{"work":{"slug":"odyssey","title":{"source":"Ὀδύσσεια","translated":"The Odyssey"},"author":"Homer","language":"Ancient Greek","languageCode":"grc","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey"},"unit":{"kind":"book","number":22,"id":"book-22","title":{"source":"Ὀδυσσείας χ","translated":"Book 22 — The Slaying of the Suitors"},"section":"The Homecoming","summary":"Odysseus shoots Antinous and names himself. With Telemachus, the swineherd and the cowherd he kills every suitor in the hall.","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/22","lines":501},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/21","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/23","license":"Source text: public domain (Homer, ancient; Greek per the Murray/Allen text via the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA 3.0). English translation: © 2026 1732 Studios, LLC — original line-aligned draft, pending editorial review. Word-by-word morphology and syntax derived from the Perseus Ancient Greek Dependency Treebank (CC BY-SA 3.0); English glosses and notes © 2026 1732 Studios, LLC.","audioBase":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/","lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"b22-l1","source":"αὐτὰρ ὁ γυμνώθη ῥακέων πολύμητις Ὀδυσσεύς,","translation":"Then resourceful Odysseus stripped off his rags,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"πολύμητις","title":"The hero's standing epithet","body":"polymetis, \"of many devices,\" is Odysseus's formulaic epithet, marking him at the start of the slaughter. Such fixed epithets are a hallmark of Homeric style."}],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but, then"},{"surface":"ὁ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"γυμνώθη","lemma":"γυμνόω","morphology":"aorist passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was stripped","note":"Aorist passive: the rags were stripped off him, not by him — sets up the reveal."},{"surface":"ῥακέων","lemma":"ῥάκος","morphology":"genitive plural neuter noun","role":"object of γυμνώθη","gloss":"of his rags"},{"surface":"πολύμητις","lemma":"πολύμητις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ὀδυσσεύς","gloss":"resourceful","note":"Stock Homeric epithet for Odysseus, 'of many wiles.'"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσσεύς","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"Odysseus"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"b22-l2","source":"ἆλτο δʼ ἐπὶ μέγαν οὐδόν, ἔχων βιὸν ἠδὲ φαρέτρην","translation":"and leapt onto the great threshold, holding the bow and quiver","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἆλτο","lemma":"ἅλλομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"leapt"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"μέγαν","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies οὐδόν","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"οὐδόν","lemma":"οὐδός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐπὶ","gloss":"threshold","note":"The famous oudos — Odysseus takes his stand on the doorway threshold before the slaughter."},{"surface":"ἔχων","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἆλτο","gloss":"holding"},{"surface":"βιὸν","lemma":"βιός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἠδὲ","gloss":"bow"},{"surface":"ἠδὲ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"φαρέτρην","lemma":"φαρέτρα","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἠδὲ","gloss":"quiver"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"b22-l3","source":"ἰῶν ἐμπλείην, ταχέας δʼ ἐκχεύατʼ ὀϊστοὺς","translation":"full of arrows, and poured out the swift shafts","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l3.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἰῶν","lemma":"ἰός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ἐμπλείην","gloss":"of arrows"},{"surface":"ἐμπλείην","lemma":"ἔμπλεος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies φαρέτρην","gloss":"full","note":"Feminine adjective agreeing with φαρέτρην (quiver) two lines back, though it sits right after ἰῶν."},{"surface":"ταχέας","lemma":"ταχύς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ὀϊστοὺς","gloss":"swift"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐκχεύατ","lemma":"ἐκχέω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"poured out"},{"surface":"ὀϊστοὺς","lemma":"ὀιστός","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἐκχεύατ᾽","gloss":"arrows"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"b22-l4","source":"αὐτοῦ πρόσθε ποδῶν, μετὰ δὲ μνηστῆρσιν ἔειπεν·","translation":"there before his feet, and spoke among the suitors:","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l4.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτοῦ","lemma":"αὐτοῦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of ἐκχεύατ᾽","gloss":"there, on the spot"},{"surface":"πρόσθε","lemma":"πρόσθεν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"ποδῶν","lemma":"πούς","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"object of πρόσθε","gloss":"his feet"},{"surface":"μετὰ","lemma":"μετά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μνηστῆρσιν","lemma":"μνηστήρ","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of μετὰ","gloss":"the suitors"},{"surface":"ἔειπεν","lemma":"εἶπον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spoke","note":"Epic aorist εἶπον, unrelated in root to λέγω/φημί — a suppletive verb."}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"b22-l5","source":"οὗτος μὲν δὴ ἄεθλος ἀάατος ἐκτετέλεσται·","translation":"\"This harmless contest, now, has been brought to its end.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l5.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἐκτετέλεσται","title":"Perfect tense: a completed state","body":"ektetelestai is perfect passive, \"has been (and stands) completed.\" The perfect stresses the lasting result: the contest is now over and done."}],"words":[{"surface":"οὗτος","lemma":"οὗτος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἄεθλος","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"ἄεθλος","lemma":"ἆθλος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐκτετέλεσται","gloss":"contest"},{"surface":"ἀάατος","lemma":"ἀάατος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"harmless","note":"ἀάατος, 'not to be harmed/blamed' — an old epic word for something safely, fatelessly completed."},{"surface":"ἐκτετέλεσται","lemma":"ἐκτελέω","morphology":"perfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"has been completed","note":"Perfect middle-passive: the stringing contest stands finished, its result still in effect."}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"b22-l6","source":"νῦν αὖτε σκοπὸν ἄλλον, ὃν οὔ πώ τις βάλεν ἀνήρ,","translation":"Now I will aim at another mark, one no man has yet struck,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l6.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"νῦν","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to εἴσομαι","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"αὖτε","lemma":"αὖτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"in turn"},{"surface":"σκοπὸν","lemma":"σκοπός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of εἴσομαι","gloss":"mark, target"},{"surface":"ἄλλον","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies σκοπὸν","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"ὃν","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of βάλεν","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"οὔ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"πώ","lemma":"πω","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"τις","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies ἀνήρ","gloss":"anyone"},{"surface":"βάλεν","lemma":"βάλλω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing σκοπὸν","gloss":"has struck","note":"Gnomic-feeling aorist for a thing never yet done — ominous foreshadowing of the new 'target,' Antinous."},{"surface":"ἀνήρ","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of βάλεν","gloss":"man"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"b22-l7","source":"εἴσομαι, αἴ κε τύχωμι, πόρῃ δέ μοι εὖχος Ἀπόλλων.","translation":"to see if I can hit it, and Apollo grant me the glory.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l7.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἴσομαι","lemma":"οἶδα","morphology":"future middle indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I will aim, try","note":"Future of οἶδα used idiomatically as 'I will see/try' — not literally 'I will know.'"},{"surface":"αἴ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"κε","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"(modal particle)"},{"surface":"τύχωμι","lemma":"τυγχάνω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 1st singular verb","role":"adverbial to δέ","gloss":"I hit"},{"surface":"πόρῃ","lemma":"πόρω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to δέ","gloss":"grant","note":"Aorist subjunctive with κε/εἰ in a wish-like clause: 'and may Apollo grant.'"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of πόρῃ","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"εὖχος","lemma":"εὖχος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of πόρῃ","gloss":"glory"},{"surface":"Ἀπόλλων","lemma":"Ἀπόλλων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of πόρῃ","gloss":"Apollo","note":"God of archery invoked just before the fatal shot — a formal prayer before violence."}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"b22-l8","source":"ἦ καὶ ἐπʼ Ἀντινόῳ ἰθύνετο πικρὸν ὀϊστόν.","translation":"He spoke, and aimed a bitter arrow at Antinous.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l8.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἠμί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he spoke"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐπ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Ἀντινόῳ","lemma":"Ἀντίνοος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐπ᾽","gloss":"Antinous"},{"surface":"ἰθύνετο","lemma":"ἰθύνω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"aimed","note":"Imperfect middle: the aiming as an ongoing action, drawn out for suspense before impact."},{"surface":"πικρὸν","lemma":"πικρός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ὀϊστόν","gloss":"bitter"},{"surface":"ὀϊστόν","lemma":"ὀιστός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἰθύνετο","gloss":"arrow"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"b22-l9","source":"ἦ τοι ὁ καλὸν ἄλεισον ἀναιρήσεσθαι ἔμελλε,","translation":"Now Antinous was just about to lift a fine goblet,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l9.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"now, indeed"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"τοι","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"ὁ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"καλὸν","lemma":"καλός","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ,","gloss":"fine"},{"surface":"ἄλεισον","lemma":"ἄλεισον","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἀναιρήσεσθαι","gloss":"goblet"},{"surface":"ἀναιρήσεσθαι","lemma":"ἀναιρέω","morphology":"future middle infinitive","role":"object of ἔμελλε","gloss":"to lift up","note":"Future infinitive after ἔμελλε: 'was about to' — the arrow strikes before the cup ever reaches his lips."},{"surface":"ἔμελλε","lemma":"μέλλω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was about to"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"b22-l10","source":"χρύσεον ἄμφωτον, καὶ δὴ μετὰ χερσὶν ἐνώμα,","translation":"gold, with two handles, and was already turning it in his hands","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l10.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"χρύσεον","lemma":"χρύσεος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ,","gloss":"golden"},{"surface":"ἄμφωτον","lemma":"ἄμφωτος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ,","gloss":"two-handled"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"μετὰ","lemma":"μετά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"χερσὶν","lemma":"χείρ","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"object of μετὰ","gloss":"his hands"},{"surface":"ἐνώμα","lemma":"νωμάω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was turning","note":"Imperfect: Antinous casually turning the cup as he's shot — the mundane detail heightens the shock."}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"b22-l11","source":"ὄφρα πίοι οἴνοιο· φόνος δέ οἱ οὐκ ἐνὶ θυμῷ","translation":"to drink the wine; and death was not in his heart's","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l11.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὄφρα","lemma":"ὄφρα","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"πίοι","lemma":"πίνω","morphology":"aorist active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὄφρα","gloss":"he might drink"},{"surface":"οἴνοιο","lemma":"οἶνος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of πίοι","gloss":"of wine"},{"surface":"φόνος","lemma":"φόνος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of μέμβλετο","gloss":"death, murder"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of μέμβλετο","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"οὐκ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ἐνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"θυμῷ","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐνὶ","gloss":"heart, mind"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"b22-l12","source":"μέμβλετο· τίς κʼ οἴοιτο μετʼ ἀνδράσι δαιτυμόνεσσι","translation":"concern. Who would imagine that among men at a feast","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l12.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μέμβλετο","lemma":"μέλω","morphology":"pluperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was a care","note":"Pluperfect of μέλω spanning the line break: 'death was not on his mind' — dramatic irony before the strike."},{"surface":"τίς","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of οἴοιτο","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"κ","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"(modal particle)"},{"surface":"οἴοιτο","lemma":"οἴομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"would imagine"},{"surface":"μετ","lemma":"μετά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"ἀνδράσι","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"modifies μετ᾽","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"δαιτυμόνεσσι","lemma":"δαιτυμών","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ἀνδράσι","gloss":"feasters"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"b22-l13","source":"μοῦνον ἐνὶ πλεόνεσσι, καὶ εἰ μάλα καρτερὸς εἴη,","translation":"one man, alone among many, however strong he might be,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l13.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μοῦνον","lemma":"μόνος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"ἐνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"πλεόνεσσι","lemma":"πλείων","morphology":"dative plural comparative adjective","role":"modifies ἐνὶ","gloss":"many","note":"Comparative πλείων used as substantive dative plural, 'among the more numerous.'"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"εἰ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"μάλα","lemma":"μάλα","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"καρτερὸς","lemma":"καρτερός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"strong"},{"surface":"εἴη","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to εἰ","gloss":"he might be"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"b22-l14","source":"οἷ τεύξειν θάνατόν τε κακὸν καὶ κῆρα μέλαιναν;","translation":"would deal him evil death and a black doom?","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l14.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"κῆρα μέλαιναν","title":"\"black doom\"","body":"ker is a death-spirit or one's allotted death; the epithet \"black\" (melaina) is formulaic for death in Homer."}],"words":[{"surface":"οἷ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of τεύξειν","gloss":"for him"},{"surface":"τεύξειν","lemma":"τεύχω","morphology":"future active infinitive","role":"object of οἴοιτο","gloss":"would deal","note":"Future infinitive completing οἴοιτο — 'imagine that (one man) would deal him death.'"},{"surface":"θάνατόν","lemma":"θάνατος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"death"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κακὸν","lemma":"κακός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies θάνατόν","gloss":"evil"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κῆρα","lemma":"κήρ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"doom"},{"surface":"μέλαιναν","lemma":"μέλας","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies κῆρα","gloss":"black","note":"κήρ μέλαινα, a Homeric formula for personified black Death/Doom."}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"b22-l15","source":"τὸν δʼ Ὀδυσεὺς κατὰ λαιμὸν ἐπισχόμενος βάλεν ἰῷ,","translation":"Odysseus took aim and struck him in the throat with the arrow,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l15.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of βάλεν","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσεὺς","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of βάλεν","gloss":"Odysseus"},{"surface":"κατὰ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"λαιμὸν","lemma":"λαιμός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of κατὰ","gloss":"the throat"},{"surface":"ἐπισχόμενος","lemma":"ἐπίσχω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to βάλεν","gloss":"taking aim","note":"ἐπίσχω here means 'hold (the bow) aimed at' — a precise, deliberate targeting participle."},{"surface":"βάλεν","lemma":"βάλλω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"ἰῷ","lemma":"ἰός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to βάλεν","gloss":"with the arrow"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"b22-l16","source":"ἀντικρὺ δʼ ἁπαλοῖο διʼ αὐχένος ἤλυθʼ ἀκωκή.","translation":"and the point passed straight through his tender neck.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l16.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀντικρὺ","lemma":"ἀντικρύ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἤλυθ᾽","gloss":"straight through"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἁπαλοῖο","lemma":"ἁπαλός","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies αὐχένος","gloss":"tender"},{"surface":"δι","lemma":"διά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"αὐχένος","lemma":"αὐχήν","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of δι᾽","gloss":"the neck"},{"surface":"ἤλυθ","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"came, passed","note":"Epic aorist of ἔρχομαι (ἤλυθε), used here almost transitively of the arrowhead's path."},{"surface":"ἀκωκή","lemma":"ἀκωκή","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἤλυθ᾽","gloss":"the point, barb"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"b22-l17","source":"ἐκλίνθη δʼ ἑτέρωσε, δέπας δέ οἱ ἔκπεσε χειρὸς","translation":"He slumped to one side, and the cup fell from his hand","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l17.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐκλίνθη","lemma":"κλίνω","morphology":"aorist passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was bent, slumped"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἑτέρωσε","lemma":"ἑτέρωσε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐκλίνθη","gloss":"to one side"},{"surface":"δέπας","lemma":"δέπας","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of ἔκπεσε","gloss":"the cup"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies χειρὸς","gloss":"his, from him"},{"surface":"ἔκπεσε","lemma":"ἐκπίπτω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"fell"},{"surface":"χειρὸς","lemma":"χείρ","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἔκπεσε","gloss":"from his hand"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"b22-l18","source":"βλημένου, αὐτίκα δʼ αὐλὸς ἀνὰ ῥῖνας παχὺς ἦλθεν","translation":"as he was hit, and at once a thick jet rose up through his nostrils","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l18.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"βλημένου","lemma":"βάλλω","morphology":"aorist middle participle, genitive singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"struck, hit","note":"βλημένου (masculine) can't modify feminine χειρός; it agrees with the implied possessor — 'from the hand of the stricken man (Antinous).' Not a true genitive absolute."},{"surface":"αὐτίκα","lemma":"αὐτίκα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἦλθεν","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αὐλὸς","lemma":"αὐλός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἦλθεν","gloss":"jet, spurt"},{"surface":"ἀνὰ","lemma":"ἀνά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"ῥῖνας","lemma":"ῥίς","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἀνὰ","gloss":"nostrils"},{"surface":"παχὺς","lemma":"παχύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies αὐλὸς","gloss":"thick"},{"surface":"ἦλθεν","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"rose, came"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"b22-l19","source":"αἵματος ἀνδρομέοιο· θοῶς δʼ ἀπὸ εἷο τράπεζαν","translation":"of human blood; and swiftly he shoved the table from him","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l19.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αἵματος","lemma":"αἷμα","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"modifies αὐλὸς","gloss":"of blood"},{"surface":"ἀνδρομέοιο","lemma":"ἀνδρόμεος","morphology":"genitive singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies αἵματος","gloss":"human","note":"αἵματος ἀνδρομέοιο, an old formula distinguishing human blood from that of gods or animals."},{"surface":"θοῶς","lemma":"θοός","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ὦσε","gloss":"swiftly"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀπὸ","lemma":"ἀπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"εἷο","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἀπὸ","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"τράπεζαν","lemma":"τράπεζα","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ὦσε","gloss":"the table"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"b22-l20","source":"ὦσε ποδὶ πλήξας, ἀπὸ δʼ εἴδατα χεῦεν ἔραζε·","translation":"with a kick of his foot, and spilled the food onto the ground;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l20.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὦσε","lemma":"ὠθέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"pushed, shoved"},{"surface":"ποδὶ","lemma":"πούς","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to πλήξας","gloss":"with his foot"},{"surface":"πλήξας","lemma":"πλήσσω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ὦσε","gloss":"kicking, striking"},{"surface":"ἀπὸ","lemma":"ἀπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"off, away"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"εἴδατα","lemma":"εἶδαρ","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of χεῦεν","gloss":"food"},{"surface":"χεῦεν","lemma":"χέω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spilled","note":"ἀπὸ...χεῦεν is a tmesis: the preposition ἀπὸ is split from its verb χέω across the line."},{"surface":"ἔραζε","lemma":"ἔραζε","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of χεῦεν","gloss":"to the ground"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"b22-l21","source":"σῖτός τε κρέα τʼ ὀπτὰ φορύνετο. τοὶ δʼ ὁμάδησαν","translation":"the bread and roasted meats were fouled. And they cried out,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l21.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"σῖτός","lemma":"σῖτος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of τ᾽","gloss":"bread"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κρέα","lemma":"κρέας","morphology":"nominative plural neuter noun","role":"subject of τ᾽","gloss":"meats"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὀπτὰ","lemma":"ὀπτός","morphology":"nominative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies κρέα","gloss":"roasted"},{"surface":"φορύνετο","lemma":"φορύνω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"were fouled, defiled"},{"surface":"τοὶ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὁμάδησαν","lemma":"ὁμαδέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"cried out, clamored"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"b22-l22","source":"μνηστῆρες κατὰ δώμαθʼ, ὅπως ἴδον ἄνδρα πεσόντα,","translation":"the suitors throughout the hall, when they saw the man fall,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l22.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μνηστῆρες","lemma":"μνηστήρ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"the suitors"},{"surface":"κατὰ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"throughout"},{"surface":"δώμαθ","lemma":"δῶμα","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to κατὰ","gloss":"the hall"},{"surface":"ὅπως","lemma":"ὅπως","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ἴδον","lemma":"εἶδον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to ὅπως","gloss":"they saw"},{"surface":"ἄνδρα","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἴδον","gloss":"the man"},{"surface":"πεσόντα","lemma":"πίπτω","morphology":"aorist active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"falling"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"b22-l23","source":"ἐκ δὲ θρόνων ἀνόρουσαν ὀρινθέντες κατὰ δῶμα,","translation":"and they sprang up from their chairs, in turmoil through the hall,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l23.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"θρόνων","lemma":"θρόνος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἐκ","gloss":"their chairs"},{"surface":"ἀνόρουσαν","lemma":"ἀνορούω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"sprang up"},{"surface":"ὀρινθέντες","lemma":"ὀρίνω","morphology":"aorist passive participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ἀνόρουσαν","gloss":"stirred, in turmoil","note":"Aorist passive participle of ὀρίνω — their hearts thrown into confusion as they leap up."},{"surface":"κατὰ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"throughout"},{"surface":"δῶμα","lemma":"δῶμα","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to κατὰ","gloss":"the hall"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"b22-l24","source":"πάντοσε παπταίνοντες ἐϋδμήτους ποτὶ τοίχους·","translation":"peering everywhere along the well-built walls;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l24.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πάντοσε","lemma":"πάντοσε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to παπταίνοντες","gloss":"everywhere"},{"surface":"παπταίνοντες","lemma":"παπταίνω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ἀνόρουσαν","gloss":"peering, scanning"},{"surface":"ἐϋδμήτους","lemma":"εὔδμητος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies τοίχους","gloss":"well-built"},{"surface":"ποτὶ","lemma":"πρός","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"toward, along"},{"surface":"τοίχους","lemma":"τοῖχος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ποτὶ","gloss":"the walls"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"b22-l25","source":"οὐδέ πη ἀσπὶς ἔην οὐδʼ ἄλκιμον ἔγχος ἑλέσθαι.","translation":"but nowhere was there a shield or a sturdy spear to seize.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l25.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πη","lemma":"πη","morphology":"particle","role":"adverbial to δ᾽","gloss":"nowhere, anywhere"},{"surface":"ἀσπὶς","lemma":"ἀσπίς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of δ᾽","gloss":"shield"},{"surface":"ἔην","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was, there was","note":"They had disarmed the hall earlier in the epic — this line pays off that setup: no weapons in reach."},{"surface":"ἄλκιμον","lemma":"ἄλκιμος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἔγχος","gloss":"sturdy"},{"surface":"ἔγχος","lemma":"ἔγχος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject","gloss":"spear"},{"surface":"ἑλέσθαι","lemma":"αἱρέω","morphology":"aorist middle infinitive","role":"adverbial to δ᾽","gloss":"to seize, take up"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"b22-l26","source":"νείκειον δʼ Ὀδυσῆα χολωτοῖσιν ἐπέεσσι·","translation":"And they reviled Odysseus with angry words:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l26.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"νείκειον","lemma":"νεικέω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"they reviled"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσῆα","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of νείκειον","gloss":"Odysseus"},{"surface":"χολωτοῖσιν","lemma":"χολωτός","morphology":"dative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἐπέεσσι","gloss":"angry"},{"surface":"ἐπέεσσι","lemma":"ἔπος","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to νείκειον","gloss":"with words"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"b22-l27","source":"ξεῖνε, κακῶς ἀνδρῶν τοξάζεαι· οὐκέτʼ ἀέθλων","translation":"\"Stranger, you shoot at men to your cost! No more contests","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l27.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ξεῖνε","lemma":"ξένος","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"stranger","note":"ξεῖνε — they still address him as an unrecognized outsider, ignorant that he is their king."},{"surface":"κακῶς","lemma":"κακός","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to τοξάζεαι","gloss":"wrongly, to your cost"},{"surface":"ἀνδρῶν","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"object of τοξάζεαι","gloss":"at men"},{"surface":"τοξάζεαι","lemma":"τοξάζομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"you shoot"},{"surface":"οὐκέτ","lemma":"οὐκέτι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀντιάσεις","gloss":"no longer"},{"surface":"ἀέθλων","lemma":"ἆθλος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἀντιάσεις","gloss":"of contests"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"b22-l28","source":"ἄλλων ἀντιάσεις· νῦν τοι σῶς αἰπὺς ὄλεθρος.","translation":"will you take part in. Now sheer destruction is certain for you.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l28.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἄλλων","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἀέθλων","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"ἀντιάσεις","lemma":"ἀντιάω","morphology":"future active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"you will take part in"},{"surface":"νῦν","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"object","gloss":"for you"},{"surface":"σῶς","lemma":"σῶς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"certain, sure","note":"σῶς here ironically means 'sure/certain' (of doom), not its usual sense 'safe' — bitter wordplay from the suitor."},{"surface":"αἰπὺς","lemma":"αἰπύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ὄλεθρος","gloss":"sheer, steep"},{"surface":"ὄλεθρος","lemma":"ὄλεθρος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"destruction"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"b22-l29","source":"καὶ γὰρ δὴ νῦν φῶτα κατέκτανες ὃς μέγʼ ἄριστος","translation":"For now you have killed the man who was far the best","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l29.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed","note":"καὶ γὰρ δὴ stacks three particles for emphasis: 'for now indeed'."},{"surface":"νῦν","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to κατέκτανες","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"φῶτα","lemma":"φώς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of κατέκτανες","gloss":"the man","note":"φώς, epic word for 'man/hero', distinct from ἀνήρ."},{"surface":"κατέκτανες","lemma":"κατακτείνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"you have killed"},{"surface":"ὃς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"μέγ","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"by far","note":"μέγ(α) used adverbially with ἄριστος: 'by far the best', not literally 'great'."},{"surface":"ἄριστος","lemma":"ἄριστος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"best"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"b22-l30","source":"κούρων εἰν Ἰθάκῃ· τῷ σʼ ἐνθάδε γῦπες ἔδονται.","translation":"of the young men in Ithaca; therefore the vultures shall eat you here.\"","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l30.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κούρων","lemma":"κόρος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ἄριστος","gloss":"of the young men"},{"surface":"εἰν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in","note":"εἰν is the epic lengthened form of ἐν before a vowel, for meter."},{"surface":"Ἰθάκῃ","lemma":"Ἰθάκη","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"modifies εἰν","gloss":"Ithaca"},{"surface":"τῷ","lemma":"τῷ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔδονται","gloss":"therefore"},{"surface":"σ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative singular pronoun","role":"object of ἔδονται","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ἐνθάδε","lemma":"ἐνθάδε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔδονται","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"γῦπες","lemma":"γύψ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔδονται","gloss":"vultures"},{"surface":"ἔδονται","lemma":"ἔδω","morphology":"future middle indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will eat","note":"future middle of ἔδω, grim image closing Odysseus's threat."}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"b22-l31","source":"ἴσκεν ἕκαστος ἀνήρ, ἐπεὶ ἦ φάσαν οὐκ ἐθέλοντα","translation":"So each man supposed, since indeed they thought that against his will","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l31.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἴσκεν","lemma":"ἴσκε","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"supposed","note":"ἴσκε(ν) 'thought/guessed' — an old iterative-feeling epic verb of surmise."},{"surface":"ἕκαστος","lemma":"ἕκαστος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἀνήρ","gloss":"each"},{"surface":"ἀνήρ","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἴσκεν","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"φάσαν","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to ἐπεὶ","gloss":"they thought","note":"φάσαν, imperfect of φημί — 'kept saying/thinking', introducing indirect statement."},{"surface":"οὐκ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ἐθέλοντα","lemma":"ἐθέλω","morphology":"present active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"willing","note":"ἐθέλοντα agrees with an implied 'he' (Odysseus) as subject of the infinitive to kill."}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"b22-l32","source":"ἄνδρα κατακτεῖναι· τὸ δὲ νήπιοι οὐκ ἐνόησαν,","translation":"he had killed the man; the fools did not perceive this,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l32.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"νήπιοι","title":"\"the fools\"","body":"nepioi marks characters blind to their fate, a recurring Homeric label for those about to suffer for their ignorance."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἄνδρα","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of κατακτεῖναι","gloss":"the man"},{"surface":"κατακτεῖναι","lemma":"κατακτείνω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of φάσαν","gloss":"had killed","note":"aorist infinitive completing indirect statement: 'that he [unwillingly] had killed the man'."},{"surface":"τὸ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"object of ,","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"νήπιοι","lemma":"νήπιος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"fools"},{"surface":"οὐκ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ἐνόησαν","lemma":"νοέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"perceived"}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"b22-l33","source":"ὡς δή σφιν καὶ πᾶσιν ὀλέθρου πείρατʼ ἐφῆπτο.","translation":"that over them all alike the cords of destruction had been fastened.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l33.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὡς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"δή","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"σφιν","lemma":"σφεῖς","morphology":"dative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἐφῆπτο","gloss":"on them"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πᾶσιν","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies σφιν","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"ὀλέθρου","lemma":"ὄλεθρος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies πείρατ᾽","gloss":"of destruction"},{"surface":"πείρατ","lemma":"πεῖραρ","morphology":"nominative plural neuter noun","role":"subject of ἐφῆπτο","gloss":"the cords","note":"πείρατ(α) ὀλέθρου, 'ropes/limits of destruction' — formulaic image of fate closing in."},{"surface":"ἐφῆπτο","lemma":"ἐφάπτω","morphology":"pluperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"object of ὡς","gloss":"had been fastened","note":"pluperfect passive of ἐφάπτω, vivid metaphor: doom literally 'attached' to them."}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"b22-l34","source":"τοὺς δʼ ἄρʼ ὑπόδρα ἰδὼν προσέφη πολύμητις Ὀδυσσεύς·","translation":"Then, glaring at them from under his brows, resourceful Odysseus spoke:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l34.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ὑπόδρα ἰδών","title":"\"glaring from under the brows\"","body":"hypodra idon is a fixed Homeric phrase for an angry, menacing glare that precedes a stern rebuke."}],"words":[{"surface":"τοὺς","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of προσέφη","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ὑπόδρα","lemma":"ὑπόδρα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἰδὼν","gloss":"with a scowl","note":"ὑπόδρα ἰδών, 'glaring from under his brows' — a Homeric formula for anger."},{"surface":"ἰδὼν","lemma":"εἶδον","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to προσέφη","gloss":"looking"},{"surface":"προσέφη","lemma":"πρόσφημι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spoke to"},{"surface":"πολύμητις","lemma":"πολύμητις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ὀδυσσεύς","gloss":"resourceful","note":"πολύμητις, standard epithet of Odysseus, 'of many wiles'."},{"surface":"Ὀδυσσεύς","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of προσέφη","gloss":"Odysseus"}]},{"number":35,"label":"35","id":"b22-l35","source":"ὦ κύνες, οὔ μʼ ἔτʼ ἐφάσκεθʼ ὑπότροπον οἴκαδʼ\n                     ἱκέσθαι","translation":"\"You dogs! You kept saying I would never come home again","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l35.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἐφάσκεθʼ","title":"Imperfect of repeated saying","body":"ephaskete is imperfect, \"you kept saying / you used to say,\" capturing their habitual boast that he would never return."}],"words":[{"surface":"ὦ","lemma":"ὦ","morphology":"exclamation","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"O"},{"surface":"κύνες","lemma":"κύων","morphology":"vocative plural masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"dogs","note":"κύνες as insult, vocative — Odysseus's furious address to the suitors."},{"surface":"οὔ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"μ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἱκέσθαι","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ἔτ","lemma":"ἔτι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐφάσκεθ᾽","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"ἐφάσκεθ","lemma":"φάσκω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 2nd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"you kept saying"},{"surface":"ὑπότροπον","lemma":"ὑπότροπος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"returning"},{"surface":"οἴκαδ","lemma":"οἴκαδε","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of ἱκέσθαι","gloss":"home"},{"surface":"ἱκέσθαι","lemma":"ἱκνέομαι","morphology":"aorist middle infinitive","role":"object of ἐφάσκεθ᾽","gloss":"to come"}]},{"number":36,"label":"36","id":"b22-l36","source":"δήμου ἄπο Τρώων, ὅτι μοι κατεκείρετε οἶκον,","translation":"from the land of the Trojans, since you were plundering my house,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l36.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δήμου","lemma":"δῆμος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἄπο","gloss":"the land"},{"surface":"ἄπο","lemma":"ἀπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from","note":"ἄπο is postpositive/anastrophe here — the preposition follows its noun δήμου."},{"surface":"Τρώων","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"genitive plural noun","role":"modifies δήμου","gloss":"of the Trojans"},{"surface":"ὅτι","lemma":"ὅτι","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies οἶκον","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"κατεκείρετε","lemma":"κατακείρω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 2nd plural verb","role":"adverbial to τε","gloss":"you were plundering"},{"surface":"οἶκον","lemma":"οἶκος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of κατεκείρετε","gloss":"house"}]},{"number":37,"label":"37","id":"b22-l37","source":"δμῳῇσιν δὲ γυναιξὶ παρευνάζεσθε βιαίως,","translation":"and you lay by force with the serving women,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l37.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δμῳῇσιν","lemma":"δμωή","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"modifies γυναιξὶ","gloss":"with the slave women"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"γυναιξὶ","lemma":"γυνή","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"object of παρευνάζεσθε","gloss":"women"},{"surface":"παρευνάζεσθε","lemma":"παρευνάζομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 2nd plural verb","role":"adverbial to τε","gloss":"you lay with","note":"παρευνάζεσθε, 'you bedded' — middle voice, forceful accusation."},{"surface":"βιαίως","lemma":"βίαιος","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to παρευνάζεσθε","gloss":"by force"}]},{"number":38,"label":"38","id":"b22-l38","source":"αὐτοῦ τε ζώοντος ὑπεμνάασθε γυναῖκα,","translation":"and while I yet lived you secretly wooed my wife,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l38.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτοῦ","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"subject of ζώοντος","gloss":"while I","note":"genitive absolute construction: αὐτοῦ ζώοντος, 'while I myself was living'."},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ζώοντος","lemma":"ζάω","morphology":"present active participle, genitive singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ὑπεμνάασθε","gloss":"was living"},{"surface":"ὑπεμνάασθε","lemma":"ὑπομνάομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 2nd plural verb","role":"adverbial to τε","gloss":"you secretly wooed"},{"surface":"γυναῖκα","lemma":"γυνή","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ὑπεμνάασθε","gloss":"my wife"}]},{"number":39,"label":"39","id":"b22-l39","source":"οὔτε θεοὺς δείσαντες, οἳ οὐρανὸν εὐρὺν ἔχουσιν,","translation":"fearing neither the gods who hold the wide heaven,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l39.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"θεοὺς","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of τε","gloss":"the gods"},{"surface":"δείσαντες","lemma":"δείδω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to τε","gloss":"fearing"},{"surface":"οἳ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἔχουσιν","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"οὐρανὸν","lemma":"οὐρανός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἔχουσιν","gloss":"heaven"},{"surface":"εὐρὺν","lemma":"εὐρύς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies οὐρανὸν","gloss":"wide"},{"surface":"ἔχουσιν","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing θεοὺς","gloss":"hold"}]},{"number":40,"label":"40","id":"b22-l40","source":"οὔτε τινʼ ἀνθρώπων νέμεσιν κατόπισθεν ἔσεσθαι·","translation":"nor that any retribution from men would come hereafter.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l40.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τιν","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"modifies νέμεσιν","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"ἀνθρώπων","lemma":"ἄνθρωπος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies νέμεσιν","gloss":"of men"},{"surface":"νέμεσιν","lemma":"νέμεσις","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἔσεσθαι","gloss":"retribution","note":"νέμεσις, righteous anger/retribution — moral concept central to epic justice."},{"surface":"κατόπισθεν","lemma":"κατόπισθεν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔσεσθαι","gloss":"hereafter"},{"surface":"ἔσεσθαι","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"future infinitive","role":"object of τε","gloss":"would be"}]},{"number":41,"label":"41","id":"b22-l41","source":"νῦν ὑμῖν καὶ πᾶσιν ὀλέθρου πείρατʼ ἐφῆπται.","translation":"Now over you, one and all, the cords of destruction are fastened.\"","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l41.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"νῦν","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐφῆπται","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"ὑμῖν","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative plural pronoun","role":"object of ἐφῆπται","gloss":"on you"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πᾶσιν","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ὑμῖν","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"ὀλέθρου","lemma":"ὄλεθρος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies πείρατ᾽","gloss":"of destruction"},{"surface":"πείρατ","lemma":"πεῖραρ","morphology":"nominative plural neuter noun","role":"subject of ἐφῆπται","gloss":"the cords"},{"surface":"ἐφῆπται","lemma":"ἐφάπτω","morphology":"perfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"are fastened","note":"perfect passive, mirrors l33's pluperfect: doom now realized in the present."}]},{"number":42,"label":"42","id":"b22-l42","source":"ὣς φάτο, τοὺς δʼ ἄρα πάντας ὑπὸ χλωρὸν δέος\n                  εἷλεν·","translation":"So he spoke, and pale fear seized them all;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l42.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"χλωρὸν δέος","title":"\"pale fear\"","body":"chloron deos, literally \"green/pale dread,\" is a stock phrase for the bloodless pallor of terror."}],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to φάτο","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"φάτο","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"aorist indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he spoke"},{"surface":"τοὺς","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of εἷλεν","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄρα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"πάντας","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies τοὺς","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"ὑπὸ","lemma":"ὑπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"χλωρὸν","lemma":"χλωρός","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies δέος","gloss":"pale","note":"χλωρὸν δέος, 'pale/green fear' — vivid Homeric color-fear formula."},{"surface":"δέος","lemma":"δέος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of εἷλεν","gloss":"fear"},{"surface":"εἷλεν","lemma":"αἱρέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"seized"}]},{"number":43,"label":"43","id":"b22-l43","source":"πάπτηνεν δὲ ἕκαστος ὅπη φύγοι αἰπὺν ὄλεθρον.","translation":"and each man looked about where he might flee from sheer destruction.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l43.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πάπτηνεν","lemma":"παπταίνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"looked about","note":"παπταίνω, darting glance — vivid verb for frantic searching."},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἕκαστος","lemma":"ἕκαστος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"subject of πάπτηνεν","gloss":"each"},{"surface":"ὅπη","lemma":"ὅπη","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to φύγοι","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"φύγοι","lemma":"φεύγω","morphology":"aorist active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"object of πάπτηνεν","gloss":"he might flee","note":"optative φύγοι in an indirect deliberative question: 'where he might escape'."},{"surface":"αἰπὺν","lemma":"αἰπύς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ὄλεθρον","gloss":"sheer"},{"surface":"ὄλεθρον","lemma":"ὄλεθρος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of φύγοι","gloss":"destruction"}]},{"number":44,"label":"44","id":"b22-l44","source":"Εὐρύμαχος δέ μιν οἶος ἀμειβόμενος προσέειπεν·","translation":"Eurymachus alone answered him and said:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l44.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Εὐρύμαχος","lemma":"Εὐρύμαχος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of προσέειπεν","gloss":"Eurymachus"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of προσέειπεν","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"οἶος","lemma":"οἶος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"ἀμειβόμενος","lemma":"ἀμείβω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to προσέειπεν","gloss":"answering"},{"surface":"προσέειπεν","lemma":"προσεῖπον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"addressed"}]},{"number":45,"label":"45","id":"b22-l45","source":"εἰ μὲν δὴ Ὀδυσεὺς Ἰθακήσιος εἰλήλουθας,","translation":"\"If you really are Odysseus of Ithaca, returned at last,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l45.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἰ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσεὺς","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"Odysseus"},{"surface":"Ἰθακήσιος","lemma":"Ἰθακήσιος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ὀδυσεὺς","gloss":"of Ithaca"},{"surface":"εἰλήλουθας","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"perfect active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"adverbial to εἰ","gloss":"you have come","note":"perfect εἰλήλουθας — 'you have arrived/returned', stressing the completed, doubted fact."}]},{"number":46,"label":"46","id":"b22-l46","source":"ταῦτα μὲν αἴσιμα εἶπας, ὅσα ῥέζεσκον Ἀχαιοί,","translation":"you have spoken justly of all the things the Achaeans kept doing,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l46.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ταῦτα","lemma":"οὗτος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of εἶπας","gloss":"these things"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"αἴσιμα","lemma":"αἴσιμος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"justly","note":"αἴσιμα, 'fitting/just things' — Eurymachus concedes Odysseus's charge is fair."},{"surface":"εἶπας","lemma":"εἶπον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"you have said"},{"surface":"ὅσα","lemma":"ὅσος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of ,","gloss":"as many as"},{"surface":"ῥέζεσκον","lemma":"ῥέζω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ταῦτα","gloss":"kept doing"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιοί","lemma":"Ἀχαιός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"subject of ῥέζεσκον","gloss":"the Achaeans"}]},{"number":47,"label":"47","id":"b22-l47","source":"πολλὰ μὲν ἐν μεγάροισιν ἀτάσθαλα, πολλὰ δʼ ἐπʼ ἀγροῦ.","translation":"many reckless deeds in the halls, and many in the country.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l47.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πολλὰ","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of δ᾽","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"μεγάροισιν","lemma":"μέγαρον","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"modifies ἐν","gloss":"the halls"},{"surface":"ἀτάσθαλα","lemma":"ἀτάσθαλος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies δ᾽","gloss":"reckless deeds"},{"surface":"πολλὰ","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of δ᾽","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐπ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ἀγροῦ","lemma":"ἀγρός","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ἐπ᾽","gloss":"the country"}]},{"number":48,"label":"48","id":"b22-l48","source":"ἀλλʼ ὁ μὲν ἤδη κεῖται ὃς αἴτιος ἔπλετο πάντων,","translation":"But he already lies dead who was to blame for it all,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l48.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"αἴτιος","title":"\"to blame\" (aitios)","body":"aitios means responsible or guilty for something; Eurymachus pins all the guilt on the dead Antinous to save himself."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ὁ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ,","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἤδη","lemma":"ἤδη","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to κεῖται","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"κεῖται","lemma":"κεῖμαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"lies dead","note":"κεῖται, present tense used of the dead lying still — common epic euphemism."},{"surface":"ὃς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἔπλετο","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"αἴτιος","lemma":"αἴτιος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"to blame"},{"surface":"ἔπλετο","lemma":"πέλω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ὁ","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"πάντων","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"genitive plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies αἴτιος","gloss":"of it all"}]},{"number":49,"label":"49","id":"b22-l49","source":"Ἀντίνοος· οὗτος γὰρ ἐπίηλεν τάδε ἔργα,","translation":"Antinous; for he was the one who set these deeds in motion,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l49.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ἀντίνοος","lemma":"Ἀντίνοος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ,","gloss":"Antinous"},{"surface":"οὗτος","lemma":"οὗτος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"subject of ἐπίηλεν","gloss":"this one"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ἐπίηλεν","lemma":"ἐπιάλλω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"set in motion","note":"ἐπιάλλω, 'drove on/instigated' — Eurymachus shifts all blame onto Antinous."},{"surface":"τάδε","lemma":"ὅδε","morphology":"accusative plural neuter pronoun","role":"modifies ἔργα","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"ἔργα","lemma":"ἔργον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἐπίηλεν","gloss":"deeds"}]},{"number":50,"label":"50","id":"b22-l50","source":"οὔ τι γάμου τόσσον κεχρημένος οὐδὲ χατίζων,","translation":"not so much craving or longing for the marriage,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l50.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οὔ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"τι","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"adverbial to κεχρημένος","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"γάμου","lemma":"γάμος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of δὲ","gloss":"the marriage"},{"surface":"τόσσον","lemma":"τόσος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to δὲ","gloss":"so much"},{"surface":"κεχρημένος","lemma":"χράομαι","morphology":"perfect middle participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to δὲ","gloss":"craving"},{"surface":"χατίζων","lemma":"χατίζω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to δὲ","gloss":"longing"}]},{"number":51,"label":"51","id":"b22-l51","source":"ἀλλʼ ἄλλα φρονέων, τά οἱ οὐκ ἐτέλεσσε Κρονίων,","translation":"but with other designs, which the son of Cronos did not bring about for him:","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l51.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἄλλα","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of ,","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"φρονέων","lemma":"φρονέω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἀλλ᾽","gloss":"scheming","note":"ἄλλα φρονέων, 'having other things in mind' — reveals Antinous's true ambition."},{"surface":"τά","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative plural neuter pronoun","role":"object of ἐτέλεσσε","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"adverbial to ἐτέλεσσε","gloss":"for him"},{"surface":"οὐκ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ἐτέλεσσε","lemma":"τελέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ἄλλα","gloss":"brought about"},{"surface":"Κρονίων","lemma":"Κρονίων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐτέλεσσε","gloss":"son of Cronos","note":"Κρονίων, epithet for Zeus, patronymic form."}]},{"number":52,"label":"52","id":"b22-l52","source":"ὄφρʼ Ἰθάκης κατὰ δῆμον ἐϋκτιμένης βασιλεύοι","translation":"that throughout the land of well-built Ithaca he himself might be king,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l52.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"βασιλεύοι","title":"Optative in a purpose clause","body":"basileuoi is present optative after ophra, expressing Antinous's secret aim: \"so that he might be king.\" The optative is normal for purpose in past-time contexts."}],"words":[{"surface":"ὄφρ","lemma":"ὄφρα","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"Ἰθάκης","lemma":"Ἰθάκη","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies δῆμον","gloss":"of Ithaca"},{"surface":"κατὰ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"throughout"},{"surface":"δῆμον","lemma":"δῆμος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of κατὰ","gloss":"the land"},{"surface":"ἐϋκτιμένης","lemma":"ἐυκτίμενος","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Ἰθάκης","gloss":"well-built"},{"surface":"βασιλεύοι","lemma":"βασιλεύω","morphology":"present active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἀτὰρ","gloss":"he might be king"}]},{"number":53,"label":"53","id":"b22-l53","source":"αὐτός, ἀτὰρ σὸν παῖδα κατακτείνειε λοχήσας.","translation":"and might kill your son by lying in wait for him.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l53.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτός","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"he himself"},{"surface":"ἀτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"σὸν","lemma":"σός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies παῖδα","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"παῖδα","lemma":"παῖς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of κατακτείνειε","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"κατακτείνειε","lemma":"κατακτείνω","morphology":"aorist active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἀτὰρ","gloss":"might kill"},{"surface":"λοχήσας","lemma":"λοχάω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to κατακτείνειε","gloss":"having ambushed","note":"λοχήσας, 'having lain in wait' — Antinous's actual plot against Telemachus."}]},{"number":54,"label":"54","id":"b22-l54","source":"νῦν δʼ ὁ μὲν ἐν μοίρῃ πέφαται, σὺ δὲ φείδεο λαῶν","translation":"Now he has been slain in his fated turn; but spare your people,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l54.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"νῦν","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to πέφαται","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ὁ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of πέφαται","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"μοίρῃ","lemma":"μοῖρα","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"his fated turn","note":"ἐν μοίρῃ, 'in due measure/fate' — implies the killing was deserved."},{"surface":"πέφαται","lemma":"θείνω","morphology":"perfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"has been slain"},{"surface":"σὺ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"nominative singular pronoun","role":"subject of φείδεο","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"φείδεο","lemma":"φείδομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spare","note":"middle imperative φείδεο, Eurymachus's plea to spare the surviving suitors."},{"surface":"λαῶν","lemma":"λαός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"object of φείδεο","gloss":"your people"}]},{"number":55,"label":"55","id":"b22-l55","source":"σῶν· ἀτὰρ ἄμμες ὄπισθεν ἀρεσσάμενοι κατὰ δῆμον,","translation":"your own; and afterward we will make amends throughout the land:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l55.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"σῶν","lemma":"σός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies λαῶν","gloss":"your own"},{"surface":"ἀτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄμμες","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἀποδώσομεν","gloss":"we","note":"ἄμμες, epic first-person plural pronoun, = ἡμεῖς."},{"surface":"ὄπισθεν","lemma":"ὄπισθεν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀρεσσάμενοι","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"ἀρεσσάμενοι","lemma":"ἀρέσκω","morphology":"aorist middle participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ἀποδώσομεν","gloss":"making amends"},{"surface":"κατὰ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"throughout"},{"surface":"δῆμον","lemma":"δῆμος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to κατὰ","gloss":"the land"}]},{"number":56,"label":"56","id":"b22-l56","source":"ὅσσα τοι ἐκπέποται καὶ ἐδήδοται ἐν μεγάροισι,","translation":"for all that has been drunk and eaten in your halls,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l56.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὅσσα","lemma":"ὅσος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"as much as"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"ἐκπέποται","lemma":"ἐκπίνω","morphology":"perfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"has been drunk","note":"perfect passive ἐκπέποται — the suitors' compensation offer for consumed goods."},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐδήδοται","lemma":"ἔδω","morphology":"perfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"has been eaten"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"μεγάροισι","lemma":"μέγαρον","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"your halls"}]},{"number":57,"label":"57","id":"b22-l57","source":"τιμὴν ἀμφὶς ἄγοντες ἐεικοσάβοιον ἕκαστος,","translation":"each man bringing recompense worth twenty oxen,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l57.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τιμὴν","lemma":"τιμή","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἄγοντες","gloss":"recompense"},{"surface":"ἀμφὶς","lemma":"ἀμφίς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἄγοντες","gloss":"in addition"},{"surface":"ἄγοντες","lemma":"ἄγω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ἀποδώσομεν","gloss":"bringing"},{"surface":"ἐεικοσάβοιον","lemma":"εἰκοσάβοιος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies τιμὴν","gloss":"worth twenty oxen","note":"εἰκοσάβοιος 'twenty-ox-worth' — compound epic valuation-adjective, old barter-price idiom."},{"surface":"ἕκαστος","lemma":"ἕκαστος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"each man"}]},{"number":58,"label":"58","id":"b22-l58","source":"χαλκόν τε χρυσόν τʼ ἀποδώσομεν, εἰς ὅ κε σὸν κῆρ","translation":"we will pay you back in bronze and gold, until your heart","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l58.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"χαλκόν","lemma":"χαλκός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of τ᾽","gloss":"bronze"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"χρυσόν","lemma":"χρυσός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of τ᾽","gloss":"gold"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀποδώσομεν","lemma":"ἀποδίδωμι","morphology":"future active indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"we will repay","note":"future ἀποδίδωμι 'give back' — suitors' bribe offer, echoing τιμήν ἀποδοῦναι formula."},{"surface":"εἰς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"ὅ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"adverbial to ἰανθῇ","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"κε","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"(modal particle)"},{"surface":"σὸν","lemma":"σός","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies κῆρ","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"κῆρ","lemma":"κῆρ","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of ἰανθῇ","gloss":"heart"}]},{"number":59,"label":"59","id":"b22-l59","source":"ἰανθῇ· πρὶν δʼ οὔ τι νεμεσσητὸν κεχολῶσθαι.","translation":"is warmed; before that, no one could blame you for being angry.\"","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l59.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἰανθῇ","lemma":"ἰαίνω","morphology":"aorist passive subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to εἰς","gloss":"is warmed","note":"aorist passive subjunctive of ἰαίνω 'melt/warm' — vivid image of anger softening, governed by εἰς ὅ κε."},{"surface":"πρὶν","lemma":"πρίν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"οὔ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"τι","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"adverbial","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"νεμεσσητὸν","lemma":"νεμεσητός","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"blameworthy","note":"impersonal predicate 'it is no cause for blame,' softening Eurymachus's plea."},{"surface":"κεχολῶσθαι","lemma":"χολόω","morphology":"perfect medio-passive infinitive","role":"subject","gloss":"to be angry"}]},{"number":60,"label":"60","id":"b22-l60","source":"τὸν δʼ ἄρʼ ὑπόδρα ἰδὼν προσέφη πολύμητις\n                  Ὀδυσσεύς·","translation":"Then, glaring at him from under his brows, resourceful Odysseus spoke:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l60.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of προσέφη","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ὑπόδρα","lemma":"ὑπόδρα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἰδὼν","gloss":"from under his brows","note":"ὑπόδρα ἰδών 'glaring' — formulaic Homeric phrase marking a hero's grim, threatening look before speech."},{"surface":"ἰδὼν","lemma":"εἶδον","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to προσέφη","gloss":"looking"},{"surface":"προσέφη","lemma":"πρόσφημι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spoke to"},{"surface":"πολύμητις","lemma":"πολύμητις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ὀδυσσεύς","gloss":"resourceful","note":"πολύμητις 'of many wiles' — Odysseus's stock epithet, marking his cunning even in battle rage."},{"surface":"Ὀδυσσεύς","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of προσέφη","gloss":"Odysseus"}]},{"number":61,"label":"61","id":"b22-l61","source":"Εὐρύμαχʼ, οὐδʼ εἴ μοι πατρώϊα πάντʼ ἀποδοῖτε,","translation":"\"Eurymachus, not even if you gave me back all your fathers' wealth,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l61.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Εὐρύμαχ","lemma":"Εὐρύμαχος","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"Eurymachus"},{"surface":"εἴ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἀποδοῖτε","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"πατρώϊα","lemma":"πατρώιος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of ἀποδοῖτε","gloss":"ancestral wealth","note":"πατρώϊα 'father's goods' — substantivized adjective, all inherited property."