νίψω 'I will wash' — Eurycleia's decisive offer sets up the recognition scene that follows."},{"surface":"ἅμα","lemma":"ἅμα","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αὐτῆς","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"of herself"},{"surface":"Πηνελοπείης","lemma":"Πηνελόπεια","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"Penelope's"}]},{"number":377,"label":"377","id":"b19-l377","source":"καὶ σέθεν εἵνεκʼ, ἐπεί μοι ὀρώρεται ἔνδοθι θυμὸς","translation":"and for yours, since the heart within me is stirred","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l377.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"σέθεν","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"genitive singular pronoun","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"for you"},{"surface":"εἵνεκ","lemma":"ἕνεκα","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"for the sake of"},{"surface":"ἐπεί","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular feminine pronoun","role":"adverbial to ὀρώρεται","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"ὀρώρεται","lemma":"ὄρνυμι","morphology":"present middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἐπεί","gloss":"is stirred","note":"ὄρνυμι mid. 'is roused/stirred' — vivid physical image of emotion rising within, as if the heart moves itself."},{"surface":"ἔνδοθι","lemma":"ἔνδοθι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ὀρώρεται","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"θυμὸς","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ὀρώρεται","gloss":"heart"}]},{"number":378,"label":"378","id":"b19-l378","source":"κήδεσιν. ἀλλʼ ἄγε νῦν ξυνίει ἔπος, ὅττι κεν εἴπω·","translation":"with grief. But come now, attend to the word I speak:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l378.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κήδεσιν","lemma":"κῆδος","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ὀρώρεται","gloss":"with grief"},{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἄγε","lemma":"ἄγε","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"come","note":"ἄγε, frozen imperative 'come!' used as an interjection to draw attention — very common epic discourse marker."},{"surface":"νῦν","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ξυνίει","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"ξυνίει","lemma":"συνίημι","morphology":"present active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"attend to"},{"surface":"ἔπος","lemma":"ἔπος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ξυνίει","gloss":"the word"},{"surface":"ὅττι","lemma":"ὅστις","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"object of εἴπω","gloss":"whatever"},{"surface":"κεν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"(modal particle)"},{"surface":"εἴπω","lemma":"εἶπον","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 1st singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ἔπος","gloss":"I may speak"}]},{"number":379,"label":"379","id":"b19-l379","source":"πολλοὶ δὴ ξεῖνοι ταλαπείριοι ἐνθάδʼ ἵκοντο,","translation":"Many sorely-tried strangers have come here,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l379.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πολλοὶ","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ξεῖνοι","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ξεῖνοι","lemma":"ξένος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ἵκοντο","gloss":"strangers"},{"surface":"ταλαπείριοι","lemma":"ταλαπείριος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ξεῖνοι","gloss":"sorely-tried","note":"ταλαπείριος 'sorely-tried/much-enduring' — an epithet befitting wandering guests, foreshadowing Odysseus himself."},{"surface":"ἐνθάδ","lemma":"ἐνθάδε","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of ἵκοντο","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"ἵκοντο","lemma":"ἱκνέομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"have come"}]},{"number":380,"label":"380","id":"b19-l380","source":"ἀλλʼ οὔ πώ τινά φημι ἐοικότα ὧδε ἰδέσθαι","translation":"but I declare I have never yet seen any so alike","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l380.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"οὔ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"πώ","lemma":"πω","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"τινά","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἰδέσθαι","gloss":"anyone"},{"surface":"φημι","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"present active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I declare"},{"surface":"ἐοικότα","lemma":"ἔοικα","morphology":"perfect active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"modifies τινά","gloss":"resembling","note":"Perfect participle ἐοικότα 'having come to resemble' — perfect aspect gives a settled, striking likeness."},{"surface":"ὧδε","lemma":"ὧδε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐοικότα","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ἰδέσθαι","lemma":"εἶδον","morphology":"aorist middle infinitive","role":"object of φημι","gloss":"to have seen"}]},{"number":381,"label":"381","id":"b19-l381","source":"ὡς σὺ δέμας φωνήν τε πόδας τʼ Ὀδυσῆϊ ἔοικας.","translation":"as you are in build and voice and feet to Odysseus.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l381.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὡς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔοικας","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"σὺ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"nominative singular pronoun","role":"subject of ἔοικας","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"δέμας","lemma":"δέμας","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to τ᾽","gloss":"in build"},{"surface":"φωνήν","lemma":"φωνή","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to τ᾽","gloss":"in voice"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πόδας","lemma":"πούς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to τ᾽","gloss":"in feet"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσῆϊ","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἔοικας","gloss":"to Odysseus"},{"surface":"ἔοικας","lemma":"ἔοικα","morphology":"perfect active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἐοικότα","gloss":"you resemble","note":"ἔοικας 'you resemble' governs three accusatives of respect (build, voice, feet) — dramatic irony, since it IS him."}]},{"number":382,"label":"382","id":"b19-l382","source":"τὴν δʼ ἀπαμειβόμενος προσέφη πολύμητις\n                  Ὀδυσσεύς·","translation":"Then resourceful Odysseus answered her:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l382.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὴν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of προσέφη","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀπαμειβόμενος","lemma":"ἀπαμείβομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to προσέφη","gloss":"answering"},{"surface":"προσέφη","lemma":"πρόσφημι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spoke to"},{"surface":"πολύμητις","lemma":"πολύμητις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ὀδυσσεύς","gloss":"resourceful","note":"πολύμητις 'of many wiles/resourceful' — Odysseus's core epithet, marking his cunning even in disguise."},{"surface":"Ὀδυσσεύς","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of προσέφη","gloss":"Odysseus"}]},{"number":383,"label":"383","id":"b19-l383","source":"ὦ γρηῦ, οὕτω φασὶν ὅσοι ἴδον ὀφθαλμοῖσιν","translation":"Old woman, so indeed say all who have seen with their eyes","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l383.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὦ","lemma":"ὦ","morphology":"exclamation","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"O"},{"surface":"γρηῦ","lemma":"γραῦς","morphology":"vocative singular feminine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"old woman","note":"γρηῦ vocative of γραῦς 'old woman' — Odysseus's address to Eurycleia, his childhood nurse, still in disguise."},{"surface":"οὕτω","lemma":"οὕτως","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to φασὶν","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"φασὶν","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"ὅσοι","lemma":"ὅσος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"subject of ἴδον","gloss":"all who"},{"surface":"ἴδον","lemma":"εἶδον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"subject of φασὶν","gloss":"have seen"},{"surface":"ὀφθαλμοῖσιν","lemma":"ὀφθαλμός","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἴδον","gloss":"with their eyes"}]},{"number":384,"label":"384","id":"b19-l384","source":"ἡμέας ἀμφοτέρους, μάλα εἰκέλω ἀλλήλοιϊν","translation":"the two of us, that we are very like","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l384.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἡμέας","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἴδον","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"ἀμφοτέρους","lemma":"ἀμφότερος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἡμέας","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"μάλα","lemma":"μάλα","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"εἰκέλω","lemma":"εἴκελος","morphology":"accusative dual masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"alike","note":"Dual form εἰκέλω 'alike' (of the pair) — the rare dual number underlines the exact two-way comparison."},{"surface":"ἀλλήλοιϊν","lemma":"ἀλλήλων","morphology":"dative dual masculine adjective","role":"modifies εἰκέλω","gloss":"to each other"}]},{"number":385,"label":"385","id":"b19-l385","source":"ἔμμεναι, ὡς σύ περ αὐτὴ ἐπιφρονέουσʼ ἀγορεύεις.","translation":"each other, just as you yourself shrewdly observe.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l385.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔμμεναι","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of φασὶν","gloss":"to be"},{"surface":"ὡς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀγορεύεις","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"σύ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"nominative singular pronoun","role":"subject of ἀγορεύεις","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"περ","lemma":"πέρ","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"αὐτὴ","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"ἐπιφρονέουσ","lemma":"ἐπιφρονέω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative plural feminine","role":"adverbial to ἀγορεύεις","gloss":"shrewdly noting"},{"surface":"ἀγορεύεις","lemma":"ἀγορεύω","morphology":"present active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἔμμεναι","gloss":"you say"}]},{"number":386,"label":"386","id":"b19-l386","source":"ὣς ἄρʼ ἔφη, γρηῢς δὲ λέβηθʼ ἕλε παμφανόωντα","translation":"So he spoke, and the old woman took the gleaming cauldron","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l386.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔφη","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἔφη","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he spoke"},{"surface":"γρηῢς","lemma":"γραῦς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἕλε","gloss":"old woman"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"λέβηθ","lemma":"λέβης","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἕλε","gloss":"cauldron"},{"surface":"ἕλε","lemma":"αἱρέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"παμφανόωντα","lemma":"παμφανόων","morphology":"present active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"modifies λέβηθ᾽","gloss":"gleaming","note":"παμφανόων 'all-gleaming' — a decorative epic compound adjective, vivid visual epithet for the metal basin."}]},{"number":387,"label":"387","id":"b19-l387","source":"τοῦ πόδας ἐξαπένιζεν, ὕδωρ δʼ ἐνεχεύατο πουλὺ","translation":"in which she would wash his feet, and poured in much water,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l387.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τοῦ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine pronoun","role":"adverbial to ἐξαπένιζεν","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"πόδας","lemma":"πούς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἐξαπένιζεν","gloss":"feet"},{"surface":"ἐξαπένιζεν","lemma":"ἐξαπονίζω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing λέβηθ᾽","gloss":"washed","note":"Imperfect ἐξαπένιζεν 'was washing' — durative aspect frames the ongoing action just before the crucial discovery."},{"surface":"ὕδωρ","lemma":"ὕδωρ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἐνεχεύατο","gloss":"water"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐνεχεύατο","lemma":"ἐγχέω","morphology":"aorist indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"poured in"},{"surface":"πουλὺ","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ὕδωρ","gloss":"much"}]},{"number":388,"label":"388","id":"b19-l388","source":"ψυχρόν, ἔπειτα δὲ θερμὸν ἐπήφυσεν. αὐτὰρ Ὀδυσσεὺς","translation":"cold, and then added hot on top. But Odysseus","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l388.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ψυχρόν","lemma":"ψυχρός","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ὕδωρ","gloss":"cold"},{"surface":"ἔπειτα","lemma":"ἔπειτα","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"θερμὸν","lemma":"θερμός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies","gloss":"hot"},{"surface":"ἐπήφυσεν","lemma":"ἐπαφύσσω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"added","note":"ἐπαφύσσω 'ladle in besides' — practical domestic verb, mixing hot with cold water in the basin."},{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσσεὺς","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of δὲ","gloss":"Odysseus"}]},{"number":389,"label":"389","id":"b19-l389","source":"ἷζεν ἐπʼ ἐσχαρόφιν, ποτὶ δὲ σκότον ἐτράπετʼ αἶψα·","translation":"sat away by the hearth and quickly turned toward the dark;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l389.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἐτράπετʼ","title":"Aorist middle","body":"ἐτράπετο is an aorist in the middle voice ('he turned himself'), marking Odysseus' deliberate self-protective move toward the shadow."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἷζεν","lemma":"ἵζω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"sat","note":"ἵζω 'sat down' — Odysseus deliberately positions himself away from the firelight to hide his scar."},{"surface":"ἐπ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ἐσχαρόφιν","lemma":"ἐσχάρα","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐπ᾽","gloss":"the hearth"},{"surface":"ποτὶ","lemma":"πρός","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"σκότον","lemma":"σκότος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ποτὶ","gloss":"the dark"},{"surface":"ἐτράπετ","lemma":"τρέπω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"αἶψα","lemma":"αἶψα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐτράπετ᾽","gloss":"quickly"}]},{"number":390,"label":"390","id":"b19-l390","source":"αὐτίκα γὰρ κατὰ θυμὸν ὀΐσατο, μή ἑ λαβοῦσα","translation":"for at once he feared in his heart that, taking hold of him,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l390.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτίκα","lemma":"αὐτίκα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ὀΐσατο","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"κατὰ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"θυμὸν","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to κατὰ","gloss":"his heart"},{"surface":"ὀΐσατο","lemma":"οἴομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he feared","note":"οἴομαι 'suspect/fear' — Odysseus's private anxiety, marking his continuous vigilance to protect his disguise."},{"surface":"μή","lemma":"μή","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"lest"},{"surface":"ἑ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of λαβοῦσα","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"λαβοῦσα","lemma":"λαμβάνω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to ἀμφράσσαιτο","gloss":"taking hold"}]},{"number":391,"label":"391","id":"b19-l391","source":"οὐλὴν ἀμφράσσαιτο καὶ ἀμφαδὰ ἔργα γένοιτο.","translation":"she might notice the scar and his secret be laid bare.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l391.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οὐλὴν","lemma":"οὐλή","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἀμφράσσαιτο","gloss":"the scar","note":"οὐλή 'scar' — the famous boar-hunt scar on his thigh, the physical proof of identity that triggers recognition."},{"surface":"ἀμφράσσαιτο","lemma":"ἀμφράζομαι","morphology":"aorist optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"might notice"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀμφαδὰ","lemma":"ἀμφαδόν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to γένοιτο","gloss":"openly"},{"surface":"ἔργα","lemma":"ἔργον","morphology":"nominative plural neuter noun","role":"subject of γένοιτο","gloss":"his secret"},{"surface":"γένοιτο","lemma":"γίγνομαι","morphology":"aorist middle optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"be laid bare"}]},{"number":392,"label":"392","id":"b19-l392","source":"νίζε δʼ ἄρʼ ἆσσον ἰοῦσα ἄναχθʼ ἑόν· αὐτίκα δʼ ἔγνω","translation":"She came close and began to wash her master; and at once she knew","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l392.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"νίζε","lemma":"νίζω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"washed"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἆσσον","lemma":"ἆσσον","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of ἰοῦσα","gloss":"closer"},{"surface":"ἰοῦσα","lemma":"εἶμι","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to νίζε","gloss":"coming","note":"ἆσσον ἰοῦσα 'drawing closer' — physical proximity right before she touches the scar, building suspense."},{"surface":"ἄναχθ","lemma":"ἄναξ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of νίζε","gloss":"master"},{"surface":"ἑόν","lemma":"ἑός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἄναχθ᾽","gloss":"her own"},{"surface":"αὐτίκα","lemma":"αὐτίκα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔγνω","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔγνω","lemma":"γιγνώσκω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"she knew","note":"ἔγνω, aorist 'she recognized' — the climactic verb of the whole scene: the instant of recognition."}]},{"number":393,"label":"393","id":"b19-l393","source":"οὐλήν, τήν ποτέ μιν σῦς ἤλασε λευκῷ ὀδόντι","translation":"the scar, which once a boar had dealt him with its white tusk","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l393.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οὐλήν","lemma":"οὐλή","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἔγνω","gloss":"the scar","note":"οὐλή 'scar' — Odysseus's boar-scar, the recognition token of this whole episode."},{"surface":"τήν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of ἤλασε","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"ποτέ","lemma":"ποτέ","morphology":"particle","role":"adverbial to ἤλασε","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἤλασε","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"σῦς","lemma":"ὗς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἤλασε","gloss":"a boar","note":"σῦς 'boar/pig' — nominative subject, the animal that gored Odysseus on Parnassus."},{"surface":"ἤλασε","lemma":"ἐλαύνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing οὐλήν","gloss":"gashed"},{"surface":"λευκῷ","lemma":"λευκός","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ὀδόντι","gloss":"white"},{"surface":"ὀδόντι","lemma":"ὀδών","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἤλασε","gloss":"with tusk","note":"dative of instrument, no preposition — classic Homeric dative-of-means construction."}]},{"number":394,"label":"394","id":"b19-l394","source":"Παρνησόνδʼ ἐλθόντα μετʼ Αὐτόλυκόν τε καὶ υἷας,","translation":"when he had gone to Parnassus to visit Autolycus and his sons,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l394.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Παρνησόνδ","lemma":"Παρνασός","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of ἐλθόντα","gloss":"to Parnassus","note":"directional -δε suffix on the place name, functioning as 'to/toward Parnassus' without a preposition."},{"surface":"ἐλθόντα","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἤλασε","gloss":"having gone"},{"surface":"μετ","lemma":"μετά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to visit"},{"surface":"Αὐτόλυκόν","lemma":"Αὐτόλυκος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ,","gloss":"Autolycus"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"υἷας","lemma":"υἱός","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"sons"}]},{"number":395,"label":"395","id":"b19-l395","source":"μητρὸς ἑῆς πάτερʼ ἐσθλόν, ὃς ἀνθρώπους ἐκέκαστο","translation":"his mother's noble father, who surpassed all men","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l395.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μητρὸς","lemma":"μήτηρ","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies πάτερ᾽","gloss":"mother's"},{"surface":"ἑῆς","lemma":"ἑός","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies μητρὸς","gloss":"his own","note":"ἑός, the archaic Homeric possessive reflexive (his own), largely obsolete by classical Greek."},{"surface":"πάτερ","lemma":"πατήρ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine","role":"object of ,","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"ἐσθλόν","lemma":"ἐσθλός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies πάτερ᾽","gloss":"noble"},{"surface":"ὃς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἐκέκαστο","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"ἀνθρώπους","lemma":"ἄνθρωπος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἐκέκαστο","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"ἐκέκαστο","lemma":"καίνυμαι","morphology":"pluperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ,","gloss":"surpassed","note":"καίνυμαι pluperfect with present sense 'excelled/surpassed' — perfect stem used for a standing trait."}]},{"number":396,"label":"396","id":"b19-l396","source":"κλεπτοσύνῃ θʼ ὅρκῳ τε· θεὸς δέ οἱ αὐτὸς ἔδωκεν","translation":"in thievery and in oaths; the god himself had granted it,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l396.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κλεπτοσύνῃ","lemma":"κλεπτοσύνη","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of τε","gloss":"in thievery","note":"κλεπτοσύνη 'thievery/craftiness' — Autolycus's famous trait, a rare abstract noun highlighting his trickster fame."},{"surface":"θ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὅρκῳ","lemma":"ὅρκος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of τε","gloss":"oaths","note":"ὅρκος 'oath' — paired with κλεπτοσύνη as a second skill of Hermes' craft (deceptive oath-swearing/perjury), not fidelity to oaths; 'oath-keeping' wrongly implies honesty."},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"θεὸς","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ἑρμείας","gloss":"a god"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἔδωκεν","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"αὐτὸς","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"ἔδωκεν","lemma":"δίδωμι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"granted"}]},{"number":397,"label":"397","id":"b19-l397","source":"Ἑρμείας· τῷ γὰρ κεχαρισμένα μηρία καῖεν","translation":"Hermes; for to him he burned welcome thigh-pieces","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l397.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ἑρμείας","lemma":"Ἑρμῆς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔδωκεν","gloss":"Hermes","note":"delayed subject named only here, after the pronoun 'he' — classic Homeric suspense-naming."},{"surface":"τῷ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"adverbial to καῖεν","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"κεχαρισμένα","lemma":"χαρίζομαι","morphology":"perfect medio-passive participle, accusative plural neuter","role":"modifies μηρία","gloss":"pleasing"},{"surface":"μηρία","lemma":"μηρία","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of καῖεν","gloss":"thigh-pieces"},{"surface":"καῖεν","lemma":"καίω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"used to burn","note":"imperfect 'used to burn' — habitual/repeated sacrifice, not a single act."}]},{"number":398,"label":"398","id":"b19-l398","source":"ἀρνῶν ἠδʼ ἐρίφων· ὁ δέ οἱ πρόφρων ἅμʼ ὀπήδει.","translation":"of lambs and kids; and the god went readily at his side.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l398.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀρνῶν","lemma":"ἀρνός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ἠδ᾽","gloss":"of lambs"},{"surface":"ἠδ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐρίφων","lemma":"ἔριφος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ἠδ᾽","gloss":"of kids"},{"surface":"ὁ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ὀπήδει","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ὀπήδει","gloss":"with him"},{"surface":"πρόφρων","lemma":"πρόφρων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"willingly"},{"surface":"ἅμ","lemma":"ἅμα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ὀπήδει","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"ὀπήδει","lemma":"ὀπαδέω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"accompanied","note":"ὀπηδέω 'attend/accompany' — Hermes as divine escort, a common formulaic role for the god."}]},{"number":399,"label":"399","id":"b19-l399","source":"Αὐτόλυκος δʼ ἐλθὼν Ἰθάκης ἐς πίονα δῆμον","translation":"Now Autolycus, having come to the rich land of Ithaca,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l399.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Αὐτόλυκος","lemma":"Αὐτόλυκος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of κιχήσατο","gloss":"Autolycus"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐλθὼν","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to κιχήσατο","gloss":"having come"},{"surface":"Ἰθάκης","lemma":"Ἰθάκη","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies δῆμον","gloss":"of Ithaca"},{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"πίονα","lemma":"πίων","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies δῆμον","gloss":"rich"},{"surface":"δῆμον","lemma":"δῆμος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐς","gloss":"land"}]},{"number":400,"label":"400","id":"b19-l400","source":"παῖδα νέον γεγαῶτα κιχήσατο θυγατέρος ἧς·","translation":"found a child newly born to his daughter;","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l400.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"παῖδα","lemma":"παῖς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of κιχήσατο","gloss":"a child"},{"surface":"νέον","lemma":"νέος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to γεγαῶτα","gloss":"newly","note":"adverbial accusative (accusative of respect) modifying the participle — 'newly-born.'"},{"surface":"γεγαῶτα","lemma":"γίγνομαι","morphology":"perfect active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"modifies παῖδα","gloss":"born"},{"surface":"κιχήσατο","lemma":"κιχάνω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"θυγατέρος","lemma":"θυγάτηρ","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies παῖδα","gloss":"daughter's"},{"surface":"ἧς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"genitive singular feminine pronoun","role":"modifies θυγατέρος","gloss":"his"}]},{"number":401,"label":"401","id":"b19-l401","source":"τόν ῥά οἱ Εὐρύκλεια φίλοις ἐπὶ γούνασι θῆκε","translation":"and Eurycleia set him upon his dear knees","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l401.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τόν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of θῆκε","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ῥά","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"adverbial to θῆκε","gloss":"for him"},{"surface":"Εὐρύκλεια","lemma":"Εὐρύκλεια","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of τ᾽","gloss":"Eurycleia","note":"the nurse Eurycleia, whose recognition of this very scar later drives the climax of Book 19."},{"surface":"φίλοις","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"dative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies γούνασι","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"γούνασι","lemma":"γόνυ","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἐπὶ","gloss":"knees"},{"surface":"θῆκε","lemma":"τίθημι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"placed"}]},{"number":402,"label":"402","id":"b19-l402","source":"παυομένῳ δόρποιο, ἔπος τʼ ἔφατʼ ἔκ τʼ ὀνόμαζεν·","translation":"as he finished his supper, and spoke and addressed him:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l402.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἔπος τʼ ἔφατʼ ἔκ τʼ ὀνόμαζεν","title":"Speech-introduction formula","body":"A recurring formulaic line, literally 'spoke a word and named it out,' used to introduce direct address."}],"words":[{"surface":"παυομένῳ","lemma":"παύω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, dative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to θῆκε","gloss":"finishing"},{"surface":"δόρποιο","lemma":"δόρπον","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of παυομένῳ","gloss":"of supper"},{"surface":"ἔπος","lemma":"ἔπος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἔφατ᾽","gloss":"a word"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔφατ","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spoke","note":"ἔπος τ᾽ ἔφατ᾽ ἔκ τ᾽ ὀνόμαζεν — the recurring Homeric formula 'spoke and addressed him,' framing direct speech."},{"surface":"ἔκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"out"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὀνόμαζεν","lemma":"ὀνομάζω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"named/addressed"}]},{"number":403,"label":"403","id":"b19-l403","source":"Αὐτόλυκʼ, αὐτὸς νῦν ὄνομʼ εὕρεο ὅττι κε θῆαι","translation":"Autolycus, now find yourself a name to give","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l403.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Αὐτόλυκ","lemma":"Αὐτόλυκος","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"Autolycus","note":"vocative — Eurycleia addressing Autolycus, urging him to name the newborn (see l405, 'Autolycus answered her and said'); Autolycus is not speaking to himself here."},{"surface":"αὐτὸς","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"you yourself"},{"surface":"νῦν","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to εὕρεο","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"ὄνομ","lemma":"ὄνομα","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of εὕρεο","gloss":"a name"},{"surface":"εὕρεο","lemma":"εὑρίσκω","morphology":"aorist middle imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"find/choose"},{"surface":"ὅττι","lemma":"ὅστις","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"object of θῆαι","gloss":"whatever"},{"surface":"κε","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"-ever","note":"modal κε with the subjunctive θῆαι in an indefinite relative clause ('whatever you may give')."},{"surface":"θῆαι","lemma":"τίθημι","morphology":"aorist medio-passive subjunctive, 2nd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ὄνομ᾽","gloss":"you may give"}]},{"number":404,"label":"404","id":"b19-l404","source":"παιδὸς παιδὶ φίλῳ· πολυάρητος δέ τοί ἐστιν.","translation":"your child's dear child; he is much prayed-for.