},{"surface":"πάντ","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies πατρώϊα","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"ἀποδοῖτε","lemma":"ἀποδίδωμι","morphology":"aorist active optative, 2nd plural verb","role":"adverbial to εἴ","gloss":"you gave back"}]},{"number":62,"label":"62","id":"b22-l62","source":"ὅσσα τε νῦν ὔμμʼ ἐστὶ καὶ εἴ ποθεν ἄλλʼ ἐπιθεῖτε,","translation":"all that is yours now and whatever else you might add from elsewhere,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l62.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὅσσα","lemma":"ὅσος","morphology":"nominative plural neuter adjective","role":"subject of ἐστὶ","gloss":"as much as"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"νῦν","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐστὶ","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"ὔμμ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative plural pronoun","role":"object of ἐστὶ","gloss":"you (pl.)"},{"surface":"ἐστὶ","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing καὶ","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"εἴ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"ποθεν","lemma":"ποθεν","morphology":"particle","role":"adverbial to ἐπιθεῖτε","gloss":"from anywhere"},{"surface":"ἄλλ","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"object of ἐπιθεῖτε","gloss":"else"},{"surface":"ἐπιθεῖτε","lemma":"ἐπιτίθημι","morphology":"aorist active optative, 2nd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing εἴ","gloss":"you might add"}]},{"number":63,"label":"63","id":"b22-l63","source":"οὐδέ κεν ὣς ἔτι χεῖρας ἐμὰς λήξαιμι φόνοιο","translation":"not even so would I hold my hands back from slaughter","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l63.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κεν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"(modal particle)"},{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to λήξαιμι","gloss":"even so"},{"surface":"ἔτι","lemma":"ἔτι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to λήξαιμι","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"χεῖρας","lemma":"χείρ","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of λήξαιμι","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"ἐμὰς","lemma":"ἐμός","morphology":"accusative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies χεῖρας","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"λήξαιμι","lemma":"λήγω","morphology":"aorist active optative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I would cease","note":"optative λήξαιμι + genitive φόνοιο 'cease from slaughter' — Odysseus rejects any ransom, unstoppable in his revenge."},{"surface":"φόνοιο","lemma":"φόνος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of λήξαιμι","gloss":"from slaughter"}]},{"number":64,"label":"64","id":"b22-l64","source":"πρὶν πᾶσαν μνηστῆρας ὑπερβασίην ἀποτῖσαι.","translation":"until the suitors have paid for all their transgression.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l64.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἀποτῖσαι","title":"Infinitive after πρίν","body":"apotisai is an aorist infinitive after prin, \"before (paying)\"; prin with the infinitive expresses the limit \"until they pay.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"πρὶν","lemma":"πρίν","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"πᾶσαν","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ὑπερβασίην","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"μνηστῆρας","lemma":"μνηστήρ","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ἀποτῖσαι","gloss":"the suitors"},{"surface":"ὑπερβασίην","lemma":"ὑπερβασία","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἀποτῖσαι","gloss":"transgression"},{"surface":"ἀποτῖσαι","lemma":"ἀποτίνω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"adverbial to πρὶν","gloss":"have paid for","note":"aorist infinitive ἀποτῖσαι 'pay the penalty' after πρίν — the suitors must fully answer for ὑπερβασίη."}]},{"number":65,"label":"65","id":"b22-l65","source":"νῦν ὑμῖν παράκειται ἐναντίον ἠὲ μάχεσθαι","translation":"Now it lies before you, either to fight me face to face,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l65.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"νῦν","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to παράκειται","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"ὑμῖν","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative plural pronoun","role":"object of παράκειται","gloss":"before you"},{"surface":"παράκειται","lemma":"παράκειμαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"lies open"},{"surface":"ἐναντίον","lemma":"ἐναντίον","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to μάχεσθαι","gloss":"face to face"},{"surface":"ἠὲ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"either"},{"surface":"μάχεσθαι","lemma":"μάχομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive infinitive","role":"subject of ἢ","gloss":"to fight"}]},{"number":66,"label":"66","id":"b22-l66","source":"ἢ φεύγειν, ὅς κεν θάνατον καὶ κῆρας ἀλύξῃ·","translation":"or to flee, whoever might escape death and his doom;","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l66.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἢ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"φεύγειν","lemma":"φεύγω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"subject of ἢ","gloss":"to flee"},{"surface":"ὅς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἀλύξῃ","gloss":"whoever"},{"surface":"κεν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"(modal particle)"},{"surface":"θάνατον","lemma":"θάνατος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"death"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κῆρας","lemma":"κήρ","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"his doom","note":"κήρ 'fate of death,' paired with θάνατος — a formulaic doublet for the moment of dying."},{"surface":"ἀλύξῃ","lemma":"ἀλύσκω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing παράκειται","gloss":"escapes"}]},{"number":67,"label":"67","id":"b22-l67","source":"ἀλλά τινʼ οὐ φεύξεσθαι ὀΐομαι αἰπὺν ὄλεθρον.","translation":"but I think not one of you will escape sheer destruction.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l67.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλά","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"τιν","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of φεύξεσθαι","gloss":"anyone"},{"surface":"οὐ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"φεύξεσθαι","lemma":"φεύγω","morphology":"future middle infinitive","role":"object of ὀΐομαι","gloss":"will escape"},{"surface":"ὀΐομαι","lemma":"οἴομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I think"},{"surface":"αἰπὺν","lemma":"αἰπύς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ὄλεθρον","gloss":"sheer"},{"surface":"ὄλεθρον","lemma":"ὄλεθρος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of φεύξεσθαι","gloss":"destruction"}]},{"number":68,"label":"68","id":"b22-l68","source":"ὣς φάτο, τῶν δʼ αὐτοῦ λύτο γούνατα καὶ φίλον\n                  ἦτορ.","translation":"So he spoke, and their knees gave way where they stood, and their hearts.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l68.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"λύτο γούνατα","title":"\"their knees were loosed\"","body":"A formulaic image of fear or death in Homer: terror or a fatal blow \"loosens the knees,\" robbing strength from the limbs."}],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to φάτο","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"φάτο","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"aorist indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he spoke"},{"surface":"τῶν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine pronoun","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αὐτοῦ","lemma":"αὐτοῦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to λύτο","gloss":"on the spot"},{"surface":"λύτο","lemma":"λύω","morphology":"aorist passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"gave way","note":"γούνατα λύτο 'knees were loosed' — standard Homeric formula for terror/collapse."},{"surface":"γούνατα","lemma":"γόνυ","morphology":"nominative plural neuter noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"knees"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"φίλον","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἦτορ","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"ἦτορ","lemma":"ἦτορ","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"heart"}]},{"number":69,"label":"69","id":"b22-l69","source":"τοῖσιν δʼ Εὐρύμαχος προσεφώνεε δεύτερον αὖτις·","translation":"And Eurymachus addressed them a second time again:","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l69.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τοῖσιν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of προσεφώνεε","gloss":"to them"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Εὐρύμαχος","lemma":"Εὐρύμαχος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of προσεφώνεε","gloss":"Eurymachus"},{"surface":"προσεφώνεε","lemma":"προσφωνέω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"addressed"},{"surface":"δεύτερον","lemma":"δεύτερος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to προσεφώνεε","gloss":"a second time"},{"surface":"αὖτις","lemma":"αὖθις","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to προσεφώνεε","gloss":"again"}]},{"number":70,"label":"70","id":"b22-l70","source":"ὦ φίλοι, οὐ γὰρ σχήσει ἀνὴρ ὅδε χεῖρας\n                     ἀάπτους,","translation":"\"Friends! This man will not hold back his invincible hands,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l70.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὦ","lemma":"ὦ","morphology":"exclamation","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"O"},{"surface":"φίλοι","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"vocative plural masculine adjective","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"friends"},{"surface":"οὐ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"σχήσει","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"future active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will hold back"},{"surface":"ἀνὴρ","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of σχήσει","gloss":"this man"},{"surface":"ὅδε","lemma":"ὅδε","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies ἀνὴρ","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"χεῖρας","lemma":"χείρ","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of σχήσει","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"ἀάπτους","lemma":"ἄαπτος","morphology":"accusative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies χεῖρας","gloss":"invincible","note":"ἄαπτος 'not to be touched/checked' — epic epithet for irresistible force, here Odysseus's hands."}]},{"number":71,"label":"71","id":"b22-l71","source":"ἀλλʼ ἐπεὶ ἔλλαβε τόξον ἐΰξοον ἠδὲ φαρέτρην,","translation":"but now that he has gotten the polished bow and the quiver,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l71.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"ἔλλαβε","lemma":"λαμβάνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἐπεὶ","gloss":"he took"},{"surface":"τόξον","lemma":"τόξον","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἠδὲ","gloss":"the bow"},{"surface":"ἐΰξοον","lemma":"εὔξοος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies τόξον","gloss":"polished"},{"surface":"ἠδὲ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"φαρέτρην","lemma":"φαρέτρα","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἠδὲ","gloss":"quiver"}]},{"number":72,"label":"72","id":"b22-l72","source":"οὐδοῦ ἄπο ξεστοῦ τοξάσσεται, εἰς ὅ κε πάντας","translation":"from the smooth threshold he will keep shooting, until all","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l72.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οὐδοῦ","lemma":"οὐδός","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἄπο","gloss":"threshold"},{"surface":"ἄπο","lemma":"ἀπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"ξεστοῦ","lemma":"ξεστός","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies οὐδοῦ","gloss":"smooth"},{"surface":"τοξάσσεται","lemma":"τοξάζομαι","morphology":"future medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will keep shooting","note":"future τοξάσσεται — Eurymachus fears Odysseus can pick off suitors from the doorway one by one."},{"surface":"εἰς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"ὅ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"adverbial to κατακτείνῃ","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"κε","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"(modal particle)"},{"surface":"πάντας","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἄμμε","gloss":"all"}]},{"number":73,"label":"73","id":"b22-l73","source":"ἄμμε κατακτείνῃ· ἀλλὰ μνησώμεθα χάρμης.","translation":"of us he has killed. So let us think of battle!","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l73.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"μνησώμεθα","title":"Hortatory subjunctive","body":"mnesometha is an aorist subjunctive in the first person plural, \"let us remember/think of (battle)\" — a call to action."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἄμμε","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of κατακτείνῃ","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"κατακτείνῃ","lemma":"κατακτείνω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to τοξάσσεται","gloss":"he kills"},{"surface":"ἀλλὰ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"μνησώμεθα","lemma":"μιμνήσκω","morphology":"aorist middle subjunctive, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"let us think of","note":"aorist subjunctive hortatory μνησώμεθα 'let us remember/turn to' + genitive χάρμης 'battle.'"},{"surface":"χάρμης","lemma":"χάρμη","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of μνησώμεθα","gloss":"battle"}]},{"number":74,"label":"74","id":"b22-l74","source":"φάσγανά τε σπάσσασθε καὶ ἀντίσχεσθε τραπέζας","translation":"Draw your swords and hold up the tables against","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l74.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"σπάσσασθε","title":"Aorist imperatives: rally to arms","body":"spasasthe and antischesthe are aorist imperatives, sharp commands to draw swords and raise the tables as shields against the arrows."}],"words":[{"surface":"φάσγανά","lemma":"φάσγανον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of σπάσσασθε","gloss":"swords"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"σπάσσασθε","lemma":"σπάω","morphology":"aorist middle imperative, 2nd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"draw"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀντίσχεσθε","lemma":"ἀντέχω","morphology":"aorist middle imperative, 2nd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"hold up"},{"surface":"τραπέζας","lemma":"τράπεζα","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἀντίσχεσθε","gloss":"tables","note":"tables used as improvised shields — desperate makeshift defense in the hall."}]},{"number":75,"label":"75","id":"b22-l75","source":"ἰῶν ὠκυμόρων· ἐπὶ δʼ αὐτῷ πάντες ἔχωμεν","translation":"the swift-killing arrows; and let us all rush at him","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l75.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἰῶν","lemma":"ἰός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἀντίσχεσθε","gloss":"of arrows"},{"surface":"ὠκυμόρων","lemma":"ὠκύμορος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἰῶν","gloss":"swift-killing","note":"ὠκύμορος 'quick-fated/swift-dealing-death' — vivid compound epithet for the arrows."},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αὐτῷ","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"object of ἐπὶ","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"πάντες","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"subject of ἔχωμεν","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"ἔχωμεν","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"present active subjunctive, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"let us rush"}]},{"number":76,"label":"76","id":"b22-l76","source":"ἀθρόοι, εἴ κέ μιν οὐδοῦ ἀπώσομεν ἠδὲ θυράων,","translation":"together, in case we can drive him from the threshold and the doors,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l76.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀθρόοι","lemma":"ἀθρόος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"in a mass","note":"ἀθρόοι 'all together, in a body' — Eurymachus's tactic: mob rush rather than single combat."},{"surface":"εἴ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"κέ","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"(modal particle)"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἀπώσομεν","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"οὐδοῦ","lemma":"οὐδός","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἠδὲ","gloss":"threshold"},{"surface":"ἀπώσομεν","lemma":"ἀπωθέω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 1st plural verb","role":"adverbial to δ᾽","gloss":"we drive back"},{"surface":"ἠδὲ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"θυράων","lemma":"θύρα","morphology":"genitive plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἠδὲ","gloss":"doors"}]},{"number":77,"label":"77","id":"b22-l77","source":"ἔλθωμεν δʼ ἀνὰ ἄστυ, βοὴ δʼ ὤκιστα γένοιτο·","translation":"and get out into the town, and a cry be raised at once;","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l77.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔλθωμεν","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 1st plural verb","role":"adverbial to δ᾽","gloss":"let us go"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀνὰ","lemma":"ἀνά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"ἄστυ","lemma":"ἄστυ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἀνὰ","gloss":"the town"},{"surface":"βοὴ","lemma":"βοή","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of γένοιτο","gloss":"cry"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὤκιστα","lemma":"ὤκιστα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to γένοιτο","gloss":"most quickly"},{"surface":"γένοιτο","lemma":"γίγνομαι","morphology":"aorist middle optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to δ᾽","gloss":"might arise"}]},{"number":78,"label":"78","id":"b22-l78","source":"τῷ κε τάχʼ οὗτος ἀνὴρ νῦν ὕστατα τοξάσσαιτο.","translation":"then soon this man would have shot for the last time.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l78.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τῷ","lemma":"τῷ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to τοξάσσαιτο","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"κε","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"(modal particle)"},{"surface":"τάχ","lemma":"τάχα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to τοξάσσαιτο","gloss":"soon"},{"surface":"οὗτος","lemma":"οὗτος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἀνὴρ","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ἀνὴρ","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of τοξάσσαιτο","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"νῦν","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to τοξάσσαιτο","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"ὕστατα","lemma":"ὕστερος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to τοξάσσαιτο","gloss":"for the last time","note":"ὕστατα 'for the last time' — grim irony, since it is Eurymachus who dies next, not Odysseus."},{"surface":"τοξάσσαιτο","lemma":"τοξάζομαι","morphology":"aorist medio-passive optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"would shoot"}]},{"number":79,"label":"79","id":"b22-l79","source":"ὣς ἄρα φωνήσας εἰρύσσατο φάσγανον ὀξὺ","translation":"So having spoken, he drew his sharp sword,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l79.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to φωνήσας","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"ἄρα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"φωνήσας","lemma":"φωνέω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to εἰρύσσατο","gloss":"having spoken"},{"surface":"εἰρύσσατο","lemma":"ἐρύω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he drew"},{"surface":"φάσγανον","lemma":"φάσγανον","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of εἰρύσσατο","gloss":"sword"},{"surface":"ὀξὺ","lemma":"ὀξύς","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies φάσγανον","gloss":"sharp"}]},{"number":80,"label":"80","id":"b22-l80","source":"χάλκεον, ἀμφοτέρωθεν ἀκαχμένον, ἆλτο δʼ ἐπʼ αὐτῷ","translation":"of bronze, whetted on both edges, and sprang at him","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l80.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"χάλκεον","lemma":"χάλκεος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies φάσγανον","gloss":"of bronze"},{"surface":"ἀμφοτέρωθεν","lemma":"ἀμφοτέρωθεν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀκαχμένον","gloss":"on both sides"},{"surface":"ἀκαχμένον","lemma":"ἀκαχμένος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies φάσγανον","gloss":"whetted","note":"ἀκαχμένον 'sharpened' — vivid weapon description before Eurymachus's doomed charge."},{"surface":"ἆλτο","lemma":"ἅλλομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he sprang"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐπ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"αὐτῷ","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"object of ἐπ᾽","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":81,"label":"81","id":"b22-l81","source":"σμερδαλέα ἰάχων· ὁ δʼ ἁμαρτῆ δῖος Ὀδυσσεὺς","translation":"with a terrible cry; but at that same moment noble Odysseus","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l81.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"σμερδαλέα","lemma":"σμερδαλέος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ἰάχων","gloss":"terribly","note":"σμερδαλέα, neuter plural adverbial 'terribly, dreadfully' — describes his war-cry as he leaps."},{"surface":"ἰάχων","lemma":"ἰάχω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἆλτο","gloss":"crying out"},{"surface":"ὁ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἁμαρτῆ","lemma":"ἁμαρτῆ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀποπροίει","gloss":"at that same instant"},{"surface":"δῖος","lemma":"δῖος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ὀδυσσεὺς","gloss":"noble","note":"δῖος 'godlike, noble' — standard epithet for Odysseus, here at the decisive killing blow."},{"surface":"Ὀδυσσεὺς","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"Odysseus"}]},{"number":82,"label":"82","id":"b22-l82","source":"ἰὸν ἀποπροίει, βάλε δὲ στῆθος παρὰ μαζόν,","translation":"let fly an arrow and struck him in the chest beside the nipple,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l82.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἰὸν","lemma":"ἰός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἀποπροίει","gloss":"arrow"},{"surface":"ἀποπροίει","lemma":"ἀποπροίημι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"let fly"},{"surface":"βάλε","lemma":"βάλλω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"στῆθος","lemma":"στῆθος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of βάλε","gloss":"chest"},{"surface":"παρὰ","lemma":"παρά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"μαζόν","lemma":"μαστός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to παρὰ","gloss":"the nipple","note":"anatomical precision typical of Homeric battle narrative — pinpoints the fatal wound location."}]},{"number":83,"label":"83","id":"b22-l83","source":"ἐν δέ οἱ ἥπατι πῆξε θοὸν βέλος· ἐκ δʼ ἄρα χειρὸς","translation":"and fixed the swift shaft in his liver; and from his hand","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l83.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies ἥπατι","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"ἥπατι","lemma":"ἧπαρ","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἐν","gloss":"liver","note":"ἧπαρ 'liver' — a mortal wound-site in Homeric battle imagery, paired with the swift shaft."},{"surface":"πῆξε","lemma":"πήγνυμι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"fixed"},{"surface":"θοὸν","lemma":"θοός","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies βέλος","gloss":"swift"},{"surface":"βέλος","lemma":"βέλος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of πῆξε","gloss":"shaft"},{"surface":"ἐκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄρα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"χειρὸς","lemma":"χείρ","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐκ","gloss":"hand"}]},{"number":84,"label":"84","id":"b22-l84","source":"φάσγανον ἧκε χαμᾶζε, περιρρηδὴς δὲ τραπέζῃ","translation":"the sword fell to the ground, and reeling over the table","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l84.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"φάσγανον","lemma":"φάσγανον","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἧκε","gloss":"sword"},{"surface":"ἧκε","lemma":"ἵημι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he let fall"},{"surface":"χαμᾶζε","lemma":"χαμᾶζε","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of ἧκε","gloss":"to the ground"},{"surface":"περιρρηδὴς","lemma":"περιρρηδής","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"adverbial to κάππεσεν","gloss":"sprawling","note":"περιρρηδής 'falling headlong around' — rare, vivid adjective for his collapse over the table."},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τραπέζῃ","lemma":"τράπεζα","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"modifies περιρρηδὴς","gloss":"table"}]},{"number":85,"label":"85","id":"b22-l85","source":"κάππεσεν ἰδνωθείς, ἀπὸ δʼ εἴδατα χεῦεν ἔραζε","translation":"he crumpled, doubled up, and spilled the food onto the floor","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l85.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κάππεσεν","lemma":"καταπίπτω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he fell down","note":"κατα- 'down' + πίπτω: compound verb, epic aorist."},{"surface":"ἰδνωθείς","lemma":"ἰδνόομαι","morphology":"aorist passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to κάππεσεν","gloss":"doubled up","note":"passive of ἰδνόομαι, 'bent/writhed' — vivid death spasm."},{"surface":"ἀπὸ","lemma":"ἀπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"off, away"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"εἴδατα","lemma":"εἶδαρ","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"food"},{"surface":"χεῦεν","lemma":"χέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spilled","note":"ἀπὸ...χεῦεν is tmesis: preposition separated from its verb, typical epic word order."},{"surface":"ἔραζε","lemma":"ἔραζε","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of χεῦεν","gloss":"to the ground"}]},{"number":86,"label":"86","id":"b22-l86","source":"καὶ δέπας ἀμφικύπελλον· ὁ δὲ χθόνα τύπτε μετώπῳ","translation":"and the two-handled cup; and he beat the ground with his forehead","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l86.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"δέπας","lemma":"δέπας","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"cup"},{"surface":"ἀμφικύπελλον","lemma":"ἀμφικύπελλος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies δέπας","gloss":"two-handled","note":"stock Homeric epithet for a wine cup, formulaic 'ἀμφικύπελλον'."},{"surface":"ὁ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of δὲ","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and, but"},{"surface":"χθόνα","lemma":"χθών","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of τύπτε","gloss":"the ground"},{"surface":"τύπτε","lemma":"τύπτω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"struck, beat"},{"surface":"μετώπῳ","lemma":"μέτωπον","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to τύπτε","gloss":"with his forehead"}]},{"number":87,"label":"87","id":"b22-l87","source":"θυμῷ ἀνιάζων, ποσὶ δὲ θρόνον ἀμφοτέροισι","translation":"in his heart's anguish, and with both his feet he kicked the chair","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l87.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"θυμῷ","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἀνιάζων","gloss":"in spirit","note":"dative of respect: 'in his heart' — common Homeric idiom for inner feeling."},{"surface":"ἀνιάζων","lemma":"ἀνιάζω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to τύπτε","gloss":"grieving, in anguish"},{"surface":"ποσὶ","lemma":"πούς","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐτίνασσε","gloss":"with his feet"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"θρόνον","lemma":"θρόνος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐτίνασσε","gloss":"chair"},{"surface":"ἀμφοτέροισι","lemma":"ἀμφότερος","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ποσὶ","gloss":"both"}]},{"number":88,"label":"88","id":"b22-l88","source":"λακτίζων ἐτίνασσε· κατʼ ὀφθαλμῶν δʼ ἔχυτʼ ἀχλύς.","translation":"and made it shake; and over his eyes a mist was poured.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l88.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"κατʼ ὀφθαλμῶν δʼ ἔχυτʼ ἀχλύς","title":"\"a mist over the eyes\"","body":"The pouring of a mist (achlys) over the eyes is Homer's formulaic image for the darkening of death."}],"words":[{"surface":"λακτίζων","lemma":"λακτίζω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐτίνασσε","gloss":"kicking"},{"surface":"ἐτίνασσε","lemma":"τινάσσω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"shook, made shake"},{"surface":"κατ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"down over"},{"surface":"ὀφθαλμῶν","lemma":"ὀφθαλμός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"object of κατ᾽","gloss":"his eyes"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔχυτ","lemma":"χέω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was poured","note":"κατ᾽...ἔχυτ᾽ ἀχλύς is a Homeric death-formula: 'a mist poured over the eyes' marks the moment of dying."},{"surface":"ἀχλύς","lemma":"ἀχλύς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἔχυτ᾽","gloss":"a mist, darkness"}]},{"number":89,"label":"89","id":"b22-l89","source":"Ἀμφίνομος δʼ Ὀδυσῆος ἐείσατο κυδαλίμοιο","translation":"Then Amphinomus made for glorious Odysseus,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l89.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ἀμφίνομος","lemma":"Ἀμφίνομος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of δὲ","gloss":"Amphinomus"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and, then"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσῆος","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ἀντίος","gloss":"of Odysseus"},{"surface":"ἐείσατο","lemma":"εἶμι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"went, made for","note":"εἶμι used as an aorist 'made for/charged at' — suppletive verb, common epic usage."},{"surface":"κυδαλίμοιο","lemma":"κυδάλιμος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ὀδυσῆος","gloss":"glorious","note":"κυδάλιμος, standard heroic epithet reinforcing Odysseus's stature even as he's under attack."}]},{"number":90,"label":"90","id":"b22-l90","source":"ἀντίος ἀΐξας, εἴρυτο δὲ φάσγανον ὀξύ,","translation":"charging straight at him, and had drawn his sharp sword,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l90.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀντίος","lemma":"ἀντίος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"facing, opposite"},{"surface":"ἀΐξας","lemma":"ἀίσσω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐείσατο","gloss":"rushing"},{"surface":"εἴρυτο","lemma":"ἐρύω","morphology":"aorist medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"had drawn","note":"pluperfect-like sense from aorist middle εἴρυτο: sword already drawn as he charges."},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"φάσγανον","lemma":"φάσγανον","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of εἴρυτο","gloss":"sword"},{"surface":"ὀξύ","lemma":"ὀξύς","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies φάσγανον","gloss":"sharp"}]},{"number":91,"label":"91","id":"b22-l91","source":"εἴ πώς οἱ εἴξειε θυράων. ἀλλʼ ἄρα μιν φθῆ","translation":"in hope that he might give way from the doors. But Telemachus was first,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l91.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἴ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"πώς","lemma":"πως","morphology":"particle","role":"adverbial to εἴξειε","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of εἴξειε","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"εἴξειε","lemma":"εἴκω","morphology":"aorist active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to εἴ","gloss":"might give way","note":"optative in a purpose/hope clause — 'if somehow he might yield', a wish about the future."},{"surface":"θυράων","lemma":"θύρα","morphology":"genitive plural feminine noun","role":"object of εἴξειε","gloss":"from the doors"},{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἄρα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then, indeed"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of φθῆ","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"φθῆ","lemma":"φθάνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"got there first","note":"φθάνω + participle: 'was first to (do X)' — Telemachus beats Amphinomus to the strike."}]},{"number":92,"label":"92","id":"b22-l92","source":"Τηλέμαχος κατόπισθε βαλὼν χαλκήρεϊ δουρὶ","translation":"striking him from behind with his bronze-tipped spear","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l92.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Τηλέμαχος","lemma":"Τηλέμαχος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of δὲ","gloss":"Telemachus"},{"surface":"κατόπισθε","lemma":"κατόπισθεν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to βαλὼν","gloss":"from behind"},{"surface":"βαλὼν","lemma":"βάλλω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to φθῆ","gloss":"striking, hitting"},{"surface":"χαλκήρεϊ","lemma":"χαλκήρης","morphology":"dative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies δουρὶ","gloss":"bronze-tipped"},{"surface":"δουρὶ","lemma":"δόρυ","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to βαλὼν","gloss":"with his spear"}]},{"number":93,"label":"93","id":"b22-l93","source":"ὤμων μεσσηγύς, διὰ δὲ στήθεσφιν ἔλασσεν·","translation":"between the shoulders, and drove it through his chest;","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l93.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὤμων","lemma":"ὦμος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"object of μεσσηγύς","gloss":"of the shoulders"},{"surface":"μεσσηγύς","lemma":"μεσηγύ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"between","note":"μεσηγύ governs the genitive ὤμων: 'between the shoulders' — precise anatomical strike."},{"surface":"διὰ","lemma":"διά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"στήθεσφιν","lemma":"στῆθος","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"object of διὰ","gloss":"the chest"},{"surface":"ἔλασσεν","lemma":"ἐλαύνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"drove, pierced"}]},{"number":94,"label":"94","id":"b22-l94","source":"δούπησεν δὲ πεσών, χθόνα δʼ ἤλασε παντὶ μετώπῳ.","translation":"and he fell with a thud, and struck the ground with his whole forehead.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l94.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δούπησεν","lemma":"δουπέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"fell with a thud","note":"onomatopoeic verb δουπέω, mimicking the heavy sound of a body hitting the ground — common in Homeric death scenes."},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πεσών","lemma":"πίπτω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to δούπησεν","gloss":"falling"},{"surface":"χθόνα","lemma":"χθών","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἤλασε","gloss":"the ground"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἤλασε","lemma":"ἐλαύνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"παντὶ","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"dative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies μετώπῳ","gloss":"with his whole"},{"surface":"μετώπῳ","lemma":"μέτωπον","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἤλασε","gloss":"forehead"}]},{"number":95,"label":"95","id":"b22-l95","source":"Τηλέμαχος δʼ ἀπόρουσε, λιπὼν δολιχόσκιον ἔγχος","translation":"Then Telemachus sprang back, leaving the long-shadowed spear","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l95.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"δολιχόσκιον ἔγχος","title":"\"long-shadowed spear\"","body":"dolichoskion enchos, \"the spear that casts a long shadow,\" is a standard Homeric epithet for the warrior's spear."}],"words":[{"surface":"Τηλέμαχος","lemma":"Τηλέμαχος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἀπόρουσε","gloss":"Telemachus"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀπόρουσε","lemma":"ἀπορούω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"sprang back"},{"surface":"λιπὼν","lemma":"λείπω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἀπόρουσε","gloss":"leaving"},{"surface":"δολιχόσκιον","lemma":"δολιχόσκιος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἔγχος","gloss":"long-shadowed","note":"δολιχόσκιος, a fixed Homeric epithet for a spear ('long-shadowed'), repeated formulaically in l97."},{"surface":"ἔγχος","lemma":"ἔγχος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of λιπὼν","gloss":"spear"}]},{"number":96,"label":"96","id":"b22-l96","source":"αὐτοῦ ἐν Ἀμφινόμῳ· περὶ γὰρ δίε μή τις Ἀχαιῶν","translation":"there in Amphinomus; for he greatly feared lest one of the Achaeans,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l96.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτοῦ","lemma":"αὐτοῦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to λιπὼν","gloss":"there, on the spot"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Ἀμφινόμῳ","lemma":"Ἀμφίνομος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐν","gloss":"Amphinomus"},{"surface":"περὶ","lemma":"περί","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"exceedingly","note":"περὶ...δίε is tmesis for περιδίε, 'feared exceedingly' — the preposition split from its verb across the line."},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"δίε","lemma":"δίω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"feared"},{"surface":"μή","lemma":"μή","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"lest, that"},{"surface":"τις","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἐλάσειε","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιῶν","lemma":"Ἀχαιός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies τις","gloss":"of the Achaeans"}]},{"number":97,"label":"97","id":"b22-l97","source":"ἔγχος ἀνελκόμενον δολιχόσκιον ἢ ἐλάσειε","translation":"while he was drawing out the long-shadowed spear, might lunge","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l97.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔγχος","lemma":"ἔγχος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἀνελκόμενον","gloss":"spear"},{"surface":"ἀνελκόμενον","lemma":"ἀνέλκω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"pulling out","note":"genitive absolute-like circumstantial: 'while he was drawing out the spear' — describes Telemachus vulnerable mid-action."},{"surface":"δολιχόσκιον","lemma":"δολιχόσκιος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἔγχος","gloss":"long-shadowed"},{"surface":"ἢ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"ἐλάσειε","lemma":"ἐλαύνω","morphology":"aorist active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"object of μή","gloss":"might strike","note":"aorist optative in fear clause after μή (l96): 'lest someone might strike'."}]},{"number":98,"label":"98","id":"b22-l98","source":"φασγάνῳ ἀΐξας ἠὲ προπρηνέα τύψας.","translation":"at him with a sword, or strike him as he bent forward.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l98.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"φασγάνῳ","lemma":"φάσγανον","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἀΐξας","gloss":"with a sword"},{"surface":"ἀΐξας","lemma":"ἀίσσω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἠὲ","gloss":"rushing"},{"surface":"ἠὲ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"προπρηνέα","lemma":"προπρηνής","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"bent forward"},{"surface":"τύψας","lemma":"τύπτω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἠὲ","gloss":"striking"}]},{"number":99,"label":"99","id":"b22-l99","source":"βῆ δὲ θέειν, μάλα δʼ ὦκα φίλον πατέρʼ εἰσαφίκανεν,","translation":"So he set off running, and very quickly reached his dear father,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l99.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"βῆ","lemma":"βαίνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"went, set off"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"θέειν","lemma":"θέω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of βῆ","gloss":"to run","note":"βῆ θέειν, 'set off to run' — infinitive of purpose after βαίνω, a common Homeric idiom for beginning motion."},{"surface":"μάλα","lemma":"μάλα","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὦκα","lemma":"ὦκα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to εἰσαφίκανεν","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"φίλον","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies πατέρ᾽","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"πατέρ","lemma":"πατήρ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of εἰσαφίκανεν","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"εἰσαφίκανεν","lemma":"εἰσαφικάνω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"reached"}]},{"number":100,"label":"100","id":"b22-l100","source":"ἀγχοῦ δʼ ἱστάμενος ἔπεα πτερόεντα προσηύδα·","translation":"and standing close beside him spoke winged words:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l100.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ἔπεα πτερόεντα","title":"\"winged words\"","body":"epea pteroenta is one of Homer's most frequent formulas, picturing speech as flying swiftly from speaker to hearer."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἀγχοῦ","lemma":"ἀγχοῦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἱστάμενος","gloss":"near, close"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἱστάμενος","lemma":"ἵστημι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to προσηύδα","gloss":"standing"},{"surface":"ἔπεα","lemma":"ἔπος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of προσηύδα","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"πτερόεντα","lemma":"πτερόεις","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἔπεα","gloss":"winged","note":"ἔπεα πτερόεντα, 'winged words' — one of Homer's most famous recurring formulas introducing speech."},{"surface":"προσηύδα","lemma":"προσαυδάω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"addressed, spoke"}]},{"number":101,"label":"101","id":"b22-l101","source":"ὦ πάτερ, ἤδη τοι σάκος οἴσω καὶ δύο δοῦρε","translation":"\"Father, now I will bring you a shield and two spears","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l101.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὦ","lemma":"ὦ","morphology":"exclamation","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"O!"},{"surface":"πάτερ","lemma":"πάτηρ","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"ἤδη","lemma":"ἤδη","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to οἴσω","gloss":"now, already"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"object of οἴσω","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"σάκος","lemma":"σάκος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"shield"},{"surface":"οἴσω","lemma":"φέρω","morphology":"future active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I will bring"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"δύο","lemma":"δύο","morphology":"numeral","role":"modifies δοῦρε","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"δοῦρε","lemma":"δόρυ","morphology":"accusative dual neuter noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"spears","note":"δοῦρε is a dual form ('two spears'), preserving the archaic Greek dual number matched with δύο."}]},{"number":102,"label":"102","id":"b22-l102","source":"καὶ κυνέην πάγχαλκον, ἐπὶ κροτάφοις ἀραρυῖαν","translation":"and a helmet all of bronze, fitted to the temples,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l102.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κυνέην","lemma":"κυνέη","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"helmet"},{"surface":"πάγχαλκον","lemma":"παγχάλκεος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies κυνέην","gloss":"all bronze"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"on, at"},{"surface":"κροτάφοις","lemma":"κρόταφος","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐπὶ","gloss":"the temples"},{"surface":"ἀραρυῖαν","lemma":"ἀραρίσκω","morphology":"perfect active participle, accusative singular feminine","role":"modifies κυνέην","gloss":"fitted","note":"perfect participle of ἀραρίσκω, 'fitted/joined' — perfect aspect stresses the helmet's snug, lasting fit."}]},{"number":103,"label":"103","id":"b22-l103","source":"αὐτός τʼ ἀμφιβαλεῦμαι ἰών, δώσω δὲ συβώτῃ","translation":"and I will arm myself as I go, and will give to the swineherd","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l103.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτός","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀμφιβαλεῦμαι","lemma":"ἀμφιβάλλω","morphology":"future middle indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I will arm"},{"surface":"ἰών","lemma":"εἶμι","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἀμφιβαλεῦμαι","gloss":"going"},{"surface":"δώσω","lemma":"δίδωμι","morphology":"future active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I will give"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"συβώτῃ","lemma":"συβώτης","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"to the swineherd"}]},{"number":104,"label":"104","id":"b22-l104","source":"καὶ τῷ βουκόλῳ ἄλλα· τετευχῆσθαι γὰρ ἄμεινον.","translation":"and to the herdsman other arms; for it is better to be armed.\"","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l104.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τῷ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"article","role":"modifies βουκόλῳ","gloss":"to the"},{"surface":"βουκόλῳ","lemma":"βουκόλος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"herdsman"},{"surface":"ἄλλα","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of δώσω","gloss":"other things"},{"surface":"τετευχῆσθαι","lemma":"τετευχῆσθαι","morphology":"perfect passive infinitive","role":"subject","gloss":"to be armed","note":"perfect passive infinitive, 'to be equipped/armed' — impersonal construction with ἄμεινον, 'it is better'."},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ἄμεινον","lemma":"ἀμείνων","morphology":"nominative singular neuter comparative adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"better"}]},{"number":105,"label":"105","id":"b22-l105","source":"τὸν δʼ ἀπαμειβόμενος προσέφη πολύμητις\n                  Ὀδυσσεύς·","translation":"Then in answer resourceful Odysseus spoke to him:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l105.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of προσέφη","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀπαμειβόμενος","lemma":"ἀπαμείβομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to προσέφη","gloss":"answering"},{"surface":"προσέφη","lemma":"πρόσφημι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spoke to"},{"surface":"πολύμητις","lemma":"πολύμητις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ὀδυσσεύς","gloss":"resourceful","note":"πολύμητις Ὀδυσσεύς, another fixed heroic epithet formula naming Odysseus by his cunning."},{"surface":"Ὀδυσσεύς","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of προσέφη","gloss":"Odysseus"}]},{"number":106,"label":"106","id":"b22-l106","source":"οἶσε θέων, ἧός μοι ἀμύνεσθαι πάρʼ ὀϊστοί,","translation":"\"Run and bring them, while I have arrows to defend myself,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l106.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἶσε","lemma":"φέρω","morphology":"present active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"bring, fetch","note":"οἶσε is an irregular imperative of φέρω, 'bring!' — suppletive epic imperative form."},{"surface":"θέων","lemma":"θέω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to οἶσε","gloss":"running"},{"surface":"ἧός","lemma":"ἕως","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object","gloss":"for me"},{"surface":"ἀμύνεσθαι","lemma":"ἀμύνω","morphology":"present medio-passive infinitive","role":"modifies ὀϊστοί","gloss":"to defend myself"},{"surface":"πάρ","lemma":"πάρειμι","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"are at hand","note":"πάρ(εστι), 'are near/available' — apocope of πάρειμι, common in epic diction."},{"surface":"ὀϊστοί","lemma":"ὀιστός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"arrows"}]},{"number":107,"label":"107","id":"b22-l107","source":"μή μʼ ἀποκινήσωσι θυράων μοῦνον ἐόντα.","translation":"lest they drive me from the doors while I am alone.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l107.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μή","lemma":"μή","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"lest"},{"surface":"μ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἀποκινήσωσι","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ἀποκινήσωσι","lemma":"ἀποκινέω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to μή","gloss":"drive away"},{"surface":"θυράων","lemma":"θύρα","morphology":"genitive plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἀποκινήσωσι","gloss":"from the doors"},{"surface":"μοῦνον","lemma":"μόνος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"ἐόντα","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"being"}]},{"number":108,"label":"108","id":"b22-l108","source":"ὣς φάτο, Τηλέμαχος δὲ φίλῳ ἐπεπείθετο πατρί,","translation":"So he spoke, and Telemachus obeyed his dear father,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l108.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to φάτο","gloss":"so, thus"},{"surface":"φάτο","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"Τηλέμαχος","lemma":"Τηλέμαχος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐπεπείθετο","gloss":"Telemachus"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"φίλῳ","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies πατρί","gloss":"his dear"},{"surface":"ἐπεπείθετο","lemma":"ἐπιπείθομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"obeyed"},{"surface":"πατρί","lemma":"πατήρ","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐπεπείθετο","gloss":"father"}]},{"number":109,"label":"109","id":"b22-l109","source":"βῆ δʼ ἴμεναι θάλαμόνδʼ, ὅθι οἱ κλυτὰ τεύχεα κεῖτο.","translation":"and went off to the storeroom, where the splendid arms lay.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l109.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"βῆ","lemma":"βαίνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἴμεναι","lemma":"εἶμι","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of βῆ","gloss":"to go"},{"surface":"θάλαμόνδ","lemma":"θάλαμόνδε","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of βῆ","gloss":"to the storeroom","note":"θάλαμόνδε: the directional suffix -δε ('to/toward') attached to the noun, a Homeric motion-marker."},{"surface":"ὅθι","lemma":"ὅθι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to κεῖτο","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies τεύχεα","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"κλυτὰ","lemma":"κλυτός","morphology":"nominative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies τεύχεα","gloss":"splendid"},{"surface":"τεύχεα","lemma":"τεῦχος","morphology":"nominative plural neuter noun","role":"subject of κεῖτο","gloss":"arms, armor"},{"surface":"κεῖτο","lemma":"κεῖμαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing θάλαμόνδ᾽","gloss":"lay"}]},{"number":110,"label":"110","id":"b22-l110","source":"ἔνθεν τέσσαρα μὲν σάκεʼ ἔξελε, δούρατα δʼ ὀκτὼ","translation":"From there he took out four shields, and eight spears,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l110.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔνθεν","lemma":"ἔνθεν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔξελε","gloss":"from there"},{"surface":"τέσσαρα","lemma":"τέσσαρες","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"modifies σάκε᾽","gloss":"four"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"σάκε","lemma":"σάκος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"shields"},{"surface":"ἔξελε","lemma":"ἐξαιρέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he took out"},{"surface":"δούρατα","lemma":"δόρυ","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"spears"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὀκτὼ","lemma":"ὀκτώ","morphology":"numeral","role":"modifies δούρατα","gloss":"eight"}]},{"number":111,"label":"111","id":"b22-l111","source":"καὶ πίσυρας κυνέας χαλκήρεας ἱπποδασείας·","translation":"and four bronze-fitted helmets thick with horsehair plumes.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l111.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πίσυρας","lemma":"τέσσαρες","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"modifies κυνέας","gloss":"four","note":"πίσυρας is the Aeolic/epic variant of τέσσαρες ('four') — dialect variety typical of Homeric formula-filling."},{"surface":"κυνέας","lemma":"κυνέη","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"helmets"},{"surface":"χαλκήρεας","lemma":"χαλκήρης","morphology":"accusative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies κυνέας","gloss":"bronze-fitted"},{"surface":"ἱπποδασείας","lemma":"ἱπποδάσεια","morphology":"accusative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies κυνέας","gloss":"horsehair-crested"}]},{"number":112,"label":"112","id":"b22-l112","source":"βῆ δὲ φέρων, μάλα δʼ ὦκα φίλον πατέρʼ εἰσαφίκανεν,","translation":"He came back carrying them, and quickly reached his dear father,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l112.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"βῆ","lemma":"βαίνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"φέρων","lemma":"φέρω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to βῆ","gloss":"carrying"},{"surface":"μάλα","lemma":"μάλα","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὦκα","lemma":"ὦκα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to εἰσαφίκανεν","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"φίλον","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies πατέρ᾽","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"πατέρ","lemma":"πατήρ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of εἰσαφίκανεν","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"εἰσαφίκανεν","lemma":"εἰσαφικάνω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"reached","note":"lines 99 and 112 repeat verbatim — an oral-formulaic repeated verse marking Telemachus's return."}]},{"number":113,"label":"113","id":"b22-l113","source":"αὐτὸς δὲ πρώτιστα περὶ χροῒ δύσετο χαλκόν·","translation":"and first of all he himself clothed his body in bronze;","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l113.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὸς","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"he himself"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πρώτιστα","lemma":"πρώτιστος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to δύσετο","gloss":"first of all","note":"adverbial neuter plural used as adverb, epic idiom for 'firstly'"},{"surface":"περὶ","lemma":"περί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"χροῒ","lemma":"χρώς","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of περὶ","gloss":"his body","note":"χρώς 'skin/body'; dative of place after περί, epic 'wrap-around' construction"},{"surface":"δύσετο","lemma":"δύω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"clothed himself in","note":"δύω middle 'sink into/put on'; the sense 'don armor' is a stock epic middle usage"},{"surface":"χαλκόν","lemma":"χαλκός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of δύσετο","gloss":"bronze"}]},{"number":114,"label":"114","id":"b22-l114","source":"ὣς δʼ αὔτως τὼ δμῶε δυέσθην τεύχεα καλά,","translation":"and likewise the two servants put on the fine armor,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l114.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"δυέσθην","title":"Dual verb form","body":"The verb is a dual, used because exactly two servants (the swineherd and the cowherd) are arming themselves. Homer regularly uses the dual for natural pairs."}],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to δυέσθην","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αὔτως","lemma":"αὔτως","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to δυέσθην","gloss":"likewise"},{"surface":"τὼ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative dual masculine article","role":"modifies δμῶε","gloss":"the two","note":"dual article τώ, matching δμῶε — Homer still uses the dual for pairs"},{"surface":"δμῶε","lemma":"δμώς","morphology":"nominative dual masculine noun","role":"subject of δυέσθην","gloss":"servants"},{"surface":"δυέσθην","lemma":"δύω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd dual verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"put on","note":"δυέσθην: dual imperfect middle, agreeing with the two δμῶε"},{"surface":"τεύχεα","lemma":"τεῦχος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of δυέσθην","gloss":"armor"},{"surface":"καλά","lemma":"καλός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies τεύχεα","gloss":"fine"}]},{"number":115,"label":"115","id":"b22-l115","source":"ἔσταν δʼ ἀμφʼ Ὀδυσῆα δαΐφρονα ποικιλομήτην.","translation":"and took their stand around Odysseus, skilled in war and shifting in cunning.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l115.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔσταν","lemma":"ἵστημι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"took their stand"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀμφ","lemma":"ἀμφί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσῆα","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἀμφ᾽","gloss":"Odysseus"},{"surface":"δαΐφρονα","lemma":"δαίφρων","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ὀδυσῆα","gloss":"skilled in war"},{"surface":"ποικιλομήτην","lemma":"ποικιλομήτης","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ὀδυσῆα","gloss":"cunning","note":"ποικιλομήτης 'of many wiles', a standing epithet for Odysseus"}]},{"number":116,"label":"116","id":"b22-l116","source":"αὐτὰρ ὅ γʼ, ὄφρα μὲν αὐτῷ ἀμύνεσθαι ἔσαν ἰοί.","translation":"But as for him, while he still had arrows to defend himself,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l116.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ὅ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"γ","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ὄφρα","lemma":"ὄφρα","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"while","note":"ὄφρα μέν...temporal 'as long as', paired later with a resuming τόφρα clause"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"αὐτῷ","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"object of ἔσαν","gloss":"for himself"},{"surface":"ἀμύνεσθαι","lemma":"ἀμύνω","morphology":"present medio-passive infinitive","role":"modifies ἰοί","gloss":"to defend himself"},{"surface":"ἔσαν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to ὄφρα","gloss":"there were"},{"surface":"ἰοί","lemma":"ἰός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔσαν","gloss":"arrows"}]},{"number":117,"label":"117","id":"b22-l117","source":"τόφρα μνηστήρων ἕνα γʼ αἰεὶ ᾧ ἐνὶ οἴκῳ","translation":"so long he kept striking down the suitors, ever one by one in his own house,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l117.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τόφρα","lemma":"τόφρα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to βάλλε","gloss":"so long","note":"τόφρα answers ὄφρα in l116, the classic Homeric correlative pair"},{"surface":"μνηστήρων","lemma":"μνηστήρ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ἕνα","gloss":"of the suitors"},{"surface":"ἕνα","lemma":"εἷς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of βάλλε","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"γ","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"αἰεὶ","lemma":"ἀεί","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to βάλλε","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"ᾧ","lemma":"ἑός","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies οἴκῳ","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"ἐνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"οἴκῳ","lemma":"οἶκος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐνὶ","gloss":"house"}]},{"number":118,"label":"118","id":"b22-l118","source":"βάλλε τιτυσκόμενος· τοὶ δʼ ἀγχιστῖνοι ἔπιπτον.","translation":"taking aim; and they fell in heaps, one upon another.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l118.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"βάλλε","lemma":"βάλλω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"kept striking","note":"imperfect βάλλε for repeated action, matching the ongoing shooting"},{"surface":"τιτυσκόμενος","lemma":"τιτύσκομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to βάλλε","gloss":"taking aim"},{"surface":"τοὶ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἔπιπτον","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀγχιστῖνοι","lemma":"ἀγχιστῖνος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"in heaps","note":"ἀγχιστῖνος 'close together', vivid detail of piled bodies"},{"surface":"ἔπιπτον","lemma":"πίπτω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"fell"}]},{"number":119,"label":"119","id":"b22-l119","source":"αὐτὰρ ἐπεὶ λίπον ἰοὶ ὀϊστεύοντα ἄνακτα,","translation":"But when the arrows failed the lord as he shot,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l119.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"λίπον","lemma":"λείπω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to ἐπεὶ","gloss":"failed","note":"λείπω here 'run out on/fail', with ἰοί as subject and ἄνακτα as object"},{"surface":"ἰοὶ","lemma":"ἰός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of λίπον","gloss":"arrows"},{"surface":"ὀϊστεύοντα","lemma":"ὀιστεύω","morphology":"present active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"as he shot"},{"surface":"ἄνακτα","lemma":"ἄναξ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of λίπον","gloss":"the lord"}]},{"number":120,"label":"120","id":"b22-l120","source":"τόξον μὲν πρὸς σταθμὸν ἐϋσταθέος μεγάροιο","translation":"he leaned his bow against the doorpost of the well-built hall,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l120.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τόξον","lemma":"τόξον","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἔκλιν᾽","gloss":"bow"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"πρὸς","lemma":"πρός","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"σταθμὸν","lemma":"σταθμός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of πρὸς","gloss":"doorpost"},{"surface":"ἐϋσταθέος","lemma":"εὐσταθής","morphology":"genitive singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies μεγάροιο","gloss":"well-built"},{"surface":"μεγάροιο","lemma":"μέγαρον","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"modifies σταθμὸν","gloss":"hall"}]},{"number":121,"label":"121","id":"b22-l121","source":"ἔκλινʼ ἑστάμεναι, πρὸς ἐνώπια παμφανόωντα,","translation":"to stand there, against the shining wall,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l121.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔκλιν","lemma":"κλίνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"leaned"},{"surface":"ἑστάμεναι","lemma":"ἵστημι","morphology":"perfect active infinitive","role":"adverbial to ἔκλιν᾽","gloss":"to stand","note":"perfect infinitive ἑστάμεναι expresses the resulting state, 'to stand (leaning)'"},{"surface":"πρὸς","lemma":"πρός","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"ἐνώπια","lemma":"ἐνώπια","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of πρὸς","gloss":"the wall"},{"surface":"παμφανόωντα","lemma":"παμφανόων","morphology":"present active participle, accusative plural neuter","role":"modifies ἐνώπια","gloss":"shining"}]},{"number":122,"label":"122","id":"b22-l122","source":"αὐτὸς δʼ ἀμφʼ ὤμοισι σάκος θέτο τετραθέλυμνον,","translation":"and over his shoulders he set a shield of four hides,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l122.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὸς","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"he himself"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀμφ","lemma":"ἀμφί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"ὤμοισι","lemma":"ὦμος","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἀμφ᾽","gloss":"shoulders"},{"surface":"σάκος","lemma":"σάκος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of θέτο","gloss":"shield"},{"surface":"θέτο","lemma":"τίθημι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"set","note":"θέτο middle of τίθημι, 'placed on himself' — verb precedes its object σάκος here"},{"surface":"τετραθέλυμνον","lemma":"τετραθέλυμνος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies σάκος","gloss":"of four hides"}]},{"number":123,"label":"123","id":"b22-l123","source":"κρατὶ δʼ ἐπʼ ἰφθίμῳ κυνέην εὔτυκτον ἔθηκεν,","translation":"and on his mighty head he placed a well-wrought helmet","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l123.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κρατὶ","lemma":"κράς","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐπ᾽","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐπ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"ἰφθίμῳ","lemma":"ἴφθιμος","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies κρατὶ","gloss":"mighty"},{"surface":"κυνέην","lemma":"κυνέη","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἔθηκεν","gloss":"helmet"},{"surface":"εὔτυκτον","lemma":"εὔτυκτος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ,","gloss":"well-wrought"},{"surface":"ἔθηκεν","lemma":"τίθημι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"placed"}]},{"number":124,"label":"124","id":"b22-l124","source":"ἵππουριν, δεινὸν δὲ λόφος καθύπερθεν ἔνευεν·","translation":"with a horsehair crest, and the plume nodded terribly above it;","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l124.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἵππουριν","lemma":"ἵππουρις","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"modifies ,","gloss":"with horsehair crest","note":"ἵππουρις, striking compound epithet: 'horse-tailed', vivid battle-gear detail"},{"surface":"δεινὸν","lemma":"δεινός","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ἔνευεν","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"λόφος","lemma":"λόφος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔνευεν","gloss":"plume"},{"surface":"καθύπερθεν","lemma":"καθύπερθε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔνευεν","gloss":"from above"},{"surface":"ἔνευεν","lemma":"νεύω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"nodded"}]},{"number":125,"label":"125","id":"b22-l125","source":"εἵλετο δʼ ἄλκιμα δοῦρε δύω κεκορυθμένα χαλκῷ.","translation":"and he took up two strong spears tipped with bronze.