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l404.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"παιδὸς","lemma":"παῖς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies παιδὶ","gloss":"child's"},{"surface":"παιδὶ","lemma":"παῖς","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of θῆαι","gloss":"child"},{"surface":"φίλῳ","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies παιδὶ","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"πολυάρητος","lemma":"πολυάρητος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"much prayed-for","note":"πολυάρητος 'much prayed-for' — a compound epithet marking the child as long-awaited/wished-for."},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τοί","lemma":"τοι","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἐστιν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"is"}]},{"number":405,"label":"405","id":"b19-l405","source":"τὴν δʼ αὖτʼ Αὐτόλυκος ἀπαμείβετο φώνησέν τε·","translation":"Then Autolycus answered her and said:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l405.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὴν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of ἀπαμείβετο","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αὖτ","lemma":"αὖτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"in turn"},{"surface":"Αὐτόλυκος","lemma":"Αὐτόλυκος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of τε","gloss":"Autolycus"},{"surface":"ἀπαμείβετο","lemma":"ἀπαμείβομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"φώνησέν","lemma":"φωνέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"and spoke"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"}]},{"number":406,"label":"406","id":"b19-l406","source":"γαμβρὸς ἐμὸς θυγάτηρ τε, τίθεσθʼ ὄνομʼ ὅττι κεν εἴπω·","translation":"My son-in-law and my daughter, give him the name I shall tell:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l406.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"γαμβρὸς","lemma":"γαμβρός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"son-in-law"},{"surface":"ἐμὸς","lemma":"ἐμός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies γαμβρὸς","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"θυγάτηρ","lemma":"θυγάτηρ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"daughter"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τίθεσθ","lemma":"τίθημι","morphology":"present medio-passive imperative, 2nd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"give (as name)","note":"present imperative plural 'give/set' — Autolycus tells the household to name the child."},{"surface":"ὄνομ","lemma":"ὄνομα","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of τίθεσθ᾽","gloss":"a name"},{"surface":"ὅττι","lemma":"ὅστις","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"object of εἴπω","gloss":"whatever"},{"surface":"κεν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"-ever"},{"surface":"εἴπω","lemma":"εἶπον","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 1st singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ὄνομ᾽","gloss":"I shall say"}]},{"number":407,"label":"407","id":"b19-l407","source":"πολλοῖσιν γὰρ ἐγώ γε ὀδυσσάμενος τόδʼ ἱκάνω,","translation":"since I come here having been angered at many,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l407.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ὀdυσσάμενος","title":"Wordplay on the name","body":"The verb ὀδύσσομαι ('to be angry, to hate') puns on the name Odysseus. Autolycus names the boy 'the man of wrath/the hated one.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"πολλοῖσιν","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of ,","gloss":"against many"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ἐγώ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἱκάνω","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ὀδυσσάμενος","lemma":"ὀδύσσομαι","morphology":"aorist participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"having become angered","note":"ὀδύσσομαι 'be angry at' — the etymological pun behind the name Odysseus (the 'one who causes/feels anger')."},{"surface":"τόδ","lemma":"ὅδε","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"object of ἱκάνω","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ἱκάνω","lemma":"ἱκανόω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I come"}]},{"number":408,"label":"408","id":"b19-l408","source":"ἀνδράσιν ἠδὲ γυναιξὶν ἀνὰ χθόνα πουλυβότειραν·","translation":"both men and women, across the bountiful earth,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l408.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀνδράσιν","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἠδὲ","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"ἠδὲ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"γυναιξὶν","lemma":"γυνή","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἠδὲ","gloss":"women"},{"surface":"ἀνὰ","lemma":"ἀνά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"χθόνα","lemma":"χθών","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἀνὰ","gloss":"earth"},{"surface":"πουλυβότειραν","lemma":"πολυβότειρα","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"modifies χθόνα","gloss":"bountiful","note":"πολυβότειρα 'much-nourishing' — stock Homeric epithet for the earth."}]},{"number":409,"label":"409","id":"b19-l409","source":"τῷ δʼ Ὀδυσεὺς ὄνομʼ ἔστω ἐπώνυμον· αὐτὰρ ἐγώ γε,","translation":"let his name be 'Odysseus.' And as for me,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l409.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τῷ","lemma":"τῷ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"so","note":"dative of τῷ used adverbially, 'therefore/so.'"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσεὺς","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"Odysseus","note":"the naming moment itself — Autolycus formally bestows the name that plays on ὀδύσσομαι in l407."},{"surface":"ὄνομ","lemma":"ὄνομα","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of ἔστω","gloss":"name"},{"surface":"ἔστω","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active imperative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"let it be"},{"surface":"ἐπώνυμον","lemma":"ἐπώνυμος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ὄνομ᾽","gloss":"fitting","note":"ἐπώνυμος 'named for a reason/by-name' modifying ὄνομα — a name given to mark something (here, tied to the ὀδύσσομαι pun in l407), not 'as his own' (that sense would require ἑός/ἐμός, different words)."},{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐγώ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of καί","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"for my part"}]},{"number":410,"label":"410","id":"b19-l410","source":"ὁππότʼ ἂν ἡβήσας μητρώϊον ἐς μέγα δῶμα","translation":"when he has grown to manhood and comes to the great house","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l410.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὁππότ","lemma":"ὁπότε","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"whenever"},{"surface":"ἂν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"-ever"},{"surface":"ἡβήσας","lemma":"ἡβάω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἔλθῃ","gloss":"having grown up"},{"surface":"μητρώϊον","lemma":"μητρῷος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies δῶμα","gloss":"of his mother"},{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"μέγα","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies δῶμα","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"δῶμα","lemma":"δῶμα","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἐς","gloss":"house"}]},{"number":411,"label":"411","id":"b19-l411","source":"ἔλθῃ Παρνησόνδʼ, ὅθι πού μοι κτήματʼ ἔασι,","translation":"of his mother's people on Parnassus, where my possessions lie,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l411.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔλθῃ","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὁππότ᾽","gloss":"comes","note":"subjunctive with ἄν/ὁππότ᾽ from the prior line — indefinite temporal clause, 'whenever he comes.'"},{"surface":"Παρνησόνδ","lemma":"Παρνασός","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of ἔλθῃ","gloss":"to Parnassus"},{"surface":"ὅθι","lemma":"ὅθι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔασι","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"πού","lemma":"πού","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"somewhere"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"adverbial to ἔασι","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"κτήματ","lemma":"κτῆμα","morphology":"nominative plural neuter noun","role":"subject of ἔασι","gloss":"possessions"},{"surface":"ἔασι","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing δῶμα","gloss":"are"}]},{"number":412,"label":"412","id":"b19-l412","source":"τῶν οἱ ἐγὼ δώσω καί μιν χαίροντʼ ἀποπέμψω.","translation":"of these I will give him, and send him off rejoicing.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l412.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τῶν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"genitive plural neuter pronoun","role":"modifies","gloss":"of these"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of δώσω","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"ἐγὼ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of καί","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"δώσω","lemma":"δίδωμι","morphology":"future active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will give"},{"surface":"καί","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἀποπέμψω","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"χαίροντ","lemma":"χαίρω","morphology":"present active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"rejoicing"},{"surface":"ἀποπέμψω","lemma":"ἀποπέμπω","morphology":"future active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will send off"}]},{"number":413,"label":"413","id":"b19-l413","source":"τῶν ἕνεκʼ ἦλθʼ Ὀδυσεύς, ἵνα οἱ πόροι ἀγλαὰ\n                  δῶρα.","translation":"For these gifts Odysseus came, that Autolycus might give him splendid presents.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l413.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τῶν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"genitive plural neuter pronoun","role":"adverbial to ἕνεκ᾽","gloss":"for these"},{"surface":"ἕνεκ","lemma":"ἕνεκα","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"for the sake of"},{"surface":"ἦλθ","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσεύς","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἦλθ᾽","gloss":"Odysseus"},{"surface":"ἵνα","lemma":"ἵνα","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of πόροι","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"πόροι","lemma":"πόρω","morphology":"aorist active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἵνα","gloss":"might give","note":"optative πόροι in a purpose clause after ἵνα — secondary sequence optative-of-purpose."},{"surface":"ἀγλαὰ","lemma":"ἀγλαός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies δῶρα","gloss":"splendid"},{"surface":"δῶρα","lemma":"δῶρον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of πόροι","gloss":"gifts"}]},{"number":414,"label":"414","id":"b19-l414","source":"τὸν μὲν ἄρʼ Αὐτόλυκός τε καὶ υἱέες Αὐτολύκοιο","translation":"Him then Autolycus and the sons of Autolycus","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l414.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἠσπάζοντο","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"Αὐτόλυκός","lemma":"Αὐτόλυκος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"Autolycus"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"υἱέες","lemma":"υἱός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"sons"},{"surface":"Αὐτολύκοιο","lemma":"Αὐτόλυκος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies υἱέες","gloss":"of Autolycus"}]},{"number":415,"label":"415","id":"b19-l415","source":"χερσίν τʼ ἠσπάζοντο ἔπεσσί τε μειλιχίοισι·","translation":"greeted with their hands and with gentle words;","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l415.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"χερσίν","lemma":"χείρ","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to τε","gloss":"with hands"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἠσπάζοντο","lemma":"ἀσπάζομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"greeted"},{"surface":"ἔπεσσί","lemma":"ἔπος","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to τε","gloss":"with words"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μειλιχίοισι","lemma":"μειλίχιος","morphology":"dative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἔπεσσί","gloss":"gentle","note":"μειλίχιος 'gentle/soothing' — describes the welcoming words, paired with the handshake gesture."}]},{"number":416,"label":"416","id":"b19-l416","source":"μήτηρ δʼ Ἀμφιθέη μητρὸς περιφῦσʼ Ὀδυσῆϊ","translation":"and his mother's mother, Amphithea, embracing Odysseus,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l416.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μήτηρ","lemma":"μήτηρ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"modifies Ἀμφιθέη","gloss":"mother"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ἀμφιθέη","lemma":"Ἀμφιθέη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of κύσσ᾽","gloss":"Amphithea","note":"Odysseus's maternal grandmother, named here — a minor but precise genealogical detail."},{"surface":"μητρὸς","lemma":"μήτηρ","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies μήτηρ","gloss":"of his mother"},{"surface":"περιφῦσ","lemma":"περιφύομαι","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to κύσσ᾽","gloss":"embracing","note":"περιφύομαι 'cling around/embrace' — vivid physical clasping, literally 'growing around' him."},{"surface":"Ὀδυσῆϊ","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of περιφῦσ᾽","gloss":"Odysseus"}]},{"number":417,"label":"417","id":"b19-l417","source":"κύσσʼ ἄρα μιν κεφαλήν τε καὶ ἄμφω φάεα καλά.","translation":"kissed his head and both his lovely eyes.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l417.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κύσσ","lemma":"κυνέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"kissed"},{"surface":"ἄρα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of κύσσ᾽","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"κεφαλήν","lemma":"κεφαλή","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄμφω","lemma":"ἄμφω","morphology":"accusative dual neuter adjective","role":"modifies φάεα","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"φάεα","lemma":"φάος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"eyes","note":"φάος normally 'light,' here poetically 'eyes' — a Homeric metaphor (eyes as light-bearers)."},{"surface":"καλά","lemma":"καλός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies φάεα","gloss":"lovely"}]},{"number":418,"label":"418","id":"b19-l418","source":"Αὐτόλυκος δʼ υἱοῖσιν ἐκέκλετο κυδαλίμοισι","translation":"And Autolycus called upon his glorious sons","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l418.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Αὐτόλυκος","lemma":"Αὐτόλυκος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐκέκλετο","gloss":"Autolycus"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"υἱοῖσιν","lemma":"υἱός","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἐκέκλετο","gloss":"sons"},{"surface":"ἐκέκλετο","lemma":"κέλομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"called upon"},{"surface":"κυδαλίμοισι","lemma":"κυδάλιμος","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies υἱοῖσιν","gloss":"glorious","note":"κυδάλιμος 'glorious/famed' — standard epic epithet applied to sons of a noble house."}]},{"number":419,"label":"419","id":"b19-l419","source":"δεῖπνον ἐφοπλίσσαι· τοὶ δʼ ὀτρύνοντος ἄκουσαν,","translation":"to prepare a meal; and they heeded his urging,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l419.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δεῖπνον","lemma":"δεῖπνος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐφοπλίσσαι","gloss":"meal"},{"surface":"ἐφοπλίσσαι","lemma":"ἐφοπλίζω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of ἐκέκλετο","gloss":"to prepare"},{"surface":"τοὶ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of δ᾽","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὀτρύνοντος","lemma":"ὀτρύνω","morphology":"present active participle, genitive singular masculine","role":"object of ἄκουσαν","gloss":"of him urging","note":"genitive absolute-like construction: participle governs the sense 'heeded him as he urged.'"},{"surface":"ἄκουσαν","lemma":"ἀκούω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"heeded"}]},{"number":420,"label":"420","id":"b19-l420","source":"αὐτίκα δʼ εἰσάγαγον βοῦν ἄρσενα πενταέτηρον·","translation":"and at once led in a five-year-old bull;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l420.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτίκα","lemma":"αὐτίκα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to εἰσάγαγον","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"εἰσάγαγον","lemma":"εἰσάγω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"led in"},{"surface":"βοῦν","lemma":"βοῦς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of εἰσάγαγον","gloss":"a bull"},{"surface":"ἄρσενα","lemma":"ἄρσην","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies βοῦν","gloss":"male"},{"surface":"πενταέτηρον","lemma":"πενταέτηρος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies βοῦν","gloss":"five-year-old","note":"πενταέτηρος 'five-year-old' — a compound numeral adjective marking the prime sacrificial age for cattle."}]},{"number":421,"label":"421","id":"b19-l421","source":"τὸν δέρον ἀμφί θʼ ἕπον, καί μιν διέχευαν ἅπαντα,","translation":"they flayed it and dressed it and cut it all up,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l421.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of δέρον","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"δέρον","lemma":"δέρω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"flayed","note":"δέρω 'flay/skin' — root of English 'tear'; concrete butchering verb."},{"surface":"ἀμφί","lemma":"ἀμφί","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"about/around"},{"surface":"θ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἕπον","lemma":"ἕπω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"dressed/prepared"},{"surface":"καί","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of διέχευαν","gloss":"it","note":"μιν is the old enclitic 3rd-person pronoun, common in epic, replaced later by αὐτόν."},{"surface":"διέχευαν","lemma":"διαχέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"cut up/scattered"},{"surface":"ἅπαντα","lemma":"ἅπας","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"adverbial to διέχευαν","gloss":"all of it"}]},{"number":422,"label":"422","id":"b19-l422","source":"μίστυλλόν τʼ ἄρʼ ἐπισταμένως πεῖράν τʼ ὀβελοῖσιν,","translation":"and skillfully chopped it small and pierced it on spits,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l422.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μίστυλλόν","lemma":"μιστύλλω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"chopped small","note":"μιστύλλω is a rare, vivid butchering verb for mincing meat into small pieces before spitting it."},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἐπισταμένως","lemma":"ἐπισταμένως","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to μίστυλλόν","gloss":"skillfully"},{"surface":"πεῖράν","lemma":"πείρω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"pierced/skewered"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὀβελοῖσιν","lemma":"ὀβελός","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to πεῖράν","gloss":"on spits"}]},{"number":423,"label":"423","id":"b19-l423","source":"ὤπτησάν τε περιφραδέως, δάσσαντό τε μοίρας.","translation":"and roasted it carefully, and divided out the portions.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l423.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὤπτησάν","lemma":"ὀπτάω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"roasted"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"περιφραδέως","lemma":"περιφραδής","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ὤπτησάν","gloss":"carefully"},{"surface":"δάσσαντό","lemma":"δατέομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"divided out","note":"δατέομαι middle voice: they divided the portions for themselves — typical formulaic feast-scene verb."},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μοίρας","lemma":"μοῖρα","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of δάσσαντό","gloss":"portions/shares"}]},{"number":424,"label":"424","id":"b19-l424","source":"ὣς τότε μὲν πρόπαν ἦμαρ ἐς ἠέλιον καταδύντα","translation":"So then all day long until the sun went down","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l424.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to δαίνυντ᾽","gloss":"so/thus"},{"surface":"τότε","lemma":"τότε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to δαίνυντ᾽","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"πρόπαν","lemma":"πρόπας","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἦμαρ","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"ἦμαρ","lemma":"ἦμαρ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to δαίνυντ᾽","gloss":"day","note":"ἦμαρ (=ἡμέρα) accusative of extent of time: 'for the whole day' — no preposition needed."},{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"until/toward"},{"surface":"ἠέλιον","lemma":"ἠέλιος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐς","gloss":"the sun"},{"surface":"καταδύντα","lemma":"καταδύω","morphology":"aorist active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"having set"}]},{"number":425,"label":"425","id":"b19-l425","source":"δαίνυντʼ, οὐδέ τι θυμὸς ἐδεύετο δαιτὸς ἐΐσης·","translation":"they feasted, and their hearts lacked nothing of the equal feast;","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l425.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δαίνυντ","lemma":"δαίνυμι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"they feasted","note":"δαίνυμι middle 'to feast'; the noun δαίς ('feast', seen below as δαιτὸς) shares this root — key formulaic feast vocabulary."},{"surface":"τι","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"adverbial to ἐδεύετο","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"θυμὸς","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐδεύετο","gloss":"heart/spirit"},{"surface":"ἐδεύετο","lemma":"δέω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"lacked"},{"surface":"δαιτὸς","lemma":"δαίς","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐδεύετο","gloss":"of feast"},{"surface":"ἐΐσης","lemma":"ἴσος","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies δαιτὸς","gloss":"equal/fair","note":"δαιτὸς ἐΐσης 'of the equal feast' is a Homeric formula meaning a feast shared fairly among all."}]},{"number":426,"label":"426","id":"b19-l426","source":"ἦμος δʼ ἠέλιος κατέδυ καὶ ἐπὶ κνέφας ἦλθεν,","translation":"but when the sun had set and darkness came on,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l426.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἦμος","lemma":"ἦμος","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἠέλιος","lemma":"ἠέλιος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of κατέδυ","gloss":"the sun"},{"surface":"κατέδυ","lemma":"καταδύω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"had set"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"on/upon"},{"surface":"κνέφας","lemma":"κνέφας","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of ἦλθεν","gloss":"darkness"},{"surface":"ἦλθεν","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"came"}]},{"number":427,"label":"427","id":"b19-l427","source":"δὴ τότε κοιμήσαντο καὶ ὕπνου δῶρον ἕλοντο.","translation":"then they lay down and took the gift of sleep.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l427.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ὕπνου δῶρον","title":"the gift of sleep","body":"Sleep as 'a gift' is a recurring Homeric phrase, treating rest as something bestowed rather than merely taken."}],"words":[{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then indeed"},{"surface":"τότε","lemma":"τότε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"κοιμήσαντο","lemma":"κοιμάω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"they lay down to sleep"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὕπνου","lemma":"ὕπνος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies δῶρον","gloss":"of sleep","note":"ὕπνου δῶρον 'gift of sleep' — sleep personified as a divine gift, a common epic conceit."},{"surface":"δῶρον","lemma":"δῶρον","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἕλοντο","gloss":"gift"},{"surface":"ἕλοντο","lemma":"αἱρέω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"took"}]},{"number":428,"label":"428","id":"b19-l428","source":"ἦμος δʼ ἠριγένεια φάνη ῥοδοδάκτυλος Ἠώς,","translation":"And when early-born, rosy-fingered Dawn appeared,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l428.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ῥοδοδάκτυλος Ἠώς","title":"rosy-fingered Dawn","body":"The signature Homeric epithet for Dawn, a fixed formula marking daybreak and the start of a new episode."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἦμος","lemma":"ἦμος","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to φάνη","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἠριγένεια","lemma":"ἠριγένεια","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"modifies Ἠώς","gloss":"early-born","note":"ἠριγένεια 'early-born' is a fixed epithet of Dawn, always paired with ῥοδοδάκτυλος in this formulaic line."},{"surface":"φάνη","lemma":"φαίνω","morphology":"aorist passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to βάν","gloss":"appeared"},{"surface":"ῥοδοδάκτυλος","lemma":"ῥοδοδάκτυλος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Ἠώς","gloss":"rosy-fingered","note":"ῥοδοδάκτυλος Ἠώς 'rosy-fingered Dawn' — one of Homer's most famous stock epithet formulas."},{"surface":"Ἠώς","lemma":"ἠώς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of φάνη","gloss":"Dawn"}]},{"number":429,"label":"429","id":"b19-l429","source":"βάν ῥʼ ἴμεν ἐς θήρην, ἠμὲν κύνες ἠδὲ καὶ αὐτοὶ","translation":"they set out to the hunt, both the hounds and they themselves,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l429.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"βάν","lemma":"βαίνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"they went"},{"surface":"ῥ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἴμεν","lemma":"εἶμι","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of βάν","gloss":"to go","note":"ἴμεν is an epic infinitive of εἶμι used complementarily with βάν — 'they went (in order) to go.'"},{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to/toward"},{"surface":"θήρην","lemma":"θήρα","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐς","gloss":"the hunt"},{"surface":"ἠμὲν","lemma":"ἠμέν","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"κύνες","lemma":"κύων","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject of ἠδὲ","gloss":"hounds"},{"surface":"ἠδὲ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"αὐτοὶ","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"themselves"}]},{"number":430,"label":"430","id":"b19-l430","source":"υἱέες Αὐτολύκου· μετὰ τοῖσι δὲ δῖος Ὀδυσσεὺς","translation":"the sons of Autolycus; and among them noble Odysseus","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l430.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"υἱέες","lemma":"υἱός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ἠδὲ","gloss":"sons"},{"surface":"Αὐτολύκου","lemma":"Αὐτόλυκος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies υἱέες","gloss":"of Autolycus","note":"Autolycus, Odysseus's maternal grandfather — famed trickster, said to be a son of Hermes."},{"surface":"μετὰ","lemma":"μετά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"τοῖσι","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative plural masculine pronoun","role":"adverbial to μετὰ","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"δῖος","lemma":"δῖος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ὀδυσσεὺς","gloss":"noble/divine"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσσεὺς","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἤϊεν","gloss":"Odysseus"}]},{"number":431,"label":"431","id":"b19-l431","source":"ἤϊεν· αἰπὺ δʼ ὄρος προσέβαν καταειμένον ὕλῃ","translation":"went; and they climbed the steep mountain clothed in forest,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l431.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἤϊεν","lemma":"εἶμι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"αἰπὺ","lemma":"αἰπύς","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ὄρος","gloss":"steep"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὄρος","lemma":"ὄρος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of προσέβαν","gloss":"mountain"},{"surface":"προσέβαν","lemma":"προσβαίνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"climbed"},{"surface":"καταειμένον","lemma":"καθέννυμι","morphology":"perfect passive participle, accusative singular neuter","role":"modifies ὄρος","gloss":"clothed","note":"καθέννυμι perfect passive 'clothed/clad' — the mountain is poetically dressed in forest, like a person in a garment."},{"surface":"ὕλῃ","lemma":"ὕλη","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of καταειμένον","gloss":"in forest"}]},{"number":432,"label":"432","id":"b19-l432","source":"Παρνησοῦ, τάχα δʼ ἵκανον πτύχας ἠνεμοέσσας.","translation":"Parnassus, and soon reached its windy folds.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l432.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Παρνησοῦ","lemma":"Παρνασός","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ὄρος","gloss":"Parnassus","note":"Mount Parnassus, sacred later to Apollo and the Muses; here just Autolycus's hunting ground."},{"surface":"τάχα","lemma":"τάχα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἵκανον","gloss":"soon"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἵκανον","lemma":"ἱκάνω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"reached"},{"surface":"πτύχας","lemma":"πτύξ","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἵκανον","gloss":"folds/glens"},{"surface":"ἠνεμοέσσας","lemma":"ἠνεμόεις","morphology":"accusative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies πτύχας","gloss":"windy"}]},{"number":433,"label":"433","id":"b19-l433","source":"Ἠέλιος μὲν ἔπειτα νέον προσέβαλλεν ἀρούρας","translation":"Then the Sun had just begun to strike the fields,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l433.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ἠέλιος","lemma":"ἠέλιος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of προσέβαλλεν","gloss":"the Sun"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἔπειτα","lemma":"ἔπειτα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to προσέβαλλεν","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"νέον","lemma":"νέος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to προσέβαλλεν","gloss":"newly/just"},{"surface":"προσέβαλλεν","lemma":"προσβάλλω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was striking","note":"προσβάλλω 'strike upon' of sunlight hitting the fields — a common Homeric image for dawn."