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l125.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἵλετο","lemma":"αἱρέω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"took up"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄλκιμα","lemma":"ἄλκιμος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies δοῦρε","gloss":"strong"},{"surface":"δοῦρε","lemma":"δόρυ","morphology":"accusative dual neuter noun","role":"object of εἵλετο","gloss":"two spears","note":"δοῦρε dual, matched by numeral δύω — old dual form still active in Homer"},{"surface":"δύω","lemma":"δύο","morphology":"numeral","role":"modifies δοῦρε","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"κεκορυθμένα","lemma":"κορύσσω","morphology":"perfect medio-passive participle, accusative plural neuter","role":"modifies δοῦρε","gloss":"tipped with bronze"},{"surface":"χαλκῷ","lemma":"χαλκός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of κεκορυθμένα","gloss":"bronze"}]},{"number":126,"label":"126","id":"b22-l126","source":"ὀρσοθύρη δέ τις ἔσκεν ἐϋδμήτῳ ἐνὶ τοίχῳ,","translation":"Now there was a postern in the well-built wall,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l126.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ὀρσοθύρη","title":"The orsothyrē","body":"A side door or raised hatch in the wall of the hall, distinct from the main entrance. Its exact form is debated, but it leads to a narrow passage out of the megaron."}],"words":[{"surface":"ὀρσοθύρη","lemma":"ὀρσοθύρη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἔσκεν","gloss":"postern"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"τις","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"modifies ὀρσοθύρη","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"ἔσκεν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"imperfect middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"there was","note":"iterative-flavored ἔσκεν, 'used to be/was'; sets the scene-setting narrative aside"},{"surface":"ἐϋδμήτῳ","lemma":"εὔδμητος","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies τοίχῳ","gloss":"well-built"},{"surface":"ἐνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"τοίχῳ","lemma":"τοῖχος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐνὶ","gloss":"wall"}]},{"number":127,"label":"127","id":"b22-l127","source":"ἀκρότατον δὲ παρʼ οὐδὸν ἐϋσταθέος μεγάροιο","translation":"and at the very edge, beside the threshold of the well-built hall,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l127.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀκρότατον","lemma":"ἄκρος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine superlative adjective","role":"modifies οὐδὸν","gloss":"at the very edge"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"παρ","lemma":"παρά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"οὐδὸν","lemma":"οὐδός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to παρ᾽","gloss":"threshold"},{"surface":"ἐϋσταθέος","lemma":"εὐσταθής","morphology":"genitive singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies μεγάροιο","gloss":"well-built"},{"surface":"μεγάροιο","lemma":"μέγαρον","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"modifies οὐδὸν","gloss":"hall"}]},{"number":128,"label":"128","id":"b22-l128","source":"ἦν ὁδὸς ἐς λαύρην, σανίδες δʼ ἔχον εὖ ἀραρυῖαι.","translation":"was a way into a passage, and close-fitted boards held it shut.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l128.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἦν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"ὁδὸς","lemma":"ὁδός","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἦν","gloss":"a way"},{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"λαύρην","lemma":"λαύρα","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"modifies ἐς","gloss":"a passage"},{"surface":"σανίδες","lemma":"σανίς","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject of ἔχον","gloss":"boards"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔχον","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"held it shut"},{"surface":"εὖ","lemma":"εὖ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀραρυῖαι","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"ἀραρυῖαι","lemma":"ἀραρίσκω","morphology":"perfect active participle, nominative plural feminine","role":"modifies σανίδες","gloss":"close-fitted","note":"perfect participle ἀραρυῖαι 'fitted', giving a lasting-state sense: tightly joined boards"}]},{"number":129,"label":"129","id":"b22-l129","source":"τὴν δʼ Ὀδυσεὺς φράζεσθαι ἀνώγει δῖον ὑφορβὸν","translation":"Odysseus ordered the noble swineherd to watch this door,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l129.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὴν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of φράζεσθαι","gloss":"this door"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσεὺς","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἀνώγει","gloss":"Odysseus"},{"surface":"φράζεσθαι","lemma":"φράζω","morphology":"present medio-passive infinitive","role":"object of ἀνώγει","gloss":"to watch"},{"surface":"ἀνώγει","lemma":"ἄνωγα","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"ordered","note":"ἄνωγα, a defective perfect used with present sense 'command'"},{"surface":"δῖον","lemma":"δῖος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ὑφορβὸν","gloss":"noble"},{"surface":"ὑφορβὸν","lemma":"ὑφορβός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of φράζεσθαι","gloss":"swineherd"}]},{"number":130,"label":"130","id":"b22-l130","source":"ἑσταότʼ ἄγχʼ αὐτῆς· μία δʼ οἴη γίγνετʼ ἐφορμή.","translation":"standing close beside it; for there was only the one approach to it.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l130.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἑσταότ","lemma":"ἵστημι","morphology":"perfect active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to φράζεσθαι","gloss":"standing"},{"surface":"ἄγχ","lemma":"ἄγχι","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"close beside"},{"surface":"αὐτῆς","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"adverbial to ἄγχ᾽","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"μία","lemma":"εἷς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἐφορμή","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"οἴη","lemma":"οἶος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"only","note":"μία...οἴη, doubled emphasis 'one and only' underscoring the sole approach"},{"surface":"γίγνετ","lemma":"γίγνομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"there was"},{"surface":"ἐφορμή","lemma":"ἐφορμή","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of γίγνετ᾽","gloss":"approach"}]},{"number":131,"label":"131","id":"b22-l131","source":"τοῖς δʼ Ἀγέλεως μετέειπεν, ἔπος πάντεσσι πιφαύσκων·","translation":"Then Agelaos spoke among them, making his word plain to all:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l131.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τοῖς","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of μετέειπεν","gloss":"to them"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ἀγέλεως","lemma":"Ἀγέλεως","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of μετέειπεν","gloss":"Agelaos"},{"surface":"μετέειπεν","lemma":"μετεῖπον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spoke among"},{"surface":"ἔπος","lemma":"ἔπος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of πιφαύσκων","gloss":"a word"},{"surface":"πάντεσσι","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of πιφαύσκων","gloss":"to all"},{"surface":"πιφαύσκων","lemma":"πιφαύσκω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to μετέειπεν","gloss":"making plain","note":"πιφαύσκω 'declare/make known', formulaic speech-introduction participle"}]},{"number":132,"label":"132","id":"b22-l132","source":"ὦ φίλοι, οὐκ ἂν δή τις ἀνʼ ὀρσοθύρην ἀναβαίη","translation":"\"Friends, will no one go up through the postern","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l132.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὦ","lemma":"ὦ","morphology":"exclamation","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"φίλοι","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"vocative plural masculine adjective","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"friends"},{"surface":"οὐκ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ἂν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"δή","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"τις","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"ἀν","lemma":"ἀνά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"up through"},{"surface":"ὀρσοθύρην","lemma":"ὀρσοθύρη","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἀν᾽","gloss":"postern"},{"surface":"ἀναβαίη","lemma":"ἀναβαίνω","morphology":"aorist active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"go up","note":"aorist optative + ἄν, potential 'would go up' — polite exhortation phrased as a question"}]},{"number":133,"label":"133","id":"b22-l133","source":"καὶ εἴποι λαοῖσι, βοὴ δʼ ὤκιστα γένοιτο;","translation":"and tell the people, so a cry might quickly be raised?","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l133.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"εἴποι","lemma":"εἶπον","morphology":"aorist active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"λαοῖσι","lemma":"λαός","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of εἴποι","gloss":"the people"},{"surface":"βοὴ","lemma":"βοή","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of γένοιτο","gloss":"a cry"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὤκιστα","lemma":"ὤκιστα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to γένοιτο","gloss":"most quickly"},{"surface":"γένοιτο","lemma":"γίγνομαι","morphology":"aorist middle optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"might be raised"}]},{"number":134,"label":"134","id":"b22-l134","source":"τῷ κε τάχʼ οὗτος ἀνὴρ νῦν ὕστατα τοξάσσαιτο.","translation":"Then this man would soon shoot his bow for the last time.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l134.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τῷ","lemma":"τῷ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to τοξάσσαιτο","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"κε","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"τάχ","lemma":"τάχα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to τοξάσσαιτο","gloss":"soon"},{"surface":"οὗτος","lemma":"οὗτος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἀνὴρ","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ἀνὴρ","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of τοξάσσαιτο","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"νῦν","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to τοξάσσαιτο","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"ὕστατα","lemma":"ὕστερος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to τοξάσσαιτο","gloss":"for the last time","note":"ὕστατα, adverbial neuter plural, grimly ironic given Odysseus's fate for the suitors"},{"surface":"τοξάσσαιτο","lemma":"τοξάζομαι","morphology":"aorist medio-passive optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"would shoot his bow"}]},{"number":135,"label":"135","id":"b22-l135","source":"τὸν δʼ αὖτε προσέειπε Μελάνθιος, αἰπόλος αἰγῶν·","translation":"But Melanthios, the goatherd, answered him in turn:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l135.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of προσέειπε","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αὖτε","lemma":"αὖτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"in turn"},{"surface":"προσέειπε","lemma":"προσεῖπον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"Μελάνθιος","lemma":"Μελάνθιος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ,","gloss":"Melanthios"},{"surface":"αἰπόλος","lemma":"αἰπόλος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ,","gloss":"goatherd"},{"surface":"αἰγῶν","lemma":"αἴξ","morphology":"genitive plural feminine noun","role":"modifies αἰπόλος","gloss":"of goats"}]},{"number":136,"label":"136","id":"b22-l136","source":"οὔ πως ἔστʼ, Ἀγέλαε διοτρεφές· ἄγχι γὰρ αἰνῶς","translation":"\"It cannot be done, Agelaos, nurtured by Zeus; for terribly near","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l136.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οὔ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"πως","lemma":"πως","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"ἔστ","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"it is"},{"surface":"Ἀγέλαε","lemma":"Ἀγέλαος","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"Agelaos"},{"surface":"διοτρεφές","lemma":"διοτρεφής","morphology":"vocative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἀγέλαε","gloss":"nurtured by Zeus","note":"διοτρεφής, a formulaic epithet for chieftains/kings, 'Zeus-nourished'"},{"surface":"ἄγχι","lemma":"ἄγχι","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"near"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"αἰνῶς","lemma":"αἰνός","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"terribly"}]},{"number":137,"label":"137","id":"b22-l137","source":"αὐλῆς καλὰ θύρετρα καὶ ἀργαλέον στόμα λαύρης·","translation":"are the fair gates of the courtyard, and the mouth of the passage is hard to pass;","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l137.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐλῆς","lemma":"αὐλή","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies θύρετρα","gloss":"of the courtyard"},{"surface":"καλὰ","lemma":"καλός","morphology":"nominative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies θύρετρα","gloss":"fair"},{"surface":"θύρετρα","lemma":"θύρετρα","morphology":"nominative plural neuter noun","role":"subject","gloss":"gates"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀργαλέον","lemma":"ἀργαλέος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"hard to pass","note":"predicate adjective ἀργαλέον agrees with στόμα, 'the mouth is hard'"},{"surface":"στόμα","lemma":"στόμα","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject","gloss":"mouth"},{"surface":"λαύρης","lemma":"λαύρα","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies στόμα","gloss":"of the passage"}]},{"number":138,"label":"138","id":"b22-l138","source":"καί χʼ εἷς πάντας ἐρύκοι ἀνήρ, ὅς τʼ ἄλκιμος εἴη.","translation":"one man could hold off them all, if he were brave.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l138.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καί","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"χ","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"εἷς","lemma":"εἷς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ἀνήρ","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"πάντας","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of ἐρύκοι","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"ἐρύκοι","lemma":"ἐρύκω","morphology":"present active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"could hold off","note":"optative + ἄν potential, contrary-to-fact framing: one man COULD, if brave"},{"surface":"ἀνήρ","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐρύκοι","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"ὅς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of εἴη","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἄλκιμος","lemma":"ἄλκιμος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"brave"},{"surface":"εἴη","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ἀνήρ","gloss":"were"}]},{"number":139,"label":"139","id":"b22-l139","source":"ἀλλʼ ἄγεθʼ, ὑμῖν τεύχεʼ ἐνείκω θωρηχθῆναι","translation":"But come, let me bring you armor to arm yourselves,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l139.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἄγεθ","lemma":"ἄγε","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"ὑμῖν","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative plural pronoun","role":"object of ἐνείκω","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"τεύχε","lemma":"τεῦχος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἐνείκω","gloss":"armor"},{"surface":"ἐνείκω","lemma":"φέρω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"let me bring","note":"ἐνείκω, aorist subjunctive of φέρω used as hortatory 'let me fetch'"},{"surface":"θωρηχθῆναι","lemma":"θωρήσσω","morphology":"aorist passive infinitive","role":"modifies τεύχε᾽","gloss":"to arm yourselves"}]},{"number":140,"label":"140","id":"b22-l140","source":"ἐκ θαλάμου· ἔνδον γάρ, ὀΐομαι, οὐδέ πη ἄλλῃ","translation":"out of the store room; for inside, I think, and nowhere else,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l140.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"θαλάμου","lemma":"θάλαμος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐκ","gloss":"store room"},{"surface":"ἔνδον","lemma":"ἔνδον","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of δέ","gloss":"inside"},{"surface":"γάρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ὀΐομαι","lemma":"οἴομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"I think","note":"ὀΐομαι, epic form of οἴομαι, parenthetical hedge 'I suppose'"},{"surface":"πη","lemma":"πη","morphology":"particle","role":"object of δέ","gloss":"nowhere"},{"surface":"ἄλλῃ","lemma":"ἄλλῃ","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies πη","gloss":"else"}]},{"number":141,"label":"141","id":"b22-l141","source":"τεύχεα κατθέσθην Ὀδυσεὺς καὶ φαίδιμος υἱός.","translation":"did Odysseus and his glorious son lay up the armor.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l141.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τεύχεα","lemma":"τεῦχος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of κατθέσθην","gloss":"armor"},{"surface":"κατθέσθην","lemma":"κατατίθημι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd dual verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"laid up","note":"3rd dual: Odysseus and Telemachus acting together, epic dual number for a pair."},{"surface":"Ὀδυσεὺς","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"Odysseus"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"φαίδιμος","lemma":"φαίδιμος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies υἱός","gloss":"glorious"},{"surface":"υἱός","lemma":"υἱός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"son"}]},{"number":142,"label":"142","id":"b22-l142","source":"ὣς εἰπὼν ἀνέβαινε Μελάνθιος, αἰπόλος αἰγῶν,","translation":"So saying, Melanthios the goatherd climbed up","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l142.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to εἰπὼν","gloss":"so, thus"},{"surface":"εἰπὼν","lemma":"εἶπον","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἀνέβαινε","gloss":"having spoken","note":"aorist participle 'having said' pins the action before the main verb ἀνέβαινε."},{"surface":"ἀνέβαινε","lemma":"ἀναβαίνω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was climbing up"},{"surface":"Μελάνθιος","lemma":"Μελάνθιος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ,","gloss":"Melanthios"},{"surface":"αἰπόλος","lemma":"αἰπόλος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ,","gloss":"goatherd"},{"surface":"αἰγῶν","lemma":"αἴξ","morphology":"genitive plural feminine noun","role":"modifies αἰπόλος","gloss":"of goats"}]},{"number":143,"label":"143","id":"b22-l143","source":"εἰς θαλάμους Ὀδυσῆος ἀνὰ ῥῶγας μεγάροιο.","translation":"to the store rooms of Odysseus by the vents of the hall.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l143.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἰς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"θαλάμους","lemma":"θάλαμος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of εἰς","gloss":"storerooms"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσῆος","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies θαλάμους","gloss":"of Odysseus"},{"surface":"ἀνὰ","lemma":"ἀνά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"up through","note":"ἀνά + acc 'up along/through' the vents, giving the route he climbed."},{"surface":"ῥῶγας","lemma":"ῥώξ","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἀνὰ","gloss":"vents, crannies"},{"surface":"μεγάροιο","lemma":"μέγαρον","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"modifies ῥῶγας","gloss":"of the hall"}]},{"number":144,"label":"144","id":"b22-l144","source":"ἔνθεν δώδεκα μὲν σάκεʼ ἔξελε, τόσσα δὲ δοῦρα","translation":"From there he took out twelve shields, and as many spears,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l144.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔνθεν","lemma":"ἔνθεν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔξελε","gloss":"from there"},{"surface":"δώδεκα","lemma":"δώδεκα","morphology":"numeral","role":"modifies σάκε᾽","gloss":"twelve"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"on one hand"},{"surface":"σάκε","lemma":"σάκος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"shields","note":"σάκε(α) with elision before ἔξελε; μὲν...δὲ pairs shields with spears in the next clause."},{"surface":"ἔξελε","lemma":"ἐξαιρέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"took out"},{"surface":"τόσσα","lemma":"τόσος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies δοῦρα","gloss":"as many"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and, on the other"},{"surface":"δοῦρα","lemma":"δόρυ","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"spears"}]},{"number":145,"label":"145","id":"b22-l145","source":"καὶ τόσσας κυνέας χαλκήρεας ἱπποδασείας·","translation":"and as many bronze-fitted helmets thick with horsehair plumes;","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l145.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τόσσας","lemma":"τόσος","morphology":"accusative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies κυνέας","gloss":"as many"},{"surface":"κυνέας","lemma":"κυνέη","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"helmets"},{"surface":"χαλκήρεας","lemma":"χαλκήρης","morphology":"accusative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies κυνέας","gloss":"bronze-fitted"},{"surface":"ἱπποδασείας","lemma":"ἱπποδάσεια","morphology":"accusative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies κυνέας","gloss":"thick with horsehair","note":"ἱπποδάσεια, a compound epithet 'shaggy with horse(-hair)', typical Homeric ornamental armor description."}]},{"number":146,"label":"146","id":"b22-l146","source":"βῆ δʼ ἴμεναι, μάλα δʼ ὦκα φέρων μνηστῆρσιν ἔδωκεν.","translation":"and he went off and very quickly carried them and gave them to the suitors.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l146.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"βῆ","lemma":"βαίνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he went","note":"βῆ ἴμεναι: 'went to go', a common Homeric periphrasis pairing aorist βῆ with infinitive ἴμεναι."},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἴμεναι","lemma":"εἶμι","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of βῆ","gloss":"to go"},{"surface":"μάλα","lemma":"μάλα","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὦκα","lemma":"ὦκα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to φέρων","gloss":"swiftly"},{"surface":"φέρων","lemma":"φέρω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἔδωκεν","gloss":"carrying"},{"surface":"μνηστῆρσιν","lemma":"μνηστήρ","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἔδωκεν","gloss":"to the suitors"},{"surface":"ἔδωκεν","lemma":"δίδωμι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"gave"}]},{"number":147,"label":"147","id":"b22-l147","source":"καὶ τότʼ Ὀδυσσῆος λύτο γούνατα καὶ φίλον ἦτορ,","translation":"And then Odysseus' knees and his own heart gave way,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l147.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τότ","lemma":"τότε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to λύτο","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσσῆος","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"Odysseus'"},{"surface":"λύτο","lemma":"λύω","morphology":"aorist passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"gave way","note":"λύτο γούνατα, a stock Homeric formula for a shock of fear or dread loosening the knees."},{"surface":"γούνατα","lemma":"γόνυ","morphology":"nominative plural neuter noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"knees"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"φίλον","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἦτορ","gloss":"own, dear"},{"surface":"ἦτορ","lemma":"ἦτορ","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"heart"}]},{"number":148,"label":"148","id":"b22-l148","source":"ὡς περιβαλλομένους ἴδε τεύχεα χερσί τε δοῦρα","translation":"when he saw them putting on the armor and in their hands the spears,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l148.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὡς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"περιβαλλομένους","lemma":"περιβάλλω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, accusative plural masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"putting on themselves","note":"middle voice περιβαλλομένους: they put the armor 'around themselves', reflexive sense."},{"surface":"ἴδε","lemma":"εἶδον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὡς","gloss":"he saw"},{"surface":"τεύχεα","lemma":"τεῦχος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of περιβαλλομένους","gloss":"armor"},{"surface":"χερσί","lemma":"χείρ","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to τινάσσοντας","gloss":"in their hands"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"δοῦρα","lemma":"δόρυ","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of τινάσσοντας","gloss":"spears"}]},{"number":149,"label":"149","id":"b22-l149","source":"μακρὰ τινάσσοντας· μέγα δʼ αὐτῷ φαίνετο ἔργον.","translation":"brandishing the long shafts; and the task loomed great before him.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l149.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μακρὰ","lemma":"μακρός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies δοῦρα","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"τινάσσοντας","lemma":"τινάσσω","morphology":"present active participle, accusative plural masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"brandishing"},{"surface":"μέγα","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"great","note":"predicate adjective: 'the task seemed great', not 'a great task' — describes the deed's scale to him."},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αὐτῷ","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"object of φαίνετο","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"φαίνετο","lemma":"φαίνω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"seemed, loomed"},{"surface":"ἔργον","lemma":"ἔργον","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of φαίνετο","gloss":"task, deed"}]},{"number":150,"label":"150","id":"b22-l150","source":"αἶψα δὲ Τηλέμαχον ἔπεα πτερόεντα προσηύδα·","translation":"At once he spoke winged words to Telemachus:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l150.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αἶψα","lemma":"αἶψα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to προσηύδα","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Τηλέμαχον","lemma":"Τηλέμαχος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of προσηύδα","gloss":"Telemachus"},{"surface":"ἔπεα","lemma":"ἔπος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of προσηύδα","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"πτερόεντα","lemma":"πτερόεις","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἔπεα","gloss":"winged","note":"ἔπεα πτερόεντα 'winged words', the classic Homeric formula introducing direct speech."},{"surface":"προσηύδα","lemma":"προσαυδάω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"addressed"}]},{"number":151,"label":"151","id":"b22-l151","source":"Τηλέμαχʼ, ἦ μάλα δή τις ἐνὶ μεγάροισι\n                     γυναικῶν","translation":"\"Telemachus, surely one of the women in the halls","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l151.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Τηλέμαχ","lemma":"Τηλέμαχος","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"Telemachus","note":"vocative, direct address; elided head noun implied (e.g. 'child')."},{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"μάλα","lemma":"μάλα","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"δή","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"τις","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of ἠὲ","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"ἐνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"μεγάροισι","lemma":"μέγαρον","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"modifies ἐνὶ","gloss":"in the halls"},{"surface":"γυναικῶν","lemma":"γυνή","morphology":"genitive plural feminine noun","role":"modifies τις","gloss":"of the women"}]},{"number":152,"label":"152","id":"b22-l152","source":"νῶϊν ἐποτρύνει πόλεμον κακὸν ἠὲ Μελανθεύς.","translation":"is stirring up this cruel fight against the two of us, or it is Melanthios.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l152.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"νῶϊν","title":"Dual pronoun \"the two of us\"","body":"A first-person dual pronoun: Odysseus speaks of himself and Telemachus as a pair. The dual is alive in Homeric Greek for two persons acting together."}],"words":[{"surface":"νῶϊν","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative dual masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἐποτρύνει","gloss":"against us two","note":"dual pronoun νῶϊν: Odysseus and Telemachus treated as a pair, matching earlier dual verb κατθέσθην."},{"surface":"ἐποτρύνει","lemma":"ἐποτρύνω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"is stirring up"},{"surface":"πόλεμον","lemma":"πόλεμος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐποτρύνει","gloss":"battle, strife"},{"surface":"κακὸν","lemma":"κακός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies πόλεμον","gloss":"evil, cruel"},{"surface":"ἠὲ","lemma":"ἠέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"Μελανθεύς","lemma":"Μελανθεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἠὲ","gloss":"Melantheus"}]},{"number":153,"label":"153","id":"b22-l153","source":"τὸν δʼ αὖ Τηλέμαχος πεπνυμένος ἀντίον ηὔδα·","translation":"Then wise Telemachus answered him in turn:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l153.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ηὔδα","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"then, in turn"},{"surface":"αὖ","lemma":"αὖ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"Τηλέμαχος","lemma":"Τηλέμαχος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ηὔδα","gloss":"Telemachus"},{"surface":"πεπνυμένος","lemma":"πέπνυμαι","morphology":"perfect medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"modifies Τηλέμαχος","gloss":"wise, prudent","note":"πεπνυμένος, a fixed epithet for Telemachus meaning 'of sound mind, thoughtful'."},{"surface":"ἀντίον","lemma":"ἀντίος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ηὔδα","gloss":"in reply"},{"surface":"ηὔδα","lemma":"αὐδάω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spoke"}]},{"number":154,"label":"154","id":"b22-l154","source":"ὦ πάτερ, αὐτὸς ἐγὼ τόδε γʼ ἤμβροτον—οὐδέ τις ἄλλος","translation":"\"Father, it was I myself who erred in this—no one else","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l154.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὦ","lemma":"ὦ","morphology":"exclamation","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"πάτερ","lemma":"πάτηρ","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"αὐτὸς","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"myself","note":"αὐτὸς ἐγὼ doubles the pronoun for emphasis: 'I myself, and no one else.'"},{"surface":"ἐγὼ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἤμβροτον","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"τόδε","lemma":"ὅδε","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"object of ἤμβροτον","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"γ","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"τις","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject","gloss":"anyone"},{"surface":"ἄλλος","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies τις","gloss":"else"}]},{"number":155,"label":"155","id":"b22-l155","source":"αἴτιος—ὃς θαλάμοιο θύρην πυκινῶς ἀραρυῖαν","translation":"is to blame—I who left the close-fitted door of the store room","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l155.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"θαλάμοιο","lemma":"θάλαμος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies θύρην","gloss":"of the storeroom"},{"surface":"θύρην","lemma":"θύρα","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of κάλλιπον","gloss":"door"},{"surface":"πυκινῶς","lemma":"πυκνός","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀραρυῖαν","gloss":"tightly, closely"},{"surface":"ἀραρυῖαν","lemma":"ἀραρίσκω","morphology":"perfect active participle, accusative singular feminine","role":"modifies θύρην","gloss":"fitted, fastened","note":"perfect participle ἀραρυῖαν 'having been fitted' describes the door as snugly closed before he left it open."}]},{"number":156,"label":"156","id":"b22-l156","source":"κάλλιπον ἀγκλίνας· τῶν δὲ σκοπὸς ἦεν ἀμείνων.","translation":"open, swinging it back; and their lookout was the keener.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l156.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κάλλιπον","lemma":"καταλείπω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ἐγὼ","gloss":"I left"},{"surface":"ἀγκλίνας","lemma":"ἀνακλίνω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to κάλλιπον","gloss":"having swung back"},{"surface":"τῶν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine pronoun","role":"modifies σκοπὸς","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and, but"},{"surface":"σκοπὸς","lemma":"σκοπός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἦεν","gloss":"lookout, watcher"},{"surface":"ἦεν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"ἀμείνων","lemma":"ἀμείνων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine comparative adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"keener, sharper"}]},{"number":157,"label":"157","id":"b22-l157","source":"ἀλλʼ ἴθι, δῖʼ Εὔμαιε, θύρην ἐπίθες θαλάμοιο","translation":"But go, noble Eumaeus, set the door of the store room to,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l157.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἴθι","lemma":"εἶμι","morphology":"present active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"δῖ","lemma":"δῖος","morphology":"vocative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Εὔμαιε","gloss":"noble"},{"surface":"Εὔμαιε","lemma":"Εὔμαιος","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"Eumaeus"},{"surface":"θύρην","lemma":"θύρα","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐπίθες","gloss":"door"},{"surface":"ἐπίθες","lemma":"ἐπιτίθημι","morphology":"aorist active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"set to, close"},{"surface":"θαλάμοιο","lemma":"θάλαμος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies θύρην","gloss":"of the storeroom"}]},{"number":158,"label":"158","id":"b22-l158","source":"καὶ φράσαι ἤ τις ἄρʼ ἐστὶ γυναικῶν ἣ τάδε ῥέζει,","translation":"and find out whether it is one of the women who does this,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l158.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"φράσαι","lemma":"φράζω","morphology":"aorist middle imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"find out"},{"surface":"ἤ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"τις","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of ἢ","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then, indeed"},{"surface":"ἐστὶ","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"object of φράσαι","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"γυναικῶν","lemma":"γυνή","morphology":"genitive plural feminine noun","role":"modifies τις","gloss":"of the women"},{"surface":"ἣ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of ῥέζει","gloss":"who","note":"relative pronoun ἣ picks up τις γυναικῶν, introducing the clause of what she is doing."},{"surface":"τάδε","lemma":"ὅδε","morphology":"accusative plural neuter pronoun","role":"object of ῥέζει","gloss":"these things"},{"surface":"ῥέζει","lemma":"ῥέζω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing τις","gloss":"does"}]},{"number":159,"label":"159","id":"b22-l159","source":"ἢ υἱὸς Δολίοιο, Μελανθεύς, τόν περ ὀΐω.","translation":"or Melanthios, the son of Dolios, as I suspect.\"","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l159.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἢ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"υἱὸς","lemma":"υἱός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ,","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"Δολίοιο","lemma":"Δόλιος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies υἱὸς","gloss":"of Dolios"},{"surface":"Μελανθεύς","lemma":"Μελανθεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ,","gloss":"Melantheus"},{"surface":"τόν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ὀΐω","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"περ","lemma":"πέρ","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ὀΐω","lemma":"οἴομαι","morphology":"present active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ,","gloss":"I suspect"}]},{"number":160,"label":"160","id":"b22-l160","source":"ὣς οἱ μὲν τοιαῦτα πρὸς ἀλλήλους ἀγόρευον,","translation":"Thus they spoke to each other of such things,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l160.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀγόρευον","gloss":"so, thus"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἀγόρευον","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"on one hand"},{"surface":"τοιαῦτα","lemma":"τοιοῦτος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of ἀγόρευον","gloss":"such things"},{"surface":"πρὸς","lemma":"πρός","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ἀλλήλους","lemma":"ἀλλήλων","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of πρὸς","gloss":"one another"},{"surface":"ἀγόρευον","lemma":"ἀγορεύω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"were saying"}]},{"number":161,"label":"161","id":"b22-l161","source":"βῆ δʼ αὖτις θάλαμόνδε Μελάνθιος, αἰπόλος αἰγῶν,","translation":"while Melanthios the goatherd went back again to the store room","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l161.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"βῆ","lemma":"βαίνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αὖτις","lemma":"αὖθις","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to βῆ","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"θάλαμόνδε","lemma":"θάλαμόνδε","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of βῆ","gloss":"to the storeroom","note":"-δε suffix on θάλαμον gives directional 'to/into the storeroom' without a preposition."},{"surface":"Μελάνθιος","lemma":"Μελάνθιος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ,","gloss":"Melanthios"},{"surface":"αἰπόλος","lemma":"αἰπόλος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ,","gloss":"goatherd"},{"surface":"αἰγῶν","lemma":"αἴξ","morphology":"genitive plural feminine noun","role":"modifies αἰπόλος","gloss":"of goats"}]},{"number":162,"label":"162","id":"b22-l162","source":"οἴσων τεύχεα καλά. νόησε δὲ δῖος ὑφορβός,","translation":"to fetch fine armor. But the noble swineherd noticed him,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l162.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἴσων","lemma":"φέρω","morphology":"future active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to βῆ","gloss":"to fetch","note":"future participle οἴσων 'going to bring', expressing purpose of his going."},{"surface":"τεύχεα","lemma":"τεῦχος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of οἴσων","gloss":"armor"},{"surface":"καλά","lemma":"καλός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies τεύχεα","gloss":"fine"},{"surface":"νόησε","lemma":"νοέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"noticed"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and, but"},{"surface":"δῖος","lemma":"δῖος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ὑφορβός","gloss":"noble"},{"surface":"ὑφορβός","lemma":"ὑφορβός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of δ᾽","gloss":"swineherd"}]},{"number":163,"label":"163","id":"b22-l163","source":"αἶψα δʼ Ὀδυσσῆα προσεφώνεεν ἐγγὺς ἐόντα·","translation":"and at once spoke to Odysseus, who was near him:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l163.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αἶψα","lemma":"αἶψα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to προσεφώνεεν","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσσῆα","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of προσεφώνεεν","gloss":"Odysseus"},{"surface":"προσεφώνεεν","lemma":"προσφωνέω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spoke to"},{"surface":"ἐγγὺς","lemma":"ἐγγύς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐόντα","gloss":"nearby"},{"surface":"ἐόντα","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"being"}]},{"number":164,"label":"164","id":"b22-l164","source":"διογενὲς Λαερτιάδη, πολυμήχανʼ Ὀδυσσεῦ,","translation":"\"Zeus-born son of Laertes, resourceful Odysseus,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l164.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"διογενὲς","lemma":"διογενής","morphology":"vocative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies Λαερτιάδη","gloss":"Zeus-born","note":"διογενής, formulaic epithet 'sprung from Zeus', honorific for heroes of noble lineage."},{"surface":"Λαερτιάδη","lemma":"Λαερτιάδης","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"son of Laertes"},{"surface":"πολυμήχαν","lemma":"πολυμήχανος","morphology":"vocative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ὀδυσσεῦ","gloss":"resourceful, of many wiles"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσσεῦ","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"Odysseus"}]},{"number":165,"label":"165","id":"b22-l165","source":"κεῖνος δʼ αὖτʼ ἀΐδηλος ἀνήρ, ὃν ὀϊόμεθʼ αὐτοί,","translation":"that ruinous man, the one we suspected ourselves,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l165.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κεῖνος","lemma":"κεῖνος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἀνήρ","gloss":"that one"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and, but"},{"surface":"αὖτ","lemma":"αὖτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"again, indeed"},{"surface":"ἀΐδηλος","lemma":"ἀίδηλος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἀνήρ","gloss":"ruinous, destructive"},{"surface":"ἀνήρ","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔρχεται","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"ὃν","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ὀϊόμεθ᾽","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"ὀϊόμεθ","lemma":"οἴομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ἀνήρ","gloss":"we suspected"},{"surface":"αὐτοί","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"ourselves"}]},{"number":166,"label":"166","id":"b22-l166","source":"ἔρχεται ἐς θάλαμον· σὺ δέ μοι νημερτὲς ἐνίσπες,","translation":"is going to the store room. So tell me truly:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l166.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔρχεται","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"is going"},{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"θάλαμον","lemma":"θάλαμος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐς","gloss":"storeroom"},{"surface":"σὺ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"nominative singular pronoun","role":"subject of ἐνίσπες","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and, but"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἐνίσπες","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"νημερτὲς","lemma":"νημερτής","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ἐνίσπες","gloss":"truly, unerringly"},{"surface":"ἐνίσπες","lemma":"ἐνέπω","morphology":"aorist active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"tell"}]},{"number":167,"label":"167","id":"b22-l167","source":"ἤ μιν ἀποκτείνω, αἴ κε κρείσσων γε γένωμαι,","translation":"shall I kill him, if I prove the stronger,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l167.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"αἴ κε γένωμαι","title":"Conditional with subjunctive","body":"An 'if perhaps' clause with the subjunctive expressing a future possibility: 'if I should turn out the stronger.' The particle κε (= ἄν) adds contingency."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἤ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἀποκτείνω","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ἀποκτείνω","lemma":"ἀποκτείνω","morphology":"present active subjunctive, 1st singular verb","role":"object of ἦε","gloss":"shall I kill","note":"deliberative subjunctive: Eumaeus asks Odysseus for a decision, 'shall I...?'"},{"surface":"αἴ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"κε","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"perchance"},{"surface":"κρείσσων","lemma":"κρείσσων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine comparative adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"stronger"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"γένωμαι","lemma":"γίγνομαι","morphology":"aorist middle subjunctive, 1st singular verb","role":"adverbial to αἴ","gloss":"I prove, become"}]},{"number":168,"label":"168","id":"b22-l168","source":"ἦε σοὶ ἐνθάδʼ ἄγω, ἵνʼ ὑπερβασίας ἀποτίσῃ","translation":"or shall I bring him here to you, so he may pay for his outrages,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l168.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἦε","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"σοὶ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"object of ἄγω","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"ἐνθάδ","lemma":"ἐνθάδε","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of ἄγω","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"ἄγω","lemma":"ἄγω","morphology":"present active subjunctive, 1st singular verb","role":"object of ἦε","gloss":"shall I bring"},{"surface":"ἵν","lemma":"ἵνα","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"ὑπερβασίας","lemma":"ὑπερβασία","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἀποτίσῃ","gloss":"outrages, transgressions"},{"surface":"ἀποτίσῃ","lemma":"ἀποτίνω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἵν᾽","gloss":"he may pay for"}]},{"number":169,"label":"169","id":"b22-l169","source":"πολλάς, ὅσσας οὗτος ἐμήσατο σῷ ἐνὶ οἴκῳ.","translation":"the many he has plotted here in your house?\"","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l169.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πολλάς","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"accusative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies ὑπερβασίας","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"ὅσσας","lemma":"ὅσος","morphology":"accusative plural feminine adjective","role":"object of ἐμήσατο","gloss":"as many as"},{"surface":"οὗτος","lemma":"οὗτος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"subject of ἐμήσατο","gloss":"this one"},{"surface":"ἐμήσατο","lemma":"μήδομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ὑπερβασίας","gloss":"he plotted","note":"μήδομαι, verb of scheming/devising — used of Melanthios' repeated treacherous plans."},{"surface":"σῷ","lemma":"σός","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies οἴκῳ","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"ἐνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"οἴκῳ","lemma":"οἶκος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐνὶ","gloss":"house"}]},{"number":170,"label":"170","id":"b22-l170","source":"τὸν δʼ ἀπαμειβόμενος προσέφη πολύμητις\n                  Ὀδυσσεύς·","translation":"Then resourceful Odysseus answered him and said:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l170.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of προσέφη","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and/but"},{"surface":"ἀπαμειβόμενος","lemma":"ἀπαμείβομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to προσέφη","gloss":"answering","note":"Middle participle 'answering': the medio-passive form of ἀπαμείβομαι marks reciprocal speech-act, common Homeric formula."},{"surface":"προσέφη","lemma":"πρόσφημι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spoke to"},{"surface":"πολύμητις","lemma":"πολύμητις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ὀδυσσεύς","gloss":"resourceful","note":"πολύμητις 'of many wiles' is Odysseus's stock epithet, filling the line after his name."},{"surface":"Ὀδυσσεύς","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of προσέφη","gloss":"Odysseus"}]},{"number":171,"label":"171","id":"b22-l171","source":"ἦ τοι ἐγὼ καὶ Τηλέμαχος μνηστῆρας ἀγαυοὺς","translation":"\"I and Telemachus will hold the lordly suitors","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l171.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"τοι","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"ἐγὼ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Τηλέμαχος","lemma":"Τηλέμαχος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"Telemachus"},{"surface":"μνηστῆρας","lemma":"μνηστήρ","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of σχήσομεν","gloss":"suitors","note":"Object of σχήσομεν 'we will hold/check', the verb arriving only in the next line — classic Homeric enjambment."},{"surface":"ἀγαυοὺς","lemma":"ἀγαυός","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies μνηστῆρας","gloss":"lordly"}]},{"number":172,"label":"172","id":"b22-l172","source":"σχήσομεν ἔντοσθεν μεγάρων, μάλα περ μεμαῶτας.","translation":"inside the hall, however fierce their fury.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l172.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"σχήσομεν","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"future active indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will hold/check","note":"σχήσομεν: future of ἔχω here means 'hold back, contain' — completes the sentence begun in l171."},{"surface":"ἔντοσθεν","lemma":"ἔντοσθε","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"inside"},{"surface":"μεγάρων","lemma":"μέγαρον","morphology":"genitive plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἔντοσθεν","gloss":"of the hall"},{"surface":"μάλα","lemma":"μάλα","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"περ","lemma":"πέρ","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"μεμαῶτας","lemma":"μέμαα","morphology":"perfect active participle, accusative plural masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"raging","note":"μεμαῶτας: perfect participle of μέμαα 'to be eager/furious', used with present force — a Homeric perfect-as-present."}]},{"number":173,"label":"173","id":"b22-l173","source":"σφῶϊ δʼ ἀποστρέψαντε πόδας καὶ χεῖρας ὕπερθεν","translation":"But you two, twist his feet and his hands behind him,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l173.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἀποστρέψαντε","title":"Dual participle for the two servants","body":"A dual aorist participle: Odysseus addresses the swineherd and cowherd as a pair acting together. Dual forms recur whenever these two work in tandem."}],"words":[{"surface":"σφῶϊ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"nominative dual pronoun","role":"subject of δὲ","gloss":"you two"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἀποστρέψαντε","lemma":"ἀποστρέφω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative dual masculine","role":"adverbial to βαλέειν","gloss":"twisting back","note":"Dual participle (ἀποστρέψαντε) agrees with σφῶϊ 'you two' — the dual number marks the pair of herdsmen acting together."},{"surface":"πόδας","lemma":"πούς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"feet"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"χεῖρας","lemma":"χείρ","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"ὕπερθεν","lemma":"ὕπερθεν","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies χεῖρας","gloss":"up behind"}]},{"number":174,"label":"174","id":"b22-l174","source":"ἐς θάλαμον βαλέειν, σανίδας δʼ ἐκδῆσαι ὄπισθε,","translation":"throw him into the store room, and tie the boards shut behind him,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l174.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"θάλαμον","lemma":"θάλαμος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐς","gloss":"storeroom"},{"surface":"βαλέειν","lemma":"βάλλω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"main verb","gloss":"throw","note":"βαλέειν: epic uncontracted aorist infinitive form (for βαλεῖν), typical of Homeric meter."},{"surface":"σανίδας","lemma":"σανίς","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἐκδῆσαι","gloss":"boards/planks"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐκδῆσαι","lemma":"ἐκδέω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"main verb","gloss":"tie shut"},{"surface":"ὄπισθε","lemma":"ὄπισθεν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐκδῆσαι","gloss":"behind"}]},{"number":175,"label":"175","id":"b22-l175","source":"σειρὴν δὲ πλεκτὴν ἐξ αὐτοῦ πειρήναντε","translation":"and fasten a braided rope to him,","scansion":"—— | —— | —— | —— | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l175.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"σειρὴν","lemma":"σειρά","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of πειρήναντε","gloss":"rope"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πλεκτὴν","lemma":"πλεκτός","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies σειρὴν","gloss":"braided","note":"This whole line repeats verbatim at l192 — a formulaic Homeric line-block reused in the narrated fulfillment."},{"surface":"ἐξ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"αὐτοῦ","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"object of ἐξ","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"πειρήναντε","lemma":"πειραίνω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative dual masculine","role":"adverbial to τε","gloss":"fastening"}]},{"number":176,"label":"176","id":"b22-l176","source":"κίονʼ ἀνʼ ὑψηλὴν ἐρύσαι πελάσαι τε δοκοῖσιν,","translation":"and haul him up a tall pillar and bring him close to the rafters,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l176.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κίον","lemma":"κίων","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἀν᾽","gloss":"pillar"},{"surface":"ἀν","lemma":"ἀνά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"up"},{"surface":"ὑψηλὴν","lemma":"ὑψηλός","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies κίον᾽","gloss":"tall"},{"surface":"ἐρύσαι","lemma":"ἐρύω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"main verb","gloss":"haul up"},{"surface":"πελάσαι","lemma":"πελάζω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"main verb","gloss":"bring close"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"δοκοῖσιν","lemma":"δοκός","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"object of πελάσαι","gloss":"rafters"}]},{"number":177,"label":"177","id":"b22-l177","source":"ὥς κεν δηθὰ ζωὸς ἐὼν χαλέπʼ ἄλγεα πάσχῃ·","translation":"so that, alive for a long time, he may suffer grievous pains.\"","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l177.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὥς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"κεν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"(would/might)"},{"surface":"δηθὰ","lemma":"δηθά","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐὼν","gloss":"for long"},{"surface":"ζωὸς","lemma":"ζωός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"alive"},{"surface":"ἐὼν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to πάσχῃ","gloss":"being"},{"surface":"χαλέπ","lemma":"χαλεπός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἄλγεα","gloss":"harsh"},{"surface":"ἄλγεα","lemma":"ἄλγος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of πάσχῃ","gloss":"pains"},{"surface":"πάσχῃ","lemma":"πάσχω","morphology":"present active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὥς","gloss":"may suffer","note":"Subjunctive with κεν/ὥς forms a purpose clause: Odysseus wants Melanthios to suffer long while still alive."}]},{"number":178,"label":"178","id":"b22-l178","source":"ὣς ἔφαθʼ, οἱ δʼ ἄρα τοῦ μάλα μὲν κλύον ἠδʼ\n                  ἐπίθοντο,","translation":"So he spoke, and they listened well to him and obeyed,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l178.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔφαθ᾽","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ἔφαθ","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he spoke"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἠδ᾽","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄρα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"τοῦ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of κλύον","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"μάλα","lemma":"μάλα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to κλύον","gloss":"closely"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"κλύον","lemma":"κλύω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"listened","note":"κλύον: root-aorist of κλύω 'hear/heed', an archaic epic form without thematic vowel."},{"surface":"ἠδ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐπίθοντο","lemma":"πείθω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"obeyed"}]},{"number":179,"label":"179","id":"b22-l179","source":"βὰν δʼ ἴμεν ἐς θάλαμον, λαθέτην δέ μιν ἔνδον ἐόντα.","translation":"and went off to the store room, unseen by him within.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l179.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"βὰν","lemma":"βαίνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"they went"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἴμεν","lemma":"εἶμι","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of βὰν","gloss":"to go","note":"ἴμεν: epic infinitive of εἶμι 'go', paired with βὰν in a common Homeric 'went to go' idiom for simple motion."},{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"θάλαμον","lemma":"θάλαμος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐς","gloss":"storeroom"},{"surface":"λαθέτην","lemma":"λανθάνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd dual verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"escaped notice","note":"λαθέτην: dual aorist of λανθάνω 'escape notice of' — the two men snuck up unseen, dual form marks the pair."},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of λαθέτην","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ἔνδον","lemma":"ἔνδον","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐόντα","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"ἐόντα","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"being"}]},{"number":180,"label":"180","id":"b22-l180","source":"ἦ τοι ὁ μὲν θαλάμοιο μυχὸν κάτα τεύχεʼ ἐρεύνα,","translation":"He, indeed, was searching for armor in the recess of the store room,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l180.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"τοι","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"ὁ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἐρεύνα","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"on one hand"},{"surface":"θαλάμοιο","lemma":"θάλαμος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies μυχὸν","gloss":"of the storeroom"},{"surface":"μυχὸν","lemma":"μυχός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to κάτα","gloss":"recess"},{"surface":"κάτα","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"down through","note":"κάτα is postposed (anastrophe) after its object μυχὸν, a common Homeric word-order feature for prepositions."},{"surface":"τεύχε","lemma":"τεῦχος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἐρεύνα","gloss":"armor"},{"surface":"ἐρεύνα","lemma":"ἐρευνάω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was searching"}]},{"number":181,"label":"181","id":"b22-l181","source":"τὼ δʼ ἔσταν ἑκάτερθε παρὰ σταθμοῖσι μένοντε.","translation":"while the two took their stand on either side, waiting by the doorposts.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l181.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"τὼ δʼ ἔσταν... μένοντε","title":"Dual subject and participle","body":"Both the article τώ and the participle μένοντε are dual, marking the two servants as a unit posted on each side of the door."}],"words":[{"surface":"τὼ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative dual masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἔσταν","gloss":"the two"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἔσταν","lemma":"ἵστημι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"stood","note":"ἔσταν: epic 3rd plural root aorist of ἵστημι, though grammatical dual sense given τὼ — a mixed dual/plural typical in Homer."},{"surface":"ἑκάτερθε","lemma":"ἑκάτερθε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔσταν","gloss":"on either side"},{"surface":"παρὰ","lemma":"παρά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"σταθμοῖσι","lemma":"σταθμός","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of παρὰ","gloss":"doorposts"},{"surface":"μένοντε","lemma":"μένω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative dual masculine","role":"adverbial to ἔσταν","gloss":"waiting"}]},{"number":182,"label":"182","id":"b22-l182","source":"εὖθʼ ὑπὲρ οὐδὸν ἔβαινε Μελάνθιος, αἰπόλος αἰγῶν,","translation":"When Melanthios the goatherd stepped over the threshold,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l182.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εὖθ","lemma":"εὖτε","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ὑπὲρ","lemma":"ὑπέρ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"οὐδὸν","lemma":"οὐδός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ὑπὲρ","gloss":"threshold"},{"surface":"ἔβαινε","lemma":"βαίνω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to εὖθ᾽","gloss":"was stepping"},{"surface":"Μελάνθιος","lemma":"Μελάνθιος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ,","gloss":"Melanthios"},{"surface":"αἰπόλος","lemma":"αἰπόλος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ,","gloss":"goatherd","note":"αἰπόλος αἰγῶν 'goatherd of goats' is Melanthios's fixed epithet-phrase, reused each time he's named."},{"surface":"αἰγῶν","lemma":"αἴξ","morphology":"genitive plural feminine noun","role":"modifies αἰπόλος","gloss":"of goats"}]},{"number":183,"label":"183","id":"b22-l183","source":"τῇ ἑτέρῃ μὲν χειρὶ φέρων καλὴν τρυφάλειαν,","translation":"carrying in one hand a fine helmet,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l183.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τῇ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative singular feminine article","role":"modifies χειρὶ","gloss":"in the"},{"surface":"ἑτέρῃ","lemma":"ἕτερος","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies χειρὶ","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"on one hand"},{"surface":"χειρὶ","lemma":"χείρ","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to φέρων","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"φέρων","lemma":"φέρω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to δ᾽","gloss":"carrying"},{"surface":"καλὴν","lemma":"καλός","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies τρυφάλειαν","gloss":"fine"},{"surface":"τρυφάλειαν","lemma":"τρυφάλεια","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of φέρων","gloss":"helmet"}]},{"number":184,"label":"184","id":"b22-l184","source":"τῇ δʼ ἑτέρῃ σάκος εὐρὺ γέρον, πεπαλαγμένον ἄζῃ,","translation":"and in the other a broad old shield, caked with mold,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l184.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τῇ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative singular feminine article","role":"modifies ἑτέρῃ","gloss":"in the"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἑτέρῃ","lemma":"ἕτερος","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"adverbial","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"σάκος","lemma":"σάκος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object","gloss":"shield"},{"surface":"εὐρὺ","lemma":"εὐρύς","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies σάκος","gloss":"broad"},{"surface":"γέρον","lemma":"γέρων","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ,","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"πεπαλαγμένον","lemma":"παλάσσω","morphology":"perfect medio-passive participle, accusative singular neuter","role":"modifies ,","gloss":"caked","note":"πεπαλαγμένον: perfect passive participle of παλάσσω 'besprinkle/befoul', vivid image of neglect on the old shield."},{"surface":"ἄζῃ","lemma":"ἄζα","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of πεπαλαγμένον","gloss":"with mold"}]},{"number":185,"label":"185","id":"b22-l185","source":"Λαέρτεω ἥρωος, ὃ κουρίζων φορέεσκε·","translation":"the shield of the hero Laertes, which he had carried in his youth—","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l185.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Λαέρτεω","lemma":"Λαέρτης","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies σάκος","gloss":"of Laertes"},{"surface":"ἥρωος","lemma":"ἥρως","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Λαέρτεω","gloss":"the hero"},{"surface":"ὃ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"object of φορέεσκε","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"κουρίζων","lemma":"κουρίζω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to φορέεσκε","gloss":"as a youth","note":"κουρίζων 'being a youth/playing the boy' — participle describing Laertes when he once carried this now-disused shield."},{"surface":"φορέεσκε","lemma":"φορέω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing σάκος","gloss":"used to carry","note":"φορέεσκε: iterative imperfect with -σκ- suffix, epic form for repeated past action ('used to carry')."}]},{"number":186,"label":"186","id":"b22-l186","source":"δὴ τότε γʼ ἤδη κεῖτο, ῥαφαὶ δὲ λέλυντο ἱμάντων·","translation":"but by now it lay disused, and the stitching of its straps had come undone—","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l186.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"τότε","lemma":"τότε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to κεῖτο","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"γ","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἤδη","lemma":"ἤδη","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to κεῖτο","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"κεῖτο","lemma":"κεῖμαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"lay"},{"surface":"ῥαφαὶ","lemma":"ῥαφή","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject of λέλυντο","gloss":"stitching"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"λέλυντο","lemma":"λύω","morphology":"pluperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"had come undone"},{"surface":"ἱμάντων","lemma":"ἱμάς","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ῥαφαὶ","gloss":"of straps"}]},{"number":187,"label":"187","id":"b22-l187","source":"τὼ δʼ ἄρʼ ἐπαΐξανθʼ ἑλέτην ἔρυσάν τέ μιν εἴσω","translation":"the two rushed at him, seized him, and dragged him inside","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l187.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἐπαΐξανθʼ ἑλέτην ἔρυσάν τε","title":"Dual verbs in the ambush","body":"The verbs are dual (ἑλέτην, and the participle ἐπαΐξαντε): the two herdsmen act together to seize Melanthios."}],"words":[{"surface":"τὼ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative dual masculine pronoun","role":"subject of δὲ","gloss":"the two"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἐπαΐξανθ","lemma":"ἐπαίσσω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative dual masculine","role":"adverbial to ἑλέτην","gloss":"rushing at","note":"ἐπαΐξανθ᾽: dual aorist participle, the two herdsmen springing on Melanthios together — vivid ambush action."},{"surface":"ἑλέτην","lemma":"αἱρέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd dual verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"seized"},{"surface":"ἔρυσάν","lemma":"ἐρύω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"dragged"},{"surface":"τέ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἔρυσάν","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"εἴσω","lemma":"εἴσω","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of ἔρυσάν","gloss":"inside"}]},{"number":188,"label":"188","id":"b22-l188","source":"κουρίξ, ἐν δαπέδῳ δὲ χαμαὶ βάλον ἀχνύμενον κῆρ,","translation":"by the hair, and threw him to the ground, grieving in his heart,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l188.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κουρίξ","lemma":"κουρίξ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔρυσάν","gloss":"by the hair","note":"κουρίξ 'by the hair' is a rare, vivid adverb used almost only here in Homer to intensify the violence of the seizure."},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"δαπέδῳ","lemma":"δάπεδον","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἐν","gloss":"floor"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"χαμαὶ","lemma":"χαμαί","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to βάλον","gloss":"to the ground"},{"surface":"βάλον","lemma":"βάλλω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"threw"},{"surface":"ἀχνύμενον","lemma":"ἀχεύω","morphology":"present passive participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"grieving"},{"surface":"κῆρ","lemma":"κῆρ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἀχνύμενον","gloss":"heart"}]},{"number":189,"label":"189","id":"b22-l189","source":"σὺν δὲ πόδας χεῖράς τε δέον θυμαλγέϊ δεσμῷ","translation":"and bound his feet and hands together with a heart-galling cord,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l189.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"σὺν","lemma":"σύν","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"together","note":"σύν here is used adverbially ('together') rather than as a true preposition, a Homeric usage called tmesis-adjacent emphasis."},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πόδας","lemma":"πούς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of τε","gloss":"feet"},{"surface":"χεῖράς","lemma":"χείρ","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of τε","gloss":"and hands"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"δέον","lemma":"δέω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"were binding"},{"surface":"θυμαλγέϊ","lemma":"θυμαλγής","morphology":"dative singular adjective","role":"modifies δεσμῷ","gloss":"heart-galling"},{"surface":"δεσμῷ","lemma":"δεσμός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of δέον","gloss":"cord"}]},{"number":190,"label":"190","id":"b22-l190","source":"εὖ μάλʼ ἀποστρέψαντε διαμπερές, ὡς ἐκέλευσεν","translation":"wrenching them right back, just as he had ordered,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l190.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εὖ","lemma":"εὖ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀποστρέψαντε","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"μάλ","lemma":"μάλα","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"ἀποστρέψαντε","lemma":"ἀποστρέφω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative dual masculine","role":"adverbial to δέον","gloss":"wrenching back"},{"surface":"διαμπερές","lemma":"διαμπερές","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀποστρέψαντε","gloss":"right through","note":"διαμπερές 'clean through' stresses how thoroughly his limbs were twisted — intensifying adverb for the binding."},{"surface":"ὡς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"conjunction","role":"adverbial to ἐκέλευσεν","gloss":"just as"},{"surface":"ἐκέλευσεν","lemma":"κελεύω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἀποστρέψαντε","gloss":"had ordered"}]},{"number":191,"label":"191","id":"b22-l191","source":"υἱὸς Λαέρταο, πολύτλας δῖος Ὀδυσσεύς·","translation":"the son of Laertes, much-enduring noble Odysseus;","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l191.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"υἱὸς","lemma":"υἱός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ,","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"Λαέρταο","lemma":"Λαέρτης","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies υἱὸς","gloss":"of Laertes"},{"surface":"δῖος","lemma":"δῖος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ὀδυσσεύς","gloss":"noble"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσσεύς","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ,","gloss":"Odysseus"}]},{"number":192,"label":"192","id":"b22-l192","source":"σειρὴν δὲ πλεκτὴν ἐξ αὐτοῦ πειρήναντε","translation":"and they fastened a braided rope to him","scansion":"—— | —— | —— | —— | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l192.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"σειρὴν","lemma":"σειρά","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of πειρήναντε","gloss":"rope"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πλεκτὴν","lemma":"πλεκτός","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies σειρὴν","gloss":"braided","note":"Verbatim repeat of l175 — the order given earlier is now shown carried out, a Homeric command/fulfillment doublet."},{"surface":"ἐξ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"αὐτοῦ","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"object of ἐξ","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"πειρήναντε","lemma":"πειραίνω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative dual masculine","role":"adverbial to ἔρυσαν","gloss":"fastening"}]},{"number":193,"label":"193","id":"b22-l193","source":"κίονʼ ἀνʼ ὑψηλὴν ἔρυσαν πέλασάν τε δοκοῖσι.","translation":"and hauled him up a tall pillar and brought him close to the rafters.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l193.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κίον","lemma":"κίων","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἀν᾽","gloss":"pillar"},{"surface":"ἀν","lemma":"ἀνά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"up"},{"surface":"ὑψηλὴν","lemma":"ὑψηλός","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies κίον᾽","gloss":"tall"},{"surface":"ἔρυσαν","lemma":"ἐρύω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"hauled up"},{"surface":"πέλασάν","lemma":"πελάζω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"brought close"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"δοκοῖσι","lemma":"δοκός","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"object of πέλασάν","gloss":"rafters"}]},{"number":194,"label":"194","id":"b22-l194","source":"τὸν δʼ ἐπικερτομέων προσέφης, Εὔμαιε συβῶτα·","translation":"And mocking him you spoke to him, Eumaeus the swineherd:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l194.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"προσέφης, Εὔμαιε","title":"Apostrophe to Eumaeus","body":"The poet turns to address Eumaeus directly in the second person ('you spoke'), a rare touch of intimacy Homer reserves for a few favored characters. Εὔμαιε is vocative."}],"words":[{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of προσέφης","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐπικερτομέων","lemma":"ἐπικερτομέω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to προσέφης","gloss":"mocking","note":"ἐπικερτομέων 'taunting': narrator shifts to 2nd person address (προσέφης 'you spoke') directly to Eumaeus — a rare Homeric apostrophe."},{"surface":"προσέφης","lemma":"πρόσφημι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"you spoke to"},{"surface":"Εὔμαιε","lemma":"Εὔμαιος","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"Eumaeus"},{"surface":"συβῶτα","lemma":"συβώτης","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Εὔμαιε","gloss":"swineherd"}]},{"number":195,"label":"195","id":"b22-l195","source":"νῦν μὲν δὴ μάλα πάγχυ, Μελάνθιε, νύκτα\n                     φυλάξεις,","translation":"\"Now indeed, Melanthios, you will keep watch through the whole night,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l195.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"νῦν","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to φυλάξεις","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"μάλα","lemma":"μάλα","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"πάγχυ","lemma":"πάγχυ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to φυλάξεις","gloss":"completely","note":"μάλα πάγχυ piles up two intensifiers — heavy sarcasm as Eumaeus mocks Melanthios's coming ordeal."},{"surface":"Μελάνθιε","lemma":"Μελάνθιος","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"Melanthios"},{"surface":"νύκτα","lemma":"νύξ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to φυλάξεις","gloss":"night"},{"surface":"φυλάξεις","lemma":"φυλάσσω","morphology":"future active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will keep watch"}]},{"number":196,"label":"196","id":"b22-l196","source":"εὐνῇ ἔνι μαλακῇ καταλέγμενος, ὥς σε ἔοικεν·","translation":"lying on a soft bed, as is fitting for you;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l196.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εὐνῇ","lemma":"εὐνή","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἔνι","gloss":"bed"},{"surface":"ἔνι","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"μαλακῇ","lemma":"μαλακός","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies εὐνῇ","gloss":"soft","note":"'Soft bed' is bitter irony — Melanthios is actually bound and hung from a pillar, the opposite of comfort."},{"surface":"καταλέγμενος","lemma":"καταλέγω","morphology":"aorist passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to φυλάξεις","gloss":"lying"},{"surface":"ὥς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔοικεν","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"σε","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative singular pronoun","role":"object of ἔοικεν","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ἔοικεν","lemma":"ἔοικα","morphology":"perfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to καταλέγμενος","gloss":"is fitting"}]},{"number":197,"label":"197","id":"b22-l197","source":"οὐδέ σέ γʼ ἠριγένεια παρʼ Ὠκεανοῖο ῥοάων","translation":"and the early-born one, golden-throned, coming up from the streams of Ocean,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l197.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"σέ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative singular pronoun","role":"object of λήσει","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"γ","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἠριγένεια","lemma":"ἠριγένεια","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of λήσει","gloss":"Dawn","note":"ἠριγένεια 'early-born' is the standard epithet for Eos (Dawn), personified as a goddess rising from Ocean."},{"surface":"παρ","lemma":"παρά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from beside"},{"surface":"Ὠκεανοῖο","lemma":"Ὠκεανός","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ῥοάων","gloss":"Ocean"},{"surface":"ῥοάων","lemma":"ῥοή","morphology":"genitive plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to παρ᾽","gloss":"streams"}]},{"number":198,"label":"198","id":"b22-l198","source":"λήσει ἐπερχομένη χρυσόθρονος, ἡνίκʼ ἀγινεῖς","translation":"will not escape your notice, at the hour when you bring","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l198.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"λήσει","lemma":"λανθάνω","morphology":"future middle indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will escape notice","note":"λανθάνω 'escape notice' takes a complementary participle (ἐπερχομένη): lit. 'she will not be unnoticed coming'."},{"surface":"ἐπερχομένη","lemma":"ἐπέρχομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to λήσει","gloss":"coming, approaching"},{"surface":"χρυσόθρονος","lemma":"χρυσόθρονος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἠριγένεια","gloss":"golden-throned","note":"epic epithet of Dawn (ἠριγένεια), formulaic even though the noun itself is elided/implied here."},{"surface":"ἡνίκ","lemma":"ἡνίκα","morphology":"adverb","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ἀγινεῖς","lemma":"ἀγινέω","morphology":"present active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἡνίκ᾽","gloss":"you bring, drive"}]},{"number":199,"label":"199","id":"b22-l199","source":"αἶγας μνηστήρεσσι δόμον κάτα δαῖτα πένεσθαι.","translation":"the goats for the suitors to make their feast throughout the house.\"","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l199.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αἶγας","lemma":"αἴξ","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἀγινεῖς","gloss":"goats"},{"surface":"μνηστήρεσσι","lemma":"μνηστήρ","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἀγινεῖς","gloss":"for the suitors"},{"surface":"δόμον","lemma":"δόμος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to κάτα","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"κάτα","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"through, throughout","note":"κάτα is anastrophe of κατά placed after its noun δόμον, common in epic word order."},{"surface":"δαῖτα","lemma":"δαίτη","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of πένεσθαι","gloss":"feast"},{"surface":"πένεσθαι","lemma":"πένομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive infinitive","role":"adverbial to ἀγινεῖς","gloss":"to prepare, make"}]},{"number":200,"label":"200","id":"b22-l200","source":"ὣς ὁ μὲν αὖθι λέλειπτο, ταθεὶς ὀλοῷ ἐνὶ δεσμῷ·","translation":"So he was left there, stretched in the deadly bond;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l200.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to λέλειπτο","gloss":"so, thus"},{"surface":"ὁ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of λέλειπτο","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed (marks contrast)"},{"surface":"αὖθι","lemma":"αὖθι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to λέλειπτο","gloss":"there, on the spot"},{"surface":"λέλειπτο","lemma":"λείπω","morphology":"pluperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was left","note":"pluperfect λέλειπτο used with simple past force, a common Homeric usage for a completed state."},{"surface":"ταθεὶς","lemma":"τείνω","morphology":"aorist passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to λέλειπτο","gloss":"stretched out"},{"surface":"ὀλοῷ","lemma":"ὀλοός","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies δεσμῷ","gloss":"deadly, fatal"},{"surface":"ἐνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"δεσμῷ","lemma":"δεσμός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐνὶ","gloss":"bond, fetter"}]},{"number":201,"label":"201","id":"b22-l201","source":"τὼ δʼ ἐς τεύχεα δύντε, θύρην ἐπιθέντε φαεινήν,","translation":"and the two, putting on their armor and closing the shining door,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l201.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"τὼ δʼ ἐς τεύχεα δύντε... ἐπιθέντε","title":"Dual participles for the returning pair","body":"Both participles (δύντε, ἐπιθέντε) and the article τώ are dual: the two herdsmen arm and shut the door together before rejoining Odysseus."}],"words":[{"surface":"τὼ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative dual masculine pronoun","role":"subject of βήτην","gloss":"the two","note":"dual pronoun τώ — marks the two herdsmen (Eumaeus and Philoetius) acting as a pair, a form used only for two."},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"τεύχεα","lemma":"τεῦχος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of δύντε","gloss":"armor"},{"surface":"δύντε","lemma":"δύω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative dual masculine","role":"adverbial to ,","gloss":"putting on, entering","note":"dual participle δύντε agrees with the dual subject τώ."},{"surface":"θύρην","lemma":"θύρα","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐπιθέντε","gloss":"door"},{"surface":"ἐπιθέντε","lemma":"ἐπιτίθημι","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative dual masculine","role":"adverbial to ,","gloss":"having closed"},{"surface":"φαεινήν","lemma":"φαεινός","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies θύρην","gloss":"shining, bright"}]},{"number":202,"label":"202","id":"b22-l202","source":"βήτην εἰς Ὀδυσῆα δαΐφρονα, ποικιλομήτην.","translation":"went off to Odysseus, skilled in war and shifting in cunning.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l202.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"βήτην","lemma":"βαίνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd dual verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"went, walked","note":"dual verb form βήτην (3rd dual aorist), matching the pair just described."},{"surface":"εἰς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to, toward"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσῆα","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of εἰς","gloss":"Odysseus"},{"surface":"δαΐφρονα","lemma":"δαίφρων","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ,","gloss":"battle-minded, valiant"},{"surface":"ποικιλομήτην","lemma":"ποικιλομήτης","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ,","gloss":"of many wiles","note":"ποικιλομήτης, a signature Odysseus epithet ('many-schemed')."}]},{"number":203,"label":"203","id":"b22-l203","source":"ἔνθα μένος πνείοντες ἐφέστασαν, οἱ μὲν ἐπʼ οὐδοῦ","translation":"There they stood breathing fury, those four on the threshold,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l203.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔνθα","lemma":"ἔνθα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐφέστασαν","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"μένος","lemma":"μένος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of πνείοντες","gloss":"fury, battle-rage"},{"surface":"πνείοντες","lemma":"πνέω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐφέστασαν","gloss":"breathing"},{"surface":"ἐφέστασαν","lemma":"ἐφίστημι","morphology":"pluperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"had taken their stand","note":"pluperfect ἐφέστασαν used with past/imperfect force ('had taken their stand'), standard for the perfect system of 'standing' verbs in Homer."},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of δ᾽","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"on the one hand"},{"surface":"ἐπ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"on, at"},{"surface":"οὐδοῦ","lemma":"οὐδός","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ἐπ᾽","gloss":"threshold"}]},{"number":204,"label":"204","id":"b22-l204","source":"τέσσαρες, οἱ δʼ ἔντοσθε δόμων πολέες τε καὶ ἐσθλοί.","translation":"while inside the house were many men, and brave.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l204.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τέσσαρες","lemma":"τέσσαρες","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"four"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of δ᾽","gloss":"the others"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and, but"},{"surface":"ἔντοσθε","lemma":"ἔντοσθε","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"inside"},{"surface":"δόμων","lemma":"δόμος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ἔντοσθε","gloss":"of the house"},{"surface":"πολέες","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐσθλοί","lemma":"ἐσθλός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"brave, noble"}]},{"number":205,"label":"205","id":"b22-l205","source":"τοῖσι δʼ ἐπʼ ἀγχίμολον θυγάτηρ Διὸς ἦλθεν Ἀθήνη,","translation":"Then near to them came Athena, daughter of Zeus,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l205.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τοῖσι","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἦλθεν","gloss":"to them"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐπ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"near"},{"surface":"ἀγχίμολον","lemma":"ἀγχίμολος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ἦλθεν","gloss":"close by, near"},{"surface":"θυγάτηρ","lemma":"θυγάτηρ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"daughter"},{"surface":"Διὸς","lemma":"Ζεύς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies θυγάτηρ","gloss":"of Zeus"},{"surface":"ἦλθεν","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"Ἀθήνη","lemma":"Ἀθήνη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"Athena","note":"θυγάτηρ Διὸς 'daughter of Zeus' is a standard formulaic patronymic for Athena."}]},{"number":206,"label":"206","id":"b22-l206","source":"Μέντορι εἰδομένη ἠμὲν δέμας ἠδὲ καὶ αὐδήν.","translation":"likening herself to Mentor in both form and voice.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l206.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Μέντορι","lemma":"Μέντωρ","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of εἰδομένη","gloss":"Mentor","note":"Athena disguises herself as the old family friend Mentor, both in shape and in voice."},{"surface":"εἰδομένη","lemma":"εἴδομαι","morphology":"present middle participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to ἦλθεν","gloss":"likening herself"},{"surface":"ἠμὲν","lemma":"ἠμέν","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"δέμας","lemma":"δέμας","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἠδὲ","gloss":"form, appearance"},{"surface":"ἠδὲ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"αὐδήν","lemma":"αὐδή","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἠδὲ","gloss":"voice"}]},{"number":207,"label":"207","id":"b22-l207","source":"τὴν δʼ Ὀδυσεὺς γήθησεν ἰδὼν καὶ μῦθον ἔειπε·","translation":"Odysseus rejoiced when he saw her, and spoke a word:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l207.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὴν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of ἰδὼν","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσεὺς","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"Odysseus"},{"surface":"γήθησεν","lemma":"γηθέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"rejoiced"},{"surface":"ἰδὼν","lemma":"εἶδον","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"seeing","note":"Odysseus recognizes Athena beneath the Mentor disguise, hence his joy at ἰδὼν 'seeing'."},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μῦθον","lemma":"μῦθος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἔειπε","gloss":"word, speech"},{"surface":"ἔειπε","lemma":"εἶπον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spoke"}]},{"number":208,"label":"208","id":"b22-l208","source":"Μέντορ, ἄμυνον ἀρήν, μνῆσαι δʼ ἑτάροιο\n                     φίλοιο,","translation":"\"Mentor, ward off ruin, and remember your dear comrade,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l208.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἄμυνον... μνῆσαι","title":"Imperatives of appeal","body":"Two imperatives drive the plea: 'ward off' (aorist active) and 'remember' (aorist middle). The mood marks Odysseus' direct command-like request to the disguised goddess."}],"words":[{"surface":"Μέντορ","lemma":"Μέντωρ","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"Mentor"},{"surface":"ἄμυνον","lemma":"ἀμύνω","morphology":"aorist active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"ward off"},{"surface":"ἀρήν","lemma":"ἀρή","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἄμυνον","gloss":"ruin, harm"},{"surface":"μνῆσαι","lemma":"μιμνήσκω","morphology":"aorist middle imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"remember","note":"aorist middle imperative μνῆσαι 'remember!' governs the genitive ἑτάροιο, the standard case for verbs of remembering."},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἑτάροιο","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of μνῆσαι","gloss":"comrade"},{"surface":"φίλοιο","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἑτάροιο","gloss":"dear"}]},{"number":209,"label":"209","id":"b22-l209","source":"ὅς σʼ ἀγαθὰ ῥέζεσκον· ὁμηλικίην δέ μοί ἐσσι.","translation":"who did good things for you; and you are my age-mate.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l209.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὅς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ῥέζεσκον","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"σ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative singular pronoun","role":"object of ῥέζεσκον","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ἀγαθὰ","lemma":"ἀγαθός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of ῥέζεσκον","gloss":"good things"},{"surface":"ῥέζεσκον","lemma":"ῥέζω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ἑτάροιο","gloss":"used to do","note":"ῥέζεσκον is an iterative imperfect (-σκ- suffix), a Homeric form marking repeated past action."},{"surface":"ὁμηλικίην","lemma":"ὁμηλικία","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"age-mate, peer"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μοί","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies ὁμηλικίην","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"ἐσσι","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"you are"}]},{"number":210,"label":"210","id":"b22-l210","source":"ὣς φάτʼ, ὀϊόμενος λαοσσόον ἔμμεν Ἀθήνην.","translation":"So he spoke, though he guessed it was Athena, rouser of armies.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l210.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to φάτ᾽","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"φάτ","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"aorist indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he spoke"},{"surface":"ὀϊόμενος","lemma":"οἴομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to φάτ᾽","gloss":"suspecting, guessing","note":"Odysseus secretly suspects 'Mentor' is really Athena — dramatic irony the audience shares."},{"surface":"λαοσσόον","lemma":"λαοσσόος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Ἀθήνην","gloss":"rouser of armies","note":"λαοσσόος, a martial epithet of Athena as war-goddess."},{"surface":"ἔμμεν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of ὀϊόμενος","gloss":"to be"},{"surface":"Ἀθήνην","lemma":"Ἀθήνη","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"Athena"}]},{"number":211,"label":"211","id":"b22-l211","source":"μνηστῆρες δʼ ἑτέρωθεν ὁμόκλεον ἐν μεγάροισι·","translation":"But the suitors shouted at her from the other side in the hall;","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l211.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μνηστῆρες","lemma":"μνηστήρ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ὁμόκλεον","gloss":"suitors"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and, but"},{"surface":"ἑτέρωθεν","lemma":"ἑτέρωθεν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ὁμόκλεον","gloss":"from the other side"},{"surface":"ὁμόκλεον","lemma":"ὁμοκλέω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"shouted, threatened"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"μεγάροισι","lemma":"μέγαρον","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"the halls"}]},{"number":212,"label":"212","id":"b22-l212","source":"πρῶτος τήν γʼ ἐνένιπε Δαμαστορίδης Ἀγέλαος·","translation":"first to revile her was Agelaos, son of Damastor:","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l212.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πρῶτος","lemma":"πρῶτος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"τήν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of ἐνένιπε","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"γ","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἐνένιπε","lemma":"ἐνίπτω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"reviled, rebuked"},{"surface":"Δαμαστορίδης","lemma":"Δαμαστορίδης","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ἀγέλαος","gloss":"son of Damastor"},{"surface":"Ἀγέλαος","lemma":"Ἀγέλαος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"Agelaos"}]},{"number":213,"label":"213","id":"b22-l213","source":"Μέντορ, μή σʼ ἐπέεσσι παραιπεπίθῃσιν\n                     Ὀδυσσεὺς","translation":"\"Mentor, do not let Odysseus talk you over with his words","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l213.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Μέντορ","lemma":"Μέντωρ","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"Mentor"},{"surface":"μή","lemma":"μή","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not, lest"},{"surface":"σ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative singular pronoun","role":"subject of δέ","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ἐπέεσσι","lemma":"ἔπος","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to παραιπεπίθῃσιν","gloss":"with words"},{"surface":"παραιπεπίθῃσιν","lemma":"παραπείθω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"persuade, win over","note":"subjunctive with μή expresses a negative purpose/fear clause: 'lest Odysseus win you over'."},{"surface":"Ὀδυσσεὺς","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of παραιπεπίθῃσιν","gloss":"Odysseus"}]},{"number":214,"label":"214","id":"b22-l214","source":"μνηστήρεσσι μάχεσθαι, ἀμυνέμεναι δέ οἱ αὐτῷ.","translation":"into fighting the suitors and defending him.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l214.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μνηστήρεσσι","lemma":"μνηστήρ","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of μάχεσθαι","gloss":"against the suitors"},{"surface":"μάχεσθαι","lemma":"μάχομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive infinitive","role":"object of δέ","gloss":"to fight"},{"surface":"ἀμυνέμεναι","lemma":"ἀμύνω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of δέ","gloss":"to defend"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἀμυνέμεναι","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"αὐτῷ","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"himself"}]},{"number":215,"label":"215","id":"b22-l215","source":"ὧδε γὰρ ἡμέτερόν γε νόον τελέεσθαι ὀΐω·","translation":"For thus, I think, our purpose will be carried out:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l215.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὧδε","lemma":"ὧδε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to τελέεσθαι","gloss":"thus, in this way"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ἡμέτερόν","lemma":"ἡμέτερος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies νόον","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"at least"},{"surface":"νόον","lemma":"νόος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of τελέεσθαι","gloss":"purpose, plan"},{"surface":"τελέεσθαι","lemma":"τελέω","morphology":"future middle infinitive","role":"object of ὀΐω","gloss":"will be accomplished"},{"surface":"ὀΐω","lemma":"οἴομαι","morphology":"present active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I think"}]},{"number":216,"label":"216","id":"b22-l216","source":"ὁππότε κεν τούτους κτέωμεν, πατέρʼ ἠδὲ καὶ υἱόν,","translation":"once we have killed these men, father and son alike,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l216.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ὁππότε κεν κτέωμεν","title":"Temporal clause with subjunctive","body":"An 'whenever / once we have' clause with κεν and the subjunctive, expressing a future condition for the threat that follows."}],"words":[{"surface":"ὁππότε","lemma":"ὁπότε","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"whenever"},{"surface":"κεν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"(would/might)"},{"surface":"τούτους","lemma":"οὗτος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of ,","gloss":"these men"},{"surface":"κτέωμεν","lemma":"κτείνω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 1st plural verb","role":"adverbial to ὁππότε","gloss":"we kill","note":"subjunctive κτέωμεν with κεν in a general/future temporal clause, typical epic use of ἄν+subj."},{"surface":"πατέρ","lemma":"πατήρ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"ἠδὲ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"υἱόν","lemma":"υἱός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"son"}]},{"number":217,"label":"217","id":"b22-l217","source":"ἐν δὲ σὺ τοῖσιν ἔπειτα πεφήσεαι, οἷα μενοινᾷς","translation":"then you too will be slain among them, for the things you are eager","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l217.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"σὺ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"nominative singular pronoun","role":"subject of πεφήσεαι","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"τοῖσιν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative plural masculine pronoun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"among them"},{"surface":"ἔπειτα","lemma":"ἔπειτα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to πεφήσεαι","gloss":"then, thereafter"},{"surface":"πεφήσεαι","lemma":"θείνω","morphology":"future perfect medio-passive indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will be slain","note":"future perfect πεφήσεαι (from θείνω) has simple future force in Homer, an archaic tense usage."},{"surface":"οἷα","lemma":"οἷος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of ἔρδειν","gloss":"such things as"},{"surface":"μενοινᾷς","lemma":"μενοινάω","morphology":"present active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"adverbial to πεφήσεαι","gloss":"you are eager for"}]},{"number":218,"label":"218","id":"b22-l218","source":"ἔρδειν ἐν μεγάροις· σῷ δʼ αὐτοῦ κράατι τίσεις.","translation":"to do in the halls; and you will pay for it with your own head.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l218.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔρδειν","lemma":"ἔρδω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of μενοινᾷς","gloss":"to do"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"μεγάροις","lemma":"μέγαρον","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"halls"},{"surface":"σῷ","lemma":"σός","morphology":"dative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies κράατι","gloss":"your own"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αὐτοῦ","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies κράατι","gloss":"of yourself"},{"surface":"κράατι","lemma":"κράς","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"object of τίσεις","gloss":"head","note":"κράατι, an epic dative form of κάρα/κράς 'head' — pay 'with your own head' means pay with your life."},{"surface":"τίσεις","lemma":"τίνω","morphology":"future active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"you will pay"}]},{"number":219,"label":"219","id":"b22-l219","source":"αὐτὰρ ἐπὴν ὑμέων γε βίας ἀφελώμεθα χαλκῷ,","translation":"And when we have stripped the strength from all of you with the bronze,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l219.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐπὴν","lemma":"ἐπήν","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ὑμέων","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"genitive plural pronoun","role":"modifies βίας","gloss":"of you"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"at least"},{"surface":"βίας","lemma":"βία","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἀφελώμεθα","gloss":"strength, force"},{"surface":"ἀφελώμεθα","lemma":"ἀφαιρέω","morphology":"aorist middle subjunctive, 1st plural verb","role":"adverbial to ἐπὴν","gloss":"we strip away"},{"surface":"χαλκῷ","lemma":"χαλκός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἀφελώμεθα","gloss":"with bronze"}]},{"number":220,"label":"220","id":"b22-l220","source":"κτήμαθʼ ὁπόσσα τοί ἐστι, τά τʼ ἔνδοθι καὶ τὰ θύρηφι,","translation":"all the possessions you have, both inside and out of doors,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l220.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κτήμαθ","lemma":"κτῆμα","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ,","gloss":"possessions"},{"surface":"ὁπόσσα","lemma":"ὁπόσος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"subject of ἐστι","gloss":"as many as"},{"surface":"τοί","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"object of ἐστι","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ἐστι","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing κτήμαθ᾽","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"τά","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative plural neuter pronoun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔνδοθι","lemma":"ἔνδοθι","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies τά","gloss":"inside"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τὰ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative plural neuter pronoun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"θύρηφι","lemma":"θύρῃφι","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies τὰ","gloss":"outdoors","note":"θύρηφι uses the archaic instrumental/locative -φι ending, common in Homeric formulaic diction."}]},{"number":221,"label":"221","id":"b22-l221","source":"τοῖσιν Ὀδυσσῆος μεταμίξομεν· οὐδέ τοι υἷας","translation":"we will mix in with Odysseus's; nor will we let your sons","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l221.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τοῖσιν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative plural neuter pronoun","role":"object of μεταμίξομεν","gloss":"with those"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσσῆος","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies τοῖσιν","gloss":"of Odysseus"},{"surface":"μεταμίξομεν","lemma":"μεταμίγνυμι","morphology":"future active indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"we will mix together","note":"the suitors' possessions being merged with Odysseus's household goods as compensation/plunder."},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"modifies υἷας","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"υἷας","lemma":"υἱός","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ζώειν","gloss":"sons"}]},{"number":222,"label":"222","id":"b22-l222","source":"ζώειν ἐν μεγάροισιν ἐάσομεν, οὐδέ θύγατρας","translation":"live on in your halls, nor your daughters,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l222.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ζώειν","lemma":"ζώω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of ἐάσομεν","gloss":"to live"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"μεγάροισιν","lemma":"μέγαρον","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"your halls"},{"surface":"ἐάσομεν","lemma":"ἐάω","morphology":"future active indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"we will allow"},{"surface":"θύγατρας","lemma":"θυγάτηρ","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"daughters"}]},{"number":223,"label":"223","id":"b22-l223","source":"οὐδʼ ἄλοχον κεδνὴν Ἰθάκης κατὰ ἄστυ πολεύειν.","translation":"nor let your faithful wife go about the town of Ithaca.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l223.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἄλοχον","lemma":"ἄλοχος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of πολεύειν","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"κεδνὴν","lemma":"κεδνός","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἄλοχον","gloss":"faithful, dear"},{"surface":"Ἰθάκης","lemma":"Ἰθάκη","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies ἄστυ","gloss":"of Ithaca"},{"surface":"κατὰ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"through, about"},{"surface":"ἄστυ","lemma":"ἄστυ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of κατὰ","gloss":"town, city"},{"surface":"πολεύειν","lemma":"πολεύω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object","gloss":"go about, walk"}]},{"number":224,"label":"224","id":"b22-l224","source":"ὣς φάτʼ, Ἀθηναίη δὲ χολώσατο κηρόθι μᾶλλον,","translation":"So he spoke, and Athena grew the more enraged in her heart,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l224.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"χολώσατο","title":"Aorist middle of anger","body":"An aorist middle verb showing Athena becoming angry. The middle voice marks the action as affecting the subject's own state."}],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to φάτ᾽","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"φάτ","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"aorist indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he spoke"},{"surface":"Ἀθηναίη","lemma":"Ἀθήνη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of χολώσατο","gloss":"Athena"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"χολώσατο","lemma":"χολόω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"grew angry"},{"surface":"κηρόθι","lemma":"κηρόθι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to χολώσατο","gloss":"in her heart"},{"surface":"μᾶλλον","lemma":"μᾶλλον","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to χολώσατο","gloss":"more, all the more","note":"κηρόθι μᾶλλον 'more in her heart' — Agelaos's threat against Odysseus's family further enrages the disguised Athena."}]},{"number":225,"label":"225","id":"b22-l225","source":"νείκεσσεν δʼ Ὀδυσῆα χολωτοῖσιν ἐπέεσσιν·","translation":"and she rebuked Odysseus with angry words:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l225.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"νείκεσσεν","lemma":"νεικέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"rebuked, reviled"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσῆα","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of νείκεσσεν","gloss":"Odysseus"},{"surface":"χολωτοῖσιν","lemma":"χολωτός","morphology":"dative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἐπέεσσιν","gloss":"angry"},{"surface":"ἐπέεσσιν","lemma":"ἔπος","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to νείκεσσεν","gloss":"with words"}]},{"number":226,"label":"226","id":"b22-l226","source":"οὐκέτι σοί γʼ, Ὀδυσεῦ, μένος ἔμπεδον οὐδέ τις\n                     ἀλκή","translation":"\"No longer, Odysseus, is your strength steadfast in you, nor any of the prowess","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l226.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οὐκέτι","lemma":"οὐκέτι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"no longer"},{"surface":"σοί","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"object","gloss":"for you","note":"Dative of possession/reference: 'strength (is) not in you' rather than a verb object."},{"surface":"γ","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσεῦ","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"Odysseus","note":"Vocative with no expressed head noun ('you, Odysseus') — a common Homeric address pattern."},{"surface":"μένος","lemma":"μένος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject","gloss":"strength"},{"surface":"ἔμπεδον","lemma":"ἔμπεδος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"steadfast"},{"surface":"τις","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"modifies ἀλκή","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"ἀλκή","lemma":"ἀλκή","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"prowess","note":"ἀλκή, a favorite Homeric abstract noun for battle-courage, picked up again at l237."}]},{"number":227,"label":"227","id":"b22-l227","source":"οἵη ὅτʼ ἀμφʼ Ἑλένῃ λευκωλένῳ εὐπατερείῃ,","translation":"you had when, for white-armed Helen of noble father,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l227.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"λευκωλένῳ","title":"White-armed","body":"A standard Homeric epithet for women of beauty, here applied to Helen. The compound literally means 'white-armed'."}],"words":[{"surface":"οἵη","lemma":"οἷος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἀλκή","gloss":"such as","note":"οἵη picks up ἀλκή from the previous line: 'such [prowess] as when...'"},{"surface":"ὅτ","lemma":"ὅτε","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ἀμφ","lemma":"ἀμφί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"Ἑλένῃ","lemma":"Ἑλένη","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἀμφ᾽","gloss":"Helen"},{"surface":"λευκωλένῳ","lemma":"λευκώλενος","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Ἑλένῃ","gloss":"white-armed","note":"λευκώλενος, a stock Homeric epithet formula for goddesses and noblewomen."},{"surface":"εὐπατερείῃ","lemma":"εὐπατέρεια","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"modifies Ἑλένῃ","gloss":"of noble father"}]},{"number":228,"label":"228","id":"b22-l228","source":"εἰνάετες Τρώεσσιν ἐμάρναο νωλεμὲς αἰεί,","translation":"for nine years you fought the Trojans without ceasing,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l228.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἰνάετες","lemma":"εἰναετής","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ἐμάρναο","gloss":"nine years"},{"surface":"Τρώεσσιν","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἐμάρναο","gloss":"the Trojans"},{"surface":"ἐμάρναο","lemma":"μάρναμαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing δ᾽","gloss":"you fought","note":"2nd sg. imperfect middle of μάρναμαι, marking the long years of fighting at Troy."},{"surface":"νωλεμὲς","lemma":"νωλεμές","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐμάρναο","gloss":"unceasingly"},{"surface":"αἰεί","lemma":"ἀεί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"always"}]},{"number":229,"label":"229","id":"b22-l229","source":"πολλοὺς δʼ ἄνδρας ἔπεφνες ἐν αἰνῇ δηϊοτῆτι,","translation":"and slew many men in the grim work of war,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l229.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πολλοὺς","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἄνδρας","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄνδρας","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἔπεφνες","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"ἔπεφνες","lemma":"θείνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing δ᾽","gloss":"you slew","note":"ἔπεφνες, a rare root aorist of θείνω 'to strike/slay', typical epic vocabulary for killing in battle."},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"αἰνῇ","lemma":"αἰνός","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies δηϊοτῆτι","gloss":"grim"},{"surface":"δηϊοτῆτι","lemma":"δηιοτής","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"combat"}]},{"number":230,"label":"230","id":"b22-l230","source":"σῇ δʼ ἥλω βουλῇ Πριάμου πόλις εὐρυάγυια.","translation":"and by your counsel the broad-streeted city of Priam was taken.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l230.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"σῇ","lemma":"σός","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies βουλῇ","gloss":"by your","note":"σῇ...βουλῇ, dative of means framing the whole clause: 'by your plan'."},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἥλω","lemma":"ἁλίσκομαι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing δ᾽","gloss":"was taken","note":"ἥλω, root aorist of ἁλίσκομαι 'to be captured' (active in form, passive in sense) — the standard verb for a city falling."},{"surface":"βουλῇ","lemma":"βουλή","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἥλω","gloss":"counsel"},{"surface":"Πριάμου","lemma":"Πρίαμος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies πόλις","gloss":"of Priam"},{"surface":"πόλις","lemma":"πόλις","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἥλω","gloss":"city"},{"surface":"εὐρυάγυια","lemma":"εὐρυάγυια","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"modifies πόλις","gloss":"broad-streeted","note":"εὐρυάγυια, another fixed epic epithet, regularly paired with πόλις/Τροίη."}]},{"number":231,"label":"231","id":"b22-l231","source":"πῶς δὴ νῦν, ὅτε σόν τε δόμον καὶ κτήμαθʼ ἱκάνεις,","translation":"How is it now, when you have reached your own house and possessions,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l231.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πῶς","lemma":"πῶς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ὀλοφύρεαι","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"νῦν","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ὀλοφύρεαι","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"ὅτε","lemma":"ὅτε","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"σόν","lemma":"σός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies δόμον","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"δόμον","lemma":"δόμος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κτήμαθ","lemma":"κτῆμα","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"possessions"},{"surface":"ἱκάνεις","lemma":"ἱκάνω","morphology":"present active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὅτε","gloss":"you reach"}]},{"number":232,"label":"232","id":"b22-l232","source":"ἄντα μνηστήρων ὀλοφύρεαι ἄλκιμος εἶναι;","translation":"that you wail at being valiant in the face of the suitors?","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l232.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἄντα","lemma":"ἄντα","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in face of"},{"surface":"μνηστήρων","lemma":"μνηστήρ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἄντα","gloss":"the suitors"},{"surface":"ὀλοφύρεαι","lemma":"ὀλοφύρομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"you lament","note":"ὀλοφύρεαι, uncontracted 2nd sg. middle ending -εαι, a typically epic verb form (vs. Attic -ῃ)."},{"surface":"ἄλκιμος","lemma":"ἄλκιμος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"valiant"},{"surface":"εἶναι","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of ὀλοφύρεαι","gloss":"to be"}]},{"number":233,"label":"233","id":"b22-l233","source":"ἀλλʼ ἄγε δεῦρο, πέπον, παρʼ ἔμʼ ἵστασο καὶ ἴδε ἔργον,","translation":"But come here, friend, stand beside me and watch the deed,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l233.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"πέπον","title":"An affectionate address","body":"A familiar, half-tender form of address, here roughly 'my good fellow' or 'old friend'. Used between comrades."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἄγε","lemma":"ἄγε","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"come now"},{"surface":"δεῦρο","lemma":"δεῦρο","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἵστασο","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"πέπον","lemma":"πέπων","morphology":"vocative singular neuter adjective","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"friend","note":"πέπον, an affectionate vocative ('gentle one') used with no head noun, addressed to Odysseus."},{"surface":"παρ","lemma":"παρά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"ἔμ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of παρ᾽","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ἵστασο","lemma":"ἵστημι","morphology":"present medio-passive imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"stand"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἴδε","lemma":"εἶδον","morphology":"aorist active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"watch","note":"ἴδε, root aorist imperative of εἶδον (used to supply forms of ὁράω)."},{"surface":"ἔργον","lemma":"ἔργον","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἴδε","gloss":"the deed"}]},{"number":234,"label":"234","id":"b22-l234","source":"ὄφρʼ εἰδῇς οἷός τοι ἐν ἀνδράσι δυσμενέεσσιν","translation":"so you may know what kind of man, among hostile foes,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l234.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὄφρ","lemma":"ὄφρα","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"εἰδῇς","lemma":"οἶδα","morphology":"perfect active subjunctive, 2nd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὄφρ᾽","gloss":"you may know","note":"εἰδῇς, perfect subjunctive of οἶδα with present sense 'know' — a very common epic form."},{"surface":"οἷός","lemma":"οἷος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"what sort"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"τοι","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"ἀνδράσι","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"δυσμενέεσσιν","lemma":"δυσμενής","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἀνδράσι","gloss":"hostile"}]},{"number":235,"label":"235","id":"b22-l235","source":"Μέντωρ Ἀλκιμίδης εὐεργεσίας ἀποτίνειν.","translation":"Mentor son of Alcimus is, in repaying kindnesses.\"","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l235.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Μέντωρ","lemma":"Μέντωρ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"Mentor"},{"surface":"Ἀλκιμίδης","lemma":"Ἀλκιμίδης","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Μέντωρ","gloss":"son of Alcimus","note":"Patronymic in -ίδης identifying 'Mentor' as Alcimus's son, completing the disguise-name Athena wears."},{"surface":"εὐεργεσίας","lemma":"εὐεργεσία","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἀποτίνειν","gloss":"kindnesses"},{"surface":"ἀποτίνειν","lemma":"ἀποτίνω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"modifies οἷός","gloss":"repaying"}]},{"number":236,"label":"236","id":"b22-l236","source":"ἦ ῥα, καὶ οὔ πω πάγχυ δίδου ἑτεραλκέα νίκην,","translation":"She spoke, yet she did not yet grant outright the victory that turns the scale,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l236.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἠμί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"so she spoke","note":"ἦ, archaic 3rd sg. imperfect of ἠμί 'said', used only in this formulaic speech-closing phrase."},{"surface":"ῥα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"οὔ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"πω","lemma":"πω","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"πάγχυ","lemma":"πάγχυ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to δίδου","gloss":"outright"},{"surface":"δίδου","lemma":"δίδωμι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"she granted"},{"surface":"ἑτεραλκέα","lemma":"ἑτεραλκής","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies νίκην","gloss":"victory that turns the scale","note":"ἑτεραλκής describes a victory tipping decisively to one side — Athena withholds it, still testing Odysseus."},{"surface":"νίκην","lemma":"νίκη","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of δίδου","gloss":"victory"}]},{"number":237,"label":"237","id":"b22-l237","source":"ἀλλʼ ἔτʼ ἄρα σθένεός τε καὶ ἀλκῆς πειρήτιζεν","translation":"but kept on testing the strength and prowess","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l237.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"πειρήτιζεν","title":"Imperfect of ongoing testing","body":"The imperfect tense conveys Athena's continued, repeated testing of Odysseus and his son rather than a single completed act."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἔτ","lemma":"ἔτι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to πειρήτιζεν","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"ἄρα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"σθένεός","lemma":"σθένος","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"strength"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀλκῆς","lemma":"ἀλκή","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"prowess"},{"surface":"πειρήτιζεν","lemma":"πειρητίζω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"she kept testing"}]},{"number":238,"label":"238","id":"b22-l238","source":"ἠμὲν Ὀδυσσῆος ἠδʼ υἱοῦ κυδαλίμοιο.","translation":"both of Odysseus and of his glorious son.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l238.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἠμὲν","lemma":"ἠμέν","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσσῆος","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ἠδ᾽","gloss":"of Odysseus"},{"surface":"ἠδ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"υἱοῦ","lemma":"υἱός","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ἠδ᾽","gloss":"of the son"},{"surface":"κυδαλίμοιο","lemma":"κυδάλιμος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies υἱοῦ","gloss":"glorious"}]},{"number":239,"label":"239","id":"b22-l239","source":"αὐτὴ δʼ αἰθαλόεντος ἀνὰ μεγάροιο μέλαθρον","translation":"But she herself, up to the rafter of the smoke-blackened hall,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l239.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὴ","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"she herself","note":"αὐτή resumes Athena as subject after the digression, marking her sudden shift into swallow form."},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αἰθαλόεντος","lemma":"αἰθαλόεις","morphology":"genitive singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies μεγάροιο","gloss":"smoke-blackened"},{"surface":"ἀνὰ","lemma":"ἀνά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"up along"},{"surface":"μεγάροιο","lemma":"μέγαρον","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"modifies μέλαθρον","gloss":"of the hall"},{"surface":"μέλαθρον","lemma":"μέλαθρον","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἀνὰ","gloss":"rafter"}]},{"number":240,"label":"240","id":"b22-l240","source":"ἕζετʼ ἀναΐξασα, χελιδόνι εἰκέλη ἄντην.","translation":"darted and perched, in the likeness of a swallow to the eye.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l240.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἕζετ","lemma":"ἕζομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"perched"},{"surface":"ἀναΐξασα","lemma":"ἀναίσσω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to ἕζετ᾽","gloss":"darting up","note":"ἀναΐξασα, aorist participle of ἀναΐσσω 'dart/spring up', vividly capturing the swallow's swift flight."},{"surface":"χελιδόνι","lemma":"χελιδών","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"modifies εἰκέλη","gloss":"to a swallow"},{"surface":"εἰκέλη","lemma":"εἴκελος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"like","note":"Athena's shapeshifting into a swallow — a recurring epic device for divine intervention/observation."},{"surface":"ἄντην","lemma":"ἄντην","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"to look at"}]},{"number":241,"label":"241","id":"b22-l241","source":"μνηστῆρας δʼ ὤτρυνε Δαμαστορίδης Ἀγέλαος,","translation":"Now Agelaus son of Damastor urged on the suitors,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l241.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μνηστῆρας","lemma":"μνηστήρ","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ὤτρυνε","gloss":"the suitors"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὤτρυνε","lemma":"ὀτρύνω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"urged on"},{"surface":"Δαμαστορίδης","lemma":"Δαμαστορίδης","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ἀγέλαος","gloss":"son of Damastor"},{"surface":"Ἀγέλαος","lemma":"Ἀγέλαος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of τε","gloss":"Agelaus"}]},{"number":242,"label":"242","id":"b22-l242","source":"Εὐρύνομός τε καὶ Ἀμφιμέδων Δημοπτόλεμός τε,","translation":"and Eurynomus and Amphimedon and Demoptolemus,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l242.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Εὐρύνομός","lemma":"Εὐρύνομος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of τε","gloss":"Eurynomus"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ἀμφιμέδων","lemma":"Ἀμφιμέδων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of τε","gloss":"Amphimedon"},{"surface":"Δημοπτόλεμός","lemma":"Δημοπτόλεμος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of τε","gloss":"Demoptolemus"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"}]},{"number":243,"label":"243","id":"b22-l243","source":"Πείσανδρός τε Πολυκτορίδης Πόλυβός τε δαΐφρων·","translation":"and Peisander son of Polyctor and warlike Polybus;","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l243.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Πείσανδρός","lemma":"Πείσανδρος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of τε","gloss":"Peisander"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Πολυκτορίδης","lemma":"Πολυκτορίδης","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Πείσανδρός","gloss":"son of Polyctor"},{"surface":"Πόλυβός","lemma":"Πόλυβος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of τε","gloss":"Polybus"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"δαΐφρων","lemma":"δαίφρων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Πόλυβός","gloss":"warlike","note":"A catalogue of six suitor-names (l241-243) named just before their deaths — an epic naming-of-the-doomed convention."}]},{"number":244,"label":"244","id":"b22-l244","source":"οἱ γὰρ μνηστήρων ἀρετῇ ἔσαν ἔξοχʼ ἄριστοι,","translation":"for these were by far the best in valor of the suitors,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l244.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἔσαν","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"μνηστήρων","lemma":"μνηστήρ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ἄριστοι","gloss":"of the suitors"},{"surface":"ἀρετῇ","lemma":"ἀρετή","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἔσαν","gloss":"in valor"},{"surface":"ἔσαν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"ἔξοχ","lemma":"ἔξοχος","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"by far"},{"surface":"ἄριστοι","lemma":"ἄριστος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"best"}]},{"number":245,"label":"245","id":"b22-l245","source":"ὅσσοι ἔτʼ ἔζωον περί τε ψυχέων ἐμάχοντο·","translation":"of all who still lived and fought for their lives;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l245.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ψυχέων","title":"Fighting for their lives","body":"Here psyche means 'life' itself, the breath-soul whose loss is death. The genitive plural marks what they fight for."}],"words":[{"surface":"ὅσσοι","lemma":"ὅσος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"subject of τε","gloss":"as many as"},{"surface":"ἔτ","lemma":"ἔτι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔζωον","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"ἔζωον","lemma":"ζώω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing τε","gloss":"lived"},{"surface":"περί","lemma":"περί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ψυχέων","lemma":"ψυχή","morphology":"genitive plural feminine noun","role":"object of περί","gloss":"their lives"},{"surface":"ἐμάχοντο","lemma":"μάχομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing τε","gloss":"were fighting","note":"περὶ...ψυχέων ἐμάχοντο, tmesis-style split of περιμάχομαι 'fight for one's life', vivid battle idiom."}]},{"number":246,"label":"246","id":"b22-l246","source":"τοὺς δʼ ἤδη ἐδάμασσε βιὸς καὶ ταρφέες ἰοί.","translation":"the rest the bow and the thronging arrows had already overcome.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l246.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τοὺς","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἐδάμασσε","gloss":"the rest"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἤδη","lemma":"ἤδη","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐδάμασσε","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"ἐδάμασσε","lemma":"δαμάζω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"had overcome"},{"surface":"βιὸς","lemma":"βιός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"the bow"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ταρφέες","lemma":"ταρφύς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἰοί","gloss":"thronging"},{"surface":"ἰοί","lemma":"ἰός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"arrows"}]},{"number":247,"label":"247","id":"b22-l247","source":"τοῖς δʼ Ἀγέλεως μετέειπεν, ἔπος πάντεσσι πιφαύσκων·","translation":"To them Agelaus spoke, declaring his word to all:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l247.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τοῖς","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of μετέειπεν","gloss":"to them"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ἀγέλεως","lemma":"Ἀγέλεως","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of μετέειπεν","gloss":"Agelaus"},{"surface":"μετέειπεν","lemma":"μετεῖπον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"ἔπος","lemma":"ἔπος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of πιφαύσκων","gloss":"a word"},{"surface":"πάντεσσι","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of πιφαύσκων","gloss":"to all"},{"surface":"πιφαύσκων","lemma":"πιφαύσκω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to μετέειπεν","gloss":"declaring","note":"πιφαύσκων, an epic-only present participle (reduplicated form) meaning 'making known, declaring.'"}]},{"number":248,"label":"248","id":"b22-l248","source":"ὦ φίλοι, ἤδη σχήσει ἀνὴρ ὅδε χεῖρας ἀάπτους·","translation":"\"Friends, now this man will hold back his irresistible hands;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l248.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὦ","lemma":"ὦ","morphology":"exclamation","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"O","note":"vocative interjection ὦ opening direct speech, standard epic address-marker (with φίλοι 'friends')."},{"surface":"φίλοι","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"vocative plural masculine adjective","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"friends"},{"surface":"ἤδη","lemma":"ἤδη","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to σχήσει","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"σχήσει","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"future active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will hold back"},{"surface":"ἀνὴρ","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of σχήσει","gloss":"this man"},{"surface":"ὅδε","lemma":"ὅδε","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies ἀνὴρ","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"χεῖρας","lemma":"χείρ","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of σχήσει","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"ἀάπτους","lemma":"ἄαπτος","morphology":"accusative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies χεῖρας","gloss":"irresistible","note":"ἄαπτος 'not to be touched/withstood', a strong Homeric epithet elsewhere applied to gods' hands."}]},{"number":249,"label":"249","id":"b22-l249","source":"καὶ δή οἱ Μέντωρ μὲν ἔβη κενὰ εὔγματα εἰπών,","translation":"Mentor has gone off after uttering empty boasts,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l249.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"δή","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἔβη","gloss":"for him","note":"οἱ (=ἑ) is dative of disadvantage referring to Odysseus: Mentor's departure leaves him worse off."},{"surface":"Μέντωρ","lemma":"Μέντωρ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔβη","gloss":"Mentor"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἔβη","lemma":"βαίνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"has gone"},{"surface":"κενὰ","lemma":"κενός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies εὔγματα","gloss":"empty"},{"surface":"εὔγματα","lemma":"εὖγμα","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of εἰπών","gloss":"boasts"},{"surface":"εἰπών","lemma":"εἶπον","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἔβη","gloss":"having spoken"}]},{"number":250,"label":"250","id":"b22-l250","source":"οἱ δʼ οἶοι λείπονται ἐπὶ πρώτῃσι θύρῃσι.","translation":"and they are left alone at the front doors.