},{"surface":"ἀρούρας","lemma":"ἄρουρα","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of προσέβαλλεν","gloss":"the fields"}]},{"number":434,"label":"434","id":"b19-l434","source":"ἐξ ἀκαλαρρείταο βαθυρρόου Ὠκεανοῖο,","translation":"risen from the gently-flowing, deep-streamed Ocean,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l434.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐξ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"ἀκαλαρρείταο","lemma":"ἀκαλαρρείτης","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ὠκεανοῖο","gloss":"gently-flowing","note":"ἀκαλαρρείτης 'gently-flowing' — a rare compound epithet unique to Ocean in Homer."},{"surface":"βαθυρρόου","lemma":"βαθύρροος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ὠκεανοῖο","gloss":"deep-streamed"},{"surface":"Ὠκεανοῖο","lemma":"Ὠκεανός","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐξ","gloss":"Ocean","note":"Ὠκεανός in Homer is the great river encircling the flat earth, source of the sun's rising each day."}]},{"number":435,"label":"435","id":"b19-l435","source":"οἱ δʼ ἐς βῆσσαν ἵκανον ἐπακτῆρες· πρὸ δʼ ἄρʼ αὐτῶν","translation":"and the beaters came to a glen; and ahead of them","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l435.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"article","role":"modifies ἐπακτῆρες","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"βῆσσαν","lemma":"βῆσσα","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐς","gloss":"a glen"},{"surface":"ἵκανον","lemma":"ἱκάνω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"ἐπακτῆρες","lemma":"ἐπακτήρ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ἵκανον","gloss":"the huntsmen","note":"ἐπακτήρ 'one who drives on, huntsman/tracker' — here refers to the hunting party itself (Odysseus and Autolycus's sons), not a separate class of beaters."},{"surface":"πρὸ","lemma":"πρό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"ahead of"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"αὐτῶν","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"adverbial to πρὸ","gloss":"them"}]},{"number":436,"label":"436","id":"b19-l436","source":"ἴχνιʼ ἐρευνῶντες κύνες ἤϊσαν, αὐτὰρ ὄπισθεν","translation":"went the dogs, searching out the tracks, while behind","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l436.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἴχνι","lemma":"ἴχνιον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἐρευνῶντες","gloss":"tracks"},{"surface":"ἐρευνῶντες","lemma":"ἐρευνάω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ἤϊσαν","gloss":"searching out"},{"surface":"κύνες","lemma":"κύων","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ἤϊσαν","gloss":"dogs"},{"surface":"ἤϊσαν","lemma":"εἶμι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ὄπισθεν","lemma":"ὄπισθεν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"behind"}]},{"number":437,"label":"437","id":"b19-l437","source":"υἱέες Αὐτολύκου· μετὰ τοῖσι δὲ δῖος Ὀδυσσεὺς","translation":"came the sons of Autolycus; and among them noble Odysseus","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l437.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"υἱέες","lemma":"υἱός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"sons"},{"surface":"Αὐτολύκου","lemma":"Αὐτόλυκος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies υἱέες","gloss":"of Autolycus"},{"surface":"μετὰ","lemma":"μετά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"τοῖσι","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative plural masculine pronoun","role":"adverbial to μετὰ","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"δῖος","lemma":"δῖος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ὀδυσσεὺς","gloss":"noble/divine"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσσεὺς","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἤϊεν","gloss":"Odysseus","note":"This line is a verbatim repeat of l430 — an oral-formulaic repeated verse, typical of Homeric composition."}]},{"number":438,"label":"438","id":"b19-l438","source":"ἤϊεν ἄγχι κυνῶν, κραδάων δολιχόσκιον ἔγχος.","translation":"went close behind the hounds, brandishing his long-shadowing spear.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l438.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"δολιχόσκιον ἔγχος","title":"long-shadowing spear","body":"δολιχόσκιον ('casting a long shadow') is a fixed epithet for the spear, evoking its length."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἤϊεν","lemma":"εἶμι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"ἄγχι","lemma":"ἄγχι","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"close to"},{"surface":"κυνῶν","lemma":"κύων","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἄγχι","gloss":"the hounds"},{"surface":"κραδάων","lemma":"κραδάω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἤϊεν","gloss":"brandishing"},{"surface":"δολιχόσκιον","lemma":"δολιχόσκιος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἔγχος","gloss":"long-shadowing","note":"δολιχόσκιον ἔγχος 'long-shadowing spear' is a standard Homeric epithet-noun formula for a spear."},{"surface":"ἔγχος","lemma":"ἔγχος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of κραδάων","gloss":"spear"}]},{"number":439,"label":"439","id":"b19-l439","source":"ἔνθα δʼ ἄρʼ ἐν λόχμῃ πυκινῇ κατέκειτο μέγας σῦς·","translation":"There in a dense thicket a great boar lay couched;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l439.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔνθα","lemma":"ἔνθα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to κατέκειτο","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"λόχμῃ","lemma":"λόχμη","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"a thicket"},{"surface":"πυκινῇ","lemma":"πυκνός","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies λόχμῃ","gloss":"dense"},{"surface":"κατέκειτο","lemma":"κατακείω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"lay couched"},{"surface":"μέγας","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies σῦς","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"σῦς","lemma":"ὗς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of κατέκειτο","gloss":"boar"}]},{"number":440,"label":"440","id":"b19-l440","source":"τὴν μὲν ἄρʼ οὔτʼ ἀνέμων διάει μένος ὑγρὸν ἀέντων,","translation":"through it neither the force of the wet, blowing winds could pierce,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l440.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὴν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of διάει","gloss":"it (the thicket)"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἀνέμων","lemma":"ἄνεμος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies μένος","gloss":"of winds"},{"surface":"διάει","lemma":"διάημι","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"pierces through","note":"διάημι 'blow through' — poetic use for wind penetrating a thicket, echoed by διαμπερές below."},{"surface":"μένος","lemma":"μένος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of διάει","gloss":"force"},{"surface":"ὑγρὸν","lemma":"ὑγρός","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies μένος","gloss":"wet/moist"},{"surface":"ἀέντων","lemma":"ἄημι","morphology":"present active participle, genitive plural masculine","role":"modifies ἀνέμων","gloss":"blowing"}]},{"number":441,"label":"441","id":"b19-l441","source":"οὔτε μιν Ἠέλιος φαέθων ἀκτῖσιν ἔβαλλεν,","translation":"nor did the blazing Sun strike it with his rays,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l441.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of ἔβαλλεν","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"Ἠέλιος","lemma":"ἠέλιος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔβαλλεν","gloss":"the Sun"},{"surface":"φαέθων","lemma":"φαέθω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἔβαλλεν","gloss":"blazing"},{"surface":"ἀκτῖσιν","lemma":"ἀκτίς","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to φαέθων","gloss":"with rays"},{"surface":"ἔβαλλεν","lemma":"βάλλω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"struck"}]},{"number":442,"label":"442","id":"b19-l442","source":"οὔτʼ ὄμβρος περάασκε διαμπερές· ὣς ἄρα πυκνὴ","translation":"nor did the rain pierce it through; so dense","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l442.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὄμβρος","lemma":"ὄμβρος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of περάασκε","gloss":"rain"},{"surface":"περάασκε","lemma":"περάω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"used to pierce","note":"περάασκε is an iterative imperfect (epic -σκ- suffix) meaning 'used to/would pierce' — habitual past action."},{"surface":"διαμπερές","lemma":"διαμπερές","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to περάασκε","gloss":"clean through"},{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ἄρα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"πυκνὴ","lemma":"πυκνός","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"dense"}]},{"number":443,"label":"443","id":"b19-l443","source":"ἦεν, ἀτὰρ φύλλων ἐνέην χύσις ἤλιθα πολλή.","translation":"was it, and within lay a great drift of fallen leaves.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l443.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἦεν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"ἀτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"φύλλων","lemma":"φύλλον","morphology":"genitive plural neuter noun","role":"modifies χύσις","gloss":"of leaves"},{"surface":"ἐνέην","lemma":"ἔνειμι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"lay within"},{"surface":"χύσις","lemma":"χύσις","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἐνέην","gloss":"a drift/heap"},{"surface":"ἤλιθα","lemma":"ἤλιθα","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"exceedingly"},{"surface":"πολλή","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies χύσις","gloss":"great"}]},{"number":444,"label":"444","id":"b19-l444","source":"τὸν δʼ ἀνδρῶν τε κυνῶν τε περὶ κτύπος ἦλθε ποδοῖϊν,","translation":"Then the noise of the feet of men and dogs came about him,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l444.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἦλθε","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀνδρῶν","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies τε","gloss":"of men"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"κυνῶν","lemma":"κύων","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies τε","gloss":"of dogs"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"περὶ","lemma":"περί","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"κτύπος","lemma":"κτύπος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἦλθε","gloss":"noise/din"},{"surface":"ἦλθε","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"ποδοῖϊν","lemma":"πούς","morphology":"genitive dual masculine noun","role":"modifies κτύπος","gloss":"of feet","note":"ποδοῖϊν is a genitive dual — Homeric Greek preserves the dual number for natural pairs like two feet."}]},{"number":445,"label":"445","id":"b19-l445","source":"ὡς ἐπάγοντες ἐπῇσαν· ὁ δʼ ἀντίος ἐκ ξυλόχοιο","translation":"as they pressed on in the hunt; and he came out to meet them from the thicket,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l445.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὡς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"ἐπάγοντες","lemma":"ἐπάγω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐπῇσαν","gloss":"driving on/pressing"},{"surface":"ἐπῇσαν","lemma":"ἔπειμι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to ὡς","gloss":"they came on"},{"surface":"ὁ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of στῆ","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀντίος","lemma":"ἀντίος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"facing/opposite","note":"ἀντίος 'facing' describes the boar charging out to meet the hunters head-on, not fleeing."},{"surface":"ἐκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"ξυλόχοιο","lemma":"ξύλοχος","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐκ","gloss":"the thicket"}]},{"number":446,"label":"446","id":"b19-l446","source":"φρίξας εὖ λοφιήν, πῦρ δʼ ὀφθαλμοῖσι δεδορκώς,","translation":"bristling his mane well, and with fire glaring in his eyes,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l446.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"λοφιήν","title":"Bristling crest","body":"λοφιή is the ridge of bristles along the boar's neck and back. The image of the raised mane and fire-gleaming eyes is a standard Homeric picture of a beast at bay."}],"words":[{"surface":"φρίξας","lemma":"φρίσσω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to δ᾽","gloss":"bristling"},{"surface":"εὖ","lemma":"εὖ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to φρίξας","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"λοφιήν","lemma":"λοφιά","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of φρίξας","gloss":"his mane","note":"λοφιά is the ridge of bristles along a boar's back/neck — vivid physical detail of the beast's rage."},{"surface":"πῦρ","lemma":"πῦρ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of δεδορκώς","gloss":"fire"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὀφθαλμοῖσι","lemma":"ὀφθαλμός","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to δεδορκώς","gloss":"in his eyes"},{"surface":"δεδορκώς","lemma":"δέρκομαι","morphology":"perfect active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to δ᾽","gloss":"glaring","note":"δέρκομαι perfect participle 'glaring/flashing' — perfect aspect stresses the fixed, ongoing fierce stare."}]},{"number":447,"label":"447","id":"b19-l447","source":"στῆ ῥʼ αὐτῶν σχεδόθεν· ὁ δʼ ἄρα πρώτιστος Ὀδυσσεὺς","translation":"and stood right beside them; and first of all Odysseus","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l447.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"στῆ","lemma":"ἵστημι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"ῥ","lemma":"ἆρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"αὐτῶν","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"adverbial to σχεδόθεν","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"σχεδόθεν","lemma":"σχεδόθεν","morphology":"adverb","role":"preposition","gloss":"close by"},{"surface":"ὁ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"article","role":"modifies Ὀδυσσεὺς","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄρα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"πρώτιστος","lemma":"πρώτιστος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"first of all"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσσεὺς","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔσσυτ᾽","gloss":"Odysseus"}]},{"number":448,"label":"448","id":"b19-l448","source":"ἔσσυτʼ ἀνασχόμενος δολιχὸν δόρυ χειρὶ παχείῃ,","translation":"rushed forward, lifting his long spear in his stout hand,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l448.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔσσυτ","lemma":"σεύω","morphology":"imperfect middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"rushed forward","note":"σεύω middle 'rush/dart' — vivid verb of sudden violent motion, fitting the charge at the boar."},{"surface":"ἀνασχόμενος","lemma":"ἀνέχω","morphology":"aorist middle participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἔσσυτ᾽","gloss":"raising up"},{"surface":"δολιχὸν","lemma":"δολιχός","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies δόρυ","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"δόρυ","lemma":"δόρυ","morphology":"accusative neuter noun","role":"object of ἀνασχόμενος","gloss":"spear"},{"surface":"χειρὶ","lemma":"χείρ","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἀνασχόμενος","gloss":"in hand"},{"surface":"παχείῃ","lemma":"παχύς","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies χειρὶ","gloss":"stout/thick"}]},{"number":449,"label":"449","id":"b19-l449","source":"οὐτάμεναι μεμαώς· ὁ δέ μιν φθάμενος ἔλασεν σῦς","translation":"eager to strike; but the boar got in first and gashed him","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l449.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"φθάμενος","title":"Aorist participle of forestalling","body":"φθάμενος, from φθάνω, means 'getting there first, anticipating.' The participle conveys that the boar struck before Odysseus could, a vivid sequencing of the action."}],"words":[{"surface":"οὐτάμεναι","lemma":"οὐτάω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of μεμαώς","gloss":"to wound","note":"Epic infinitive in -μεναι expressing purpose/aim, common Homeric variant of -ναι."},{"surface":"μεμαώς","lemma":"μέμαα","morphology":"perfect active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἔσσυτ᾽","gloss":"eager","note":"Perfect participle of μέμαα with present force: 'being eager', a stock Homeric formula."},{"surface":"ὁ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"article","role":"modifies σῦς","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἔλασεν","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"φθάμενος","lemma":"φθάνω","morphology":"aorist middle participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἔλασεν","gloss":"getting there first","note":"φθάνω + participle idiom: 'do X before someone else can' — here 'struck first'."},{"surface":"ἔλασεν","lemma":"ἐλαύνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"gashed"},{"surface":"σῦς","lemma":"ὗς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔλασεν","gloss":"boar"}]},{"number":450,"label":"450","id":"b19-l450","source":"γουνὸς ὕπερ, πολλὸν δὲ διήφυσε σαρκὸς ὀδόντι","translation":"above the knee, and tore away much flesh with his tusk","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l450.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"γουνὸς","lemma":"γόνυ","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ὕπερ","gloss":"knee"},{"surface":"ὕπερ","lemma":"ὑπέρ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"above","note":"Postpositive preposition following its genitive noun (anastrophe), common in epic word order."},{"surface":"πολλὸν","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to διήφυσε","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"διήφυσε","lemma":"διαφύσσω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"tore away"},{"surface":"σαρκὸς","lemma":"σάρξ","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of διήφυσε","gloss":"of flesh"},{"surface":"ὀδόντι","lemma":"ὀδών","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to διήφυσε","gloss":"with tusk"}]},{"number":451,"label":"451","id":"b19-l451","source":"λικριφὶς ἀΐξας, οὐδʼ ὀστέον ἵκετο φωτός.","translation":"as he charged sideways, but did not reach the man's bone.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l451.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"λικριφὶς","lemma":"λικριφίς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀΐξας","gloss":"sideways"},{"surface":"ἀΐξας","lemma":"ἀίσσω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to διήφυσε","gloss":"charging","note":"Aorist participle of ἀίσσω, vivid verb of sudden violent motion typical of battle/hunt scenes."},{"surface":"ὀστέον","lemma":"ὀστέον","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἵκετο","gloss":"bone"},{"surface":"ἵκετο","lemma":"ἱκνέομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"reached"},{"surface":"φωτός","lemma":"φώς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ὀστέον","gloss":"of the man"}]},{"number":452,"label":"452","id":"b19-l452","source":"τὸν δʼ Ὀδυσεὺς οὔτησε τυχὼν κατὰ δεξιὸν ὦμον,","translation":"But Odysseus struck him, hitting his mark on the right shoulder,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l452.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"τυχών","title":"Aorist participle 'hitting the mark'","body":"τυχών, from τυγχάνω, means 'having hit/attained the target.' Paired with οὔτησε ('he wounded') it stresses that the throw found its aim."}],"words":[{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of οὔτησε","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσεὺς","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of οὔτησε","gloss":"Odysseus"},{"surface":"οὔτησε","lemma":"οὐτάω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"struck","note":"οὐτάω 'wound with a weapon'; echoes οὐτάμεναι in l449, tying the two attacks together."},{"surface":"τυχὼν","lemma":"τυγχάνω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to οὔτησε","gloss":"hitting the mark"},{"surface":"κατὰ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"δεξιὸν","lemma":"δεξιός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ὦμον","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"ὦμον","lemma":"ὦμος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of κατὰ","gloss":"shoulder"}]},{"number":453,"label":"453","id":"b19-l453","source":"ἀντικρὺ δὲ διῆλθε φαεινοῦ δουρὸς ἀκωκή·","translation":"and the point of the shining spear went straight through;","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l453.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀντικρὺ","lemma":"ἀντικρύ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to διῆλθε","gloss":"straight through"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"διῆλθε","lemma":"διέρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"went through"},{"surface":"φαεινοῦ","lemma":"φαεινός","morphology":"genitive singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies δουρὸς","gloss":"of shining"},{"surface":"δουρὸς","lemma":"δόρυ","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"modifies ἀκωκή","gloss":"spear","note":"φαεινοῦ δουρός: epic epithet-noun pairing that fills the line's meter and glorifies the weapon."},{"surface":"ἀκωκή","lemma":"ἀκωκή","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of διῆλθε","gloss":"point"}]},{"number":454,"label":"454","id":"b19-l454","source":"κὰδ δʼ ἔπεσʼ ἐν κονίῃσι μακών, ἀπὸ δʼ ἔπτατο θυμός.","translation":"and he fell down in the dust with a squeal, and his life flew away.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l454.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ἀπὸ δʼ ἔπτατο θυμός","title":"The life 'flew away'","body":"θυμός here is the breath of life; the verb πέτομαι ('fly') gives the formulaic image of life darting off like a bird. A standard Homeric way of saying a creature died."}],"words":[{"surface":"κὰδ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"down","note":"κάδ = apocopated/assimilated κατά used adverbially with ἔπεσε, a common Homeric tmesis pattern."},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔπεσ","lemma":"πίπτω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"fell"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"κονίῃσι","lemma":"κονία","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"dust"},{"surface":"μακών","lemma":"μηκάομαι","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἔπεσ᾽","gloss":"squealing","note":"μηκάομαι properly means the bleating/squealing cry of animals, vivid sensory detail for the dying boar."},{"surface":"ἀπὸ","lemma":"ἀπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"away"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔπτατο","lemma":"πέτομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"flew"},{"surface":"θυμός","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔπτατο","gloss":"life","note":"θυμός 'life-breath' flying away is the standard Homeric image for death."}]},{"number":455,"label":"455","id":"b19-l455","source":"τὸν μὲν ἄρʼ Αὐτολύκου παῖδες φίλοι ἀμφεπένοντο,","translation":"Then the dear sons of Autolycus busied themselves about the boar,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l455.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἀμφεπένοντο","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"Αὐτολύκου","lemma":"Αὐτόλυκος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies παῖδες","gloss":"of Autolycus"},{"surface":"παῖδες","lemma":"παῖς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ἀμφεπένοντο","gloss":"sons"},{"surface":"φίλοι","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies παῖδες","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"ἀμφεπένοντο","lemma":"ἀμφιπένομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"tended","note":"ἀμφιπένομαι 'busy oneself about/tend to' — used for dressing a wound or butchering game."}]},{"number":456,"label":"456","id":"b19-l456","source":"ὠτειλὴν δʼ Ὀδυσῆος ἀμύμονος ἀντιθέοιο","translation":"and the wound of noble, godlike Odysseus","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l456.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὠτειλὴν","lemma":"ὠτειλή","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of δῆσαν","gloss":"wound"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσῆος","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ὠτειλὴν","gloss":"of Odysseus"},{"surface":"ἀμύμονος","lemma":"ἀμύμων","morphology":"genitive singular adjective","role":"modifies Ὀδυσῆος","gloss":"noble"},{"surface":"ἀντιθέοιο","lemma":"ἀντίθεος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ὀδυσῆος","gloss":"godlike","note":"ἀντίθεος 'equal to the gods', a standard heroic epithet stacked here with ἀμύμονος for solemn emphasis."}]},{"number":457,"label":"457","id":"b19-l457","source":"δῆσαν ἐπισταμένως, ἐπαοιδῇ δʼ αἷμα κελαινὸν","translation":"they bound up skillfully, and with a chant the dark blood","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l457.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δῆσαν","lemma":"δέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"bound up"},{"surface":"ἐπισταμένως","lemma":"ἐπισταμένως","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to δῆσαν","gloss":"skillfully"},{"surface":"ἐπαοιδῇ","lemma":"ἐπαοιδή","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἔσχεθον","gloss":"with a chant","note":"ἐπαοιδή: a magical healing incantation sung over a wound, reflecting archaic medical practice."},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αἷμα","lemma":"αἷμα","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἔσχεθον","gloss":"blood"},{"surface":"κελαινὸν","lemma":"κελαινός","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies αἷμα","gloss":"dark"}]},{"number":458,"label":"458","id":"b19-l458","source":"ἔσχεθον, αἶψα δʼ ἵκοντο φίλου πρὸς δώματα πατρός.","translation":"they stopped, and quickly they came to the house of their dear father.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l458.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔσχεθον","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"plural","role":"main verb","gloss":"stopped","note":"ἔσχεθον, an epic reduplicated aorist of ἔχω, here meaning 'checked/stanched' the bleeding."},{"surface":"αἶψα","lemma":"αἶψα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἵκοντο","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἵκοντο","lemma":"ἱκνέομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"φίλου","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies πατρός","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"πρὸς","lemma":"πρός","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"δώματα","lemma":"δῶμα","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of πρὸς","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"πατρός","lemma":"πατήρ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies δώματα","gloss":"of father"}]},{"number":459,"label":"459","id":"b19-l459","source":"τὸν μὲν ἄρʼ Αὐτόλυκός τε καὶ υἱέες Αὐτολύκοιο","translation":"Then Autolycus and the sons of Autolycus,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l459.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἔπεμπον","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"Αὐτόλυκός","lemma":"Αὐτόλυκος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"Autolycus","note":"Odysseus's maternal grandfather, famed trickster and thief; son of Hermes (not son-in-law), who gave him his gifts of stealth and perjury."},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"υἱέες","lemma":"υἱός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"sons"},{"surface":"Αὐτολύκοιο","lemma":"Αὐτόλυκος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies υἱέες","gloss":"of Autolycus"}]},{"number":460,"label":"460","id":"b19-l460","source":"εὖ ἰησάμενοι ἠδʼ ἀγλαὰ δῶρα πορόντες","translation":"having healed him well and given him splendid gifts,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l460.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εὖ","lemma":"εὖ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἰησάμενοι","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"ἰησάμενοι","lemma":"ἰάομαι","morphology":"aorist medio-passive participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ἠδ᾽","gloss":"healing"},{"surface":"ἠδ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀγλαὰ","lemma":"ἀγλαός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies δῶρα","gloss":"splendid"},{"surface":"δῶρα","lemma":"δῶρον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of πορόντες","gloss":"gifts"},{"surface":"πορόντες","lemma":"πόρω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ἠδ᾽","gloss":"giving","note":"πόρω, a defective verb supplying aorist forms for 'give/grant', otherwise rare outside epic."}]},{"number":461,"label":"461","id":"b19-l461","source":"καρπαλίμως χαίροντα φίλην ἐς πατρίδʼ ἔπεμπον","translation":"swiftly sent him rejoicing to his dear homeland,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l461.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καρπαλίμως","lemma":"καρπάλιμος","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔπεμπον","gloss":"swiftly"},{"surface":"χαίροντα","lemma":"χαίρω","morphology":"present active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἔπεμπον","gloss":"rejoicing"},{"surface":"φίλην","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies πατρίδ᾽","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"πατρίδ","lemma":"πατρίς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐς","gloss":"homeland"},{"surface":"ἔπεμπον","lemma":"πέμπω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"sent"}]},{"number":462,"label":"462","id":"b19-l462","source":"εἰς Ἰθάκην. τῷ μέν ῥα πατὴρ καὶ πότνια μήτηρ","translation":"to Ithaca. There his father and his honored mother","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l462.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἰς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Ἰθάκην","lemma":"Ἰθάκη","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of εἰς","gloss":"Ithaca"},{"surface":"τῷ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of χαῖρον","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"μέν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ῥα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"πατὴρ","lemma":"πατήρ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πότνια","lemma":"πότνια","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies μήτηρ","gloss":"honored","note":"πότνια, a reverent epithet ('mistress, lady') regularly paired with μήτηρ for mothers of heroes."},{"surface":"μήτηρ","lemma":"μήτηρ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"mother"}]},{"number":463,"label":"463","id":"b19-l463","source":"χαῖρον νοστήσαντι καὶ ἐξερέεινον ἕκαστα,","translation":"rejoiced at his return and asked him about everything,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l463.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"χαῖρον","lemma":"χαίρω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"rejoiced"},{"surface":"νοστήσαντι","lemma":"νοστέω","morphology":"aorist active participle, dative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"at his return"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐξερέεινον","lemma":"ἐξερεείνω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"asked about"},{"surface":"ἕκαστα","lemma":"ἕκαστος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of ,","gloss":"each thing"}]},{"number":464,"label":"464","id":"b19-l464","source":"οὐλὴν ὅττι πάθοι· ὁ δʼ ἄρα σφίσιν εὖ κατέλεξεν","translation":"about the scar, what he had suffered; and he told them well","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l464.