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l250.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of λείπονται","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"οἶοι","lemma":"οἶος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"λείπονται","lemma":"λείπω","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"are left"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"πρώτῃσι","lemma":"πρῶτος","morphology":"dative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies θύρῃσι","gloss":"front"},{"surface":"θύρῃσι","lemma":"θύρα","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐπὶ","gloss":"doors"}]},{"number":251,"label":"251","id":"b22-l251","source":"τῷ νῦν μὴ ἅμα πάντες ἐφίετε δούρατα μακρά,","translation":"So now do not all hurl your long spears at once,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l251.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἐφίετε","title":"Negated present imperative","body":"A present imperative with the negative tells the suitors not to keep doing something all together. The aspect is ongoing."}],"words":[{"surface":"τῷ","lemma":"τῷ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐφίετε","gloss":"therefore"},{"surface":"νῦν","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐφίετε","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"μὴ","lemma":"μή","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"do not"},{"surface":"ἅμα","lemma":"ἅμα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐφίετε","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"πάντες","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"subject of ἐφίετε","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"ἐφίετε","lemma":"ἐφίημι","morphology":"present active imperative, 2nd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"hurl","note":"Agelaus's tactical order — a plural imperative to stagger the spear-throws, hinting the suitors' first volley will fail."},{"surface":"δούρατα","lemma":"δόρυ","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἐφίετε","gloss":"spears"},{"surface":"μακρά","lemma":"μακρός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies δούρατα","gloss":"long"}]},{"number":252,"label":"252","id":"b22-l252","source":"ἀλλʼ ἄγεθʼ οἱ ἓξ πρῶτον ἀκοντίσατʼ, αἴ κέ ποθι Ζεὺς","translation":"but come, you six throw first, in hope that somehow Zeus","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l252.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἄγεθ","lemma":"ἄγε","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"come now"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine article","role":"modifies ἓξ","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ἓξ","lemma":"ἕξ","morphology":"numeral","role":"subject of ἀκοντίσατ᾽","gloss":"six"},{"surface":"πρῶτον","lemma":"πρῶτος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ἀκοντίσατ᾽","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"ἀκοντίσατ","lemma":"ἀκοντίζω","morphology":"aorist active imperative, 2nd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"cast your spears"},{"surface":"αἴ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"κέ","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"ποθι","lemma":"ποθι","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"Ζεὺς","lemma":"Ζεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of δώῃ","gloss":"Zeus"}]},{"number":253,"label":"253","id":"b22-l253","source":"δώῃ Ὀδυσσῆα βλῆσθαι καὶ κῦδος ἀρέσθαι.","translation":"may grant that Odysseus be struck and we win glory.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l253.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δώῃ","lemma":"δίδωμι","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to αἴ","gloss":"may grant","note":"δώῃ, aorist subjunctive of δίδωμι in a hopeful ('may Zeus grant') clause — grim dramatic irony since it will fail."},{"surface":"Ὀδυσσῆα","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of βλῆσθαι","gloss":"Odysseus"},{"surface":"βλῆσθαι","lemma":"βάλλω","morphology":"aorist medio-passive infinitive","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"be struck"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κῦδος","lemma":"κῦδος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἀρέσθαι","gloss":"glory"},{"surface":"ἀρέσθαι","lemma":"αἴρω","morphology":"aorist middle infinitive","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"win"}]},{"number":254,"label":"254","id":"b22-l254","source":"τῶν δʼ ἄλλων οὐ κῆδος, ἐπὴν οὗτός γε πέσῃσιν.","translation":"For the others there is no care, once he at least has fallen.\"","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l254.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τῶν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine pronoun","role":"modifies κῆδος","gloss":"of the others"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἄλλων","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies τῶν","gloss":"the others"},{"surface":"οὐ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"no","note":"οὐ κῆδος = 'there is no care' — copula ἐστί omitted, common in gnomic statements"},{"surface":"κῆδος","lemma":"κῆδος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject","gloss":"care, concern"},{"surface":"ἐπὴν","lemma":"ἐπήν","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"once, when"},{"surface":"οὗτός","lemma":"οὗτος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"subject of πέσῃσιν","gloss":"this one","note":"οὗτος deictic, points at the ringleader Eurymachus just spoken of"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"at least"},{"surface":"πέσῃσιν","lemma":"πίπτω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"falls","note":"aorist subjunctive πέσῃσιν with ἐπήν = future-more-vivid 'once he falls'; -ῃσιν is epic lengthened ending"}]},{"number":255,"label":"255","id":"b22-l255","source":"ὣς ἔφαθʼ, οἱ δʼ ἄρα πάντες ἀκόντισαν ὡς\n                  ἐκέλευεν,","translation":"So he spoke, and they all threw as he ordered,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l255.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔφαθ᾽","gloss":"so, thus"},{"surface":"ἔφαθ","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he spoke","note":"ἔφατο formula closing a speech; medio-passive form of φημί, common Homeric tag"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἀκόντισαν","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄρα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then, indeed"},{"surface":"πάντες","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies οἱ","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"ἀκόντισαν","lemma":"ἀκοντίζω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"hurled, threw"},{"surface":"ὡς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"conjunction","role":"adverbial to ἐκέλευεν","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"ἐκέλευεν","lemma":"κελεύω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἀκόντισαν","gloss":"he ordered"}]},{"number":256,"label":"256","id":"b22-l256","source":"ἱέμενοι· τὰ δὲ πάντα ἐτώσια θῆκεν Ἀθήνη,","translation":"eager; but Athena made them all come to nothing.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l256.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ἐτώσια","title":"In vain","body":"Athena renders the spear-casts 'useless' or 'fruitless', diverting them harmlessly. The word stresses divine intervention."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἱέμενοι","lemma":"ἵημι","morphology":"present middle participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ἀκόντισαν","gloss":"eager","note":"ἱέμενοι, present participle of ἵημι 'to send/urge', here intransitive 'eager, straining'"},{"surface":"τὰ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative plural neuter pronoun","role":"object of θῆκεν","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"πάντα","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies τὰ","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"ἐτώσια","lemma":"ἐτώσιος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"complement of θῆκεν","gloss":"vain, fruitless","note":"ἐτώσιος 'in vain' — predicate adjective with θῆκεν, 'made them vain/harmless'"},{"surface":"θῆκεν","lemma":"τίθημι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"Ἀθήνη","lemma":"Ἀθήνη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of θῆκεν","gloss":"Athena"}]},{"number":257,"label":"257","id":"b22-l257","source":"τῶν ἄλλος μὲν σταθμὸν ἐϋσταθέος μεγάροιο","translation":"Of these, one struck the door-post of the well-built hall,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l257.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τῶν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine pronoun","role":"modifies ἄλλος","gloss":"of these"},{"surface":"ἄλλος","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"subject of βεβλήκει","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"on the one hand"},{"surface":"σταθμὸν","lemma":"σταθμός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of βεβλήκει","gloss":"door-post"},{"surface":"ἐϋσταθέος","lemma":"εὐσταθής","morphology":"genitive singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies μεγάροιο","gloss":"well-built","note":"ἐϋσταθής epic compound 'firmly-standing', decorative epithet for the hall"},{"surface":"μεγάροιο","lemma":"μέγαρον","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"modifies σταθμὸν","gloss":"of the hall"}]},{"number":258,"label":"258","id":"b22-l258","source":"βεβλήκει, ἄλλος δὲ θύρην πυκινῶς ἀραρυῖαν·","translation":"another the tight-fitted door,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l258.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"βεβλήκει","lemma":"βάλλω","morphology":"pluperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"had struck","note":"pluperfect βεβλήκει, gives the sense 'had already struck' amid ongoing action — vivid battle pluperfect"},{"surface":"ἄλλος","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"subject","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"θύρην","lemma":"θύρα","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object","gloss":"door"},{"surface":"πυκινῶς","lemma":"πυκνός","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀραρυῖαν","gloss":"tightly, firmly"},{"surface":"ἀραρυῖαν","lemma":"ἀραρίσκω","morphology":"perfect active participle, accusative singular feminine","role":"modifies θύρην","gloss":"fitted, fastened"}]},{"number":259,"label":"259","id":"b22-l259","source":"ἄλλου δʼ ἐν τοίχῳ μελίη πέσε χαλκοβάρεια.","translation":"and another's bronze-heavy ash spear fell against the wall.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l259.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἄλλου","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies μελίη","gloss":"of another"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"τοίχῳ","lemma":"τοῖχος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of πέσε","gloss":"wall"},{"surface":"μελίη","lemma":"μελία","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of πέσε","gloss":"ash spear"},{"surface":"πέσε","lemma":"πίπτω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"fell"},{"surface":"χαλκοβάρεια","lemma":"χαλκοβαρής","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"modifies μελίη","gloss":"bronze-heavy","note":"χαλκοβαρής, compound epithet 'heavy with bronze', typical Homeric weapon description"}]},{"number":260,"label":"260","id":"b22-l260","source":"αὐτὰρ ἐπεὶ δὴ δούρατʼ ἀλεύαντο μνηστήρων,","translation":"But when they had dodged the spears of the suitors,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l260.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"δούρατ","lemma":"δόρυ","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἀλεύαντο","gloss":"spears","note":"δόρυ 'spear', neuter noun with irregular declension (δούρατα plural)"},{"surface":"ἀλεύαντο","lemma":"ἀλέομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to ἐπεὶ","gloss":"had dodged"},{"surface":"μνηστήρων","lemma":"μνηστήρ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies δούρατ᾽","gloss":"of the suitors"}]},{"number":261,"label":"261","id":"b22-l261","source":"τοῖς δʼ ἄρα μύθων ἦρχε πολύτλας δῖος Ὀδυσσεύς·","translation":"the much-enduring noble Odysseus began to speak to them:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l261.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"πολύτλας δῖος Ὀδυσσεύς","title":"Much-enduring noble Odysseus","body":"A recurring formulaic epithet-phrase for Odysseus, marking him as the man who has endured much."}],"words":[{"surface":"τοῖς","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἦρχε","gloss":"to them"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄρα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"μύθων","lemma":"μῦθος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἦρχε","gloss":"words, speech"},{"surface":"ἦρχε","lemma":"ἄρχω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"πολύτλας","lemma":"πολύτλας","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ὀδυσσεύς","gloss":"much-enduring","note":"πολύτλας, fixed epithet for Odysseus recalling his sufferings; here paired with δῖος for full heroic formula"},{"surface":"δῖος","lemma":"δῖος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ὀδυσσεύς","gloss":"noble, godlike"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσσεύς","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἦρχε","gloss":"Odysseus"}]},{"number":262,"label":"262","id":"b22-l262","source":"ὦ φίλοι, ἤδη μέν κεν ἐγὼν εἴποιμι καὶ ἄμμι","translation":"\"Friends, now I would say that we too","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l262.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὦ","lemma":"ὦ","morphology":"exclamation","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"O"},{"surface":"φίλοι","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"vocative plural masculine adjective","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"friends"},{"surface":"ἤδη","lemma":"ἤδη","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to εἴποιμι","gloss":"now, already"},{"surface":"μέν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"κεν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"would","note":"κεν + optative εἴποιμι = potential optative, 'I would say' — polite/tentative register"},{"surface":"ἐγὼν","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of εἴποιμι","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"εἴποιμι","lemma":"εἶπον","morphology":"aorist active optative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"would say"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"also, too"},{"surface":"ἄμμι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of εἴποιμι","gloss":"to us","note":"ἄμμι, Aeolic/epic dative plural of ἐγώ, standard Homeric form of 'us'"}]},{"number":263,"label":"263","id":"b22-l263","source":"μνηστήρων ἐς ὅμιλον ἀκοντίσαι, οἳ μεμάασιν","translation":"should hurl into the throng of suitors, who are bent","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l263.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μνηστήρων","lemma":"μνηστήρ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ὅμιλον","gloss":"of the suitors"},{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"ὅμιλον","lemma":"ὅμιλος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐς","gloss":"throng, crowd"},{"surface":"ἀκοντίσαι","lemma":"ἀκοντίζω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of εἴποιμι","gloss":"to hurl"},{"surface":"οἳ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of μεμάασιν","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"μεμάασιν","lemma":"μέμαα","morphology":"perfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing μνηστήρων","gloss":"are eager, bent","note":"μέμαα, perfect with present force 'are eager/straining' — a defective perfect verb of desire"}]},{"number":264,"label":"264","id":"b22-l264","source":"ἡμέας ἐξεναρίξαι ἐπὶ προτέροισι κακοῖσιν.","translation":"on stripping us of our armor, after their earlier wrongs.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l264.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἡμέας","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἐξεναρίξαι","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"ἐξεναρίξαι","lemma":"ἐξεναρίζω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of μεμάασιν","gloss":"to strip, kill","note":"ἐξεναρίζω 'to strip armor from a slain foe', battlefield term implying killing"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"after, upon"},{"surface":"προτέροισι","lemma":"πρότερος","morphology":"dative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies κακοῖσιν","gloss":"earlier, former"},{"surface":"κακοῖσιν","lemma":"κακός","morphology":"dative plural neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ἐπὶ","gloss":"evils, wrongs"}]},{"number":265,"label":"265","id":"b22-l265","source":"ὣς ἔφαθʼ, οἱ δʼ ἄρα πάντες ἀκόντισαν ὀξέα δοῦρα","translation":"So he spoke, and they all threw their sharp spears,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l265.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔφαθ᾽","gloss":"so, thus"},{"surface":"ἔφαθ","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he spoke"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἀκόντισαν","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄρα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then, indeed"},{"surface":"πάντες","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies οἱ","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"ἀκόντισαν","lemma":"ἀκοντίζω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"hurled, threw"},{"surface":"ὀξέα","lemma":"ὀξύς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies δοῦρα","gloss":"sharp"},{"surface":"δοῦρα","lemma":"δόρυ","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἀκόντισαν","gloss":"spears"}]},{"number":266,"label":"266","id":"b22-l266","source":"ἄντα τιτυσκόμενοι· Δημοπτόλεμον μὲν Ὀδυσσεύς,","translation":"aiming straight ahead; Odysseus struck Demoptolemus,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l266.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἄντα","lemma":"ἄντα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to τιτυσκόμενοι","gloss":"straight ahead"},{"surface":"τιτυσκόμενοι","lemma":"τιτύσκομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ἀκόντισαν","gloss":"aiming","note":"τιτυσκόμενοι, iterative-present participle of an archery/aiming verb, vivid battle detail"},{"surface":"Δημοπτόλεμον","lemma":"Δημοπτόλεμος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object","gloss":"Demoptolemus"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"on the one hand"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσσεύς","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"Odysseus"}]},{"number":267,"label":"267","id":"b22-l267","source":"Εὐρυάδην δʼ ἄρα Τηλέμαχος, Ἔλατον δὲ συβώτης,","translation":"Telemachus struck Euryades, and the swineherd Elatus,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l267.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Εὐρυάδην","lemma":"Εὐρυάδης","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object","gloss":"Euryades"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄρα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"Τηλέμαχος","lemma":"Τηλέμαχος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"Telemachus"},{"surface":"Ἔλατον","lemma":"Ἔλατος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object","gloss":"Elatus"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"συβώτης","lemma":"συβώτης","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"swineherd","note":"συβώτης = Eumaeus, named by his role; the line lists four victims in rapid succession, a Homeric battle catalogue"}]},{"number":268,"label":"268","id":"b22-l268","source":"Πείσανδρον δʼ ἄρʼ ἔπεφνε βοῶν ἐπιβουκόλος ἀνήρ.","translation":"and the cowherd man slew Peisander.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l268.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Πείσανδρον","lemma":"Πείσανδρος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἔπεφνε","gloss":"Peisander"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἔπεφνε","lemma":"θείνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"slew","note":"ἔπεφνε, root aorist of θείνω 'to strike/kill' — archaic, poetic-only verb form"},{"surface":"βοῶν","lemma":"βοῦς","morphology":"genitive plural noun","role":"modifies ἐπιβουκόλος","gloss":"of cattle"},{"surface":"ἐπιβουκόλος","lemma":"ἐπιβουκόλος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ἀνήρ","gloss":"cowherd"},{"surface":"ἀνήρ","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔπεφνε","gloss":"man","note":"ἐπιβουκόλος ἀνήρ = Philoetius the cowherd, periphrasis naming him by occupation"}]},{"number":269,"label":"269","id":"b22-l269","source":"οἱ μὲν ἔπειθʼ ἅμα πάντες ὀδὰξ ἕλον ἄσπετον οὖδας,","translation":"Then all these together bit the boundless earth with their teeth,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l269.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ὀδὰξ ἕλον ... οὖδας","title":"Biting the dust","body":"A vivid formulaic image for men dying in battle: 'they seized the ground with their teeth' as they fall face-down."}],"words":[{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἕλον","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἔπειθ","lemma":"ἔπειτα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἕλον","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἅμα","lemma":"ἅμα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἕλον","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"πάντες","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies οἱ","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"ὀδὰξ","lemma":"ὀδάξ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἕλον","gloss":"with teeth","note":"ὀδάξ ἕλον οὖδας 'bit the earth', formulaic Homeric death phrase for the slain"},{"surface":"ἕλον","lemma":"αἱρέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"seized, took"},{"surface":"ἄσπετον","lemma":"ἄσπετος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies οὖδας","gloss":"boundless"},{"surface":"οὖδας","lemma":"οὖδας","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἕλον","gloss":"ground, earth"}]},{"number":270,"label":"270","id":"b22-l270","source":"μνηστῆρες δʼ ἀνεχώρησαν μεγάροιο μυχόνδε·","translation":"and the suitors drew back into the depth of the hall.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l270.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μνηστῆρες","lemma":"μνηστήρ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ἀνεχώρησαν","gloss":"the suitors"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀνεχώρησαν","lemma":"ἀναχωρέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"drew back, retreated"},{"surface":"μεγάροιο","lemma":"μέγαρον","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"modifies μυχόνδε","gloss":"of the hall"},{"surface":"μυχόνδε","lemma":"μυχόνδε","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of ἀνεχώρησαν","gloss":"to the innermost part","note":"μυχόνδε, directional -δε suffix 'to/into the recess', epic motion-toward ending"}]},{"number":271,"label":"271","id":"b22-l271","source":"τοὶ δʼ ἄρʼ ἐπήϊξαν, νεκύων δʼ ἐξ ἔγχεʼ ἕλοντο.","translation":"But the others rushed forward and pulled their spears from the corpses.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l271.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τοὶ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of δ᾽","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἐπήϊξαν","lemma":"ἐπαίσσω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"rushed forward"},{"surface":"νεκύων","lemma":"νέκυς","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἐξ","gloss":"of corpses"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐξ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"out of, from"},{"surface":"ἔγχε","lemma":"ἔγχος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἕλοντο","gloss":"spears"},{"surface":"ἕλοντο","lemma":"αἱρέω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"took, pulled"}]},{"number":272,"label":"272","id":"b22-l272","source":"αὖτις δὲ μνηστῆρες ἀκόντισαν ὀξέα δοῦρα","translation":"Again the suitors hurled their sharp spears,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l272.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὖτις","lemma":"αὖθις","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀκόντισαν","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μνηστῆρες","lemma":"μνηστήρ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ἀκόντισαν","gloss":"the suitors"},{"surface":"ἀκόντισαν","lemma":"ἀκοντίζω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"hurled, threw"},{"surface":"ὀξέα","lemma":"ὀξύς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies δοῦρα","gloss":"sharp"},{"surface":"δοῦρα","lemma":"δόρυ","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἀκόντισαν","gloss":"spears"}]},{"number":273,"label":"273","id":"b22-l273","source":"ἱέμενοι· τὰ δὲ πολλὰ ἐτώσια θῆκεν Ἀθήνη.","translation":"eager; but Athena made most of them come to nothing.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l273.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἱέμενοι","lemma":"ἵημι","morphology":"present middle participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ἀκόντισαν","gloss":"eager"},{"surface":"τὰ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative plural neuter pronoun","role":"object of θῆκεν","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"πολλὰ","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies τὰ","gloss":"most, many"},{"surface":"ἐτώσια","lemma":"ἐτώσιος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"complement of θῆκεν","gloss":"vain, fruitless"},{"surface":"θῆκεν","lemma":"τίθημι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"Ἀθήνη","lemma":"Ἀθήνη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of θῆκεν","gloss":"Athena","note":"repeated formulaic couplet (l256/273) — oral-poetic repetition marking a second failed volley"}]},{"number":274,"label":"274","id":"b22-l274","source":"τῶν ἄλλος μὲν σταθμὸν ἐϋσταθέος μεγάροιο","translation":"Of these, one struck the door-post of the well-built hall,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l274.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τῶν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine pronoun","role":"modifies ἄλλος","gloss":"of these"},{"surface":"ἄλλος","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"subject of βεβλήκειν","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"on the one hand"},{"surface":"σταθμὸν","lemma":"σταθμός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of βεβλήκειν","gloss":"door-post"},{"surface":"ἐϋσταθέος","lemma":"εὐσταθής","morphology":"genitive singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies μεγάροιο","gloss":"well-built"},{"surface":"μεγάροιο","lemma":"μέγαρον","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"modifies σταθμὸν","gloss":"of the hall"}]},{"number":275,"label":"275","id":"b22-l275","source":"βεβλήκειν, ἄλλος δὲ θύρην πυκινῶς ἀραρυῖαν·","translation":"another the tight-fitted door,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l275.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"βεβλήκειν","lemma":"βάλλω","morphology":"pluperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"had struck"},{"surface":"ἄλλος","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"subject","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"θύρην","lemma":"θύρα","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object","gloss":"door"},{"surface":"πυκινῶς","lemma":"πυκνός","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀραρυῖαν","gloss":"tightly, firmly"},{"surface":"ἀραρυῖαν","lemma":"ἀραρίσκω","morphology":"perfect active participle, accusative singular feminine","role":"modifies θύρην","gloss":"fitted, fastened"}]},{"number":276,"label":"276","id":"b22-l276","source":"ἄλλου δʼ ἐν τοίχῳ μελίη πέσε χαλκοβάρεια.","translation":"and another's bronze-heavy ash spear fell against the wall.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l276.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἄλλου","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies μελίη","gloss":"of another"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"τοίχῳ","lemma":"τοῖχος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐν","gloss":"wall"},{"surface":"μελίη","lemma":"μελία","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of πέσε","gloss":"ash spear"},{"surface":"πέσε","lemma":"πίπτω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"fell"},{"surface":"χαλκοβάρεια","lemma":"χαλκοβαρής","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"modifies μελίη","gloss":"bronze-heavy","note":"lines 274-276 repeat 257-259 verbatim — Homeric formulaic doublet reused for the second volley"}]},{"number":277,"label":"277","id":"b22-l277","source":"Ἀμφιμέδων δʼ ἄρα Τηλέμαχον βάλε χεῖρʼ ἐπὶ καρπῷ","translation":"Yet Amphimedon struck Telemachus on the hand, at the wrist,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l277.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ἀμφιμέδων","lemma":"Ἀμφιμέδων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of βάλε","gloss":"Amphimedon"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄρα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"Τηλέμαχον","lemma":"Τηλέμαχος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of βάλε","gloss":"Telemachus"},{"surface":"βάλε","lemma":"βάλλω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"χεῖρ","lemma":"χείρ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of βάλε","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"on, at"},{"surface":"καρπῷ","lemma":"καρπός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐπὶ","gloss":"wrist"}]},{"number":278,"label":"278","id":"b22-l278","source":"λίγδην, ἄκρον δὲ ῥινὸν δηλήσατο χαλκός.","translation":"grazing it, and the bronze tore the surface of the skin.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l278.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"λίγδην","lemma":"λίγδην","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to βάλε","gloss":"grazing, glancingly","note":"λίγδην, rare adverb 'with a graze/scratch', vivid precision about the wound's shallowness"},{"surface":"ἄκρον","lemma":"ἄκρος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ῥινὸν","gloss":"surface, top"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ῥινὸν","lemma":"ῥινόν","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of δηλήσατο","gloss":"skin"},{"surface":"δηλήσατο","lemma":"δηλέομαι","morphology":"aorist medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"tore, damaged"},{"surface":"χαλκός","lemma":"χαλκός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of δηλήσατο","gloss":"bronze","note":"χαλκός metonymy for the spearhead/weapon"}]},{"number":279,"label":"279","id":"b22-l279","source":"Κτήσιππος δʼ Εὔμαιον ὑπὲρ σάκος ἔγχεϊ μακρῷ","translation":"And Ctesippus with his long spear, over the shield, grazed","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l279.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Κτήσιππος","lemma":"Κτήσιππος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐπέγραψεν","gloss":"Ctesippus"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Εὔμαιον","lemma":"Εὔμαιος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐπέγραψεν","gloss":"Eumaeus"},{"surface":"ὑπὲρ","lemma":"ὑπέρ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"σάκος","lemma":"σάκος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ὑπὲρ","gloss":"shield"},{"surface":"ἔγχεϊ","lemma":"ἔγχος","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἐπέγραψεν","gloss":"with spear"},{"surface":"μακρῷ","lemma":"μακρός","morphology":"dative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἔγχεϊ","gloss":"long"}]},{"number":280,"label":"280","id":"b22-l280","source":"ὦμον ἐπέγραψεν· τὸ δʼ ὑπέρπτατο, πῖπτε δʼ ἔραζε.","translation":"Eumaeus on the shoulder; but the spear flew over and fell to the ground.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l280.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὦμον","lemma":"ὦμος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐπέγραψεν","gloss":"shoulder"},{"surface":"ἐπέγραψεν","lemma":"ἐπιγράφω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"grazed, scratched","note":"ἐπιγράφω literally 'wrote/scored upon' — vivid metaphor for a shallow spear-wound skimming the shoulder"},{"surface":"τὸ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular neuter pronoun","role":"subject of δ᾽","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ὑπέρπτατο","lemma":"ὑπερπέτομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"flew over"},{"surface":"πῖπτε","lemma":"πίπτω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"fell"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔραζε","lemma":"ἔραζε","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of πῖπτε","gloss":"to the ground","note":"ἔραζε, directional adverb '-ζε' motion-toward-ground, formulaic epic ending"}]},{"number":281,"label":"281","id":"b22-l281","source":"τοὶ δʼ αὖτʼ ἀμφʼ Ὀδυσῆα δαΐφρονα ποικιλομήτην,","translation":"Then those around wise, crafty-minded Odysseus","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l281.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τοὶ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἀκόντισαν","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αὖτ","lemma":"αὖτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀκόντισαν","gloss":"again, in turn"},{"surface":"ἀμφ","lemma":"ἀμφί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσῆα","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἀμφ᾽","gloss":"Odysseus"},{"surface":"δαΐφρονα","lemma":"δαίφρων","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ὀδυσῆα","gloss":"wise, war-minded","note":"δαΐφρων epic epithet 'battle-wise/skilled in war'"},{"surface":"ποικιλομήτην","lemma":"ποικιλομήτης","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ὀδυσῆα","gloss":"crafty-minded","note":"ποικιλομήτης, signature Odysseus epithet 'of many devices', echoing πολύτλας/δῖος earlier"}]},{"number":282,"label":"282","id":"b22-l282","source":"μνηστήρων ἐς ὅμιλον ἀκόντισαν ὀξέα δοῦρα.","translation":"hurled their sharp spears into the throng of suitors.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l282.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μνηστήρων","lemma":"μνηστήρ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ὅμιλον","gloss":"of the suitors"},{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"ὅμιλον","lemma":"ὅμιλος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐς","gloss":"throng"},{"surface":"ἀκόντισαν","lemma":"ἀκοντίζω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"hurled","note":"Aorist ἀκόντισαν 'they javelined' — vivid single verb for a volley of spears."},{"surface":"ὀξέα","lemma":"ὀξύς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies δοῦρα","gloss":"sharp"},{"surface":"δοῦρα","lemma":"δόρυ","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἀκόντισαν","gloss":"spears"}]},{"number":283,"label":"283","id":"b22-l283","source":"ἔνθʼ αὖτʼ Εὐρυδάμαντα βάλε πτολίπορθος Ὀδυσσεύς,","translation":"There again Odysseus the sacker of cities struck Eurydamas,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l283.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"πτολίπορθος","title":"Sacker of cities","body":"A heroic epithet, 'destroyer of cities', recalling Odysseus's role in the fall of Troy."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἔνθ","lemma":"ἔνθα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to δὲ","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"αὖτ","lemma":"αὖτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"Εὐρυδάμαντα","lemma":"Εὐρυδάμας","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of βάλε","gloss":"Eurydamas"},{"surface":"βάλε","lemma":"βάλλω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"πτολίπορθος","lemma":"πτολίπορθος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ὀδυσσεύς","gloss":"sacker of cities","note":"πτολίπορθος: fixed Odysseus epithet, epic compound 'city-sacker'."},{"surface":"Ὀδυσσεύς","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of βάλε","gloss":"Odysseus"}]},{"number":284,"label":"284","id":"b22-l284","source":"Ἀμφιμέδοντα δὲ Τηλέμαχος, Πόλυβον δὲ συβώτης·","translation":"and Telemachus struck Amphimedon, and the swineherd Polybus;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l284.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ἀμφιμέδοντα","lemma":"Ἀμφιμέδων","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object","gloss":"Amphimedon"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Τηλέμαχος","lemma":"Τηλέμαχος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"Telemachus"},{"surface":"Πόλυβον","lemma":"Πόλυβος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object","gloss":"Polybus"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and","note":"Two parallel δὲ clauses share an elided verb 'struck' — classic Homeric ellipsis/zeugma."},{"surface":"συβώτης","lemma":"συβώτης","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"swineherd"}]},{"number":285,"label":"285","id":"b22-l285","source":"Κτήσιππον δʼ ἄρʼ ἔπειτα βοῶν ἐπιβουκόλος ἀνὴρ","translation":"and then the cowherd man struck Ctesippus","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l285.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Κτήσιππον","lemma":"Κτήσιππος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of βεβλήκει","gloss":"Ctesippus"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἔπειτα","lemma":"ἔπειτα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to βεβλήκει","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"βοῶν","lemma":"βοῦς","morphology":"genitive plural noun","role":"modifies ἐπιβουκόλος","gloss":"of cattle"},{"surface":"ἐπιβουκόλος","lemma":"ἐπιβουκόλος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ἀνὴρ","gloss":"cowherd","note":"ἐπιβουκόλος 'cattle-tender' — occupational compound, matches συβώτης-type nouns for herdsmen."},{"surface":"ἀνὴρ","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of βεβλήκει","gloss":"man"}]},{"number":286,"label":"286","id":"b22-l286","source":"βεβλήκει πρὸς στῆθος, ἐπευχόμενος δὲ προσηύδα·","translation":"in the breast, and he spoke vaunting over him:","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l286.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"βεβλήκει","lemma":"βάλλω","morphology":"pluperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"had struck","note":"βεβλήκει: pluperfect 'had hit' — describes a blow already landed before the taunt that follows."},{"surface":"πρὸς","lemma":"πρός","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"στῆθος","lemma":"στῆθος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of πρὸς","gloss":"chest"},{"surface":"ἐπευχόμενος","lemma":"ἐπεύχομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to προσηύδα","gloss":"vaunting"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"προσηύδα","lemma":"προσαυδάω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spoke"}]},{"number":287,"label":"287","id":"b22-l287","source":"ὦ Πολυθερσεΐδη φιλοκέρτομε, μή ποτε πάμπαν","translation":"\"Son of Polytherses, you mocker, never again at all,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l287.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὦ","lemma":"ὦ","morphology":"exclamation","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"O"},{"surface":"Πολυθερσεΐδη","lemma":"Πολυθερσείδης","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"son of Polytherses","note":"Patronymic vocative -είδης 'son of'; addressed mockingly before the killing blow."},{"surface":"φιλοκέρτομε","lemma":"φιλοκέρτομος","morphology":"vocative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Πολυθερσεΐδη","gloss":"mocker"},{"surface":"μή","lemma":"μή","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"ποτε","lemma":"ποτέ","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"πάμπαν","lemma":"πάμπαν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to εἰπεῖν","gloss":"at all"}]},{"number":288,"label":"288","id":"b22-l288","source":"εἴκων ἀφραδίῃς μέγα εἰπεῖν, ἀλλὰ θεοῖσιν","translation":"yielding to folly, speak so big; leave the matter to the gods,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l288.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἴκων","lemma":"εἴκω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to εἰπεῖν","gloss":"yielding"},{"surface":"ἀφραδίῃς","lemma":"ἀφραδία","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"object of εἴκων","gloss":"to folly","note":"Dative of cause/means ἀφραδίῃς 'through follies' — explains why he spoke so rashly."},{"surface":"μέγα","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to εἰπεῖν","gloss":"big"},{"surface":"εἰπεῖν","lemma":"εἶπον","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"main verb","gloss":"to speak"},{"surface":"ἀλλὰ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"θεοῖσιν","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἐπιτρέψαι","gloss":"to the gods"}]},{"number":289,"label":"289","id":"b22-l289","source":"μῦθον ἐπιτρέψαι, ἐπεὶ ἦ πολὺ φέρτεροί εἰσι.","translation":"and entrust your word to them, since they are far stronger.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l289.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μῦθον","lemma":"μῦθος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐπιτρέψαι","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"ἐπιτρέψαι","lemma":"ἐπιτρέπω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"main verb","gloss":"entrust"},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"πολὺ","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"far","note":"πολὺ as adverbial accusative intensifying φέρτεροί 'much stronger'."},{"surface":"φέρτεροί","lemma":"φέρτατος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"stronger"},{"surface":"εἰσι","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to ἐπεὶ","gloss":"are"}]},{"number":290,"label":"290","id":"b22-l290","source":"τοῦτό τοι ἀντὶ ποδὸς ξεινήϊον, ὅν ποτʼ ἔδωκας","translation":"This is your guest-gift in return for the hoof you once gave","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l290.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τοῦτό","lemma":"οὗτος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"subject","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"modifies ξεινήϊον","gloss":"for you"},{"surface":"ἀντὶ","lemma":"ἀντί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in return for"},{"surface":"ποδὸς","lemma":"πούς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial","gloss":"the hoof","note":"ἀντὶ ποδὸς: bitter callback — Ctesippus once threw an ox-hoof at the beggar Odysseus."},{"surface":"ξεινήϊον","lemma":"ξεινήιον","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"guest-gift"},{"surface":"ὅν","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἔδωκας","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"ποτ","lemma":"ποτέ","morphology":"particle","role":"adverbial to ἔδωκας","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"ἔδωκας","lemma":"δίδωμι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ποδὸς","gloss":"you gave"}]},{"number":291,"label":"291","id":"b22-l291","source":"ἀντιθέῳ Ὀδυσῆϊ δόμον κάτʼ ἀλητεύοντι.","translation":"to godlike Odysseus when he was begging through the house.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l291.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀντιθέῳ","lemma":"ἀντίθεος","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ὀδυσῆϊ","gloss":"godlike","note":"ἀντίθεος: standard heroic epithet, 'equal to the gods,' applied here to Odysseus in disguise as beggar."},{"surface":"Ὀδυσῆϊ","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἔδωκας","gloss":"Odysseus"},{"surface":"δόμον","lemma":"δόμος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to κάτ᾽","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"κάτ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"ἀλητεύοντι","lemma":"ἀλητεύω","morphology":"present active participle, dative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"begging"}]},{"number":292,"label":"292","id":"b22-l292","source":"ἦ ῥα βοῶν ἑλίκων ἐπιβουκόλος· αὐτὰρ Ὀδυσσεὺς","translation":"So spoke the cowherd of the spiral-horned oxen; but Odysseus","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l292.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἠμί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"ῥα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"βοῶν","lemma":"βοῦς","morphology":"genitive plural noun","role":"modifies ἐπιβουκόλος","gloss":"of cattle"},{"surface":"ἑλίκων","lemma":"ἕλιξ","morphology":"genitive plural feminine noun","role":"modifies βοῶν","gloss":"spiral-horned","note":"ἑλίκων 'curved/spiral-horned' — stock epithet for cattle in epic diction."},{"surface":"ἐπιβουκόλος","lemma":"ἐπιβουκόλος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἦ","gloss":"cowherd"},{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσσεὺς","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of οὖτα","gloss":"Odysseus"}]},{"number":293,"label":"293","id":"b22-l293","source":"οὖτα Δαμαστορίδην αὐτοσχεδὸν ἔγχεϊ μακρῷ.","translation":"wounded the son of Damastor at close quarters with his long spear.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l293.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οὖτα","lemma":"οὐτάω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"wounded","note":"οὖτα (from οὐτάω) 'stabbed at close range,' distinct from βάλλω 'hit at a distance' — Homer distinguishes melee vs. ranged blows."},{"surface":"Δαμαστορίδην","lemma":"Δαμαστορίδης","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of οὖτα","gloss":"son of Damastor"},{"surface":"αὐτοσχεδὸν","lemma":"αὐτοσχεδόν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to οὖτα","gloss":"at close quarters"},{"surface":"ἔγχεϊ","lemma":"ἔγχος","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to οὖτα","gloss":"with spear"},{"surface":"μακρῷ","lemma":"μακρός","morphology":"dative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἔγχεϊ","gloss":"long"}]},{"number":294,"label":"294","id":"b22-l294","source":"Τηλέμαχος δʼ Εὐηνορίδην Λειώκριτον οὖτα","translation":"And Telemachus wounded Leiocritus son of Euenor","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l294.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Τηλέμαχος","lemma":"Τηλέμαχος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of δὲ","gloss":"Telemachus"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Εὐηνορίδην","lemma":"Εὐηνορίδης","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Λειώκριτον","gloss":"son of Euenor"},{"surface":"Λειώκριτον","lemma":"Λειώκριτος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of οὖτα","gloss":"Leiocritus"},{"surface":"οὖτα","lemma":"οὐτάω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"wounded"}]},{"number":295,"label":"295","id":"b22-l295","source":"δουρὶ μέσον κενεῶνα, διαπρὸ δὲ χαλκὸν ἔλασσεν·","translation":"with his spear full in the flank, and drove the bronze clean through;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l295.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δουρὶ","lemma":"δόρυ","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to οὖτα","gloss":"with spear"},{"surface":"μέσον","lemma":"μέσος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies κενεῶνα","gloss":"middle"},{"surface":"κενεῶνα","lemma":"κενεών","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of οὖτα","gloss":"flank"},{"surface":"διαπρὸ","lemma":"διαπρό","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔλασσεν","gloss":"clean through","note":"διαπρό 'right through' emphasizes the spear passing completely through the body."},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"χαλκὸν","lemma":"χαλκός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἔλασσεν","gloss":"bronze"},{"surface":"ἔλασσεν","lemma":"ἐλαύνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"drove"}]},{"number":296,"label":"296","id":"b22-l296","source":"ἤριπε δὲ πρηνής, χθόνα δʼ ἤλασε παντὶ μετώπῳ.","translation":"he fell face-down, and struck the earth with his whole forehead.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l296.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἤριπε","lemma":"ἐρείπω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"fell"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πρηνής","lemma":"πρηνής","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"face-down","note":"πρηνής predicate adjective describing how he fell — vivid physical detail typical of Homeric battle death scenes."},{"surface":"χθόνα","lemma":"χθών","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἤλασε","gloss":"earth"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἤλασε","lemma":"ἐλαύνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"παντὶ","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"dative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies μετώπῳ","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"μετώπῳ","lemma":"μέτωπον","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἤλασε","gloss":"forehead"}]},{"number":297,"label":"297","id":"b22-l297","source":"δὴ τότʼ Ἀθηναίη φθισίμβροτον αἰγίδʼ ἀνέσχεν","translation":"Then Athena held up her man-destroying aegis","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l297.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"τότ","lemma":"τότε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀνέσχεν","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"Ἀθηναίη","lemma":"Ἀθήνη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἀνέσχεν","gloss":"Athena"},{"surface":"φθισίμβροτον","lemma":"φθισίμβροτος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies αἰγίδ᾽","gloss":"man-destroying","note":"φθισίμβροτον: rare compound epithet for the aegis, 'mortal-destroying' — signals divine intervention turning the tide."},{"surface":"αἰγίδ","lemma":"αἰγίς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἀνέσχεν","gloss":"aegis"},{"surface":"ἀνέσχεν","lemma":"ἀνέχω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"held up"}]},{"number":298,"label":"298","id":"b22-l298","source":"ὑψόθεν ἐξ ὀροφῆς· τῶν δὲ φρένες ἐπτοίηθεν.","translation":"high up from the roof; and their wits were stricken with terror.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l298.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὑψόθεν","lemma":"ὑψόθεν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀνέσχεν","gloss":"from on high"},{"surface":"ἐξ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"ὀροφῆς","lemma":"ὀροφή","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐξ","gloss":"roof"},{"surface":"τῶν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine pronoun","role":"modifies φρένες","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"φρένες","lemma":"φρήν","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject of ἐπτοίηθεν","gloss":"wits"},{"surface":"ἐπτοίηθεν","lemma":"πτοέω","morphology":"aorist passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"were terrified","note":"φρένες ἐπτοίηθεν 'their hearts/wits were panicked' — the aegis causes psychological rout, not physical harm."}]},{"number":299,"label":"299","id":"b22-l299","source":"οἱ δʼ ἐφέβοντο κατὰ μέγαρον βόες ὣς ἀγελαῖαι·","translation":"They fled through the hall like a herd of cattle,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l299.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἐφέβοντο","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐφέβοντο","lemma":"φέβομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"fled"},{"surface":"κατὰ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"μέγαρον","lemma":"μέγαρον","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of κατὰ","gloss":"hall"},{"surface":"βόες","lemma":"βοῦς","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"cattle","note":"Homeric simile begins: suitors compared to a stampeding cattle herd, expanded over several lines."},{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"ἀγελαῖαι","lemma":"ἀγελαῖος","morphology":"nominative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies βόες","gloss":"herded"}]},{"number":300,"label":"300","id":"b22-l300","source":"τὰς μέν τʼ αἰόλος οἶστρος ἐφορμηθεὶς ἐδόνησεν","translation":"which the darting gadfly, swooping upon them, has driven into a frenzy","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l300.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὰς","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative plural feminine pronoun","role":"object of ἐδόνησεν","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"μέν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"(untranslated particle)"},{"surface":"αἰόλος","lemma":"αἰόλος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies οἶστρος","gloss":"darting","note":"αἰόλος 'quick-moving, shifting' — vivid epithet for the gadfly that drives the herd wild."},{"surface":"οἶστρος","lemma":"οἶστρος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐδόνησεν","gloss":"gadfly"},{"surface":"ἐφορμηθεὶς","lemma":"ἐφορμάω","morphology":"aorist passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐδόνησεν","gloss":"swooping upon"},{"surface":"ἐδόνησεν","lemma":"δονέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a subordinate clause","gloss":"drove wild"}]},{"number":301,"label":"301","id":"b22-l301","source":"ὥρῃ ἐν εἰαρινῇ, ὅτε τʼ ἤματα μακρὰ πέλονται.","translation":"in the season of spring, when the days grow long.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l301.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὥρῃ","lemma":"ὥρα","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"in season"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"εἰαρινῇ","lemma":"ἐαρινός","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ὥρῃ","gloss":"springtime"},{"surface":"ὅτε","lemma":"ὅτε","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"(untranslated particle)"},{"surface":"ἤματα","lemma":"ἦμαρ","morphology":"nominative plural neuter noun","role":"subject of πέλονται","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"μακρὰ","lemma":"μακρός","morphology":"nominative plural neuter adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"πέλονται","lemma":"πέλω","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ὅτε","gloss":"grow","note":"πέλονται 'become, are' — vivid present tense inside the simile, a common Homeric shift out of narrative past."}]},{"number":302,"label":"302","id":"b22-l302","source":"οἱ δʼ ὥς τʼ αἰγυπιοὶ γαμψώνυχες ἀγκυλοχεῖλαι,","translation":"And the men, like crook-taloned, hook-beaked vultures","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l302.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὥς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to θόρωσι","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"(untranslated particle)"},{"surface":"αἰγυπιοὶ","lemma":"αἰγυπιός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of θόρωσι","gloss":"vultures","note":"Second simile begins: the victorious men now compared to hunting vultures, not fleeing cattle."},{"surface":"γαμψώνυχες","lemma":"γαμψῶνυξ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies αἰγυπιοὶ","gloss":"crook-taloned"},{"surface":"ἀγκυλοχεῖλαι","lemma":"ἀγκυλχείλης","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies αἰγυπιοὶ","gloss":"hook-beaked"}]},{"number":303,"label":"303","id":"b22-l303","source":"ἐξ ὀρέων ἐλθόντες ἐπʼ ὀρνίθεσσι θόρωσι·","translation":"that come down from the mountains and swoop upon the birds;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l303.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐξ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"ὀρέων","lemma":"ὄρος","morphology":"genitive plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἐξ","gloss":"mountains"},{"surface":"ἐλθόντες","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to θόρωσι","gloss":"having come"},{"surface":"ἐπ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"ὀρνίθεσσι","lemma":"ὄρνις","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἐπ᾽","gloss":"birds"},{"surface":"θόρωσι","lemma":"θρῴσκω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"swoop","note":"θόρωσι: aorist subjunctive in a generalizing 'when' clause — timeless habitual action within the simile."}]},{"number":304,"label":"304","id":"b22-l304","source":"ταὶ μέν τʼ ἐν πεδίῳ νέφεα πτώσσουσαι ἵενται,","translation":"and these, cowering from the clouds, rush across the plain,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l304.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μέν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"(untranslated particle)"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"πεδίῳ","lemma":"πεδίον","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"plain"},{"surface":"νέφεα","lemma":"νέφος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of πτώσσουσαι","gloss":"clouds"},{"surface":"πτώσσουσαι","lemma":"πτώσσω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative plural feminine","role":"adverbial to ἵενται","gloss":"cowering"},{"surface":"ἵενται","lemma":"ἵημι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"rush"}]},{"number":305,"label":"305","id":"b22-l305","source":"οἱ δέ τε τὰς ὀλέκουσιν ἐπάλμενοι, οὐδέ τις ἀλκὴ","translation":"but the vultures pounce and destroy them, and there is no defense","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l305.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ὀλέκουσιν","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"(untranslated particle)"},{"surface":"τὰς","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative plural feminine pronoun","role":"object of ὀλέκουσιν","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"ὀλέκουσιν","lemma":"ὀλέκω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"destroy"},{"surface":"ἐπάλμενοι","lemma":"ἐφάλλομαι","morphology":"aorist middle participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ὀλέκουσιν","gloss":"pouncing","note":"ἐπάλμενοι 'having leapt upon' — aorist participle capturing the vultures' swift attack."},{"surface":"τις","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"modifies ἀλκὴ","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"ἀλκὴ","lemma":"ἀλκή","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of γίγνεται","gloss":"defense"}]},{"number":306,"label":"306","id":"b22-l306","source":"γίγνεται οὐδὲ φυγή· χαίρουσι δέ τʼ ἀνέρες ἄγρῃ·","translation":"nor any flight; and men rejoice in the hunting:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l306.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"γίγνεται","lemma":"γίγνομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"is","note":"γίγνεται governs both οὐδὲ φυγή and the implied ἀλκή clause — 'there is neither defense nor flight.'"},{"surface":"φυγή","lemma":"φυγή","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"flight"},{"surface":"χαίρουσι","lemma":"χαίρω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"rejoice"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"(untranslated particle)"},{"surface":"ἀνέρες","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of χαίρουσι","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"ἄγρῃ","lemma":"ἄγρα","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of χαίρουσι","gloss":"in the hunt"}]},{"number":307,"label":"307","id":"b22-l307","source":"ὣς ἄρα τοὶ μνηστῆρας ἐπεσσύμενοι κατὰ δῶμα","translation":"so they, rushing upon the suitors through the house,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l307.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to τύπτον","gloss":"so","note":"ὣς...ὡς frames the full simile-to-narrative return: 'so, just as [birds]... these men struck the suitors.'"},{"surface":"ἄρα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"τοὶ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of τύπτον","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"μνηστῆρας","lemma":"μνηστήρ","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of τύπτον","gloss":"suitors"},{"surface":"ἐπεσσύμενοι","lemma":"ἐπισεύω","morphology":"perfect medio-passive participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to τύπτον","gloss":"rushing upon"},{"surface":"κατὰ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"δῶμα","lemma":"δῶμα","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to κατὰ","gloss":"house"}]},{"number":308,"label":"308","id":"b22-l308","source":"τύπτον ἐπιστροφάδην· τῶν δὲ στόνος ὤρνυτʼ ἀεικὴς","translation":"struck them down on every side; and from them rose a hideous groaning","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l308.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τύπτον","lemma":"τύπτω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"struck down"},{"surface":"ἐπιστροφάδην","lemma":"ἐπιστροφάδην","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to τύπτον","gloss":"on every side","note":"ἐπιστροφάδην 'turning this way and that' — vivid adverb for striking in all directions through the hall."},{"surface":"τῶν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine pronoun","role":"modifies στόνος","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"στόνος","lemma":"στόνος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ὤρνυτ᾽","gloss":"groaning"},{"surface":"ὤρνυτ","lemma":"ὄρνυμι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"rose"},{"surface":"ἀεικὴς","lemma":"ἀεικής","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies στόνος","gloss":"hideous"}]},{"number":309,"label":"309","id":"b22-l309","source":"κράτων τυπτομένων, δάπεδον δʼ ἅπαν αἵματι θῦε.","translation":"as their heads were beaten, and the whole floor steamed with blood.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l309.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κράτων","lemma":"κάρα","morphology":"genitive plural neuter noun","role":"subject of τυπτομένων","gloss":"heads","note":"κράτων (rare form of κάρα) 'heads' — genitive absolute-like construction with τυπτομένων 'being struck.'"},{"surface":"τυπτομένων","lemma":"τύπτω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, genitive plural neuter","role":"adverbial to ὤρνυτ᾽","gloss":"being struck"},{"surface":"δάπεδον","lemma":"δάπεδον","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of θῦε","gloss":"floor"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἅπαν","lemma":"ἅπας","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies δάπεδον","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"αἵματι","lemma":"αἷμα","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"object of θῦε","gloss":"with blood"},{"surface":"θῦε","lemma":"θύω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"steamed","note":"θῦε 'seethed/steamed' — vivid intransitive image of blood-soaked floor, closing the battle scene."}]},{"number":310,"label":"310","id":"b22-l310","source":"Λειώδης δʼ Ὀδυσῆος ἐπεσσύμενος λάβε γούνων,","translation":"Then Leiodes rushed to Odysseus and seized his knees,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l310.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Λειώδης","lemma":"Λειώδης","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of λάβε","gloss":"Leiodes"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and/but"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσῆος","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies γούνων","gloss":"of Odysseus"},{"surface":"ἐπεσσύμενος","lemma":"ἐπισεύω","morphology":"perfect medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to λάβε","gloss":"rushing at him","note":"Perfect participle of ἐπισεύω used with present force, vivid Homeric idiom for sudden motion."},{"surface":"λάβε","lemma":"λαμβάνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"seized"},{"surface":"γούνων","lemma":"γόνυ","morphology":"genitive plural neuter noun","role":"object of λάβε","gloss":"his knees","note":"γούνων λαμβάνειν 'seize the knees' is the standard Homeric supplication gesture."}]},{"number":311,"label":"311","id":"b22-l311","source":"καί μιν λισσόμενος ἔπεα πτερόεντα προσηύδα·","translation":"and beseeching him spoke winged words:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l311.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ἔπεα πτερόεντα","title":"Winged words","body":"One of Homer's most frequent formulas: words fly swiftly from the speaker like winged birds toward the hearer."}],"words":[{"surface":"καί","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of προσηύδα","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"λισσόμενος","lemma":"λίσσομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to προσηύδα","gloss":"beseeching"},{"surface":"ἔπεα","lemma":"ἔπος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of προσηύδα","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"πτερόεντα","lemma":"πτερόεις","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἔπεα","gloss":"winged","note":"ἔπεα πτερόεντα 'winged words' is a recurring Homeric formula introducing speech."},{"surface":"προσηύδα","lemma":"προσαυδάω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"addressed"}]},{"number":312,"label":"312","id":"b22-l312","source":"γουνοῦμαί σʼ, Ὀδυσεῦ· σὺ δέ μʼ αἴδεο καί μʼ\n                     ἐλέησον·","translation":"\"I clasp your knees, Odysseus; respect me and have pity on me.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l312.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"γουνοῦμαί","lemma":"γουνόομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I clasp your knees","note":"γουνόομαι, a verb built directly from γόνυ 'knee', names the supplication act itself."},{"surface":"σ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative singular pronoun","role":"object of γουνοῦμαί","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσεῦ","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"Odysseus","note":"Vocative in direct address, syntactically independent of the sentence around it."},{"surface":"σὺ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"nominative singular pronoun","role":"subject of καί","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of αἴδεο","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"αἴδεο","lemma":"αἰδέομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"respect","note":"Present middle imperative of αἰδέομαι, appealing to Odysseus's sense of shame/honor toward a suppliant."},{"surface":"καί","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἐλέησον","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ἐλέησον","lemma":"ἐλεέω","morphology":"aorist active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"pity","note":"Aorist imperative ἐλέησον, a punctual command 'take pity now', paired with the durative αἴδεο."}]},{"number":313,"label":"313","id":"b22-l313","source":"οὐ γάρ πώ τινά φημι γυναικῶν ἐν μεγάροισιν","translation":"For I say that never to any of the women in the halls","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l313.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οὐ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"γάρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"πώ","lemma":"πω","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"τινά","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of δέ","gloss":"any (woman)"},{"surface":"φημι","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"present active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I claim"},{"surface":"γυναικῶν","lemma":"γυνή","morphology":"genitive plural feminine noun","role":"modifies τινά","gloss":"of the women"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"μεγάροισιν","lemma":"μέγαρον","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"modifies ἐν","gloss":"the halls"}]},{"number":314,"label":"314","id":"b22-l314","source":"εἰπεῖν οὐδέ τι ῥέξαι ἀτάσθαλον· ἀλλὰ καὶ ἄλλους","translation":"did I speak or do anything reckless; rather I kept trying to stop","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l314.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἰπεῖν","lemma":"εἶπον","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of δέ","gloss":"to speak (ill)"},{"surface":"τι","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"object of δέ","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"ῥέξαι","lemma":"ῥέζω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of δέ","gloss":"to do","note":"ῥέξαι, aorist infinitive of ῥέζω 'do/perform', epic diction for committing an act."},{"surface":"ἀτάσθαλον","lemma":"ἀτάσθαλος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies τι","gloss":"reckless"},{"surface":"ἀλλὰ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"ἄλλους","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies μνηστῆρας","gloss":"the others"}]},{"number":315,"label":"315","id":"b22-l315","source":"παύεσκον μνηστῆρας, ὅτις τοιαῦτά γε ῥέζοι.","translation":"the other suitors as well, whoever would do such deeds.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l315.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"παύεσκον","lemma":"παύω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I tried to stop","note":"Iterative imperfect in -εσκον marks a habitual, repeated action: 'I kept trying to stop them'."},{"surface":"μνηστῆρας","lemma":"μνηστήρ","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of παύεσκον","gloss":"the suitors"},{"surface":"ὅτις","lemma":"ὅστις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ῥέζοι","gloss":"whoever"},{"surface":"τοιαῦτά","lemma":"τοιοῦτος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of ῥέζοι","gloss":"such things"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ῥέζοι","lemma":"ῥέζω","morphology":"present active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing μνηστῆρας","gloss":"would do","note":"Optative in a general relative clause of past habitual reference: 'whoever might do'."}]},{"number":316,"label":"316","id":"b22-l316","source":"ἀλλά μοι οὐ πείθοντο κακῶν ἄπο χεῖρας ἔχεσθαι·","translation":"But they would not heed me and keep their hands from evil;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l316.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλά","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of πείθοντο","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"οὐ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"πείθοντο","lemma":"πείθω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"they obeyed"},{"surface":"κακῶν","lemma":"κακός","morphology":"genitive plural neuter adjective","role":"object of ἄπο","gloss":"from evil"},{"surface":"ἄπο","lemma":"ἀπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"away from","note":"ἄπο with anastrophe (accent shifted back) stands after its case noun κακῶν, a common Homeric word order."},{"surface":"χεῖρας","lemma":"χείρ","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἔχεσθαι","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"ἔχεσθαι","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"present medio-passive infinitive","role":"object of πείθοντο","gloss":"to keep"}]},{"number":317,"label":"317","id":"b22-l317","source":"τῷ καὶ ἀτασθαλίῃσιν ἀεικέα πότμον ἐπέσπον.","translation":"and so by their own recklessness they have met a shameful doom.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l317.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τῷ","lemma":"τῷ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐπέσπον","gloss":"therefore"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"also/even"},{"surface":"ἀτασθαλίῃσιν","lemma":"ἀτασθαλία","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐπέσπον","gloss":"by their recklessness"},{"surface":"ἀεικέα","lemma":"ἀεικής","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies πότμον","gloss":"shameful"},{"surface":"πότμον","lemma":"πότμος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐπέσπον","gloss":"a doom"},{"surface":"ἐπέσπον","lemma":"ἐφέπω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"met","note":"ἐφέπω 'follow upon/meet with' + accusative πότμον is a set epic phrase for meeting one's fate."}]},{"number":318,"label":"318","id":"b22-l318","source":"αὐτὰρ ἐγὼ μετὰ τοῖσι θυοσκόος οὐδὲν ἐοργὼς","translation":"Yet I, a soothsayer among them who has done no wrong,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l318.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"θυοσκόος","title":"Sacrificing priest","body":"Leiodes was the suitors' diviner who read the sacrifices. He pleads that his ritual office made him no wrongdoer."}],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐγὼ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of κείσομαι","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"μετὰ","lemma":"μετά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"τοῖσι","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative plural masculine pronoun","role":"adverbial to μετὰ","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"θυοσκόος","lemma":"θυοσκόος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"a seer","note":"θυοσκόος, 'one who divines by burnt sacrifice', a technical priestly title for Leiodes."},{"surface":"οὐδὲν","lemma":"οὐδείς","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"object of ἐοργὼς","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"ἐοργὼς","lemma":"ἔρδω","morphology":"perfect active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to κείσομαι","gloss":"having done","note":"Perfect participle ἐοργώς stresses a completed, standing state of innocence: 'having done no wrong (and so being blameless now)'."}]},{"number":319,"label":"319","id":"b22-l319","source":"κείσομαι, ὡς οὐκ ἔστι χάρις μετόπισθʼ εὐεργέων·","translation":"shall lie dead, since there is no thanks afterward for good deeds.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l319.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κείσομαι","lemma":"κεῖμαι","morphology":"future middle indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"shall lie dead"},{"surface":"ὡς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"οὐκ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ἔστι","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὡς","gloss":"there is"},{"surface":"χάρις","lemma":"χάρις","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἔστι","gloss":"thanks/favor"},{"surface":"μετόπισθ","lemma":"μετόπισθε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔστι","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"εὐεργέων","lemma":"εὐεργής","morphology":"genitive plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies χάρις","gloss":"for good deeds","note":"Leiodes's bitter maxim: no gratitude survives past the moment of the good deed itself."}]},{"number":320,"label":"320","id":"b22-l320","source":"τὸν δʼ ἄρʼ ὑπόδρα ἰδὼν προσέφη πολύμητις\n                  Ὀδυσσεύς·","translation":"Then with a dark glance the resourceful Odysseus answered him:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l320.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ὑπόδρα ἰδών","title":"With a dark glance","body":"A formulaic phrase for an angry, lowering look from beneath the brows, signaling a stern rebuke is coming."}],"words":[{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of προσέφη","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ὑπόδρα","lemma":"ὑπόδρα","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of ἰδὼν","gloss":"with a dark look","note":"ὑπόδρα ἰδών 'looking from under (his brows)' is a Homeric formula for a grim, threatening glance."},{"surface":"ἰδὼν","lemma":"εἶδον","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to προσέφη","gloss":"looking"},{"surface":"προσέφη","lemma":"πρόσφημι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"πολύμητις","lemma":"πολύμητις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ὀδυσσεύς","gloss":"resourceful","note":"πολύμητις, Odysseus's signature epithet 'of many wiles/plans'."},{"surface":"Ὀδυσσεύς","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of προσέφη","gloss":"Odysseus"}]},{"number":321,"label":"321","id":"b22-l321","source":"εἰ μὲν δὴ μετὰ τοῖσι θυοσκόος εὔχεαι εἶναι,","translation":"\"If indeed you claim to have been a soothsayer among them,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l321.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἰ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"μετὰ","lemma":"μετά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"τοῖσι","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative plural masculine pronoun","role":"adverbial to μετὰ","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"θυοσκόος","lemma":"θυοσκόος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"a seer"},{"surface":"εὔχεαι","lemma":"εὔχομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"adverbial to εἰ","gloss":"you claim","note":"εὔχομαι 'boast/claim' here carries Odysseus's skeptical, mocking edge toward Leiodes's plea."},{"surface":"εἶναι","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of εὔχεαι","gloss":"to have been"}]},{"number":322,"label":"322","id":"b22-l322","source":"πολλάκι που μέλλεις ἀρήμεναι ἐν μεγάροισι","translation":"then often, I suppose, you must have prayed in the halls","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l322.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πολλάκι","lemma":"πολλάκις","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to μέλλεις","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"που","lemma":"πού","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"I suppose"},{"surface":"μέλλεις","lemma":"μέλλω","morphology":"present active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"you must"},{"surface":"ἀρήμεναι","lemma":"ἀράομαι","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of μέλλεις","gloss":"to have prayed"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"μεγάροισι","lemma":"μέγαρον","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"the halls"}]},{"number":323,"label":"323","id":"b22-l323","source":"τηλοῦ ἐμοὶ νόστοιο τέλος γλυκεροῖο γενέσθαι,","translation":"that the goal of my sweet homecoming stay far from me,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l323.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"νόστοιο","title":"Homecoming (nostos)","body":"Nostos, the 'homecoming' or return, is the central theme of the whole poem; here Odysseus throws Leiodes's prayers against it back at him."}],"words":[{"surface":"τηλοῦ","lemma":"τηλοῦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to γενέσθαι","gloss":"far off"},{"surface":"ἐμοὶ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of γενέσθαι","gloss":"from me"},{"surface":"νόστοιο","lemma":"νόστος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies τέλος","gloss":"of homecoming"},{"surface":"τέλος","lemma":"τέλος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of γενέσθαι","gloss":"the fulfillment"},{"surface":"γλυκεροῖο","lemma":"γλυκύς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies νόστοιο","gloss":"sweet"},{"surface":"γενέσθαι","lemma":"γίγνομαι","morphology":"aorist middle infinitive","role":"object of δ᾽","gloss":"should be","note":"Indirect prayer-content clause depending on ἀρήμεναι: 'that the goal ... might be far off'."}]},{"number":324,"label":"324","id":"b22-l324","source":"σοὶ δʼ ἄλοχόν τε φίλην σπέσθαι καὶ τέκνα τεκέσθαι·","translation":"and that my dear wife should follow you and bear you children;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l324.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"σοὶ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"object of σπέσθαι","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄλοχόν","lemma":"ἄλοχος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"my wife"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"φίλην","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἄλοχόν","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"σπέσθαι","lemma":"ἕπομαι","morphology":"aorist middle infinitive","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"should follow"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τέκνα","lemma":"τέκνον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of τεκέσθαι","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"τεκέσθαι","lemma":"τίκτω","morphology":"aorist middle infinitive","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"should bear","note":"Middle infinitive τεκέσθαι, bear children for oneself/one's line — matches Leiodes's implied prayer that Penelope wed a suitor."}]},{"number":325,"label":"325","id":"b22-l325","source":"τῷ οὐκ ἂν θάνατόν γε δυσηλεγέα προφύγοισθα.","translation":"therefore you shall not escape grievous death.\"","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l325.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τῷ","lemma":"τῷ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to προφύγοισθα","gloss":"therefore"},{"surface":"οὐκ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ἂν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"[potential particle]"},{"surface":"θάνατόν","lemma":"θάνατος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of προφύγοισθα","gloss":"death"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"at least"},{"surface":"δυσηλεγέα","lemma":"δυσηλεγής","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies θάνατόν","gloss":"grievous"},{"surface":"προφύγοισθα","lemma":"προφεύγω","morphology":"aorist active optative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"you shall escape","note":"Optative + ἄν in a future-vivid sense, Homeric idiom for 'you will not escape'."}]},{"number":326,"label":"326","id":"b22-l326","source":"ὣς ἄρα φωνήσας ξίφος εἵλετο χειρὶ παχείῃ","translation":"So speaking, with his stout hand he took up the sword","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l326.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to φωνήσας","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"ἄρα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"φωνήσας","lemma":"φωνέω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to εἵλετο","gloss":"speaking"},{"surface":"ξίφος","lemma":"ξίφος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of εἵλετο","gloss":"the sword"},{"surface":"εἵλετο","lemma":"αἱρέω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"took up"},{"surface":"χειρὶ","lemma":"χείρ","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to εἵλετο","gloss":"in his hand"},{"surface":"παχείῃ","lemma":"παχύς","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies χειρὶ","gloss":"stout"}]},{"number":327,"label":"327","id":"b22-l327","source":"κείμενον, ὅ ῥʼ Ἀγέλαος ἀποπροέηκε χαμᾶζε","translation":"lying there, which Agelaus had let fall to the ground","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l327.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κείμενον","lemma":"κεῖμαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, accusative singular neuter","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"lying"},{"surface":"ὅ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"object of ἀποπροέηκε","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"ῥ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"Ἀγέλαος","lemma":"Ἀγέλαος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἀποπροέηκε","gloss":"Agelaus"},{"surface":"ἀποπροέηκε","lemma":"ἀποπροίημι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ξίφος","gloss":"had let fall","note":"ἀποπρο-ίημι, compound 'send forth away', vivid for the sword dropped in the death-throes."},{"surface":"χαμᾶζε","lemma":"χαμᾶζε","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of ἀποπροέηκε","gloss":"to the ground"}]},{"number":328,"label":"328","id":"b22-l328","source":"κτεινόμενος· τῷ τόν γε κατʼ αὐχένα μέσσον ἔλασσε.","translation":"when he was killed; with it he drove through the middle of his neck.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l328.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κτεινόμενος","lemma":"κτείνω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"being slain"},{"surface":"τῷ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative singular neuter pronoun","role":"adverbial to ἔλασσε","gloss":"with it"},{"surface":"τόν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἔλασσε","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"κατ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"αὐχένα","lemma":"αὐχήν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of κατ᾽","gloss":"the neck"},{"surface":"μέσσον","lemma":"μέσος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"middle","note":"Predicate adjective 'through the middle of the neck', pinpointing the blow's location."},{"surface":"ἔλασσε","lemma":"ἐλαύνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"drove/struck"}]},{"number":329,"label":"329","id":"b22-l329","source":"φθεγγομένου δʼ ἄρα τοῦ γε κάρη κονίῃσιν ἐμίχθη.","translation":"And while he was still crying out, his head was mingled with the dust.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l329.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"φθεγγομένου","title":"Genitive absolute","body":"The participle stands in the genitive with its subject, a genitive absolute: 'while he was still speaking'. The horror is that he dies mid-word."}],"words":[{"surface":"φθεγγομένου","lemma":"φθέγγομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, genitive singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"still crying out"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄρα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"τοῦ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies κάρη","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"κάρη","lemma":"κάρα","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of ἐμίχθη","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"κονίῃσιν","lemma":"κονία","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἐμίχθη","gloss":"with the dust"},{"surface":"ἐμίχθη","lemma":"μίγνυμι","morphology":"aorist passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was mingled","note":"Grim litotes-like euphemism: 'mingled with dust' for the head striking the ground in death."}]},{"number":330,"label":"330","id":"b22-l330","source":"Τερπιάδης δʼ ἔτʼ ἀοιδὸς ἀλύσκανε κῆρα μέλαιναν,","translation":"But the son of Terpes, the singer, was still trying to escape black death,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l330.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"κῆρα μέλαιναν","title":"Black death","body":"Ker is the death-spirit or doom; 'black death' is a recurring epithet for the dark fate that overtakes a man."}],"words":[{"surface":"Τερπιάδης","lemma":"Τερπιάδης","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ,","gloss":"son of Terpes","note":"Patronymic in -άδης names Phemius by his father Terpes before his own name appears next line — Homeric delayed-apposition technique."},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἔτ","lemma":"ἔτι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀλύσκανε","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"ἀοιδὸς","lemma":"ἀοιδός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ,","gloss":"the singer"},{"surface":"ἀλύσκανε","lemma":"ἀλύσκω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was trying to escape","note":"Iterative/conative imperfect ἀλύσκανε, 'kept trying to avoid', showing sustained effort."},{"surface":"κῆρα","lemma":"κήρ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἀλύσκανε","gloss":"fate"},{"surface":"μέλαιναν","lemma":"μέλας","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies κῆρα","gloss":"black"}]},{"number":331,"label":"331","id":"b22-l331","source":"Φήμιος, ὅς ῥʼ ἤειδε μετὰ μνηστῆρσιν ἀνάγκῃ.","translation":"Phemius, who sang for the suitors under compulsion.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l331.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ἀνάγκῃ","title":"Under compulsion","body":"The dative ἀνάγκῃ means 'by necessity, under constraint.' Phemius is exonerated in advance: he performed for the suitors against his will."}],"words":[{"surface":"Φήμιος","lemma":"Φήμιος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ,","gloss":"Phemius","note":"His name arrives only now, after being introduced as patronymic + 'the singer' — classic epic suspension."},{"surface":"ὅς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἤειδε","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"ῥ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἤειδε","lemma":"ἀείδω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ,","gloss":"sang"},{"surface":"μετὰ","lemma":"μετά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"μνηστῆρσιν","lemma":"μνηστήρ","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to μετὰ","gloss":"the suitors"},{"surface":"ἀνάγκῃ","lemma":"ἀνάγκη","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἤειδε","gloss":"under compulsion","note":"ἀνάγκῃ 'by necessity' excuses Phemius: he sang for the suitors unwillingly, forced."}]},{"number":332,"label":"332","id":"b22-l332","source":"ἔστη δʼ ἐν χείρεσσίν ἔχων φόρμιγγα λίγειαν","translation":"He stood there, holding the clear-toned lyre in his hands,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l332.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔστη","lemma":"ἵστημι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he stood"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"χείρεσσίν","lemma":"χείρ","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"his hands"},{"surface":"ἔχων","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἔστη","gloss":"holding"},{"surface":"φόρμιγγα","lemma":"φόρμιγξ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἔχων","gloss":"the lyre"},{"surface":"λίγειαν","lemma":"λιγύς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies φόρμιγγα","gloss":"clear-toned"}]},{"number":333,"label":"333","id":"b22-l333","source":"ἄγχι παρʼ ὀρσοθύρην· δίχα δὲ φρεσὶ μερμήριζεν,","translation":"close by the side door, and his mind was divided in two,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l333.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"δίχα","title":"Divided in two","body":"δίχα μερμήριζεν is a Homeric formula for an agonized 'either/or' deliberation, the mind split between two courses."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἄγχι","lemma":"ἄγχι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔστη","gloss":"close"},{"surface":"παρ","lemma":"παρά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"by/beside"},{"surface":"ὀρσοθύρην","lemma":"ὀρσοθύρη","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to παρ᾽","gloss":"the side door","note":"ὀρσοθύρη, a rare word for the small postern door used earlier in the suitor-slaying scene."},{"surface":"δίχα","lemma":"δίχα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to μερμήριζεν","gloss":"in two ways"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"φρεσὶ","lemma":"φρήν","morphology":"dative plural noun","role":"adverbial to μερμήριζεν","gloss":"in his heart"},{"surface":"μερμήριζεν","lemma":"μερμηρίζω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he pondered"}]},{"number":334,"label":"334","id":"b22-l334","source":"ἢ ἐκδὺς μεγάροιο Διὸς μεγάλου ποτὶ βωμὸν","translation":"whether to slip out of the hall and sit at the altar of great Zeus,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l334.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἢ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"ἐκδὺς","lemma":"ἐκδύω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἵζοιτο","gloss":"slipping out"},{"surface":"μεγάροιο","lemma":"μέγαρον","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἐκδὺς","gloss":"from the hall"},{"surface":"Διὸς","lemma":"Ζεύς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies βωμὸν","gloss":"of Zeus"},{"surface":"μεγάλου","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Διὸς","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"ποτὶ","lemma":"πρός","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to/at"},{"surface":"βωμὸν","lemma":"βωμός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ποτὶ","gloss":"the altar"}]},{"number":335,"label":"335","id":"b22-l335","source":"ἑρκείου ἵζοιτο τετυγμένον, ἔνθʼ ἄρα πολλὰ","translation":"the altar of the courtyard, well-built, where many times","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l335.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἑρκείου","lemma":"ἑρκεῖος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Διὸς","gloss":"of the courtyard","note":"Ζεὺς Ἑρκεῖος, 'Zeus of the Enclosure', patron of the household courtyard altar — a specific cult epithet."},{"surface":"ἵζοιτο","lemma":"ἵζω","morphology":"present medio-passive optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"object of ἦ","gloss":"he should sit"},{"surface":"τετυγμένον","lemma":"τεύχω","morphology":"perfect medio-passive participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"modifies βωμὸν","gloss":"well-built"},{"surface":"ἔνθ","lemma":"ἔνθα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔκηαν","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"ἄρα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"πολλὰ","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies μηρί᾽","gloss":"many"}]},{"number":336,"label":"336","id":"b22-l336","source":"Λαέρτης Ὀδυσεύς τε βοῶν ἐπὶ μηρίʼ ἔκηαν,","translation":"Laertes and Odysseus had burned the thigh-pieces of oxen,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l336.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Λαέρτης","lemma":"Λαέρτης","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of τε","gloss":"Laertes"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσεύς","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of τε","gloss":"Odysseus"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"βοῶν","lemma":"βοῦς","morphology":"genitive plural noun","role":"modifies μηρί᾽","gloss":"of oxen"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"μηρί","lemma":"μηρία","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἔκηαν","gloss":"thigh-pieces","note":"μηρία, the sacrificial thigh-bones wrapped in fat, the standard portion burned for the gods."},{"surface":"ἔκηαν","lemma":"καίω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing βωμὸν","gloss":"had burned"}]},{"number":337,"label":"337","id":"b22-l337","source":"ἦ γούνων λίσσοιτο προσαΐξας Ὀδυσῆα.","translation":"or whether to rush forward and clasp Odysseus by the knees in supplication.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l337.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"γούνων","lemma":"γόνυ","morphology":"genitive plural neuter noun","role":"object of λίσσοιτο","gloss":"his knees"},{"surface":"λίσσοιτο","lemma":"λίσσομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"object of ἦ","gloss":"should clasp","note":"Optative λίσσοιτο continues Phemius's deliberation, parallel to ἵζοιτο — 'whether he should... or should...'."},{"surface":"προσαΐξας","lemma":"προσαίσσω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to λίσσοιτο","gloss":"rushing toward"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσῆα","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of προσαΐξας","gloss":"Odysseus"}]},{"number":338,"label":"338","id":"b22-l338","source":"ὧδε δέ οἱ φρονέοντι δοάσσατο κέρδιον εἶναι,","translation":"And as he pondered, this seemed to him the better course:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l338.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"κέρδιον","title":"More profitable","body":"κέρδιον, 'more advantageous,' from κέρδος (gain). Homeric deliberations weigh which option is the shrewder, more profitable one."}],"words":[{"surface":"ὧδε","lemma":"ὧδε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to δοάσσατο","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of δοάσσατο","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"φρονέοντι","lemma":"φρονέω","morphology":"present active participle, dative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"pondering"},{"surface":"δοάσσατο","lemma":"δοάσσατο","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"seemed","note":"δοάσσατο is an epic-only aorist ('it seemed'), found almost nowhere outside Homer."},{"surface":"κέρδιον","lemma":"κερδίων","morphology":"nominative singular neuter comparative adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"εἶναι","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of δοάσσατο","gloss":"to be"}]},{"number":339,"label":"339","id":"b22-l339","source":"γούνων ἅψασθαι Λαερτιάδεω Ὀδυσῆος.","translation":"to lay hold of the knees of Odysseus, son of Laertes.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l339.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"γούνων","lemma":"γόνυ","morphology":"genitive plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἅψασθαι","gloss":"knees"},{"surface":"ἅψασθαι","lemma":"ἅπτω","morphology":"aorist middle infinitive","role":"subject of δοάσσατο","gloss":"to clasp","note":"ἅψασθαι + genitive γούνων is the formulaic idiom for a suppliant's gesture of clasping knees."},{"surface":"Λαερτιάδεω","lemma":"Λαερτιάδης","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ὀδυσῆος","gloss":"son of Laertes"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσῆος","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies γούνων","gloss":"Odysseus"}]},{"number":340,"label":"340","id":"b22-l340","source":"ἦ τοι ὁ φόρμιγγα γλαφυρὴν κατέθηκε χαμᾶζε","translation":"So he set the hollow lyre down upon the ground,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l340.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"τοι","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ὁ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of καί","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"φόρμιγγα","lemma":"φόρμιγξ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of κατέθηκε","gloss":"lyre"},{"surface":"γλαφυρὴν","lemma":"γλαφυρός","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies φόρμιγγα","gloss":"hollow"},{"surface":"κατέθηκε","lemma":"κατατίθημι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"set down","note":"κατέθηκε: κατα- 'down' + τίθημι 'place' — the bard sets aside his instrument before begging."},{"surface":"χαμᾶζε","lemma":"χαμᾶζε","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of κατέθηκε","gloss":"to the ground"}]},{"number":341,"label":"341","id":"b22-l341","source":"μεσσηγὺς κρητῆρος ἰδὲ θρόνου ἀργυροήλου,","translation":"between the mixing-bowl and the silver-studded chair,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l341.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μεσσηγὺς","lemma":"μεσηγύ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"between"},{"surface":"κρητῆρος","lemma":"κρατήρ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἰδὲ","gloss":"mixing-bowl"},{"surface":"ἰδὲ","lemma":"ἰδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"θρόνου","lemma":"θρόνος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἰδὲ","gloss":"chair"},{"surface":"ἀργυροήλου","lemma":"ἀργυρόηλος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies θρόνου","gloss":"silver-studded","note":"ἀργυρόηλος, a stock epic epithet for fine furniture, built from ἄργυρος 'silver' + ἧλος 'nail/stud'."}]},{"number":342,"label":"342","id":"b22-l342","source":"αὐτὸς δʼ αὖτʼ Ὀδυσῆα προσαΐξας λάβε γούνων,","translation":"and he himself rushed forward and caught Odysseus by the knees,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l342.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὸς","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αὖτ","lemma":"αὖτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"in turn"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσῆα","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of προσαΐξας","gloss":"Odysseus"},{"surface":"προσαΐξας","lemma":"προσαίσσω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to λάβε","gloss":"rushing at","note":"προσαΐξας: aorist participle of προσαίσσω, vivid 'darting toward' — the bard's desperate lunge to supplicate."},{"surface":"λάβε","lemma":"λαμβάνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"seized"},{"surface":"γούνων","lemma":"γόνυ","morphology":"genitive plural neuter noun","role":"object of λάβε","gloss":"his knees"}]},{"number":343,"label":"343","id":"b22-l343","source":"καί μιν λισσόμενος ἔπεα πτερόεντα προσηύδα·","translation":"and beseeching him spoke winged words:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l343.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἔπεα πτερόεντα","title":"Winged words (formula)","body":"A stock epithet-formula: speech 'flies' from speaker to hearer like a bird. The plural ἔπεα is a Homeric form of the neuter noun."}],"words":[{"surface":"καί","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of προσηύδα","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"λισσόμενος","lemma":"λίσσομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to προσηύδα","gloss":"beseeching"},{"surface":"ἔπεα","lemma":"ἔπος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of προσηύδα","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"πτερόεντα","lemma":"πτερόεις","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἔπεα","gloss":"winged","note":"ἔπεα πτερόεντα, 'winged words' — one of the Iliad/Odyssey's most famous recurring formulas for direct speech."},{"surface":"προσηύδα","lemma":"προσαυδάω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"addressed"}]},{"number":344,"label":"344","id":"b22-l344","source":"γουνοῦμαί σʼ, Ὀδυσεῦ· σὺ δέ μʼ αἴδεο καί μʼ\n                     ἐλέησον·","translation":"\"I clasp your knees, Odysseus; respect me and have pity on me.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l344.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"αἴδεο","title":"Respect / show shame","body":"αἰδώς is the sense of shame and reverence that constrains decent conduct. To 'respect' a suppliant is to honor the gods who guard supplication."}],"words":[{"surface":"γουνοῦμαί","lemma":"γουνόομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I clasp your knees","note":"γουνοῦμαι is a formal supplication verb, denominative from γόνυ 'knee' — literally 'I knee' you."},{"surface":"σ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative singular pronoun","role":"object of γουνοῦμαί","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσεῦ","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"Odysseus"},{"surface":"σὺ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"nominative singular pronoun","role":"subject of καί","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of αἴδεο","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"αἴδεο","lemma":"αἰδέομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"respect"},{"surface":"καί","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἐλέησον","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ἐλέησον","lemma":"ἐλεέω","morphology":"aorist active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"have pity on"}]},{"number":345,"label":"345","id":"b22-l345","source":"αὐτῷ τοι μετόπισθʼ ἄχος ἔσσεται, εἴ κεν ἀοιδὸν","translation":"Grief will come upon you yourself hereafter, if you kill a singer","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l345.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτῷ","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies τοι","gloss":"on you yourself"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"object of ἔσσεται","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"μετόπισθ","lemma":"μετόπισθε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔσσεται","gloss":"hereafter"},{"surface":"ἄχος","lemma":"ἄχος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of ἔσσεται","gloss":"grief"},{"surface":"ἔσσεται","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"future middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will be","note":"ἔσσεται, the epic future of εἰμί, keeps the older σ that Attic ἔσται drops."},{"surface":"εἴ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"κεν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"ἀοιδὸν","lemma":"ἀοιδός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of πέφνῃς","gloss":"a singer"}]},{"number":346,"label":"346","id":"b22-l346","source":"πέφνῃς, ὅς τε θεοῖσι καὶ ἀνθρώποισιν ἀείδω.","translation":"such as I, who sing for gods and for men.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l346.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πέφνῃς","lemma":"θείνω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 2nd singular verb","role":"adverbial to εἴ","gloss":"you should slay","note":"πέφνῃς, subjunctive of the archaic root θείνω/πέφνον 'slay' — a rare Homeric-only verb."},{"surface":"ὅς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἀείδω","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"(epic particle)"},{"surface":"θεοῖσι","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"for gods"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀνθρώποισιν","lemma":"ἄνθρωπος","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"for men"},{"surface":"ἀείδω","lemma":"ἀείδω","morphology":"present active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ἀοιδὸν","gloss":"I sing"}]},{"number":347,"label":"347","id":"b22-l347","source":"αὐτοδίδακτος δʼ εἰμί, θεὸς δέ μοι ἐν φρεσὶν οἴμας","translation":"I am self-taught, and a god has planted in my mind songs","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l347.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτοδίδακτος","lemma":"αὐτοδίδακτος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"self-taught","note":"αὐτοδίδακτος — the bard Phemius claims divine, not human, instruction; a striking claim about poetic inspiration."},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"εἰμί","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I am"},{"surface":"θεὸς","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐνέφυσεν","gloss":"a god"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies φρεσὶν","gloss":"in me"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"φρεσὶν","lemma":"φρήν","morphology":"dative plural noun","role":"object of ἐν","gloss":"mind"},{"surface":"οἴμας","lemma":"οἴμη","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἐνέφυσεν","gloss":"songs"}]},{"number":348,"label":"348","id":"b22-l348","source":"παντοίας ἐνέφυσεν· ἔοικα δέ τοι παραείδειν","translation":"of every kind; and I am fit to sing before you","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l348.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"παντοίας","lemma":"παντοῖος","morphology":"accusative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies οἴμας","gloss":"of every kind"},{"surface":"ἐνέφυσεν","lemma":"ἐμφύω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"implanted","note":"ἐνέφυσεν, aorist of ἐμφύω 'grow/plant in' — a vivid image of the god's gift taking root in the mind."},{"surface":"ἔοικα","lemma":"ἔοικα","morphology":"perfect active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I am fit"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"object of παραείδειν","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"παραείδειν","lemma":"παραείδω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of ἔοικα","gloss":"to sing before"}]},{"number":349,"label":"349","id":"b22-l349","source":"ὥς τε θεῷ· τῷ μή με λιλαίεο δειροτομῆσαι.","translation":"as before a god. So do not be eager to cut my throat.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l349.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὥς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"conjunction","role":"adverbial","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"(epic particle)"},{"surface":"θεῷ","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object","gloss":"a god"},{"surface":"τῷ","lemma":"τῷ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to λιλαίεο","gloss":"therefore"},{"surface":"με","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of δειροτομῆσαι","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"λιλαίεο","lemma":"λιλαίομαι","morphology":"present middle imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"be eager"},{"surface":"δειροτομῆσαι","lemma":"δειροτομέω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of λιλαίεο","gloss":"to cut the throat of","note":"δειροτομῆσαι, a grim, concrete compound (δειρή 'neck/throat' + τέμνω 'cut') for slaughter."}]},{"number":350,"label":"350","id":"b22-l350","source":"καί κεν Τηλέμαχος τάδε γʼ εἴποι, σὸς φίλος υἱός,","translation":"Telemachus too could tell you this, your own dear son,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l350.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καί","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κεν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"Τηλέμαχος","lemma":"Τηλέμαχος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ,","gloss":"Telemachus"},{"surface":"τάδε","lemma":"ὅδε","morphology":"accusative plural neuter pronoun","role":"object of ,","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"γ","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"at least"},{"surface":"εἴποι","lemma":"εἶπον","morphology":"aorist active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"could tell"},{"surface":"σὸς","lemma":"σός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies υἱός","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"φίλος","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies υἱός","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"υἱός","lemma":"υἱός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ,","gloss":"son"}]},{"number":351,"label":"351","id":"b22-l351","source":"ὡς ἐγὼ οὔ τι ἑκὼν ἐς σὸν δόμον οὐδὲ χατίζων","translation":"that I never came willingly or for want of pay to your house","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l351.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὡς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ἐγὼ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of πωλεύμην","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"οὔ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"τι","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"ἑκὼν","lemma":"ἑκών","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"adverbial to δὲ","gloss":"willingly"},{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"σὸν","lemma":"σός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies δόμον","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"δόμον","lemma":"δόμος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐς","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"χατίζων","lemma":"χατίζω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to δὲ","gloss":"wanting","note":"χατίζων 'lacking, in need of' — the bard denies he came out of greed for pay."}]},{"number":352,"label":"352","id":"b22-l352","source":"πωλεύμην μνηστῆρσιν ἀεισόμενος μετὰ δαῖτας,","translation":"to sing for the suitors after their feasts,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l352.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πωλεύμην","lemma":"πωλέομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"object of ἀλλὰ","gloss":"used to come","note":"πωλεύμην, iterative imperfect of πωλέομαι 'go/frequent' — stresses habitual, repeated visits, not one choice."},{"surface":"μνηστῆρσιν","lemma":"μνηστήρ","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἀεισόμενος","gloss":"for the suitors"},{"surface":"ἀεισόμενος","lemma":"ἀείδω","morphology":"future middle participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to πωλεύμην","gloss":"to sing"},{"surface":"μετὰ","lemma":"μετά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"δαῖτας","lemma":"δαίς","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to μετὰ","gloss":"feasts"}]},{"number":353,"label":"353","id":"b22-l353","source":"ἀλλὰ πολὺ πλέονες καὶ κρείσσονες ἦγον ἀνάγκῃ.","translation":"but they, far more and stronger, brought me by force.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l353.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"πλέονες καὶ κρείσσονες","title":"Comparatives of force","body":"πλέονες ('more numerous') and κρείσσονες ('stronger') are comparative adjectives; the suitors outmatched Phemius in number and might, so resistance was impossible."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλὰ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"πολὺ","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"πλέονες","lemma":"πλείων","morphology":"nominative plural masculine comparative adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κρείσσονες","lemma":"κρείσσων","morphology":"nominative plural masculine comparative adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"stronger"},{"surface":"ἦγον","lemma":"ἄγω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"object of ἀλλὰ","gloss":"led/brought"},{"surface":"ἀνάγκῃ","lemma":"ἀνάγκη","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἦγον","gloss":"by force"}]},{"number":354,"label":"354","id":"b22-l354","source":"ὣς φάτο, τοῦ δʼ ἤκουσʼ ἱερὴ ἲς Τηλεμάχοιο,","translation":"So he spoke, and the sacred strength of Telemachus heard him,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l354.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἱερὴ ἲς Τηλεμάχοιο","title":"The sacred might of Telemachus","body":"A periphrasis: 'the sacred strength of Telemachus' simply means Telemachus himself. Such reverent circumlocutions are common in epic."}],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to φάτο","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"φάτο","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he spoke"},{"surface":"τοῦ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἤκουσ᾽","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἤκουσ","lemma":"ἀκούω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"heard"},{"surface":"ἱερὴ","lemma":"ἱερός","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἲς","gloss":"sacred"},{"surface":"ἲς","lemma":"ἴς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἤκουσ᾽","gloss":"strength","note":"ἱερὴ ἲς Τηλεμάχοιο 'the sacred strength of Telemachus' is a periphrasis meaning simply 'Telemachus himself.'"},{"surface":"Τηλεμάχοιο","lemma":"Τηλέμαχος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ἲς","gloss":"of Telemachus"}]},{"number":355,"label":"355","id":"b22-l355","source":"αἶψα δʼ ἑὸν πατέρα προσεφώνεεν ἐγγὺς ἐόντα·","translation":"and at once he called out to his father, who was close by:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l355.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αἶψα","lemma":"αἶψα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to προσεφώνεεν","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἑὸν","lemma":"ἑός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies πατέρα","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"πατέρα","lemma":"πατήρ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of προσεφώνεεν","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"προσεφώνεεν","lemma":"προσφωνέω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"addressed"},{"surface":"ἐγγὺς","lemma":"ἐγγύς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐόντα","gloss":"near"},{"surface":"ἐόντα","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"being"}]},{"number":356,"label":"356","id":"b22-l356","source":"ἴσχεο μηδέ τι τοῦτον ἀναίτιον οὔταε χαλκῷ·","translation":"\"Hold! Do not wound this guiltless man with the bronze.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l356.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἴσχεο","title":"Imperative: hold back","body":"ἴσχεο is a middle imperative of ἴσχω, 'check yourself, stop.' Telemachus commands his father to stay his hand."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἴσχεο","lemma":"ἴσχω","morphology":"present medio-passive imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"hold back!","note":"ἴσχεο, imperative of ἴσχω (reduplicated present of ἔχω) 'restrain yourself' — Telemachus's sharp command."},{"surface":"τι","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"τοῦτον","lemma":"οὗτος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"object of οὔταε","gloss":"this man"},{"surface":"ἀναίτιον","lemma":"ἀναίτιος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies τοῦτον","gloss":"guiltless"},{"surface":"οὔταε","lemma":"οὐτάω","morphology":"present active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"wound"},{"surface":"χαλκῷ","lemma":"χαλκός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to οὔταε","gloss":"with bronze"}]},{"number":357,"label":"357","id":"b22-l357","source":"καὶ κήρυκα Μέδοντα σαώσομεν, ὅς τέ μευ αἰεὶ","translation":"And let us spare the herald Medon, who always","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l357.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"κήρυκα","lemma":"κῆρυξ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Μέδοντα","gloss":"herald"},{"surface":"Μέδοντα","lemma":"Μέδων","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of σαώσομεν","gloss":"Medon"},{"surface":"σαώσομεν","lemma":"σώζω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"let us spare"},{"surface":"ὅς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of κηδέσκετο","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"τέ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"(epic particle)"},{"surface":"μευ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of κηδέσκετο","gloss":"for me"},{"surface":"αἰεὶ","lemma":"ἀεί","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to κηδέσκετο","gloss":"always"}]},{"number":358,"label":"358","id":"b22-l358","source":"οἴκῳ ἐν ἡμετέρῳ κηδέσκετο παιδὸς ἐόντος,","translation":"cared for me in our house when I was a child,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l358.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἴκῳ","lemma":"οἶκος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ἡμετέρῳ","lemma":"ἡμέτερος","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies οἴκῳ","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"κηδέσκετο","lemma":"κήδω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing Μέδοντα","gloss":"cared for","note":"κηδέσκετο, iterative imperfect of κήδω — the -σκ- suffix marks a habitual, repeated childhood memory."},{"surface":"παιδὸς","lemma":"παῖς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"a child"},{"surface":"ἐόντος","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active participle, genitive singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"being"}]},{"number":359,"label":"359","id":"b22-l359","source":"εἰ δὴ μή μιν ἔπεφνε Φιλοίτιος ἠὲ συβώτης,","translation":"unless Philoetius has already killed him, or the swineherd,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l359.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἰ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"unless"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"μή","lemma":"μή","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἔπεφνε","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ἔπεφνε","lemma":"θείνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἠὲ","gloss":"had already killed","note":"ἔπεφνε, aorist of the same archaic root πέφνω seen in l346 — Homer's regular verb for battlefield slaying."},{"surface":"Φιλοίτιος","lemma":"Φιλοίτιος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἠὲ","gloss":"Philoetius"},{"surface":"ἠὲ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"συβώτης","lemma":"συβώτης","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἠὲ","gloss":"swineherd"}]},{"number":360,"label":"360","id":"b22-l360","source":"ἠὲ σοὶ ἀντεβόλησεν ὀρινομένῳ κατὰ δῶμα.","translation":"or he has crossed your path as you raged through the hall.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l360.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἠὲ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"σοὶ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"object of ἀντεβόλησεν","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ἀντεβόλησεν","lemma":"ἀντιβολέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἠὲ","gloss":"met/crossed path with"},{"surface":"ὀρινομένῳ","lemma":"ὀρίνω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, dative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"raging"},{"surface":"κατὰ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"δῶμα","lemma":"δῶμα","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to κατὰ","gloss":"hall"}]},{"number":361,"label":"361","id":"b22-l361","source":"ὣς φάτο, τοῦ δʼ ἤκουσε Μέδων πεπνυμένα εἰδώς·","translation":"So he spoke, and Medon, who knew prudent thoughts, heard him;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l361.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"πεπνυμένα εἰδώς","title":"Knowing prudent things","body":"A perfect participle εἰδώς ('knowing') with πεπνυμένα ('wise, prudent things'); the perfect of οἶδα functions as a present, 'he is wise.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to φάτο","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"φάτο","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"aorist indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he spoke"},{"surface":"τοῦ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἤκουσε","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἤκουσε","lemma":"ἀκούω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"heard"},{"surface":"Μέδων","lemma":"Μέδων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἤκουσε","gloss":"Medon"},{"surface":"πεπνυμένα","lemma":"πέπνυμαι","morphology":"perfect medio-passive participle, accusative plural neuter","role":"object of εἰδώς","gloss":"prudent things","note":"πεπνυμένα εἰδώς, 'knowing prudent things' — a standing epithet marking a character as wise and sensible."},{"surface":"εἰδώς","lemma":"οἶδα","morphology":"perfect active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"modifies Μέδων","gloss":"knowing"}]},{"number":362,"label":"362","id":"b22-l362","source":"πεπτηὼς γὰρ ἔκειτο ὑπὸ θρόνον, ἀμφὶ δὲ δέρμα","translation":"for he lay crouched beneath a chair, and around himself","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l362.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πεπτηὼς","lemma":"πίπτω","morphology":"perfect active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἔκειτο","gloss":"crouching","note":"πεπτηὼς, perfect participle of πίπτω used specially of cowering in fear, not simply 'having fallen.'"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ἔκειτο","lemma":"κεῖμαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was lying"},{"surface":"ὑπὸ","lemma":"ὑπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"θρόνον","lemma":"θρόνος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ὑπὸ","gloss":"chair"},{"surface":"ἀμφὶ","lemma":"ἀμφί","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"δέρμα","lemma":"δέρμα","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἕστο","gloss":"hide"}]},{"number":363,"label":"363","id":"b22-l363","source":"ἕστο βοὸς νεόδαρτον, ἀλύσκων κῆρα μέλαιναν.","translation":"he had wrapped the freshly flayed hide of an ox, shunning black death.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l363.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"κῆρα μέλαιναν","title":"Black death (formula)","body":"κὴρ μέλαινα, 'black death/doom,' is a recurring Homeric phrase for the dark fate that hunts each man."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἕστο","lemma":"ἕννυμι","morphology":"pluperfect passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he had wrapped himself","note":"ἕστο, pluperfect middle of ἕννυμι 'clothe' — Medon has draped the hide over himself as a makeshift disguise."},{"surface":"βοὸς","lemma":"βοῦς","morphology":"genitive singular noun","role":"modifies δέρμα","gloss":"of an ox"},{"surface":"νεόδαρτον","lemma":"νεόδαρτος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies δέρμα","gloss":"freshly flayed"},{"surface":"ἀλύσκων","lemma":"ἀλύσκω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to δὲ","gloss":"escaping"},{"surface":"κῆρα","lemma":"κήρ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἀλύσκων","gloss":"death spirit"},{"surface":"μέλαιναν","lemma":"μέλας","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies κῆρα","gloss":"black"}]},{"number":364,"label":"364","id":"b22-l364","source":"αἶψα δʼ ἀπὸ θρόνου ὦρτο, θοῶς δʼ ἀπέδυνε βοείην","translation":"At once he sprang up from the chair and quickly stripped off the oxhide,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l364.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αἶψα","lemma":"αἶψα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ὦρτο","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀπὸ","lemma":"ἀπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"θρόνου","lemma":"θρόνος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἀπὸ","gloss":"chair"},{"surface":"ὦρτο","lemma":"ὄρνυμι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"sprang up"},{"surface":"θοῶς","lemma":"θοός","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀπέδυνε","gloss":"swiftly"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀπέδυνε","lemma":"ἀποδύνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"stripped off"},{"surface":"βοείην","lemma":"βοείη","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἀπέδυνε","gloss":"oxhide"}]},{"number":365,"label":"365","id":"b22-l365","source":"Τηλέμαχον δʼ ἄρʼ ἔπειτα προσαΐξας λάβε γούνων,","translation":"and then rushing forward he caught Telemachus by the knees,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l365.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Τηλέμαχον","lemma":"Τηλέμαχος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of λάβε","gloss":"Telemachus"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἔπειτα","lemma":"ἔπειτα","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"προσαΐξας","lemma":"προσαίσσω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to λάβε","gloss":"rushing at","note":"προσαΐξας repeats the same verb used of Phemius (l342) — Medon's supplication mirrors the bard's, both begging Telemachus/Odysseus for mercy."},{"surface":"λάβε","lemma":"λαμβάνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"seized"},{"surface":"γούνων","lemma":"γόνυ","morphology":"genitive plural neuter noun","role":"object of λάβε","gloss":"his knees"}]},{"number":366,"label":"366","id":"b22-l366","source":"καί μιν λισσόμενος ἔπεα πτερόεντα προσηύδα·","translation":"and beseeching him spoke winged words:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l366.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καί","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of προσηύδα","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"λισσόμενος","lemma":"λίσσομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to προσηύδα","gloss":"beseeching","note":"Middle voice λίσσομαι: the pleading is done for one's own benefit, not to another."},{"surface":"ἔπεα","lemma":"ἔπος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of προσηύδα","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"πτερόεντα","lemma":"πτερόεις","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἔπεα","gloss":"winged","note":"ἔπεα πτερόεντα 'winged words' is a Homeric formula marking direct speech."},{"surface":"προσηύδα","lemma":"προσαυδάω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"addressed"}]},{"number":367,"label":"367","id":"b22-l367","source":"ὦ φίλʼ, ἐγὼ μὲν ὅδʼ εἰμί, σὺ δʼ ἴσχεο εἰπὲ δὲ\n                     πατρὶ","translation":"\"Friend, here I am; hold back, and tell your father,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l367.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὦ","lemma":"ὦ","morphology":"exclamation","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"O","note":"Vocative exclamation ὦ, common before a direct address."},{"surface":"φίλ","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"vocative singular masculine adjective","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"friend"},{"surface":"ἐγὼ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of εἰμί","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ὅδ","lemma":"ὅδε","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"this man","note":"ὅδε points to the speaker himself, 'here I am'—deictic self-reference."},{"surface":"εἰμί","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"am"},{"surface":"σὺ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"nominative singular pronoun","role":"subject of δὲ","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἴσχεο","lemma":"ἴσχω","morphology":"present medio-passive imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"hold back"},{"surface":"εἰπὲ","lemma":"εἶπον","morphology":"aorist active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πατρὶ","lemma":"πατήρ","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of εἰπὲ","gloss":"to father"}]},{"number":368,"label":"368","id":"b22-l368","source":"μή με περισθενέων δηλήσεται ὀξέϊ χαλκῷ,","translation":"lest in his great strength he destroy me with the sharp bronze,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l368.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"μή ... δηλήσεται","title":"Fear / negative purpose","body":"The clause is a negative purpose clause: μή + future indicative (δηλήσεται) dependent on the imperative εἰπέ in the preceding line — 'tell your father, lest he destroy me / so that he may not harm me.' There is no verb of fearing; this is not a fear clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"μή","lemma":"μή","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"lest"},{"surface":"με","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of δηλήσεται","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"περισθενέων","lemma":"περισθενέω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to δηλήσεται","gloss":"in great strength","note":"περισθενέων, a rare epic participle: 'being overpowering in strength.'"},{"surface":"δηλήσεται","lemma":"δηλέομαι","morphology":"aorist medio-passive subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"object of μή","gloss":"harm"},{"surface":"ὀξέϊ","lemma":"ὀξύς","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies χαλκῷ","gloss":"sharp"},{"surface":"χαλκῷ","lemma":"χαλκός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to δηλήσεται","gloss":"bronze"}]},{"number":369,"label":"369","id":"b22-l369","source":"ἀνδρῶν μνηστήρων κεχολωμένος, οἵ οἱ ἔκειρον","translation":"in his anger at the suitors, the men who were wasting","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l369.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀνδρῶν","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"object of κεχολωμένος","gloss":"of the men"},{"surface":"μνηστήρων","lemma":"μνηστήρ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ἀνδρῶν","gloss":"suitors"},{"surface":"κεχολωμένος","lemma":"χολόω","morphology":"perfect medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to δηλήσεται","gloss":"enraged","note":"Perfect participle κεχολωμένος: a settled state of anger, not a momentary flash."},{"surface":"οἵ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of δὲ","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies κτήματ᾽","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"ἔκειρον","lemma":"κείρω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing δὲ","gloss":"were wasting"}]},{"number":370,"label":"370","id":"b22-l370","source":"κτήματʼ ἐνὶ μεγάροις, σὲ δὲ νήπιοι οὐδὲν ἔτιον.","translation":"his possessions in the halls, and in their folly gave you no honor.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l370.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"νήπιοι","title":"Fools (nominative)","body":"νήπιοι, 'fools, childish ones,' is a nominative in apposition to the suitors, expressing Medon's own judgment of the suitors' blind recklessness (Medon is the speaker throughout ll. 367–370)."}],"words":[{"surface":"κτήματ","lemma":"κτῆμα","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἔκειρον","gloss":"possessions"},{"surface":"ἐνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"μεγάροις","lemma":"μέγαρον","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἐνὶ","gloss":"halls"},{"surface":"σὲ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative singular pronoun","role":"object of ἔτιον","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"νήπιοι","lemma":"νήπιος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"foolish","note":"νήπιοι predicated of the suitors, a stock Homeric term for those blind to their fate."},{"surface":"οὐδὲν","lemma":"οὐδείς","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ἔτιον","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"ἔτιον","lemma":"τίω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing δὲ","gloss":"honored"}]},{"number":371,"label":"371","id":"b22-l371","source":"τὸν δʼ ἐπιμειδήσας προσέφη πολύμητις Ὀδυσσεύς·","translation":"Then, smiling at him, Odysseus of many wiles replied:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l371.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"πολύμητις Ὀδυσσεύς","title":"Odysseus of many wiles (epithet)","body":"πολύμητις, 'of many counsels,' is Odysseus's signature epithet. The smile here is a rare softening in the midst of slaughter."}],"words":[{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of προσέφη","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐπιμειδήσας","lemma":"ἐπιμειδάω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to προσέφη","gloss":"smiling"},{"surface":"προσέφη","lemma":"πρόσφημι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"πολύμητις","lemma":"πολύμητις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ὀδυσσεύς","gloss":"of many wiles","note":"πολύμητις Ὀδυσσεύς, the recurring epithet-noun formula naming Odysseus by his cunning."},{"surface":"Ὀδυσσεύς","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of προσέφη","gloss":"Odysseus"}]},{"number":372,"label":"372","id":"b22-l372","source":"θάρσει, ἐπεὶ δή σʼ οὗτος ἐρύσσατο καὶ ἐσάωσεν,","translation":"\"Take heart, for this man has rescued you and saved you,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l372.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"θάρσει","lemma":"θαρσέω","morphology":"present active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"take heart"},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"δή","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"σ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative singular pronoun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"οὗτος","lemma":"οὗτος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"this man"},{"surface":"ἐρύσσατο","lemma":"ἐρύω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"rescued","note":"ἐρύσσατο, aorist middle: he 'drew/saved' for his own interest—self-involved action."},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐσάωσεν","lemma":"σώζω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"saved"}]},{"number":373,"label":"373","id":"b22-l373","source":"ὄφρα γνῷς κατὰ θυμόν, ἀτὰρ εἴπῃσθα καὶ ἄλλῳ,","translation":"so that you may know in your heart, and tell another too,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l373.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὄφρα","lemma":"ὄφρα","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"γνῷς","lemma":"γιγνώσκω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 2nd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἀτὰρ","gloss":"you may know"},{"surface":"κατὰ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"θυμόν","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to κατὰ","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"ἀτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but also"},{"surface":"εἴπῃσθα","lemma":"εἶπον","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 2nd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἀτὰρ","gloss":"may tell","note":"εἴπῃσθα, an epic 2nd-singular subjunctive ending -ῃσθα, rare outside Homer."