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οὐλὴν","lemma":"οὐλή","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of πάθοι","gloss":"scar"},{"surface":"ὅττι","lemma":"ὅστις","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"adverbial to πάθοι","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"πάθοι","lemma":"πάσχω","morphology":"aorist active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"object of ,","gloss":"he had suffered","note":"Optative πάθοι in a past general/indirect question, standard secondary-sequence usage."},{"surface":"ὁ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of κατέλεξεν","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄρα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"σφίσιν","lemma":"σφεῖς","morphology":"dative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of κατέλεξεν","gloss":"to them"},{"surface":"εὖ","lemma":"εὖ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to κατέλεξεν","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"κατέλεξεν","lemma":"καταλέγω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"told"}]},{"number":465,"label":"465","id":"b19-l465","source":"ὥς μιν θηρεύοντʼ ἔλασεν σῦς λευκῷ ὀδόντι,","translation":"how a boar had gashed him with its white tusk while he hunted,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l465.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὥς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἔλασεν","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"θηρεύοντ","lemma":"θηρεύω","morphology":"present active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἔλασεν","gloss":"hunting"},{"surface":"ἔλασεν","lemma":"ἐλαύνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"object of ὥς","gloss":"gashed"},{"surface":"σῦς","lemma":"ὗς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔλασεν","gloss":"boar"},{"surface":"λευκῷ","lemma":"λευκός","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ὀδόντι","gloss":"white"},{"surface":"ὀδόντι","lemma":"ὀδών","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἔλασεν","gloss":"with tusk"}]},{"number":466,"label":"466","id":"b19-l466","source":"Παρνησόνδʼ ἐλθόντα σὺν υἱάσιν Αὐτολύκοιο.","translation":"when he had gone to Parnassus with the sons of Autolycus.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l466.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Παρνησόνδ","lemma":"Παρνασός","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of ἐλθόντα","gloss":"to Parnassus","note":"Directional accusative in -δε ('-ward'), a common Homeric suffix meaning 'to/toward' a place."},{"surface":"ἐλθόντα","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἔλασεν","gloss":"having gone"},{"surface":"σὺν","lemma":"σύν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"υἱάσιν","lemma":"υἱός","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to σὺν","gloss":"sons"},{"surface":"Αὐτολύκοιο","lemma":"Αὐτόλυκος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies υἱάσιν","gloss":"of Autolycus"}]},{"number":467,"label":"467","id":"b19-l467","source":"τὴν γρηῢς χείρεσσι καταπρηνέσσι λαβοῦσα","translation":"This scar the old woman took in the flat of her hands,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l467.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"χείρεσσι καταπρηνέσσι","title":"With palms turned down","body":"καταπρηνής describes the hand turned palm-downward, the natural grip for cradling a leg to wash it. The precise detail sets up the moment her fingers find the old scar."}],"words":[{"surface":"τὴν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of γνῶ","gloss":"this","note":"Feminine pronoun τήν refers back to the scar (οὐλήν), a feminine noun — resumed across lines."},{"surface":"γρηῢς","lemma":"γραῦς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of γνῶ","gloss":"old woman"},{"surface":"χείρεσσι","lemma":"χείρ","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to λαβοῦσα","gloss":"with hands"},{"surface":"καταπρηνέσσι","lemma":"καταπρηνής","morphology":"dative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies χείρεσσι","gloss":"flat"},{"surface":"λαβοῦσα","lemma":"λαμβάνω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to γνῶ","gloss":"taking"}]},{"number":468,"label":"468","id":"b19-l468","source":"γνῶ ῥʼ ἐπιμασσαμένη, πόδα δὲ προέηκε φέρεσθαι·","translation":"and recognized it as she felt it, and let the foot drop;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l468.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἐπιμασσαμένη","title":"Aorist participle 'having felt'","body":"ἐπιμασσαμένη (from ἐπιμαίομαι, 'grope, feel for') in the middle voice conveys her touching with her own hands — the recognition comes through the fingertips, not the eyes."}],"words":[{"surface":"γνῶ","lemma":"γιγνώσκω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"recognized"},{"surface":"ῥ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἐπιμασσαμένη","lemma":"ἐπιμαίομαι","morphology":"aorist middle participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to γνῶ","gloss":"feeling","note":"ἐπιμαίομαι 'feel/grope for, touch' — Eurycleia recognizes the scar by touch, key plot moment."},{"surface":"πόδα","lemma":"πούς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of προέηκε","gloss":"foot"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"προέηκε","lemma":"προίημι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"let drop"},{"surface":"φέρεσθαι","lemma":"φέρω","morphology":"present medio-passive infinitive","role":"adverbial to προέηκε","gloss":"to fall","note":"Complementary infinitive with προίημι: 'let go so as to fall' — she drops the foot in shock."}]},{"number":469,"label":"469","id":"b19-l469","source":"ἐν δὲ λέβητι πέσε κνήμη, κανάχησε δὲ χαλκός,","translation":"the leg fell into the basin, and the bronze rang out,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l469.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"λέβητι","lemma":"λέβης","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"basin"},{"surface":"πέσε","lemma":"πίπτω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"fell"},{"surface":"κνήμη","lemma":"κνήμη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of πέσε","gloss":"leg"},{"surface":"κανάχησε","lemma":"καναχέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"rang out","note":"καναχέω, an onomatopoeic verb for a clanging/ringing noise, here of bronze struck by the falling leg."},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"χαλκός","lemma":"χαλκός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of κανάχησε","gloss":"bronze"}]},{"number":470,"label":"470","id":"b19-l470","source":"ἂψ δʼ ἑτέρωσʼ ἐκλίθη· τὸ δʼ ἐπὶ χθονὸς ἐξέχυθʼ ὕδωρ.","translation":"and it tipped over to the other side, and the water spilled out on the ground.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l470.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἂψ","lemma":"ἄψ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐκλίθη","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἑτέρωσ","lemma":"ἑτέρωσε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐκλίθη","gloss":"to the other side"},{"surface":"ἐκλίθη","lemma":"κλίνω","morphology":"aorist passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"tipped over"},{"surface":"τὸ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"article","role":"modifies ὕδωρ","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"χθονὸς","lemma":"χθών","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐπὶ","gloss":"ground"},{"surface":"ἐξέχυθ","lemma":"ἐκχέω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spilled out"},{"surface":"ὕδωρ","lemma":"ὕδωρ","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of ἐξέχυθ᾽","gloss":"water"}]},{"number":471,"label":"471","id":"b19-l471","source":"τὴν δʼ ἅμα χάρμα καὶ ἄλγος ἕλε φρένα, τὼ δέ οἱ ὄσσε","translation":"Joy and pain together seized her heart, and her two eyes","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l471.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"τὼ δέ οἱ ὄσσε","title":"The dual for 'two eyes'","body":"ὄσσε is a dual form (with the dual article τώ), the natural number for a pair of eyes. Homer regularly uses the dual for paired body parts."}],"words":[{"surface":"τὴν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of ἕλε","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἅμα","lemma":"ἅμα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἕλε","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"χάρμα","lemma":"χάρμη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"joy"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄλγος","lemma":"ἄλγος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"pain"},{"surface":"ἕλε","lemma":"αἱρέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"seized","note":"αἱρέω 'seize, grip' with emotions as subject — a Homeric formula for being overcome by feeling."},{"surface":"φρένα","lemma":"φρήν","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἕλε","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"τὼ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"article","role":"modifies ὄσσε","gloss":"the two"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular feminine pronoun","role":"adverbial to πλῆσθεν","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"ὄσσε","lemma":"ὄσσε","morphology":"nominative dual neuter noun","role":"subject of πλῆσθεν","gloss":"eyes","note":"ὄσσε, an old dual form 'the two eyes', preserved in epic though the dual had faded from later Greek."}]},{"number":472,"label":"472","id":"b19-l472","source":"δακρυόφι πλῆσθεν, θαλερὴ δέ οἱ ἔσχετο φωνή.","translation":"filled with tears, and her strong voice was checked.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l472.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δακρυόφι","lemma":"δάκρυον","morphology":"genitive plural neuter noun","role":"object of πλῆσθεν","gloss":"with tears"},{"surface":"πλῆσθεν","lemma":"πίμπλημι","morphology":"aorist passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"filled"},{"surface":"θαλερὴ","lemma":"θαλερός","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies φωνή","gloss":"strong"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular feminine pronoun","role":"adverbial to ἔσχετο","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"ἔσχετο","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was checked","note":"ἔχω middle 'was held back/checked' — her voice catches, she cannot speak from shock."},{"surface":"φωνή","lemma":"φωνή","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἔσχετο","gloss":"voice"}]},{"number":473,"label":"473","id":"b19-l473","source":"ἁψαμένη δὲ γενείου Ὀδυσσῆα προσέειπεν·","translation":"She touched his chin and spoke to Odysseus:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l473.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἁψαμένη","lemma":"ἅπτω","morphology":"aorist middle participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to προσέειπεν","gloss":"touching"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"γενείου","lemma":"γένειον","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἁψαμένη","gloss":"chin","note":"Touching the chin (γένειον) is a traditional gesture of supplication/intimate address in Homer."},{"surface":"Ὀδυσσῆα","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of προσέειπεν","gloss":"Odysseus"},{"surface":"προσέειπεν","lemma":"προσεῖπον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spoke to"}]},{"number":474,"label":"474","id":"b19-l474","source":"ἦ μάλʼ Ὀδυσσεύς ἐσσι, φίλον τέκος· οὐδέ σʼ ἐγώ\n                     γε","translation":"\"Truly you are Odysseus, dear child; and I","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l474.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"μάλ","lemma":"μάλα","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσσεύς","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"Odysseus"},{"surface":"ἐσσι","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"you are","note":"ἐσσι, epic 2nd-singular present of εἰμί (Attic εἶ), preserved uncontracted form."},{"surface":"φίλον","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"vocative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies τέκος","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"τέκος","lemma":"τέκος","morphology":"vocative singular neuter noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"child"},{"surface":"σ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative singular pronoun","role":"object of ἔγνων","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ἐγώ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of ἔγνων","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"}]},{"number":475,"label":"475","id":"b19-l475","source":"πρὶν ἔγνων, πρὶν πάντα ἄνακτʼ ἐμὸν ἀμφαφάασθαι.","translation":"did not know you before, before I had felt all over my master.\"","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l475.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πρὶν","lemma":"πρίν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔγνων","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"ἔγνων","lemma":"γιγνώσκω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"knew","note":"ἔγνων, root aorist of γιγνώσκω 'recognize/know' — pairs with πρὶν...πρίν for emphatic 'not...until'."},{"surface":"πρὶν","lemma":"πρίν","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"πάντα","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἄνακτ᾽","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"ἄνακτ","lemma":"ἄναξ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἀμφαφάασθαι","gloss":"master","note":"ἄναξ 'lord, master' — Eurycleia's term of loyal address for Odysseus even as a baby-nurse memory."},{"surface":"ἐμὸν","lemma":"ἐμός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἄνακτ᾽","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"ἀμφαφάασθαι","lemma":"ἀμφαφάω","morphology":"present medio-passive infinitive","role":"adverbial to πρὶν","gloss":"to feel all over","note":"ἀμφαφάω 'touch/feel all over' — literal nursing gesture of checking every part of the infant."}]},{"number":476,"label":"476","id":"b19-l476","source":"ἦ καὶ Πηνελόπειαν ἐσέδρακεν ὀφθαλμοῖσι,","translation":"She spoke, and looked toward Penelope with her eyes,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l476.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἠμί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"she spoke"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Πηνελόπειαν","lemma":"Πηνελόπεια","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐσέδρακεν","gloss":"Penelope"},{"surface":"ἐσέδρακεν","lemma":"εἰσδέρκομαι","morphology":"aorist passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"looked toward","note":"εἰσδέρκομαι 'look/glance toward' — she glances at Penelope to see if she too has noticed."},{"surface":"ὀφθαλμοῖσι","lemma":"ὀφθαλμός","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐσέδρακεν","gloss":"with her eyes"}]},{"number":477,"label":"477","id":"b19-l477","source":"πεφραδέειν ἐθέλουσα φίλον πόσιν ἔνδον ἐόντα.","translation":"wishing to point out that her dear husband was within.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l477.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"πεφραδέειν ἐθέλουσα","title":"Infinitive of purpose-wish","body":"πεφραδέειν is a reduplicated aorist infinitive ('to make known, point out') governed by ἐθέλουσα. The infinitive completes the wish: she wanted to reveal him."}],"words":[{"surface":"πεφραδέειν","lemma":"φράζω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of ἐθέλουσα","gloss":"to point out","note":"Aorist infinitive πεφραδέειν (from φράζω) has an epic uncontracted -έειν ending, common in Homer."},{"surface":"ἐθέλουσα","lemma":"ἐθέλω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to ἐσέδρακεν","gloss":"wishing"},{"surface":"φίλον","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies πόσιν","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"πόσιν","lemma":"πόσις","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of πεφραδέειν","gloss":"husband"},{"surface":"ἔνδον","lemma":"ἔνδον","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐόντα","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"ἐόντα","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"being"}]},{"number":478,"label":"478","id":"b19-l478","source":"ἡ δʼ οὔτʼ ἀθρῆσαι δύνατʼ ἀντίη οὔτε νοῆσαι·","translation":"But she could neither look across at her nor notice anything,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l478.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἡ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of δύνατ᾽","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἀθρῆσαι","lemma":"ἀθρέω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of τε","gloss":"look at"},{"surface":"δύνατ","lemma":"δύναμαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"could","note":"δύνατ(ο) is imperfect middle of δύναμαι, 'was able'; elided final vowel before ἀντίη."},{"surface":"ἀντίη","lemma":"ἀντίος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"face to face"},{"surface":"νοῆσαι","lemma":"νοέω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of τε","gloss":"notice"}]},{"number":479,"label":"479","id":"b19-l479","source":"τῇ γὰρ Ἀθηναίη νόον ἔτραπεν· αὐτὰρ Ὀδυσσεὺς","translation":"for Athena had turned her mind aside; meanwhile Odysseus,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l479.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τῇ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative singular feminine pronoun","role":"adverbial to ἔτραπεν","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"Ἀθηναίη","lemma":"Ἀθήνη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἔτραπεν","gloss":"Athena","note":"Athena diverting Eurycleia's attention shows the gods steering small human perceptions in Homer."},{"surface":"νόον","lemma":"νόος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἔτραπεν","gloss":"mind"},{"surface":"ἔτραπεν","lemma":"τρέπω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσσεὺς","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of τε","gloss":"Odysseus"}]},{"number":480,"label":"480","id":"b19-l480","source":"χεῖρʼ ἐπιμασσάμενος φάρυγος λάβε δεξιτερῆφι,","translation":"groping with his hand, caught her by the throat with his right,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l480.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"χεῖρ","lemma":"χείρ","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to λάβε","gloss":"with his hand"},{"surface":"ἐπιμασσάμενος","lemma":"ἐπιμαίομαι","morphology":"aorist middle participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to λάβε","gloss":"groping","note":"ἐπιμασσάμενος, aorist middle participle, vividly depicts Odysseus reaching out to silence the nurse."},{"surface":"φάρυγος","lemma":"φάρυγξ","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐπιμασσάμενος","gloss":"throat"},{"surface":"λάβε","lemma":"λαμβάνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"caught"},{"surface":"δεξιτερῆφι","lemma":"δεξιτερός","morphology":"dative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies χεῖρ᾽","gloss":"with his right hand"}]},{"number":481,"label":"481","id":"b19-l481","source":"τῇ δʼ ἑτέρῃ ἕθεν ἆσσον ἐρύσσατο φώνησέν τε.","translation":"and with the other drew her close to himself, and spoke:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l481.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τῇ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"article","role":"modifies ἑτέρῃ","gloss":"with the"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἑτέρῃ","lemma":"ἕτερος","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"adverbial to ἐρύσσατο","gloss":"other hand"},{"surface":"ἕθεν","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἆσσον","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"ἆσσον","lemma":"ἆσσον","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"close"},{"surface":"ἐρύσσατο","lemma":"ἐρύω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"drew"},{"surface":"φώνησέν","lemma":"φωνέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"}]},{"number":482,"label":"482","id":"b19-l482","source":"μαῖα, τίη μʼ ἐθέλεις ὀλέσαι; σὺ δέ μʼ ἔτρεφες\n                     αὐτὴ","translation":"\"Nurse, why do you want to destroy me? You yourself reared me","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l482.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μαῖα","lemma":"μαῖα","morphology":"vocative singular feminine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"nurse","note":"μαῖα is an intimate vocative address 'nurse/mother dear', a formulaic term of endearment in Homer."},{"surface":"τίη","lemma":"τίη","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐθέλεις","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"μ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ὀλέσαι","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ἐθέλεις","lemma":"ἐθέλω","morphology":"present active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"do you want"},{"surface":"ὀλέσαι","lemma":"ὄλλυμι","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of ἐθέλεις","gloss":"to destroy"},{"surface":"σὺ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"nominative singular pronoun","role":"subject of ἔτρεφες","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"μ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἔτρεφες","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ἔτρεφες","lemma":"τρέφω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"reared"},{"surface":"αὐτὴ","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"yourself"}]},{"number":483,"label":"483","id":"b19-l483","source":"τῷ σῷ ἐπὶ μαζῷ· νῦν δʼ ἄλγεα πολλὰ μογήσας","translation":"at your own breast; and now, after suffering many pains,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l483.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τῷ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies μαζῷ","gloss":"at your"},{"surface":"σῷ","lemma":"σός","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies μαζῷ","gloss":"own"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"μαζῷ","lemma":"μαστός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐπὶ","gloss":"breast"},{"surface":"νῦν","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἤλυθον","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄλγεα","lemma":"ἄλγος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of μογήσας","gloss":"pains"},{"surface":"πολλὰ","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἄλγεα","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"μογήσας","lemma":"μογέω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἤλυθον","gloss":"suffering","note":"μογήσας, aorist participle, sums up the whole Odyssey's toils in one word before the homecoming line."}]},{"number":484,"label":"484","id":"b19-l484","source":"ἤλυθον εἰκοστῷ ἔτεϊ ἐς πατρίδα γαῖαν.","translation":"I have come in the twentieth year to my homeland.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l484.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"εἰκοστῷ ἔτεϊ","title":"Dative of time","body":"εἰκοστῷ ἔτεϊ ('in the twentieth year') is a dative marking the point in time at which the action occurs. Homer uses the bare dative for time-when without a preposition."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἤλυθον","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I have come"},{"surface":"εἰκοστῷ","lemma":"εἰκοστός","morphology":"dative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἔτεϊ","gloss":"twentieth"},{"surface":"ἔτεϊ","lemma":"ἔτος","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἤλυθον","gloss":"year","note":"The 'twentieth year' formula marks the epic's full time-span (10 years at Troy + 10 wandering)."},{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"πατρίδα","lemma":"πατρίς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies γαῖαν","gloss":"native"},{"surface":"γαῖαν","lemma":"γαῖα","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐς","gloss":"land"}]},{"number":485,"label":"485","id":"b19-l485","source":"ἀλλʼ ἐπεὶ ἐφράσθης καί τοι θεὸς ἔμβαλε θυμῷ,","translation":"But since you have perceived it and a god has put it in your heart,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l485.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"ἐφράσθης","lemma":"φράζω","morphology":"aorist passive indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"adverbial to καί","gloss":"you perceived"},{"surface":"καί","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"adverbial to ἔμβαλε","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"θεὸς","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔμβαλε","gloss":"a god"},{"surface":"ἔμβαλε","lemma":"ἐμβάλλω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to καί","gloss":"put"},{"surface":"θυμῷ","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἔμβαλε","gloss":"in heart"}]},{"number":486,"label":"486","id":"b19-l486","source":"σίγα, μή τίς τʼ ἄλλος ἐνὶ μεγάροισι πύθηται.","translation":"be silent, so that no one else in the halls may learn of it.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l486.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"μή τις πύθηται","title":"Negative purpose clause","body":"μή with the subjunctive πύθηται ('may learn') forms a fear/purpose clause: he urges silence so that no one finds out."}],"words":[{"surface":"σίγα","lemma":"σιγάω","morphology":"present active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"be silent"},{"surface":"μή","lemma":"μή","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"lest"},{"surface":"τίς","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of πύθηται","gloss":"anyone"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἄλλος","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies τίς","gloss":"else"},{"surface":"ἐνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"μεγάροισι","lemma":"μέγαρον","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"modifies ἐνὶ","gloss":"the halls"},{"surface":"πύθηται","lemma":"πυνθάνομαι","morphology":"aorist medio-passive subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to μή","gloss":"may learn"}]},{"number":487,"label":"487","id":"b19-l487","source":"ὧδε γὰρ ἐξερέω, καὶ μὴν τετελεσμένον ἔσται·","translation":"For I will speak out thus, and it will surely be brought to pass:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l487.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὧδε","lemma":"ὧδε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐξερέω","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ἐξερέω","lemma":"ἐξερέω","morphology":"future active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I will speak"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μὴν","lemma":"μήν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"τετελεσμένον","lemma":"τελέω","morphology":"perfect medio-passive participle, nominative singular neuter","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"brought to pass","note":"Perfect participle τετελεσμένον stresses the result stands fixed/complete, giving Odysseus's oath weight."},{"surface":"ἔσται","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"future middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will be"}]},{"number":488,"label":"488","id":"b19-l488","source":"εἴ χʼ ὑπʼ ἐμοί γε θεὸς δαμάσῃ μνηστῆρας ἀγαυούς,","translation":"if a god should subdue the lordly suitors beneath my hand,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l488.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"εἴ χʼ δαμάσῃ","title":"Future-more-vivid condition","body":"εἴ κε (χʼ) with the aorist subjunctive δαμάσῃ sets up a vivid future condition — 'if a god subdues' — whose result Odysseus states in the next lines."}],"words":[{"surface":"εἴ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"χ","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"-ever"},{"surface":"ὑπ","lemma":"ὑπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"ἐμοί","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"adverbial to ὑπ᾽","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"θεὸς","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of δαμάσῃ","gloss":"a god"},{"surface":"δαμάσῃ","lemma":"δαμάζω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to εἴ","gloss":"should subdue"},{"surface":"μνηστῆρας","lemma":"μνηστήρ","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of δαμάσῃ","gloss":"suitors"},{"surface":"ἀγαυούς","lemma":"ἀγαυός","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies μνηστῆρας","gloss":"lordly"}]},{"number":489,"label":"489","id":"b19-l489","source":"οὐδὲ τροφοῦ οὔσης σεῦ ἀφέξομαι, ὁππότʼ ἂν ἄλλας","translation":"not even you, my nurse though you are, will I spare, when the other","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l489.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τροφοῦ","lemma":"τροφός","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"nurse"},{"surface":"οὔσης","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active participle, genitive singular feminine","role":"adverbial to ἀφέξομαι","gloss":"being","note":"Genitive absolute-like phrase: 'you being my nurse' concedes her status even as he threatens her."},{"surface":"σεῦ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"genitive singular pronoun","role":"object of ἀφέξομαι","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ἀφέξομαι","lemma":"ἀπέχω","morphology":"future middle indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will I spare"},{"surface":"ὁππότ","lemma":"ὁπότε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to κτείνωμι","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ἂν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"-ever"},{"surface":"ἄλλας","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"accusative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies γυναῖκας","gloss":"the other"}]},{"number":490,"label":"490","id":"b19-l490","source":"δμῳὰς ἐν μεγάροισιν ἐμοῖς κτείνωμι γυναῖκας.","translation":"serving-women in my halls I am killing.\"","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l490.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δμῳὰς","lemma":"δμωή","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"modifies γυναῖκας","gloss":"serving-women"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"μεγάροισιν","lemma":"μέγαρον","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"modifies ἐν","gloss":"the halls"},{"surface":"ἐμοῖς","lemma":"ἐμός","morphology":"dative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies μεγάροισιν","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"κτείνωμι","lemma":"κτείνω","morphology":"present active subjunctive, 1st singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἀφέξομαι","gloss":"I am killing","note":"κτείνωμι, present subjunctive, foreshadows the disloyal maidservants' punishment later in the poem."},{"surface":"γυναῖκας","lemma":"γυνή","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of κτείνωμι","gloss":"women"}]},{"number":491,"label":"491","id":"b19-l491","source":"τὸν δʼ αὖτε προσέειπε περίφρων Εὐρύκλεια·","translation":"Then wise Eurycleia answered him:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l491.