},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"ἄλλῳ","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"object of εἴπῃσθα","gloss":"another"}]},{"number":374,"label":"374","id":"b22-l374","source":"ὡς κακοεργίης εὐεργεσίη μέγʼ ἀμείνων.","translation":"how good doing is far better than evil doing.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l374.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"εὐεργεσίη / κακοεργίη","title":"Good deeds vs. evil deeds","body":"The line sets εὐεργεσίη ('benefaction') against κακοεργίη ('wrongdoing'), stating the moral lesson of the whole massacre: kindness outlasts crime."}],"words":[{"surface":"ὡς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"κακοεργίης","lemma":"κακουργία","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies ἀμείνων","gloss":"than evildoing"},{"surface":"εὐεργεσίη","lemma":"εὐεργεσία","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"gooddoing"},{"surface":"μέγ","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"greatly","note":"μέγ᾽ intensifies the comparative ἀμείνων, 'far better.'"},{"surface":"ἀμείνων","lemma":"ἀμείνων","morphology":"nominative singular feminine comparative adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"better"}]},{"number":375,"label":"375","id":"b22-l375","source":"ἀλλʼ ἐξελθόντες μεγάρων ἕζεσθε θύραζε","translation":"But go out from the halls and sit outside the doors,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l375.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐξελθόντες","lemma":"ἐξέρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ἕζεσθε","gloss":"going out"},{"surface":"μεγάρων","lemma":"μέγαρον","morphology":"genitive plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἐξελθόντες","gloss":"from halls"},{"surface":"ἕζεσθε","lemma":"ἕζομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive imperative, 2nd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"sit"},{"surface":"θύραζε","lemma":"θύραζε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἕζεσθε","gloss":"outdoors"}]},{"number":376,"label":"376","id":"b22-l376","source":"ἐκ φόνου εἰς αὐλήν, σύ τε καὶ πολύφημος ἀοιδός,","translation":"out of the slaughter, in the courtyard, you and the renowned singer,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l376.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"φόνου","lemma":"φόνος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐκ","gloss":"slaughter"},{"surface":"εἰς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"αὐλήν","lemma":"αὐλή","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to εἰς","gloss":"courtyard"},{"surface":"σύ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"nominative singular pronoun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πολύφημος","lemma":"πολύφημος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἀοιδός","gloss":"renowned","note":"πολύφημος 'famed among many' modifies the bard, an ironic touch given the singer's spared life."},{"surface":"ἀοιδός","lemma":"ἀοιδός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"singer"}]},{"number":377,"label":"377","id":"b22-l377","source":"ὄφρʼ ἂν ἐγὼ κατὰ δῶμα πονήσομαι ὅττεό με χρή.","translation":"while I deal with what I must here in the house.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l377.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὄφρ","lemma":"ὄφρα","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"ἂν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"(marks contingency)"},{"surface":"ἐγὼ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of πονήσομαι","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"κατὰ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"throughout"},{"surface":"δῶμα","lemma":"δῶμα","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to κατὰ","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"πονήσομαι","lemma":"πονέω","morphology":"aorist middle subjunctive, 1st singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὄφρ᾽","gloss":"labor at"},{"surface":"ὅττεό","lemma":"ὅστις","morphology":"genitive singular neuter pronoun","role":"object","gloss":"whatever","note":"ὅττεό, an epic form of ὅτου (genitive of ὅστις)."},{"surface":"με","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"χρή","lemma":"χρή","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"object of πονήσομαι","gloss":"is needful"}]},{"number":378,"label":"378","id":"b22-l378","source":"ὣς φάτο, τὼ δʼ ἔξω βήτην μεγάροιο κιόντε,","translation":"So he spoke, and the two went out and left the hall,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l378.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to φάτο","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"φάτο","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"aorist indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"τὼ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative dual masculine pronoun","role":"subject of βήτην","gloss":"the two"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔξω","lemma":"ἔξω","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"outside"},{"surface":"βήτην","lemma":"βαίνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd dual verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"went","note":"βήτην is dual, tracking the two Odysseus sent out — Medon and the bard Phemius — as they leave the hall together."},{"surface":"μεγάροιο","lemma":"μέγαρον","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἔξω","gloss":"of hall"},{"surface":"κιόντε","lemma":"κίω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative dual masculine","role":"adverbial to βήτην","gloss":"leaving"}]},{"number":379,"label":"379","id":"b22-l379","source":"ἑζέσθην δʼ ἄρα τώ γε Διὸς μεγάλου ποτὶ βωμόν,","translation":"and they sat down at the altar of great Zeus,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l379.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἑζέσθην","lemma":"ἕζομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd dual verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"sat down"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄρα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"τώ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative dual masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἑζέσθην","gloss":"the two"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"Διὸς","lemma":"Ζεύς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies βωμόν","gloss":"of Zeus"},{"surface":"μεγάλου","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Διὸς","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"ποτὶ","lemma":"πρός","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"βωμόν","lemma":"βωμός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ποτὶ","gloss":"altar","note":"The household altar of Zeus as sanctuary spot underscores their fear and vulnerability."}]},{"number":380,"label":"380","id":"b22-l380","source":"πάντοσε παπταίνοντε, φόνον ποτιδεγμένω αἰεί.","translation":"peering all around, still expecting death at every moment.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l380.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"παπταίνοντε ... ποτιδεγμένω","title":"Dual participles","body":"Both participles are dual in form, agreeing with the two men (Phemius and Medon). Homer uses the dual for natural pairs."}],"words":[{"surface":"πάντοσε","lemma":"πάντοσε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to παπταίνοντε","gloss":"everywhere"},{"surface":"παπταίνοντε","lemma":"παπταίνω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative dual masculine","role":"adverbial to ,","gloss":"peering","note":"Dual participle παπταίνοντε again tracks the pair glancing about together in fear."},{"surface":"φόνον","lemma":"φόνος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ποτιδεγμένω","gloss":"death"},{"surface":"ποτιδεγμένω","lemma":"προσδέχομαι","morphology":"aorist medio-passive participle, nominative dual masculine","role":"adverbial to ,","gloss":"expecting"},{"surface":"αἰεί","lemma":"ἀεί","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ποτιδεγμένω","gloss":"always"}]},{"number":381,"label":"381","id":"b22-l381","source":"πάπτηνεν δʼ Ὀδυσεὺς καθʼ ἑὸν δόμον, εἴ τις ἔτʼ ἀνδρῶν","translation":"And Odysseus peered through his house, to see if any man","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l381.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πάπτηνεν","lemma":"παπταίνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"peered"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσεὺς","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of πάπτηνεν","gloss":"Odysseus"},{"surface":"καθ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"throughout"},{"surface":"ἑὸν","lemma":"ἑός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies δόμον","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"δόμον","lemma":"δόμος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to καθ᾽","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"εἴ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"τις","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ὑποκλοπέοιτο","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"ἔτ","lemma":"ἔτι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ὑποκλοπέοιτο","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"ἀνδρῶν","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies τις","gloss":"of men"}]},{"number":382,"label":"382","id":"b22-l382","source":"ζωὸς ὑποκλοπέοιτο, ἀλύσκων κῆρα μέλαιναν.","translation":"still lived, hiding away, shunning black death.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l382.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ζωὸς","lemma":"ζωός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"alive"},{"surface":"ὑποκλοπέοιτο","lemma":"ὑποκλοπέομαι","morphology":"present active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"object of εἴ","gloss":"were lurking","note":"Optative ὑποκλοπέοιτο in a purpose/indirect clause: Odysseus scans to see whether anyone might still be hiding."},{"surface":"ἀλύσκων","lemma":"ἀλύσκω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ὑποκλοπέοιτο","gloss":"escaping"},{"surface":"κῆρα","lemma":"κήρ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἀλύσκων","gloss":"fate"},{"surface":"μέλαιναν","lemma":"μέλας","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies κῆρα","gloss":"black"}]},{"number":383,"label":"383","id":"b22-l383","source":"τοὺς δὲ ἴδεν μάλα πάντας ἐν αἵματι καὶ κονίῃσι","translation":"But he saw them all, very many, fallen in blood and dust,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l383.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τοὺς","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἴδεν","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἴδεν","lemma":"εἶδον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"μάλα","lemma":"μάλα","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"πάντας","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies τοὺς","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"αἵματι","lemma":"αἷμα","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"blood"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κονίῃσι","lemma":"κονία","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"dust"}]},{"number":384,"label":"384","id":"b22-l384","source":"πεπτεῶτας πολλούς, ὥστʼ ἰχθύας, οὕς θʼ ἁλιῆες","translation":"lying there like fish that fishermen","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l384.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πεπτεῶτας","lemma":"πίπτω","morphology":"perfect active participle, accusative plural masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"fallen"},{"surface":"πολλούς","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies τοὺς","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"ὥστ","lemma":"ὥστε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"as","note":"Opens an extended epic simile comparing the slain suitors to fish hauled ashore."},{"surface":"ἰχθύας","lemma":"ἰχθύς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"fish"},{"surface":"οὕς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἐξέρυσαν","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"θ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἁλιῆες","lemma":"ἁλιεύς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐξέρυσαν","gloss":"fishermen"}]},{"number":385,"label":"385","id":"b22-l385","source":"κοῖλον ἐς αἰγιαλὸν πολιῆς ἔκτοσθε θαλάσσης","translation":"have drawn out onto the curving shore from the grey sea","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l385.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κοῖλον","lemma":"κοῖλος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies αἰγιαλὸν","gloss":"hollow"},{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"αἰγιαλὸν","lemma":"αἰγιαλός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐς","gloss":"shore"},{"surface":"πολιῆς","lemma":"πολιός","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies θαλάσσης","gloss":"grey"},{"surface":"ἔκτοσθε","lemma":"ἔκτοσθε","morphology":"adverb","role":"preposition","gloss":"out of","note":"ἔκτοσθε as improper preposition governing genitive θαλάσσης, 'out from the sea.'"},{"surface":"θαλάσσης","lemma":"θάλασσα","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἔκτοσθε","gloss":"sea"}]},{"number":386,"label":"386","id":"b22-l386","source":"δικτύῳ ἐξέρυσαν πολυωπῷ· οἱ δέ τε πάντες","translation":"with a fine-meshed net; and all of them,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l386.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δικτύῳ","lemma":"δίκτυον","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἐξέρυσαν","gloss":"with net"},{"surface":"ἐξέρυσαν","lemma":"ἐξερύω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ἰχθύας","gloss":"drew out"},{"surface":"πολυωπῷ","lemma":"πολυωπός","morphology":"dative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies δικτύῳ","gloss":"fine-meshed"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of κέχυνται","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"πάντες","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies οἱ","gloss":"all"}]},{"number":387,"label":"387","id":"b22-l387","source":"κύμαθʼ ἁλὸς ποθέοντες ἐπὶ ψαμάθοισι κέχυνται·","translation":"longing for the waves of the sea, lie poured out upon the sand;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l387.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ποθέοντες","title":"Longing for the waves","body":"ποθέω, 'to long for, miss.' The fish 'long for' the sea-waves even as they die — a poignant touch giving the simile pathos."}],"words":[{"surface":"κύμαθ","lemma":"κῦμα","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ποθέοντες","gloss":"waves"},{"surface":"ἁλὸς","lemma":"ἅλς","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies κύμαθ᾽","gloss":"of sea"},{"surface":"ποθέοντες","lemma":"ποθέω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to κέχυνται","gloss":"longing for","note":"ποθέοντες: the fish 'yearn' for the sea-waves they've lost, a pathetic touch mirrored onto the dead suitors."},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"ψαμάθοισι","lemma":"ψάμαθος","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἐπὶ","gloss":"sands"},{"surface":"κέχυνται","lemma":"χέω","morphology":"perfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"lie poured out","note":"Perfect κέχυνται 'heaped/poured' vividly pictures bodies (or fish) strewn in a mass."}]},{"number":388,"label":"388","id":"b22-l388","source":"τῶν μέν τʼ Ἠέλιος φαέθων ἐξείλετο θυμόν·","translation":"and the blazing Sun takes the life-breath out of them;","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l388.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τῶν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine pronoun","role":"modifies θυμόν","gloss":"of them"},{"surface":"μέν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"Ἠέλιος","lemma":"ἠέλιος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐξείλετο","gloss":"Sun"},{"surface":"φαέθων","lemma":"φαέθω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"modifies Ἠέλιος","gloss":"blazing"},{"surface":"ἐξείλετο","lemma":"ἐξαιρέω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"took away"},{"surface":"θυμόν","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐξείλετο","gloss":"life"}]},{"number":389,"label":"389","id":"b22-l389","source":"ὣς τότʼ ἄρα μνηστῆρες ἐπʼ ἀλλήλοισι κέχυντο.","translation":"so then the suitors lay heaped one upon another.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l389.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to κέχυντο","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"τότ","lemma":"τότε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to κέχυντο","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἄρα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"μνηστῆρες","lemma":"μνηστήρ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of κέχυντο","gloss":"suitors"},{"surface":"ἐπ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"ἀλλήλοισι","lemma":"ἀλλήλων","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of ἐπ᾽","gloss":"one another"},{"surface":"κέχυντο","lemma":"χέω","morphology":"pluperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"lay heaped","note":"Pluperfect κέχυντο closes the simile, returning from the fish back to the suitors' bodies."}]},{"number":390,"label":"390","id":"b22-l390","source":"δὴ τότε Τηλέμαχον προσέφη πολύμητις Ὀδυσσεύς·","translation":"Then Odysseus of many wiles spoke to Telemachus:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l390.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then indeed"},{"surface":"τότε","lemma":"τότε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to προσέφη","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"Τηλέμαχον","lemma":"Τηλέμαχος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of προσέφη","gloss":"Telemachus"},{"surface":"προσέφη","lemma":"πρόσφημι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"addressed"},{"surface":"πολύμητις","lemma":"πολύμητις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ὀδυσσεύς","gloss":"of many wiles"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσσεύς","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of προσέφη","gloss":"Odysseus"}]},{"number":391,"label":"391","id":"b22-l391","source":"Τηλέμαχʼ, εἰ δʼ ἄγε μοι κάλεσον τροφὸν\n                     Εὐρύκλειαν,","translation":"\"Telemachus, come now, call for me the nurse Eurycleia,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l391.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Τηλέμαχ","lemma":"Τηλέμαχος","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"Telemachus"},{"surface":"εἰ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"exclamation","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"well then"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"(and)"},{"surface":"ἄγε","lemma":"ἄγε","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"come","note":"εἰ δ᾽ ἄγε, a fossilized exhortation formula, 'come now,' unrelated in force to its literal parts."},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"adverbial to κάλεσον","gloss":"for me"},{"surface":"κάλεσον","lemma":"καλέω","morphology":"aorist active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"call"},{"surface":"τροφὸν","lemma":"τροφός","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"modifies Εὐρύκλειαν","gloss":"nurse"},{"surface":"Εὐρύκλειαν","lemma":"Εὐρύκλεια","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of κάλεσον","gloss":"Eurycleia"}]},{"number":392,"label":"392","id":"b22-l392","source":"ὄφρα ἔπος εἴπωμι τό μοι καταθύμιόν ἐστιν.","translation":"so that I may tell her the word that is on my mind.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l392.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὄφρα","lemma":"ὄφρα","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"ἔπος","lemma":"ἔπος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of εἴπωμι","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"εἴπωμι","lemma":"εἶπον","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 1st singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὄφρα","gloss":"I may tell"},{"surface":"τό","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular neuter pronoun","role":"subject of ἐστιν","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἐστιν","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"καταθύμιόν","lemma":"καταθύμιος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"on my mind","note":"καταθύμιος, 'in accordance with the θυμός'—an idiom for what one is intent on saying."},{"surface":"ἐστιν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ἔπος","gloss":"is"}]},{"number":393,"label":"393","id":"b22-l393","source":"ὣς φάτο, Τηλέμαχος δὲ φίλῳ ἐπεπείθετο πατρί,","translation":"So he spoke, and Telemachus obeyed his dear father,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l393.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to φάτο","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"φάτο","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"aorist indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"Τηλέμαχος","lemma":"Τηλέμαχος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐπεπείθετο","gloss":"Telemachus"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"φίλῳ","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies πατρί","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"ἐπεπείθετο","lemma":"ἐπιπείθομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"obeyed","note":"ἐπεπείθετο, imperfect/pluperfect-form middle: an ongoing state of compliance with his father."},{"surface":"πατρί","lemma":"πατήρ","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐπεπείθετο","gloss":"father"}]},{"number":394,"label":"394","id":"b22-l394","source":"κινήσας δὲ θύρην προσέφη τροφὸν Εὐρύκλειαν·","translation":"and shaking the door he called to the nurse Eurycleia:","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l394.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κινήσας","lemma":"κινέω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to προσέφη","gloss":"shaking"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"θύρην","lemma":"θύρα","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of κινήσας","gloss":"the door"},{"surface":"προσέφη","lemma":"πρόσφημι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"called to","note":"πρόσφημι, a defective verb used only in past tenses, formulaic for speech-introductions"},{"surface":"τροφὸν","lemma":"τροφός","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"modifies Εὐρύκλειαν","gloss":"nurse"},{"surface":"Εὐρύκλειαν","lemma":"Εὐρύκλεια","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of προσέφη","gloss":"Eurycleia"}]},{"number":395,"label":"395","id":"b22-l395","source":"δεῦρο δὴ ὄρσο, γρηῢ παλαιγενές, ἥ τε\n                     γυναικῶν","translation":"\"Up now, come here, aged woman, you who are the overseer","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l395.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ὄρσο","title":"Imperative: rouse yourself","body":"ὄρσο is a middle imperative of ὄρνυμι, 'rise up, bestir yourself.' Telemachus urgently summons the old nurse."}],"words":[{"surface":"δεῦρο","lemma":"δεῦρο","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of ὄρσο","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"ὄρσο","lemma":"ὄρνυμι","morphology":"aorist middle imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"get up","note":"aorist middle imperative of ὄρνυμι, 'rouse yourself' — a vivid epic command form"},{"surface":"γρηῢ","lemma":"γραῦς","morphology":"vocative singular feminine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"aged woman","note":"vocative direct address, formulaic epithet pairing with παλαιγενές"},{"surface":"παλαιγενές","lemma":"παλαιγενής","morphology":"vocative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies γρηῢ","gloss":"aged"},{"surface":"ἥ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of ἐσσι","gloss":"you who"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"(epic/generalizing particle)"},{"surface":"γυναικῶν","lemma":"γυνή","morphology":"genitive plural feminine noun","role":"modifies σκοπός","gloss":"of the women"}]},{"number":396,"label":"396","id":"b22-l396","source":"δμῳάων σκοπός ἐσσι κατὰ μέγαρʼ ἡμετεράων·","translation":"of the serving-women throughout our halls.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l396.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δμῳάων","lemma":"δμωή","morphology":"genitive plural feminine noun","role":"modifies γυναικῶν","gloss":"serving-women"},{"surface":"σκοπός","lemma":"σκοπός","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"overseer","note":"predicate noun with ἐσσι, 'you are the overseer' — feminine noun despite masculine-looking -ος form"},{"surface":"ἐσσι","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing γρηῢ","gloss":"you are","note":"Homeric 2nd singular of εἰμί, uncontracted epic form vs Attic εἶ"},{"surface":"κατὰ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"throughout"},{"surface":"μέγαρ","lemma":"μέγαρον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"modifies κατὰ","gloss":"the halls"},{"surface":"ἡμετεράων","lemma":"ἡμέτερος","morphology":"genitive plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies γυναικῶν","gloss":"our"}]},{"number":397,"label":"397","id":"b22-l397","source":"ἔρχεο· κικλήσκει σε πατὴρ ἐμός, ὄφρα τι εἴπῃ.","translation":"Come; my father calls you, to tell you something.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l397.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔρχεο","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"come","note":"present middle imperative, 'come along' — everyday command form"},{"surface":"κικλήσκει","lemma":"κικλήσκω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"calls"},{"surface":"σε","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative singular pronoun","role":"object of κικλήσκει","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"πατὴρ","lemma":"πατήρ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of κικλήσκει","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"ἐμός","lemma":"ἐμός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies πατὴρ","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"ὄφρα","lemma":"ὄφρα","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"τι","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"object of εἴπῃ","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"εἴπῃ","lemma":"εἶπον","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὄφρα","gloss":"he may tell"}]},{"number":398,"label":"398","id":"b22-l398","source":"ὣς ἄρʼ ἐφώνησεν, τῇ δʼ ἄπτερος ἔπλετο μῦθος,","translation":"So he spoke, and for her the word stayed unwinged;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l398.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ἄπτερος ... μῦθος","title":"The unwinged word","body":"ἄπτερος μῦθος ('wingless word') is a Homeric idiom: the listener obeys at once without a word in reply, so no speech 'flies' back."}],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐφώνησεν","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἐφώνησεν","lemma":"φωνέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he spoke"},{"surface":"τῇ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of ἔπλετο","gloss":"for her"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄπτερος","lemma":"ἄπτερος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"unwinged","note":"epic formula 'the word did not fly away' — she obeyed at once, no words wasted"},{"surface":"ἔπλετο","lemma":"πέλω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"became"},{"surface":"μῦθος","lemma":"μῦθος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔπλετο","gloss":"the word"}]},{"number":399,"label":"399","id":"b22-l399","source":"ὤϊξεν δὲ θύρας μεγάρων εὖ ναιεταόντων,","translation":"she opened the doors of the well-built halls,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l399.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὤϊξεν","lemma":"οἴγω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"she opened"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"θύρας","lemma":"θύρα","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ὤϊξεν","gloss":"the doors"},{"surface":"μεγάρων","lemma":"μέγαρον","morphology":"genitive plural neuter noun","role":"modifies θύρας","gloss":"of the halls"},{"surface":"εὖ","lemma":"εὖ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ναιεταόντων","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"ναιεταόντων","lemma":"ναιετάω","morphology":"present active participle, genitive plural neuter","role":"modifies μεγάρων","gloss":"well-built"}]},{"number":400,"label":"400","id":"b22-l400","source":"βῆ δʼ ἴμεν· αὐτὰρ Τηλέμαχος πρόσθʼ ἡγεμόνευεν.","translation":"and set out; and Telemachus led the way before her.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l400.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"βῆ","lemma":"βαίνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"she went","note":"aorist βῆ + infinitive ἴμεν is a common Homeric periphrasis, 'she went to go/set out'"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἴμεν","lemma":"εἶμι","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of βῆ","gloss":"to go"},{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Τηλέμαχος","lemma":"Τηλέμαχος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἡγεμόνευεν","gloss":"Telemachus"},{"surface":"πρόσθ","lemma":"πρόσθεν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἡγεμόνευεν","gloss":"ahead"},{"surface":"ἡγεμόνευεν","lemma":"ἡγεμονεύω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"led the way"}]},{"number":401,"label":"401","id":"b22-l401","source":"εὗρεν ἔπειτʼ Ὀδυσῆα μετὰ κταμένοισι νέκυσσιν,","translation":"Then she found Odysseus among the slaughtered corpses,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l401.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εὗρεν","lemma":"εὑρίσκω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"she found"},{"surface":"ἔπειτ","lemma":"ἔπειτα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to εὗρεν","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσῆα","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of εὗρεν","gloss":"Odysseus"},{"surface":"μετὰ","lemma":"μετά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"κταμένοισι","lemma":"κτείνω","morphology":"aorist middle participle, dative plural masculine","role":"modifies νέκυσσιν","gloss":"the slain","note":"aorist participle of κτείνω with reduplication κτα-, note middle form used passively, common in Homer"},{"surface":"νέκυσσιν","lemma":"νέκυς","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to μετὰ","gloss":"corpses"}]},{"number":402,"label":"402","id":"b22-l402","source":"αἵματι καὶ λύθρῳ πεπαλαγμένον ὥστε λέοντα,","translation":"spattered with blood and gore like a lion","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l402.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αἵματι","lemma":"αἷμα","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"with blood"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"λύθρῳ","lemma":"λύθρον","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"gore"},{"surface":"πεπαλαγμένον","lemma":"παλάσσω","morphology":"perfect medio-passive participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"spattered","note":"perfect passive participle, stresses the lasting stained state of Odysseus"},{"surface":"ὥστε","lemma":"ὥστε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"λέοντα","lemma":"λέων","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"a lion","note":"start of an extended epic lion-simile, typical of Homeric battle-aftermath scenes"}]},{"number":403,"label":"403","id":"b22-l403","source":"ὅς ῥά τε βεβρωκὼς βοὸς ἔρχεται ἀγραύλοιο·","translation":"that comes from feeding on an ox of the field;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l403.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὅς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἔρχεται","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ῥά","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"[particle]"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"(epic/generalizing particle)"},{"surface":"βεβρωκὼς","lemma":"βιβρώσκω","morphology":"perfect active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἔρχεται","gloss":"having fed","note":"perfect participle of βιβρώσκω, 'having eaten his fill' — completed state carried into the simile"},{"surface":"βοὸς","lemma":"βοῦς","morphology":"genitive singular noun","role":"object of βεβρωκὼς","gloss":"an ox"},{"surface":"ἔρχεται","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing λέοντα","gloss":"comes"},{"surface":"ἀγραύλοιο","lemma":"ἄγραυλος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies βοὸς","gloss":"of the field"}]},{"number":404,"label":"404","id":"b22-l404","source":"πᾶν δʼ ἄρα οἱ στῆθός τε παρήϊά τʼ ἀμφοτέρωθεν","translation":"and all his chest and his cheeks on both sides","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l404.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πᾶν","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies στῆθός","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄρα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies τ᾽","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"στῆθός","lemma":"στῆθος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of τ᾽","gloss":"chest"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"παρήϊά","lemma":"παρήιον","morphology":"nominative plural neuter noun","role":"subject of τ᾽","gloss":"cheeks"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀμφοτέρωθεν","lemma":"ἀμφοτέρωθεν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to πέλει","gloss":"on both sides"}]},{"number":405,"label":"405","id":"b22-l405","source":"αἱματόεντα πέλει, δεινὸς δʼ εἰς ὦπα ἰδέσθαι·","translation":"are bloody, and he is terrible to look upon;","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l405.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αἱματόεντα","lemma":"αἱματόεις","morphology":"nominative plural neuter adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"bloody"},{"surface":"πέλει","lemma":"πέλω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"are","note":"πέλω, poetic equivalent of εἰμί, common epic verb 'to be'"},{"surface":"δεινὸς","lemma":"δεινός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"terrible"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"εἰς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ὦπα","lemma":"ὤψ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of εἰς","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"ἰδέσθαι","lemma":"εἶδον","morphology":"aorist middle infinitive","role":"modifies δεινὸς","gloss":"to see","note":"epexegetic infinitive, 'terrible to see' — infinitive of specification with adjective δεινός"}]},{"number":406,"label":"406","id":"b22-l406","source":"ὣς Ὀδυσεὺς πεπάλακτο πόδας καὶ χεῖρας ὕπερθεν.","translation":"so Odysseus was spattered, his feet and his hands above.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l406.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to πεπάλακτο","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσεὺς","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of πεπάλακτο","gloss":"Odysseus"},{"surface":"πεπάλακτο","lemma":"παλάσσω","morphology":"pluperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was spattered","note":"pluperfect passive of παλάσσω, echoing πεπαλαγμένον above and closing the simile"},{"surface":"πόδας","lemma":"πούς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"feet","note":"accusative of respect, 'spattered as to his feet and hands'"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"χεῖρας","lemma":"χείρ","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"ὕπερθεν","lemma":"ὕπερθεν","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies χεῖρας","gloss":"above"}]},{"number":407,"label":"407","id":"b22-l407","source":"ἡ δʼ ὡς οὖν νέκυάς τε καὶ ἄσπετον εἴσιδεν αἷμα,","translation":"And when she saw the corpses and the boundless blood,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l407.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἡ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of ἴθυσέν","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὡς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"οὖν","lemma":"οὖν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"νέκυάς","lemma":"νέκυς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"corpses"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄσπετον","lemma":"ἄσπετος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies αἷμα","gloss":"boundless"},{"surface":"εἴσιδεν","lemma":"εἰσοράω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὡς","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"αἷμα","lemma":"αἷμα","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"blood"}]},{"number":408,"label":"408","id":"b22-l408","source":"ἴθυσέν ῥʼ ὀλολύξαι, ἐπεὶ μέγα εἴσιδεν ἔργον·","translation":"she was about to cry out in triumph, for she saw a great deed done;","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l408.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ὀλολύξαι","title":"The ritual cry","body":"ὀλολύζω is the women's high ritual cry, raised at sacrifices and victories. Eurycleia's instinct to shout it is checked by Odysseus on the next line."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἴθυσέν","lemma":"ἰθύω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"she was eager","note":"ἰθύω + infinitive, 'she rushed/was set to cry out' — impulse checked by Odysseus in the next line"},{"surface":"ῥ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"[particle]"},{"surface":"ὀλολύξαι","lemma":"ὀλολύζω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of ἴθυσέν","gloss":"to cry out","note":"the ritual women's cry of triumph (ololyge), raised at victories or sacrifices"},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"μέγα","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἔργον","gloss":"a great"},{"surface":"εἴσιδεν","lemma":"εἰσοράω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἐπεὶ","gloss":"she saw"},{"surface":"ἔργον","lemma":"ἔργον","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of εἴσιδεν","gloss":"deed"}]},{"number":409,"label":"409","id":"b22-l409","source":"ἀλλʼ Ὀδυσεὺς κατέρυκε καὶ ἔσχεθεν ἱεμένην περ,","translation":"but Odysseus held her back and restrained her, eager as she was,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l409.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσεὺς","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of καί","gloss":"Odysseus"},{"surface":"κατέρυκε","lemma":"κατερύκω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"held back"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔσχεθεν","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"restrained"},{"surface":"ἱεμένην","lemma":"ἵημι","morphology":"present middle participle, accusative singular feminine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"eager","note":"present middle participle of ἵημι, 'straining/longing' — concessive nuance reinforced by περ"},{"surface":"περ","lemma":"πέρ","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"though"}]},{"number":410,"label":"410","id":"b22-l410","source":"καί μιν φωνήσας ἔπεα πτερόεντα προσηύδα·","translation":"and speaking to her he uttered winged words:","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l410.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καί","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of προσηύδα","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"φωνήσας","lemma":"φωνέω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to προσηύδα","gloss":"speaking"},{"surface":"ἔπεα","lemma":"ἔπος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of προσηύδα","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"πτερόεντα","lemma":"πτερόεις","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἔπεα","gloss":"winged","note":"the stock Homeric formula ἔπεα πτερόεντα, 'winged words,' marking direct speech"},{"surface":"προσηύδα","lemma":"προσαυδάω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"addressed"}]},{"number":411,"label":"411","id":"b22-l411","source":"ἐν θυμῷ, γρηῦ, χαῖρε καὶ ἴσχεο μηδʼ ὀλόλυζε·","translation":"\"Rejoice in your heart, old woman, but hold back and do not cry aloud.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l411.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"θυμῷ","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"γρηῦ","lemma":"γραῦς","morphology":"vocative singular feminine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"old woman"},{"surface":"χαῖρε","lemma":"χαίρω","morphology":"present active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"rejoice"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἴσχεο","lemma":"ἴσχω","morphology":"present medio-passive imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"hold back","note":"middle imperative of ἴσχω, 'restrain yourself' — paired command with χαῖρε to check her impulse"},{"surface":"ὀλόλυζε","lemma":"ὀλολύζω","morphology":"present active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"cry aloud"}]},{"number":412,"label":"412","id":"b22-l412","source":"οὐχ ὁσίη κταμένοισιν ἐπʼ ἀνδράσιν εὐχετάασθαι.","translation":"It is no holy thing to exult over slain men.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l412.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οὐχ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ὁσίη","lemma":"ὅσιος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"holy","note":"predicate adjective with an understood ἐστί, a common Homeric ellipsis"},{"surface":"κταμένοισιν","lemma":"κτείνω","morphology":"aorist middle participle, dative plural masculine","role":"modifies ἀνδράσιν","gloss":"slain"},{"surface":"ἐπ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"ἀνδράσιν","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἐπ᾽","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"εὐχετάασθαι","lemma":"εὐχετάομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive infinitive","role":"subject","gloss":"to exult","note":"epic uncontracted infinitive form of εὐχετάομαι, metrically lengthened"}]},{"number":413,"label":"413","id":"b22-l413","source":"τούσδε δὲ μοῖρʼ ἐδάμασσε θεῶν καὶ σχέτλια ἔργα·","translation":"The doom of the gods and their own reckless deeds laid these men low;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l413.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"σχέτλια ἔργα","title":"Reckless deeds","body":"σχέτλιος denotes outrageous, hard-hearted conduct. Their destruction is framed as self-caused as much as fated."}],"words":[{"surface":"τούσδε","lemma":"ὅδε","morphology":"accusative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἐδάμασσε","gloss":"these men"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μοῖρ","lemma":"μοῖρα","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"doom"},{"surface":"ἐδάμασσε","lemma":"δαμάζω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"overpowered"},{"surface":"θεῶν","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies μοῖρ᾽","gloss":"of the gods"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"σχέτλια","lemma":"σχέτλιος","morphology":"nominative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἔργα","gloss":"reckless"},{"surface":"ἔργα","lemma":"ἔργον","morphology":"nominative plural neuter noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"deeds","note":"double subject with μοῖρα — both fate and their own crimes caused the suitors' death"}]},{"number":414,"label":"414","id":"b22-l414","source":"οὔ τινα γὰρ τίεσκον ἐπιχθονίων ἀνθρώπων,","translation":"for they honored no one of the men who walk the earth,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l414.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οὔ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"τινα","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of τίεσκον","gloss":"anyone"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"τίεσκον","lemma":"τίω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"they honored","note":"iterative imperfect in -σκον, 'they used to/habitually honored [no one]' — describes repeated past behavior"},{"surface":"ἐπιχθονίων","lemma":"ἐπιχθόνιος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἀνθρώπων","gloss":"earthly"},{"surface":"ἀνθρώπων","lemma":"ἄνθρωπος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies τινα","gloss":"of men"}]},{"number":415,"label":"415","id":"b22-l415","source":"οὐ κακὸν οὐδὲ μὲν ἐσθλόν, ὅτις σφέας εἰσαφίκοιτο·","translation":"neither base nor noble, whoever came among them;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l415.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ὅτις ... εἰσαφίκοιτο","title":"Optative of repeated action","body":"The optative εἰσαφίκοιτο in a relative clause expresses a general, repeated case in past time: 'whoever would come among them.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"οὐ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"neither"},{"surface":"κακὸν","lemma":"κακός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies δὲ","gloss":"base"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"on the one hand"},{"surface":"ἐσθλόν","lemma":"ἐσθλός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies δὲ","gloss":"noble"},{"surface":"ὅτις","lemma":"ὅστις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of εἰσαφίκοιτο","gloss":"whoever"},{"surface":"σφέας","lemma":"σφεῖς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of εἰσαφίκοιτο","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"εἰσαφίκοιτο","lemma":"εἰσαφικνέομαι","morphology":"aorist middle optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing τινα","gloss":"came among","note":"optative in a general relative clause, expressing repeated/hypothetical past occurrence"}]},{"number":416,"label":"416","id":"b22-l416","source":"τῷ καὶ ἀτασθαλίῃσιν ἀεικέα πότμον ἐπέσπον.","translation":"and so by their recklessness they met a shameful end.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l416.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τῷ","lemma":"τῷ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐπέσπον","gloss":"therefore"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"ἀτασθαλίῃσιν","lemma":"ἀτασθαλία","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐπέσπον","gloss":"through recklessness"},{"surface":"ἀεικέα","lemma":"ἀεικής","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies πότμον","gloss":"shameful"},{"surface":"πότμον","lemma":"πότμος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐπέσπον","gloss":"a fate"},{"surface":"ἐπέσπον","lemma":"ἐφέπω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"they met","note":"root aorist of ἐφέπω, 'they followed/met their fate' — common Homeric idiom for dying"}]},{"number":417,"label":"417","id":"b22-l417","source":"ἀλλʼ ἄγε μοι σὺ γυναῖκας ἐνὶ μεγάροις κατάλεξον,","translation":"But come now, tell me of the women in the halls,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l417.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἄγε","lemma":"ἄγε","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of κατάλεξον","gloss":"for me"},{"surface":"σὺ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"nominative singular pronoun","role":"subject of κατάλεξον","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"γυναῖκας","lemma":"γυνή","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of κατάλεξον","gloss":"the women"},{"surface":"ἐνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"μεγάροις","lemma":"μέγαρον","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"modifies ἐνὶ","gloss":"the halls"},{"surface":"κατάλεξον","lemma":"καταλέγω","morphology":"aorist active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"tell me of","note":"aorist imperative of καταλέγω, 'recount in order/list' — Odysseus wants a full accounting"}]},{"number":418,"label":"418","id":"b22-l418","source":"αἵ τέ μʼ ἀτιμάζουσι καὶ αἳ νηλείτιδές εἰσιν.","translation":"both those who dishonor me and those who are guiltless.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l418.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἀτιμάζουσι","title":"Present of habitual conduct","body":"ἀτιμάζουσι ('dishonor') is present tense, marking the women's ongoing, customary disrespect rather than a single act."}],"words":[{"surface":"αἵ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative plural feminine pronoun","role":"subject of ἀτιμάζουσι","gloss":"those who"},{"surface":"τέ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"(epic/generalizing particle)"},{"surface":"μ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἀτιμάζουσι","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ἀτιμάζουσι","lemma":"ἀτιμάζω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing καὶ","gloss":"dishonor"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αἳ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative plural feminine pronoun","role":"subject of εἰσιν","gloss":"those who"},{"surface":"νηλείτιδές","lemma":"νηλεῖτις","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"guiltless","note":"rare word νηλεῖτις, 'without blame' — coined/rare epic form contrasting the disloyal maids"},{"surface":"εἰσιν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing καὶ","gloss":"are"}]},{"number":419,"label":"419","id":"b22-l419","source":"τὸν δʼ αὖτε προσέειπε φίλη τροφὸς Εὐρύκλεια·","translation":"Then the dear nurse Eurycleia answered him:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l419.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of προσέειπε","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αὖτε","lemma":"αὖτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"in turn"},{"surface":"προσέειπε","lemma":"προσεῖπον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"φίλη","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies τροφὸς","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"τροφὸς","lemma":"τροφός","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"modifies Εὐρύκλεια","gloss":"nurse"},{"surface":"Εὐρύκλεια","lemma":"Εὐρύκλεια","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of προσέειπε","gloss":"Eurycleia"}]},{"number":420,"label":"420","id":"b22-l420","source":"τοιγὰρ ἐγώ τοι, τέκνον, ἀληθείην καταλέξω.","translation":"\"Then I will tell you the truth, my child.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l420.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ἀληθείην","title":"The truth","body":"ἀλήθεια, literally 'un-forgetting, un-concealment,' is the full and unhidden account Eurycleia promises."}],"words":[{"surface":"τοιγὰρ","lemma":"τοιγάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἐγώ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of καταλέξω","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"object of καταλέξω","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"τέκνον","lemma":"τέκνον","morphology":"vocative singular neuter noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"child","note":"vocative of endearment; Eurycleia's affectionate address to Odysseus, whom she nursed as a baby."},{"surface":"ἀληθείην","lemma":"ἀλήθεια","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of καταλέξω","gloss":"the truth"},{"surface":"καταλέξω","lemma":"καταλέγω","morphology":"future active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will tell"}]},{"number":421,"label":"421","id":"b22-l421","source":"πεντήκοντά τοί εἰσιν ἐνὶ μεγάροισι γυναῖκες","translation":"There are fifty women in the halls,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l421.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πεντήκοντά","lemma":"πεντήκοντα","morphology":"numeral","role":"modifies γυναῖκες","gloss":"fifty"},{"surface":"τοί","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"object of εἰσιν","gloss":"[to you]"},{"surface":"εἰσιν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"there are"},{"surface":"ἐνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"μεγάροισι","lemma":"μέγαρον","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἐνὶ","gloss":"the halls"},{"surface":"γυναῖκες","lemma":"γυνή","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject of εἰσιν","gloss":"women"}]},{"number":422,"label":"422","id":"b22-l422","source":"δμῳαί, τὰς μέν τʼ ἔργα διδάξαμεν ἐργάζεσθαι,","translation":"serving-women, whom we have taught to do their work,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l422.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δμῳαί","lemma":"δμωή","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"modifies γυναῖκες","gloss":"serving-women","note":"δμωή = female slave/servant, common Homeric term for household women."},{"surface":"τὰς","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative plural feminine pronoun","role":"object of διδάξαμεν","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"μέν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"(marks contrast)"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔργα","lemma":"ἔργον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἐργάζεσθαι","gloss":"tasks"},{"surface":"διδάξαμεν","lemma":"διδάσκω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing γυναῖκες","gloss":"we taught","note":"Aorist 1st plural: 'we (the household) taught' them their work."},{"surface":"ἐργάζεσθαι","lemma":"ἐργάζομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive infinitive","role":"object of ,","gloss":"to do"}]},{"number":423,"label":"423","id":"b22-l423","source":"εἴριά τε ξαίνειν καὶ δουλοσύνην ἀνέχεσθαι·","translation":"to card wool and to bear their servitude.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l423.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἴριά","lemma":"ἔριον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ξαίνειν","gloss":"wool"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ξαίνειν","lemma":"ξαίνω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"to card"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"δουλοσύνην","lemma":"δουλοσύνη","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἀνέχεσθαι","gloss":"servitude","note":"δουλοσύνη, abstract noun for the condition of being a slave."},{"surface":"ἀνέχεσθαι","lemma":"ἀνέχω","morphology":"present medio-passive infinitive","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"to endure"}]},{"number":424,"label":"424","id":"b22-l424","source":"τάων δώδεκα πᾶσαι ἀναιδείης ἐπέβησαν,","translation":"Of these twelve in all have walked the path of shamelessness,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l424.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ἀναιδείης ἐπέβησαν","title":"Set foot on shamelessness","body":"A vivid idiom: 'they stepped onto shamelessness,' as if onto a road. ἀναιδείη is the opposite of αἰδώς, the lack of all decent restraint."}],"words":[{"surface":"τάων","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"genitive plural feminine pronoun","role":"modifies δώδεκα","gloss":"of these"},{"surface":"δώδεκα","lemma":"δώδεκα","morphology":"numeral","role":"subject of ἐπέβησαν","gloss":"twelve"},{"surface":"πᾶσαι","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"nominative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies δώδεκα","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"ἀναιδείης","lemma":"ἀναίδεια","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐπέβησαν","gloss":"of shamelessness","note":"Genitive with ἐπιβαίνω ('step onto/enter') — idiom for crossing into disgraceful behavior."},{"surface":"ἐπέβησαν","lemma":"ἐπιβαίνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"entered upon"}]},{"number":425,"label":"425","id":"b22-l425","source":"οὔτʼ ἐμὲ τίουσαι οὔτʼ αὐτὴν Πηνελόπειαν.","translation":"honoring neither me nor Penelope herself.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l425.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οὔτʼ","lemma":"οὔτε","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"neither"},{"surface":"ἐμὲ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of τίουσαι","gloss":"me (Eurycleia)"},{"surface":"τίουσαι","lemma":"τίω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative plural feminine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"honoring","note":"Agrees with a feminine plural subject (the disloyal maidservants) named in the preceding, untranslated context."},{"surface":"οὔτʼ","lemma":"οὔτε","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"αὐτὴν","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"modifies Πηνελόπειαν","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"Πηνελόπειαν","lemma":"Πηνελόπεια","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of τίουσαι","gloss":"Penelope"}]},{"number":426,"label":"426","id":"b22-l426","source":"Τηλέμαχος δὲ νέον μὲν ἀέξετο, οὐδέ ἑ μήτηρ","translation":"Telemachus has only lately grown up, and his mother","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l426.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Τηλέμαχος","lemma":"Τηλέμαχος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἀέξετο","gloss":"Telemachus"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"νέον","lemma":"νέος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ἀέξετο","gloss":"recently","note":"Accusative of extent/manner used adverbially with ἀέξετο, 'had only recently grown up.'"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἀέξετο","lemma":"ἀέξω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was growing up"},{"surface":"ἑ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of σημαίνειν","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"μήτηρ","lemma":"μήτηρ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of εἴασκεν","gloss":"his mother"}]},{"number":427,"label":"427","id":"b22-l427","source":"σημαίνειν εἴασκεν ἐπὶ δμῳῇσι γυναιξίν.","translation":"would not let him give orders to the serving-women.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l427.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"σημαίνειν","lemma":"σημαίνω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of εἴασκεν","gloss":"to give orders"},{"surface":"εἴασκεν","lemma":"ἐάω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"would let","note":"Iterative imperfect (-σκ-) form of ἐάω, 'used to allow/let' — a Homeric habitual past."},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"δμῳῇσι","lemma":"δμωή","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"modifies γυναιξίν","gloss":"serving"},{"surface":"γυναιξίν","lemma":"γυνή","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἐπὶ","gloss":"women"}]},{"number":428,"label":"428","id":"b22-l428","source":"ἀλλʼ ἄγʼ ἐγὼν ἀναβᾶσʼ ὑπερώϊα σιγαλόεντα","translation":"But come, let me go up to the shining upper chamber","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l428.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἄγ","lemma":"ἄγε","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"come now","note":"ἄγε, a fossilized imperative used as an exhortation particle, 'come!'"},{"surface":"ἐγὼν","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of εἴπω","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ἀναβᾶσ","lemma":"ἀναβαίνω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to εἴπω","gloss":"going up"},{"surface":"ὑπερώϊα","lemma":"ὑπερῷον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἀναβᾶσ᾽","gloss":"upper chamber"},{"surface":"σιγαλόεντα","lemma":"σιγαλόεις","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ὑπερώϊα","gloss":"shining"}]},{"number":429,"label":"429","id":"b22-l429","source":"εἴπω σῇ ἀλόχῳ, τῇ τις θεὸς ὕπνον ἐπῶρσε.","translation":"and tell your wife, on whom some god has sent sleep.\"","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l429.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἴπω","lemma":"εἶπον","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"let me tell","note":"Aorist subjunctive used as hortatory 'let me speak' — 1st person deliberative/volitive subjunctive."},{"surface":"σῇ","lemma":"σός","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἀλόχῳ","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"ἀλόχῳ","lemma":"ἄλοχος","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of εἴπω","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"τῇ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of ἐπῶρσε","gloss":"on whom"},{"surface":"τις","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies θεὸς","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"θεὸς","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐπῶρσε","gloss":"a god"},{"surface":"ὕπνον","lemma":"ὕπνος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐπῶρσε","gloss":"sleep"},{"surface":"ἐπῶρσε","lemma":"ἐπόρνυμι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ἀλόχῳ","gloss":"sent","note":"ἐπόρνυμι, 'stir up/send upon' — vivid verb for a god-sent sleep."}]},{"number":430,"label":"430","id":"b22-l430","source":"τὴν δʼ ἀπαμειβόμενος προσέφη πολύμητις Ὀδυσσεύς","translation":"Then Odysseus of many wiles answered her:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l430.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὴν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of προσέφη","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀπαμειβόμενος","lemma":"ἀπαμείβομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to προσέφη","gloss":"answering"},{"surface":"προσέφη","lemma":"πρόσφημι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spoke to"},{"surface":"πολύμητις","lemma":"πολύμητις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ὀδυσσεύς","gloss":"of many wiles","note":"πολύμητις Ὀδυσσεύς, a fixed Homeric epithet-noun formula for Odysseus."},{"surface":"Ὀδυσσεύς","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of προσέφη","gloss":"Odysseus"}]},{"number":431,"label":"431","id":"b22-l431","source":"μή πω τήνδʼ ἐπέγειρε· σὺ δʼ ἐνθάδε εἰπὲ γυναιξὶν","translation":"\"Do not wake her yet; but tell the women here","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l431.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"μή ... ἐπέγειρε","title":"Prohibition with present imperative","body":"μή with the present imperative ἐπέγειρε forbids an ongoing or impending action: 'do not go waking her.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"μή","lemma":"μή","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"πω","lemma":"πω","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"τήνδ","lemma":"ὅδε","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of ἐπέγειρε","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"ἐπέγειρε","lemma":"ἐπεγείρω","morphology":"present active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"wake","note":"μή + present imperative = prohibition against an ongoing/general action, 'do not (go on to) wake her.'"},{"surface":"σὺ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"nominative singular pronoun","role":"subject of εἰπὲ","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐνθάδε","lemma":"ἐνθάδε","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of ἐλθέμεν","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"εἰπὲ","lemma":"εἶπον","morphology":"aorist active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"γυναιξὶν","lemma":"γυνή","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"object of εἰπὲ","gloss":"the women"}]},{"number":432,"label":"432","id":"b22-l432","source":"ἐλθέμεν, αἵ περ πρόσθεν ἀεικέα μηχανόωντο.","translation":"to come — those who before contrived shameful things.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l432.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐλθέμεν","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of εἰπὲ","gloss":"to come","note":"Homeric infinitive ending -έμεν(αι) for ἔρχομαι, an epic alternate to the Attic form."},{"surface":"αἵ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative plural feminine pronoun","role":"subject of μηχανόωντο","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"περ","lemma":"πέρ","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"πρόσθεν","lemma":"πρόσθεν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to μηχανόωντο","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"ἀεικέα","lemma":"ἀεικής","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of μηχανόωντο","gloss":"shameful things"},{"surface":"μηχανόωντο","lemma":"μηχανάομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing γυναιξὶν","gloss":"were contriving"}]},{"number":433,"label":"433","id":"b22-l433","source":"ὣς ἄρʼ ἔφη, γρηῢς δὲ διὲκ μεγάροιο βεβήκει","translation":"So he spoke, and the old woman went off through the hall","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l433.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔφη","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἔφη","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he spoke"},{"surface":"γρηῢς","lemma":"γραῦς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of βεβήκει","gloss":"old woman","note":"γρηῦς, the nurse Eurycleia; contracted noun form."},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"διὲκ","lemma":"διέκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"out through"},{"surface":"μεγάροιο","lemma":"μέγαρον","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"object of διὲκ","gloss":"the hall"},{"surface":"βεβήκει","lemma":"βαίνω","morphology":"pluperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"had gone","note":"Pluperfect βεβήκει used almost like a vivid aorist, 'had already gone' — common Homeric narrative tense."}]},{"number":434,"label":"434","id":"b22-l434","source":"ἀγγελέουσα γυναιξὶ καὶ ὀτρυνέουσα νέεσθαι.","translation":"to take word to the women and urge them to come.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l434.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἀγγελέουσα ... ὀτρυνέουσα","title":"Future participles of purpose","body":"Both participles are future, expressing the purpose of her going: 'in order to announce ... and to urge.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"ἀγγελέουσα","lemma":"ἀγγέλλω","morphology":"future active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"to bring word"},{"surface":"γυναιξὶ","lemma":"γυνή","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἀγγελέουσα","gloss":"to the women"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὀτρυνέουσα","lemma":"ὀτρύνω","morphology":"future active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"to urge"},{"surface":"νέεσθαι","lemma":"νέομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive infinitive","role":"object of ὀτρυνέουσα","gloss":"to come"}]},{"number":435,"label":"435","id":"b22-l435","source":"αὐτὰρ ὁ Τηλέμαχον καὶ βουκόλον ἠδὲ συβώτην","translation":"But he called to himself Telemachus and the cowherd and the swineherd,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l435.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ὁ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of προσηύδα","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"Τηλέμαχον","lemma":"Τηλέμαχος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἠδὲ","gloss":"Telemachus"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"βουκόλον","lemma":"βουκόλος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἠδὲ","gloss":"the cowherd"},{"surface":"ἠδὲ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"συβώτην","lemma":"συβώτης","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἠδὲ","gloss":"the swineherd"}]},{"number":436,"label":"436","id":"b22-l436","source":"εἰς ἓ καλεσσάμενος ἔπεα πτερόεντα προσηύδα·","translation":"and summoning them he spoke winged words:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l436.