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of προσέειπε","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"αὖτε","lemma":"αὖτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"in turn"},{"surface":"προσέειπε","lemma":"προσεῖπον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"περίφρων","lemma":"περίφρων","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Εὐρύκλεια","gloss":"wise","note":"περίφρων is Eurycleia's stock epithet, 'circumspect/very wise', marking her formulaic introduction."},{"surface":"Εὐρύκλεια","lemma":"Εὐρύκλεια","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of προσέειπε","gloss":"Eurycleia"}]},{"number":492,"label":"492","id":"b19-l492","source":"τέκνον ἐμόν, ποῖόν σε ἔπος φύγεν ἕρκος ὀδόντων.","translation":"\"My child, what a word has escaped the barrier of your teeth!","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l492.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἕρκος ὀδόντων","title":"Formulaic 'barrier of teeth'","body":"ἕρκος ὀδόντων ('the fence of the teeth') is a recurring Homeric epithet-phrase for the mouth, treating words as escaping through a barrier. A stock formula of epic diction."}],"words":[{"surface":"τέκνον","lemma":"τέκνον","morphology":"vocative singular neuter noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"child"},{"surface":"ἐμόν","lemma":"ἐμός","morphology":"vocative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies τέκνον","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"ποῖόν","lemma":"ποῖος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἔπος","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"σε","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative singular pronoun","role":"object of φύγεν","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ἔπος","lemma":"ἔπος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of φύγεν","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"φύγεν","lemma":"φεύγω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"escaped"},{"surface":"ἕρκος","lemma":"ἕρκος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of φύγεν","gloss":"barrier"},{"surface":"ὀδόντων","lemma":"ὀδούς","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ἕρκος","gloss":"of teeth","note":"ἕρκος ὀδόντων 'fence of teeth' is a famous Homeric formula for words escaping the mouth unchecked."}]},{"number":493,"label":"493","id":"b19-l493","source":"οἶσθα μὲν οἷον ἐμὸν μένος ἔμπεδον οὐδʼ ἐπιεικτόν,","translation":"You know what my spirit is — steadfast and unyielding;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l493.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἶσθα","lemma":"οἶδα","morphology":"perfect active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"οἷον","lemma":"οἷος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies δ᾽","gloss":"what sort"},{"surface":"ἐμὸν","lemma":"ἐμός","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies μένος","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"μένος","lemma":"μένος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"subject","gloss":"spirit"},{"surface":"ἔμπεδον","lemma":"ἔμπεδος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"steadfast"},{"surface":"ἐπιεικτόν","lemma":"ἐπιεικτός","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"unyielding"}]},{"number":494,"label":"494","id":"b19-l494","source":"ἕξω δʼ ὡς ὅτε τις στερεὴ λίθος ἠὲ σίδηρος.","translation":"I will hold firm like some solid stone or iron.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l494.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἕξω","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"future active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I will hold"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὡς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"ὅτε","lemma":"ὅτε","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"τις","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"modifies λίθος","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"στερεὴ","lemma":"στερεός","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies λίθος","gloss":"solid"},{"surface":"λίθος","lemma":"λίθος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἠὲ","gloss":"stone"},{"surface":"ἠὲ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"σίδηρος","lemma":"σίδηρος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἠὲ","gloss":"iron","note":"Simile 'firm as stone or iron' underscores Eurycleia's vow of discretion with epic hardness imagery."}]},{"number":495,"label":"495","id":"b19-l495","source":"ἄλλο δέ τοι ἐρέω, σὺ δʼ ἐνὶ φρεσὶ βάλλεο σῇσιν·","translation":"And I will tell you another thing, and you lay it to your heart:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l495.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἄλλο","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"object of ἐρέω","gloss":"another thing"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"object of ἐρέω","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"ἐρέω","lemma":"ἐρῶ","morphology":"future active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I will tell"},{"surface":"σὺ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"nominative singular pronoun","role":"subject of βάλλεο","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"φρεσὶ","lemma":"φρήν","morphology":"dative plural noun","role":"object of ἐνὶ","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"βάλλεο","lemma":"βάλλω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"lay it","note":"βάλλεο is an imperative-sense imperfect middle form 'put/lay to heart', a common Homeric admonition idiom."},{"surface":"σῇσιν","lemma":"σός","morphology":"dative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies φρεσὶ","gloss":"your"}]},{"number":496,"label":"496","id":"b19-l496","source":"εἴ χʼ ὑπό σοι γε θεὸς δαμάσῃ μνηστῆρας ἀγαυούς,","translation":"if a god should subdue the lordly suitors beneath you,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l496.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἴ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"χ","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"-ever"},{"surface":"ὑπό","lemma":"ὑπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"σοι","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"adverbial to ὑπό","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"θεὸς","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of δαμάσῃ","gloss":"a god"},{"surface":"δαμάσῃ","lemma":"δαμάζω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to εἴ","gloss":"should subdue"},{"surface":"μνηστῆρας","lemma":"μνηστήρ","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of δαμάσῃ","gloss":"suitors"},{"surface":"ἀγαυούς","lemma":"ἀγαυός","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies μνηστῆρας","gloss":"lordly"}]},{"number":497,"label":"497","id":"b19-l497","source":"δὴ τότε τοι καταλέξω ἐνὶ μεγάροισι γυναῖκας,","translation":"then I will name for you the women in the halls,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l497.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"τότε","lemma":"τότε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to καταλέξω","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"object of καταλέξω","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"καταλέξω","lemma":"καταλέγω","morphology":"future active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I will name"},{"surface":"ἐνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"μεγάροισι","lemma":"μέγαρον","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"modifies ἐνὶ","gloss":"the halls"},{"surface":"γυναῖκας","lemma":"γυνή","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of καταλέξω","gloss":"women"}]},{"number":498,"label":"498","id":"b19-l498","source":"αἵ τέ σʼ ἀτιμάζουσι καὶ αἳ νηλείτιδές εἰσι.","translation":"both those who dishonor you and those who are guiltless.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l498.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"νηλείτιδες","title":"Guiltless","body":"νηλείτιδες means 'without offense, blameless,' from nu- (negative prefix) + ἀλείτης (wrongdoer, from ἀλιταίνω, to sin), an archaic Homeric/epic term — not specifically Aeolic. It marks the maids who have not betrayed the household."}],"words":[{"surface":"αἵ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative plural feminine pronoun","role":"subject of ἀτιμάζουσι","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"τέ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"σ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative singular pronoun","role":"object of ἀτιμάζουσι","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ἀτιμάζουσι","lemma":"ἀτιμάζω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing καὶ","gloss":"dishonor"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αἳ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative plural feminine pronoun","role":"subject of εἰσι","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"νηλείτιδές","lemma":"νηλιτής","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"guiltless","note":"Contrast αἵ...ἀτιμάζουσι / αἳ νηλείτιδες neatly divides the maids into disloyal vs. innocent, key to the plot's ending."},{"surface":"εἰσι","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing καὶ","gloss":"are"}]},{"number":499,"label":"499","id":"b19-l499","source":"τὴν δʼ ἀπαμειβόμενος προσέφη πολύμητις Ὀδυσσεύς","translation":"Then much-scheming Odysseus answered her:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l499.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"πολύμητις Ὀδυσσεύς","title":"Epithet of Odysseus","body":"πολύμητις ('of many devices, much-scheming') is Odysseus's standard epithet, recurring across the poem and filling the verse-end slot in the hexameter line."}],"words":[{"surface":"τὴν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of προσέφη","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἀπαμειβόμενος","lemma":"ἀπαμείβομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to προσέφη","gloss":"answering"},{"surface":"προσέφη","lemma":"πρόσφημι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"πολύμητις","lemma":"πολύμητις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ὀδυσσεύς","gloss":"much-scheming","note":"πολύμητις is Odysseus's signature epithet, 'of many wiles', flagging his cunning nature."},{"surface":"Ὀδυσσεύς","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of προσέφη","gloss":"Odysseus"}]},{"number":500,"label":"500","id":"b19-l500","source":"μαῖα, τίη δὲ σὺ τὰς μυθήσεαι; οὐδέ τί σε χρή.","translation":"\"Nurse, why would you name them? You have no need to.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l500.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μαῖα","lemma":"μαῖα","morphology":"vocative singular feminine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"nurse"},{"surface":"τίη","lemma":"τίη","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to μυθήσεαι","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"σὺ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"nominative singular pronoun","role":"subject of μυθήσεαι","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"τὰς","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative plural feminine pronoun","role":"object of μυθήσεαι","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"μυθήσεαι","lemma":"μυθέομαι","morphology":"future medio-passive indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"object of δὲ","gloss":"would name"},{"surface":"τί","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"σε","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative singular pronoun","role":"subject","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"χρή","lemma":"χρή","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"is needed"}]},{"number":501,"label":"501","id":"b19-l501","source":"εὖ νυ καὶ αὐτὸς ἐγὼ φράσομαι καὶ εἴσομʼ ἑκάστην·","translation":"I myself will note them well and learn each one;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l501.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εὖ","lemma":"εὖ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to φράσομαι","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"νυ","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"αὐτὸς","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"ἐγὼ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"φράσομαι","lemma":"φράζω","morphology":"future middle indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will note"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"εἴσομ","lemma":"οἶδα","morphology":"future middle indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will learn","note":"εἴσομαι is future middle of οἶδα, 'I shall know/come to know', not a separate verb root."},{"surface":"ἑκάστην","lemma":"ἕκαστος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"object of εἴσομ᾽","gloss":"each one"}]},{"number":502,"label":"502","id":"b19-l502","source":"ἀλλʼ ἔχε σιγῇ μῦθον, ἐπίτρεψον δὲ θεοῖσιν.","translation":"but keep your story in silence, and leave it to the gods.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l502.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἔχε, ἐπίτρεψον","title":"Aorist and present imperatives","body":"ἔχε (present imperative, 'keep on holding') and ἐπίτρεψον (aorist imperative, 'entrust') give commands of different aspect — ongoing silence, but a single act of entrusting."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἔχε","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"present active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"keep"},{"surface":"σιγῇ","lemma":"σιγή","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἔχε","gloss":"in silence"},{"surface":"μῦθον","lemma":"μῦθος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἔχε","gloss":"story"},{"surface":"ἐπίτρεψον","lemma":"ἐπιτρέπω","morphology":"aorist active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"leave"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"θεοῖσιν","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἐπίτρεψον","gloss":"to the gods"}]},{"number":503,"label":"503","id":"b19-l503","source":"ὣς ἄρʼ ἔφη, γρηῢς δὲ διὲκ μεγάροιο βεβήκει","translation":"So he spoke, and the old woman went out through the hall","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l503.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔφη","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἔφη","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he spoke"},{"surface":"γρηῢς","lemma":"γραῦς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of βεβήκει","gloss":"old woman"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"διὲκ","lemma":"διέκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"out through"},{"surface":"μεγάροιο","lemma":"μέγαρον","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"object of διὲκ","gloss":"the hall"},{"surface":"βεβήκει","lemma":"βαίνω","morphology":"pluperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"had gone","note":"βεβήκει, pluperfect, marks a completed departure already underway as the narrative resumes."}]},{"number":504,"label":"504","id":"b19-l504","source":"οἰσομένη ποδάνιπτρα· τὰ γὰρ πρότερʼ ἔκχυτο πάντα.","translation":"to fetch water for the feet, for the first had all been spilled.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l504.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἰσομένη","lemma":"φέρω","morphology":"future middle participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to βεβήκει","gloss":"to fetch"},{"surface":"ποδάνιπτρα","lemma":"ποδάνιπτρον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of οἰσομένη","gloss":"foot-water"},{"surface":"τὰ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"article","role":"modifies πρότερ᾽","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"πρότερ","lemma":"πρότερος","morphology":"nominative plural neuter adjective","role":"subject of ἔκχυτο","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"ἔκχυτο","lemma":"ἐκχέω","morphology":"aorist passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"had been spilled"},{"surface":"πάντα","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies πρότερ᾽","gloss":"all"}]},{"number":505,"label":"505","id":"b19-l505","source":"αὐτὰρ ἐπεὶ νίψεν τε καὶ ἤλειψεν λίπʼ ἐλαίῳ,","translation":"But when she had washed him and anointed him richly with oil,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l505.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"νίψεν","lemma":"νίζω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"she washed"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἤλειψεν","lemma":"ἀλείφω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"anointed him","note":"τε…καί links νίψεν/ἤλειψεν as one paired action, typical epic bathing-scene formula"},{"surface":"λίπ","lemma":"λίπα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἤλειψεν","gloss":"richly"},{"surface":"ἐλαίῳ","lemma":"ἔλαιον","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἤλειψεν","gloss":"with oil"}]},{"number":506,"label":"506","id":"b19-l506","source":"αὖτις ἄρʼ ἀσσοτέρω πυρὸς ἕλκετο δίφρον Ὀδυσσεὺς","translation":"Odysseus drew his stool again closer to the fire","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l506.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὖτις","lemma":"αὖθις","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἕλκετο","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἀσσοτέρω","lemma":"ἆσσον","morphology":"adverb","role":"preposition","gloss":"closer to"},{"surface":"πυρὸς","lemma":"πῦρ","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἀσσοτέρω","gloss":"the fire","note":"πυρὸς genitive after comparative adverb ἀσσοτέρω, 'closer of/to the fire'"},{"surface":"ἕλκετο","lemma":"ἕλκω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"drew"},{"surface":"δίφρον","lemma":"δίφρος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἕλκετο","gloss":"stool"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσσεὺς","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἕλκετο","gloss":"Odysseus"}]},{"number":507,"label":"507","id":"b19-l507","source":"θερσόμενος, οὐλὴν δὲ κατὰ ῥακέεσσι κάλυψε.","translation":"to warm himself, and hid the scar beneath his rags.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l507.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"θερσόμενος","lemma":"θέρω","morphology":"future middle participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἕλκετο","gloss":"to warm himself","note":"future participle of purpose θέρω, 'in order to warm himself'"},{"surface":"οὐλὴν","lemma":"οὐλή","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of κάλυψε","gloss":"scar"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κατὰ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"beneath"},{"surface":"ῥακέεσσι","lemma":"ῥάκος","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to κατὰ","gloss":"rags"},{"surface":"κάλυψε","lemma":"καλύπτω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"hid"}]},{"number":508,"label":"508","id":"b19-l508","source":"τοῖσι δὲ μύθων ἦρχε περίφρων Πηνελόπεια·","translation":"Then wise Penelope began to speak among them:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l508.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τοῖσι","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative plural masculine pronoun","role":"adverbial to ἦρχε","gloss":"to them"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"μύθων","lemma":"μῦθος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἦρχε","gloss":"of words","note":"partitive genitive with ἄρχω, 'began (of) speech'"},{"surface":"ἦρχε","lemma":"ἄρχω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"περίφρων","lemma":"περίφρων","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Πηνελόπεια","gloss":"wise","note":"stock epithet for Penelope, 'circumspect/prudent'"},{"surface":"Πηνελόπεια","lemma":"Πηνελόπεια","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἦρχε","gloss":"Penelope"}]},{"number":509,"label":"509","id":"b19-l509","source":"ξεῖνε, τὸ μέν σʼ ἔτι τυτθὸν ἐγὼν εἰρήσομαι αὐτή·","translation":"\"Stranger, this much more I will ask you myself,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l509.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ξεῖνε","lemma":"ξένος","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"stranger"},{"surface":"τὸ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"article","role":"modifies τυτθὸν","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"μέν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"σ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative singular pronoun","role":"object of εἰρήσομαι","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ἔτι","lemma":"ἔτι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to εἰρήσομαι","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"τυτθὸν","lemma":"τυτθός","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"object of εἰρήσομαι","gloss":"a little"},{"surface":"ἐγὼν","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of εἰρήσομαι","gloss":"I","note":"emphatic ἐγών (epic form of ἐγώ) doubling αὐτή for stress on 'I myself'"},{"surface":"εἰρήσομαι","lemma":"ἔρομαι","morphology":"future middle indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will ask"},{"surface":"αὐτή","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"myself"}]},{"number":510,"label":"510","id":"b19-l510","source":"καὶ γὰρ δὴ κοίτοιο τάχʼ ἔσσεται ἡδέος ὥρη,","translation":"for indeed the hour of sweet rest will soon be here,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l510.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"κοίτοιο","lemma":"κοῖτος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ὥρη","gloss":"of rest"},{"surface":"τάχ","lemma":"τάχα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔσσεται","gloss":"soon"},{"surface":"ἔσσεται","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"future middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will be","note":"future of εἰμί, epic ἔσσεται (=ἔσται)"},{"surface":"ἡδέος","lemma":"ἡδύς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies κοίτοιο","gloss":"sweet"},{"surface":"ὥρη","lemma":"ὥρα","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἔσσεται","gloss":"hour"}]},{"number":511,"label":"511","id":"b19-l511","source":"ὅν τινά γʼ ὕπνος ἕλοι γλυκερός, καὶ κηδόμενόν περ.","translation":"for anyone whom sweet sleep may take, troubled though he be.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l511.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὅν","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἕλοι","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"τινά","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies ὅν","gloss":"whoever"},{"surface":"γ","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ὕπνος","lemma":"ὕπνος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἕλοι","gloss":"sleep"},{"surface":"ἕλοι","lemma":"αἱρέω","morphology":"aorist active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἔσσεται","gloss":"may take","note":"optative of wish/generalizing condition, 'sleep might take whoever'"},{"surface":"γλυκερός","lemma":"γλυκύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ὕπνος","gloss":"sweet"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"κηδόμενόν","lemma":"κήδω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἕλοι","gloss":"troubled"},{"surface":"περ","lemma":"πέρ","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"though"}]},{"number":512,"label":"512","id":"b19-l512","source":"αὐτὰρ ἐμοὶ καὶ πένθος ἀμέτρητον πόρε δαίμων·","translation":"But to me a god has given grief beyond measure;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l512.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"πένθος ἀμέτρητον","title":"Grief beyond measure","body":"ἀμέτρητον means literally 'unmeasured, immeasurable.' Penelope's πένθος (sorrow, mourning) is presented as a divinely allotted, boundless burden."}],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐμοὶ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of πόρε","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"πένθος","lemma":"πένθος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of πόρε","gloss":"grief"},{"surface":"ἀμέτρητον","lemma":"ἀμετρητος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies πένθος","gloss":"beyond measure"},{"surface":"πόρε","lemma":"πόρω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"gave","note":"epic πόρω, aorist-only verb 'granted/gave' with no present stem"},{"surface":"δαίμων","lemma":"δαίμων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of πόρε","gloss":"a god"}]},{"number":513,"label":"513","id":"b19-l513","source":"ἤματα μὲν γὰρ τέρπομʼ ὀδυρομένη, γοόωσα,","translation":"for by day I find relief in mourning, in lamenting,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l513.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"τέρπομαι ὀδυρομένη","title":"Taking 'pleasure' in weeping","body":"τέρπομαι usually means 'enjoy,' but here with ὀδυρομένη ('lamenting') it conveys the bittersweet relief of grief — finding a kind of release in weeping."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἤματα","lemma":"ἦμαρ","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to τέρπομ᾽","gloss":"by day"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"τέρπομ","lemma":"τέρπω","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I find relief"},{"surface":"ὀδυρομένη","lemma":"ὀδύρομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to ,","gloss":"mourning"},{"surface":"γοόωσα","lemma":"γοάω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to ,","gloss":"lamenting","note":"τέρπομαι + participles of grief is a bitter paradox: 'I take pleasure in mourning'"}]},{"number":514,"label":"514","id":"b19-l514","source":"ἔς τʼ ἐμὰ ἔργʼ ὁρόωσα καὶ ἀμφιπόλων ἐνὶ οἴκῳ·","translation":"looking to my own tasks and to the maids in the house;","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l514.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐμὰ","lemma":"ἐμός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"my own"},{"surface":"ἔργ","lemma":"ἔργον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἔς","gloss":"tasks"},{"surface":"ὁρόωσα","lemma":"ὁράω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"looking"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀμφιπόλων","lemma":"ἀμφίπολος","morphology":"genitive plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"of the maids"},{"surface":"ἐνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"οἴκῳ","lemma":"οἶκος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ἐνὶ","gloss":"the house"}]},{"number":515,"label":"515","id":"b19-l515","source":"αὐτὰρ ἐπὴν νὺξ ἔλθῃ, ἕλῃσί τε κοῖτος ἅπαντας,","translation":"but when night comes, and sleep takes hold of all,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l515.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐπὴν","lemma":"ἐπήν","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"νὺξ","lemma":"νύξ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἔλθῃ","gloss":"night"},{"surface":"ἔλθῃ","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to τε","gloss":"comes"},{"surface":"ἕλῃσί","lemma":"αἱρέω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to τε","gloss":"takes hold","note":"subjunctive ἕλῃσί with generalizing ἐπήν, 'whenever sleep takes'"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κοῖτος","lemma":"κοῖτος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἕλῃσί","gloss":"sleep"},{"surface":"ἅπαντας","lemma":"ἅπας","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of ἕλῃσί","gloss":"all"}]},{"number":516,"label":"516","id":"b19-l516","source":"κεῖμαι ἐνὶ λέκτρῳ, πυκιναὶ δέ μοι ἀμφʼ ἀδινὸν κῆρ","translation":"I lie in my bed, and thick about my throbbing heart","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l516.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κεῖμαι","lemma":"κεῖμαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I lie"},{"surface":"ἐνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"λέκτρῳ","lemma":"λέκτρον","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἐνὶ","gloss":"my bed"},{"surface":"πυκιναὶ","lemma":"πυκνός","morphology":"nominative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies μελεδῶνες","gloss":"thick","note":"πυκιναὶ agrees with μελεδῶνες in the next line, 'thick-crowding cares'"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular feminine pronoun","role":"adverbial to ἐρέθουσιν","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"ἀμφ","lemma":"ἀμφί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"ἀδινὸν","lemma":"ἀδινός","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies κῆρ","gloss":"throbbing"},{"surface":"κῆρ","lemma":"κῆρ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"modifies ἀμφ᾽","gloss":"heart"}]},{"number":517,"label":"517","id":"b19-l517","source":"ὀξεῖαι μελεδῶνες ὀδυρομένην ἐρέθουσιν.","translation":"sharp cares stir me up as I lament.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l517.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὀξεῖαι","lemma":"ὀξύς","morphology":"nominative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies μελεδῶνες","gloss":"sharp"},{"surface":"μελεδῶνες","lemma":"μελεδών","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject of ἐρέθουσιν","gloss":"cares"},{"surface":"ὀδυρομένην","lemma":"ὀδύρομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, accusative singular feminine","role":"object of ἐρέθουσιν","gloss":"lamenting"},{"surface":"ἐρέθουσιν","lemma":"ἐρέθω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"stir up","note":"main verb held back to the very end of the sentence, epic suspension across lines 516-517"}]},{"number":518,"label":"518","id":"b19-l518","source":"ὡς δʼ ὅτε Πανδαρέου κούρη, χλωρηῒς ἀηδών,","translation":"As when the daughter of Pandareus, the pale-green nightingale,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l518.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὡς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὅτε","lemma":"ὅτε","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"Πανδαρέου","lemma":"Πάνδαρος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies κούρη","gloss":"of Pandareus"},{"surface":"κούρη","lemma":"κόρη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ,","gloss":"daughter","note":"famous simile: Aëdon, daughter of Pandareus, who killed her son Itylus and was turned into a nightingale"},{"surface":"χλωρηῒς","lemma":"χλωρηίς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"modifies ἀηδών","gloss":"pale-green"},{"surface":"ἀηδών","lemma":"ἀηδών","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ,","gloss":"nightingale"}]},{"number":519,"label":"519","id":"b19-l519","source":"καλὸν ἀείδῃσιν ἔαρος νέον ἱσταμένοιο,","translation":"sings beautifully when spring is newly come,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l519.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καλὸν","lemma":"καλός","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ἀείδῃσιν","gloss":"beautifully"},{"surface":"ἀείδῃσιν","lemma":"ἀείδω","morphology":"present active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὅτε","gloss":"sings"},{"surface":"ἔαρος","lemma":"ἔαρ","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"subject of ἱσταμένοιο","gloss":"of spring"},{"surface":"νέον","lemma":"νέος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ἱσταμένοιο","gloss":"newly"},{"surface":"ἱσταμένοιο","lemma":"ἵστημι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, genitive singular neuter","role":"adverbial to ἀείδῃσιν","gloss":"come"}]},{"number":520,"label":"520","id":"b19-l520","source":"δενδρέων ἐν πετάλοισι καθεζομένη πυκινοῖσιν,","translation":"perched among the thick leaves of the trees,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l520.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δενδρέων","lemma":"δένδρεον","morphology":"genitive plural neuter noun","role":"modifies πετάλοισι","gloss":"of the trees"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"πετάλοισι","lemma":"πέταλον","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"the leaves"},{"surface":"καθεζομένη","lemma":"καθίζω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to ἀείδῃσιν","gloss":"perched"},{"surface":"πυκινοῖσιν","lemma":"πυκινός","morphology":"dative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies πετάλοισι","gloss":"thick"}]},{"number":521,"label":"521","id":"b19-l521","source":"ἥ τε θαμὰ τρωπῶσα χέει πολυηχέα φωνήν,","translation":"she who, shifting her notes often, pours out her many-toned voice,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l521.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἥ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of χέει","gloss":"she who"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"θαμὰ","lemma":"θαμά","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to τρωπῶσα","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"τρωπῶσα","lemma":"τρωπάω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to χέει","gloss":"shifting","note":"τρωπῶσα 'turning/varying' describes the nightingale's changing song notes"},{"surface":"χέει","lemma":"χέω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ,","gloss":"pours out"},{"surface":"πολυηχέα","lemma":"πολυηχής","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies φωνήν","gloss":"many-toned"},{"surface":"φωνήν","lemma":"φωνή","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of χέει","gloss":"voice"}]},{"number":522,"label":"522","id":"b19-l522","source":"παῖδʼ ὀλοφυρομένη Ἴτυλον φίλον, ὅν ποτε χαλκῷ","translation":"mourning her dear child Itylus, whom once with the bronze","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l522.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"παῖδ","lemma":"παῖς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ,","gloss":"her child"},{"surface":"ὀλοφυρομένη","lemma":"ὀλοφύρομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to χέει","gloss":"mourning"},{"surface":"Ἴτυλον","lemma":"Ἴτυλος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ,","gloss":"Itylus"},{"surface":"φίλον","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies παῖδ᾽","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"ὅν","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of κτεῖνε","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"ποτε","lemma":"ποτέ","morphology":"particle","role":"adverbial to κτεῖνε","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"χαλκῷ","lemma":"χαλκοῦς","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to κτεῖνε","gloss":"with bronze"}]},{"number":523,"label":"523","id":"b19-l523","source":"κτεῖνε διʼ ἀφραδίας, κοῦρον Ζήθοιο ἄνακτος,","translation":"she killed through folly, the son of lord Zethus —","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l523.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"διʼ ἀφραδίας","title":"Through folly","body":"ἀφραδίη is 'thoughtlessness, want of sense.' The phrase διʼ ἀφραδίας frames the killing as an accident of unwisdom, not malice — sharpening the pathos of the nightingale's endless lament."}],"words":[{"surface":"κτεῖνε","lemma":"κτείνω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ,","gloss":"killed","note":"imperfect κτεῖνε for a single completed mythic act, vivid narrative imperfect"},{"surface":"δι","lemma":"διά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"ἀφραδίας","lemma":"ἀφραδία","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to δι᾽","gloss":"folly"},{"surface":"κοῦρον","lemma":"κοῦρος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ,","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"Ζήθοιο","lemma":"Ζῆθος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies κοῦρον","gloss":"of Zethus"},{"surface":"ἄνακτος","lemma":"ἄναξ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ζήθοιο","gloss":"lord"}]},{"number":524,"label":"524","id":"b19-l524","source":"ὣς καὶ ἐμοὶ δίχα θυμὸς ὀρώρεται ἔνθα καὶ ἔνθα,","translation":"so too my own heart is stirred in two directions, this way and that,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l524.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"δίχα θυμός","title":"A heart split in two","body":"δίχα ('in two, apart') captures Penelope's divided mind, torn between staying for her son and marrying a suitor — the simile of the nightingale's restless song made literal."}],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ὀρώρεται","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"ἐμοὶ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular feminine pronoun","role":"adverbial to ὀρώρεται","gloss":"my own"},{"surface":"δίχα","lemma":"δίχα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ὀρώρεται","gloss":"in two ways"},{"surface":"θυμὸς","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ὀρώρεται","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"ὀρώρεται","lemma":"ὄρνυμι","morphology":"present middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"is stirred","note":"present middle of ὄρνυμι, 'is roused/in turmoil' — a vivid state verb for stirred emotions"},{"surface":"ἔνθα","lemma":"ἔνθα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"this way"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔνθα","lemma":"ἔνθα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"that way"}]},{"number":525,"label":"525","id":"b19-l525","source":"ἠὲ μένω παρὰ παιδὶ καὶ ἔμπεδα πάντα φυλάσσω,","translation":"whether I should stay beside my son and keep all things secure,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l525.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἠὲ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"μένω","lemma":"μένω","morphology":"present active subjunctive, 1st singular verb","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"I stay","note":"deliberative subjunctive expressing Penelope's inner dilemma"},{"surface":"παρὰ","lemma":"παρά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"παιδὶ","lemma":"παῖς","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to παρὰ","gloss":"my son"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔμπεδα","lemma":"ἔμπεδα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to φυλάσσω","gloss":"secure"},{"surface":"πάντα","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of ,","gloss":"all things"},{"surface":"φυλάσσω","lemma":"φυλάσσω","morphology":"present active subjunctive, 1st singular verb","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"keep"}]},{"number":526,"label":"526","id":"b19-l526","source":"κτῆσιν ἐμήν, δμῶάς τε καὶ ὑψερεφὲς μέγα δῶμα,","translation":"my property, my slaves, and my great high-roofed house,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l526.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κτῆσιν","lemma":"κτῆσις","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"property"},{"surface":"ἐμήν","lemma":"ἐμός","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies κτῆσιν","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"δμῶάς","lemma":"δμώς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"slaves"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὑψερεφὲς","lemma":"ὑψερεφής","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies δῶμα","gloss":"high-roofed"},{"surface":"μέγα","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies δῶμα","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"δῶμα","lemma":"δῶμα","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"house"}]},{"number":527,"label":"527","id":"b19-l527","source":"εὐνήν τʼ αἰδομένη πόσιος δήμοιό τε φῆμιν,","translation":"respecting my husband's bed and the talk of the people,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l527.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εὐνήν","lemma":"εὐνή","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of τε","gloss":"marriage bed"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αἰδομένη","lemma":"αἰδέομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"respecting","note":"αἰδομένη 'feeling shame/respect before' — captures Penelope's sense of duty to Odysseus and public opinion"},{"surface":"πόσιος","lemma":"πόσις","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies εὐνήν","gloss":"of my husband"},{"surface":"δήμοιό","lemma":"δῆμος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies φῆμιν","gloss":"of the people"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"φῆμιν","lemma":"φῆμις","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of τε","gloss":"talk"}]},{"number":528,"label":"528","id":"b19-l528","source":"ἦ ἤδη ἅμʼ ἕπωμαι Ἀχαιῶν ὅς τις ἄριστος","translation":"or whether now I should follow whoever of the Achaeans is best,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l528.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"ἤδη","lemma":"ἤδη","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἕπωμαι","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"ἅμ","lemma":"ἅμα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἕπωμαι","gloss":"together with"},{"surface":"ἕπωμαι","lemma":"ἕπομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive subjunctive, 1st singular verb","role":"object of ἦ","gloss":"I follow","note":"deliberative subjunctive again, paired with μένω as the two horns of her dilemma"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιῶν","lemma":"Ἀχαιός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ὅς","gloss":"of the Achaeans"},{"surface":"ὅς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of μνᾶται","gloss":"whoever"},{"surface":"τις","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies ὅς","gloss":"-ever","note":"τις combines with ὅς to form the indefinite relative 'whoever'; there is no separate Greek word for 'is' here (elided copula)"},{"surface":"ἄριστος","lemma":"ἄριστος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"best"}]},{"number":529,"label":"529","id":"b19-l529","source":"μνᾶται ἐνὶ μεγάροισι, πορὼν ἀπερείσια ἕδνα.","translation":"who woos me in the halls, offering countless bride-gifts.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l529.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μνᾶται","lemma":"μνάομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"object of ἕπωμαι","gloss":"woos"},{"surface":"ἐνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"μεγάροισι","lemma":"μέγαρον","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἐνὶ","gloss":"the halls"},{"surface":"πορὼν","lemma":"πόρω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to μνᾶται","gloss":"offering"},{"surface":"ἀπερείσια","lemma":"ἀπερείσιος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἕδνα","gloss":"countless"},{"surface":"ἕδνα","lemma":"ἕδνον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of πορὼν","gloss":"bride-gifts"}]},{"number":530,"label":"530","id":"b19-l530","source":"παῖς δʼ ἐμὸς ἧος ἔην ἔτι νήπιος ἠδὲ χαλίφρων,","translation":"While my son was still a child and light of mind,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l530.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"παῖς","lemma":"παῖς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of εἴα","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐμὸς","lemma":"ἐμός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies παῖς","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"ἧος","lemma":"ἕως","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"ἔην","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἧος","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"ἔτι","lemma":"ἔτι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔην","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"νήπιος","lemma":"νήπιος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"a child"},{"surface":"ἠδὲ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"χαλίφρων","lemma":"χαλίφρων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"light of mind"}]},{"number":531,"label":"531","id":"b19-l531","source":"γήμασθʼ οὔ μʼ εἴα πόσιος κατὰ δῶμα λιποῦσαν·","translation":"he would not let me marry and leave my husband's house;","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l531.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"γήμασθ","lemma":"γαμέω","morphology":"aorist middle infinitive","role":"object of εἴα","gloss":"to marry","note":"infinitive object of ἐάω, 'he did not let (me) marry'"},{"surface":"οὔ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"μ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of γήμασθ᾽","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"εἴα","lemma":"ἐάω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"would let"},{"surface":"πόσιος","lemma":"πόσις","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies δῶμα","gloss":"of my husband"},{"surface":"κατὰ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"down through"},{"surface":"δῶμα","lemma":"δῶμα","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of λιποῦσαν","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"λιποῦσαν","lemma":"λείπω","morphology":"aorist active participle, accusative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to γήμασθ᾽","gloss":"leaving"}]},{"number":532,"label":"532","id":"b19-l532","source":"νῦν δʼ ὅτε δὴ μέγας ἐστὶ καὶ ἥβης μέτρον ἱκάνει,","translation":"but now that he is grown and reaching the full measure of youth,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l532.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ἥβης μέτρον","title":"The measure of youth","body":"ἥβης μέτρον ('the measure of young manhood') is a formulaic phrase for coming of age. Telemachus has reached the prime of youth and so can manage the household."}],"words":[{"surface":"νῦν","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀρᾶται","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ὅτε","lemma":"ὅτε","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"μέγας","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"grown","note":"μέγας 'big/great' used for physical maturity, 'full-grown'"},{"surface":"ἐστὶ","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἥβης","lemma":"ἥβη","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies μέτρον","gloss":"of youth"},{"surface":"μέτρον","lemma":"μέτρον","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἱκάνει","gloss":"measure"},{"surface":"ἱκάνει","lemma":"ἱκάνω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"reaches"}]},{"number":533,"label":"533","id":"b19-l533","source":"καὶ δή μʼ ἀρᾶται πάλιν ἐλθέμεν ἐκ μεγάροιο,","translation":"he even prays that I will go back out of the house,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l533.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"δή","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed","note":"δή adds emphasis: 'he even prays'"},{"surface":"μ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of ἐλθέμεν","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ἀρᾶται","lemma":"ἀράομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"prays"},{"surface":"πάλιν","lemma":"πάλιν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐλθέμεν","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"ἐλθέμεν","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of ἀρᾶται","gloss":"to go","note":"epic infinitive -μεν ending (ἐλθέμεν) instead of Attic -εῖν"},{"surface":"ἐκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"μεγάροιο","lemma":"μέγαρον","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἐκ","gloss":"the house"}]},{"number":534,"label":"534","id":"b19-l534","source":"κτήσιος ἀσχαλόων, τήν οἱ κατέδουσιν Ἀχαιοί.","translation":"grieving for his property, which the Achaeans are devouring.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l534.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κτήσιος","lemma":"κτῆσις","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἀσχαλόων","gloss":"property"},{"surface":"ἀσχαλόων","lemma":"ἀσχαλάω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἀρᾶται","gloss":"grieving","note":"masc. participle describing the male suitor/guest, not Penelope herself"},{"surface":"τήν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of κατέδουσιν","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"article","role":"modifies Ἀχαιοί","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"κατέδουσιν","lemma":"κατέδω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing κτήσιος","gloss":"are devouring"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιοί","lemma":"Ἀχαιός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"subject of κατέδουσιν","gloss":"the Achaeans"}]},{"number":535,"label":"535","id":"b19-l535","source":"ἀλλʼ ἄγε μοι τὸν ὄνειρον ὑπόκριναι καὶ ἄκουσον.","translation":"But come now, interpret this dream for me, and listen.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l535.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ὑπόκριναι, ἄκουσον","title":"Aorist imperatives","body":"ὑπόκριναι ('interpret') and ἄκουσον ('listen') are aorist imperatives, commanding single decisive acts: hear the dream and give its meaning."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἄγε","lemma":"ἄγε","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"come now","note":"ἄγε: fossilized imperative used as a call-to-attention particle"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular feminine pronoun","role":"adverbial to ὑπόκριναι","gloss":"for me"},{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"article","role":"modifies ὄνειρον","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ὄνειρον","lemma":"ὄνειρος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"dream"},{"surface":"ὑπόκριναι","lemma":"ὑποκρίνομαι","morphology":"aorist middle imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"interpret"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄκουσον","lemma":"ἀκούω","morphology":"aorist active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"listen"}]},{"number":536,"label":"536","id":"b19-l536","source":"χῆνές μοι κατὰ οἶκον ἐείκοσι πυρὸν ἔδουσιν","translation":"Twenty geese in my house eat wheat","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l536.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"χῆνές","lemma":"χήν","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject of ἔδουσιν","gloss":"geese","note":"χήν treated as feminine noun here though masc./fem. common gender"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular feminine pronoun","role":"adverbial to ἔδουσιν","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"κατὰ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"οἶκον","lemma":"οἶκος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to κατὰ","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"ἐείκοσι","lemma":"εἴκοσι","morphology":"numeral","role":"modifies χῆνές","gloss":"twenty","note":"ἐείκοσι: epic lengthened form of εἴκοσι for the meter"},{"surface":"πυρὸν","lemma":"πυρός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἔδουσιν","gloss":"wheat"},{"surface":"ἔδουσιν","lemma":"ἔδω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"eat"}]},{"number":537,"label":"537","id":"b19-l537","source":"ἐξ ὕδατος, καί τέ σφιν ἰαίνομαι εἰσορόωσα·","translation":"from out of the water, and I am warmed at heart watching them;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l537.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐξ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"ὕδατος","lemma":"ὕδωρ","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἐξ","gloss":"the water"},{"surface":"καί","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τέ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"σφιν","lemma":"σφεῖς","morphology":"dative plural feminine pronoun","role":"object of ἰαίνομαι","gloss":"at them"},{"surface":"ἰαίνομαι","lemma":"ἰαίνω","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I am warmed","note":"middle voice ἰαίνομαι: 'my heart is warmed', not literal heating"},{"surface":"εἰσορόωσα","lemma":"εἰσοράω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to ἰαίνομαι","gloss":"watching"}]},{"number":538,"label":"538","id":"b19-l538","source":"ἐλθὼν δʼ ἐξ ὄρεος μέγας αἰετὸς ἀγκυλοχείλης","translation":"but a great eagle with a hooked beak came down from the mountain","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l538.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ἀγκυλοχείλης","title":"Hook-beaked","body":"ἀγκυλοχείλης ('with curved beak') is the formulaic epithet of birds of prey. It marks the eagle as the predator of the dream-vision that stands for Odysseus."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἐλθὼν","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"having come"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐξ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"ὄρεος","lemma":"ὄρος","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἐξ","gloss":"the mountain"},{"surface":"μέγας","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies αἰετὸς","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"αἰετὸς","lemma":"ἀετός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"eagle"},{"surface":"ἀγκυλοχείλης","lemma":"ἀγκυλοχείλης","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies αἰετὸς","gloss":"hook-beaked","note":"ἀγκυλοχείλης, 'hook-beaked' (from χεῖλος, 'lip/beak'), a fixed Homeric epithet for the eagle — distinct from the similar-sounding ἀγκυλοχήλης, 'crook-taloned,' used of vultures elsewhere in Homer; not about talons here."}]},{"number":539,"label":"539","id":"b19-l539","source":"πᾶσι κατʼ αὐχένας ἦξε καὶ ἔκτανεν· οἱ δʼ ἐκέχυντο","translation":"and broke the necks of all of them and killed them; and they lay scattered","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l539.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πᾶσι","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"adverbial to ἦξε","gloss":"all of them"},{"surface":"κατ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"down"},{"surface":"αὐχένας","lemma":"αὐχήν","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἦξε","gloss":"necks"},{"surface":"ἦξε","lemma":"ἄγνυμι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"broke"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔκτανεν","lemma":"κτείνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"killed"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἐκέχυντο","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐκέχυντο","lemma":"χέω","morphology":"pluperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"lay scattered","note":"pluperfect ἐκέχυντο ('had been poured/strewn') vividly pictures the dead geese heaped up"}]},{"number":540,"label":"540","id":"b19-l540","source":"ἀθρόοι ἐν μεγάροις, ὁ δʼ ἐς αἰθέρα δῖαν ἀέρθη.","translation":"in a heap in the halls, and he was lifted up into the bright sky.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l540.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀθρόοι","lemma":"ἀθρόος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"in a heap"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"μεγάροις","lemma":"μέγαρον","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"the halls"},{"surface":"ὁ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἀέρθη","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"αἰθέρα","lemma":"αἰθήρ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐς","gloss":"sky"},{"surface":"δῖαν","lemma":"δῖος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies αἰθέρα","gloss":"bright"},{"surface":"ἀέρθη","lemma":"ἀείρω","morphology":"aorist passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was lifted up","note":"aorist passive ἀέρθη: the eagle is carried up, not acting on its own"}]},{"number":541,"label":"541","id":"b19-l541","source":"αὐτὰρ ἐγὼ κλαῖον καὶ ἐκώκυον ἔν περ ὀνείρῳ,","translation":"But I wept and wailed, even though it was in a dream,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l541.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐγὼ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"κλαῖον","lemma":"κλαίω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"wept"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐκώκυον","lemma":"κωκύω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"wailed"},{"surface":"ἔν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"περ","lemma":"πέρ","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"even though","note":"περ concessive: 'even though it was only in a dream'"},{"surface":"ὀνείρῳ","lemma":"ὄνειρος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἔν","gloss":"a dream"}]},{"number":542,"label":"542","id":"b19-l542","source":"ἀμφὶ δʼ ἔμʼ ἠγερέθοντο ἐϋπλοκαμῖδες Ἀχαιαί,","translation":"and the fair-haired Achaean women gathered about me,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l542.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀμφὶ","lemma":"ἀμφί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔμ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"adverbial to ἀμφὶ","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ἠγερέθοντο","lemma":"ἠγερέθομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"gathered"},{"surface":"ἐϋπλοκαμῖδες","lemma":"ἐυπλοκαμίς","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"modifies Ἀχαιαί","gloss":"fair-haired","note":"ἐϋπλοκαμῖδες: standard Homeric epithet for women, 'with lovely locks'"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιαί","lemma":"Ἀχαιός","morphology":"nominative plural feminine adjective","role":"subject of ἠγερέθοντο","gloss":"Achaean women"}]},{"number":543,"label":"543","id":"b19-l543","source":"οἴκτρʼ ὀλοφυρομένην ὅ μοι αἰετὸς ἔκτανε χῆνας.","translation":"as I mourned piteously that the eagle had killed my geese.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l543.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἴκτρ","lemma":"οἰκτρός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ὀλοφυρομένην","gloss":"piteously"},{"surface":"ὀλοφυρομένην","lemma":"ὀλοφύρομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, accusative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to ἠγερέθοντο","gloss":"mourning"},{"surface":"ὅ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular feminine pronoun","role":"adverbial to ἔκτανε","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"αἰετὸς","lemma":"ἀετός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔκτανε","gloss":"eagle"},{"surface":"ἔκτανε","lemma":"κτείνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὅ","gloss":"had killed"},{"surface":"χῆνας","lemma":"χήν","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἔκτανε","gloss":"geese"}]},{"number":544,"label":"544","id":"b19-l544","source":"ἂψ δʼ ἐλθὼν κατʼ ἄρʼ ἕζετʼ ἐπὶ προὔχοντι μελάθρῳ,","translation":"But back he came and perched on a jutting roof-beam,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l544.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἂψ","lemma":"ἄψ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐλθὼν","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐλθὼν","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἕζετ᾽","gloss":"having come"},{"surface":"κατ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"down"},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἕζετ","lemma":"ἕζομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"perched","note":"middle ἕζετ(ο): the eagle settles itself, emphasizing its own action"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"προὔχοντι","lemma":"προέχω","morphology":"present active participle, dative singular neuter","role":"modifies μελάθρῳ","gloss":"jutting"},{"surface":"μελάθρῳ","lemma":"μέλαθρον","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἐπὶ","gloss":"roof-beam"}]},{"number":545,"label":"545","id":"b19-l545","source":"φωνῇ δὲ βροτέῃ κατερήτυε φώνησέν τε·","translation":"and with a human voice he checked me and spoke:","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l545.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"φωνῇ βροτέῃ","title":"Dative of means","body":"φωνῇ βροτέῃ ('with a human voice') is a dative of means, expressing the instrument by which the eagle speaks. The marvel is that a bird speaks like a mortal."}],"words":[{"surface":"φωνῇ","lemma":"φωνή","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to φώνησέν","gloss":"with a voice"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"βροτέῃ","lemma":"βρότεος","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies φωνῇ","gloss":"human","note":"βροτέῃ: 'mortal' voice, marking the eagle's speech as uncanny/prophetic"},{"surface":"κατερήτυε","lemma":"κατερητύω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"checked"},{"surface":"φώνησέν","lemma":"φωνέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"}]},{"number":546,"label":"546","id":"b19-l546","source":"θάρσει, Ἰκαρίου κούρη τηλεκλειτοῖο·","translation":"'Take courage, daughter of far-famed Icarius:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l546.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"θάρσει","title":"Present imperative 'take courage'","body":"θάρσει is a present imperative of θαρσέω ('be confident'). The present aspect urges a continuing state of courage as the eagle reassures Penelope."}],"words":[{"surface":"θάρσει","lemma":"θαρσέω","morphology":"present active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"take courage"},{"surface":"Ἰκαρίου","lemma":"Ἰκάριος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies κούρη","gloss":"of Icarius"},{"surface":"κούρη","lemma":"κόρη","morphology":"vocative singular feminine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"daughter"},{"surface":"τηλεκλειτοῖο","lemma":"τηλεκλειτός","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἰκαρίου","gloss":"far-famed"}]},{"number":547,"label":"547","id":"b19-l547","source":"οὐκ ὄναρ, ἀλλʼ ὕπαρ ἐσθλόν, ὅ τοι τετελεσμένον ἔσται.","translation":"this is no dream, but a true waking vision that will come to pass for you.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l547.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"οὐκ ὄναρ, ἀλλʼ ὕπαρ","title":"Dream versus waking vision","body":"ὄναρ is a mere dream; ὕπαρ is a true vision seen as if awake, one that comes true. The eagle insists the omen belongs to the trustworthy kind."}],"words":[{"surface":"οὐκ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ὄναρ","lemma":"ὄναρ","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"a dream","note":"ὄναρ vs ὕπαρ: Homer's key distinction between a mere dream and a true waking vision"},{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ὕπαρ","lemma":"ὕπαρ","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"waking vision"},{"surface":"ἐσθλόν","lemma":"ἐσθλός","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ὕπαρ","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"ὅ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular neuter pronoun","role":"subject of ἔσται","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"adverbial to ἔσται","gloss":"for you"},{"surface":"τετελεσμένον","lemma":"τελέω","morphology":"perfect medio-passive participle, nominative singular neuter","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"fulfilled"},{"surface":"ἔσται","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"future middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ὕπαρ","gloss":"will be"}]},{"number":548,"label":"548","id":"b19-l548","source":"χῆνες μὲν μνηστῆρες, ἐγὼ δέ τοι αἰετὸς ὄρνις","translation":"The geese are the suitors, and I, who before was a bird,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l548.