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἰς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ἓ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of εἰς","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"καλεσσάμενος","lemma":"καλέω","morphology":"aorist middle participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to προσηύδα","gloss":"calling"},{"surface":"ἔπεα","lemma":"ἔπος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of προσηύδα","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"πτερόεντα","lemma":"πτερόεις","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἔπεα","gloss":"winged","note":"ἔπεα πτερόεντα προσηύδα, a stock Homeric formula introducing direct speech."},{"surface":"προσηύδα","lemma":"προσαυδάω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"addressed"}]},{"number":437,"label":"437","id":"b22-l437","source":"ἄρχετε νῦν νέκυας φορέειν καὶ ἄνωχθε\n                     γυναῖκας·","translation":"\"Begin now to carry out the corpses, and order the women to help;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l437.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἄρχετε ... ἄνωχθε","title":"Plural imperatives","body":"ἄρχετε ('begin') and ἄνωχθε ('command') are plural imperatives addressed to the three helpers, launching the cleanup of the hall."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἄρχετε","lemma":"ἄρχω","morphology":"present active imperative, 2nd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"begin"},{"surface":"νῦν","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἄρχετε","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"νέκυας","lemma":"νέκυς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of φορέειν","gloss":"the corpses"},{"surface":"φορέειν","lemma":"φορέω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of ἄρχετε","gloss":"to carry out"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄνωχθε","lemma":"ἄνωγα","morphology":"perfect active imperative, 2nd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"command","note":"ἄνωγα is perfect in form but present in meaning, 'I command' — a defective Homeric verb."},{"surface":"γυναῖκας","lemma":"γυνή","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἄνωχθε","gloss":"the women"}]},{"number":438,"label":"438","id":"b22-l438","source":"αὐτὰρ ἔπειτα θρόνους περικαλλέας ἠδὲ τραπέζας","translation":"and then the beautiful chairs and the tables","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l438.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔπειτα","lemma":"ἔπειτα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to καθαίρειν","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"θρόνους","lemma":"θρόνος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἠδὲ","gloss":"chairs"},{"surface":"περικαλλέας","lemma":"περικαλλής","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies θρόνους","gloss":"very beautiful"},{"surface":"ἠδὲ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τραπέζας","lemma":"τράπεζα","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἠδὲ","gloss":"tables"}]},{"number":439,"label":"439","id":"b22-l439","source":"ὕδατι καὶ σπόγγοισι πολυτρήτοισι καθαίρειν.","translation":"cleanse with water and porous sponges.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l439.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὕδατι","lemma":"ὕδωρ","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"with water"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"σπόγγοισι","lemma":"σπόγγος","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"sponges"},{"surface":"πολυτρήτοισι","lemma":"πολύτρητος","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies σπόγγοισι","gloss":"porous"},{"surface":"καθαίρειν","lemma":"καθαίρω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"main verb","gloss":"cleanse"}]},{"number":440,"label":"440","id":"b22-l440","source":"αὐτὰρ ἐπὴν δὴ πάντα δόμον κατακοσμήσησθε,","translation":"Then, when you have set the whole house in order,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l440.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἐπὴν ... κατακοσμήσησθε","title":"Temporal clause with subjunctive","body":"ἐπήν (= ἐπεὶ ἄν) with the aorist subjunctive marks a future condition: 'whenever / once you have set in order.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἐπὴν","lemma":"ἐπήν","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"πάντα","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies δόμον","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"δόμον","lemma":"δόμος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of κατακοσμήσησθε","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"κατακοσμήσησθε","lemma":"κατακοσμέω","morphology":"aorist middle subjunctive, 2nd plural verb","role":"adverbial to ἐπὴν","gloss":"you set in order","note":"Aorist subjunctive after ἐπήν ('whenever'), a general-future temporal clause."}]},{"number":441,"label":"441","id":"b22-l441","source":"δμῳὰς ἐξαγαγόντες ἐϋσταθέος μεγάροιο,","translation":"lead the serving-women out of the well-built hall,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l441.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δμῳὰς","lemma":"δμωή","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of θεινέμεναι","gloss":"the serving-women"},{"surface":"ἐξαγαγόντες","lemma":"ἐξάγω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to θεινέμεναι","gloss":"leading out"},{"surface":"ἐϋσταθέος","lemma":"εὐσταθής","morphology":"genitive singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies μεγάροιο","gloss":"well-built"},{"surface":"μεγάροιο","lemma":"μέγαρον","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἐξαγαγόντες","gloss":"hall"}]},{"number":442,"label":"442","id":"b22-l442","source":"μεσσηγύς τε θόλου καὶ ἀμύμονος ἕρκεος αὐλῆς,","translation":"into the space between the round-house and the unblemished wall of the courtyard,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l442.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μεσσηγύς","lemma":"μεσηγύ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"between"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"θόλου","lemma":"θόλος","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"round-house"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀμύμονος","lemma":"ἀμύμων","morphology":"genitive singular adjective","role":"modifies αὐλῆς","gloss":"unblemished"},{"surface":"ἕρκεος","lemma":"ἕρκος","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"wall"},{"surface":"αὐλῆς","lemma":"αὐλή","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies ἕρκεος","gloss":"of the courtyard"}]},{"number":443,"label":"443","id":"b22-l443","source":"θεινέμεναι ξίφεσιν τανυήκεσιν, εἰς ὅ κε πασέων","translation":"and strike them with long-edged swords, until from all of them","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l443.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"θεινέμεναι","lemma":"θείνω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"main verb","gloss":"strike them","note":"Homeric infinitive -έμεναι of θείνω, epic alternate ending like ἐλθέμεν above."},{"surface":"ξίφεσιν","lemma":"ξίφος","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to θεινέμεναι","gloss":"with swords"},{"surface":"τανυήκεσιν","lemma":"τανυήκης","morphology":"dative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ξίφεσιν","gloss":"long-edged"},{"surface":"εἰς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"ὅ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"(the point that)"},{"surface":"κε","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"(indefinite marker)"},{"surface":"πασέων","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"genitive plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies ψυχὰς","gloss":"of all"}]},{"number":444,"label":"444","id":"b22-l444","source":"ψυχὰς ἐξαφέλησθε καὶ ἐκλελάθωντʼ Ἀφροδίτης,","translation":"you take away their lives, and they forget Aphrodite,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l444.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Ἀφροδίτης","title":"Aphrodite for love","body":"Naming the goddess stands for the act of love itself, a common Homeric metonymy. They are to forget the lovemaking they shared with the suitors."}],"words":[{"surface":"ψυχὰς","lemma":"ψυχή","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἐξαφέλησθε","gloss":"lives","note":"ψυχή = 'life-breath/soul,' the thing taken away at death in Homer."},{"surface":"ἐξαφέλησθε","lemma":"ἐξαφαιρέω","morphology":"aorist middle subjunctive, 2nd plural verb","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"you take away"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐκλελάθωντ","lemma":"ἐκλανθάνω","morphology":"aorist medio-passive subjunctive, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"they forget"},{"surface":"Ἀφροδίτης","lemma":"Ἀφροδίτη","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐκλελάθωντ᾽","gloss":"Aphrodite","note":"Genitive with ἐκλανθάνομαι, 'forget of' — goddess of love standing for sexual desire itself."}]},{"number":445,"label":"445","id":"b22-l445","source":"τὴν ἄρʼ ὑπὸ μνηστῆρσιν ἔχον μίσγοντό τε λάθρη.","translation":"which they had under the suitors, lying with them in secret.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l445.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὴν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of ἔχον","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ὑπὸ","lemma":"ὑπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"μνηστῆρσιν","lemma":"μνηστήρ","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ὑπὸ","gloss":"suitors"},{"surface":"ἔχον","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing τε","gloss":"they had"},{"surface":"μίσγοντό","lemma":"μίγνυμι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing τε","gloss":"lay with","note":"μίγνυμι mediopassive, 'mix/mingle with' — euphemism for sexual union."},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"λάθρη","lemma":"λάθρῃ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to μίσγοντό","gloss":"secretly"}]},{"number":446,"label":"446","id":"b22-l446","source":"ὣς ἔφαθʼ, αἱ δὲ γυναῖκες ἀολλέες ἦλθον ἅπασαι,","translation":"So he spoke, and the women came in a body, all together,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l446.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔφαθ᾽","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ἔφαθ","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 2nd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he spoke"},{"surface":"αἱ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"article","role":"modifies γυναῖκες","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"γυναῖκες","lemma":"γυνή","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject of ἦλθον","gloss":"women"},{"surface":"ἀολλέες","lemma":"ἀολλής","morphology":"nominative plural feminine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"all together"},{"surface":"ἦλθον","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"ἅπασαι","lemma":"ἅπας","morphology":"nominative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies γυναῖκες","gloss":"every one"}]},{"number":447,"label":"447","id":"b22-l447","source":"αἴνʼ ὀλοφυρόμεναι, θαλερὸν κατὰ δάκρυ χέουσαι.","translation":"wailing terribly, shedding swelling tears.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l447.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αἴν","lemma":"αἰνός","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ὀλοφυρόμεναι","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"ὀλοφυρόμεναι","lemma":"ὀλοφύρομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative plural feminine","role":"adverbial to ,","gloss":"wailing"},{"surface":"θαλερὸν","lemma":"θαλερός","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies δάκρυ","gloss":"swelling","note":"θαλερός, 'fresh/welling up,' vivid epithet for copious tears."},{"surface":"κατὰ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"down"},{"surface":"δάκρυ","lemma":"δάκρυον","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of χέουσαι","gloss":"tears"},{"surface":"χέουσαι","lemma":"χέω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative plural feminine","role":"adverbial to ,","gloss":"shedding"}]},{"number":448,"label":"448","id":"b22-l448","source":"πρῶτα μὲν οὖν νέκυας φόρεον κατατεθνηῶτας,","translation":"First they carried out the corpses of the dead,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l448.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πρῶτα","lemma":"πρῶτος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to φόρεον","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"οὖν","lemma":"οὖν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"νέκυας","lemma":"νέκυς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of φόρεον","gloss":"the corpses"},{"surface":"φόρεον","lemma":"φορέω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"were carrying"},{"surface":"κατατεθνηῶτας","lemma":"καταθνήσκω","morphology":"perfect active participle, accusative plural masculine","role":"modifies νέκυας","gloss":"dead","note":"Perfect participle κατατεθνηῶτας, 'having died' — emphasizes the finished state of death."}]},{"number":449,"label":"449","id":"b22-l449","source":"κὰδ δʼ ἄρʼ ὑπʼ αἰθούσῃ τίθεσαν εὐερκέος αὐλῆς,","translation":"and set them down under the portico of the well-fenced court,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l449.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κὰδ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"down"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ὑπ","lemma":"ὑπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"αἰθούσῃ","lemma":"αἴθουσα","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ὑπ᾽","gloss":"portico"},{"surface":"τίθεσαν","lemma":"τίθημι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"they set"},{"surface":"εὐερκέος","lemma":"εὐερκής","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies αὐλῆς","gloss":"well-fenced"},{"surface":"αὐλῆς","lemma":"αὐλή","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies αἰθούσῃ","gloss":"courtyard"}]},{"number":450,"label":"450","id":"b22-l450","source":"ἀλλήλοισιν ἐρείδουσαι· σήμαινε δʼ Ὀδυσσεὺς","translation":"propping them against one another; and Odysseus directed it,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l450.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλήλοισιν","lemma":"ἀλλήλων","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of ἐρείδουσαι","gloss":"against each other","note":"ἀλλήλων, the reciprocal pronoun, describing the propped-up corpses."},{"surface":"ἐρείδουσαι","lemma":"ἐρείδω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative plural feminine","role":"adverbial to τίθεσαν","gloss":"propping"},{"surface":"σήμαινε","lemma":"σημαίνω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was directing"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσσεὺς","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of σήμαινε","gloss":"Odysseus"}]},{"number":451,"label":"451","id":"b22-l451","source":"αὐτὸς ἐπισπέρχων· ταὶ δʼ ἐκφόρεον καὶ ἀνάγκῃ.","translation":"himself pressing them on; and they carried the bodies out under compulsion.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l451.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὸς","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"ἐπισπέρχων","lemma":"ἐπισπέρχω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to σήμαινε","gloss":"pressing on","note":"vivid present participle: Odysseus urging the maids as they work"},{"surface":"ταὶ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural feminine pronoun","role":"subject of ἐκφόρεον","gloss":"they (fem.)","note":"epic ταί = feminine article as pronoun, referring to the serving-women"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐκφόρεον","lemma":"ἐκφορέω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"carried out"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"ἀνάγκῃ","lemma":"ἀνάγκη","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐκφόρεον","gloss":"under compulsion","note":"dative of manner: forced labor, not willing effort"}]},{"number":452,"label":"452","id":"b22-l452","source":"αὐτὰρ ἔπειτα θρόνους περικαλλέας ἠδὲ τραπέζας","translation":"Then the beautiful chairs and the tables","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l452.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἔπειτα","lemma":"ἔπειτα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to κάθαιρον","gloss":"next"},{"surface":"θρόνους","lemma":"θρόνος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἠδὲ","gloss":"chairs"},{"surface":"περικαλλέας","lemma":"περικαλλής","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies θρόνους","gloss":"very beautiful","note":"stock Homeric epithet for fine furniture"},{"surface":"ἠδὲ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τραπέζας","lemma":"τράπεζα","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἠδὲ","gloss":"tables"}]},{"number":453,"label":"453","id":"b22-l453","source":"ὕδατι καὶ σπόγγοισι πολυτρήτοισι κάθαιρον.","translation":"they cleaned with water and porous sponges.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l453.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὕδατι","lemma":"ὕδωρ","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"with water"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"σπόγγοισι","lemma":"σπόγγος","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"sponges"},{"surface":"πολυτρήτοισι","lemma":"πολύτρητος","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies σπόγγοισι","gloss":"full of holes","note":"vivid compound adjective: literally 'many-holed', describing sea sponges"},{"surface":"κάθαιρον","lemma":"καθαίρω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"cleaned"}]},{"number":454,"label":"454","id":"b22-l454","source":"αὐτὰρ Τηλέμαχος καὶ βουκόλος ἠδὲ συβώτῃς","translation":"Meanwhile Telemachus, the cowherd, and the swineherd","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l454.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but then"},{"surface":"Τηλέμαχος","lemma":"Τηλέμαχος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἠδὲ","gloss":"Telemachus"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"βουκόλος","lemma":"βουκόλος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἠδὲ","gloss":"cowherd"},{"surface":"ἠδὲ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"συβώτῃς","lemma":"συβώτης","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἠδὲ","gloss":"swineherd"}]},{"number":455,"label":"455","id":"b22-l455","source":"λίστροισιν δάπεδον πύκα ποιητοῖο δόμοιο","translation":"with shovels scraped the floor of the strongly-built house,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l455.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"λίστροισιν","lemma":"λίστρον","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ξῦον","gloss":"with shovels","note":"instrumental dative: tools for scraping the blood-soaked floor"},{"surface":"δάπεδον","lemma":"δάπεδον","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ξῦον","gloss":"floor"},{"surface":"πύκα","lemma":"πύκα","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"thoroughly"},{"surface":"ποιητοῖο","lemma":"ποιητός","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies δόμοιο","gloss":"well-built"},{"surface":"δόμοιο","lemma":"δόμος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies δάπεδον","gloss":"house"}]},{"number":456,"label":"456","id":"b22-l456","source":"ξῦον· ταὶ δʼ ἐφόρεον δμῳαί, τίθεσαν δὲ θύραζε.","translation":"and the serving-women carried the scrapings away and set them outside the door.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l456.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ξῦον","lemma":"ξύω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"scraped"},{"surface":"ταὶ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural feminine pronoun","role":"subject","gloss":"they (fem.)","note":"again ταί as pronoun, subject switching to the maidservants"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐφόρεον","lemma":"φορέω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"carried"},{"surface":"δμῳαί","lemma":"δμωή","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"serving-women"},{"surface":"τίθεσαν","lemma":"τίθημι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"set"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"θύραζε","lemma":"θύραζε","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of τίθεσαν","gloss":"outside","note":"adverbial 'to the door/outside', fossilized directional -δε ending"}]},{"number":457,"label":"457","id":"b22-l457","source":"αὐτὰρ ἐπειδὴ πᾶν μέγαρον διεκοσμήσαντο,","translation":"But when they had set the whole hall in order,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l457.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but then"},{"surface":"ἐπειδὴ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"πᾶν","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies μέγαρον","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"μέγαρον","lemma":"μέγαρον","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of διεκοσμήσαντο","gloss":"hall"},{"surface":"διεκοσμήσαντο","lemma":"διακοσμέω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to ἐπειδὴ","gloss":"had put in order"}]},{"number":458,"label":"458","id":"b22-l458","source":"δμῳὰς δʼ ἐξαγαγόντες ἐϋσταθέος μεγάροιο,","translation":"they led the serving-women out of the well-built hall,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l458.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δμῳὰς","lemma":"δμωή","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἐξαγαγόντες","gloss":"serving-women"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐξαγαγόντες","lemma":"ἐξάγω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to εἴλεον","gloss":"leading out"},{"surface":"ἐϋσταθέος","lemma":"εὐσταθής","morphology":"genitive singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies μεγάροιο","gloss":"well-built"},{"surface":"μεγάροιο","lemma":"μέγαρον","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἐξαγαγόντες","gloss":"hall"}]},{"number":459,"label":"459","id":"b22-l459","source":"μεσσηγύς τε θόλου καὶ ἀμύμονος ἕρκεος αὐλῆς,","translation":"into the space between the round-house and the unblemished wall of the courtyard,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l459.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μεσσηγύς","lemma":"μεσηγύ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"between","note":"governs the following genitives θόλου and αὐλῆς"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"θόλου","lemma":"θόλος","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"round-house"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀμύμονος","lemma":"ἀμύμων","morphology":"genitive singular adjective","role":"modifies αὐλῆς","gloss":"blameless"},{"surface":"ἕρκεος","lemma":"ἕρκος","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"wall"},{"surface":"αὐλῆς","lemma":"αὐλή","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies ἕρκεος","gloss":"of the courtyard"}]},{"number":460,"label":"460","id":"b22-l460","source":"εἴλεον ἐν στείνει, ὅθεν οὔ πως ἦεν ἀλύξαι.","translation":"and penned them in a narrow place, from which there was no escape.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l460.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἴλεον","lemma":"εἴλω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"penned them","note":"grim verb: literally 'shut in', used of trapping animals"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"στείνει","lemma":"στεῖνος","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"narrow space"},{"surface":"ὅθεν","lemma":"ὅθεν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἦεν","gloss":"from where"},{"surface":"οὔ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"πως","lemma":"πως","morphology":"particle","role":"adverbial to ἦεν","gloss":"in any way"},{"surface":"ἦεν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing στείνει","gloss":"was possible"},{"surface":"ἀλύξαι","lemma":"ἀλύσκω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"subject of ἦεν","gloss":"to escape"}]},{"number":461,"label":"461","id":"b22-l461","source":"τοῖσι δὲ Τηλέμαχος πεπνυμένος ἦρχʼ ἀγορεύειν·","translation":"Then thoughtful Telemachus began to speak among them:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l461.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"πεπνυμένος","title":"Telemachus the thoughtful","body":"Pepnymenos, 'thoughtful, prudent,' is Telemachus's standing epithet throughout the poem, marking his maturing judgment."}],"words":[{"surface":"τοῖσι","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἀγορεύειν","gloss":"to them"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Τηλέμαχος","lemma":"Τηλέμαχος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἦρχ᾽","gloss":"Telemachus"},{"surface":"πεπνυμένος","lemma":"πέπνυμαι","morphology":"perfect medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"modifies Τηλέμαχος","gloss":"wise, thoughtful","note":"epithet from πέπνυμαι, marking Telemachus's maturity in this grim moment"},{"surface":"ἦρχ","lemma":"ἄρχω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"ἀγορεύειν","lemma":"ἀγορεύω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of ἦρχ᾽","gloss":"to speak"}]},{"number":462,"label":"462","id":"b22-l462","source":"μὴ μὲν δὴ καθαρῷ θανάτῳ ἀπὸ θυμὸν ἑλοίμην","translation":"\"I will not take the lives of these women by a clean death,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l462.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἑλοίμην","title":"Optative of will","body":"The optative heloimen with negative me expresses Telemachus's refusal: 'I would not / I will not take.' The middle voice marks the action as done by and for himself."}],"words":[{"surface":"μὴ","lemma":"μή","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"καθαρῷ","lemma":"καθαρός","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies θανάτῳ","gloss":"clean"},{"surface":"θανάτῳ","lemma":"θάνατος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἑλοίμην","gloss":"death","note":"'clean death' = a quick, honorable killing, which Telemachus refuses them"},{"surface":"ἀπὸ","lemma":"ἀπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"away"},{"surface":"θυμὸν","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἑλοίμην","gloss":"life","note":"θυμόν ἑλέσθαι, 'take the life', idiom for killing"},{"surface":"ἑλοίμην","lemma":"αἱρέω","morphology":"aorist middle optative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"would I take"}]},{"number":463,"label":"463","id":"b22-l463","source":"τάων, αἳ δὴ ἐμῇ κεφαλῇ κατʼ ὀνείδεα χεῦαν","translation":"women who heaped insults on my own head","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l463.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τάων","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"genitive plural feminine pronoun","role":"modifies θυμὸν","gloss":"of those women"},{"surface":"αἳ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative plural feminine pronoun","role":"subject of τε","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἐμῇ","lemma":"ἐμός","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies κεφαλῇ","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"κεφαλῇ","lemma":"κεφαλή","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of θ᾽","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"κατ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"down on"},{"surface":"ὀνείδεα","lemma":"ὄνειδος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of χεῦαν","gloss":"insults"},{"surface":"χεῦαν","lemma":"χέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing τε","gloss":"poured","note":"vivid metaphor: insults 'poured' like liquid onto his head"}]},{"number":464,"label":"464","id":"b22-l464","source":"μητέρι θʼ ἡμετέρῃ παρά τε μνηστῆρσιν ἴαυον.","translation":"and on my mother, and slept beside the suitors.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l464.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μητέρι","lemma":"μήτηρ","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of θ᾽","gloss":"mother"},{"surface":"θ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἡμετέρῃ","lemma":"ἡμέτερος","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies μητέρι","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"παρά","lemma":"παρά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μνηστῆρσιν","lemma":"μνηστήρ","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of παρά","gloss":"suitors"},{"surface":"ἴαυον","lemma":"ἰαύω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing τε","gloss":"slept","note":"euphemism for the maids' affairs with the suitors, the crime being punished"}]},{"number":465,"label":"465","id":"b22-l465","source":"ὣς ἄρʼ ἔφη, καὶ πεῖσμα νεὸς κυανοπρῴροιο","translation":"So he spoke, and tying a cable from a dark-prowed ship","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l465.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"κυανοπρῴροιο","title":"Dark-prowed ship","body":"Kyanoprorios, 'dark-prowed,' is a stock epithet for ships. The ship's hawser is repurposed here as the rope for the hanging."}],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔφη","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἔφη","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he spoke"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πεῖσμα","lemma":"πεῖσμα","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἐξάψας","gloss":"cable, hawser"},{"surface":"νεὸς","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies πεῖσμα","gloss":"of a ship"},{"surface":"κυανοπρῴροιο","lemma":"κυανόπρῳρος","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies νεὸς","gloss":"dark-prowed","note":"formulaic Homeric epithet for ships, here grimly repurposed as an execution tool"}]},{"number":466,"label":"466","id":"b22-l466","source":"κίονος ἐξάψας μεγάλης περίβαλλε θόλοιο,","translation":"to a great pillar, he flung it around the round-house,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l466.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κίονος","lemma":"κίων","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐξάψας","gloss":"pillar"},{"surface":"ἐξάψας","lemma":"ἐξάπτω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to περίβαλλε","gloss":"fastening"},{"surface":"μεγάλης","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies κίονος","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"περίβαλλε","lemma":"περιβάλλω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"flung around"},{"surface":"θόλοιο","lemma":"θόλος","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of περίβαλλε","gloss":"round-house"}]},{"number":467,"label":"467","id":"b22-l467","source":"ὑψόσʼ ἐπεντανύσας, μή τις ποσὶν οὖδας ἵκοιτο.","translation":"stretching it high, so that none might touch the ground with her feet.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l467.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὑψόσ","lemma":"ὑψόσε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐπεντανύσας","gloss":"high up"},{"surface":"ἐπεντανύσας","lemma":"ἐπεντανύω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to περίβαλλε","gloss":"stretching tight"},{"surface":"μή","lemma":"μή","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"so that not"},{"surface":"τις","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of ἵκοιτο","gloss":"anyone"},{"surface":"ποσὶν","lemma":"πούς","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἵκοιτο","gloss":"with feet"},{"surface":"οὖδας","lemma":"οὖδας","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἵκοιτο","gloss":"ground"},{"surface":"ἵκοιτο","lemma":"ἱκνέομαι","morphology":"aorist middle optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to μή","gloss":"might reach"}]},{"number":468,"label":"468","id":"b22-l468","source":"ὡς δʼ ὅτʼ ἂν ἢ κίχλαι τανυσίπτεροι ἠὲ πέλειαι","translation":"As when long-winged thrushes or doves","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l468.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὡς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"conjunction","role":"adverbial to δὲ","gloss":"as","note":"opens an extended epic simile comparing the maids' deaths to trapped birds"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὅτ","lemma":"ὅτε","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ἂν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"(particle)"},{"surface":"ἢ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"either"},{"surface":"κίχλαι","lemma":"κίχλη","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject of ἠὲ","gloss":"thrushes"},{"surface":"τανυσίπτεροι","lemma":"τανυσίπτερος","morphology":"nominative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies κίχλαι","gloss":"long-winged"},{"surface":"ἠὲ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"πέλειαι","lemma":"πέλεια","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject of ἠὲ","gloss":"doves"}]},{"number":469,"label":"469","id":"b22-l469","source":"ἕρκει ἐνιπλήξωσι, τό θʼ ἑστήκῃ ἐνὶ θάμνῳ,","translation":"fly into a snare set in a thicket,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l469.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἕρκει","lemma":"ἕρκος","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἐνιπλήξωσι","gloss":"into a snare"},{"surface":"ἐνιπλήξωσι","lemma":"ἐμπλήσσω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to δ᾽","gloss":"fly into"},{"surface":"τό","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular neuter pronoun","role":"subject of ἑστήκῃ","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"θ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"(particle)"},{"surface":"ἑστήκῃ","lemma":"ἵστημι","morphology":"perfect active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ἕρκει","gloss":"stands set","note":"perfect subjunctive of ἵστημι: the snare has been set and stands ready"},{"surface":"ἐνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"θάμνῳ","lemma":"θάμνος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐνὶ","gloss":"thicket"}]},{"number":470,"label":"470","id":"b22-l470","source":"αὖλιν ἐσιέμεναι, στυγερὸς δʼ ὑπεδέξατο κοῖτος,","translation":"as they make for their roost, and a hateful bed receives them,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l470.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὖλιν","lemma":"αὖλις","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐσιέμεναι","gloss":"roost"},{"surface":"ἐσιέμεναι","lemma":"εἰσίημι","morphology":"present middle participle, nominative plural feminine","role":"adverbial to ἐνιπλήξωσι","gloss":"making for"},{"surface":"στυγερὸς","lemma":"στυγερός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies κοῖτος","gloss":"hateful"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὑπεδέξατο","lemma":"ὑποδέχομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to δ᾽","gloss":"received"},{"surface":"κοῖτος","lemma":"κοῖτος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ὑπεδέξατο","gloss":"resting place","note":"grim irony: κοῖτος 'bed/roost' is really their death"}]},{"number":471,"label":"471","id":"b22-l471","source":"ὣς αἵ γʼ ἑξείης κεφαλὰς ἔχον, ἀμφὶ δὲ πάσαις","translation":"so the women held their heads in a row, and around all","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l471.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔχον","gloss":"so","note":"closes the simile, comparing the birds' fate to the hanged women"},{"surface":"αἵ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative plural feminine pronoun","role":"subject of ἔχον","gloss":"they (fem.)"},{"surface":"γ","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἑξείης","lemma":"ἑξείης","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔχον","gloss":"in a row"},{"surface":"κεφαλὰς","lemma":"κεφαλή","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἔχον","gloss":"heads"},{"surface":"ἔχον","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"held"},{"surface":"ἀμφὶ","lemma":"ἀμφί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πάσαις","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"dative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies δειρῇσι","gloss":"all"}]},{"number":472,"label":"472","id":"b22-l472","source":"δειρῇσι βρόχοι ἦσαν, ὅπως οἴκτιστα θάνοιεν.","translation":"their necks were nooses, that they might die most piteously.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l472.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δειρῇσι","lemma":"δειρή","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἀμφὶ","gloss":"necks"},{"surface":"βρόχοι","lemma":"βρόχος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ἦσαν","gloss":"nooses"},{"surface":"ἦσαν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"ὅπως","lemma":"ὅπως","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"οἴκτιστα","lemma":"οἴκτιστος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to θάνοιεν","gloss":"most piteously"},{"surface":"θάνοιεν","lemma":"θνήσκω","morphology":"aorist active optative, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to ὅπως","gloss":"might die"}]},{"number":473,"label":"473","id":"b22-l473","source":"ἤσπαιρον δὲ πόδεσσι μίνυνθά περ οὔ τι μάλα δήν.","translation":"They struggled with their feet a little while, but not for long.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l473.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἤσπαιρον","lemma":"ἀσπαίρω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"struggled","note":"vivid verb for convulsive kicking, used elsewhere of dying animals"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πόδεσσι","lemma":"πούς","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἤσπαιρον","gloss":"with feet"},{"surface":"μίνυνθά","lemma":"μίνυνθα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἤσπαιρον","gloss":"a little while"},{"surface":"περ","lemma":"πέρ","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"οὔ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"τι","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"μάλα","lemma":"μάλα","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"δήν","lemma":"δήν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἤσπαιρον","gloss":"long"}]},{"number":474,"label":"474","id":"b22-l474","source":"ἐκ δὲ Μελάνθιον ἦγον ἀνὰ πρόθυρόν τε καὶ αὐλήν·","translation":"Then they led Melanthius out through the gateway and the court;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l474.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"out"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Μελάνθιον","lemma":"Μελάνθιος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἦγον","gloss":"Melanthius"},{"surface":"ἦγον","lemma":"ἄγω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"led"},{"surface":"ἀνὰ","lemma":"ἀνά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"πρόθυρόν","lemma":"πρόθυρον","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"gateway"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αὐλήν","lemma":"αὐλή","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"courtyard"}]},{"number":475,"label":"475","id":"b22-l475","source":"τοῦ δʼ ἀπὸ μὲν ῥῖνάς τε καὶ οὔατα νηλέϊ χαλκῷ","translation":"they cut off his nose and his ears with the pitiless bronze,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l475.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τοῦ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀπὸ","lemma":"ἀπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"off"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ῥῖνάς","lemma":"ῥίς","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"nose"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"οὔατα","lemma":"οὖς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"ears"},{"surface":"νηλέϊ","lemma":"νηλής","morphology":"dative singular adjective","role":"modifies χαλκῷ","gloss":"pitiless","note":"epithet transferred to the bronze blade itself, marking the mutilation's cruelty"},{"surface":"χαλκῷ","lemma":"χαλκός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to τάμνον","gloss":"bronze"}]},{"number":476,"label":"476","id":"b22-l476","source":"τάμνον, μήδεά τʼ ἐξέρυσαν, κυσὶν ὠμὰ δάσασθαι,","translation":"and tore out his genitals, to be eaten raw by the dogs,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l476.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τάμνον","lemma":"τέμνω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"cut"},{"surface":"μήδεά","lemma":"μῆδος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἐξέρυσαν","gloss":"genitals"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐξέρυσαν","lemma":"ἐξερύω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"tore out"},{"surface":"κυσὶν","lemma":"κύων","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of δάσασθαι","gloss":"to dogs"},{"surface":"ὠμὰ","lemma":"ὠμός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"raw","note":"predicate adjective: 'to be eaten raw', gruesome vengeance detail"},{"surface":"δάσασθαι","lemma":"δατέομαι","morphology":"aorist middle infinitive","role":"adverbial to ἐξέρυσαν","gloss":"to devour"}]},{"number":477,"label":"477","id":"b22-l477","source":"χεῖράς τʼ ἠδὲ πόδας κόπτον κεκοτηότι θυμῷ.","translation":"and hacked off his hands and feet with a raging heart.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l477.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"χεῖράς","lemma":"χείρ","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἠδὲ","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἠδὲ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πόδας","lemma":"πούς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἠδὲ","gloss":"feet"},{"surface":"κόπτον","lemma":"κόπτω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"hacked off"},{"surface":"κεκοτηότι","lemma":"κοτέω","morphology":"perfect active participle, dative singular masculine","role":"modifies θυμῷ","gloss":"raging","note":"perfect participle of κοτέω: a heart still seething with built-up anger"},{"surface":"θυμῷ","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to κόπτον","gloss":"heart"}]},{"number":478,"label":"478","id":"b22-l478","source":"οἱ μὲν ἔπειτʼ ἀπονιψάμενοι χεῖράς τε πόδας τε","translation":"Then, when they had washed their hands and feet,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l478.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of κίον","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἔπειτ","lemma":"ἔπειτα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to κίον","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἀπονιψάμενοι","lemma":"ἀπονίζω","morphology":"aorist middle participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to κίον","gloss":"washing"},{"surface":"χεῖράς","lemma":"χείρ","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of τε","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πόδας","lemma":"πούς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of τε","gloss":"feet"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"}]},{"number":479,"label":"479","id":"b22-l479","source":"εἰς Ὀδυσῆα δόμονδε κίον, τετέλεστο δὲ ἔργον·","translation":"they went into the house to Odysseus, and the work was done.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l479.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἰς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσῆα","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to εἰς","gloss":"Odysseus"},{"surface":"δόμονδε","lemma":"δόμονδε","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of κίον","gloss":"homeward","note":"δόμονδε: -δε suffix = 'to/toward the house', directional accusative adverb"},{"surface":"κίον","lemma":"κίω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"they went"},{"surface":"τετέλεστο","lemma":"τελέω","morphology":"pluperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was done","note":"pluperfect τετέλεστο: state already completed by the time they arrived — 'had been done'"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔργον","lemma":"ἔργον","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of τετέλεστο","gloss":"the work"}]},{"number":480,"label":"480","id":"b22-l480","source":"αὐτὰρ ὅ γε προσέειπε φίλην τροφὸν Εὐρύκλειαν·","translation":"Then he spoke to his dear nurse Eurycleia:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l480.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ὅ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of προσέειπε","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"προσέειπε","lemma":"προσεῖπον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spoke to","note":"προσέειπε: epic formulaic verb of address, regularly introduces direct speech"},{"surface":"φίλην","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies τροφὸν","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"τροφὸν","lemma":"τροφός","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"modifies Εὐρύκλειαν","gloss":"nurse"},{"surface":"Εὐρύκλειαν","lemma":"Εὐρύκλεια","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of προσέειπε","gloss":"Eurycleia","note":"φίλην τροφὸν Εὐρύκλειαν: fixed epic epithet-phrase for the old nurse, recurs across the Odyssey"}]},{"number":481,"label":"481","id":"b22-l481","source":"οἶσε θέειον, γρηΰ, κακῶν ἄκος, οἶσε δέ μοι πῦρ,","translation":"\"Bring sulfur, old woman, the cure for evils, and bring me fire,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l481.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἶσε","lemma":"φέρω","morphology":"present active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"bring","note":"οἶσε: irregular aorist imperative of φέρω ('bring'), a distinct suppletive stem from present φέρω"},{"surface":"θέειον","lemma":"θέειον","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ,","gloss":"sulfur"},{"surface":"γρηΰ","lemma":"γραῦς","morphology":"vocative singular feminine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"old woman","note":"vocative γρηΰ addressing Eurycleia directly, with elided noun (e.g. 'bring [it], old woman')"},{"surface":"κακῶν","lemma":"κακός","morphology":"genitive plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἄκος","gloss":"of evils"},{"surface":"ἄκος","lemma":"ἄκος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ,","gloss":"cure"},{"surface":"οἶσε","lemma":"φέρω","morphology":"present active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"bring"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of οἶσε","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"πῦρ","lemma":"πῦρ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of οἶσε","gloss":"fire"}]},{"number":482,"label":"482","id":"b22-l482","source":"ὄφρα θεειώσω μέγαρον· σὺ δὲ Πηνελόπειαν","translation":"so that I may fumigate the hall; and tell Penelope","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l482.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὄφρα","lemma":"ὄφρα","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"θεειώσω","lemma":"θεειόω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 1st singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὄφρα","gloss":"I may fumigate","note":"θεειώσω: purpose subjunctive after ὄφρα, 'so that I may fumigate with sulfur'"},{"surface":"μέγαρον","lemma":"μέγαρον","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of θεειώσω","gloss":"the hall"},{"surface":"σὺ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"nominative singular pronoun","role":"subject of ἄνωχθι","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Πηνελόπειαν","lemma":"Πηνελόπεια","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἐλθεῖν","gloss":"Penelope"}]},{"number":483,"label":"483","id":"b22-l483","source":"ἐλθεῖν ἐνθάδʼ ἄνωχθι σὺν ἀμφιπόλοισι γυναιξί·","translation":"to come here with her attendant women,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l483.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐλθεῖν","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of ἄνωχθι","gloss":"to come"},{"surface":"ἐνθάδ","lemma":"ἐνθάδε","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of ἐλθεῖν","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"ἄνωχθι","lemma":"ἄνωγα","morphology":"perfect active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"bid","note":"ἄνωχθι: perfect-form imperative with present meaning ('command/bid'), a defective epic verb"},{"surface":"σὺν","lemma":"σύν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ἀμφιπόλοισι","lemma":"ἀμφίπολος","morphology":"dative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies γυναιξί","gloss":"attendant"},{"surface":"γυναιξί","lemma":"γυνή","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to σὺν","gloss":"women"}]},{"number":484,"label":"484","id":"b22-l484","source":"πάσας δʼ ὄτρυνον δμῳὰς κατὰ δῶμα νέεσθαι.","translation":"and urge all the serving-women throughout the house to come.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l484.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πάσας","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"accusative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies δμῳὰς","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὄτρυνον","lemma":"ὀτρύνω","morphology":"aorist active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"urge"},{"surface":"δμῳὰς","lemma":"δμωή","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"subject of νέεσθαι","gloss":"serving-women"},{"surface":"κατὰ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"δῶμα","lemma":"δῶμα","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"modifies κατὰ","gloss":"the house"},{"surface":"νέεσθαι","lemma":"νέομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive infinitive","role":"object of ὄτρυνον","gloss":"to come"}]},{"number":485,"label":"485","id":"b22-l485","source":"τὸν δʼ αὖτε προσέειπε φίλη τροφὸς Εὐρύκλεια·","translation":"Then his dear nurse Eurycleia answered him:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l485.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of προσέειπε","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αὖτε","lemma":"αὖτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"in turn"},{"surface":"προσέειπε","lemma":"προσεῖπον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"φίλη","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies τροφὸς","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"τροφὸς","lemma":"τροφός","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"modifies Εὐρύκλεια","gloss":"nurse"},{"surface":"Εὐρύκλεια","lemma":"Εὐρύκλεια","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of προσέειπε","gloss":"Eurycleia"}]},{"number":486,"label":"486","id":"b22-l486","source":"ναὶ δὴ ταῦτά γε, τέκνον ἐμόν, κατὰ μοῖραν ἔειπες.","translation":"\"Yes indeed, my child, you have spoken as is fitting.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l486.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ναὶ","lemma":"ναί","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ταῦτά","lemma":"οὗτος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of ἔειπες","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"at least"},{"surface":"τέκνον","lemma":"τέκνον","morphology":"vocative singular neuter noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"child","note":"vocative τέκνον, warm address from the old nurse to Odysseus"},{"surface":"ἐμόν","lemma":"ἐμός","morphology":"vocative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies τέκνον","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"κατὰ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"according to"},{"surface":"μοῖραν","lemma":"μοῖρα","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to κατὰ","gloss":"what is fitting","note":"κατὰ μοῖραν: formulaic idiom 'in due measure/rightly', common Homeric approval phrase"},{"surface":"ἔειπες","lemma":"εἶπον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"you have spoken"}]},{"number":487,"label":"487","id":"b22-l487","source":"ἀλλʼ ἄγε τοι χλαῖνάν τε χιτῶνά τε εἵματʼ ἐνείκω,","translation":"But come, let me bring you a cloak and a tunic for clothing,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l487.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἄγε","lemma":"ἄγε","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"come now"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"object of ἐνείκω","gloss":"for you"},{"surface":"χλαῖνάν","lemma":"χλαῖνα","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of τε","gloss":"a cloak"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"χιτῶνά","lemma":"χιτών","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of τε","gloss":"a tunic"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"εἵματ","lemma":"εἷμα","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"clothing"},{"surface":"ἐνείκω","lemma":"φέρω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"let me bring","note":"ἐνείκω: aorist subjunctive of φέρω, hortatory 'let me bring' following ἄγε"}]},{"number":488,"label":"488","id":"b22-l488","source":"μηδʼ οὕτω ῥάκεσιν πεπυκασμένος εὐρέας ὤμους","translation":"and do not stand thus in the hall with your broad shoulders","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l488.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οὕτω","lemma":"οὕτως","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἕσταθ᾽","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"ῥάκεσιν","lemma":"ῥάκος","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"object of πεπυκασμένος","gloss":"in rags"},{"surface":"πεπυκασμένος","lemma":"πυκάζω","morphology":"perfect medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἕσταθ᾽","gloss":"wrapped","note":"perfect participle πεπυκασμένος: 'having been covered/wrapped', describing his ragged disguise as still-ongoing state"},{"surface":"εὐρέας","lemma":"εὐρύς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ὤμους","gloss":"broad"},{"surface":"ὤμους","lemma":"ὦμος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of πεπυκασμένος","gloss":"shoulders"}]},{"number":489,"label":"489","id":"b22-l489","source":"ἕσταθʼ ἐνὶ μεγάροισι· νεμεσσητὸν δέ κεν εἴη.","translation":"wrapped in rags; it would be a cause for blame.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l489.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"νεμεσσητὸν","title":"Cause for reproach","body":"Nemesseton means 'liable to nemesis,' the righteous indignation of others. Eurycleia urges decorum: the master of the house should not look like a beggar."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἕσταθ","lemma":"ἵστημι","morphology":"perfect active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"stand","note":"ἕσταθ': perfect imperative of ἵστημι with present force, 'stand/be standing'"},{"surface":"ἐνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"μεγάροισι","lemma":"μέγαρον","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἐνὶ","gloss":"the halls"},{"surface":"νεμεσσητὸν","lemma":"νεμεσητός","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"shameful"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κεν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"would","note":"κεν + optative εἴη: potential construction, 'it would be'"},{"surface":"εἴη","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"be"}]},{"number":490,"label":"490","id":"b22-l490","source":"τὴν δʼ ἀπαμειβόμενος προσέφη πολύμητις\n                  Ὀδυσσεύς·","translation":"In answer resourceful Odysseus said to her:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l490.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"πολύμητις Ὀδυσσεύς","title":"Resourceful Odysseus","body":"Polymetis, 'of many devices,' is Odysseus's signature epithet, a formula filling the line's end to suit the meter."}],"words":[{"surface":"τὴν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of προσέφη","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀπαμειβόμενος","lemma":"ἀπαμείβομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to προσέφη","gloss":"answering"},{"surface":"προσέφη","lemma":"πρόσφημι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"πολύμητις","lemma":"πολύμητις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ὀδυσσεύς","gloss":"resourceful","note":"πολύμητις: standing epithet for Odysseus, 'of many wiles/resourceful'"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσσεύς","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of προσέφη","gloss":"Odysseus"}]},{"number":491,"label":"491","id":"b22-l491","source":"πῦρ νῦν μοι πρώτιστον ἐνὶ μεγάροισι γενέσθω.","translation":"\"Let fire be made for me first of all in the hall.\"","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l491.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πῦρ","lemma":"πῦρ","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of γενέσθω","gloss":"fire"},{"surface":"νῦν","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to γενέσθω","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of γενέσθω","gloss":"for me"},{"surface":"πρώτιστον","lemma":"πρώτιστος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"first of all"},{"surface":"ἐνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"μεγάροισι","lemma":"μέγαρον","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἐνὶ","gloss":"the hall"},{"surface":"γενέσθω","lemma":"γίγνομαι","morphology":"aorist middle imperative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"let there be","note":"γενέσθω: 3rd-person imperative, 'let fire come to be' — command directed at the situation, not a person"}]},{"number":492,"label":"492","id":"b22-l492","source":"ὣς ἔφατʼ, οὐδʼ ἀπίθησε φίλη τροφὸς Εὐρύκλεια,","translation":"So he spoke, and his dear nurse Eurycleia did not disobey,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l492.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔφατ᾽","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ἔφατ","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 2nd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he spoke"},{"surface":"ἀπίθησε","lemma":"ἀπιθέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"disobeyed","note":"οὐδ᾽ ἀπίθησε: litotes, 'did not disobey' = readily obeyed, a Homeric formula of compliance"},{"surface":"φίλη","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies τροφὸς","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"τροφὸς","lemma":"τροφός","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"modifies Εὐρύκλεια","gloss":"nurse"},{"surface":"Εὐρύκλεια","lemma":"Εὐρύκλεια","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἀπίθησε","gloss":"Eurycleia"}]},{"number":493,"label":"493","id":"b22-l493","source":"ἤνεικεν δʼ ἄρα πῦρ καὶ θήϊον· αὐτὰρ Ὀδυσσεὺς","translation":"but brought fire and sulfur; and Odysseus","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l493.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἤνεικεν","lemma":"φέρω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"she brought","note":"ἤνεικεν: another aorist stem of φέρω (alongside ἐνείκω/οἶσε), showing the verb's several suppletive aorist forms"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄρα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"πῦρ","lemma":"πῦρ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"fire"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"θήϊον","lemma":"θήιον","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"sulfur"},{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσσεὺς","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of διεθείωσεν","gloss":"Odysseus"}]},{"number":494,"label":"494","id":"b22-l494","source":"εὖ διεθείωσεν μέγαρον καὶ δῶμα καὶ αὐλήν.","translation":"thoroughly fumigated the hall, the house, and the court.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l494.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εὖ","lemma":"εὖ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to διεθείωσεν","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"διεθείωσεν","lemma":"διαθειόω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"fumigated","note":"διεθείωσεν: δια- prefix intensifies θειόω 'sulfur-fume', 'fumigated thoroughly'"},{"surface":"μέγαρον","lemma":"μέγαρον","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"the hall"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"δῶμα","lemma":"δῶμα","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"the house"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αὐλήν","lemma":"αὐλή","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"the court"}]},{"number":495,"label":"495","id":"b22-l495","source":"γρηῢς δʼ αὖτʼ ἀπέβη διὰ δώματα κάλʼ Ὀδυσῆος","translation":"Then the old woman went off through the fair house of Odysseus","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l495.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"γρηῢς","lemma":"γραῦς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἀπέβη","gloss":"the old woman"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αὖτ","lemma":"αὖτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"in turn"},{"surface":"ἀπέβη","lemma":"ἀποβαίνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"went off"},{"surface":"διὰ","lemma":"διά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"δώματα","lemma":"δῶμα","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of διὰ","gloss":"the halls"},{"surface":"κάλ","lemma":"κάλη","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies δώματα","gloss":"fair"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσῆος","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies δώματα","gloss":"of Odysseus"}]},{"number":496,"label":"496","id":"b22-l496","source":"ἀγγελέουσα γυναιξὶ καὶ ὀτρυνέουσα νέεσθαι·","translation":"to give the news to the women and urge them to come;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l496.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀγγελέουσα","lemma":"ἀγγέλλω","morphology":"future active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"to announce","note":"future participle ἀγγελέουσα expresses purpose, 'to announce/give news' as she went"},{"surface":"γυναιξὶ","lemma":"γυνή","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἀγγελέουσα","gloss":"to the women"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὀτρυνέουσα","lemma":"ὀτρύνω","morphology":"future active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"to urge"},{"surface":"νέεσθαι","lemma":"νέομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive infinitive","role":"object of ὀτρυνέουσα","gloss":"to come"}]},{"number":497,"label":"497","id":"b22-l497","source":"αἱ δʼ ἴσαν ἐκ μεγάροιο δάος μετὰ χερσὶν ἔχουσαι.","translation":"and they came out of their quarters with torches in their hands.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l497.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αἱ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural feminine pronoun","role":"subject of ἴσαν","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἴσαν","lemma":"εἶμι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"ἐκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"μεγάροιο","lemma":"μέγαρον","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἐκ","gloss":"the hall"},{"surface":"δάος","lemma":"δάος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἔχουσαι","gloss":"torches","note":"δάος: rare Homeric word for 'torch, firebrand'; object of ἔχουσαι (each woman carries one)."},{"surface":"μετὰ","lemma":"μετά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"χερσὶν","lemma":"χείρ","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to μετὰ","gloss":"their hands"},{"surface":"ἔχουσαι","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative plural feminine","role":"adverbial to ἴσαν","gloss":"holding"}]},{"number":498,"label":"498","id":"b22-l498","source":"αἱ μὲν ἄρʼ ἀμφεχέοντο καὶ ἠσπάζοντʼ Ὀδυσῆα,","translation":"They thronged about Odysseus and embraced him,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l498.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αἱ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural feminine pronoun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἀμφεχέοντο","lemma":"ἀμφιχέω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"thronged around","note":"ἀμφεχέοντο: middle voice of ἀμφιχέω, 'poured themselves around' — vivid image of the women crowding him"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἠσπάζοντ","lemma":"ἀσπάζομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"embraced"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσῆα","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"Odysseus"}]},{"number":499,"label":"499","id":"b22-l499","source":"καὶ κύνεον ἀγαπαξόμεναι κεφαλήν τε καὶ ὤμους","translation":"and kissed him in welcome on his head and shoulders,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l499.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κύνεον","lemma":"κυνέω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"kissed"},{"surface":"ἀγαπαξόμεναι","lemma":"ἀγαπάζω","morphology":"future middle participle, nominative plural feminine","role":"adverbial to κύνεον","gloss":"welcoming","note":"ἀγαπαξόμεναι: future participle of ἀγαπάζω expressing attendant manner, 'welcoming/greeting fondly'"},{"surface":"κεφαλήν","lemma":"κεφαλή","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of τ᾽","gloss":"his head"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὤμους","lemma":"ὦμος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of τ᾽","gloss":"shoulders"}]},{"number":500,"label":"500","id":"b22-l500","source":"χεῖράς τʼ αἰνύμεναι· τὸν δὲ γλυκὺς ἵμερος ᾕρει","translation":"and clasped his hands; and a sweet longing took him","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l500.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"γλυκὺς ἵμερος","title":"Sweet longing","body":"Glykys himeros, 'sweet longing,' here is the urge to weep that overcomes Odysseus as he recognizes his loyal women."}],"words":[{"surface":"χεῖράς","lemma":"χείρ","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of τ᾽","gloss":"his hands"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αἰνύμεναι","lemma":"αἴνυμαι","morphology":"present middle participle, nominative plural feminine","role":"adverbial to κύνεον","gloss":"clasping","note":"αἰνύμεναι: rare middle participle of αἴνυμαι 'to take/grasp', poetic verb largely confined to epic"},{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ᾕρει","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"γλυκὺς","lemma":"γλυκύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἵμερος","gloss":"sweet"},{"surface":"ἵμερος","lemma":"ἵμερος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ᾕρει","gloss":"longing"},{"surface":"ᾕρει","lemma":"αἱρέω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"seized","note":"ᾕρει: imperfect of αἱρέω, 'took hold of him' — emotion described as an external force overtaking Odysseus"}]},{"number":501,"label":"501","id":"b22-l501","source":"κλαυθμοῦ καὶ στοναχῆς, γίγνωσκε δʼ ἄρα φρεσὶ πάσας.","translation":"for weeping and lamentation, for he knew them all in his heart.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b22-l501.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κλαυθμοῦ","lemma":"κλαυθμός","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"weeping"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"στοναχῆς","lemma":"στοναχή","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"lamentation"},{"surface":"γίγνωσκε","lemma":"γιγνώσκω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"recognized"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄρα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"φρεσὶ","lemma":"φρήν","morphology":"dative plural noun","role":"adverbial to γίγνωσκε","gloss":"in his heart"},{"surface":"πάσας","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"accusative plural feminine adjective","role":"object of γίγνωσκε","gloss":"all of them"}]}]}