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"χῆνες","lemma":"χήν","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"geese"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"μνηστῆρες","lemma":"μνηστήρ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"the suitors"},{"surface":"ἐγὼ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἦα","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"adverbial to ἦα","gloss":"for you"},{"surface":"αἰετὸς","lemma":"ἀετός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ὄρνις","gloss":"eagle"},{"surface":"ὄρνις","lemma":"ὄρνις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"bird"}]},{"number":549,"label":"549","id":"b19-l549","source":"ἦα πάρος, νῦν αὖτε τεὸς πόσις εἰλήλουθα,","translation":"an eagle, am now in turn your own husband come home,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l549.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἦα","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was","note":"ἦα: epic 1st-sg. imperfect of εἰμί, 'I was'"},{"surface":"πάρος","lemma":"πάρος","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἦα","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"νῦν","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to εἰλήλουθα","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"αὖτε","lemma":"αὖτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to εἰλήλουθα","gloss":"in turn"},{"surface":"τεὸς","lemma":"τεός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies πόσις","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"πόσις","lemma":"πόσις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"husband"},{"surface":"εἰλήλουθα","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"perfect active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"have come","note":"perfect εἰλήλουθα: emphasizes the completed, lasting fact of his return"}]},{"number":550,"label":"550","id":"b19-l550","source":"ὃς πᾶσι μνηστῆρσιν ἀεικέα πότμον ἐφήσω.","translation":"who will bring upon all the suitors a shameful doom.'","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l550.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ἀεικέα πότμον","title":"A shameful doom","body":"πότμος is one's allotted fate, especially death; ἀεικής means 'unseemly, disgraceful.' Together they promise the suitors a dishonorable end."}],"words":[{"surface":"ὃς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἐφήσω","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"πᾶσι","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies μνηστῆρσιν","gloss":"on all"},{"surface":"μνηστῆρσιν","lemma":"μνηστήρ","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἐφήσω","gloss":"the suitors"},{"surface":"ἀεικέα","lemma":"ἀεικής","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies πότμον","gloss":"shameful"},{"surface":"πότμον","lemma":"πότμος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐφήσω","gloss":"doom"},{"surface":"ἐφήσω","lemma":"ἐφίημι","morphology":"future active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ἐγὼ","gloss":"will bring"}]},{"number":551,"label":"551","id":"b19-l551","source":"ὣς ἔφατʼ, αὐτὰρ ἐμὲ μελιηδὴς ὕπνος ἀνῆκε·","translation":"So he spoke, and honey-sweet sleep released me;","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l551.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"μελιηδὴς ὕπνος","title":"Honey-sweet sleep","body":"The epithet meliēdēs, literally 'honey-sweet', is a standard formula for sleep and for wine. It evokes the soothing release of sleep."}],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔφατ᾽","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ἔφατ","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐμὲ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of ἀνῆκε","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"μελιηδὴς","lemma":"μελιηδής","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ὕπνος","gloss":"honey-sweet","note":"μελιηδὴς ὕπνος: a stock Homeric formula, sleep as literally 'sweet as honey'"},{"surface":"ὕπνος","lemma":"ὕπνος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἀνῆκε","gloss":"sleep"},{"surface":"ἀνῆκε","lemma":"ἀνίημι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"released"}]},{"number":552,"label":"552","id":"b19-l552","source":"παπτήνασα δὲ χῆνας ἐνὶ μεγάροισι νόησα","translation":"and looking out I saw the geese in the hall,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l552.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"παπτήνασα","lemma":"παπταίνω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to νόησα","gloss":"looking out"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"χῆνας","lemma":"χήν","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of νόησα","gloss":"geese"},{"surface":"ἐνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"μεγάροισι","lemma":"μέγαρον","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἐνὶ","gloss":"the halls"},{"surface":"νόησα","lemma":"νοέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I saw"}]},{"number":553,"label":"553","id":"b19-l553","source":"πυρὸν ἐρεπτομένους παρὰ πύελον, ἧχι πάρος περ.","translation":"feeding on wheat from the trough, where they were before.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l553.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πυρὸν","lemma":"πυρός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐρεπτομένους","gloss":"wheat"},{"surface":"ἐρεπτομένους","lemma":"ἐρέπτομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, accusative plural masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"feeding on"},{"surface":"παρὰ","lemma":"παρά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"πύελον","lemma":"πυέλος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to παρὰ","gloss":"the trough"},{"surface":"ἧχι","lemma":"ἧχι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"πάρος","lemma":"πάρος","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"περ","lemma":"πέρ","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"just as","note":"ἧχι πάρος περ: formulaic phrase, 'just where they were before'"}]},{"number":554,"label":"554","id":"b19-l554","source":"τὴν δʼ ἀπαμειβόμενος προσέφη πολύμητις\n                  Ὀδυσσεύς·","translation":"Answering her, Odysseus of many devices said:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l554.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"πολύμητις","title":"Of many devices","body":"Polymētis, 'of many counsels/devices', is the recurring epithet for Odysseus. Such fixed epithets are a hallmark of Homer's formulaic oral style."}],"words":[{"surface":"τὴν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of προσέφη","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀπαμειβόμενος","lemma":"ἀπαμείβομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to προσέφη","gloss":"answering"},{"surface":"προσέφη","lemma":"πρόσφημι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"πολύμητις","lemma":"πολύμητις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ὀδυσσεύς","gloss":"of many devices","note":"πολύμητις: Odysseus's recurring epithet, 'crafty-minded'"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσσεύς","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of προσέφη","gloss":"Odysseus"}]},{"number":555,"label":"555","id":"b19-l555","source":"ὦ γύναι, οὔ πως ἔστιν ὑποκρίνασθαι ὄνειρον","translation":"Lady, there is no way to read this dream","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l555.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὦ","lemma":"ὦ","morphology":"exclamation","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"O"},{"surface":"γύναι","lemma":"γυνή","morphology":"vocative singular feminine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"lady"},{"surface":"οὔ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"πως","lemma":"πως","morphology":"particle","role":"adverbial to ἔστιν","gloss":"in any way"},{"surface":"ἔστιν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"ὑποκρίνασθαι","lemma":"ὑποκρίνομαι","morphology":"aorist middle infinitive","role":"subject of ἔστιν","gloss":"to interpret"},{"surface":"ὄνειρον","lemma":"ὄνειρος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ὑποκρίνασθαι","gloss":"the dream"}]},{"number":556,"label":"556","id":"b19-l556","source":"ἄλλῃ ἀποκλίναντʼ, ἐπεὶ ἦ ῥά τοι αὐτὸς Ὀδυσσεὺς","translation":"by twisting it aside, since Odysseus himself","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l556.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἄλλῃ","lemma":"ἄλλῃ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ὑποκρίνασθαι","gloss":"another way","note":"ἄλλῃ: 'in another direction', i.e. reading the dream differently"},{"surface":"ἀποκλίναντ","lemma":"ἀποκλίνω","morphology":"aorist active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ὑποκρίνασθαι","gloss":"twisting aside"},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ῥά","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"object of πέφραδ᾽","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"αὐτὸς","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσσεὺς","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of πέφραδ᾽","gloss":"Odysseus"}]},{"number":557,"label":"557","id":"b19-l557","source":"πέφραδʼ ὅπως τελέει· μνηστῆρσι δὲ φαίνετʼ ὄλεθρος","translation":"has shown you how he will fulfill it: destruction is revealed for the suitors,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l557.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πέφραδ","lemma":"φράζω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἐπεὶ","gloss":"has declared","note":"πέφραδ(ε) is a reduplicated aorist (not a perfect) of φράζω, 'declared/made clear' — matches the fixed morphology field."},{"surface":"ὅπως","lemma":"ὅπως","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to τελέει","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"τελέει","lemma":"τελέω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"object of πέφραδ᾽","gloss":"he will fulfill"},{"surface":"μνηστῆρσι","lemma":"μνηστήρ","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of φαίνετ᾽","gloss":"for the suitors"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"φαίνετ","lemma":"φαίνω","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"is revealed"},{"surface":"ὄλεθρος","lemma":"ὄλεθρος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of φαίνετ᾽","gloss":"destruction"}]},{"number":558,"label":"558","id":"b19-l558","source":"πᾶσι μάλʼ, οὐδέ κέ τις θάνατον καὶ κῆρας ἀλύξει.","translation":"for every one of them, and none will escape death and the fates.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l558.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"κῆρας","title":"The fates (kēres)","body":"Kēres are the death-spirits, dark agents of doom. Paired with thanatos ('death'), the phrase doubles the certainty of the suitors' end."}],"words":[{"surface":"πᾶσι","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies μνηστῆρσι","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"μάλ","lemma":"μάλα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to πᾶσι","gloss":"utterly"},{"surface":"κέ","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"would","note":"κέ + subjunctive ἀλύξει: potential future, 'none could ever escape'"},{"surface":"τις","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἀλύξει","gloss":"anyone"},{"surface":"θάνατον","lemma":"θάνατος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"death"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κῆρας","lemma":"κήρ","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"the fates"},{"surface":"ἀλύξει","lemma":"ἀλύσκω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"escape"}]},{"number":559,"label":"559","id":"b19-l559","source":"τὸν δʼ αὖτε προσέειπε περίφρων Πηνελόπεια·","translation":"Then thoughtful Penelope answered him in turn:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l559.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of προσέειπε","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αὖτε","lemma":"αὖτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"in turn"},{"surface":"προσέειπε","lemma":"προσεῖπον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"περίφρων","lemma":"περίφρων","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Πηνελόπεια","gloss":"thoughtful","note":"περίφρων: recurring epithet for Penelope, 'circumspect/wise'"},{"surface":"Πηνελόπεια","lemma":"Πηνελόπεια","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of προσέειπε","gloss":"Penelope"}]},{"number":560,"label":"560","id":"b19-l560","source":"ξεῖνʼ, ἦ τοι μὲν ὄνειροι ἀμήχανοι ἀκριτόμυθοι","translation":"Stranger, dreams are baffling and their speech is hard to judge,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l560.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ἀκριτόμυθοι","title":"Of unclear speech","body":"Akritómythoi describes dreams whose 'words cannot be sorted out' — confused and undecipherable. Penelope is skeptical of easy interpretation."}],"words":[{"surface":"ξεῖν","lemma":"ξένος","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"stranger"},{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"τοι","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ὄνειροι","lemma":"ὄνειρος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of γίγνοντ᾽","gloss":"dreams"},{"surface":"ἀμήχανοι","lemma":"ἀμήχανος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"baffling"},{"surface":"ἀκριτόμυθοι","lemma":"ἀκριτόμυθος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"hard to judge","note":"ἀκριτόμυθοι: 'of confused speech', famous Homeric line on dreams' unreliability"}]},{"number":561,"label":"561","id":"b19-l561","source":"γίγνοντʼ, οὐδέ τι πάντα τελείεται ἀνθρώποισι.","translation":"and not everything in them comes to pass for mortals.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l561.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"γίγνοντ","lemma":"γίγνομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"they happen"},{"surface":"τι","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"anything","note":"τι here reinforces πάντα ('not everything') rather than acting alone; indefinite pronoun used adverbially."},{"surface":"πάντα","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to τελείεται","gloss":"all things"},{"surface":"τελείεται","lemma":"τελέω","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"comes to pass"},{"surface":"ἀνθρώποισι","lemma":"ἄνθρωπος","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to τελείεται","gloss":"for mortals"}]},{"number":562,"label":"562","id":"b19-l562","source":"δοιαὶ γάρ τε πύλαι ἀμενηνῶν εἰσὶν ὀνείρων·","translation":"For there are two gates of insubstantial dreams:","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l562.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ἀμενηνῶν","title":"Insubstantial","body":"Amenēna means 'feeble, strengthless' — the same word used of the powerless dead. Dreams here are as fleeting and bodiless as ghosts."}],"words":[{"surface":"δοιαὶ","lemma":"δοιοί","morphology":"nominative plural feminine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"two-fold","note":"δοιαί 'two' agrees with πύλαι; sets up the famous gates-of-horn/ivory dream image."},{"surface":"γάρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"πύλαι","lemma":"πύλη","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject of εἰσὶν","gloss":"gates"},{"surface":"ἀμενηνῶν","lemma":"ἀμενηνός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ὀνείρων","gloss":"insubstantial"},{"surface":"εἰσὶν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"there are"},{"surface":"ὀνείρων","lemma":"ὄνειρος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies πύλαι","gloss":"of dreams"}]},{"number":563,"label":"563","id":"b19-l563","source":"αἱ μὲν γὰρ κεράεσσι τετεύχαται, αἱ δʼ ἐλέφαντι·","translation":"the one is fashioned of horn, the other of ivory.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l563.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αἱ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural feminine pronoun","role":"subject of τετεύχαται","gloss":"the one (gate)"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"on the one hand"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"κεράεσσι","lemma":"κέρας","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"object of τετεύχαται","gloss":"of horn","note":"dative of material with τετεύχαται: 'wrought out of horn'."},{"surface":"τετεύχαται","lemma":"τεύχω","morphology":"perfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"is fashioned"},{"surface":"αἱ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural feminine pronoun","role":"subject","gloss":"the other (gate)"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐλέφαντι","lemma":"ἐλέφας","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object","gloss":"of ivory"}]},{"number":564,"label":"564","id":"b19-l564","source":"τῶν οἳ μέν κʼ ἔλθωσι διὰ πριστοῦ ἐλέφαντος,","translation":"Of these, the ones that come through the sawn ivory","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l564.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τῶν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine pronoun","role":"modifies οἳ","gloss":"of these"},{"surface":"οἳ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἔλθωσι","gloss":"those who"},{"surface":"μέν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"on the one hand"},{"surface":"κ","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"(potential particle)","note":"κ᾽ = κε/ἄν with subjunctive ἔλθωσι, marking a general/indefinite 'whoever comes' clause."},{"surface":"ἔλθωσι","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing οἵ","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"διὰ","lemma":"διά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"πριστοῦ","lemma":"πριστός","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἐλέφαντος","gloss":"sawn"},{"surface":"ἐλέφαντος","lemma":"ἐλέφας","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of διὰ","gloss":"ivory"}]},{"number":565,"label":"565","id":"b19-l565","source":"οἵ ῥʼ ἐλεφαίρονται, ἔπεʼ ἀκράαντα φέροντες·","translation":"deceive us, carrying words that will not be fulfilled;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l565.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἵ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἐλεφαίρονται","gloss":"they who"},{"surface":"ῥ","lemma":"ἆρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἐλεφαίρονται","lemma":"ἐλεφαίρομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"deceive","note":"ἐλεφαίρονται puns on ἐλέφας 'ivory' — the ivory gate's dreams 'ivory-cheat' us, a favorite Homeric sound-play."},{"surface":"ἔπε","lemma":"ἔπος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of φέροντες","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"ἀκράαντα","lemma":"ἀκράαντος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἔπε᾽","gloss":"unfulfilled"},{"surface":"φέροντες","lemma":"φέρω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐλεφαίρονται","gloss":"carrying"}]},{"number":566,"label":"566","id":"b19-l566","source":"οἱ δὲ διὰ ξεστῶν κεράων ἔλθωσι θύραζε,","translation":"but those that come out through the polished horn","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l566.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἔλθωσι","gloss":"those who"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"διὰ","lemma":"διά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"ξεστῶν","lemma":"ξεστός","morphology":"genitive plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies κεράων","gloss":"polished"},{"surface":"κεράων","lemma":"κέρας","morphology":"genitive plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to διὰ","gloss":"horn"},{"surface":"ἔλθωσι","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"θύραζε","lemma":"θύραζε","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of ἔλθωσι","gloss":"outside","note":"θύραζε 'out through the door' — directional adverb built on θύρα, common Homeric formation."}]},{"number":567,"label":"567","id":"b19-l567","source":"οἵ ῥʼ ἔτυμα κραίνουσι, βροτῶν ὅτε κέν τις ἴδηται.","translation":"bring true things to pass, whenever a mortal sees them.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l567.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἵ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of κραίνουσι","gloss":"they who"},{"surface":"ῥ","lemma":"ἆρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἔτυμα","lemma":"ἔτυμος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of κραίνουσι","gloss":"true things"},{"surface":"κραίνουσι","lemma":"κραίνω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing οἱ","gloss":"bring to pass","note":"κραίνουσι 'accomplish, fulfill' — the horn-gate dreams are true, contrasting ἀκράαντα in l565."},{"surface":"βροτῶν","lemma":"βροτός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies τις","gloss":"of a mortal"},{"surface":"ὅτε","lemma":"ὅτε","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"whenever"},{"surface":"κέν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"(potential particle)"},{"surface":"τις","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἴδηται","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"ἴδηται","lemma":"εἶδον","morphology":"aorist medio-passive subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὅτε","gloss":"sees them"}]},{"number":568,"label":"568","id":"b19-l568","source":"ἀλλʼ ἐμοὶ οὐκ ἐντεῦθεν ὀΐομαι αἰνὸν ὄνειρον","translation":"But I do not think my dread dream came to me","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l568.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐμοὶ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular feminine pronoun","role":"adverbial to ἐλθέμεν","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"οὐκ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ἐντεῦθεν","lemma":"ἐντεῦθεν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐλθέμεν","gloss":"from there"},{"surface":"ὀΐομαι","lemma":"οἴομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I think"},{"surface":"αἰνὸν","lemma":"αἰνός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ὄνειρον","gloss":"dread"},{"surface":"ὄνειρον","lemma":"ὄνειρος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐλθέμεν","gloss":"dream"}]},{"number":569,"label":"569","id":"b19-l569","source":"ἐλθέμεν· ἦ κʼ ἀσπαστὸν ἐμοὶ καὶ παιδὶ γένοιτο.","translation":"from there — though it would be welcome to me and to my son.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l569.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐλθέμεν","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of ὀΐομαι","gloss":"to have come","note":"ἐλθέμεν is an epic infinitive (-μεν ending) completing ὀΐομαι from the previous line."},{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"κ","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"(potential particle)"},{"surface":"ἀσπαστὸν","lemma":"ἀσπαστός","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"welcome"},{"surface":"ἐμοὶ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"παιδὶ","lemma":"παῖς","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"to my son"},{"surface":"γένοιτο","lemma":"γίγνομαι","morphology":"aorist middle optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"would be"}]},{"number":570,"label":"570","id":"b19-l570","source":"ἄλλο δέ τοι ἐρέω, σὺ δʼ ἐνὶ φρεσὶ βάλλεο σῇσιν·","translation":"Another thing I will tell you, and lay it up in your heart:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l570.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ἐνὶ φρεσὶ βάλλεο","title":"Lay it up in your heart","body":"The phrenes are the seat of thought and feeling, located near the chest. 'Cast it into your phrenes' is a recurring formula urging close attention."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἄλλο","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"object of ἐρέω","gloss":"another thing"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"object of ἐρέω","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"ἐρέω","lemma":"ἐρῶ","morphology":"future active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I will tell"},{"surface":"σὺ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"nominative singular pronoun","role":"subject of βάλλεο","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"φρεσὶ","lemma":"φρήν","morphology":"dative plural noun","role":"object of ἐνὶ","gloss":"your heart"},{"surface":"βάλλεο","lemma":"βάλλω","morphology":"present medio-passive imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"lay it up","note":"βάλλεο, middle imperative 'put/cast for yourself' — idiomatic for 'take to heart, remember well'."},{"surface":"σῇσιν","lemma":"σός","morphology":"dative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies φρεσὶ","gloss":"your"}]},{"number":571,"label":"571","id":"b19-l571","source":"ἥδε δὴ ἠὼς εἶσι δυσώνυμος, ἥ μʼ Ὀδυσῆος","translation":"this coming dawn is the ill-named one, that will part me","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l571.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"δυσώνυμος","title":"Ill-named","body":"Dysōnymos, 'of evil name', marks the dawn as ominous. Penelope dreads the day that will force her decision."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἥδε","lemma":"ὅδε","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"modifies ἠὼς","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἠὼς","lemma":"ἠώς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of εἶσι","gloss":"dawn"},{"surface":"εἶσι","lemma":"εἶμι","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"is coming"},{"surface":"δυσώνυμος","lemma":"δυσώνυμος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἠὼς","gloss":"ill-named","note":"δυσώνυμος 'of evil name' — Penelope calls the coming dawn cursed, since it brings the contest that will end her waiting."},{"surface":"ἥ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of ἀποσχήσει","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"μ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of ἀποσχήσει","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσῆος","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies οἴκου","gloss":"of Odysseus"}]},{"number":572,"label":"572","id":"b19-l572","source":"οἴκου ἀποσχήσει· νῦν γὰρ καταθήσω ἄεθλον,","translation":"from the house of Odysseus; for now I will set up a contest,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l572.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ἄεθλον","title":"Contest","body":"Aethlon is a trial or contest, often athletic, with a prize at stake. Here the prize is Penelope's hand — the bow-and-axes challenge that drives the climax."}],"words":[{"surface":"οἴκου","lemma":"οἶκος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἀποσχήσει","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"ἀποσχήσει","lemma":"ἀπέχω","morphology":"future active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ἠὼς","gloss":"will part me from"},{"surface":"νῦν","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to καταθήσω","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"καταθήσω","lemma":"κατατίθημι","morphology":"future active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I will set up"},{"surface":"ἄεθλον","lemma":"ἆθλος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"a contest"}]},{"number":573,"label":"573","id":"b19-l573","source":"τοὺς πελέκεας, τοὺς κεῖνος ἐνὶ μεγάροισιν ἑοῖσιν","translation":"the axes, which in his own halls that man","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l573.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τοὺς","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"article","role":"modifies πελέκεας","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"πελέκεας","lemma":"πέλεκυς","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of καταθήσω","gloss":"axes","note":"πελέκεας — the famous axe-contest of Odyssey 19, the trial only Odysseus can pass with his bow."},{"surface":"τοὺς","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἵστασχ᾽","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"κεῖνος","lemma":"κεῖνος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"subject of ἵστασχ᾽","gloss":"that man"},{"surface":"ἐνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"μεγάροισιν","lemma":"μέγαρον","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἐνὶ","gloss":"halls"},{"surface":"ἑοῖσιν","lemma":"ἑός","morphology":"dative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies μεγάροισιν","gloss":"his own"}]},{"number":574,"label":"574","id":"b19-l574","source":"ἵστασχʼ ἑξείης, δρυόχους ὥς, δώδεκα πάντας·","translation":"used to set up in a row, like the props of a ship, twelve in all;","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l574.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἵστασχ","lemma":"ἵστημι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing πελέκεας","gloss":"used to set up"},{"surface":"ἑξείης","lemma":"ἑξῆς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἵστασχ᾽","gloss":"in a row"},{"surface":"δρυόχους","lemma":"δρύοχοι","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἵστασχ᾽","gloss":"ship's props","note":"δρυόχους, the wooden blocks that hold a ship's keel upright — a striking simile for how the axes stood in a line."},{"surface":"ὥς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"δώδεκα","lemma":"δώδεκα","morphology":"numeral","role":"modifies πελέκεας","gloss":"twelve"},{"surface":"πάντας","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies πελέκεας","gloss":"all"}]},{"number":575,"label":"575","id":"b19-l575","source":"στὰς δʼ ὅ γε πολλὸν ἄνευθε διαρρίπτασκεν ὀϊστόν.","translation":"then standing far off he would shoot an arrow through them.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l575.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"στὰς","lemma":"ἵστημι","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to διαρρίπτασκεν","gloss":"standing","note":"στάς, aorist participle of ἵστημι — 'having taken his stand,' describing Odysseus's shooting posture."},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὅ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of διαρρίπτασκεν","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"πολλὸν","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"ἄνευθε","lemma":"ἄνευθε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to στὰς","gloss":"off"},{"surface":"διαρρίπτασκεν","lemma":"διαρρίπτω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"used to shoot through"},{"surface":"ὀϊστόν","lemma":"ὀιστός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of διαρρίπτασκεν","gloss":"an arrow"}]},{"number":576,"label":"576","id":"b19-l576","source":"νῦν δὲ μνηστήρεσσιν ἄεθλον τοῦτον ἐφήσω·","translation":"Now I will set this contest before the suitors:","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l576.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"νῦν","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐφήσω","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μνηστήρεσσιν","lemma":"μνηστήρ","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἐφήσω","gloss":"to the suitors"},{"surface":"ἄεθλον","lemma":"ἆθλος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐφήσω","gloss":"contest"},{"surface":"τοῦτον","lemma":"οὗτος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἄεθλον","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ἐφήσω","lemma":"ἐφίημι","morphology":"future active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I will propose"}]},{"number":577,"label":"577","id":"b19-l577","source":"ὃς δέ κε ῥηΐτατʼ ἐντανύσῃ βιὸν ἐν παλάμῃσι","translation":"whoever most easily strings the bow in his hands","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l577.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ἐντανύσῃ","title":"Strings the bow","body":"Entanyō means to draw tight and string a bow. The verb anticipates the test no suitor can pass and only Odysseus will."}],"words":[{"surface":"ὃς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"whoever"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κε","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"(potential particle)"},{"surface":"ῥηΐτατ","lemma":"ῥᾴδιος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ἐντανύσῃ","gloss":"most easily"},{"surface":"ἐντανύσῃ","lemma":"ἐντανύω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing καὶ","gloss":"strings"},{"surface":"βιὸν","lemma":"βιός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐντανύσῃ","gloss":"the bow"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"παλάμῃσι","lemma":"παλάμη","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"his hands"}]},{"number":578,"label":"578","id":"b19-l578","source":"καὶ διοϊστεύσῃ πελέκεων δυοκαίδεκα πάντων,","translation":"and shoots an arrow through all twelve axes,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l578.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"διοϊστεύσῃ","lemma":"διοιστεύω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing καὶ","gloss":"shoots through"},{"surface":"πελέκεων","lemma":"πέλεκυς","morphology":"genitive plural feminine noun","role":"object of διοϊστεύσῃ","gloss":"axes"},{"surface":"δυοκαίδεκα","lemma":"δυοκαίδεκα","morphology":"numeral","role":"modifies πελέκεων","gloss":"twelve"},{"surface":"πάντων","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies πελέκεων","gloss":"all"}]},{"number":579,"label":"579","id":"b19-l579","source":"τῷ κεν ἅμʼ ἑσποίμην, νοσφισσαμένη τόδε δῶμα","translation":"him I will follow, forsaking this house,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l579.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τῷ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἅμ᾽","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"κεν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"(potential particle)"},{"surface":"ἅμ","lemma":"ἅμα","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"together with"},{"surface":"ἑσποίμην","lemma":"ἕπομαι","morphology":"aorist middle optative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I would follow","note":"ἑσποίμην, aorist middle optative of ἕπομαι — wishful/potential 'I would go with him,' Penelope's conditional vow."},{"surface":"νοσφισσαμένη","lemma":"νοσφίζομαι","morphology":"aorist medio-passive participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to ἑσποίμην","gloss":"forsaking"},{"surface":"τόδε","lemma":"ὅδε","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"modifies δῶμα","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"δῶμα","lemma":"δῶμα","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of νοσφισσαμένη","gloss":"house"}]},{"number":580,"label":"580","id":"b19-l580","source":"κουρίδιον, μάλα καλόν, ἐνίπλειον βιότοιο·","translation":"my bridal home, so beautiful and full of livelihood;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l580.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"κουρίδιον","title":"Bridal home","body":"Kouridios refers to what belongs to lawful first marriage. Penelope mourns leaving the house of her wedded life."}],"words":[{"surface":"κουρίδιον","lemma":"κουρίδιος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies δῶμα","gloss":"bridal"},{"surface":"μάλα","lemma":"μάλα","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"καλόν","lemma":"καλός","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ,","gloss":"beautiful"},{"surface":"ἐνίπλειον","lemma":"ἔμπλεος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ,","gloss":"full of"},{"surface":"βιότοιο","lemma":"βίοτος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ἐνίπλειον","gloss":"livelihood"}]},{"number":581,"label":"581","id":"b19-l581","source":"τοῦ ποτὲ μεμνήσεσθαι ὀΐομαι ἔν περ ὀνείρῳ.","translation":"a house I think I will remember even in my dreams.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l581.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τοῦ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"genitive singular neuter pronoun","role":"object of μεμνήσεσθαι","gloss":"of it (this house)"},{"surface":"ποτὲ","lemma":"ποτέ","morphology":"particle","role":"adverbial to μεμνήσεσθαι","gloss":"someday"},{"surface":"μεμνήσεσθαι","lemma":"μιμνήσκω","morphology":"future perfect medio-passive infinitive","role":"object of ὀΐομαι","gloss":"I will remember","note":"μεμνήσεσθαι, future perfect infinitive of μιμνήσκω — emphasizes a lasting state of memory, 'will find myself remembering.'"},{"surface":"ὀΐομαι","lemma":"οἴομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I think"},{"surface":"ἔν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"περ","lemma":"πέρ","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"ὀνείρῳ","lemma":"ὄνειρος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἔν","gloss":"a dream"}]},{"number":582,"label":"582","id":"b19-l582","source":"τὴν δʼ ἀπαμειβόμενος προσέφη πολύμητις Ὀδυσσεύς","translation":"Answering her, Odysseus of many devices said:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l582.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὴν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of προσέφη","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀπαμειβόμενος","lemma":"ἀπαμείβομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to προσέφη","gloss":"answering"},{"surface":"προσέφη","lemma":"πρόσφημι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"πολύμητις","lemma":"πολύμητις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ὀδυσσεύς","gloss":"of many wiles","note":"πολύμητις 'of many devices/counsels' — Odysseus's standing epithet."},{"surface":"Ὀδυσσεύς","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of προσέφη","gloss":"Odysseus"}]},{"number":583,"label":"583","id":"b19-l583","source":"ὦ γύναι αἰδοίη Λαερτιάδεω Ὀδυσῆος,","translation":"Revered lady, wife of Odysseus son of Laertes,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l583.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Λαερτιάδεω","title":"Son of Laertes","body":"Laertiadēs is a patronymic in the genitive, 'of the son of Laertes', identifying Odysseus by his father. Patronymics are a standard part of Homeric naming."}],"words":[{"surface":"ὦ","lemma":"ὦ","morphology":"exclamation","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"O"},{"surface":"γύναι","lemma":"γυνή","morphology":"vocative singular feminine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"lady","note":"γύναι, vocative — direct address opening Odysseus's speech to Penelope."},{"surface":"αἰδοίη","lemma":"αἰδοῖος","morphology":"vocative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies γύναι","gloss":"revered"},{"surface":"Λαερτιάδεω","lemma":"Λαερτιάδης","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ὀδυσῆος","gloss":"son of Laertes'"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσῆος","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies γύναι","gloss":"of Odysseus"}]},{"number":584,"label":"584","id":"b19-l584","source":"μηκέτι νῦν ἀνάβαλλε δόμοις ἔνι τοῦτον ἄεθλον·","translation":"do not put off this contest any longer in your halls;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l584.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μηκέτι","lemma":"μηκέτι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀνάβαλλε","gloss":"no longer"},{"surface":"νῦν","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀνάβαλλε","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"ἀνάβαλλε","lemma":"ἀναβάλλω","morphology":"present active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"put off"},{"surface":"δόμοις","lemma":"δόμος","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἔνι","gloss":"in the halls"},{"surface":"ἔνι","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"τοῦτον","lemma":"οὗτος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἄεθλον","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ἄεθλον","lemma":"ἆθλος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἀνάβαλλε","gloss":"contest"}]},{"number":585,"label":"585","id":"b19-l585","source":"πρὶν γάρ τοι πολύμητις ἐλεύσεται ἐνθάδʼ Ὀδυσσεύς,","translation":"for Odysseus of many devices will come here","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l585.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πρὶν","lemma":"πρίν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐλεύσεται","gloss":"before","note":"πρίν here anticipates the πρίν...πρίν construction spanning into the next line ('before X, before Y')."},{"surface":"γάρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"τοι","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"πολύμητις","lemma":"πολύμητις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ὀδυσσεύς","gloss":"of many wiles"},{"surface":"ἐλεύσεται","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"future middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will come"},{"surface":"ἐνθάδ","lemma":"ἐνθάδε","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of ἐλεύσεται","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσσεύς","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐλεύσεται","gloss":"Odysseus"}]},{"number":586,"label":"586","id":"b19-l586","source":"πρὶν τούτους τόδε τόξον ἐΰξοον ἀμφαφόωντας","translation":"before these men, handling the polished bow,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l586.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πρὶν","lemma":"πρίν","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"τούτους","lemma":"οὗτος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"subject of τε","gloss":"these men"},{"surface":"τόδε","lemma":"ὅδε","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"modifies τόξον","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"τόξον","lemma":"τόξον","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἀμφαφόωντας","gloss":"bow"},{"surface":"ἐΰξοον","lemma":"εὔξοος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies τόξον","gloss":"well-polished"},{"surface":"ἀμφαφόωντας","lemma":"ἀμφαφάω","morphology":"present active participle, accusative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to τε","gloss":"handling"}]},{"number":587,"label":"587","id":"b19-l587","source":"νευρήν τʼ ἐντανύσαι διοϊστεῦσαί τε σιδήρου.","translation":"can string its cord and shoot an arrow through the iron.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l587.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"νευρήν","lemma":"νευρά","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐντανύσαι","gloss":"bowstring"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐντανύσαι","lemma":"ἐντανύω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"adverbial to τε","gloss":"to string","note":"ἐντανύσαι and διοϊστεῦσαι are epexegetic infinitives after πρίν, spelling out the two feats the suitors will fail: stringing, then shooting through the iron."},{"surface":"διοϊστεῦσαί","lemma":"διοιστεύω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"adverbial to τε","gloss":"to shoot through"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"σιδήρου","lemma":"σίδηρος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of διοϊστεῦσαί","gloss":"the iron"}]},{"number":588,"label":"588","id":"b19-l588","source":"τὸν δʼ αὖτε προσέειπε περίφρων Πηνελόπεια·","translation":"Then thoughtful Penelope answered him in turn:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l588.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of προσέειπε","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αὖτε","lemma":"αὖτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"in turn"},{"surface":"προσέειπε","lemma":"προσεῖπον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"περίφρων","lemma":"περίφρων","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Πηνελόπεια","gloss":"circumspect","note":"περίφρων 'very thoughtful/prudent' — Penelope's standing epithet, matching Odysseus's πολύμητις."},{"surface":"Πηνελόπεια","lemma":"Πηνελόπεια","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of προσέειπε","gloss":"Penelope"}]},{"number":589,"label":"589","id":"b19-l589","source":"εἴ κʼ ἐθέλοις μοι, ξεῖνε, παρήμενος ἐν μεγάροισι","translation":"If you were willing, stranger, sitting beside me in the halls","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l589.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἴ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"κ","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"would","note":"κ᾽=ἄν with optative ἐθέλοις makes a future-remote conditional, 'if you were willing'"},{"surface":"ἐθέλοις","lemma":"ἐθέλω","morphology":"present active optative, 2nd singular verb","role":"adverbial to εἴ","gloss":"you were willing"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of τέρπειν","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"ξεῖνε","lemma":"ξένος","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"stranger","note":"vocative epithet address to Odysseus in disguise, still unrecognized by Penelope"},{"surface":"παρήμενος","lemma":"παρήμαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to τέρπειν","gloss":"sitting beside"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"μεγάροισι","lemma":"μέγαρον","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"the halls","note":"epic dative plural μεγάροισι, 'halls/palace', formulaic domestic setting"}]},{"number":590,"label":"590","id":"b19-l590","source":"τέρπειν, οὔ κέ μοι ὕπνος ἐπὶ βλεφάροισι χυθείη.","translation":"to give me pleasure, no sleep would be poured over my eyes.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l590.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ὕπνος ἐπὶ βλεφάροισι χυθείη","title":"Sleep poured over the eyes","body":"Homer pictures sleep as a liquid poured down upon the eyelids. The same image returns at the book's close when Athena sheds sleep on Penelope."}],"words":[{"surface":"τέρπειν","lemma":"τέρπω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of ἐθέλοις","gloss":"to give pleasure","note":"infinitive of purpose/result depending on ἐθέλοις, 'be willing... to give me pleasure'"},{"surface":"οὔ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"κέ","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"would","note":"κε reinforces the potential optative χυθείη in the apodosis, 'no sleep would be poured'"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular feminine pronoun","role":"adverbial to χυθείη","gloss":"on me"},{"surface":"ὕπνος","lemma":"ὕπνος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of χυθείη","gloss":"sleep"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"βλεφάροισι","lemma":"βλέφαρον","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἐπὶ","gloss":"eyelids"},{"surface":"χυθείη","lemma":"χέω","morphology":"aorist passive optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"would be poured","note":"aorist passive optative of χέω, vivid Homeric image of sleep 'poured' over the eyes"}]},{"number":591,"label":"591","id":"b19-l591","source":"ἀλλʼ οὐ γάρ πως ἔστιν ἀΰπνους ἔμμεναι αἰεὶ","translation":"But it is not possible for people to be forever","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l591.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"οὐ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"γάρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"πως","lemma":"πως","morphology":"particle","role":"adverbial to ἔστιν","gloss":"somehow","note":"οὔ...πως, 'not in any way possible', softening/generalizing negation"},{"surface":"ἔστιν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"it is possible"},{"surface":"ἀΰπνους","lemma":"ἄυπνος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"sleepless"},{"surface":"ἔμμεναι","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"subject of ἔστιν","gloss":"to be","note":"epic infinitive ἔμμεναι = εἶναι, functions as subject of impersonal ἔστιν"},{"surface":"αἰεὶ","lemma":"ἀεί","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔμμεναι","gloss":"forever"}]},{"number":592,"label":"592","id":"b19-l592","source":"ἀνθρώπους· ἐπὶ γάρ τοι ἑκάστῳ μοῖραν ἔθηκαν","translation":"sleepless; for the immortals have set a due measure","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l592.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"μοῖραν","title":"A due measure","body":"Moira is one's allotted portion or fate. Here it is the proper share of sleep apportioned to every mortal."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἀνθρώπους","lemma":"ἄνθρωπος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔμμεναι","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"upon","note":"ἐπὶ is in tmesis with ἔθηκαν (=ἐπιτίθημι, 'impose/set upon'), not a separate 'for'; the causal 'for' of the clause is carried by γάρ"},{"surface":"γάρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for","note":"γάρ is the causal connective ('for'), explaining why sleeplessness is impossible; 'indeed' wrongly duplicates the sense already carried by τοι"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"τοι","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"to each"},{"surface":"ἑκάστῳ","lemma":"ἕκαστος","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"object of ἐπὶ","gloss":"a due measure","note":"μοῖρα here means the allotted portion/limit (of sleep), not fate in general"},{"surface":"μοῖραν","lemma":"μοῖρα","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἔθηκαν","gloss":"a due measure","note":"μοῖρα here is the limit/portion the gods set for each thing among mortals in general (cf. translation 'a due measure...for each thing'), not narrowly a measure of sleep"},{"surface":"ἔθηκαν","lemma":"τίθημι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"set, placed"}]},{"number":593,"label":"593","id":"b19-l593","source":"ἀθάνατοι θνητοῖσιν ἐπὶ ζείδωρον ἄρουραν.","translation":"for each thing for mortals upon the grain-giving earth.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l593.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ζείδωρον ἄρουραν","title":"Grain-giving earth","body":"Zeidōros aroura, 'the grain-giving plowland', is a fixed Homeric epithet for the cultivated earth that sustains mortal life."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἀθάνατοι","lemma":"ἀθάνατος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"subject of ἔθηκαν","gloss":"the immortals","note":"ἀθάνατοι as substantive, 'the immortal gods', subject held over from previous line"},{"surface":"θνητοῖσιν","lemma":"θνητός","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"adverbial to ἔθηκαν","gloss":"for mortals"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"ζείδωρον","lemma":"ζείδωρος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἄρουραν","gloss":"grain-giving","note":"ζείδωρος, epic compound epithet of the earth, 'life-giving/grain-giving'"},{"surface":"ἄρουραν","lemma":"ἄρουρα","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"modifies ἐπὶ","gloss":"earth"}]},{"number":594,"label":"594","id":"b19-l594","source":"ἀλλʼ ἦ τοι μὲν ἐγὼν ὑπερώϊον εἰσαναβᾶσα","translation":"But I, for my part, will go up to my upper chamber","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l594.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"τοι","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"for my part"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"I","note":"ἐγών, epic lengthened form of ἐγώ used before a vowel, metrically convenient"},{"surface":"ἐγὼν","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of λέξομαι","gloss":"upper chamber"},{"surface":"ὑπερώϊον","lemma":"ὑπερῷον","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of εἰσαναβᾶσα","gloss":"going up","note":"aorist participle expresses the action prior to/leading into the main verb λέξομαι, 'I will go up and lie down'"},{"surface":"εἰσαναβᾶσα","lemma":"εἰσαναβαίνω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to λέξομαι","gloss":"having gone up"}]},{"number":595,"label":"595","id":"b19-l595","source":"λέξομαι εἰς εὐνήν, ἥ μοι στονόεσσα τέτυκται,","translation":"and lie down on my bed, which has become a place of groaning,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l595.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"στονόεσσα","title":"A place of groaning","body":"Stonoessa, 'full of groans', transfers Penelope's grief onto the bed itself. The couch is steeped in her mourning."}],"words":[{"surface":"λέξομαι","lemma":"λέγω","morphology":"future middle indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will lie down"},{"surface":"εἰς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"εὐνήν","lemma":"εὐνή","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of εἰς","gloss":"bed"},{"surface":"ἥ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of τέτυκται","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular feminine pronoun","role":"adverbial to τέτυκται","gloss":"for me"},{"surface":"στονόεσσα","lemma":"στονόεις","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"a place of groaning","note":"στονόεσσα, 'full of groans', predicate adjective personifying Penelope's bed as a site of grief"},{"surface":"τέτυκται","lemma":"τεύχω","morphology":"perfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing εὐνήν","gloss":"has become"}]},{"number":596,"label":"596","id":"b19-l596","source":"αἰεὶ δάκρυσʼ ἐμοῖσι πεφυρμένη, ἐξ οὗ Ὀδυσσεὺς","translation":"ever stained with my tears, ever since Odysseus","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l596.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αἰεὶ","lemma":"ἀεί","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to πεφυρμένη","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"δάκρυσ","lemma":"δάκρυον","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"object of πεφυρμένη","gloss":"with tears"},{"surface":"ἐμοῖσι","lemma":"ἐμός","morphology":"dative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies δάκρυσ᾽","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"πεφυρμένη","lemma":"φύρω","morphology":"perfect medio-passive participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to τέτυκται","gloss":"stained","note":"perfect participle πεφυρμένη, 'drenched/soaked', vivid image of tears soaking the bed"},{"surface":"ἐξ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"οὗ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"genitive singular neuter pronoun","role":"adverbial to ἐξ","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσσεὺς","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ᾤχετ᾽","gloss":"Odysseus"}]},{"number":597,"label":"597","id":"b19-l597","source":"ᾤχετʼ ἐποψόμενος Κακοΐλιον οὐκ ὀνομαστήν.","translation":"went off to look on Evil-Ilion, not to be named.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l597.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ᾤχετ","lemma":"οἴχομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to πεφυρμένη","gloss":"went off"},{"surface":"ἐποψόμενος","lemma":"ἐφοράω","morphology":"future middle participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"to look upon","note":"future participle of purpose, 'went off to see/look on'"},{"surface":"Κακοΐλιον","lemma":"Κακοίλιος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ᾤχετ᾽","gloss":"Evil-Ilion","note":"bitter pun-name Κακοΐλιον, 'Ill-Troy', Penelope's grief-driven renaming of Troy"},{"surface":"οὐκ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ὀνομαστήν","lemma":"ὀνομαστός","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Κακοΐλιον","gloss":"to be named","note":"verbal adjective, 'unnameable', reinforcing her curse on the city's name"}]},{"number":598,"label":"598","id":"b19-l598","source":"ἔνθα κε λεξαίμην· σὺ δὲ λέξεο τῷδʼ ἐνὶ οἴκῳ,","translation":"There let me lie; but you lie down somewhere in this house,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l598.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔνθα","lemma":"ἔνθα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to λεξαίμην","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"κε","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"λεξαίμην","lemma":"λέγω","morphology":"aorist middle optative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"let me lie","note":"aorist middle optative used as a wish/hortatory, 'there let me lie'"},{"surface":"σὺ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"nominative singular pronoun","role":"subject of λέξεο","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"λέξεο","lemma":"λέγω","morphology":"aorist passive imperative, singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"lie down","note":"aorist passive imperative with middle sense, command form λέξεο"},{"surface":"τῷδ","lemma":"ὅδε","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies οἴκῳ","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ἐνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"οἴκῳ","lemma":"οἶκος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐνὶ","gloss":"house"}]},{"number":599,"label":"599","id":"b19-l599","source":"ἢ χαμάδις στορέσας ἤ τοι κατὰ δέμνια θέντων.","translation":"either spreading bedding on the floor, or let them lay you a bed.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l599.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἢ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"either"},{"surface":"χαμάδις","lemma":"χαμάδις","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to στορέσας","gloss":"on the ground","note":"adverb χαμάδις, 'on the ground/floor', vivid detail of humble bedding"},{"surface":"στορέσας","lemma":"στορέννυμι","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἤ","gloss":"spreading"},{"surface":"ἤ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"adverbial to θέντων","gloss":"for you"},{"surface":"κατὰ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"down"},{"surface":"δέμνια","lemma":"δέμνιον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of θέντων","gloss":"bedding"},{"surface":"θέντων","lemma":"τίθημι","morphology":"aorist active imperative, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to ἤ","gloss":"let them lay","note":"3rd plural aorist imperative θέντων, 'let them set/lay', addressed to the household servants"}]},{"number":600,"label":"600","id":"b19-l600","source":"ὣς εἰποῦσʼ ἀνέβαινʼ ὑπερώϊα σιγαλόεντα,","translation":"So saying she went up to her shining upper rooms,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l600.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to εἰποῦσ᾽","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"εἰποῦσ","lemma":"εἶπον","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative plural feminine","role":"adverbial to ἀνέβαιν᾽","gloss":"having said"},{"surface":"ἀνέβαιν","lemma":"ἀναβαίνω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"went up"},{"surface":"ὑπερώϊα","lemma":"ὑπερῷον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἀνέβαιν᾽","gloss":"upper rooms"},{"surface":"σιγαλόεντα","lemma":"σιγαλόεις","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ὑπερώϊα","gloss":"shining","note":"σιγαλόεις, stock Homeric epithet 'gleaming/splendid' for fine rooms and furnishings"}]},{"number":601,"label":"601","id":"b19-l601","source":"οὐκ οἴη, ἅμα τῇ γε καὶ ἀμφίπολοι κίον ἄλλαι.","translation":"not alone, for the other handmaids went with her.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l601.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οὐκ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"οἴη","lemma":"οἶος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"alone","note":"οἴη, feminine nominative singular, 'alone', emphasizing she went accompanied"},{"surface":"ἅμα","lemma":"ἅμα","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"together with"},{"surface":"τῇ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative singular feminine pronoun","role":"adverbial to ἅμα","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀμφίπολοι","lemma":"ἀμφίπολος","morphology":"nominative plural feminine adjective","role":"subject of κίον","gloss":"handmaids"},{"surface":"κίον","lemma":"κίω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"went","note":"epic verb κίω, poetic synonym for 'go', common in Homer alongside εἶμι/ἔρχομαι"},{"surface":"ἄλλαι","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"nominative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἀμφίπολοι","gloss":"other"}]},{"number":602,"label":"602","id":"b19-l602","source":"ἐς δʼ ὑπερῷʼ ἀναβᾶσα σὺν ἀμφιπόλοισι γυναιξὶ","translation":"And going up to the upper room with her serving women","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l602.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὑπερῷ","lemma":"ὑπερῷον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἐς","gloss":"upper room"},{"surface":"ἀναβᾶσα","lemma":"ἀναβαίνω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to κλαῖεν","gloss":"going up"},{"surface":"σὺν","lemma":"σύν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ἀμφιπόλοισι","lemma":"ἀμφίπολος","morphology":"dative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies γυναιξὶ","gloss":"serving"},{"surface":"γυναιξὶ","lemma":"γυνή","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to σὺν","gloss":"women","note":"γυναιξὶ, dative plural of γυνή, here 'serving-women/attendants' with ἀμφιπόλοισι"}]},{"number":603,"label":"603","id":"b19-l603","source":"κλαῖεν ἔπειτʼ Ὀδυσῆα, φίλον πόσιν, ὄφρα οἱ ὕπνον","translation":"she then wept for Odysseus, her dear husband, until","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l603.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κλαῖεν","lemma":"κλαίω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"she wept"},{"surface":"ἔπειτ","lemma":"ἔπειτα","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσῆα","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ,","gloss":"Odysseus"},{"surface":"φίλον","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies πόσιν","gloss":"dear","note":"φίλον πόσιν, formulaic 'dear husband', epic term of affection/possession"},{"surface":"πόσιν","lemma":"πόσις","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ,","gloss":"husband"},{"surface":"ὄφρα","lemma":"ὄφρα","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular feminine pronoun","role":"adverbial to βάλε","gloss":"to her"},{"surface":"ὕπνον","lemma":"ὕπνος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of βάλε","gloss":"sleep","note":"object of the coming verb βάλε ('cast'), Athena about to grant Penelope sleep"}]},{"number":604,"label":"604","id":"b19-l604","source":"ἡδὺν ἐπὶ βλεφάροισι βάλε γλαυκῶπις Ἀθήνη.","translation":"bright-eyed Athena cast sweet sleep upon her eyelids.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b19-l604.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"γλαυκῶπις Ἀθήνη","title":"Bright-eyed Athena","body":"Glaukōpis, 'gleaming-eyed' or 'owl-eyed', is Athena's signature epithet. This formulaic name-plus-epithet fills the line's end and closes the book."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἡδὺν","lemma":"ἡδύς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ὕπνον","gloss":"sweet"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"βλεφάροισι","lemma":"βλέφαρον","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἐπὶ","gloss":"her eyelids"},{"surface":"βάλε","lemma":"βάλλω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὄφρα","gloss":"cast"},{"surface":"γλαυκῶπις","lemma":"γλαυκῶπις","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Ἀθήνη","gloss":"bright-eyed"},{"surface":"Ἀθήνη","lemma":"Ἀθήνη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of βάλε","gloss":"Athena"}]}]}